2176 files changed, 93741 insertions, 44545 deletions

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index bc96284375..9268977c2f 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 # Don't put *.swp, *.bak, etc here; those belong in a global ~/.gitignore.
 # Check out https://help.github.com/articles/ignoring-files for how to set that up.
 
-debug.log
 .Gemfile
-/.bundle
-/.ruby-version
-/Gemfile.lock
+.ruby-version
+debug.log
 pkg
+/.bundle
 /dist
 /doc/rdoc
 /*/doc
diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index 9e7a449010..46be91d18e 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -1,24 +1,35 @@
+language: ruby
+sudo: false
 script: 'ci/travis.rb'
 before_install:
-  - travis_retry gem install bundler
-  - "rvm current | grep 'jruby' && export AR_JDBC=true || echo"
-rvm:
-  - 1.9.3
-  - 2.0.0
-  - 2.1.1
-  - rbx-2
-  - jruby
+  - gem install bundler
+  - "rm ${BUNDLE_GEMFILE}.lock"
+  - curl -L https://github.com/kr/beanstalkd/archive/v1.10.tar.gz | tar xz -C /tmp
+  - cd /tmp/beanstalkd-1.10/
+  - make
+  - ./beanstalkd &
+  - cd $TRAVIS_BUILD_DIR
+before_script:
+  - bundle update
+cache: bundler
 env:
-  - "GEM=railties"
-  - "GEM=ap,am,amo,as,av"
-  - "GEM=ar:mysql"
-  - "GEM=ar:mysql2"
-  - "GEM=ar:sqlite3"
-  - "GEM=ar:postgresql"
+  matrix:
+    - "GEM=railties"
+    - "GEM=ap"
+    - "GEM=am,amo,as,av,aj"
+    - "GEM=ar:mysql"
+    - "GEM=ar:mysql2"
+    - "GEM=ar:sqlite3"
+    - "GEM=ar:postgresql"
+    - "GEM=aj:integration"
+    - "GEM=guides"
+rvm:
+  - 2.2.3
+  - ruby-head
 matrix:
   allow_failures:
-    - rvm: rbx-2
-    - rvm: jruby
+    - env: "GEM=ar:mysql"
+    - rvm: ruby-head
   fast_finish: true
 notifications:
   email: false
@@ -32,6 +43,10 @@ notifications:
     on_failure: always
     rooms:
       - secure: "YA1alef1ESHWGFNVwvmVGCkMe4cUy4j+UcNvMUESraceiAfVyRMAovlQBGs6\n9kBRm7DHYBUXYC2ABQoJbQRLDr/1B5JPf/M8+Qd7BKu8tcDC03U01SMHFLpO\naOs/HLXcDxtnnpL07tGVsm0zhMc5N8tq4/L3SHxK7Vi+TacwQzI="
-bundler_args: --path vendor/bundle --without test
+bundler_args: --without test --jobs 3 --retry 3
 services:
   - memcached
+  - redis
+  - rabbitmq
+addons:
+  postgresql: "9.3"
diff --git a/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md b/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..078d5f1219
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# Contributor Code of Conduct
+
+The Rails team is committed to fostering a welcoming community.
+
+**Our Code of Conduct can be found here**:
+
+http://rubyonrails.org/conduct/
+
+For a history of updates, see the page history here:
+
+https://github.com/rails/rails.github.com/commits/master/conduct/index.html
+
diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index 19b7b638b6..6871664a22 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -1,16 +1,43 @@
-Ruby on Rails is a volunteer effort. We encourage you to pitch in. [Join the team](http://contributors.rubyonrails.org)!
+## How to contribute to Ruby on Rails
 
-* If you want to submit a bug report please make sure to follow our [reporting guidelines](http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html#reporting-an-issue).
+#### **Did you find a bug?**
 
-* If you want to submit a patch, please read the [Contributing to Ruby on Rails](http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html) guide.
+* **Ensure the bug was not already reported** by searching on GitHub under [Issues](https://github.com/rails/rails/issues).
 
-* If you want to contribute to Rails documentation, please read the [Contributing to the Rails Documentation](http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html#contributing-to-the-rails-documentation) section of the aforementioned guide.
+* If unable to find an open issue addressing the problem, [open a new one](https://github.com/rails/rails/issues/new). Be sure to include a **title and clear description**, as much relevant information as possible, and a **code sample** or an **executable test case** demonstrating the expected behavior that is not occurring.
 
-*We only accept bug reports and pull requests in GitHub*.
+* If possible, use the relevant bug report templates to create the issue. Simply copy the content of the appropriate template into a .rb file, make the necessary changes to demonstrate the issue, and **paste the content into the issue description**:
+  * [**Active Record** (models, database) issues](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_master.rb)
+  * [**Action Pack** (controllers, routing) issues](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb)
+  * [**Generic template** for other issues](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/bug_report_templates/generic_master.rb)
 
-* If you have a question about how to use Ruby on Rails, please [ask the rubyonrails-talk mailing list](https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/rubyonrails-talk).
+* For more detailed information on submitting a bug report and creating an issue, visit our [reporting guidelines](http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html#reporting-an-issue).
 
-* If you have a change or new feature in mind, please [suggest it on the rubyonrails-core mailing list](https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/rubyonrails-core) and start writing code.
+#### **Did you write a patch that fixes a bug?**
+
+* Open a new GitHub pull request with the patch.
+
+* Ensure the PR description clearly describes the problem and solution. Include the relevant issue number if applicable.
+
+* Before submitting, please read the [Contributing to Ruby on Rails](http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html) guide to know more about coding conventions and benchmarks.
+
+#### **Do you intend to add a new feature or change an existing one?**
+
+* Suggest your change in the [rubyonrails-core mailing list](https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/rubyonrails-core) and start writing code.
+
+* Do not open an issue on GitHub until you have collected positive feedback about the change. GitHub issues are primarily intended for bug reports and fixes.
+
+#### **Do you have questions about the source code?**
+
+* Ask any question about how to use Ruby on Rails in the [rubyonrails-talk mailing list](https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/rubyonrails-talk).
+
+#### **Do you want to contribute to the Rails documentation?**
+
+* Please read [Contributing to the Rails Documentation](http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html#contributing-to-the-rails-documentation).
+
+</br>
+Ruby on Rails is a volunteer effort. We encourage you to pitch in and [join the team](http://contributors.rubyonrails.org)!
+
+Thanks! :heart: :heart: :heart:
 
-Thanks! :heart: :heart: :heart: <br />
 Rails Team
diff --git a/Gemfile b/Gemfile
index 4a891bf6b5..932ac87e77 100644
--- a/Gemfile
+++ b/Gemfile
@@ -2,64 +2,97 @@ source 'https://rubygems.org'
 
 gemspec
 
-# This needs to be with require false as it is
-# loaded after loading the test library to
-# ensure correct loading order
+# We need a newish Rake since Active Job sets its test tasks' descriptions.
+gem 'rake', '>= 10.3'
+
+# Active Job depends on URI::GID::MissingModelIDError, which isn't released yet.
+gem 'globalid', github: 'rails/globalid', branch: 'master'
+gem 'rack', github: 'rack/rack', branch: 'master'
+
+# This needs to be with require false to ensure correct loading order, as has to
+# be loaded after loading the test library.
 gem 'mocha', '~> 0.14', require: false
 
 gem 'rack-cache', '~> 1.2'
-gem 'jquery-rails', '~> 3.1.0'
-gem 'turbolinks'
-gem 'coffee-rails', '~> 4.0.0'
+gem 'jquery-rails', github: 'rails/jquery-rails', branch: 'master'
+gem 'coffee-rails', '~> 4.1.0'
+gem 'turbolinks', github: 'rails/turbolinks', branch: 'master'
+gem 'arel', github: 'rails/arel', branch: 'master'
+gem 'mail', github: 'mikel/mail', branch: 'master'
+
+gem 'sprockets', '~> 4.0', github: 'rails/sprockets', branch: 'master'
+gem 'sprockets-rails', '~> 3.0.0.beta3', github: 'rails/sprockets-rails', branch: 'master'
+gem 'sass-rails', github: 'rails/sass-rails', branch: 'master'
 
 # require: false so bcrypt is loaded only when has_secure_password is used.
-# This is to avoid ActiveModel (and by extension the entire framework)
+# This is to avoid Active Model (and by extension the entire framework)
 # being dependent on a binary library.
-gem 'bcrypt', '~> 3.1.7', require: false
+gem 'bcrypt', '~> 3.1.10', require: false
 
-# This needs to be with require false to avoid
-# it being automatically loaded by sprockets
+# This needs to be with require false to avoid it being automatically loaded by
+# sprockets.
 gem 'uglifier', '>= 1.3.0', require: false
 
+# Track stable branch of sass because it doesn't have circular require warnings.
+gem 'sass', github: 'sass/sass', branch: 'stable', require: false
+
 group :doc do
   gem 'sdoc', '~> 0.4.0'
-  gem 'redcarpet', '~> 2.2.2', platforms: :ruby
+  gem 'redcarpet', '~> 3.2.3', platforms: :ruby
   gem 'w3c_validators'
-  gem 'kindlerb'
+  gem 'kindlerb', '0.1.1'
 end
 
-# AS
+# Active Support.
 gem 'dalli', '>= 2.2.1'
+gem 'listen', '~> 3.0.5', require: false
+
+# Active Job.
+group :job do
+  gem 'resque', require: false
+  gem 'resque-scheduler', require: false
+  gem 'sidekiq', require: false
+  gem 'sucker_punch', require: false
+  gem 'delayed_job', require: false
+  gem 'queue_classic', github: "QueueClassic/queue_classic", branch: 'master', require: false, platforms: :ruby
+  gem 'sneakers', require: false
+  gem 'que', require: false
+  gem 'backburner', require: false
+  gem 'qu-rails', github: "bkeepers/qu", branch: "master", require: false
+  gem 'qu-redis', require: false
+  gem 'delayed_job_active_record', require: false
+  gem 'sequel', require: false
+end
 
-# Add your own local bundler stuff
+# Add your own local bundler stuff.
 local_gemfile = File.dirname(__FILE__) + "/.Gemfile"
 instance_eval File.read local_gemfile if File.exist? local_gemfile
 
 group :test do
-  platforms :mri_19 do
-    gem 'ruby-prof', '~> 0.11.2'
-  end
+  # FIX: Our test suite isn't ready to run in random order yet.
+  gem 'minitest', '< 5.3.4'
 
-  # platforms :mri_19, :mri_20 do
-  #   gem 'debugger'
-  # end
+  platforms :mri do
+    gem 'stackprof'
+    gem 'byebug'
+  end
 
   gem 'benchmark-ips'
 end
 
 platforms :ruby do
-  gem 'nokogiri', '>= 1.4.5'
+  gem 'nokogiri', '>= 1.6.7'
 
-  # Needed for compiling the ActionDispatch::Journey parser
+  # Needed for compiling the ActionDispatch::Journey parser.
   gem 'racc', '>=1.4.6', require: false
 
-  # AR
+  # Active Record.
   gem 'sqlite3', '~> 1.3.6'
 
   group :db do
-    gem 'pg', '>= 0.11.0'
+    gem 'pg', '>= 0.18.0'
     gem 'mysql', '>= 2.9.0'
-    gem 'mysql2', '>= 0.3.13'
+    gem 'mysql2', '>= 0.4.0'
   end
 end
 
@@ -80,13 +113,20 @@ platforms :jruby do
   end
 end
 
-# gems that are necessary for ActiveRecord tests with Oracle database
+platforms :rbx do
+  # The rubysl-yaml gem doesn't ship with Psych by default as it needs
+  # libyaml that isn't always available.
+  gem 'psych', '~> 2.0'
+end
+
+# Gems that are necessary for Active Record tests with Oracle.
 if ENV['ORACLE_ENHANCED']
   platforms :ruby do
-    gem 'ruby-oci8', '>= 2.0.4'
+    gem 'ruby-oci8', '~> 2.2'
   end
   gem 'activerecord-oracle_enhanced-adapter', github: 'rsim/oracle-enhanced', branch: 'master'
 end
 
-# A gem necessary for ActiveRecord tests with IBM DB
+# A gem necessary for Active Record tests with IBM DB.
 gem 'ibm_db' if ENV['IBM_DB']
+gem 'tzinfo-data', platforms: [:mingw, :mswin, :x64_mingw, :jruby]
diff --git a/Gemfile.lock b/Gemfile.lock
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d7abc12b21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Gemfile.lock
@@ -0,0 +1,383 @@
+GIT
+  remote: git://github.com/QueueClassic/queue_classic.git
+  revision: d144db29f1436e9e8b3c7a1a1ecd4442316a9ecd
+  branch: master
+  specs:
+    queue_classic (3.2.0.alpha)
+      pg (>= 0.17, < 0.19)
+
+GIT
+  remote: git://github.com/bkeepers/qu.git
+  revision: d098e2657c92e89a6413bebd9c033930759c061f
+  branch: master
+  specs:
+    qu (0.2.0)
+    qu-rails (0.2.0)
+      qu (= 0.2.0)
+      railties (>= 3.2, < 5)
+    qu-redis (0.2.0)
+      qu (= 0.2.0)
+      redis-namespace
+
+GIT
+  remote: git://github.com/mikel/mail.git
+  revision: 9c313a401729b9aa9177878836829a61adf67b54
+  branch: master
+  specs:
+    mail (2.6.3.edge)
+      mime-types (>= 1.16, < 3)
+
+GIT
+  remote: git://github.com/rack/rack.git
+  revision: 35599cfc2751e0ee611c0ff799924b8e7fe0c0b4
+  branch: master
+  specs:
+    rack (2.0.0.alpha)
+      json
+
+GIT
+  remote: git://github.com/rails/arel.git
+  revision: 3c429c5d86e9e2201c2a35d934ca6a8911c18e69
+  branch: master
+  specs:
+    arel (7.0.0.alpha)
+
+GIT
+  remote: git://github.com/rails/globalid.git
+  revision: 1d8fca667740570d204fd955a0bd39ac539bac7f
+  branch: master
+  specs:
+    globalid (0.3.6)
+      activesupport (>= 4.1.0)
+
+GIT
+  remote: git://github.com/rails/jquery-rails.git
+  revision: 04fcfa29b859eef9479f89b6a799d00212902385
+  branch: master
+  specs:
+    jquery-rails (4.0.5)
+      rails-dom-testing (~> 1.0)
+      railties (>= 4.2.0)
+      thor (>= 0.14, < 2.0)
+
+GIT
+  remote: git://github.com/rails/sass-rails.git
+  revision: 6e4eee736bcbfa5b2962467673c7a51abf434c67
+  branch: master
+  specs:
+    sass-rails (6.0.0)
+      railties (>= 4.0.0, < 5.0)
+      sass (~> 3.4)
+      sprockets (>= 4.0)
+      sprockets-rails (< 4.0)
+
+GIT
+  remote: git://github.com/rails/sprockets-rails.git
+  revision: 93a45b1c463a063ec7cf4d160107b67aa3db7a1a
+  branch: master
+  specs:
+    sprockets-rails (3.0.0.beta3)
+      actionpack (>= 4.0)
+      activesupport (>= 4.0)
+      sprockets (>= 3.0.0)
+
+GIT
+  remote: git://github.com/rails/sprockets.git
+  revision: 5a77f8b007b8ec61edd783c48baf9d971f1c684d
+  branch: master
+  specs:
+    sprockets (4.0.0)
+      rack (>= 1, < 3)
+
+GIT
+  remote: git://github.com/rails/turbolinks.git
+  revision: 83d4b3d2c52a681f07900c28adb28bc8da604733
+  branch: master
+  specs:
+    turbolinks (3.0.0)
+      coffee-rails
+
+GIT
+  remote: git://github.com/sass/sass.git
+  revision: 4e3e1d5684cc29073a507578fc977434ff488c93
+  branch: stable
+  specs:
+    sass (3.4.19)
+
+PATH
+  remote: .
+  specs:
+    actionmailer (5.0.0.alpha)
+      actionpack (= 5.0.0.alpha)
+      actionview (= 5.0.0.alpha)
+      activejob (= 5.0.0.alpha)
+      mail (~> 2.5, >= 2.5.4)
+      rails-dom-testing (~> 1.0, >= 1.0.5)
+    actionpack (5.0.0.alpha)
+      actionview (= 5.0.0.alpha)
+      activesupport (= 5.0.0.alpha)
+      rack (~> 2.x)
+      rack-test (~> 0.6.3)
+      rails-dom-testing (~> 1.0, >= 1.0.5)
+      rails-html-sanitizer (~> 1.0, >= 1.0.2)
+    actionview (5.0.0.alpha)
+      activesupport (= 5.0.0.alpha)
+      builder (~> 3.1)
+      erubis (~> 2.7.0)
+      rails-dom-testing (~> 1.0, >= 1.0.5)
+      rails-html-sanitizer (~> 1.0, >= 1.0.2)
+    activejob (5.0.0.alpha)
+      activesupport (= 5.0.0.alpha)
+      globalid (>= 0.3.0)
+    activemodel (5.0.0.alpha)
+      activesupport (= 5.0.0.alpha)
+      builder (~> 3.1)
+    activerecord (5.0.0.alpha)
+      activemodel (= 5.0.0.alpha)
+      activesupport (= 5.0.0.alpha)
+      arel (= 7.0.0.alpha)
+    activesupport (5.0.0.alpha)
+      concurrent-ruby (~> 1.0)
+      i18n (~> 0.7)
+      json (~> 1.7, >= 1.7.7)
+      method_source
+      minitest (~> 5.1)
+      tzinfo (~> 1.1)
+    rails (5.0.0.alpha)
+      actionmailer (= 5.0.0.alpha)
+      actionpack (= 5.0.0.alpha)
+      actionview (= 5.0.0.alpha)
+      activejob (= 5.0.0.alpha)
+      activemodel (= 5.0.0.alpha)
+      activerecord (= 5.0.0.alpha)
+      activesupport (= 5.0.0.alpha)
+      bundler (>= 1.3.0, < 2.0)
+      railties (= 5.0.0.alpha)
+      sprockets-rails (>= 2.0.0)
+    railties (5.0.0.alpha)
+      actionpack (= 5.0.0.alpha)
+      activesupport (= 5.0.0.alpha)
+      method_source
+      rake (>= 0.8.7)
+      thor (>= 0.18.1, < 2.0)
+
+GEM
+  remote: https://rubygems.org/
+  specs:
+    amq-protocol (2.0.0)
+    backburner (1.1.0)
+      beaneater (~> 1.0)
+      dante (> 0.1.5)
+    bcrypt (3.1.10)
+    bcrypt (3.1.10-x64-mingw32)
+    bcrypt (3.1.10-x86-mingw32)
+    beaneater (1.0.0)
+    benchmark-ips (2.3.0)
+    builder (3.2.2)
+    bunny (2.2.0)
+      amq-protocol (>= 2.0.0)
+    byebug (8.2.0)
+    celluloid (0.17.2)
+      celluloid-essentials
+      celluloid-extras
+      celluloid-fsm
+      celluloid-pool
+      celluloid-supervision
+      timers (>= 4.1.1)
+    celluloid-essentials (0.20.5)
+      timers (>= 4.1.1)
+    celluloid-extras (0.20.5)
+      timers (>= 4.1.1)
+    celluloid-fsm (0.20.5)
+      timers (>= 4.1.1)
+    celluloid-pool (0.20.5)
+      timers (>= 4.1.1)
+    celluloid-supervision (0.20.5)
+      timers (>= 4.1.1)
+    coffee-rails (4.1.0)
+      coffee-script (>= 2.2.0)
+      railties (>= 4.0.0, < 5.0)
+    coffee-script (2.4.1)
+      coffee-script-source
+      execjs
+    coffee-script-source (1.9.1.1)
+    concurrent-ruby (1.0.0)
+    connection_pool (2.2.0)
+    dalli (2.7.4)
+    dante (0.2.0)
+    delayed_job (4.1.1)
+      activesupport (>= 3.0, < 5.0)
+    delayed_job_active_record (4.1.0)
+      activerecord (>= 3.0, < 5)
+      delayed_job (>= 3.0, < 5)
+    erubis (2.7.0)
+    execjs (2.6.0)
+    ffi (1.9.10)
+    ffi (1.9.10-x64-mingw32)
+    ffi (1.9.10-x86-mingw32)
+    hitimes (1.2.3)
+    hitimes (1.2.3-x86-mingw32)
+    i18n (0.7.0)
+    json (1.8.3)
+    kindlerb (0.1.1)
+      mustache
+      nokogiri
+    listen (3.0.5)
+      rb-fsevent (>= 0.9.3)
+      rb-inotify (>= 0.9)
+    loofah (2.0.3)
+      nokogiri (>= 1.5.9)
+    metaclass (0.0.4)
+    method_source (0.8.2)
+    mime-types (2.6.2)
+    mini_portile2 (2.0.0)
+    minitest (5.3.3)
+    mocha (0.14.0)
+      metaclass (~> 0.0.1)
+    mono_logger (1.1.0)
+    multi_json (1.11.2)
+    mustache (1.0.2)
+    mysql (2.9.1)
+    mysql2 (0.4.1)
+    nokogiri (1.6.7)
+      mini_portile2 (~> 2.0.0.rc2)
+    pg (0.18.3)
+    psych (2.0.15)
+    que (0.11.2)
+    racc (1.4.13)
+    rack-cache (1.5.0)
+      rack (>= 0.4)
+    rack-test (0.6.3)
+      rack (>= 1.0)
+    rails-deprecated_sanitizer (1.0.3)
+      activesupport (>= 4.2.0.alpha)
+    rails-dom-testing (1.0.7)
+      activesupport (>= 4.2.0.beta, < 5.0)
+      nokogiri (~> 1.6.0)
+      rails-deprecated_sanitizer (>= 1.0.1)
+    rails-html-sanitizer (1.0.2)
+      loofah (~> 2.0)
+    rake (10.4.2)
+    rb-fsevent (0.9.6)
+    rb-inotify (0.9.5)
+      ffi (>= 0.5.0)
+    rdoc (4.2.0)
+    redcarpet (3.2.3)
+    redis (3.2.1)
+    redis-namespace (1.5.2)
+      redis (~> 3.0, >= 3.0.4)
+    resque (1.25.2)
+      mono_logger (~> 1.0)
+      multi_json (~> 1.0)
+      redis-namespace (~> 1.3)
+      sinatra (>= 0.9.2)
+      vegas (~> 0.1.2)
+    resque-scheduler (4.0.0)
+      mono_logger (~> 1.0)
+      redis (~> 3.0)
+      resque (~> 1.25)
+      rufus-scheduler (~> 3.0)
+    rufus-scheduler (3.1.7)
+    sdoc (0.4.1)
+      json (~> 1.7, >= 1.7.7)
+      rdoc (~> 4.0)
+    sequel (4.27.0)
+    serverengine (1.5.11)
+      sigdump (~> 0.2.2)
+    sidekiq (3.5.1)
+      celluloid (~> 0.17.2)
+      connection_pool (~> 2.2, >= 2.2.0)
+      json (~> 1.0)
+      redis (~> 3.2, >= 3.2.1)
+      redis-namespace (~> 1.5, >= 1.5.2)
+    sigdump (0.2.3)
+    sinatra (1.0)
+      rack (>= 1.0)
+    sneakers (2.3.5)
+      bunny (~> 2.2.0)
+      serverengine (~> 1.5.11)
+      thor
+      thread (~> 0.1.7)
+    sqlite3 (1.3.11)
+    stackprof (0.2.7)
+    sucker_punch (1.6.0)
+      celluloid (~> 0.17.2)
+    thor (0.19.1)
+    thread (0.1.7)
+    thread_safe (0.3.5)
+    timers (4.1.1)
+      hitimes
+    tzinfo (1.2.2)
+      thread_safe (~> 0.1)
+    tzinfo-data (1.2015.7)
+      tzinfo (>= 1.0.0)
+    uglifier (2.7.2)
+      execjs (>= 0.3.0)
+      json (>= 1.8.0)
+    vegas (0.1.11)
+      rack (>= 1.0.0)
+    w3c_validators (1.2)
+      json
+      nokogiri
+
+PLATFORMS
+  ruby
+  x64-mingw32
+  x86-mingw32
+
+DEPENDENCIES
+  activerecord-jdbcmysql-adapter (>= 1.3.0)
+  activerecord-jdbcpostgresql-adapter (>= 1.3.0)
+  activerecord-jdbcsqlite3-adapter (>= 1.3.0)
+  arel!
+  backburner
+  bcrypt (~> 3.1.10)
+  benchmark-ips
+  byebug
+  coffee-rails (~> 4.1.0)
+  dalli (>= 2.2.1)
+  delayed_job
+  delayed_job_active_record
+  globalid!
+  jquery-rails!
+  json
+  kindlerb (= 0.1.1)
+  listen (~> 3.0.5)
+  mail!
+  minitest (< 5.3.4)
+  mocha (~> 0.14)
+  mysql (>= 2.9.0)
+  mysql2 (>= 0.4.0)
+  nokogiri (>= 1.6.7)
+  pg (>= 0.18.0)
+  psych (~> 2.0)
+  qu-rails!
+  qu-redis
+  que
+  queue_classic!
+  racc (>= 1.4.6)
+  rack!
+  rack-cache (~> 1.2)
+  rails!
+  rake (>= 10.3)
+  redcarpet (~> 3.2.3)
+  resque
+  resque-scheduler
+  sass!
+  sass-rails!
+  sdoc (~> 0.4.0)
+  sequel
+  sidekiq
+  sneakers
+  sprockets (~> 4.0)!
+  sprockets-rails (~> 3.0.0.beta3)!
+  sqlite3 (~> 1.3.6)
+  stackprof
+  sucker_punch
+  turbolinks!
+  tzinfo-data
+  uglifier (>= 1.3.0)
+  w3c_validators
+
+BUNDLED WITH
+   1.10.6
diff --git a/RAILS_VERSION b/RAILS_VERSION
index 59e61f95df..2b915d7d5c 100644
--- a/RAILS_VERSION
+++ b/RAILS_VERSION
@@ -1 +1 @@
-4.2.0.alpha
+5.0.0.alpha
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 7f079536d2..fa566a9105 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 Rails is a web-application framework that includes everything needed to
 create database-backed web applications according to the
-[Model-View-Controller (MVC)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%E2%80%93view%E2%80%93controller)
+[Model-View-Controller (MVC)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model-view-controller)
 pattern.
 
 Understanding the MVC pattern is key to understanding Rails. MVC divides your
@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@ Person, Post, etc.) and encapsulates the business logic that is specific to
 your application. In Rails, database-backed model classes are derived from
 `ActiveRecord::Base`. Active Record allows you to present the data from
 database rows as objects and embellish these data objects with business logic
-methods. Although most Rails models are backed by a database, models can also
-be ordinary Ruby classes, or Ruby classes that implement a set of interfaces
-as provided by the Active Model module. You can read more about Active Record
-in its [README](activerecord/README.rdoc).
+methods. You can read more about Active Record in its [README](activerecord/README.rdoc).
+Although most Rails models are backed by a database, models can also be ordinary
+Ruby classes, or Ruby classes that implement a set of interfaces as provided by
+the Active Model module. You can read more about Active Model in its [README](activemodel/README.rdoc).
 
 The _Controller layer_ is responsible for handling incoming HTTP requests and
 providing a suitable response. Usually this means returning HTML, but Rails controllers
@@ -34,28 +34,30 @@ Ruby code (ERB files). Views are typically rendered to generate a controller res
 or to generate the body of an email. In Rails, View generation is handled by Action View.
 You can read more about Action View in its [README](actionview/README.rdoc).
 
-Active Record, Action Pack, and Action View can each be used independently outside Rails.
+Active Record, Active Model, Action Pack, and Action View can each be used independently outside Rails.
 In addition to them, Rails also comes with Action Mailer ([README](actionmailer/README.rdoc)), a library
-to generate and send emails; and Active Support ([README](activesupport/README.rdoc)), a collection of
-utility classes and standard library extensions that are useful for Rails, and may also be used
-independently outside Rails.
+to generate and send emails; Active Job ([README](activejob/README.md)), a
+framework for declaring jobs and making them run on a variety of queueing
+backends; and Active Support ([README](activesupport/README.rdoc)), a collection
+of utility classes and standard library extensions that are useful for Rails,
+and may also be used independently outside Rails.
 
 ## Getting Started
 
 1. Install Rails at the command prompt if you haven't yet:
 
-        gem install rails
+        $ gem install rails
 
 2. At the command prompt, create a new Rails application:
 
-        rails new myapp
+        $ rails new myapp
 
    where "myapp" is the application name.
 
 3. Change directory to `myapp` and start the web server:
 
-        cd myapp
-        rails server
+        $ cd myapp
+        $ rails server
 
    Run with `--help` or `-h` for options.
 
@@ -67,16 +69,18 @@ independently outside Rails.
     * [Getting Started with Rails](http://guides.rubyonrails.org/getting_started.html)
     * [Ruby on Rails Guides](http://guides.rubyonrails.org)
     * [The API Documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org)
-    * [Ruby on Rails Tutorial](http://ruby.railstutorial.org/ruby-on-rails-tutorial-book)
+    * [Ruby on Rails Tutorial](http://www.railstutorial.org/book)
 
 ## Contributing
 
 We encourage you to contribute to Ruby on Rails! Please check out the
 [Contributing to Ruby on Rails guide](http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html) for guidelines about how to proceed. [Join us!](http://contributors.rubyonrails.org)
 
+Everyone interacting in Rails and its sub-projects' codebases, issue trackers, chat rooms, and mailing lists is expected to follow the Rails [code of conduct](http://rubyonrails.org/conduct/).
+
 ## Code Status
 
-* [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/rails/rails.png?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/rails/rails)
+[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/rails/rails.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/rails/rails)
 
 ## License
 
diff --git a/RELEASING_RAILS.rdoc b/RELEASING_RAILS.md
index 9b06d0d162..faf8fa7f0d 100644
--- a/RELEASING_RAILS.rdoc
+++ b/RELEASING_RAILS.md
@@ -1,48 +1,52 @@
-= Releasing Rails
+# Releasing Rails
 
 In this document, we'll cover the steps necessary to release Rails.  Each
 section contains steps to take during that time before the release.  The times
 suggested in each header are just that: suggestions.  However, they should
 really be considered as minimums.
 
-== 10 Days before release
+## 10 Days before release
 
 Today is mostly coordination tasks.  Here are the things you must do today:
 
-=== Is the CI green?  If not, make it green. (See "Fixing the CI")
+### Is the CI green?  If not, make it green. (See "Fixing the CI")
 
 Do not release with a Red CI.  You can find the CI status here:
 
-  http://travis-ci.org/rails/rails
+```
+http://travis-ci.org/rails/rails
+```
 
-=== Is Sam Ruby happy?  If not, make him happy.
+### Is Sam Ruby happy?  If not, make him happy.
 
 Sam Ruby keeps a test suite that makes sure the code samples in his book (Agile
 Web Development with Rails) all work.  These are valuable integration tests
 for Rails.  You can check the status of his tests here:
 
-  http://intertwingly.net/projects/dashboard.html
+```
+http://intertwingly.net/projects/dashboard.html
+```
 
 Do not release with Red AWDwR tests.
 
-=== Do we have any Git dependencies?  If so, contact those authors.
+### Do we have any Git dependencies?  If so, contact those authors.
 
 Having Git dependencies indicates that we depend on unreleased code.
 Obviously Rails cannot be released when it depends on unreleased code.
 Contact the authors of those particular gems and work out a release date that
 suits them.
 
-=== Contact the security team (either Koz or tenderlove)
+### Contact the security team (either Koz or tenderlove)
 
 Let them know of your plans to release.  There may be security issues to be
 addressed, and that can impact your release date.
 
-=== Notify implementors.
+### Notify implementors.
 
 Ruby implementors have high stakes in making sure Rails works.  Be kind and
 give them a heads up that Rails will be released soonish.
 
-This only needs done for major and minor releases, bugfix releases aren't a
+This is only required for major and minor releases, bugfix releases aren't a
 big enough deal, and are supposed to be backwards compatible.
 
 Send an email just giving a heads up about the upcoming release to these
@@ -54,27 +58,29 @@ lists:
 
 Implementors will love you and help you.
 
-== 3 Days before release
+### 3 Days before release
 
 This is when you should release the release candidate.  Here are your tasks
 for today:
 
-=== Is the CI green?  If not, make it green.
+### Is the CI green?  If not, make it green.
 
-=== Is Sam Ruby happy?  If not, make him happy.
+### Is Sam Ruby happy?  If not, make him happy.
 
-=== Contact the security team.  CVE emails must be sent on this day.
+### Contact the security team.  CVE emails must be sent on this day.
 
-=== Create a release branch.
+### Create a release branch.
 
 From the stable branch, create a release branch.  For example, if you're
 releasing Rails 3.0.10, do this:
 
-    [aaron@higgins rails (3-0-stable)]$ git checkout -b 3-0-10
-    Switched to a new branch '3-0-10'
-    [aaron@higgins rails (3-0-10)]$
+```
+[aaron@higgins rails (3-0-stable)]$ git checkout -b 3-0-10
+Switched to a new branch '3-0-10'
+[aaron@higgins rails (3-0-10)]$
+```
 
-=== Update each CHANGELOG.
+### Update each CHANGELOG.
 
 Many times commits are made without the CHANGELOG being updated.  You should
 review the commits since the last release, and fill in any missing information
@@ -82,23 +88,25 @@ for each CHANGELOG.
 
 You can review the commits for the 3.0.10 release like this:
 
-    [aaron@higgins rails (3-0-10)]$ git log v3.0.9..
+```
+[aaron@higgins rails (3-0-10)]$ git log v3.0.9..
+```
 
 If you're doing a stable branch release, you should also ensure that all of
 the CHANGELOG entries in the stable branch are also synced to the master
 branch.
 
-=== Update the RAILS_VERSION file to include the RC.
+### Update the RAILS_VERSION file to include the RC.
 
-=== Build and test the gem.
+### Build and test the gem.
 
 Run `rake install` to generate the gems and install them locally. Then try
 generating a new app and ensure that nothing explodes.
 
 This will stop you from looking silly when you push an RC to rubygems.org and
-then realise it is broken.
+then realize it is broken.
 
-=== Release the gem.
+### Release the gem.
 
 IMPORTANT: Due to YAML parse problems on the rubygems.org server, it is safest
 to use Ruby 1.8 when releasing.
@@ -108,14 +116,16 @@ RAILS_VERSION, commit the changes, tag it, and push the gems to rubygems.org.
 Here are the commands that `rake release` should use, so you can understand
 what to do in case anything goes wrong:
 
-    $ rake all:build
-    $ git commit -am'updating RAILS_VERSION'
-    $ git tag -m 'v3.0.10.rc1 release' v3.0.10.rc1
-    $ git push
-    $ git push --tags
-    $ for i in $(ls pkg); do gem push $i; done
+```
+$ rake all:build
+$ git commit -am'updating RAILS_VERSION'
+$ git tag -m 'v3.0.10.rc1 release' v3.0.10.rc1
+$ git push
+$ git push --tags
+$ for i in $(ls pkg); do gem push $i; done
+```
 
-=== Send Rails release announcements
+### Send Rails release announcements
 
 Write a release announcement that includes the version, changes, and links to
 GitHub where people can find the specific commit list.  Here are the mailing
@@ -132,16 +142,16 @@ IMPORTANT: If any users experience regressions when using the release
 candidate, you *must* postpone the release.  Bugfix releases *should not*
 break existing applications.
 
-=== Post the announcement to the Rails blog.
+### Post the announcement to the Rails blog.
 
 If you used Markdown format for your email, you can just paste it in to the
 blog.
 
 * http://weblog.rubyonrails.org
 
-=== Post the announcement to the Rails Twitter account.
+### Post the announcement to the Rails Twitter account.
 
-== Time between release candidate and actual release
+## Time between release candidate and actual release
 
 Check the rails-core mailing list and the GitHub issue list for regressions in
 the RC.
@@ -155,10 +165,10 @@ When you fix the regressions, do not create a new branch.  Fix them on the
 stable branch, then cherry pick the commit to your release branch.  No other
 commits should be added to the release branch besides regression fixing commits.
 
-== Day of release
+## Day of release
 
 Many of these steps are the same as for the release candidate, so if you need
-more explanation on a particular step, so the RC steps.
+more explanation on a particular step, see the RC steps.
 
 Today, do this stuff in this order:
 
@@ -173,7 +183,7 @@ Today, do this stuff in this order:
 * Email security lists
 * Email general announcement lists
 
-=== Emailing the Rails security announce list
+### Emailing the Rails security announce list
 
 Email the security announce list once for each vulnerability fixed.
 
@@ -193,13 +203,13 @@ so we need to give them the security fixes in patch form.
 * Merge the release branch to the stable branch.
 * Drink beer (or other cocktail)
 
-== Misc
+## Misc
 
-=== Fixing the CI
+### Fixing the CI
 
 There are two simple steps for fixing the CI:
 
 1. Identify the problem
 2. Fix it
 
-Repeat these steps until the CI is green.
+Repeat these steps until the CI is green.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Rakefile b/Rakefile
index fadebc241f..2ec39a1c85 100644
--- a/Rakefile
+++ b/Rakefile
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-require 'sdoc'
 require 'net/http'
 
 $:.unshift File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)
@@ -11,7 +10,7 @@ task :build => "all:build"
 desc "Release all gems to rubygems and create a tag"
 task :release => "all:release"
 
-PROJECTS = %w(activesupport activemodel actionpack actionview actionmailer activerecord railties)
+PROJECTS = %w(activesupport activemodel actionpack actionview actionmailer activerecord railties activejob)
 
 desc 'Run all tests by default'
 task :default => %w(test test:isolated)
@@ -45,34 +44,8 @@ else
   Rails::API::StableTask.new('rdoc')
 end
 
-desc 'Bump all versions to match version.rb'
-task :update_versions do
-  require File.dirname(__FILE__) + "/version"
-
-  File.open("RAILS_VERSION", "w") do |f|
-    f.puts Rails::VERSION::STRING
-  end
-
-  constants = {
-    "activesupport"   => "ActiveSupport",
-    "activemodel"     => "ActiveModel",
-    "actionpack"      => "ActionPack",
-    "actionview"      => "ActionView",
-    "actionmailer"    => "ActionMailer",
-    "activerecord"    => "ActiveRecord",
-    "railties"        => "Rails"
-  }
-
-  version_file = File.read("version.rb")
-
-  PROJECTS.each do |project|
-    Dir["#{project}/lib/*/version.rb"].each do |file|
-      File.open(file, "w") do |f|
-        f.write version_file.gsub(/Rails/, constants[project])
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
+desc 'Bump all versions to match RAILS_VERSION'
+task :update_versions => "all:update_versions"
 
 # We have a webhook configured in GitHub that gets invoked after pushes.
 # This hook triggers the following tasks:
diff --git a/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md b/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md
index 6203699405..0ecb0235bc 100644
--- a/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1 +1,92 @@
-Please check [4-1-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-1-stable/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+*   `config.force_ssl = true` will set
+    `config.action_mailer.default_url_options = { protocol: 'https' }`
+
+    *Andrew Kampjes*
+
+*   Add `config.action_mailer.deliver_later_queue_name` configuration to set the
+    mailer queue name.
+
+    *Chris McGrath*
+
+*   `assert_emails` in block form use the given number as expected value.
+    This makes the error message much easier to understand.
+
+    *Yuji Yaginuma*
+
+*   Add support for inline images in mailer previews by using an interceptor
+    class to convert cid: urls in image src attributes to data urls.
+
+    *Andrew White*
+
+*   Mailer preview now uses `url_for` to fix links to emails for apps running on
+    a subdirectory.
+
+    *Remo Mueller*
+
+*   Mailer previews no longer crash when the `mail` method wasn't called
+    (`NullMail`).
+
+    Fixes #19849.
+
+    *Yves Senn*
+
+*   Make sure labels and values line up in mailer previews.
+
+    *Yves Senn*
+
+*   Add `assert_enqueued_emails` and `assert_no_enqueued_emails`.
+
+    Example:
+
+        def test_emails
+          assert_enqueued_emails 2 do
+            ContactMailer.welcome.deliver_later
+            ContactMailer.welcome.deliver_later
+          end
+        end
+
+        def test_no_emails
+          assert_no_enqueued_emails do
+            # No emails enqueued here
+          end
+        end
+
+    *George Claghorn*
+
+*   Add `_mailer` suffix to mailers created via generator, following the same
+    naming convention used in controllers and jobs.
+
+    *Carlos Souza*
+
+*   Remove deprecate `*_path` helpers in email views.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Remove deprecated `deliver` and `deliver!` methods.
+
+    *claudiob*
+
+*   Template lookup now respects default locale and I18n fallbacks.
+
+    Given the following templates:
+
+        mailer/demo.html.erb
+        mailer/demo.en.html.erb
+        mailer/demo.pt.html.erb
+
+    Before this change, for a locale that doesn't have its associated file, the
+    `mailer/demo.html.erb` would be rendered even if `en` was the default locale.
+
+    Now `mailer/demo.en.html.erb` has precedence over the file without locale.
+
+    Also, it is possible to give a fallback.
+
+        mailer/demo.pt.html.erb
+        mailer/demo.pt-BR.html.erb
+
+    So if the locale is `pt-PT`, `mailer/demo.pt.html.erb` will be rendered given
+    the right I18n fallback configuration.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+Please check [4-2-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/actionmailer/MIT-LICENSE b/actionmailer/MIT-LICENSE
index d58dd9ed9b..3ec7a617cf 100644
--- a/actionmailer/MIT-LICENSE
+++ b/actionmailer/MIT-LICENSE
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright (c) 2004-2014 David Heinemeier Hansson
+Copyright (c) 2004-2015 David Heinemeier Hansson
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
diff --git a/actionmailer/README.rdoc b/actionmailer/README.rdoc
index e425282fa8..397ebe4201 100644
--- a/actionmailer/README.rdoc
+++ b/actionmailer/README.rdoc
@@ -61,22 +61,30 @@ generated would look like this:
 
   Thank you for signing up!
 
-In order to send mails, you simply call the method and then call +deliver+ on the return value.
+In order to send mails, you simply call the method and then call +deliver_now+ on the return value.
 
 Calling the method returns a Mail Message object:
 
-  message = Notifier.welcome("david@loudthinking.com")  # => Returns a Mail::Message object
-  message.deliver                                       # => delivers the email
+  message = Notifier.welcome("david@loudthinking.com")   # => Returns a Mail::Message object
+  message.deliver_now                                    # => delivers the email
 
 Or you can just chain the methods together like:
 
-  Notifier.welcome("david@loudthinking.com").deliver    # Creates the email and sends it immediately
+  Notifier.welcome("david@loudthinking.com").deliver_now # Creates the email and sends it immediately
 
 == Setting defaults
 
-It is possible to set default values that will be used in every method in your Action Mailer class. To implement this functionality, you just call the public class method <tt>default</tt> which you get for free from <tt>ActionMailer::Base</tt>. This method accepts a Hash as the parameter. You can use any of the headers email messages have, like <tt>:from</tt> as the key. You can also pass in a string as the key, like "Content-Type", but Action Mailer does this out of the box for you, so you won't need to worry about that. Finally, it is also possible to pass in a Proc that will get evaluated when it is needed.
+It is possible to set default values that will be used in every method in your
+Action Mailer class. To implement this functionality, you just call the public
+class method +default+ which you get for free from <tt>ActionMailer::Base</tt>.
+This method accepts a Hash as the parameter. You can use any of the headers,
+email messages have, like +:from+ as the key. You can also pass in a string as
+the key, like "Content-Type", but Action Mailer does this out of the box for you,
+so you won't need to worry about that. Finally, it is also possible to pass in a
+Proc that will get evaluated when it is needed.
 
-Note that every value you set with this method will get overwritten if you use the same key in your mailer method.
+Note that every value you set with this method will get overwritten if you use the
+same key in your mailer method.
 
 Example:
 
@@ -87,10 +95,11 @@ Example:
 
 == Receiving emails
 
-To receive emails, you need to implement a public instance method called <tt>receive</tt> that takes an
-email object as its single parameter. The Action Mailer framework has a corresponding class method,
-which is also called <tt>receive</tt>, that accepts a raw, unprocessed email as a string, which it then turns
-into the email object and calls the receive instance method.
+To receive emails, you need to implement a public instance method called
++receive+ that takes an email object as its single parameter. The Action Mailer
+framework has a corresponding class method, which is also called +receive+, that
+accepts a raw, unprocessed email as a string, which it then turns into the email
+object and calls the receive instance method.
 
 Example:
 
@@ -102,7 +111,7 @@ Example:
       )
 
       if email.has_attachments?
-        email.attachments.each do |attachment| 
+        email.attachments.each do |attachment|
           page.attachments.create({
             file: attachment, description: email.subject
           })
@@ -111,13 +120,14 @@ Example:
     end
   end
 
-This Mailman can be the target for Postfix or other MTAs. In Rails, you would use the runner in the
-trivial case like this:
+This Mailman can be the target for Postfix or other MTAs. In Rails, you would use
+the runner in the trivial case like this:
 
   rails runner 'Mailman.receive(STDIN.read)'
 
-However, invoking Rails in the runner for each mail to be received is very resource intensive.  A single
-instance of Rails should be run within a daemon, if it is going to process more than just a limited amount of email.
+However, invoking Rails in the runner for each mail to be received is very
+resource intensive. A single instance of Rails should be run within a daemon, if
+it is going to process more than just a limited amount of email.
 
 == Configuration
 
@@ -136,7 +146,7 @@ The Base class has the full list of configuration options. Here's an example:
 
 The latest version of Action Mailer can be installed with RubyGems:
 
-  % [sudo] gem install actionmailer
+  $ gem install actionmailer
 
 Source code can be downloaded as part of the Rails project on GitHub
 
@@ -156,7 +166,10 @@ API documentation is at
 
 * http://api.rubyonrails.org
 
-Bug reports and feature requests can be filed with the rest for the Ruby on Rails project here:
+Bug reports can be filed for the Ruby on Rails project here:
 
 * https://github.com/rails/rails/issues
 
+Feature requests should be discussed on the rails-core mailing list here:
+
+* https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/rubyonrails-core
diff --git a/actionmailer/Rakefile b/actionmailer/Rakefile
index 5ddd90020b..7197ea5e27 100644
--- a/actionmailer/Rakefile
+++ b/actionmailer/Rakefile
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 require 'rake/testtask'
-require 'rubygems/package_task'
 
 desc "Default Task"
 task default: [ :test ]
@@ -10,6 +9,7 @@ Rake::TestTask.new { |t|
   t.pattern = 'test/**/*_test.rb'
   t.warning = true
   t.verbose = true
+  t.ruby_opts = ["--dev"] if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
 }
 
 namespace :test do
@@ -19,16 +19,3 @@ namespace :test do
     end or raise "Failures"
   end
 end
-
-spec = eval(File.read('actionmailer.gemspec'))
-
-Gem::PackageTask.new(spec) do |p|
-  p.gem_spec = spec
-end
-
-desc "Release to rubygems"
-task release: :package do
-  require 'rake/gemcutter'
-  Rake::Gemcutter::Tasks.new(spec).define
-  Rake::Task['gem:push'].invoke
-end
diff --git a/actionmailer/actionmailer.gemspec b/actionmailer/actionmailer.gemspec
index 9b25feaf75..782b208ef4 100644
--- a/actionmailer/actionmailer.gemspec
+++ b/actionmailer/actionmailer.gemspec
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.summary     = 'Email composition, delivery, and receiving framework (part of Rails).'
   s.description = 'Email on Rails. Compose, deliver, receive, and test emails using the familiar controller/view pattern. First-class support for multipart email and attachments.'
 
-  s.required_ruby_version = '>= 1.9.3'
+  s.required_ruby_version = '>= 2.2.2'
 
   s.license = 'MIT'
 
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
 
   s.add_dependency 'actionpack', version
   s.add_dependency 'actionview', version
+  s.add_dependency 'activejob', version
 
-  s.add_dependency 'mail', '~> 2.5.4'
+  s.add_dependency 'mail', ['~> 2.5', '>= 2.5.4']
+  s.add_dependency 'rails-dom-testing', '~> 1.0', '>= 1.0.5'
 end
diff --git a/actionmailer/bin/test b/actionmailer/bin/test
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..404cabba51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/bin/test
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+COMPONENT_ROOT = File.expand_path("../../", __FILE__)
+require File.expand_path("../tools/test", COMPONENT_ROOT)
+exit Minitest.run(ARGV)
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer.rb
index 83969d4074..312dd1997c 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #--
-# Copyright (c) 2004-2014 David Heinemeier Hansson
+# Copyright (c) 2004-2015 David Heinemeier Hansson
 #
 # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 # a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
@@ -40,9 +40,19 @@ module ActionMailer
 
   autoload :Base
   autoload :DeliveryMethods
+  autoload :InlinePreviewInterceptor
   autoload :MailHelper
   autoload :Preview
   autoload :Previews, 'action_mailer/preview'
   autoload :TestCase
   autoload :TestHelper
+  autoload :MessageDelivery
+  autoload :DeliveryJob
+end
+
+autoload :Mime, 'action_dispatch/http/mime_type'
+
+ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_view) do
+  ActionView::Base.default_formats ||= Mime::SET.symbols
+  ActionView::Template::Types.delegate_to Mime
 end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb
index 18a41ba7a4..cbbf480da8 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb
@@ -15,11 +15,17 @@ module ActionMailer
   #
   #   $ rails generate mailer Notifier
   #
-  # The generated model inherits from <tt>ActionMailer::Base</tt>. A mailer model defines methods
+  # The generated model inherits from <tt>ApplicationMailer</tt> which in turn
+  # inherits from <tt>ActionMailer::Base</tt>. A mailer model defines methods
   # used to generate an email message. In these methods, you can setup variables to be used in
   # the mailer views, options on the mail itself such as the <tt>:from</tt> address, and attachments.
   #
-  #   class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+  #   class ApplicationMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+  #     default from: 'from@example.com'
+  #     layout 'mailer'
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   class NotifierMailer < ApplicationMailer
   #     default from: 'no-reply@example.com',
   #             return_path: 'system@example.com'
   #
@@ -39,11 +45,8 @@ module ActionMailer
   #   in the same manner as <tt>attachments[]=</tt>
   #
   # * <tt>headers[]=</tt> - Allows you to specify any header field in your email such
-  #   as <tt>headers['X-No-Spam'] = 'True'</tt>. Note, while most fields like <tt>To:</tt>
-  #   <tt>From:</tt> can only appear once in an email header, other fields like <tt>X-Anything</tt>
-  #   can appear multiple times. If you want to change a field that can appear multiple times,
-  #   you need to set it to nil first so that Mail knows you are replacing it and not adding
-  #   another field of the same name.
+  #   as <tt>headers['X-No-Spam'] = 'True'</tt>. Note that declaring a header multiple times
+  #   will add many fields of the same name. Read #headers doc for more information.
   #
   # * <tt>headers(hash)</tt> - Allows you to specify multiple headers in your email such
   #   as <tt>headers({'X-No-Spam' => 'True', 'In-Reply-To' => '1234@message.id'})</tt>
@@ -55,7 +58,7 @@ module ActionMailer
   #
   # The mail method, if not passed a block, will inspect your views and send all the views with
   # the same name as the method, so the above action would send the +welcome.text.erb+ view
-  # file as well as the +welcome.text.html.erb+ view file in a +multipart/alternative+ email.
+  # file as well as the +welcome.html.erb+ view file in a +multipart/alternative+ email.
   #
   # If you want to explicitly render only certain templates, pass a block:
   #
@@ -85,16 +88,17 @@ module ActionMailer
   #
   # To define a template to be used with a mailing, create an <tt>.erb</tt> file with the same
   # name as the method in your mailer model. For example, in the mailer defined above, the template at
-  # <tt>app/views/notifier/welcome.text.erb</tt> would be used to generate the email.
+  # <tt>app/views/notifier_mailer/welcome.text.erb</tt> would be used to generate the email.
   #
-  # Variables defined in the model are accessible as instance variables in the view.
+  # Variables defined in the methods of your mailer model are accessible as instance variables in their
+  # corresponding view.
   #
   # Emails by default are sent in plain text, so a sample view for our model example might look like this:
   #
   #   Hi <%= @account.name %>,
   #   Thanks for joining our service! Please check back often.
   #
-  # You can even use Action Pack helpers in these views. For example:
+  # You can even use Action View helpers in these views. For example:
   #
   #   You got a new note!
   #   <%= truncate(@note.body, length: 25) %>
@@ -128,21 +132,32 @@ module ActionMailer
   #
   #   config.action_mailer.default_url_options = { host: "example.com" }
   #
-  # When you decide to set a default <tt>:host</tt> for your mailers, then you need to make sure to use the
-  # <tt>only_path: false</tt> option when using <tt>url_for</tt>. Since the <tt>url_for</tt> view helper
-  # will generate relative URLs by default when a <tt>:host</tt> option isn't explicitly provided, passing
-  # <tt>only_path: false</tt> will ensure that absolute URLs are generated.
+  # By default when <tt>config.force_ssl</tt> is true, URLs generated for hosts will use the HTTPS protocol.
   #
   # = Sending mail
   #
-  # Once a mailer action and template are defined, you can deliver your message or create it and save it
-  # for delivery later:
+  # Once a mailer action and template are defined, you can deliver your message or defer its creation and
+  # delivery for later:
+  #
+  #   NotifierMailer.welcome(User.first).deliver_now # sends the email
+  #   mail = NotifierMailer.welcome(User.first)      # => an ActionMailer::MessageDelivery object
+  #   mail.deliver_now                               # generates and sends the email now
+  #
+  # The <tt>ActionMailer::MessageDelivery</tt> class is a wrapper around a delegate that will call
+  # your method to generate the mail. If you want direct access to delegator, or <tt>Mail::Message</tt>,
+  # you can call the <tt>message</tt> method on the <tt>ActionMailer::MessageDelivery</tt> object.
+  #
+  #   NotifierMailer.welcome(User.first).message     # => a Mail::Message object
+  #
+  # Action Mailer is nicely integrated with Active Job so you can generate and send emails in the background
+  # (example: outside of the request-response cycle, so the user doesn't have to wait on it):
   #
-  #   Notifier.welcome(david).deliver # sends the email
-  #   mail = Notifier.welcome(david)  # => a Mail::Message object
-  #   mail.deliver                    # sends the email
+  #   NotifierMailer.welcome(User.first).deliver_later # enqueue the email sending to Active Job
+  #
+  # Note that <tt>deliver_later</tt> will execute your method from the background job.
   #
   # You never instantiate your mailer class. Rather, you just call the method you defined on the class itself.
+  # All instance methods are expected to return a message object to be sent.
   #
   # = Multipart Emails
   #
@@ -154,7 +169,7 @@ module ActionMailer
   # * signup_notification.text.erb
   # * signup_notification.html.erb
   # * signup_notification.xml.builder
-  # * signup_notification.yaml.erb
+  # * signup_notification.yml.erb
   #
   # Each would be rendered and added as a separate part to the message, with the corresponding content
   # type. The content type for the entire message is automatically set to <tt>multipart/alternative</tt>,
@@ -169,7 +184,7 @@ module ActionMailer
   #
   # Sending attachment in emails is easy:
   #
-  #   class ApplicationMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+  #   class NotifierMailer < ApplicationMailer
   #     def welcome(recipient)
   #       attachments['free_book.pdf'] = File.read('path/to/file.pdf')
   #       mail(to: recipient, subject: "New account information")
@@ -185,7 +200,7 @@ module ActionMailer
   # If you need to send attachments with no content, you need to create an empty view for it,
   # or add an empty body parameter like this:
   #
-  #     class ApplicationMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+  #     class NotifierMailer < ApplicationMailer
   #       def welcome(recipient)
   #         attachments['free_book.pdf'] = File.read('path/to/file.pdf')
   #         mail(to: recipient, subject: "New account information", body: "")
@@ -197,7 +212,7 @@ module ActionMailer
   # You can also specify that a file should be displayed inline with other HTML. This is useful
   # if you want to display a corporate logo or a photo.
   #
-  #   class ApplicationMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+  #   class NotifierMailer < ApplicationMailer
   #     def welcome(recipient)
   #       attachments.inline['photo.png'] = File.read('path/to/photo.png')
   #       mail(to: recipient, subject: "Here is what we look like")
@@ -236,7 +251,7 @@ module ActionMailer
   # Action Mailer provides some intelligent defaults for your emails, these are usually specified in a
   # default method inside the class definition:
   #
-  #   class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+  #   class NotifierMailer < ApplicationMailer
   #     default sender: 'system@example.com'
   #   end
   #
@@ -244,8 +259,8 @@ module ActionMailer
   # <tt>ActionMailer::Base</tt> sets the following:
   #
   # * <tt>mime_version: "1.0"</tt>
-  # * <tt>charset:      "UTF-8",</tt>
-  # * <tt>content_type: "text/plain",</tt>
+  # * <tt>charset:      "UTF-8"</tt>
+  # * <tt>content_type: "text/plain"</tt>
   # * <tt>parts_order:  [ "text/plain", "text/enriched", "text/html" ]</tt>
   #
   # <tt>parts_order</tt> and <tt>charset</tt> are not actually valid <tt>Mail::Message</tt> header fields,
@@ -254,7 +269,7 @@ module ActionMailer
   # As you can pass in any header, you need to either quote the header as a string, or pass it in as
   # an underscored symbol, so the following will work:
   #
-  #   class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+  #   class NotifierMailer < ApplicationMailer
   #     default 'Content-Transfer-Encoding' => '7bit',
   #             content_description: 'This is a description'
   #   end
@@ -262,7 +277,7 @@ module ActionMailer
   # Finally, Action Mailer also supports passing <tt>Proc</tt> objects into the default hash, so you
   # can define methods that evaluate as the message is being generated:
   #
-  #   class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+  #   class NotifierMailer < ApplicationMailer
   #     default 'X-Special-Header' => Proc.new { my_method }
   #
   #     private
@@ -273,7 +288,7 @@ module ActionMailer
   #   end
   #
   # Note that the proc is evaluated right at the start of the mail message generation, so if you
-  # set something in the defaults using a proc, and then set the same thing inside of your
+  # set something in the default using a proc, and then set the same thing inside of your
   # mailer method, it will get over written by the mailer method.
   #
   # It is also possible to set these default options that will be used in all mailers through
@@ -287,7 +302,7 @@ module ActionMailer
   # This may be useful, for example, when you want to add default inline attachments for all
   # messages sent out by a certain mailer class:
   #
-  #   class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+  #   class NotifierMailer < ApplicationMailer
   #     before_action :add_inline_attachment!
   #
   #     def welcome
@@ -301,12 +316,14 @@ module ActionMailer
   #       end
   #   end
   #
-  # Callbacks in ActionMailer are implemented using AbstractController::Callbacks, so you
-  # can define and configure callbacks in the same manner that you would use callbacks in
-  # classes that inherit from ActionController::Base.
+  # Callbacks in Action Mailer are implemented using
+  # <tt>AbstractController::Callbacks</tt>, so you can define and configure
+  # callbacks in the same manner that you would use callbacks in classes that
+  # inherit from <tt>ActionController::Base</tt>.
   #
-  # Note that unless you have a specific reason to do so, you should prefer using before_action
-  # rather than after_action in your ActionMailer classes so that headers are parsed properly.
+  # Note that unless you have a specific reason to do so, you should prefer
+  # using <tt>before_action</tt> rather than <tt>after_action</tt> in your
+  # Action Mailer classes so that headers are parsed properly.
   #
   # = Previewing emails
   #
@@ -314,18 +331,18 @@ module ActionMailer
   # <tt>ActionMailer::Base.preview_path</tt>. Since most emails do something interesting
   # with database data, you'll need to write some scenarios to load messages with fake data:
   #
-  #   class NotifierPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
+  #   class NotifierMailerPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
   #     def welcome
-  #       Notifier.welcome(User.first)
+  #       NotifierMailer.welcome(User.first)
   #     end
   #   end
   #
   # Methods must return a <tt>Mail::Message</tt> object which can be generated by calling the mailer
-  # method without the additional <tt>deliver</tt>. The location of the mailer previews
-  # directory can be configured using the <tt>preview_path</tt> option which has a default
+  # method without the additional <tt>deliver_now</tt> / <tt>deliver_later</tt>. The location of the
+  # mailer previews directory can be configured using the <tt>preview_path</tt> option which has a default
   # of <tt>test/mailers/previews</tt>:
   #
-  #     config.action_mailer.preview_path = "#{Rails.root}/lib/mailer_previews"
+  #   config.action_mailer.preview_path = "#{Rails.root}/lib/mailer_previews"
   #
   # An overview of all previews is accessible at <tt>http://localhost:3000/rails/mailers</tt>
   # on a running development server instance.
@@ -339,7 +356,7 @@ module ActionMailer
   #     end
   #   end
   #
-  #   config.action_mailer.register_preview_interceptor :css_inline_styler
+  #   config.action_mailer.preview_interceptors :css_inline_styler
   #
   # Note that interceptors need to be registered both with <tt>register_interceptor</tt>
   # and <tt>register_preview_interceptor</tt> if they should operate on both sending and
@@ -365,11 +382,11 @@ module ActionMailer
   #   * <tt>:password</tt> - If your mail server requires authentication, set the password in this setting.
   #   * <tt>:authentication</tt> - If your mail server requires authentication, you need to specify the
   #     authentication type here.
-  #     This is a symbol and one of <tt>:plain</tt> (will send the password in the clear), <tt>:login</tt> (will
-  #     send password Base64 encoded) or <tt>:cram_md5</tt> (combines a Challenge/Response mechanism to exchange
+  #     This is a symbol and one of <tt>:plain</tt> (will send the password Base64 encoded), <tt>:login</tt> (will
+  #     send the password Base64 encoded) or <tt>:cram_md5</tt> (combines a Challenge/Response mechanism to exchange
   #     information and a cryptographic Message Digest 5 algorithm to hash important information)
-  #   * <tt>:enable_starttls_auto</tt> - When set to true, detects if STARTTLS is enabled in your SMTP server
-  #     and starts to use it.
+  #   * <tt>:enable_starttls_auto</tt> - Detects if STARTTLS is enabled in your SMTP server and starts
+  #     to use it. Defaults to <tt>true</tt>.
   #   * <tt>:openssl_verify_mode</tt> - When using TLS, you can set how OpenSSL checks the certificate. This is
   #     really useful if you need to validate a self-signed and/or a wildcard certificate. You can use the name
   #     of an OpenSSL verify constant (<tt>'none'</tt>, <tt>'peer'</tt>, <tt>'client_once'</tt>,
@@ -393,11 +410,13 @@ module ActionMailer
   #   implement for a custom delivery agent.
   #
   # * <tt>perform_deliveries</tt> - Determines whether emails are actually sent from Action Mailer when you
-  #   call <tt>.deliver</tt> on an mail message or on an Action Mailer method. This is on by default but can
+  #   call <tt>.deliver</tt> on an email message or on an Action Mailer method. This is on by default but can
   #   be turned off to aid in functional testing.
   #
   # * <tt>deliveries</tt> - Keeps an array of all the emails sent out through the Action Mailer with
   #   <tt>delivery_method :test</tt>. Most useful for unit and functional testing.
+  #
+  # * <tt>deliver_later_queue_name</tt> - The name of the queue used with <tt>deliver_later</tt>.
   class Base < AbstractController::Base
     include DeliveryMethods
     include Previews
@@ -422,8 +441,6 @@ module ActionMailer
 
     helper ActionMailer::MailHelper
 
-    private_class_method :new #:nodoc:
-
     class_attribute :default_params
     self.default_params = {
       mime_version: "1.0",
@@ -447,29 +464,25 @@ module ActionMailer
       # Either a class, string or symbol can be passed in as the Observer.
       # If a string or symbol is passed in it will be camelized and constantized.
       def register_observer(observer)
-        delivery_observer = case observer
-          when String, Symbol
-            observer.to_s.camelize.constantize
-          else
-            observer
-          end
-
-        Mail.register_observer(delivery_observer)
+        Mail.register_observer(observer_class_for(observer))
       end
 
       # Register an Interceptor which will be called before mail is sent.
       # Either a class, string or symbol can be passed in as the Interceptor.
       # If a string or symbol is passed in it will be camelized and constantized.
       def register_interceptor(interceptor)
-        delivery_interceptor = case interceptor
-          when String, Symbol
-            interceptor.to_s.camelize.constantize
-          else
-            interceptor
-          end
-
-        Mail.register_interceptor(delivery_interceptor)
+        Mail.register_interceptor(observer_class_for(interceptor))
+      end
+
+      def observer_class_for(value) # :nodoc:
+        case value
+        when String, Symbol
+          value.to_s.camelize.constantize
+        else
+          value
+        end
       end
+      private :observer_class_for
 
       # Returns the name of current mailer. This method is also being used as a path for a view lookup.
       # If this is an anonymous mailer, this method will return +anonymous+ instead.
@@ -482,7 +495,7 @@ module ActionMailer
 
       # Sets the defaults through app configuration:
       #
-      #     config.action_mailer.default { from: "no-reply@example.org" }
+      #     config.action_mailer.default(from: "no-reply@example.org")
       #
       # Aliased by ::default_options=
       def default(value = nil)
@@ -528,10 +541,6 @@ module ActionMailer
         end
       end
 
-      def respond_to?(method, include_private = false) #:nodoc:
-        super || action_methods.include?(method.to_s)
-      end
-
     protected
 
       def set_payload_for_mail(payload, mail) #:nodoc:
@@ -547,12 +556,18 @@ module ActionMailer
       end
 
       def method_missing(method_name, *args) # :nodoc:
-        if respond_to?(method_name)
-          new(method_name, *args).message
+        if action_methods.include?(method_name.to_s)
+          MessageDelivery.new(self, method_name, *args)
         else
           super
         end
       end
+
+    private
+
+      def respond_to_missing?(method, include_all = false) #:nodoc:
+        action_methods.include?(method.to_s)
+      end
     end
 
     attr_internal :message
@@ -561,11 +576,10 @@ module ActionMailer
     # will be initialized according to the named method. If not, the mailer will
     # remain uninitialized (useful when you only need to invoke the "receive"
     # method, for instance).
-    def initialize(method_name=nil, *args)
+    def initialize
       super()
       @_mail_was_called = false
       @_message = Mail.new
-      process(method_name, *args) if method_name
     end
 
     def process(method_name, *args) #:nodoc:
@@ -575,8 +589,6 @@ module ActionMailer
       }
 
       ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("process.action_mailer", payload) do
-        lookup_context.skip_default_locale!
-
         super
         @_message = NullMail.new unless @_mail_was_called
       end
@@ -584,6 +596,11 @@ module ActionMailer
 
     class NullMail #:nodoc:
       def body; '' end
+      def header; {} end
+
+      def respond_to?(string, include_all=false)
+        true
+      end
 
       def method_missing(*args)
         nil
@@ -609,6 +626,26 @@ module ActionMailer
     # The resulting <tt>Mail::Message</tt> will have the following in its header:
     #
     #   X-Special-Domain-Specific-Header: SecretValue
+    #
+    # Note about replacing already defined headers:
+    #
+    # * +subject+
+    # * +sender+
+    # * +from+
+    # * +to+
+    # * +cc+
+    # * +bcc+
+    # * +reply-to+
+    # * +orig-date+
+    # * +message-id+
+    # * +references+
+    #
+    # Fields can only appear once in email headers while other fields such as
+    # <tt>X-Anything</tt> can appear multiple times.
+    #
+    # If you want to replace any header which already exists, first set it to
+    # +nil+ in order to reset the value otherwise another field will be added
+    # for the same header.
     def headers(args = nil)
       if args
         @_message.headers(args)
@@ -648,14 +685,29 @@ module ActionMailer
     #  mail.attachments[0]                # => Mail::Part (first attachment)
     #
     def attachments
-      @_message.attachments
+      if @_mail_was_called
+        LateAttachmentsProxy.new(@_message.attachments)
+      else
+        @_message.attachments
+      end
+    end
+
+    class LateAttachmentsProxy < SimpleDelegator
+      def inline; _raise_error end
+      def []=(_name, _content); _raise_error end
+
+      private
+        def _raise_error
+          raise RuntimeError, "Can't add attachments after `mail` was called.\n" \
+                              "Make sure to use `attachments[]=` before calling `mail`."
+        end
     end
 
     # The main method that creates the message and renders the email templates. There are
     # two ways to call this method, with a block, or without a block.
     #
-    # Both methods accept a headers hash. This hash allows you to specify the most used headers
-    # in an email message, these are:
+    # It accepts a headers hash. This hash allows you to specify
+    # the most used headers in an email message, these are:
     #
     # * +:subject+ - The subject of the message, if this is omitted, Action Mailer will
     #   ask the Rails I18n class for a translated +:subject+ in the scope of
@@ -742,51 +794,40 @@ module ActionMailer
     #   end
     #
     def mail(headers = {}, &block)
-      return @_message if @_mail_was_called && headers.blank? && !block
-
-      @_mail_was_called = true
-      m = @_message
+      return message if @_mail_was_called && headers.blank? && !block
 
       # At the beginning, do not consider class default for content_type
       content_type = headers[:content_type]
 
-      # Call all the procs (if any)
-      default_values = {}
-      self.class.default.each do |k,v|
-        default_values[k] = v.is_a?(Proc) ? instance_eval(&v) : v
-      end
-
-      # Handle defaults
-      headers = headers.reverse_merge(default_values)
-      headers[:subject] ||= default_i18n_subject
+      headers = apply_defaults(headers)
 
       # Apply charset at the beginning so all fields are properly quoted
-      m.charset = charset = headers[:charset]
+      message.charset = charset = headers[:charset]
 
       # Set configure delivery behavior
-      wrap_delivery_behavior!(headers.delete(:delivery_method), headers.delete(:delivery_method_options))
+      wrap_delivery_behavior!(headers[:delivery_method], headers[:delivery_method_options])
 
-      # Assign all headers except parts_order, content_type and body
-      assignable = headers.except(:parts_order, :content_type, :body, :template_name, :template_path)
-      assignable.each { |k, v| m[k] = v }
+      assign_headers_to_message(message, headers)
 
       # Render the templates and blocks
       responses = collect_responses(headers, &block)
-      create_parts_from_responses(m, responses)
+      @_mail_was_called = true
+
+      create_parts_from_responses(message, responses)
 
       # Setup content type, reapply charset and handle parts order
-      m.content_type = set_content_type(m, content_type, headers[:content_type])
-      m.charset      = charset
+      message.content_type = set_content_type(message, content_type, headers[:content_type])
+      message.charset      = charset
 
-      if m.multipart?
-        m.body.set_sort_order(headers[:parts_order])
-        m.body.sort_parts!
+      if message.multipart?
+        message.body.set_sort_order(headers[:parts_order])
+        message.body.sort_parts!
       end
 
-      m
+      message
     end
 
-  protected
+    protected
 
     # Used by #mail to set the content type of the message.
     #
@@ -803,7 +844,7 @@ module ActionMailer
       when user_content_type.present?
         user_content_type
       when m.has_attachments?
-        if m.attachments.detect { |a| a.inline? }
+        if m.attachments.detect(&:inline?)
           ["multipart", "related", params]
         else
           ["multipart", "mixed", params]
@@ -824,45 +865,70 @@ module ActionMailer
       I18n.t(:subject, interpolations.merge(scope: [mailer_scope, action_name], default: action_name.humanize))
     end
 
-    def collect_responses(headers) #:nodoc:
-      responses = []
+    # Emails do not support relative path links.
+    def self.supports_path?
+      false
+    end
 
+    private
+
+    def apply_defaults(headers)
+      default_values = self.class.default.map do |key, value|
+        [
+          key,
+          value.is_a?(Proc) ? instance_eval(&value) : value
+        ]
+      end.to_h
+
+      headers_with_defaults = headers.reverse_merge(default_values)
+      headers_with_defaults[:subject] ||= default_i18n_subject
+      headers_with_defaults
+    end
+
+    def assign_headers_to_message(message, headers)
+      assignable = headers.except(:parts_order, :content_type, :body, :template_name,
+                                  :template_path, :delivery_method, :delivery_method_options)
+      assignable.each { |k, v| message[k] = v }
+    end
+
+    def collect_responses(headers)
       if block_given?
         collector = ActionMailer::Collector.new(lookup_context) { render(action_name) }
         yield(collector)
-        responses = collector.responses
+        collector.responses
       elsif headers[:body]
-        responses << {
+        [{
           body: headers.delete(:body),
           content_type: self.class.default[:content_type] || "text/plain"
-        }
+        }]
       else
-        templates_path = headers.delete(:template_path) || self.class.mailer_name
-        templates_name = headers.delete(:template_name) || action_name
+        collect_responses_from_templates(headers)
+      end
+    end
 
-        each_template(Array(templates_path), templates_name) do |template|
-          self.formats = template.formats
+    def collect_responses_from_templates(headers)
+      templates_path = headers[:template_path] || self.class.mailer_name
+      templates_name = headers[:template_name] || action_name
 
-          responses << {
-            body: render(template: template),
-            content_type: template.type.to_s
-          }
-        end
+      each_template(Array(templates_path), templates_name).map do |template|
+        self.formats = template.formats
+        {
+          body: render(template: template),
+          content_type: template.type.to_s
+        }
       end
-
-      responses
     end
 
-    def each_template(paths, name, &block) #:nodoc:
+    def each_template(paths, name, &block)
       templates = lookup_context.find_all(name, paths)
       if templates.empty?
         raise ActionView::MissingTemplate.new(paths, name, paths, false, 'mailer')
       else
-        templates.uniq { |t| t.formats }.each(&block)
+        templates.uniq(&:formats).each(&block)
       end
     end
 
-    def create_parts_from_responses(m, responses) #:nodoc:
+    def create_parts_from_responses(m, responses)
       if responses.size == 1 && !m.has_attachments?
         responses[0].each { |k,v| m[k] = v }
       elsif responses.size > 1 && m.has_attachments?
@@ -875,7 +941,7 @@ module ActionMailer
       end
     end
 
-    def insert_part(container, response, charset) #:nodoc:
+    def insert_part(container, response, charset)
       response[:charset] ||= charset
       part = Mail::Part.new(response)
       container.add_part(part)
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/delivery_job.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/delivery_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..52772af2d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/delivery_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+require 'active_job'
+
+module ActionMailer
+  # The <tt>ActionMailer::DeliveryJob</tt> class is used when you
+  # want to send emails outside of the request-response cycle.
+  class DeliveryJob < ActiveJob::Base # :nodoc:
+    queue_as { ActionMailer::Base.deliver_later_queue_name }
+
+    def perform(mailer, mail_method, delivery_method, *args) #:nodoc:
+      mailer.constantize.public_send(mail_method, *args).send(delivery_method)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/delivery_methods.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/delivery_methods.rb
index aedcd81e52..4758b55a2a 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/delivery_methods.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/delivery_methods.rb
@@ -16,6 +16,9 @@ module ActionMailer
       cattr_accessor :perform_deliveries
       self.perform_deliveries = true
 
+      cattr_accessor :deliver_later_queue_name
+      self.deliver_later_queue_name = :mailers
+
       self.delivery_methods = {}.freeze
       self.delivery_method  = :smtp
 
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/gem_version.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/gem_version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b35d2ed965
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/gem_version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module ActionMailer
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded Action Mailer as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>.
+  def self.gem_version
+    Gem::Version.new VERSION::STRING
+  end
+
+  module VERSION
+    MAJOR = 5
+    MINOR = 0
+    TINY  = 0
+    PRE   = "alpha"
+
+    STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE].compact.join(".")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/inline_preview_interceptor.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/inline_preview_interceptor.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6d02b39225
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/inline_preview_interceptor.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+require 'base64'
+
+module ActionMailer
+  # Implements a mailer preview interceptor that converts image tag src attributes
+  # that use inline cid: style urls to data: style urls so that they are visible
+  # when previewing a HTML email in a web browser.
+  #
+  # This interceptor is enabled by default. To disable it, delete it from the
+  # <tt>ActionMailer::Base.preview_interceptors</tt> array:
+  #
+  #   ActionMailer::Base.preview_interceptors.delete(ActionMailer::InlinePreviewInterceptor)
+  #
+  class InlinePreviewInterceptor
+    PATTERN  = /src=(?:"cid:[^"]+"|'cid:[^']+')/i
+
+    include Base64
+
+    def self.previewing_email(message) #:nodoc:
+      new(message).transform!
+    end
+
+    def initialize(message) #:nodoc:
+      @message = message
+    end
+
+    def transform! #:nodoc:
+      return message if html_part.blank?
+
+      html_source.gsub!(PATTERN) do |match|
+        if part = find_part(match[9..-2])
+          %[src="#{data_url(part)}"]
+        else
+          match
+        end
+      end
+
+      message
+    end
+
+    private
+      def message
+        @message
+      end
+
+      def html_part
+        @html_part ||= message.html_part
+      end
+
+      def html_source
+        html_part.body.raw_source
+      end
+
+      def data_url(part)
+        "data:#{part.mime_type};base64,#{strict_encode64(part.body.raw_source)}"
+      end
+
+      def find_part(cid)
+        message.all_parts.find{ |p| p.attachment? && p.cid == cid }
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/log_subscriber.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/log_subscriber.rb
index eb6fb11d81..2867bf90fb 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/log_subscriber.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/log_subscriber.rb
@@ -2,31 +2,34 @@ require 'active_support/log_subscriber'
 
 module ActionMailer
   # Implements the ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber for logging notifications when
-  # email is delivered and received.
+  # email is delivered or received.
   class LogSubscriber < ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber
     # An email was delivered.
     def deliver(event)
-      return unless logger.info?
-      recipients = Array(event.payload[:to]).join(', ')
-      info("\nSent mail to #{recipients} (#{event.duration.round(1)}ms)")
-      debug(event.payload[:mail])
+      info do
+        recipients = Array(event.payload[:to]).join(', ')
+        "Sent mail to #{recipients} (#{event.duration.round(1)}ms)"
+      end
+
+      debug { event.payload[:mail] }
     end
 
     # An email was received.
     def receive(event)
-      return unless logger.info?
-      info("\nReceived mail (#{event.duration.round(1)}ms)")
-      debug(event.payload[:mail])
+      info { "Received mail (#{event.duration.round(1)}ms)" }
+      debug { event.payload[:mail] }
     end
 
     # An email was generated.
     def process(event)
-      mailer = event.payload[:mailer]
-      action = event.payload[:action]
-      debug("\n#{mailer}##{action}: processed outbound mail in #{event.duration.round(1)}ms")
+      debug do
+        mailer = event.payload[:mailer]
+        action = event.payload[:action]
+        "#{mailer}##{action}: processed outbound mail in #{event.duration.round(1)}ms"
+      end
     end
 
-    # Use the logger configured for ActionMailer::Base
+    # Use the logger configured for ActionMailer::Base.
     def logger
       ActionMailer::Base.logger
     end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/mail_helper.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/mail_helper.rb
index 54ad9f066f..239974e7b1 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/mail_helper.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/mail_helper.rb
@@ -4,15 +4,25 @@ module ActionMailer
   # attachments list.
   module MailHelper
     # Take the text and format it, indented two spaces for each line, and
-    # wrapped at 72 columns.
+    # wrapped at 72 columns:
+    #
+    #   text = <<-TEXT
+    #     This is
+    #     the      paragraph.
+    #
+    #     * item1 * item2
+    #   TEXT
+    #
+    #   block_format text
+    #   # => "  This is the paragraph.\n\n  * item1\n  * item2\n"
     def block_format(text)
       formatted = text.split(/\n\r?\n/).collect { |paragraph|
         format_paragraph(paragraph)
       }.join("\n\n")
 
       # Make list points stand on their own line
-      formatted.gsub!(/[ ]*([*]+) ([^*]*)/) { |s| "  #{$1} #{$2.strip}\n" }
-      formatted.gsub!(/[ ]*([#]+) ([^#]*)/) { |s| "  #{$1} #{$2.strip}\n" }
+      formatted.gsub!(/[ ]*([*]+) ([^*]*)/) { "  #{$1} #{$2.strip}\n" }
+      formatted.gsub!(/[ ]*([#]+) ([^#]*)/) { "  #{$1} #{$2.strip}\n" }
 
       formatted
     end
@@ -29,10 +39,12 @@ module ActionMailer
 
     # Access the message attachments list.
     def attachments
-      @_message.attachments
+      mailer.attachments
     end
 
     # Returns +text+ wrapped at +len+ columns and indented +indent+ spaces.
+    # By default column length +len+ equals 72 characters and indent
+    # +indent+ equal two spaces.
     #
     #   my_text = 'Here is a sample text with more than 40 characters'
     #
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/message_delivery.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/message_delivery.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5fcb5a0c88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/message_delivery.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+require 'delegate'
+
+module ActionMailer
+
+  # The <tt>ActionMailer::MessageDelivery</tt> class is used by
+  # <tt>ActionMailer::Base</tt> when creating a new mailer.
+  # <tt>MessageDelivery</tt> is a wrapper (+Delegator+ subclass) around a lazy
+  # created <tt>Mail::Message</tt>. You can get direct access to the
+  # <tt>Mail::Message</tt>, deliver the email or schedule the email to be sent
+  # through Active Job.
+  #
+  #   Notifier.welcome(User.first)               # an ActionMailer::MessageDelivery object
+  #   Notifier.welcome(User.first).deliver_now   # sends the email
+  #   Notifier.welcome(User.first).deliver_later # enqueue email delivery as a job through Active Job
+  #   Notifier.welcome(User.first).message       # a Mail::Message object
+  class MessageDelivery < Delegator
+    def initialize(mailer, mail_method, *args) #:nodoc:
+      @mailer = mailer
+      @mail_method = mail_method
+      @args = args
+    end
+
+    def __getobj__ #:nodoc:
+      @obj ||= begin
+                 mailer = @mailer.new
+                 mailer.process @mail_method, *@args
+                 mailer.message
+               end
+    end
+
+    def __setobj__(obj) #:nodoc:
+      @obj = obj
+    end
+
+    # Returns the Mail::Message object
+    def message
+      __getobj__
+    end
+
+    # Enqueues the email to be delivered through Active Job. When the
+    # job runs it will send the email using +deliver_now!+. That means
+    # that the message will be sent bypassing checking +perform_deliveries+
+    # and +raise_delivery_errors+, so use with caution.
+    #
+    #   Notifier.welcome(User.first).deliver_later!
+    #   Notifier.welcome(User.first).deliver_later!(wait: 1.hour)
+    #   Notifier.welcome(User.first).deliver_later!(wait_until: 10.hours.from_now)
+    #
+    # Options:
+    #
+    # * <tt>:wait</tt> - Enqueue the email to be delivered with a delay
+    # * <tt>:wait_until</tt> - Enqueue the email to be delivered at (after) a specific date / time
+    # * <tt>:queue</tt> - Enqueue the email on the specified queue
+    def deliver_later!(options={})
+      enqueue_delivery :deliver_now!, options
+    end
+
+    # Enqueues the email to be delivered through Active Job. When the
+    # job runs it will send the email using +deliver_now+.
+    #
+    #   Notifier.welcome(User.first).deliver_later
+    #   Notifier.welcome(User.first).deliver_later(wait: 1.hour)
+    #   Notifier.welcome(User.first).deliver_later(wait_until: 10.hours.from_now)
+    #
+    # Options:
+    #
+    # * <tt>:wait</tt> - Enqueue the email to be delivered with a delay.
+    # * <tt>:wait_until</tt> - Enqueue the email to be delivered at (after) a specific date / time.
+    # * <tt>:queue</tt> - Enqueue the email on the specified queue.
+    def deliver_later(options={})
+      enqueue_delivery :deliver_now, options
+    end
+
+    # Delivers an email without checking +perform_deliveries+ and +raise_delivery_errors+,
+    # so use with caution.
+    #
+    #   Notifier.welcome(User.first).deliver_now!
+    #
+    def deliver_now!
+      message.deliver!
+    end
+
+    # Delivers an email:
+    #
+    #   Notifier.welcome(User.first).deliver_now
+    #
+    def deliver_now
+      message.deliver
+    end
+
+    private
+
+      def enqueue_delivery(delivery_method, options={})
+        args = @mailer.name, @mail_method.to_s, delivery_method.to_s, *@args
+        ActionMailer::DeliveryJob.set(options).perform_later(*args)
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/preview.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/preview.rb
index 33a9faa7e7..aab92fe8db 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/preview.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/preview.rb
@@ -11,10 +11,20 @@ module ActionMailer
       #
       mattr_accessor :preview_path, instance_writer: false
 
+      # Enable or disable mailer previews through app configuration:
+      #
+      #     config.action_mailer.show_previews = true
+      #
+      # Defaults to true for development environment
+      #
+      mattr_accessor :show_previews, instance_writer: false
+
       # :nodoc:
       mattr_accessor :preview_interceptors, instance_writer: false
-      self.preview_interceptors = []
+      self.preview_interceptors = [ActionMailer::InlinePreviewInterceptor]
+    end
 
+    module ClassMethods
       # Register one or more Interceptors which will be called before mail is previewed.
       def register_preview_interceptors(*interceptors)
         interceptors.flatten.compact.each { |interceptor| register_preview_interceptor(interceptor) }
@@ -42,7 +52,7 @@ module ActionMailer
     extend ActiveSupport::DescendantsTracker
 
     class << self
-      # Returns all mailer preview classes
+      # Returns all mailer preview classes.
       def all
         load_previews if descendants.empty?
         descendants
@@ -58,27 +68,27 @@ module ActionMailer
         message
       end
 
-      # Returns all of the available email previews
+      # Returns all of the available email previews.
       def emails
         public_instance_methods(false).map(&:to_s).sort
       end
 
-      # Returns true if the email exists
+      # Returns true if the email exists.
       def email_exists?(email)
         emails.include?(email)
       end
 
-      # Returns true if the preview exists
+      # Returns true if the preview exists.
       def exists?(preview)
         all.any?{ |p| p.preview_name == preview }
       end
 
-      # Find a mailer preview by its underscored class name
+      # Find a mailer preview by its underscored class name.
       def find(preview)
         all.find{ |p| p.preview_name == preview }
       end
 
-      # Returns the underscored name of the mailer preview without the suffix
+      # Returns the underscored name of the mailer preview without the suffix.
       def preview_name
         name.sub(/Preview$/, '').underscore
       end
@@ -94,6 +104,10 @@ module ActionMailer
           Base.preview_path
         end
 
+        def show_previews #:nodoc:
+          Base.show_previews
+        end
+
         def inform_preview_interceptors(message) #:nodoc:
           Base.preview_interceptors.each do |interceptor|
             interceptor.previewing_email(message)
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/railtie.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/railtie.rb
index 8d1e40297b..fa707021c7 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/railtie.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/railtie.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+require 'active_job/railtie'
 require "action_mailer"
 require "rails"
 require "abstract_controller/railties/routes_helpers"
@@ -15,11 +16,17 @@ module ActionMailer
       paths   = app.config.paths
       options = app.config.action_mailer
 
+      if app.config.force_ssl
+        options.default_url_options ||= {}
+        options.default_url_options[:protocol] ||= 'https'
+      end
+
       options.assets_dir      ||= paths["public"].first
       options.javascripts_dir ||= paths["public/javascripts"].first
       options.stylesheets_dir ||= paths["public/stylesheets"].first
+      options.show_previews = Rails.env.development? if options.show_previews.nil?
 
-      if Rails.env.development?
+      if options.show_previews
         options.preview_path  ||= defined?(Rails.root) ? "#{Rails.root}/test/mailers/previews" : nil
       end
 
@@ -29,13 +36,21 @@ module ActionMailer
 
       ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_mailer) do
         include AbstractController::UrlFor
-        extend ::AbstractController::Railties::RoutesHelpers.with(app.routes)
+        extend ::AbstractController::Railties::RoutesHelpers.with(app.routes, false)
         include app.routes.mounted_helpers
 
         register_interceptors(options.delete(:interceptors))
+        register_preview_interceptors(options.delete(:preview_interceptors))
         register_observers(options.delete(:observers))
 
         options.each { |k,v| send("#{k}=", v) }
+
+        if options.show_previews
+          app.routes.prepend do
+            get '/rails/mailers'         => "rails/mailers#index"
+            get '/rails/mailers/*path'   => "rails/mailers#preview"
+          end
+        end
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/test_case.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/test_case.rb
index 207f949fe2..0aa15e31ba 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/test_case.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/test_case.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'active_support/test_case'
+require 'rails-dom-testing'
 
 module ActionMailer
   class NonInferrableMailerError < ::StandardError
@@ -15,11 +16,14 @@ module ActionMailer
 
       include ActiveSupport::Testing::ConstantLookup
       include TestHelper
+      include Rails::Dom::Testing::Assertions::SelectorAssertions
+      include Rails::Dom::Testing::Assertions::DomAssertions
 
       included do
         class_attribute :_mailer_class
         setup :initialize_test_deliveries
         setup :set_expected_mail
+        teardown :restore_test_deliveries
       end
 
       module ClassMethods
@@ -53,13 +57,28 @@ module ActionMailer
 
       protected
 
-        def initialize_test_deliveries
-          ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = :test
+        def initialize_test_deliveries # :nodoc:
+          set_delivery_method :test
+          @old_perform_deliveries = ActionMailer::Base.perform_deliveries
           ActionMailer::Base.perform_deliveries = true
+        end
+
+        def restore_test_deliveries # :nodoc:
+          restore_delivery_method
+          ActionMailer::Base.perform_deliveries = @old_perform_deliveries
           ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.clear
         end
 
-        def set_expected_mail
+        def set_delivery_method(method) # :nodoc:
+          @old_delivery_method = ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method
+          ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = method
+        end
+
+        def restore_delivery_method # :nodoc:
+          ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = @old_delivery_method
+        end
+
+        def set_expected_mail # :nodoc:
           @expected = Mail.new
           @expected.content_type ["text", "plain", { "charset" => charset }]
           @expected.mime_version = '1.0'
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/test_helper.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/test_helper.rb
index 6452bf616c..e423aac389 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/test_helper.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/test_helper.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,18 @@
+require 'active_job'
+
 module ActionMailer
+  # Provides helper methods for testing Action Mailer, including #assert_emails
+  # and #assert_no_emails.
   module TestHelper
+    include ActiveJob::TestHelper
+
     # Asserts that the number of emails sent matches the given number.
     #
     #   def test_emails
     #     assert_emails 0
-    #     ContactMailer.welcome.deliver
+    #     ContactMailer.welcome.deliver_now
     #     assert_emails 1
-    #     ContactMailer.welcome.deliver
+    #     ContactMailer.welcome.deliver_now
     #     assert_emails 2
     #   end
     #
@@ -15,12 +21,12 @@ module ActionMailer
     #
     #   def test_emails_again
     #     assert_emails 1 do
-    #       ContactMailer.welcome.deliver
+    #       ContactMailer.welcome.deliver_now
     #     end
     #
     #     assert_emails 2 do
-    #       ContactMailer.welcome.deliver
-    #       ContactMailer.welcome.deliver
+    #       ContactMailer.welcome.deliver_now
+    #       ContactMailer.welcome.deliver_now
     #     end
     #   end
     def assert_emails(number)
@@ -28,17 +34,17 @@ module ActionMailer
         original_count = ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.size
         yield
         new_count = ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.size
-        assert_equal original_count + number, new_count, "#{number} emails expected, but #{new_count - original_count} were sent"
+        assert_equal number, new_count - original_count, "#{number} emails expected, but #{new_count - original_count} were sent"
       else
         assert_equal number, ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.size
       end
     end
 
-    # Assert that no emails have been sent.
+    # Asserts that no emails have been sent.
     #
     #   def test_emails
     #     assert_no_emails
-    #     ContactMailer.welcome.deliver
+    #     ContactMailer.welcome.deliver_now
     #     assert_emails 1
     #   end
     #
@@ -56,5 +62,52 @@ module ActionMailer
     def assert_no_emails(&block)
       assert_emails 0, &block
     end
+
+    # Asserts that the number of emails enqueued for later delivery matches
+    # the given number.
+    #
+    #   def test_emails
+    #     assert_enqueued_emails 0
+    #     ContactMailer.welcome.deliver_later
+    #     assert_enqueued_emails 1
+    #     ContactMailer.welcome.deliver_later
+    #     assert_enqueued_emails 2
+    #   end
+    #
+    # If a block is passed, that block should cause the specified number of
+    # emails to be enqueued.
+    #
+    #   def test_emails_again
+    #     assert_enqueued_emails 1 do
+    #       ContactMailer.welcome.deliver_later
+    #     end
+    #
+    #     assert_enqueued_emails 2 do
+    #       ContactMailer.welcome.deliver_later
+    #       ContactMailer.welcome.deliver_later
+    #     end
+    #   end
+    def assert_enqueued_emails(number, &block)
+      assert_enqueued_jobs number, only: ActionMailer::DeliveryJob, &block
+    end
+
+    # Asserts that no emails are enqueued for later delivery.
+    #
+    #   def test_no_emails
+    #     assert_no_enqueued_emails
+    #     ContactMailer.welcome.deliver_later
+    #     assert_enqueued_emails 1
+    #   end
+    #
+    # If a block is provided, it should not cause any emails to be enqueued.
+    #
+    #   def test_no_emails
+    #     assert_no_enqueued_emails do
+    #       # No emails should be enqueued from this block
+    #     end
+    #   end
+    def assert_no_enqueued_emails(&block)
+      assert_no_enqueued_jobs only: ActionMailer::DeliveryJob, &block
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/version.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/version.rb
index 7b2cf305c2..06f80a8fdc 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/version.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/version.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
+require_relative 'gem_version'
+
 module ActionMailer
-  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActionMailer as a Gem::Version
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded Action Mailer as a
+  # <tt>Gem::Version</tt>.
   def self.version
-    Gem::Version.new "4.2.0.alpha"
-  end
-
-  module VERSION #:nodoc:
-    MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE = ActionMailer.version.segments
-    STRING = ActionMailer.version.to_s
+    gem_version
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/rails/generators/mailer/USAGE b/actionmailer/lib/rails/generators/mailer/USAGE
index 323bb8a87f..2b0a078109 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/rails/generators/mailer/USAGE
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/rails/generators/mailer/USAGE
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Example:
     rails generate mailer Notifications signup forgot_password invoice
 
     creates a Notifications mailer class, views, and test:
-        Mailer:     app/mailers/notifications.rb
-        Views:      app/views/notifications/signup.text.erb [...]
-        Test:       test/mailers/notifications_test.rb
+        Mailer:     app/mailers/notifications_mailer.rb
+        Views:      app/views/notifications_mailer/signup.text.erb [...]
+        Test:       test/mailers/notifications_mailer_test.rb
 
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/rails/generators/mailer/mailer_generator.rb b/actionmailer/lib/rails/generators/mailer/mailer_generator.rb
index d5bf864595..3ec7d3d896 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/rails/generators/mailer/mailer_generator.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/rails/generators/mailer/mailer_generator.rb
@@ -4,13 +4,22 @@ module Rails
       source_root File.expand_path("../templates", __FILE__)
 
       argument :actions, type: :array, default: [], banner: "method method"
-      check_class_collision
+
+      check_class_collision suffix: "Mailer"
 
       def create_mailer_file
-        template "mailer.rb", File.join('app/mailers', class_path, "#{file_name}.rb")
+        template "mailer.rb", File.join('app/mailers', class_path, "#{file_name}_mailer.rb")
+        if self.behavior == :invoke
+          template "application_mailer.rb", 'app/mailers/application_mailer.rb'
+        end
       end
 
       hook_for :template_engine, :test_framework
+
+      protected
+        def file_name
+          @_file_name ||= super.gsub(/\_mailer/i, '')
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/rails/generators/mailer/templates/application_mailer.rb b/actionmailer/lib/rails/generators/mailer/templates/application_mailer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d25d8892dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/rails/generators/mailer/templates/application_mailer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+class ApplicationMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+  default from: "from@example.com"
+  layout 'mailer'
+end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/rails/generators/mailer/templates/mailer.rb b/actionmailer/lib/rails/generators/mailer/templates/mailer.rb
index edcfb4233d..348d314758 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/rails/generators/mailer/templates/mailer.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/rails/generators/mailer/templates/mailer.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 <% module_namespacing do -%>
-class <%= class_name %> < ActionMailer::Base
-  default from: "from@example.com"
+class <%= class_name %>Mailer < ApplicationMailer
 <% actions.each do |action| -%>
 
   # Subject can be set in your I18n file at config/locales/en.yml
   # with the following lookup:
   #
-  #   en.<%= file_path.tr("/",".") %>.<%= action %>.subject
+  #   en.<%= file_path.tr("/",".") %>_mailer.<%= action %>.subject
   #
   def <%= action %>
     @greeting = "Hi"
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/abstract_unit.rb b/actionmailer/test/abstract_unit.rb
index 93d16f491d..285b2cfcb5 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/abstract_unit.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/abstract_unit.rb
@@ -8,14 +8,20 @@ silence_warnings do
   Encoding.default_external = "UTF-8"
 end
 
+module Rails
+  def self.root
+    File.expand_path('../', File.dirname(__FILE__))
+  end
+end
+
 require 'active_support/testing/autorun'
+require 'active_support/testing/method_call_assertions'
 require 'action_mailer'
 require 'action_mailer/test_case'
-require 'mail'
 
 # Emulate AV railtie
 require 'action_view'
-ActionMailer::Base.send(:include, ActionView::Layouts)
+ActionMailer::Base.include(ActionView::Layouts)
 
 # Show backtraces for deprecated behavior for quicker cleanup.
 ActiveSupport::Deprecation.debug = true
@@ -23,46 +29,9 @@ ActiveSupport::Deprecation.debug = true
 # Disable available locale checks to avoid warnings running the test suite.
 I18n.enforce_available_locales = false
 
-# Bogus template processors
-ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :haml, lambda { |template| "Look its HAML!".inspect }
-ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :bak, lambda { |template| "Lame backup".inspect }
-
 FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH = File.expand_path('fixtures', File.dirname(__FILE__))
 ActionMailer::Base.view_paths = FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH
 
-class MockSMTP
-  def self.deliveries
-    @@deliveries
-  end
-
-  def initialize
-    @@deliveries = []
-  end
-
-  def sendmail(mail, from, to)
-    @@deliveries << [mail, from, to]
-  end
-
-  def start(*args)
-    yield self
-  end
-end
-
-class Net::SMTP
-  def self.new(*args)
-    MockSMTP.new
-  end
-end
-
-def set_delivery_method(method)
-  @old_delivery_method = ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method
-  ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = method
-end
-
-def restore_delivery_method
-  ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = @old_delivery_method
-end
-
 # Skips the current run on Rubinius using Minitest::Assertions#skip
 def rubinius_skip(message = '')
   skip message if RUBY_ENGINE == 'rbx'
@@ -71,3 +40,7 @@ end
 def jruby_skip(message = '')
   skip message if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
 end
+
+class ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include ActiveSupport::Testing::MethodCallAssertions
+end
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/assert_select_email_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/assert_select_email_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cae2e20abd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/test/assert_select_email_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class AssertSelectEmailTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
+  class AssertSelectMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+    def test(html)
+      mail body: html, content_type: "text/html",
+        subject: "Test e-mail", from: "test@test.host", to: "test <test@test.host>"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class AssertMultipartSelectMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+    def test(options)
+      mail subject: "Test e-mail", from: "test@test.host", to: "test <test@test.host>" do |format|
+        format.text { render text: options[:text] }
+        format.html { render text: options[:html] }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Test assert_select_email
+  #
+
+  def test_assert_select_email
+    assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_select_email {}
+    end
+
+    AssertSelectMailer.test("<div><p>foo</p><p>bar</p></div>").deliver_now
+    assert_select_email do
+      assert_select "div:root" do
+        assert_select "p:first-child", "foo"
+        assert_select "p:last-child", "bar"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_select_email_multipart
+    AssertMultipartSelectMailer.test(html: "<div><p>foo</p><p>bar</p></div>", text: 'foo bar').deliver_now
+    assert_select_email do
+      assert_select "div:root" do
+        assert_select "p:first-child", "foo"
+        assert_select "p:last-child", "bar"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/asset_host_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/asset_host_test.rb
index 00f1348a53..10cfdcf693 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/asset_host_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/asset_host_test.rb
@@ -9,11 +9,8 @@ class AssetHostMailer < ActionMailer::Base
   end
 end
 
-class AssetHostTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+class AssetHostTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
   def setup
-    set_delivery_method :test
-    ActionMailer::Base.perform_deliveries = true
-    ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.clear
     AssetHostMailer.configure do |c|
       c.asset_host = "http://www.example.com"
     end
@@ -25,31 +22,16 @@ class AssetHostTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_asset_host_as_string
     mail = AssetHostMailer.email_with_asset
-    assert_equal %Q{<img alt="Somelogo" src="http://www.example.com/images/somelogo.png" />}, mail.body.to_s.strip
+    assert_dom_equal %Q{<img alt="Somelogo" src="http://www.example.com/images/somelogo.png" />}, mail.body.to_s.strip
   end
 
   def test_asset_host_as_one_argument_proc
     AssetHostMailer.config.asset_host = Proc.new { |source|
       if source.starts_with?('/images')
-        "http://images.example.com"
-      else
-        "http://assets.example.com"
+        'http://images.example.com'
       end
     }
     mail = AssetHostMailer.email_with_asset
-    assert_equal %Q{<img alt="Somelogo" src="http://images.example.com/images/somelogo.png" />}, mail.body.to_s.strip
-  end
-
-  def test_asset_host_as_two_argument_proc
-    ActionController::Base.config.asset_host = Proc.new {|source,request|
-      if request && request.ssl?
-        "https://www.example.com"
-      else
-        "http://www.example.com"
-      end
-    }
-    mail = nil
-    assert_nothing_raised { mail = AssetHostMailer.email_with_asset }
-    assert_equal %Q{<img alt="Somelogo" src="http://www.example.com/images/somelogo.png" />}, mail.body.to_s.strip
+    assert_dom_equal %Q{<img alt="Somelogo" src="http://images.example.com/images/somelogo.png" />}, mail.body.to_s.strip
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/base_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/base_test.rb
index 02707d0b5f..50f2c71737 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/base_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/base_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'set'
 
@@ -10,9 +9,20 @@ require 'mailers/proc_mailer'
 require 'mailers/asset_mailer'
 
 class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def teardown
-    ActionMailer::Base.asset_host = nil
-    ActionMailer::Base.assets_dir = nil
+  include Rails::Dom::Testing::Assertions::DomAssertions
+
+  setup do
+    @original_delivery_method = ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method
+    ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = :test
+    @original_asset_host = ActionMailer::Base.asset_host
+    @original_assets_dir = ActionMailer::Base.assets_dir
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    ActionMailer::Base.asset_host = @original_asset_host
+    ActionMailer::Base.assets_dir = @original_assets_dir
+    BaseMailer.deliveries.clear
+    ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = @original_delivery_method
   end
 
   test "method call to mail does not raise error" do
@@ -103,6 +113,7 @@ class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "attachment gets content type from filename" do
     email = BaseMailer.attachment_with_content
     assert_equal('invoice.pdf', email.attachments[0].filename)
+    assert_equal('application/pdf', email.attachments[0].mime_type)
   end
 
   test "attachment with hash" do
@@ -200,25 +211,82 @@ class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "subject gets default from I18n" do
-    BaseMailer.default subject: nil
-    email = BaseMailer.welcome(subject: nil)
-    assert_equal "Welcome", email.subject
+    with_default BaseMailer, subject: nil do
+      email = BaseMailer.welcome(subject: nil)
+      assert_equal "Welcome", email.subject
 
-    I18n.backend.store_translations('en', base_mailer: {welcome: {subject: "New Subject!"}})
-    email = BaseMailer.welcome(subject: nil)
-    assert_equal "New Subject!", email.subject
+      with_translation 'en', base_mailer: {welcome: {subject: "New Subject!"}} do
+        email = BaseMailer.welcome(subject: nil)
+        assert_equal "New Subject!", email.subject
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   test 'default subject can have interpolations' do
-    I18n.backend.store_translations('en', base_mailer: {with_subject_interpolations: {subject: 'Will the real %{rapper_or_impersonator} please stand up?'}})
-    email = BaseMailer.with_subject_interpolations
-    assert_equal 'Will the real Slim Shady please stand up?', email.subject
+    with_translation 'en', base_mailer: {with_subject_interpolations: {subject: 'Will the real %{rapper_or_impersonator} please stand up?'}} do
+      email = BaseMailer.with_subject_interpolations
+      assert_equal 'Will the real Slim Shady please stand up?', email.subject
+    end
   end
 
   test "translations are scoped properly" do
-    I18n.backend.store_translations('en', base_mailer: {email_with_translations: {greet_user: "Hello %{name}!"}})
-    email = BaseMailer.email_with_translations
-    assert_equal 'Hello lifo!', email.body.encoded
+    with_translation 'en', base_mailer: {email_with_translations: {greet_user: "Hello %{name}!"}} do
+      email = BaseMailer.email_with_translations
+      assert_equal 'Hello lifo!', email.body.encoded
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "adding attachments after mail was called raises exception" do
+    class LateAttachmentMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+      def welcome
+        mail body: "yay", from: "welcome@example.com", to: "to@example.com"
+        attachments['invoice.pdf'] = 'This is test File content'
+      end
+    end
+
+    e = assert_raises(RuntimeError) { LateAttachmentMailer.welcome.message }
+    assert_match(/Can't add attachments after `mail` was called./, e.message)
+  end
+
+  test "adding inline attachments after mail was called raises exception" do
+    class LateInlineAttachmentMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+      def welcome
+        mail body: "yay", from: "welcome@example.com", to: "to@example.com"
+        attachments.inline['invoice.pdf'] = 'This is test File content'
+      end
+    end
+
+    e = assert_raises(RuntimeError) { LateInlineAttachmentMailer.welcome.message }
+    assert_match(/Can't add attachments after `mail` was called./, e.message)
+  end
+
+  test "adding inline attachments while rendering mail works" do
+    class LateInlineAttachmentMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+      def on_render
+        mail from: "welcome@example.com", to: "to@example.com"
+      end
+    end
+
+    mail = LateInlineAttachmentMailer.on_render
+    assert_nothing_raised { mail.message }
+
+    assert_equal ["image/jpeg; filename=controller_attachments.jpg",
+                  "image/jpeg; filename=attachments.jpg"], mail.attachments.inline.map {|a| a['Content-Type'].to_s }
+  end
+
+  test "accessing attachments works after mail was called" do
+    class LateAttachmentAccessorMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+      def welcome
+        attachments['invoice.pdf'] = 'This is test File content'
+        mail body: "yay", from: "welcome@example.com", to: "to@example.com"
+
+        unless attachments.map(&:filename) == ["invoice.pdf"]
+          raise Minitest::Assertion, "Should allow access to attachments"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_nothing_raised { LateAttachmentAccessorMailer.welcome.message }
   end
 
   # Implicit multipart
@@ -284,10 +352,35 @@ class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       assert_equal("text/plain", email.parts[0].mime_type)
       assert_equal("Implicit with locale PL TEXT", email.parts[0].body.encoded)
       assert_equal("text/html", email.parts[1].mime_type)
-      assert_equal("Implicit with locale HTML", email.parts[1].body.encoded)
+      assert_equal("Implicit with locale EN HTML", email.parts[1].body.encoded)
     end
   end
 
+  test "implicit multipart with fallback locale" do
+    fallback_backend = Class.new(I18n::Backend::Simple) do
+      include I18n::Backend::Fallbacks
+    end
+
+    begin
+      backend = I18n.backend
+      I18n.backend = fallback_backend.new
+      I18n.fallbacks[:"de-AT"] = [:de]
+
+      swap I18n, locale: 'de-AT' do
+        email = BaseMailer.implicit_with_locale
+        assert_equal(2, email.parts.size)
+        assert_equal("multipart/alternative", email.mime_type)
+        assert_equal("text/plain", email.parts[0].mime_type)
+        assert_equal("Implicit with locale DE-AT TEXT", email.parts[0].body.encoded)
+        assert_equal("text/html", email.parts[1].mime_type)
+        assert_equal("Implicit with locale DE HTML", email.parts[1].body.encoded)
+      end
+    ensure
+      I18n.backend = backend
+    end
+  end
+
+
   test "implicit multipart with several view paths uses the first one with template" do
     old = BaseMailer.view_paths
     begin
@@ -356,6 +449,13 @@ class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal("Format with any!", email.parts[1].body.encoded)
   end
 
+  test 'explicit without specifying format with format.any' do
+    error = assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      BaseMailer.explicit_without_specifying_format_with_any.parts
+    end
+    assert_equal "You have to supply at least one format", error.message
+  end
+
   test "explicit multipart with format(Hash)" do
     email = BaseMailer.explicit_multipart_with_options(true)
     email.ready_to_send!
@@ -406,65 +506,63 @@ class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "calling just the action should return the generated mail object" do
-    BaseMailer.deliveries.clear
     email = BaseMailer.welcome
     assert_equal(0, BaseMailer.deliveries.length)
     assert_equal('The first email on new API!', email.subject)
   end
 
   test "calling deliver on the action should deliver the mail object" do
-    BaseMailer.deliveries.clear
-    BaseMailer.expects(:deliver_mail).once
-    mail = BaseMailer.welcome.deliver
-    assert_equal 'The first email on new API!', mail.subject
+    assert_called(BaseMailer, :deliver_mail) do
+      mail = BaseMailer.welcome.deliver_now
+      assert_equal 'The first email on new API!', mail.subject
+    end
   end
 
   test "calling deliver on the action should increment the deliveries collection if using the test mailer" do
-    BaseMailer.delivery_method = :test
-    BaseMailer.deliveries.clear
-    BaseMailer.welcome.deliver
+    BaseMailer.welcome.deliver_now
     assert_equal(1, BaseMailer.deliveries.length)
   end
 
   test "calling deliver, ActionMailer should yield back to mail to let it call :do_delivery on itself" do
     mail = Mail::Message.new
-    mail.expects(:do_delivery).once
-    BaseMailer.expects(:welcome).returns(mail)
-    BaseMailer.welcome.deliver
+    assert_called(mail, :do_delivery) do
+      assert_called(BaseMailer, :welcome, returns: mail) do
+        BaseMailer.welcome.deliver
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   # Rendering
   test "you can specify a different template for implicit render" do
-    mail = BaseMailer.implicit_different_template('implicit_multipart').deliver
+    mail = BaseMailer.implicit_different_template('implicit_multipart').deliver_now
     assert_equal("HTML Implicit Multipart", mail.html_part.body.decoded)
     assert_equal("TEXT Implicit Multipart", mail.text_part.body.decoded)
   end
 
   test "should raise if missing template in implicit render" do
-    BaseMailer.deliveries.clear
     assert_raises ActionView::MissingTemplate do
-      BaseMailer.implicit_different_template('missing_template').deliver
+      BaseMailer.implicit_different_template('missing_template').deliver_now
     end
     assert_equal(0, BaseMailer.deliveries.length)
   end
 
   test "you can specify a different template for explicit render" do
-    mail = BaseMailer.explicit_different_template('explicit_multipart_templates').deliver
+    mail = BaseMailer.explicit_different_template('explicit_multipart_templates').deliver_now
     assert_equal("HTML Explicit Multipart Templates", mail.html_part.body.decoded)
     assert_equal("TEXT Explicit Multipart Templates", mail.text_part.body.decoded)
   end
 
   test "you can specify a different layout" do
-    mail = BaseMailer.different_layout('different_layout').deliver
+    mail = BaseMailer.different_layout('different_layout').deliver_now
     assert_equal("HTML -- HTML", mail.html_part.body.decoded)
     assert_equal("PLAIN -- PLAIN", mail.text_part.body.decoded)
   end
 
   test "you can specify the template path for implicit lookup" do
-    mail = BaseMailer.welcome_from_another_path('another.path/base_mailer').deliver
+    mail = BaseMailer.welcome_from_another_path('another.path/base_mailer').deliver_now
     assert_equal("Welcome from another path", mail.body.encoded)
 
-    mail = BaseMailer.welcome_from_another_path(['unknown/invalid', 'another.path/base_mailer']).deliver
+    mail = BaseMailer.welcome_from_another_path(['unknown/invalid', 'another.path/base_mailer']).deliver_now
     assert_equal("Welcome from another path", mail.body.encoded)
   end
 
@@ -474,34 +572,33 @@ class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
     mail = AssetMailer.welcome
 
-    assert_equal(%{<img alt="Dummy" src="http://global.com/images/dummy.png" />}, mail.body.to_s.strip)
+    assert_dom_equal(%{<img alt="Dummy" src="http://global.com/images/dummy.png" />}, mail.body.to_s.strip)
   end
 
   test "assets tags should use a Mailer's asset_host settings when available" do
-    begin
-      ActionMailer::Base.config.asset_host = "http://global.com"
-      ActionMailer::Base.config.assets_dir = "global/"
+    ActionMailer::Base.config.asset_host = "http://global.com"
+    ActionMailer::Base.config.assets_dir = "global/"
 
-      AssetMailer.asset_host = "http://local.com"
+    TempAssetMailer = Class.new(AssetMailer) do
+      self.mailer_name = "asset_mailer"
+      self.asset_host = "http://local.com"
+    end
 
-      mail = AssetMailer.welcome
+    mail = TempAssetMailer.welcome
 
-      assert_equal(%{<img alt="Dummy" src="http://local.com/images/dummy.png" />}, mail.body.to_s.strip)
-    ensure
-      AssetMailer.asset_host = ActionMailer::Base.config.asset_host
-    end
+    assert_dom_equal(%{<img alt="Dummy" src="http://local.com/images/dummy.png" />}, mail.body.to_s.strip)
   end
 
   test 'the view is not rendered when mail was never called' do
     mail = BaseMailer.without_mail_call
     assert_equal('', mail.body.to_s.strip)
-    mail.deliver
+    mail.deliver_now
   end
 
   test 'the return value of mailer methods is not relevant' do
     mail = BaseMailer.with_nil_as_return_value
     assert_equal('Welcome', mail.body.to_s.strip)
-    mail.deliver
+    mail.deliver_now
   end
 
   # Before and After hooks
@@ -517,32 +614,45 @@ class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "you can register an observer to the mail object that gets informed on email delivery" do
-    ActionMailer::Base.register_observer(MyObserver)
-    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
-    MyObserver.expects(:delivered_email).with(mail)
-    mail.deliver
+    mail_side_effects do
+      ActionMailer::Base.register_observer(MyObserver)
+      mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+      assert_called_with(MyObserver, :delivered_email, [mail]) do
+        mail.deliver_now
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   test "you can register an observer using its stringified name to the mail object that gets informed on email delivery" do
-    ActionMailer::Base.register_observer("BaseTest::MyObserver")
-    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
-    MyObserver.expects(:delivered_email).with(mail)
-    mail.deliver
+    mail_side_effects do
+      ActionMailer::Base.register_observer("BaseTest::MyObserver")
+      mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+      assert_called_with(MyObserver, :delivered_email, [mail]) do
+        mail.deliver_now
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   test "you can register an observer using its symbolized underscored name to the mail object that gets informed on email delivery" do
-    ActionMailer::Base.register_observer(:"base_test/my_observer")
-    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
-    MyObserver.expects(:delivered_email).with(mail)
-    mail.deliver
+    mail_side_effects do
+      ActionMailer::Base.register_observer(:"base_test/my_observer")
+      mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+      assert_called_with(MyObserver, :delivered_email, [mail]) do
+        mail.deliver_now
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   test "you can register multiple observers to the mail object that both get informed on email delivery" do
-    ActionMailer::Base.register_observers("BaseTest::MyObserver", MySecondObserver)
-    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
-    MyObserver.expects(:delivered_email).with(mail)
-    MySecondObserver.expects(:delivered_email).with(mail)
-    mail.deliver
+    mail_side_effects do
+      ActionMailer::Base.register_observers("BaseTest::MyObserver", MySecondObserver)
+      mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+      assert_called_with(MyObserver, :delivered_email, [mail]) do
+        assert_called_with(MySecondObserver, :delivered_email, [mail]) do
+          mail.deliver_now
+        end
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   class MyInterceptor
@@ -555,80 +665,55 @@ class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     def self.previewing_email(mail); end
   end
 
-  class BaseMailerPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
-    def welcome
-      BaseMailer.welcome
-    end
-  end
-
   test "you can register an interceptor to the mail object that gets passed the mail object before delivery" do
-    ActionMailer::Base.register_interceptor(MyInterceptor)
-    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
-    MyInterceptor.expects(:delivering_email).with(mail)
-    mail.deliver
+    mail_side_effects do
+      ActionMailer::Base.register_interceptor(MyInterceptor)
+      mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+      assert_called_with(MyInterceptor, :delivering_email, [mail]) do
+        mail.deliver_now
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   test "you can register an interceptor using its stringified name to the mail object that gets passed the mail object before delivery" do
-    ActionMailer::Base.register_interceptor("BaseTest::MyInterceptor")
-    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
-    MyInterceptor.expects(:delivering_email).with(mail)
-    mail.deliver
+    mail_side_effects do
+      ActionMailer::Base.register_interceptor("BaseTest::MyInterceptor")
+      mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+      assert_called_with(MyInterceptor, :delivering_email, [mail]) do
+        mail.deliver_now
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   test "you can register an interceptor using its symbolized underscored name to the mail object that gets passed the mail object before delivery" do
-    ActionMailer::Base.register_interceptor(:"base_test/my_interceptor")
-    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
-    MyInterceptor.expects(:delivering_email).with(mail)
-    mail.deliver
+    mail_side_effects do
+      ActionMailer::Base.register_interceptor(:"base_test/my_interceptor")
+      mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+      assert_called_with(MyInterceptor, :delivering_email, [mail]) do
+        mail.deliver_now
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   test "you can register multiple interceptors to the mail object that both get passed the mail object before delivery" do
-    ActionMailer::Base.register_interceptors("BaseTest::MyInterceptor", MySecondInterceptor)
-    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
-    MyInterceptor.expects(:delivering_email).with(mail)
-    MySecondInterceptor.expects(:delivering_email).with(mail)
-    mail.deliver
-  end
-
-  test "you can register a preview interceptor to the mail object that gets passed the mail object before previewing" do
-    ActionMailer::Base.register_preview_interceptor(MyInterceptor)
-    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
-    BaseMailerPreview.stubs(:welcome).returns(mail)
-    MyInterceptor.expects(:previewing_email).with(mail)
-    BaseMailerPreview.call(:welcome)
-  end
-
-  test "you can register a preview interceptor using its stringified name to the mail object that gets passed the mail object before previewing" do
-    ActionMailer::Base.register_preview_interceptor("BaseTest::MyInterceptor")
-    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
-    BaseMailerPreview.stubs(:welcome).returns(mail)
-    MyInterceptor.expects(:previewing_email).with(mail)
-    BaseMailerPreview.call(:welcome)
-  end
-
-  test "you can register an interceptor using its symbolized underscored name to the mail object that gets passed the mail object before previewing" do
-    ActionMailer::Base.register_preview_interceptor(:"base_test/my_interceptor")
-    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
-    BaseMailerPreview.stubs(:welcome).returns(mail)
-    MyInterceptor.expects(:previewing_email).with(mail)
-    BaseMailerPreview.call(:welcome)
-  end
-
-  test "you can register multiple preview interceptors to the mail object that both get passed the mail object before previewing" do
-    ActionMailer::Base.register_preview_interceptors("BaseTest::MyInterceptor", MySecondInterceptor)
-    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
-    BaseMailerPreview.stubs(:welcome).returns(mail)
-    MyInterceptor.expects(:previewing_email).with(mail)
-    MySecondInterceptor.expects(:previewing_email).with(mail)
-    BaseMailerPreview.call(:welcome)
+    mail_side_effects do
+      ActionMailer::Base.register_interceptors("BaseTest::MyInterceptor", MySecondInterceptor)
+      mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+      assert_called_with(MyInterceptor, :delivering_email, [mail]) do
+        assert_called_with(MySecondInterceptor, :delivering_email, [mail]) do
+          mail.deliver_now
+        end
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   test "being able to put proc's into the defaults hash and they get evaluated on mail sending" do
     mail1 = ProcMailer.welcome['X-Proc-Method']
     yesterday = 1.day.ago
-    Time.stubs(:now).returns(yesterday)
-    mail2 = ProcMailer.welcome['X-Proc-Method']
-    assert(mail1.to_s.to_i > mail2.to_s.to_i)
+    Time.stub(:now, yesterday) do
+      mail2 = ProcMailer.welcome['X-Proc-Method']
+      assert(mail1.to_s.to_i > mail2.to_s.to_i)
+    end
   end
 
   test 'default values which have to_proc (e.g. symbols) should not be considered procs' do
@@ -769,4 +854,94 @@ class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     ensure
       klass.default_params = old
     end
+
+    # A simple hack to restore the observers and interceptors for Mail, as it
+    # does not have an unregister API yet.
+    def mail_side_effects
+      old_observers = Mail.class_variable_get(:@@delivery_notification_observers)
+      old_delivery_interceptors = Mail.class_variable_get(:@@delivery_interceptors)
+      yield
+    ensure
+      Mail.class_variable_set(:@@delivery_notification_observers, old_observers)
+      Mail.class_variable_set(:@@delivery_interceptors, old_delivery_interceptors)
+    end
+
+    def with_translation(locale, data)
+      I18n.backend.store_translations(locale, data)
+      yield
+    ensure
+      I18n.backend.reload!
+    end
+end
+
+class BasePreviewInterceptorsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  teardown do
+    ActionMailer::Base.preview_interceptors.clear
+  end
+
+  class BaseMailerPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
+    def welcome
+      BaseMailer.welcome
+    end
+  end
+
+  class MyInterceptor
+    def self.delivering_email(mail); end
+    def self.previewing_email(mail); end
+  end
+
+  class MySecondInterceptor
+    def self.delivering_email(mail); end
+    def self.previewing_email(mail); end
+  end
+
+  test "you can register a preview interceptor to the mail object that gets passed the mail object before previewing" do
+    ActionMailer::Base.register_preview_interceptor(MyInterceptor)
+    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+    stub_any_instance(BaseMailerPreview) do |instance|
+      instance.stub(:welcome, mail) do
+        assert_called_with(MyInterceptor, :previewing_email, [mail]) do
+          BaseMailerPreview.call(:welcome)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "you can register a preview interceptor using its stringified name to the mail object that gets passed the mail object before previewing" do
+    ActionMailer::Base.register_preview_interceptor("BasePreviewInterceptorsTest::MyInterceptor")
+    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+    stub_any_instance(BaseMailerPreview) do |instance|
+      instance.stub(:welcome, mail) do
+        assert_called_with(MyInterceptor, :previewing_email, [mail]) do
+          BaseMailerPreview.call(:welcome)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "you can register an interceptor using its symbolized underscored name to the mail object that gets passed the mail object before previewing" do
+    ActionMailer::Base.register_preview_interceptor(:"base_preview_interceptors_test/my_interceptor")
+    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+    stub_any_instance(BaseMailerPreview) do |instance|
+      instance.stub(:welcome, mail) do
+        assert_called_with(MyInterceptor, :previewing_email, [mail]) do
+          BaseMailerPreview.call(:welcome)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "you can register multiple preview interceptors to the mail object that both get passed the mail object before previewing" do
+    ActionMailer::Base.register_preview_interceptors("BasePreviewInterceptorsTest::MyInterceptor", MySecondInterceptor)
+    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+    stub_any_instance(BaseMailerPreview) do |instance|
+      instance.stub(:welcome, mail) do
+        assert_called_with(MyInterceptor, :previewing_email, [mail]) do
+          assert_called_with(MySecondInterceptor, :previewing_email, [mail]) do
+            BaseMailerPreview.call(:welcome)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/delivery_methods_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/delivery_methods_test.rb
index 609903620b..2786fe0d07 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/delivery_methods_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/delivery_methods_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'mail'
 
 class MyCustomDelivery
 end
@@ -32,8 +31,8 @@ class DefaultsDeliveryMethodsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal settings, ActionMailer::Base.smtp_settings
   end
 
-  test "default file delivery settings" do
-    settings = {location: "#{Dir.tmpdir}/mails"}
+  test "default file delivery settings (with Rails.root)" do
+    settings = {location: "#{Rails.root}/tmp/mails"}
     assert_equal settings, ActionMailer::Base.file_settings
   end
 
@@ -47,12 +46,12 @@ class DefaultsDeliveryMethodsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 end
 
 class CustomDeliveryMethodsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def setup
+  setup do
     @old_delivery_method = ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method
     ActionMailer::Base.add_delivery_method :custom, MyCustomDelivery
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = @old_delivery_method
     new = ActionMailer::Base.delivery_methods.dup
     new.delete(:custom)
@@ -93,34 +92,37 @@ class MailDeliveryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def setup
-    ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = :smtp
+  setup do
+    @old_delivery_method = DeliveryMailer.delivery_method
   end
 
-  def teardown
-    DeliveryMailer.delivery_method = :smtp
-    DeliveryMailer.perform_deliveries = true
-    DeliveryMailer.raise_delivery_errors = true
+  teardown do
+    DeliveryMailer.delivery_method = @old_delivery_method
+    DeliveryMailer.deliveries.clear
   end
 
   test "ActionMailer should be told when Mail gets delivered" do
-    DeliveryMailer.deliveries.clear
-    DeliveryMailer.expects(:deliver_mail).once
-    DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver
+    DeliveryMailer.delivery_method = :test
+    assert_called(DeliveryMailer, :deliver_mail) do
+      DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver_now
+    end
   end
 
   test "delivery method can be customized per instance" do
-    email = DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver
-    assert_instance_of Mail::SMTP, email.delivery_method
-    email = DeliveryMailer.welcome(delivery_method: :test).deliver
-    assert_instance_of Mail::TestMailer, email.delivery_method
+    stub_any_instance(Mail::SMTP, instance: Mail::SMTP.new({})) do |instance|
+      assert_called(instance, :deliver!) do
+        email = DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver_now
+        assert_instance_of Mail::SMTP, email.delivery_method
+        email = DeliveryMailer.welcome(delivery_method: :test).deliver_now
+        assert_instance_of Mail::TestMailer, email.delivery_method
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   test "delivery method can be customized in subclasses not changing the parent" do
     DeliveryMailer.delivery_method = :test
     assert_equal :smtp, ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method
-    $BREAK = true
-    email = DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver
+    email = DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver_now
     assert_instance_of Mail::TestMailer, email.delivery_method
   end
 
@@ -163,63 +165,82 @@ class MailDeliveryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   test "non registered delivery methods raises errors" do
     DeliveryMailer.delivery_method = :unknown
-    assert_raise RuntimeError do
-      DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver
+    error = assert_raise RuntimeError do
+      DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver_now
     end
+    assert_equal "Invalid delivery method :unknown", error.message
   end
 
   test "undefined delivery methods raises errors" do
     DeliveryMailer.delivery_method = nil
-    assert_raise RuntimeError do
-      DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver
+    error = assert_raise RuntimeError do
+      DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver_now
     end
+    assert_equal "Delivery method cannot be nil", error.message
   end
 
   test "does not perform deliveries if requested" do
-    DeliveryMailer.perform_deliveries = false
-    DeliveryMailer.deliveries.clear
-    Mail::Message.any_instance.expects(:deliver!).never
-    DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver
+    old_perform_deliveries = DeliveryMailer.perform_deliveries
+    begin
+      DeliveryMailer.perform_deliveries = false
+      stub_any_instance(Mail::Message) do |instance|
+        assert_not_called(instance, :deliver!) do
+          DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver_now
+        end
+      end
+    ensure
+      DeliveryMailer.perform_deliveries = old_perform_deliveries
+    end
   end
 
   test "does not append the deliveries collection if told not to perform the delivery" do
-    DeliveryMailer.perform_deliveries = false
-    DeliveryMailer.deliveries.clear
-    DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver
-    assert_equal(0, DeliveryMailer.deliveries.length)
+    old_perform_deliveries = DeliveryMailer.perform_deliveries
+    begin
+      DeliveryMailer.perform_deliveries = false
+      DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver_now
+      assert_equal [], DeliveryMailer.deliveries
+    ensure
+      DeliveryMailer.perform_deliveries = old_perform_deliveries
+    end
   end
 
   test "raise errors on bogus deliveries" do
     DeliveryMailer.delivery_method = BogusDelivery
-    DeliveryMailer.deliveries.clear
     assert_raise RuntimeError do
-      DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver
+      DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver_now
     end
   end
 
   test "does not increment the deliveries collection on error" do
     DeliveryMailer.delivery_method = BogusDelivery
-    DeliveryMailer.deliveries.clear
     assert_raise RuntimeError do
-      DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver
+      DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver_now
     end
-    assert_equal(0, DeliveryMailer.deliveries.length)
+    assert_equal [], DeliveryMailer.deliveries
   end
 
   test "does not raise errors on bogus deliveries if set" do
-    DeliveryMailer.delivery_method = BogusDelivery
-    DeliveryMailer.raise_delivery_errors = false
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver
+    old_raise_delivery_errors = DeliveryMailer.raise_delivery_errors
+    begin
+      DeliveryMailer.delivery_method = BogusDelivery
+      DeliveryMailer.raise_delivery_errors = false
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver_now
+      end
+    ensure
+      DeliveryMailer.raise_delivery_errors = old_raise_delivery_errors
     end
   end
 
   test "does not increment the deliveries collection on bogus deliveries" do
-    DeliveryMailer.delivery_method = BogusDelivery
-    DeliveryMailer.raise_delivery_errors = false
-    DeliveryMailer.deliveries.clear
-    DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver
-    assert_equal(0, DeliveryMailer.deliveries.length)
+    old_raise_delivery_errors = DeliveryMailer.raise_delivery_errors
+    begin
+      DeliveryMailer.delivery_method = BogusDelivery
+      DeliveryMailer.raise_delivery_errors = false
+      DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver_now
+      assert_equal [], DeliveryMailer.deliveries
+    ensure
+      DeliveryMailer.raise_delivery_errors = old_raise_delivery_errors
+    end
   end
-
 end
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/email_custom_layout.text.html.erb b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/email_custom_layout.text.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index a2187308b6..0000000000
--- a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/email_custom_layout.text.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-body_text
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/implicit_with_locale.de-AT.text.erb b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/implicit_with_locale.de-AT.text.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e97505fad9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/implicit_with_locale.de-AT.text.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Implicit with locale DE-AT TEXT
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/implicit_with_locale.de.html.erb b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/implicit_with_locale.de.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0536b5d3e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/implicit_with_locale.de.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Implicit with locale DE HTML
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_test/late_inline_attachment_mailer/on_render.erb b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_test/late_inline_attachment_mailer/on_render.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6decd3bb31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_test/late_inline_attachment_mailer/on_render.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+<h1>Adding an inline image while rendering</h1>
+
+<% controller.attachments.inline["controller_attachments.jpg"] = 'via controller.attachments.inline' %>
+<%= image_tag attachments['controller_attachments.jpg'].url %>
+
+<% attachments.inline["attachments.jpg"] = 'via attachments.inline' %>
+<%= image_tag attachments['attachments.jpg'].url %>
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/first_mailer/share.erb b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/first_mailer/share.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index da43638ceb..0000000000
--- a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/first_mailer/share.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-first mail
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/path.with.dots/funky_path_mailer/multipart_with_template_path_with_dots.erb b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/path.with.dots/funky_path_mailer/multipart_with_template_path_with_dots.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 2d0cd5c124..0000000000
--- a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/path.with.dots/funky_path_mailer/multipart_with_template_path_with_dots.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Have some dots. Enjoy!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/second_mailer/share.erb b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/second_mailer/share.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 9a54010672..0000000000
--- a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/second_mailer/share.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-second mail
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_helper_mailer/welcome b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_helper_mailer/welcome
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..61ce70d578
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_helper_mailer/welcome
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Welcome!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/_subtemplate.text.erb b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/_subtemplate.text.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3b4ba35f20..0000000000
--- a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/_subtemplate.text.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-let's go!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/custom_templating_extension.html.haml b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/custom_templating_extension.html.haml
deleted file mode 100644
index 8dcf9746cc..0000000000
--- a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/custom_templating_extension.html.haml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-%p Hello there,
-
-%p
-  Mr.
-  = @recipient
-  from haml
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/custom_templating_extension.text.haml b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/custom_templating_extension.text.haml
deleted file mode 100644
index 8dcf9746cc..0000000000
--- a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/custom_templating_extension.text.haml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-%p Hello there,
-
-%p
-  Mr.
-  = @recipient
-  from haml
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/implicitly_multipart_example.html.erb b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/implicitly_multipart_example.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 946d99ede5..0000000000
--- a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/implicitly_multipart_example.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-<html>
-  <body>
-    HTML formatted message to <strong><%= @recipient %></strong>.
-  </body>
-</html>
-<html>
-  <body>
-    HTML formatted message to <strong><%= @recipient %></strong>.
-  </body>
-</html>
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/implicitly_multipart_example.html.erb~ b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/implicitly_multipart_example.html.erb~
deleted file mode 100644
index 946d99ede5..0000000000
--- a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/implicitly_multipart_example.html.erb~
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-<html>
-  <body>
-    HTML formatted message to <strong><%= @recipient %></strong>.
-  </body>
-</html>
-<html>
-  <body>
-    HTML formatted message to <strong><%= @recipient %></strong>.
-  </body>
-</html>
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/implicitly_multipart_example.ignored.erb b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/implicitly_multipart_example.ignored.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6940419d47..0000000000
--- a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/implicitly_multipart_example.ignored.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Ignored when searching for implicitly multipart parts.
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/implicitly_multipart_example.rhtml.bak b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/implicitly_multipart_example.rhtml.bak
deleted file mode 100644
index 6940419d47..0000000000
--- a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/implicitly_multipart_example.rhtml.bak
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Ignored when searching for implicitly multipart parts.
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/implicitly_multipart_example.text.erb b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/implicitly_multipart_example.text.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index a6c8d54cf9..0000000000
--- a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/implicitly_multipart_example.text.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-Plain text to <%= @recipient %>.
-Plain text to <%= @recipient %>.
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/implicitly_multipart_example.yaml.erb b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/implicitly_multipart_example.yaml.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index c14348c770..0000000000
--- a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/implicitly_multipart_example.yaml.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-yaml to: <%= @recipient %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/included_subtemplate.text.erb b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/included_subtemplate.text.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index ae3cfa77e7..0000000000
--- a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/included_subtemplate.text.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Hey Ho, <%= render partial: "subtemplate" %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/multipart_alternative.html.erb b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/multipart_alternative.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 73ea14f82f..0000000000
--- a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/multipart_alternative.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<strong>foo</strong> <%= @foo %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/multipart_alternative.plain.erb b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/multipart_alternative.plain.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 779fe4c1ea..0000000000
--- a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/multipart_alternative.plain.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-foo: <%= @foo %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/rxml_template.rxml b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/rxml_template.rxml
deleted file mode 100644
index d566bd8d7c..0000000000
--- a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/rxml_template.rxml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-xml.instruct!
-xml.test
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/signed_up.html.erb b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/signed_up.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7afe1f651c..0000000000
--- a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/signed_up.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-Hello there,
-
-Mr. <%= @recipient %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/url_test_mailer/exercise_url_for.erb b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/url_test_mailer/exercise_url_for.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0322c1191e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/url_test_mailer/exercise_url_for.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= url_for(@options) %> <%= @url %>
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/i18n_with_controller_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/i18n_with_controller_test.rb
index 14a1b11b6d..6124ffeb52 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/i18n_with_controller_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/i18n_with_controller_test.rb
@@ -10,15 +10,15 @@ class I18nTestMailer < ActionMailer::Base
   def mail_with_i18n_subject(recipient)
     @recipient  = recipient
     I18n.locale = :de
-    mail(to: recipient, subject: "#{I18n.t :email_subject} #{recipient}",
+    mail(to: recipient, subject: I18n.t(:email_subject),
       from: "system@loudthinking.com", date: Time.local(2004, 12, 12))
   end
 end
 
 class TestController < ActionController::Base
   def send_mail
-    I18nTestMailer.mail_with_i18n_subject("test@localhost").deliver
-    render text: 'Mail sent'
+    email = I18nTestMailer.mail_with_i18n_subject("test@localhost").deliver_now
+    render text: "Mail sent - Subject: #{email.subject}"
   end
 end
 
@@ -28,20 +28,48 @@ class ActionMailerI18nWithControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     get ':controller(/:action(/:id))'
   end
 
-  def app
-    Routes
+  class RoutedRackApp
+    attr_reader :routes
+
+    def initialize(routes, &blk)
+      @routes = routes
+      @stack = ActionDispatch::MiddlewareStack.new(&blk).build(@routes)
+    end
+
+    def call(env)
+      @stack.call(env)
+    end
   end
 
-  def setup
-    I18n.backend.store_translations('de', email_subject: '[Signed up] Welcome')
+  APP = RoutedRackApp.new(Routes)
+
+  def app
+    APP
   end
 
-  def teardown
-    I18n.locale = :en
+  teardown do
+    I18n.locale = I18n.default_locale
   end
 
   def test_send_mail
-    get '/test/send_mail'
-    assert_equal "Mail sent", @response.body
+    stub_any_instance(Mail::SMTP, instance: Mail::SMTP.new({})) do |instance|
+      assert_called(instance, :deliver!) do
+        with_translation 'de', email_subject: '[Anmeldung] Willkommen' do
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+            get '/test/send_mail'
+          end
+          assert_equal "Mail sent - Subject: [Anmeldung] Willkommen", @response.body
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  protected
+
+  def with_translation(locale, data)
+    I18n.backend.store_translations(locale, data)
+    yield
+  ensure
+    I18n.backend.reload!
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/log_subscriber_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/log_subscriber_test.rb
index 5f0bee88fd..3871b16840 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/log_subscriber_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/log_subscriber_test.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-require "abstract_unit"
+require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'mailers/base_mailer'
-require "active_support/log_subscriber/test_helper"
-require "action_mailer/log_subscriber"
+require 'active_support/log_subscriber/test_helper'
+require 'action_mailer/log_subscriber'
 
 class AMLogSubscriberTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
   include ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber::TestHelper
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class AMLogSubscriberTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_deliver_is_notified
-    BaseMailer.welcome.deliver
+    BaseMailer.welcome.deliver_now
     wait
 
     assert_equal(1, @logger.logged(:info).size)
@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@ class AMLogSubscriberTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
     assert_equal(2, @logger.logged(:debug).size)
     assert_match(/BaseMailer#welcome: processed outbound mail in [\d.]+ms/, @logger.logged(:debug).first)
     assert_match(/Welcome/, @logger.logged(:debug).second)
+  ensure
+    BaseMailer.deliveries.clear
   end
 
   def test_receive_is_notified
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/mail_helper_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/mail_helper_test.rb
index 24ccaab8df..ff6b25b0c7 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/mail_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/mail_helper_test.rb
@@ -59,6 +59,12 @@ The second
     end
   end
 
+  def use_cache
+    mail_with_defaults do |format|
+      format.html { render(inline: "<% cache(:foo) do %>Greetings from a cache helper block<% end %>") }
+    end
+  end
+
   protected
 
   def mail_with_defaults(&block)
@@ -107,5 +113,11 @@ class MailerHelperTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
     TEXT
     assert_equal expected.gsub("\n", "\r\n"), mail.body.encoded
   end
-end
 
+  def test_use_cache
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      mail = HelperMailer.use_cache
+      assert_equal "Greetings from a cache helper block", mail.body.encoded
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/mail_layout_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/mail_layout_test.rb
index 7f959282cb..166dd096d4 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/mail_layout_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/mail_layout_test.rb
@@ -44,16 +44,6 @@ class ExplicitLayoutMailer < ActionMailer::Base
 end
 
 class LayoutMailerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def setup
-    set_delivery_method :test
-    ActionMailer::Base.perform_deliveries = true
-    ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.clear
-  end
-
-  def teardown
-    restore_delivery_method
-  end
-
   def test_should_pickup_default_layout
     mail = AutoLayoutMailer.hello
     assert_equal "Hello from layout Inside", mail.body.to_s.strip
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/mailers/base_mailer.rb b/actionmailer/test/mailers/base_mailer.rb
index bd991e209e..8c2225ce60 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/mailers/base_mailer.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/mailers/base_mailer.rb
@@ -80,6 +80,12 @@ class BaseMailer < ActionMailer::Base
     end
   end
 
+  def explicit_without_specifying_format_with_any(hash = {})
+    mail(hash) do |format|
+      format.any
+    end
+  end
+
   def explicit_multipart_with_options(include_html = false)
     mail do |format|
       format.text(content_transfer_encoding: "base64"){ render "welcome" }
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/mailers/delayed_mailer.rb b/actionmailer/test/mailers/delayed_mailer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..62d4baa434
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/test/mailers/delayed_mailer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+class DelayedMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+
+  def test_message(*)
+    mail(from: 'test-sender@test.com', to: 'test-receiver@test.com', subject: 'Test Subject', body: 'Test Body')
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/message_delivery_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/message_delivery_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b834cdd08c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/test/message_delivery_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_job'
+require 'mailers/delayed_mailer'
+
+class MessageDeliveryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include ActiveJob::TestHelper
+
+  setup do
+    @previous_logger = ActiveJob::Base.logger
+    @previous_delivery_method = ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method
+    @previous_deliver_later_queue_name = ActionMailer::Base.deliver_later_queue_name
+    ActionMailer::Base.deliver_later_queue_name = :test_queue
+    ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = :test
+    ActiveJob::Base.logger = Logger.new(nil)
+    @mail = DelayedMailer.test_message(1, 2, 3)
+    ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.clear
+    ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter.perform_enqueued_at_jobs = true
+    ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter.perform_enqueued_jobs = true
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    ActiveJob::Base.logger = @previous_logger
+    ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = @previous_delivery_method
+    ActionMailer::Base.deliver_later_queue_name = @previous_deliver_later_queue_name
+  end
+
+  test 'should have a message' do
+    assert @mail.message
+  end
+
+  test 'its message should be a Mail::Message' do
+    assert_equal Mail::Message , @mail.message.class
+  end
+
+  test 'should respond to .deliver_later' do
+    assert_respond_to @mail, :deliver_later
+  end
+
+  test 'should respond to .deliver_later!' do
+    assert_respond_to @mail, :deliver_later!
+  end
+
+  test 'should respond to .deliver_now' do
+    assert_respond_to @mail, :deliver_now
+  end
+
+  test 'should respond to .deliver_now!' do
+    assert_respond_to @mail, :deliver_now!
+  end
+
+  def test_should_enqueue_and_run_correctly_in_activejob
+    @mail.deliver_later!
+    assert_equal 1, ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.size
+  ensure
+    ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.clear
+  end
+
+  test 'should enqueue the email with :deliver_now delivery method' do
+    assert_performed_with(job: ActionMailer::DeliveryJob, args: ['DelayedMailer', 'test_message', 'deliver_now', 1, 2, 3]) do
+      @mail.deliver_later
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'should enqueue the email with :deliver_now! delivery method' do
+    assert_performed_with(job: ActionMailer::DeliveryJob, args: ['DelayedMailer', 'test_message', 'deliver_now!', 1, 2, 3]) do
+      @mail.deliver_later!
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'should enqueue a delivery with a delay' do
+    travel_to Time.new(2004, 11, 24, 01, 04, 44) do
+      assert_performed_with(job: ActionMailer::DeliveryJob, at: Time.current.to_f+600.seconds, args: ['DelayedMailer', 'test_message', 'deliver_now', 1, 2, 3]) do
+        @mail.deliver_later wait: 600.seconds
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'should enqueue a delivery at a specific time' do
+    later_time = Time.now.to_f + 3600
+    assert_performed_with(job: ActionMailer::DeliveryJob, at: later_time, args: ['DelayedMailer', 'test_message', 'deliver_now', 1, 2, 3]) do
+      @mail.deliver_later wait_until: later_time
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'should enqueue the job on the correct queue' do
+    assert_performed_with(job: ActionMailer::DeliveryJob, args: ['DelayedMailer', 'test_message', 'deliver_now', 1, 2, 3], queue: "test_queue") do
+      @mail.deliver_later
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'can override the queue when enqueuing mail' do
+    assert_performed_with(job: ActionMailer::DeliveryJob, args: ['DelayedMailer', 'test_message', 'deliver_now', 1, 2, 3], queue: "another_queue") do
+      @mail.deliver_later(queue: :another_queue)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/test_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/test_case_test.rb
index 86fd37bea6..86fd37bea6 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/test_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/test_case_test.rb
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/test_helper_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/test_helper_test.rb
index 7c7f0b6fdc..0a4bc75d3e 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/test_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/test_helper_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/testing/stream'
 
 class TestHelperMailer < ActionMailer::Base
   def test
@@ -10,6 +11,8 @@ class TestHelperMailer < ActionMailer::Base
 end
 
 class TestHelperMailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
+  include ActiveSupport::Testing::Stream
+
   def test_setup_sets_right_action_mailer_options
     assert_equal :test, ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method
     assert ActionMailer::Base.perform_deliveries
@@ -36,10 +39,18 @@ class TestHelperMailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
     assert_equal "UTF-8", charset
   end
 
+  def test_encode
+    assert_equal '=?UTF-8?Q?This_is_=E3=81=82_string?=', encode('This is � string')
+  end
+
+  def test_read_fixture
+    assert_equal ['Welcome!'], read_fixture('welcome')
+  end
+
   def test_assert_emails
     assert_nothing_raised do
       assert_emails 1 do
-        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver
+        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_now
       end
     end
   end
@@ -47,27 +58,27 @@ class TestHelperMailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
   def test_repeated_assert_emails_calls
     assert_nothing_raised do
       assert_emails 1 do
-        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver
+        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_now
       end
     end
 
     assert_nothing_raised do
       assert_emails 2 do
-        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver
-        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver
+        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_now
+        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_now
       end
     end
   end
 
   def test_assert_emails_with_no_block
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      TestHelperMailer.test.deliver
+      TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_now
       assert_emails 1
     end
 
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      TestHelperMailer.test.deliver
-      TestHelperMailer.test.deliver
+      TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_now
+      TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_now
       assert_emails 3
     end
   end
@@ -83,7 +94,7 @@ class TestHelperMailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
   def test_assert_emails_too_few_sent
     error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
       assert_emails 2 do
-        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver
+        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_now
       end
     end
 
@@ -93,18 +104,84 @@ class TestHelperMailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
   def test_assert_emails_too_many_sent
     error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
       assert_emails 1 do
-        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver
-        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver
+        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_now
+        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_now
       end
     end
 
     assert_match(/1 .* but 2/, error.message)
   end
 
+  def test_assert_emails_message
+    TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_now
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_emails 2 do
+        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_now
+      end
+    end
+    assert_match "Expected: 2", error.message
+    assert_match "Actual: 1", error.message
+  end
+
   def test_assert_no_emails_failure
     error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
       assert_no_emails do
-        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver
+        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_now
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/0 .* but 1/, error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_emails
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_enqueued_emails 1 do
+        silence_stream($stdout) do
+          TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_later
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_emails_too_few_sent
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_enqueued_emails 2 do
+        silence_stream($stdout) do
+          TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_later
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/2 .* but 1/, error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_emails_too_many_sent
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_enqueued_emails 1 do
+        silence_stream($stdout) do
+          TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_later
+          TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_later
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/1 .* but 2/, error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_no_enqueued_emails
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_no_enqueued_emails do
+        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_now
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_no_enqueued_emails_failure
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_no_enqueued_emails do
+        silence_stream($stdout) do
+          TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_later
+        end
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/url_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/url_test.rb
index 589944fa69..7928fe9542 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/url_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/url_test.rb
@@ -23,9 +23,32 @@ class UrlTestMailer < ActionMailer::Base
     mail(to: recipient, subject: "[Signed up] Welcome #{recipient}",
       from: "system@loudthinking.com", date: Time.local(2004, 12, 12))
   end
+
+  def exercise_url_for(options)
+    @options = options
+    @url = url_for(@options)
+    mail(from: 'from@example.com', to: 'to@example.com', subject: 'subject')
+  end
 end
 
 class ActionMailerUrlTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
+  class DummyModel
+    def self.model_name
+      OpenStruct.new(route_key: 'dummy_model')
+    end
+
+    def persisted?
+      false
+    end
+
+    def model_name
+      self.class.model_name
+    end
+
+    def to_model
+      self
+    end
+  end
 
   def encode( text, charset="UTF-8" )
     quoted_printable( text, charset )
@@ -40,10 +63,47 @@ class ActionMailerUrlTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
     mail
   end
 
+  def assert_url_for(expected, options, relative = false)
+    expected = "http://www.basecamphq.com#{expected}" if expected.start_with?('/') && !relative
+    urls = UrlTestMailer.exercise_url_for(options).body.to_s.chomp.split
+
+    assert_equal expected, urls.first
+    assert_equal expected, urls.second
+  end
+
   def setup
     @recipient = 'test@localhost'
   end
 
+  def test_url_for
+    UrlTestMailer.delivery_method = :test
+
+    AppRoutes.draw do
+      get ':controller(/:action(/:id))'
+      get '/welcome'  => 'foo#bar', as: 'welcome'
+      get '/dummy_model' => 'foo#baz', as: 'dummy_model'
+    end
+
+    # string
+    assert_url_for 'http://foo/', 'http://foo/'
+
+    # symbol
+    assert_url_for '/welcome', :welcome
+
+    # hash
+    assert_url_for '/a/b/c', controller: 'a', action: 'b', id: 'c'
+    assert_url_for '/a/b/c', {controller: 'a', action: 'b', id: 'c', only_path: true}, true
+
+    # model
+    assert_url_for '/dummy_model', DummyModel.new
+
+    # class
+    assert_url_for '/dummy_model', DummyModel
+
+    # array
+    assert_url_for '/dummy_model' , [DummyModel]
+  end
+
   def test_signed_up_with_url
     UrlTestMailer.delivery_method = :test
 
@@ -66,13 +126,13 @@ class ActionMailerUrlTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
 
     expected.message_id = '<123@456>'
     created.message_id = '<123@456>'
-    assert_equal expected.encoded, created.encoded
+    assert_dom_equal expected.encoded, created.encoded
 
-    assert_nothing_raised { UrlTestMailer.signed_up_with_url(@recipient).deliver }
+    assert_nothing_raised { UrlTestMailer.signed_up_with_url(@recipient).deliver_now }
     assert_not_nil ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.first
     delivered = ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.first
 
     delivered.message_id = '<123@456>'
-    assert_equal expected.encoded, delivered.encoded
+    assert_dom_equal expected.encoded, delivered.encoded
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md b/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md
index 68b5213bfc..608512d846 100644
--- a/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1 +1,590 @@
-Please check [4-1-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-1-stable/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+*   `ActionController::TestCase` will be moved to it's own gem in Rails 5.1
+
+    With the speed improvements made to `ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest` we no
+    longer need to keep two separate code bases for testing controllers. In
+    Rails 5.1 `ActionController::TestCase` will be deprecated and moved into a
+    gem outside of Rails source.
+
+    This is a documentation deprecation so that going forward so new tests will use
+    `ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest` instead of `ActionController::TestCase`.
+
+    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
+
+*   Add a `response_format` option to `ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions`
+    to configure the format of the response when errors occur in
+    development mode.
+
+    If `response_format` is `:default` the debug info will be rendered
+    in an HTML page. In the other hand, if the provided value is `:api`
+    the debug info will be rendered in the original response format.
+
+    *Jorge Bejar*
+
+*   Change the `protect_from_forgery` prepend default to `false`
+
+    Per this comment
+    https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/18334#issuecomment-69234050 we want
+    `protect_from_forgery` to default to `prepend: false`.
+
+    `protect_from_forgery` will now be insterted into the callback chain at the
+    point it is called in your application. This is useful for cases where you
+    want to `protect_from_forgery` after you perform required authentication
+    callbacks or other callbacks that are required to run after forgery protection.
+
+    If you want `protect_from_forgery` callbacks to always run first, regardless of
+    position they are called in your application then you can add `prepend: true`
+    to your `protect_from_forgery` call.
+
+    Example:
+
+    ```ruby
+    protect_from_forgery prepend: true
+    ```
+
+    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
+
+*   In url_for, never append a question mark to the URL when the query string
+    is empty anyway.  (It used to do that when called like `url_for(controller:
+    'x', action: 'y', q: {})`.)
+
+    *Paul Grayson*
+
+*   Catch invalid UTF-8 querystring values and respond with BadRequest
+
+    Check querystring params for invalid UTF-8 characters, and raise an
+    ActionController::BadRequest error if present. Previously these strings
+    would typically trigger errors further down the stack.
+
+    *Grey Baker*
+
+*   Parse RSS/ATOM responses as XML, not HTML.
+
+    *Alexander Kaupanin*
+
+*   Show helpful message in `BadRequest` exceptions due to invalid path
+    parameter encodings.
+
+    Fixes #21923.
+
+    *Agis Anastasopoulos*
+
+*   Add the ability of returning arbitrary headers to ActionDispatch::Static
+
+    Now ActionDispatch::Static can accept HTTP headers so that developers
+    will have control of returning arbitrary headers like
+    'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' when a response is delivered. They can be
+    configured with `#config`:
+
+      config.public_file_server.headers = {
+        "Cache-Control"               => "public, max-age=60",
+        "Access-Control-Allow-Origin" => "http://rubyonrails.org"
+      }
+
+    *Yuki Nishijima*
+
+*   Allow multiple `root` routes in same scope level. Example:
+
+    ```ruby
+    root 'blog#show', constraints: ->(req) { Hostname.blog_site?(req.host) }
+    root 'landing#show'
+    ```
+    *Rafael Sales*
+
+*   Fix regression in mounted engine named routes generation for app deployed to
+    a subdirectory. `relative_url_root` was prepended to the path twice (e.g.
+    "/subdir/subdir/engine_path" instead of "/subdir/engine_path")
+
+    Fixes #20920. Fixes #21459.
+
+    *Matthew Erhard*
+
+*   ActionDispatch::Response#new no longer applies default headers.  If you want
+    default headers applied to the response object, then call
+    `ActionDispatch::Response.create`.  This change only impacts people who are
+    directly constructing an `ActionDispatch::Response` object.
+
+*   Accessing mime types via constants like `Mime::HTML` is deprecated.  Please
+    change code like this:
+
+      Mime::HTML
+
+    To this:
+
+      Mime[:html]
+
+    This change is so that Rails will not manage a list of constants, and fixes
+    an issue where if a type isn't registered you could possibly get the wrong
+    object.
+
+    `Mime[:html]` is available in older versions of Rails, too, so you can
+    safely change libraries and plugins and maintain compatibility with
+    multiple versions of Rails.
+
+*   `url_for` does not modify its arguments when generating polymorphic URLs.
+
+    *Bernerd Schaefer*
+
+*   Make it easier to opt in to `config.force_ssl` and `config.ssl_options` by
+    making them less dangerous to try and easier to disable.
+
+    SSL redirect:
+      * Move `:host` and `:port` options within `redirect: { … }`. Deprecate.
+      * Introduce `:status` and `:body` to customize the redirect response.
+        The 301 permanent default makes it difficult to test the redirect and
+        back out of it since browsers remember the 301. Test with a 302 or 307
+        instead, then switch to 301 once you're confident that all is well.
+
+    HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS):
+      * Shorter max-age. Shorten the default max-age from 1 year to 180 days,
+        the low end for https://www.ssllabs.com/ssltest/ grading and greater
+        than the 18-week minimum to qualify for browser preload lists.
+      * Disabling HSTS. Setting `hsts: false` now sets `hsts { expires: 0 }`
+        instead of omitting the header. Omitting does nothing to disable HSTS
+        since browsers hang on to your previous settings until they expire.
+        Sending `{ hsts: { expires: 0 }}` flushes out old browser settings and
+        actually disables HSTS:
+          http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6797#section-6.1.1
+      * HSTS Preload. Introduce `preload: true` to set the `preload` flag,
+        indicating that your site may be included in browser preload lists,
+        including Chrome, Firefox, Safari, IE11, and Edge. Submit your site:
+          https://hstspreload.appspot.com
+
+    *Jeremy Daer*
+
+*   Update `ActionController::TestSession#fetch` to behave more like
+    `ActionDispatch::Request::Session#fetch` when using non-string keys.
+
+    *Jeremy Friesen*
+
+*   Using strings or symbols for middleware class names is deprecated.  Convert
+    things like this:
+
+      middleware.use "Foo::Bar"
+
+    to this:
+
+      middleware.use Foo::Bar
+
+*   ActionController::TestSession now accepts a default value as well as
+    a block for generating a default value based off the key provided.
+
+    This fixes calls to session#fetch in ApplicationController instances that
+    take more two arguments or a block from raising `ArgumentError: wrong
+    number of arguments (2 for 1)` when performing controller tests.
+
+    *Matthew Gerrior*
+
+*   Fix `ActionController::Parameters#fetch` overwriting `KeyError` returned by
+    default block.
+
+    *Jonas Schuber Erlandsson*, *Roque Pinel*
+
+*   `ActionController::Parameters` no longer inherits from
+    `HashWithIndifferentAccess`
+
+    Inheriting from `HashWithIndifferentAccess` allowed users to call any
+    enumerable methods on `Parameters` object, resulting in a risk of losing the
+    `permitted?` status or even getting back a pure `Hash` object instead of
+    a `Parameters` object with proper sanitization.
+
+    By not inheriting from `HashWithIndifferentAccess`, we are able to make
+    sure that all methods that are defined in `Parameters` object will return
+    a proper `Parameters` object with a correct `permitted?` flag.
+
+    *Prem Sichanugrist*
+
+*   Replaced `ActiveSupport::Concurrency::Latch` with `Concurrent::CountDownLatch`
+    from the concurrent-ruby gem.
+
+    *Jerry D'Antonio*
+
+*   Add ability to filter parameters based on parent keys.
+
+        # matches {credit_card: {code: "xxxx"}}
+        # doesn't match {file: { code: "xxxx"}}
+        config.filter_parameters += [ "credit_card.code" ]
+
+    See #13897.
+
+    *Guillaume Malette*
+
+*   Deprecate passing first parameter as `Hash` and default status code for `head` method.
+
+    *Mehmet Emin İNAÇ*
+
+*   Adds`Rack::Utils::ParameterTypeError` and `Rack::Utils::InvalidParameterError`
+    to the rescue_responses hash in `ExceptionWrapper` (Rack recommends
+    integrators serve 400s for both of these).
+
+    *Grey Baker*
+
+*   Add support for API only apps.
+    ActionController::API is added as a replacement of
+    ActionController::Base for this kind of applications.
+
+    *Santiago Pastorino & Jorge Bejar*
+
+*   Remove `assigns` and `assert_template`. Both methods have been extracted
+    into a gem at https://github.com/rails/rails-controller-testing.
+
+    See #18950.
+
+    *Alan Guo Xiang Tan*
+
+*   `FileHandler` and `Static` middleware initializers accept `index` argument
+    to configure the directory index file name. Defaults to `index` (as in
+    `index.html`).
+
+    See #20017.
+
+    *Eliot Sykes*
+
+*   Deprecate `:nothing` option for `render` method.
+
+    *Mehmet Emin İNAÇ*
+
+*   Fix `rake routes` not showing the right format when
+    nesting multiple routes.
+
+    See #18373.
+
+    *Ravil Bayramgalin*
+
+*   Add ability to override default form builder for a controller.
+
+        class AdminController < ApplicationController
+          default_form_builder AdminFormBuilder
+        end
+
+    *Kevin McPhillips*
+
+*   For actions with no corresponding templates, render `head :no_content`
+    instead of raising an error. This allows for slimmer API controller
+    methods that simply work, without needing further instructions.
+
+    See #19036.
+
+    *Stephen Bussey*
+
+*   Provide friendlier access to request variants.
+
+        request.variant = :phone
+        request.variant.phone?  # true
+        request.variant.tablet? # false
+
+        request.variant = [:phone, :tablet]
+        request.variant.phone?                  # true
+        request.variant.desktop?                # false
+        request.variant.any?(:phone, :desktop)  # true
+        request.variant.any?(:desktop, :watch)  # false
+
+    *George Claghorn*
+
+*   Fix regression where a gzip file response would have a Content-type,
+    even when it was a 304 status code.
+
+    See #19271.
+
+    *Kohei Suzuki*
+
+*   Fix handling of empty `X_FORWARDED_HOST` header in `raw_host_with_port`.
+
+    Previously, an empty `X_FORWARDED_HOST` header would cause
+    `Actiondispatch::Http:URL.raw_host_with_port` to return `nil`, causing
+    `Actiondispatch::Http:URL.host` to raise a `NoMethodError`.
+
+    *Adam Forsyth*
+
+*   Allow `Bearer` as token-keyword in `Authorization-Header`.
+
+    Aditionally to `Token`, the keyword `Bearer` is acceptable as a keyword
+    for the auth-token. The `Bearer` keyword is described in the original
+    OAuth RFC and used in libraries like Angular-JWT.
+
+    See #19094.
+
+    *Peter Schröder*
+
+*   Drop request class from RouteSet constructor.
+
+    If you would like to use a custom request class, please subclass and implement
+    the `request_class` method.
+
+    *tenderlove@ruby-lang.org*
+
+*   Fallback to `ENV['RAILS_RELATIVE_URL_ROOT']` in `url_for`.
+
+    Fixed an issue where the `RAILS_RELATIVE_URL_ROOT` environment variable is not
+    prepended to the path when `url_for` is called. If `SCRIPT_NAME` (used by Rack)
+    is set, it takes precedence.
+
+    Fixes #5122.
+
+    *Yasyf Mohamedali*
+
+*   Partitioning of routes is now done when the routes are being drawn. This
+    helps to decrease the time spent filtering the routes during the first request.
+
+    *Guo Xiang Tan*
+
+*   Fix regression in functional tests. Responses should have default headers
+    assigned.
+
+    See #18423.
+
+    *Jeremy Kemper*, *Yves Senn*
+
+*   Deprecate AbstractController#skip_action_callback in favor of individual skip_callback methods
+    (which can be made to raise an error if no callback was removed).
+
+    *Iain Beeston*
+
+*   Alias the `ActionDispatch::Request#uuid` method to `ActionDispatch::Request#request_id`.
+    Due to implementation, `config.log_tags = [:request_id]` also works in substitute
+    for `config.log_tags = [:uuid]`.
+
+    *David Ilizarov*
+
+*   Change filter on /rails/info/routes to use an actual path regexp from rails
+    and not approximate javascript version. Oniguruma supports much more
+    extensive list of features than javascript regexp engine.
+
+    Fixes #18402.
+
+    *Ravil Bayramgalin*
+
+*   Non-string authenticity tokens do not raise NoMethodError when decoding
+    the masked token.
+
+    *Ville Lautanala*
+
+*   Add `http_cache_forever` to Action Controller, so we can cache a response
+    that never gets expired.
+
+    *arthurnn*
+
+*   `ActionController#translate` supports symbols as shortcuts.
+    When a shortcut is given it also performs the lookup without the action
+    name.
+
+    *Max Melentiev*
+
+*   Expand `ActionController::ConditionalGet#fresh_when` and `stale?` to also
+    accept a collection of records as the first argument, so that the
+    following code can be written in a shorter form.
+
+        # Before
+        def index
+          @articles = Article.all
+          fresh_when(etag: @articles, last_modified: @articles.maximum(:updated_at))
+        end
+
+        # After
+        def index
+          @articles = Article.all
+          fresh_when(@articles)
+        end
+
+    *claudiob*
+
+*   Explicitly ignored wildcard verbs when searching for HEAD routes before fallback
+
+    Fixes an issue where a mounted rack app at root would intercept the HEAD
+    request causing an incorrect behavior during the fall back to GET requests.
+
+    Example:
+
+        draw do
+            get '/home' => 'test#index'
+            mount rack_app, at: '/'
+        end
+        head '/home'
+        assert_response :success
+
+    In this case, a HEAD request runs through the routes the first time and fails
+    to match anything. Then, it runs through the list with the fallback and matches
+    `get '/home'`. The original behavior would match the rack app in the first pass.
+
+    *Terence Sun*
+
+*   Migrating xhr methods to keyword arguments syntax
+    in `ActionController::TestCase` and `ActionDispatch::Integration`
+
+    Old syntax:
+
+        xhr :get, :create, params: { id: 1 }
+
+    New syntax example:
+
+        get :create, params: { id: 1 }, xhr: true
+
+    *Kir Shatrov*
+
+*   Migrating to keyword arguments syntax in `ActionController::TestCase` and
+    `ActionDispatch::Integration` HTTP request methods.
+
+    Example:
+
+        post :create, params: { y: x }, session: { a: 'b' }
+        get :view, params: { id: 1 }
+        get :view, params: { id: 1 }, format: :json
+
+    *Kir Shatrov*
+
+*   Preserve default url options when generating URLs.
+
+    Fixes an issue that would cause `default_url_options` to be lost when
+    generating URLs with fewer positional arguments than parameters in the
+    route definition.
+
+    *Tekin Suleyman*
+
+*   Deprecate `*_via_redirect` integration test methods.
+
+    Use `follow_redirect!` manually after the request call for the same behavior.
+
+    *Aditya Kapoor*
+
+*   Add `ActionController::Renderer` to render arbitrary templates
+    outside controller actions.
+
+    Its functionality is accessible through class methods `render` and
+    `renderer` of `ActionController::Base`.
+
+    *Ravil Bayramgalin*
+
+*   Support `:assigns` option when rendering with controllers/mailers.
+
+    *Ravil Bayramgalin*
+
+*   Default headers, removed in controller actions, are no longer reapplied on
+    the test response.
+
+    *Jonas Baumann*
+
+*   Deprecate all `*_filter` callbacks in favor of `*_action` callbacks.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Allow you to pass `prepend: false` to `protect_from_forgery` to have the
+    verification callback appended instead of prepended to the chain.
+    This allows you to let the verification step depend on prior callbacks.
+
+    Example:
+
+        class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
+          before_action :authenticate
+          protect_from_forgery prepend: false, unless: -> { @authenticated_by.oauth? }
+
+          private
+            def authenticate
+              if oauth_request?
+                # authenticate with oauth
+                @authenticated_by = 'oauth'.inquiry
+              else
+                # authenticate with cookies
+                @authenticated_by = 'cookie'.inquiry
+              end
+            end
+        end
+
+    *Josef Šimánek*
+
+*   Remove `ActionController::HideActions`.
+
+    *Ravil Bayramgalin*
+
+*   Remove `respond_to`/`respond_with` placeholder methods, this functionality
+    has been extracted to the `responders` gem.
+
+    *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
+
+*   Remove deprecated assertion files.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Remove deprecated usage of string keys in URL helpers.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Remove deprecated `only_path` option on `*_path` helpers.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Remove deprecated `NamedRouteCollection#helpers`.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Remove deprecated support to define routes with `:to` option that doesn't contain `#`.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Remove deprecated `ActionDispatch::Response#to_ary`.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Remove deprecated `ActionDispatch::Request#deep_munge`.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Remove deprecated `ActionDispatch::Http::Parameters#symbolized_path_parameters`.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Remove deprecated option `use_route` in controller tests.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Ensure `append_info_to_payload` is called even if an exception is raised.
+
+    Fixes an issue where when an exception is raised in the request the additional
+    payload data is not available.
+
+    See:
+    * #14903
+    * https://github.com/roidrage/lograge/issues/37
+
+    *Dieter Komendera*, *Margus Pärt*
+
+*   Correctly rely on the response's status code to handle calls to `head`.
+
+    *Robin Dupret*
+
+*   Using `head` method returns empty response_body instead
+    of returning a single space " ".
+
+    The old behavior was added as a workaround for a bug in an early
+    version of Safari, where the HTTP headers are not returned correctly
+    if the response body has a 0-length. This is been fixed since and
+    the workaround is no longer necessary.
+
+    Fixes #18253.
+
+    *Prathamesh Sonpatki*
+
+*   Fix how polymorphic routes works with objects that implement `to_model`.
+
+    *Travis Grathwell*
+
+*   Stop converting empty arrays in `params` to `nil`.
+
+    This behavior was introduced in response to CVE-2012-2660, CVE-2012-2694
+    and CVE-2013-0155
+
+    ActiveRecord now issues a safe query when passing an empty array into
+    a where clause, so there is no longer a need to defend against this type
+    of input (any nils are still stripped from the array).
+
+    *Chris Sinjakli*
+
+*   Fixed usage of optional scopes in url helpers.
+
+    *Alex Robbin*
+
+*   Fixed handling of positional url helper arguments when `format: false`.
+
+    Fixes #17819.
+
+    *Andrew White*, *Tatiana Soukiassian*
+
+Please check [4-2-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/actionpack/MIT-LICENSE b/actionpack/MIT-LICENSE
index d58dd9ed9b..3ec7a617cf 100644
--- a/actionpack/MIT-LICENSE
+++ b/actionpack/MIT-LICENSE
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright (c) 2004-2014 David Heinemeier Hansson
+Copyright (c) 2004-2015 David Heinemeier Hansson
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
diff --git a/actionpack/README.rdoc b/actionpack/README.rdoc
index 2f6575c3b5..0720c66cb9 100644
--- a/actionpack/README.rdoc
+++ b/actionpack/README.rdoc
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ can be used outside of Rails.
 
 The latest version of Action Pack can be installed with RubyGems:
 
-  % [sudo] gem install actionpack
+  $ gem install actionpack
 
 Source code can be downloaded as part of the Rails project on GitHub
 
@@ -48,6 +48,10 @@ API documentation is at
 
 * http://api.rubyonrails.org
 
-Bug reports and feature requests can be filed with the rest for the Ruby on Rails project here:
+Bug reports can be filed for the Ruby on Rails project here:
 
 * https://github.com/rails/rails/issues
+
+Feature requests should be discussed on the rails-core mailing list here:
+
+* https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/rubyonrails-core
diff --git a/actionpack/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc b/actionpack/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc
deleted file mode 100644
index ad1448f61b..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-== Running with Rake
-
-The easiest way to run the unit tests is through Rake. The default task runs
-the entire test suite for all classes. For more information, check out the
-full array of rake tasks with "rake -T".
-
-Rake can be found at http://rake.rubyforge.org.
-
-== Running by hand
-
-To run a single test suite
-
-   rake test TEST=path/to/test.rb
-
-which can be further narrowed down to one test:
-
-   rake test TEST=path/to/test.rb TESTOPTS="--name=test_something"
diff --git a/actionpack/Rakefile b/actionpack/Rakefile
index 7eab972595..601263bfac 100644
--- a/actionpack/Rakefile
+++ b/actionpack/Rakefile
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 require 'rake/testtask'
-require 'rubygems/package_task'
 
-test_files = Dir.glob('test/{abstract,controller,dispatch,assertions,journey,routing}/**/*_test.rb')
+test_files = Dir.glob('test/**/*_test.rb')
 
 desc "Default Task"
 task :default => :test
@@ -9,13 +8,11 @@ task :default => :test
 # Run the unit tests
 Rake::TestTask.new do |t|
   t.libs << 'test'
-
-  # make sure we include the tests in alphabetical order as on some systems
-  # this will not happen automatically and the tests (as a whole) will error
-  t.test_files = test_files.sort
+  t.test_files = test_files
 
   t.warning = true
   t.verbose = true
+  t.ruby_opts = ["--dev"] if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
 end
 
 namespace :test do
@@ -26,41 +23,10 @@ namespace :test do
   end
 end
 
-spec = eval(File.read('actionpack.gemspec'))
-
-Gem::PackageTask.new(spec) do |p|
-  p.gem_spec = spec
-end
-
-desc "Release to rubygems"
-task :release => :package do
-  require 'rake/gemcutter'
-  Rake::Gemcutter::Tasks.new(spec).define
-  Rake::Task['gem:push'].invoke
-end
-
 task :lines do
-  lines, codelines, total_lines, total_codelines = 0, 0, 0, 0
-
-  FileList["lib/**/*.rb"].each do |file_name|
-    next if file_name =~ /vendor/
-    File.open(file_name, 'r') do |f|
-      while line = f.gets
-        lines += 1
-        next if line =~ /^\s*$/
-        next if line =~ /^\s*#/
-        codelines += 1
-      end
-    end
-    puts "L: #{sprintf("%4d", lines)}, LOC #{sprintf("%4d", codelines)} | #{file_name}"
-
-    total_lines     += lines
-    total_codelines += codelines
-
-    lines, codelines = 0, 0
-  end
-
-  puts "Total: Lines #{total_lines}, LOC #{total_codelines}"
+  load File.expand_path('..', File.dirname(__FILE__)) + '/tools/line_statistics'
+  files = FileList["lib/**/*.rb"]
+  CodeTools::LineStatistics.new(files).print_loc
 end
 
 rule '.rb' => '.y' do |t|
diff --git a/actionpack/actionpack.gemspec b/actionpack/actionpack.gemspec
index 1d6009bab8..28d8bc3091 100644
--- a/actionpack/actionpack.gemspec
+++ b/actionpack/actionpack.gemspec
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.summary     = 'Web-flow and rendering framework putting the VC in MVC (part of Rails).'
   s.description = 'Web apps on Rails. Simple, battle-tested conventions for building and testing MVC web applications. Works with any Rack-compatible server.'
 
-  s.required_ruby_version = '>= 1.9.3'
+  s.required_ruby_version = '>= 2.2.2'
 
   s.license = 'MIT'
 
@@ -21,8 +21,10 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
 
   s.add_dependency 'activesupport', version
 
-  s.add_dependency 'rack',      '~> 1.5.2'
-  s.add_dependency 'rack-test', '~> 0.6.2'
+  s.add_dependency 'rack',      '~> 2.x'
+  s.add_dependency 'rack-test', '~> 0.6.3'
+  s.add_dependency 'rails-html-sanitizer', '~> 1.0', '>= 1.0.2'
+  s.add_dependency 'rails-dom-testing', '~> 1.0', '>= 1.0.5'
   s.add_dependency 'actionview', version
 
   s.add_development_dependency 'activemodel', version
diff --git a/actionpack/bin/test b/actionpack/bin/test
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..404cabba51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/bin/test
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+COMPONENT_ROOT = File.expand_path("../../", __FILE__)
+require File.expand_path("../tools/test", COMPONENT_ROOT)
+exit Minitest.run(ARGV)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller.rb
index fe9802e395..56c4033387 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 require 'action_pack'
 require 'active_support/rails'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attr_internal'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/module/anonymous'
 require 'active_support/i18n'
 
 module AbstractController
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb
index af5de815bb..7f349f2741 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb
@@ -1,17 +1,18 @@
 require 'erubis'
-require 'set'
 require 'active_support/configurable'
 require 'active_support/descendants_tracker'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/anonymous'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attr_internal'
 
 module AbstractController
   class Error < StandardError #:nodoc:
   end
 
-  class ActionNotFound < StandardError #:nodoc:
+  # Raised when a non-existing controller action is triggered.
+  class ActionNotFound < StandardError
   end
 
-  # <tt>AbstractController::Base</tt> is a low-level API. Nobody should be
+  # AbstractController::Base is a low-level API. Nobody should be
   # using it directly, and subclasses (like ActionController::Base) are
   # expected to provide their own +render+ method, since rendering means
   # different things depending on the context.
@@ -56,21 +57,11 @@ module AbstractController
         controller.public_instance_methods(true)
       end
 
-      # The list of hidden actions. Defaults to an empty array.
-      # This can be modified by other modules or subclasses
-      # to specify particular actions as hidden.
-      #
-      # ==== Returns
-      # * <tt>Array</tt> - An array of method names that should not be considered actions.
-      def hidden_actions
-        []
-      end
-
       # A list of method names that should be considered actions. This
       # includes all public instance methods on a controller, less
-      # any internal methods (see #internal_methods), adding back in
+      # any internal methods (see internal_methods), adding back in
       # any methods that are internal, but still exist on the class
-      # itself. Finally, #hidden_actions are removed.
+      # itself.
       #
       # ==== Returns
       # * <tt>Set</tt> - A set of all methods that should be considered actions.
@@ -81,30 +72,31 @@ module AbstractController
             # Except for public instance methods of Base and its ancestors
             internal_methods +
             # Be sure to include shadowed public instance methods of this class
-            public_instance_methods(false)).uniq.map { |x| x.to_s } -
-            # And always exclude explicitly hidden actions
-            hidden_actions.to_a
+            public_instance_methods(false)).uniq.map(&:to_s)
 
-          # Clear out AS callback method pollution
-          Set.new(methods.reject { |method| method =~ /_one_time_conditions/ })
+          methods.to_set
         end
       end
 
       # action_methods are cached and there is sometimes need to refresh
-      # them. clear_action_methods! allows you to do that, so next time
+      # them. ::clear_action_methods! allows you to do that, so next time
       # you run action_methods, they will be recalculated
       def clear_action_methods!
         @action_methods = nil
       end
 
       # Returns the full controller name, underscored, without the ending Controller.
-      # For instance, MyApp::MyPostsController would return "my_app/my_posts" for
-      # controller_path.
+      #
+      #   class MyApp::MyPostsController < AbstractController::Base
+      #
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   MyApp::MyPostsController.controller_path # => "my_app/my_posts"
       #
       # ==== Returns
       # * <tt>String</tt>
       def controller_path
-        @controller_path ||= name.sub(/Controller$/, '').underscore unless anonymous?
+        @controller_path ||= name.sub(/Controller$/, ''.freeze).underscore unless anonymous?
       end
 
       # Refresh the cached action_methods when a new action_method is added.
@@ -120,14 +112,14 @@ module AbstractController
     #
     # The actual method that is called is determined by calling
     # #method_for_action. If no method can handle the action, then an
-    # ActionNotFound error is raised.
+    # AbstractController::ActionNotFound error is raised.
     #
     # ==== Returns
     # * <tt>self</tt>
     def process(action, *args)
-      @_action_name = action_name = action.to_s
+      @_action_name = action.to_s
 
-      unless action_name = method_for_action(action_name)
+      unless action_name = _find_action_name(@_action_name)
         raise ActionNotFound, "The action '#{action}' could not be found for #{self.class.name}"
       end
 
@@ -136,12 +128,12 @@ module AbstractController
       process_action(action_name, *args)
     end
 
-    # Delegates to the class' #controller_path
+    # Delegates to the class' ::controller_path
     def controller_path
       self.class.controller_path
     end
 
-    # Delegates to the class' #action_methods
+    # Delegates to the class' ::action_methods
     def action_methods
       self.class.action_methods
     end
@@ -156,11 +148,16 @@ module AbstractController
     #
     # ==== Parameters
     # * <tt>action_name</tt> - The name of an action to be tested
-    #
-    # ==== Returns
-    # * <tt>TrueClass</tt>, <tt>FalseClass</tt>
     def available_action?(action_name)
-      method_for_action(action_name).present?
+      _find_action_name(action_name)
+    end
+
+    # Returns true if the given controller is capable of rendering
+    # a path. A subclass of +AbstractController::Base+
+    # may return false. An Email controller for example does not
+    # support paths, only full URLs.
+    def self.supports_path?
+      true
     end
 
     private
@@ -171,9 +168,6 @@ module AbstractController
       # ==== Parameters
       # * <tt>name</tt> - The name of an action to be tested
       #
-      # ==== Returns
-      # * <tt>TrueClass</tt>, <tt>FalseClass</tt>
-      #
       # :api: private
       def action_method?(name)
         self.class.action_methods.include?(name)
@@ -204,6 +198,24 @@ module AbstractController
       end
 
       # Takes an action name and returns the name of the method that will
+      # handle the action.
+      #
+      # It checks if the action name is valid and returns false otherwise.
+      #
+      # See method_for_action for more information.
+      #
+      # ==== Parameters
+      # * <tt>action_name</tt> - An action name to find a method name for
+      #
+      # ==== Returns
+      # * <tt>string</tt> - The name of the method that handles the action
+      # * false           - No valid method name could be found.
+      # Raise AbstractController::ActionNotFound.
+      def _find_action_name(action_name)
+        _valid_action_name?(action_name) && method_for_action(action_name)
+      end
+
+      # Takes an action name and returns the name of the method that will
       # handle the action. In normal cases, this method returns the same
       # name as it receives. By default, if #method_for_action receives
       # a name that is not an action, it will look for an #action_missing
@@ -218,14 +230,14 @@ module AbstractController
       # the case.
       #
       # If none of these conditions are true, and method_for_action
-      # returns nil, an ActionNotFound exception will be raised.
+      # returns nil, an AbstractController::ActionNotFound exception will be raised.
       #
       # ==== Parameters
       # * <tt>action_name</tt> - An action name to find a method name for
       #
       # ==== Returns
       # * <tt>string</tt> - The name of the method that handles the action
-      # * <tt>nil</tt>    - No method name could be found. Raise ActionNotFound.
+      # * <tt>nil</tt>    - No method name could be found.
       def method_for_action(action_name)
         if action_method?(action_name)
           action_name
@@ -233,5 +245,10 @@ module AbstractController
           "_handle_action_missing"
         end
       end
+
+      # Checks if the action name is valid and returns false otherwise.
+      def _valid_action_name?(action_name)
+        !action_name.to_s.include? File::SEPARATOR
+      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/callbacks.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/callbacks.rb
index d6c941832f..d5317e4717 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/callbacks.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/callbacks.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ module AbstractController
 
     included do
       define_callbacks :process_action,
-                       terminator: ->(controller,_) { controller.response_body },
+                       terminator: ->(controller, result_lambda) { result_lambda.call if result_lambda.is_a?(Proc); controller.response_body },
                        skip_after_callbacks_if_terminated: true
     end
 
@@ -22,14 +22,25 @@ module AbstractController
     end
 
     module ClassMethods
-      # If :only or :except are used, convert the options into the
-      # :unless and :if options of ActiveSupport::Callbacks.
-      # The basic idea is that :only => :index gets converted to
-      # :if => proc {|c| c.action_name == "index" }.
+      # If +:only+ or +:except+ are used, convert the options into the
+      # +:if+ and +:unless+ options of ActiveSupport::Callbacks.
+      #
+      # The basic idea is that <tt>:only => :index</tt> gets converted to
+      # <tt>:if => proc {|c| c.action_name == "index" }</tt>.
+      #
+      # Note that <tt>:only</tt> has priority over <tt>:if</tt> in case they
+      # are used together.
+      #
+      #   only: :index, if: -> { true } # the :if option will be ignored.
+      #
+      # Note that <tt>:if</tt> has priority over <tt>:except</tt> in case they
+      # are used together.
+      #
+      #   except: :index, if: -> { true } # the :except option will be ignored.
       #
       # ==== Options
-      # * <tt>only</tt>   - The callback should be run only for this action
-      # * <tt>except</tt>  - The callback should be run for all actions except this action
+      # * <tt>only</tt>   - The callback should be run only for this action.
+      # * <tt>except</tt>  - The callback should be run for all actions except this action.
       def _normalize_callback_options(options)
         _normalize_callback_option(options, :only, :if)
         _normalize_callback_option(options, :except, :unless)
@@ -42,21 +53,24 @@ module AbstractController
         end
       end
 
-      # Skip before, after, and around action callbacks matching any of the names
-      # Aliased as skip_filter.
+      # Skip before, after, and around action callbacks matching any of the names.
       #
       # ==== Parameters
       # * <tt>names</tt> - A list of valid names that could be used for
       #   callbacks. Note that skipping uses Ruby equality, so it's
       #   impossible to skip a callback defined using an anonymous proc
-      #   using #skip_filter
+      #   using #skip_action_callback.
       def skip_action_callback(*names)
-        skip_before_action(*names)
-        skip_after_action(*names)
-        skip_around_action(*names)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn('`skip_action_callback` is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.1. Please use skip_before_action, skip_after_action or skip_around_action instead.')
+        skip_before_action(*names, raise: false)
+        skip_after_action(*names, raise: false)
+        skip_around_action(*names, raise: false)
       end
 
-      alias_method :skip_filter, :skip_action_callback
+      def skip_filter(*names)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("`skip_filter` is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.1. Use skip_before_action, skip_after_action or skip_around_action instead.")
+        skip_action_callback(*names)
+      end
 
       # Take callback names and an optional callback proc, normalize them,
       # then call the block with each callback. This allows us to abstract
@@ -68,8 +82,8 @@ module AbstractController
       # * <tt>block</tt>    - A proc that should be added to the callbacks.
       #
       # ==== Block Parameters
-      # * <tt>name</tt>     - The callback to be added
-      # * <tt>options</tt>  - A hash of options to be used when adding the callback
+      # * <tt>name</tt>     - The callback to be added.
+      # * <tt>options</tt>  - A hash of options to be used when adding the callback.
       def _insert_callbacks(callbacks, block = nil)
         options = callbacks.extract_options!
         _normalize_callback_options(options)
@@ -85,7 +99,6 @@ module AbstractController
       # :call-seq: before_action(names, block)
       #
       # Append a callback before actions. See _insert_callbacks for parameter details.
-      # Aliased as before_filter.
 
       ##
       # :method: prepend_before_action
@@ -93,7 +106,6 @@ module AbstractController
       # :call-seq: prepend_before_action(names, block)
       #
       # Prepend a callback before actions. See _insert_callbacks for parameter details.
-      # Aliased as prepend_before_filter.
 
       ##
       # :method: skip_before_action
@@ -101,7 +113,6 @@ module AbstractController
       # :call-seq: skip_before_action(names)
       #
       # Skip a callback before actions. See _insert_callbacks for parameter details.
-      # Aliased as skip_before_filter.
 
       ##
       # :method: append_before_action
@@ -109,7 +120,6 @@ module AbstractController
       # :call-seq: append_before_action(names, block)
       #
       # Append a callback before actions. See _insert_callbacks for parameter details.
-      # Aliased as append_before_filter.
 
       ##
       # :method: after_action
@@ -117,7 +127,6 @@ module AbstractController
       # :call-seq: after_action(names, block)
       #
       # Append a callback after actions. See _insert_callbacks for parameter details.
-      # Aliased as after_filter.
 
       ##
       # :method: prepend_after_action
@@ -125,7 +134,6 @@ module AbstractController
       # :call-seq: prepend_after_action(names, block)
       #
       # Prepend a callback after actions. See _insert_callbacks for parameter details.
-      # Aliased as prepend_after_filter.
 
       ##
       # :method: skip_after_action
@@ -133,7 +141,6 @@ module AbstractController
       # :call-seq: skip_after_action(names)
       #
       # Skip a callback after actions. See _insert_callbacks for parameter details.
-      # Aliased as skip_after_filter.
 
       ##
       # :method: append_after_action
@@ -141,7 +148,6 @@ module AbstractController
       # :call-seq: append_after_action(names, block)
       #
       # Append a callback after actions. See _insert_callbacks for parameter details.
-      # Aliased as append_after_filter.
 
       ##
       # :method: around_action
@@ -149,7 +155,6 @@ module AbstractController
       # :call-seq: around_action(names, block)
       #
       # Append a callback around actions. See _insert_callbacks for parameter details.
-      # Aliased as around_filter.
 
       ##
       # :method: prepend_around_action
@@ -157,7 +162,6 @@ module AbstractController
       # :call-seq: prepend_around_action(names, block)
       #
       # Prepend a callback around actions. See _insert_callbacks for parameter details.
-      # Aliased as prepend_around_filter.
 
       ##
       # :method: skip_around_action
@@ -165,7 +169,6 @@ module AbstractController
       # :call-seq: skip_around_action(names)
       #
       # Skip a callback around actions. See _insert_callbacks for parameter details.
-      # Aliased as skip_around_filter.
 
       ##
       # :method: append_around_action
@@ -173,46 +176,52 @@ module AbstractController
       # :call-seq: append_around_action(names, block)
       #
       # Append a callback around actions. See _insert_callbacks for parameter details.
-      # Aliased as append_around_filter.
 
       # set up before_action, prepend_before_action, skip_before_action, etc.
       # for each of before, after, and around.
       [:before, :after, :around].each do |callback|
-        class_eval <<-RUBY_EVAL, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-          # Append a before, after or around callback. See _insert_callbacks
-          # for details on the allowed parameters.
-          def #{callback}_action(*names, &blk)                                                    # def before_action(*names, &blk)
-            _insert_callbacks(names, blk) do |name, options|                                      #   _insert_callbacks(names, blk) do |name, options|
-              set_callback(:process_action, :#{callback}, name, options)                          #     set_callback(:process_action, :before, name, options)
-            end                                                                                   #   end
-          end                                                                                     # end
-
-          alias_method :#{callback}_filter, :#{callback}_action
-
-          # Prepend a before, after or around callback. See _insert_callbacks
-          # for details on the allowed parameters.
-          def prepend_#{callback}_action(*names, &blk)                                            # def prepend_before_action(*names, &blk)
-            _insert_callbacks(names, blk) do |name, options|                                      #   _insert_callbacks(names, blk) do |name, options|
-              set_callback(:process_action, :#{callback}, name, options.merge(:prepend => true))  #     set_callback(:process_action, :before, name, options.merge(:prepend => true))
-            end                                                                                   #   end
-          end                                                                                     # end
-
-          alias_method :prepend_#{callback}_filter, :prepend_#{callback}_action
-
-          # Skip a before, after or around callback. See _insert_callbacks
-          # for details on the allowed parameters.
-          def skip_#{callback}_action(*names)                                                     # def skip_before_action(*names)
-            _insert_callbacks(names) do |name, options|                                           #   _insert_callbacks(names) do |name, options|
-              skip_callback(:process_action, :#{callback}, name, options)                         #     skip_callback(:process_action, :before, name, options)
-            end                                                                                   #   end
-          end                                                                                     # end
-
-          alias_method :skip_#{callback}_filter, :skip_#{callback}_action
-
-          # *_action is the same as append_*_action
-          alias_method :append_#{callback}_action, :#{callback}_action  # alias_method :append_before_action, :before_action
-          alias_method :append_#{callback}_filter, :#{callback}_action  # alias_method :append_before_filter, :before_action
-        RUBY_EVAL
+        define_method "#{callback}_action" do |*names, &blk|
+          _insert_callbacks(names, blk) do |name, options|
+            set_callback(:process_action, callback, name, options)
+          end
+        end
+
+        define_method "#{callback}_filter" do |*names, &blk|
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("#{callback}_filter is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.1. Use #{callback}_action instead.")
+          send("#{callback}_action", *names, &blk)
+        end
+
+        define_method "prepend_#{callback}_action" do |*names, &blk|
+          _insert_callbacks(names, blk) do |name, options|
+            set_callback(:process_action, callback, name, options.merge(:prepend => true))
+          end
+        end
+
+        define_method "prepend_#{callback}_filter" do |*names, &blk|
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("prepend_#{callback}_filter is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.1. Use prepend_#{callback}_action instead.")
+          send("prepend_#{callback}_action", *names, &blk)
+        end
+
+        # Skip a before, after or around callback. See _insert_callbacks
+        # for details on the allowed parameters.
+        define_method "skip_#{callback}_action" do |*names|
+          _insert_callbacks(names) do |name, options|
+            skip_callback(:process_action, callback, name, options)
+          end
+        end
+
+        define_method "skip_#{callback}_filter" do |*names, &blk|
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("skip_#{callback}_filter is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.1. Use skip_#{callback}_action instead.")
+          send("skip_#{callback}_action", *names, &blk)
+        end
+
+        # *_action is the same as append_*_action
+        alias_method :"append_#{callback}_action", :"#{callback}_action"
+
+        define_method "append_#{callback}_filter" do |*names, &blk|
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("append_#{callback}_filter is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.1. Use append_#{callback}_action instead.")
+          send("append_#{callback}_action", *names, &blk)
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/collector.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/collector.rb
index ddd56b354a..55654be224 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/collector.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/collector.rb
@@ -4,11 +4,10 @@ module AbstractController
   module Collector
     def self.generate_method_for_mime(mime)
       sym = mime.is_a?(Symbol) ? mime : mime.to_sym
-      const = sym.upcase
       class_eval <<-RUBY, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-        def #{sym}(*args, &block)                # def html(*args, &block)
-          custom(Mime::#{const}, *args, &block)  #   custom(Mime::HTML, *args, &block)
-        end                                      # end
+        def #{sym}(*args, &block)
+          custom(Mime[:#{sym}], *args, &block)
+        end
       RUBY
     end
 
@@ -23,9 +22,7 @@ module AbstractController
   protected
 
     def method_missing(symbol, &block)
-      const_name = symbol.upcase
-
-      unless Mime.const_defined?(const_name)
+      unless mime_constant = Mime[symbol]
         raise NoMethodError, "To respond to a custom format, register it as a MIME type first: " \
           "http://guides.rubyonrails.org/action_controller_overview.html#restful-downloads. " \
           "If you meant to respond to a variant like :tablet or :phone, not a custom format, " \
@@ -33,8 +30,6 @@ module AbstractController
           "format.html { |html| html.tablet { ... } }"
       end
 
-      mime_constant = Mime.const_get(const_name)
-
       if Mime::SET.include?(mime_constant)
         AbstractController::Collector.generate_method_for_mime(mime_constant)
         send(symbol, &block)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/helpers.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/helpers.rb
index e77e4e01e9..d84c238a62 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/helpers.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/helpers.rb
@@ -27,9 +27,6 @@ module AbstractController
     end
 
     module ClassMethods
-      MissingHelperError = ActiveSupport::Deprecation::DeprecatedConstantProxy.new('AbstractController::Helpers::ClassMethods::MissingHelperError',
-                                                                                   'AbstractController::Helpers::MissingHelperError')
-
       # When a class is inherited, wrap its helper module in a new module.
       # This ensures that the parent class's module can be changed
       # independently of the child class's.
@@ -153,7 +150,17 @@ module AbstractController
             rescue LoadError => e
               raise AbstractController::Helpers::MissingHelperError.new(e, file_name)
             end
-            file_name.camelize.constantize
+
+            mod_name = file_name.camelize
+            begin
+              mod_name.constantize
+            rescue LoadError
+              # dependencies.rb gives a similar error message but its wording is
+              # not as clear because it mentions autoloading. To the user all it
+              # matters is that a helper module couldn't be loaded, autoloading
+              # is an internal mechanism that should not leak.
+              raise NameError, "Couldn't find #{mod_name}, expected it to be defined in helpers/#{file_name}.rb"
+            end
           when Module
             arg
           else
@@ -174,10 +181,10 @@ module AbstractController
       end
 
       def default_helper_module!
-        module_name = name.sub(/Controller$/, '')
+        module_name = name.sub(/Controller$/, ''.freeze)
         module_path = module_name.underscore
         helper module_path
-      rescue MissingSourceFile => e
+      rescue LoadError => e
         raise e unless e.is_missing? "helpers/#{module_path}_helper"
       rescue NameError => e
         raise e unless e.missing_name? "#{module_name}Helper"
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/railties/routes_helpers.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/railties/routes_helpers.rb
index 6684f46f64..14b574e322 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/railties/routes_helpers.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/railties/routes_helpers.rb
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 module AbstractController
   module Railties
     module RoutesHelpers
-      def self.with(routes)
+      def self.with(routes, include_path_helpers = true)
         Module.new do
           define_method(:inherited) do |klass|
             super(klass)
             if namespace = klass.parents.detect { |m| m.respond_to?(:railtie_routes_url_helpers) }
-              klass.send(:include, namespace.railtie_routes_url_helpers)
+              klass.include(namespace.railtie_routes_url_helpers(include_path_helpers))
             else
-              klass.send(:include, routes.url_helpers)
+              klass.include(routes.url_helpers(include_path_helpers))
             end
           end
         end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/rendering.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/rendering.rb
index 9d10140ed2..a73f188623 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/rendering.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/rendering.rb
@@ -17,24 +17,28 @@ module AbstractController
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
     include ActionView::ViewPaths
 
-    # Normalize arguments, options and then delegates render_to_body and
-    # sticks the result in self.response_body.
+    # Normalizes arguments, options and then delegates render_to_body and
+    # sticks the result in <tt>self.response_body</tt>.
     # :api: public
     def render(*args, &block)
       options = _normalize_render(*args, &block)
-      self.response_body = render_to_body(options)
-      _process_format(rendered_format, options) if rendered_format
-      self.response_body
+      rendered_body = render_to_body(options)
+      if options[:html]
+        _set_html_content_type
+      else
+        _set_rendered_content_type rendered_format
+      end
+      self.response_body = rendered_body
     end
 
     # Raw rendering of a template to a string.
     #
     # It is similar to render, except that it does not
-    # set the response_body and it should be guaranteed
+    # set the +response_body+ and it should be guaranteed
     # to always return a string.
     #
-    # If a component extends the semantics of response_body
-    # (as Action Controller extends it to be anything that
+    # If a component extends the semantics of +response_body+
+    # (as ActionController extends it to be anything that
     # responds to the method each), this method needs to be
     # overridden in order to still return a string.
     # :api: plugin
@@ -51,14 +55,14 @@ module AbstractController
     # Returns Content-Type of rendered content
     # :api: public
     def rendered_format
-      Mime::TEXT
+      Mime[:text]
     end
 
-    DEFAULT_PROTECTED_INSTANCE_VARIABLES = Set.new %w(
+    DEFAULT_PROTECTED_INSTANCE_VARIABLES = Set.new %i(
       @_action_name @_response_body @_formats @_prefixes @_config
       @_view_context_class @_view_renderer @_lookup_context
       @_routes @_db_runtime
-    ).map(&:to_sym)
+    )
 
     # This method should return a hash with assigns.
     # You can overwrite this configuration per controller.
@@ -73,8 +77,9 @@ module AbstractController
       }
     end
 
-    # Normalize args by converting render "foo" to render :action => "foo" and
-    # render "foo/bar" to render :file => "foo/bar".
+    # Normalize args by converting <tt>render "foo"</tt> to
+    # <tt>render :action => "foo"</tt> and <tt>render "foo/bar"</tt> to
+    # <tt>render :file => "foo/bar"</tt>.
     # :api: plugin
     def _normalize_args(action=nil, options={})
       if action.is_a? Hash
@@ -98,7 +103,13 @@ module AbstractController
 
     # Process the rendered format.
     # :api: private
-    def _process_format(format, options = {})
+    def _process_format(format)
+    end
+
+    def _set_html_content_type # :nodoc:
+    end
+
+    def _set_rendered_content_type(format) # :nodoc:
     end
 
     # Normalize args and options.
@@ -106,7 +117,7 @@ module AbstractController
     def _normalize_render(*args, &block)
       options = _normalize_args(*args, &block)
       #TODO: remove defined? when we restore AP <=> AV dependency
-      if defined?(request) && request && request.variant.present?
+      if defined?(request) && request.variant.present?
         options[:variant] = request.variant
       end
       _normalize_options(options)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/translation.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/translation.rb
index 02028d8e05..56b8ce895e 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/translation.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/translation.rb
@@ -8,14 +8,15 @@ module AbstractController
     # <tt>I18n.translate("people.index.foo")</tt>. This makes it less repetitive
     # to translate many keys within the same controller / action and gives you a
     # simple framework for scoping them consistently.
-    def translate(*args)
-      key = args.first
-      if key.is_a?(String) && (key[0] == '.')
-        key = "#{ controller_path.tr('/', '.') }.#{ action_name }#{ key }"
-        args[0] = key
+    def translate(key, options = {})
+      if key.to_s.first == '.'
+        path = controller_path.tr('/', '.')
+        defaults = [:"#{path}#{key}"]
+        defaults << options[:default] if options[:default]
+        options[:default] = defaults
+        key = "#{path}.#{action_name}#{key}"
       end
-
-      I18n.translate(*args)
+      I18n.translate(key, options)
     end
     alias :t :translate
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/url_for.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/url_for.rb
index 4a95e1f276..72d07b0927 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/url_for.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/url_for.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ module AbstractController
 
     def _routes
       raise "In order to use #url_for, you must include routing helpers explicitly. " \
-            "For instance, `include Rails.application.routes.url_helpers"
+            "For instance, `include Rails.application.routes.url_helpers`."
     end
 
     module ClassMethods
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller.rb
index 50bc26a80f..3d3af555c9 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller.rb
@@ -7,33 +7,34 @@ require 'action_controller/metal/strong_parameters'
 module ActionController
   extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
 
+  autoload :API
   autoload :Base
   autoload :Caching
   autoload :Metal
   autoload :Middleware
+  autoload :Renderer
+  autoload :FormBuilder
 
   autoload_under "metal" do
-    autoload :Compatibility
     autoload :ConditionalGet
     autoload :Cookies
     autoload :DataStreaming
+    autoload :EtagWithTemplateDigest
     autoload :Flash
     autoload :ForceSSL
     autoload :Head
     autoload :Helpers
-    autoload :HideActions
     autoload :HttpAuthentication
+    autoload :BasicImplicitRender
     autoload :ImplicitRender
     autoload :Instrumentation
     autoload :MimeResponds
     autoload :ParamsWrapper
-    autoload :RackDelegation
     autoload :Redirecting
     autoload :Renderers
     autoload :Rendering
     autoload :RequestForgeryProtection
     autoload :Rescue
-    autoload :Responder
     autoload :Streaming
     autoload :StrongParameters
     autoload :Testing
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/api.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/api.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1a46d49a49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/api.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+require 'action_view'
+require 'action_controller'
+require 'action_controller/log_subscriber'
+
+module ActionController
+  # API Controller is a lightweight version of <tt>ActionController::Base</tt>,
+  # created for applications that don't require all functionalities that a complete
+  # \Rails controller provides, allowing you to create controllers with just the
+  # features that you need for API only applications.
+  #
+  # An API Controller is different from a normal controller in the sense that
+  # by default it doesn't include a number of features that are usually required
+  # by browser access only: layouts and templates rendering, cookies, sessions,
+  # flash, assets, and so on. This makes the entire controller stack thinner,
+  # suitable for API applications. It doesn't mean you won't have such
+  # features if you need them: they're all available for you to include in
+  # your application, they're just not part of the default API Controller stack.
+  #
+  # By default, only the ApplicationController in a \Rails application inherits
+  # from <tt>ActionController::API</tt>. All other controllers in turn inherit
+  # from ApplicationController.
+  #
+  # A sample controller could look like this:
+  #
+  #   class PostsController < ApplicationController
+  #     def index
+  #       @posts = Post.all
+  #       render json: @posts
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  # Request, response and parameters objects all work the exact same way as
+  # <tt>ActionController::Base</tt>.
+  #
+  # == Renders
+  #
+  # The default API Controller stack includes all renderers, which means you
+  # can use <tt>render :json</tt> and brothers freely in your controllers. Keep
+  # in mind that templates are not going to be rendered, so you need to ensure
+  # your controller is calling either <tt>render</tt> or <tt>redirect</tt> in
+  # all actions, otherwise it will return 204 No Content response.
+  #
+  #   def show
+  #     @post = Post.find(params[:id])
+  #     render json: @post
+  #   end
+  #
+  # == Redirects
+  #
+  # Redirects are used to move from one action to another. You can use the
+  # <tt>redirect</tt> method in your controllers in the same way as
+  # <tt>ActionController::Base</tt>. For example:
+  #
+  #   def create
+  #     redirect_to root_url and return if not_authorized?
+  #     # do stuff here
+  #   end
+  #
+  # == Adding new behavior
+  #
+  # In some scenarios you may want to add back some functionality provided by
+  # <tt>ActionController::Base</tt> that is not present by default in
+  # <tt>ActionController::API</tt>, for instance <tt>MimeResponds</tt>. This
+  # module gives you the <tt>respond_to</tt> method. Adding it is quite simple,
+  # you just need to include the module in a specific controller or in
+  # +ApplicationController+ in case you want it available in your entire
+  # application:
+  #
+  #   class ApplicationController < ActionController::API
+  #     include ActionController::MimeResponds
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   class PostsController < ApplicationController
+  #     def index
+  #       @posts = Post.all
+  #
+  #       respond_to do |format|
+  #         format.json { render json: @posts }
+  #         format.xml  { render xml: @posts }
+  #       end
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  # Quite straightforward. Make sure to check <tt>ActionController::Base</tt>
+  # available modules if you want to include any other functionality that is
+  # not provided by <tt>ActionController::API</tt> out of the box.
+  class API < Metal
+    abstract!
+
+    # Shortcut helper that returns all the ActionController::API modules except
+    # the ones passed as arguments:
+    #
+    #   class MyAPIBaseController < ActionController::Metal
+    #     ActionController::API.without_modules(:ForceSSL, :UrlFor).each do |left|
+    #       include left
+    #     end
+    #   end
+    #
+    # This gives better control over what you want to exclude and makes it easier
+    # to create an API controller class, instead of listing the modules required
+    # manually.
+    def self.without_modules(*modules)
+      modules = modules.map do |m|
+        m.is_a?(Symbol) ? ActionController.const_get(m) : m
+      end
+
+      MODULES - modules
+    end
+
+    MODULES = [
+      AbstractController::Rendering,
+
+      UrlFor,
+      Redirecting,
+      Rendering,
+      Renderers::All,
+      ConditionalGet,
+      BasicImplicitRender,
+      StrongParameters,
+
+      ForceSSL,
+      DataStreaming,
+
+      # Before callbacks should also be executed as early as possible, so
+      # also include them at the bottom.
+      AbstractController::Callbacks,
+
+      # Append rescue at the bottom to wrap as much as possible.
+      Rescue,
+
+      # Add instrumentations hooks at the bottom, to ensure they instrument
+      # all the methods properly.
+      Instrumentation,
+
+      # Params wrapper should come before instrumentation so they are
+      # properly showed in logs
+      ParamsWrapper
+    ]
+
+    MODULES.each do |mod|
+      include mod
+    end
+
+    ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:action_controller, self)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb
index e6fe6b0b00..04e5922ce8 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb
@@ -44,15 +44,15 @@ module ActionController
   # The full request object is available via the request accessor and is primarily used to query for HTTP headers:
   #
   #   def server_ip
-  #     location = request.env["SERVER_ADDR"]
+  #     location = request.env["REMOTE_ADDR"]
   #     render plain: "This server hosted at #{location}"
   #   end
   #
   # == Parameters
   #
-  # All request parameters, whether they come from a GET or POST request, or from the URL, are available through the params method
-  # which returns a hash. For example, an action that was performed through <tt>/posts?category=All&limit=5</tt> will include
-  # <tt>{ "category" => "All", "limit" => "5" }</tt> in params.
+  # All request parameters, whether they come from a query string in the URL or form data submitted through a POST request are
+  # available through the params method which returns a hash. For example, an action that was performed through
+  # <tt>/posts?category=All&limit=5</tt> will include <tt>{ "category" => "All", "limit" => "5" }</tt> in params.
   #
   # It's also possible to construct multi-dimensional parameter hashes by specifying keys using brackets, such as:
   #
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ module ActionController
     # Shortcut helper that returns all the modules included in
     # ActionController::Base except the ones passed as arguments:
     #
-    #   class MetalController
+    #   class MyBaseController < ActionController::Metal
     #     ActionController::Base.without_modules(:ParamsWrapper, :Streaming).each do |left|
     #       include left
     #     end
@@ -206,14 +206,13 @@ module ActionController
       AbstractController::AssetPaths,
 
       Helpers,
-      HideActions,
       UrlFor,
       Redirecting,
       ActionView::Layouts,
       Rendering,
       Renderers::All,
       ConditionalGet,
-      RackDelegation,
+      EtagWithTemplateDigest,
       Caching,
       MimeResponds,
       ImplicitRender,
@@ -221,6 +220,7 @@ module ActionController
 
       Cookies,
       Flash,
+      FormBuilder,
       RequestForgeryProtection,
       ForceSSL,
       Streaming,
@@ -248,20 +248,17 @@ module ActionController
     MODULES.each do |mod|
       include mod
     end
+    setup_renderer!
 
     # Define some internal variables that should not be propagated to the view.
     PROTECTED_IVARS = AbstractController::Rendering::DEFAULT_PROTECTED_INSTANCE_VARIABLES + [
-      :@_status, :@_headers, :@_params, :@_env, :@_response, :@_request,
+      :@_params, :@_response, :@_request,
       :@_view_runtime, :@_stream, :@_url_options, :@_action_has_layout ]
 
     def _protected_ivars # :nodoc:
       PROTECTED_IVARS
     end
 
-    def self.protected_instance_variables
-      PROTECTED_IVARS
-    end
-
     ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:action_controller, self)
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching.rb
index 12d798d0c1..0b8fa2ea09 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 require 'fileutils'
 require 'uri'
-require 'set'
 
 module ActionController
   # \Caching is a cheap way of speeding up slow applications by keeping the result of
@@ -8,7 +7,7 @@ module ActionController
   #
   # You can read more about each approach by clicking the modules below.
   #
-  # Note: To turn off all caching, set
+  # Note: To turn off all caching provided by Action Controller, set
   #   config.action_controller.perform_caching = false
   #
   # == \Caching stores
@@ -16,7 +15,7 @@ module ActionController
   # All the caching stores from ActiveSupport::Cache are available to be used as backends
   # for Action Controller caching.
   #
-  # Configuration examples (MemoryStore is the default):
+  # Configuration examples (FileStore is the default):
   #
   #   config.action_controller.cache_store = :memory_store
   #   config.action_controller.cache_store = :file_store, '/path/to/cache/directory'
@@ -46,7 +45,6 @@ module ActionController
         end
     end
 
-    include RackDelegation
     include AbstractController::Callbacks
 
     include ConfigMethods
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/fragments.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/fragments.rb
index 879d5fdd94..b9ad51a9cf 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/fragments.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/fragments.rb
@@ -14,12 +14,57 @@ module ActionController
     #
     #   expire_fragment('name_of_cache')
     module Fragments
+      extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+      included do
+        if respond_to?(:class_attribute)
+          class_attribute :fragment_cache_keys
+        else
+          mattr_writer :fragment_cache_keys
+        end
+
+        self.fragment_cache_keys = []
+
+        helper_method :fragment_cache_key if respond_to?(:helper_method)
+      end
+
+      module ClassMethods
+        # Allows you to specify controller-wide key prefixes for
+        # cache fragments. Pass either a constant +value+, or a block
+        # which computes a value each time a cache key is generated.
+        #
+        # For example, you may want to prefix all fragment cache keys
+        # with a global version identifier, so you can easily
+        # invalidate all caches.
+        #
+        #   class ApplicationController
+        #     fragment_cache_key "v1"
+        #   end
+        #
+        # When it's time to invalidate all fragments, simply change
+        # the string constant. Or, progressively roll out the cache
+        # invalidation using a computed value:
+        #
+        #   class ApplicationController
+        #     fragment_cache_key do
+        #       @account.id.odd? ? "v1" : "v2"
+        #     end
+        #   end
+        def fragment_cache_key(value = nil, &key)
+          self.fragment_cache_keys += [key || ->{ value }]
+        end
+      end
+
       # Given a key (as described in +expire_fragment+), returns
       # a key suitable for use in reading, writing, or expiring a
-      # cached fragment. All keys are prefixed with <tt>views/</tt> and uses
-      # ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key for the expansion.
+      # cached fragment. All keys begin with <tt>views/</tt>,
+      # followed by any controller-wide key prefix values, ending
+      # with the specified +key+ value. The key is expanded using
+      # ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key.
       def fragment_cache_key(key)
-        ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key(key.is_a?(Hash) ? url_for(key).split("://").last : key, :views)
+        head = self.class.fragment_cache_keys.map { |k| instance_exec(&k) }
+        tail = key.is_a?(Hash) ? url_for(key).split("://").last : key
+        ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key([*head, *tail], :views)
       end
 
       # Writes +content+ to the location signified by
@@ -90,7 +135,13 @@ module ActionController
       end
 
       def instrument_fragment_cache(name, key) # :nodoc:
-        ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("#{name}.action_controller", :key => key){ yield }
+        payload = {
+          controller: controller_name,
+          action: action_name,
+          key: key
+        }
+
+        ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("#{name}.action_controller", payload) { yield }
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/form_builder.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/form_builder.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f2656ca894
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/form_builder.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+module ActionController
+  # Override the default form builder for all views rendered by this
+  # controller and any of its descendants. Accepts a subclass of
+  # +ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder+.
+  #
+  # For example, given a form builder:
+  #
+  #   class AdminFormBuilder < ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder
+  #     def special_field(name)
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  # The controller specifies a form builder as its default:
+  #
+  #   class AdminAreaController < ApplicationController
+  #     default_form_builder AdminFormBuilder
+  #   end
+  #
+  # Then in the view any form using +form_for+ will be an instance of the
+  # specified form builder:
+  #
+  #   <%= form_for(@instance) do |builder| %>
+  #     <%= builder.special_field(:name) %>
+  #   <% end %>
+  module FormBuilder
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    included do
+      class_attribute :_default_form_builder, instance_accessor: false
+    end
+
+    module ClassMethods
+      # Set the form builder to be used as the default for all forms
+      # in the views rendered by this controller and its subclasses.
+      #
+      # ==== Parameters
+      # * <tt>builder</tt> - Default form builder, an instance of +ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder+
+      def default_form_builder(builder)
+        self._default_form_builder = builder
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Default form builder for the controller
+    def default_form_builder
+      self.class._default_form_builder
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/log_subscriber.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/log_subscriber.rb
index e920a33765..4c9f14e409 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/log_subscriber.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/log_subscriber.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 module ActionController
   class LogSubscriber < ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber
     INTERNAL_PARAMS = %w(controller action format _method only_path)
@@ -16,50 +15,42 @@ module ActionController
     end
 
     def process_action(event)
-      return unless logger.info?
-
-      payload   = event.payload
-      additions = ActionController::Base.log_process_action(payload)
-
-      status = payload[:status]
-      if status.nil? && payload[:exception].present?
-        exception_class_name = payload[:exception].first
-        status = ActionDispatch::ExceptionWrapper.status_code_for_exception(exception_class_name)
+      info do
+        payload   = event.payload
+        additions = ActionController::Base.log_process_action(payload)
+
+        status = payload[:status]
+        if status.nil? && payload[:exception].present?
+          exception_class_name = payload[:exception].first
+          status = ActionDispatch::ExceptionWrapper.status_code_for_exception(exception_class_name)
+        end
+        message = "Completed #{status} #{Rack::Utils::HTTP_STATUS_CODES[status]} in #{event.duration.round}ms"
+        message << " (#{additions.join(" | ".freeze)})" unless additions.blank?
+        message
       end
-      message = "Completed #{status} #{Rack::Utils::HTTP_STATUS_CODES[status]} in #{event.duration.round}ms"
-      message << " (#{additions.join(" | ")})" unless additions.blank?
-
-      info(message)
     end
 
     def halted_callback(event)
-      info("Filter chain halted as #{event.payload[:filter].inspect} rendered or redirected")
+      info { "Filter chain halted as #{event.payload[:filter].inspect} rendered or redirected" }
     end
 
     def send_file(event)
-      info("Sent file #{event.payload[:path]} (#{event.duration.round(1)}ms)")
+      info { "Sent file #{event.payload[:path]} (#{event.duration.round(1)}ms)" }
     end
 
     def redirect_to(event)
-      info("Redirected to #{event.payload[:location]}")
+      info { "Redirected to #{event.payload[:location]}" }
     end
 
     def send_data(event)
-      info("Sent data #{event.payload[:filename]} (#{event.duration.round(1)}ms)")
+      info { "Sent data #{event.payload[:filename]} (#{event.duration.round(1)}ms)" }
     end
 
     def unpermitted_parameters(event)
-      unpermitted_keys = event.payload[:keys]
-      debug("Unpermitted parameter#{'s' if unpermitted_keys.size > 1}: #{unpermitted_keys.join(", ")}")
-    end
-
-    def deep_munge(event)
-      message = "Value for params[:#{event.payload[:keys].join('][:')}] was set"\
-                "to nil, because it was one of [], [null] or [null, null, ...]."\
-                "Go to http://guides.rubyonrails.org/security.html#unsafe-query-generation"\
-                "for more information."\
-
-      debug(message)
+      debug do
+        unpermitted_keys = event.payload[:keys]
+        "Unpermitted parameter#{'s' if unpermitted_keys.size > 1}: #{unpermitted_keys.join(", ")}"
+      end
     end
 
     %w(write_fragment read_fragment exist_fragment?
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal.rb
index b84c9e78c3..8e040bb465 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
 require 'action_dispatch/middleware/stack'
+require 'action_dispatch/http/request'
+require 'action_dispatch/http/response'
 
 module ActionController
   # Extend ActionDispatch middleware stack to make it aware of options
@@ -11,34 +13,50 @@ module ActionController
   #
   class MiddlewareStack < ActionDispatch::MiddlewareStack #:nodoc:
     class Middleware < ActionDispatch::MiddlewareStack::Middleware #:nodoc:
-      def initialize(klass, *args, &block)
-        options = args.extract_options!
-        @only   = Array(options.delete(:only)).map(&:to_s)
-        @except = Array(options.delete(:except)).map(&:to_s)
-        args << options unless options.empty?
-        super
+      def initialize(klass, args, actions, strategy, block)
+        @actions = actions
+        @strategy = strategy
+        super(klass, args, block)
       end
 
       def valid?(action)
-        if @only.present?
-          @only.include?(action)
-        elsif @except.present?
-          !@except.include?(action)
-        else
-          true
-        end
+        @strategy.call @actions, action
       end
     end
 
-    def build(action, app=nil, &block)
-      app  ||= block
+    def build(action, app = Proc.new)
       action = action.to_s
-      raise "MiddlewareStack#build requires an app" unless app
 
       middlewares.reverse.inject(app) do |a, middleware|
         middleware.valid?(action) ? middleware.build(a) : a
       end
     end
+
+    private
+
+    INCLUDE = ->(list, action) { list.include? action }
+    EXCLUDE = ->(list, action) { !list.include? action }
+    NULL    = ->(list, action) { true }
+
+    def build_middleware(klass, args, block)
+      options = args.extract_options!
+      only   = Array(options.delete(:only)).map(&:to_s)
+      except = Array(options.delete(:except)).map(&:to_s)
+      args << options unless options.empty?
+
+      strategy = NULL
+      list     = nil
+
+      if only.any?
+        strategy = INCLUDE
+        list     = only
+      elsif except.any?
+        strategy = EXCLUDE
+        list     = except
+      end
+
+      Middleware.new(get_class(klass), args, list, strategy, block)
+    end
   end
 
   # <tt>ActionController::Metal</tt> is the simplest possible controller, providing a
@@ -70,7 +88,8 @@ module ActionController
   # can do the following:
   #
   #   class HelloController < ActionController::Metal
-  #     include ActionController::Rendering
+  #     include AbstractController::Rendering
+  #     include ActionView::Layouts
   #     append_view_path "#{Rails.root}/app/views"
   #
   #     def index
@@ -99,11 +118,10 @@ module ActionController
   class Metal < AbstractController::Base
     abstract!
 
-    attr_internal_writer :env
-
     def env
-      @_env ||= {}
+      @_request.env
     end
+    deprecate :env
 
     # Returns the last part of the controller's name, underscored, without the ending
     # <tt>Controller</tt>. For instance, PostsController returns <tt>posts</tt>.
@@ -115,23 +133,23 @@ module ActionController
       @controller_name ||= name.demodulize.sub(/Controller$/, '').underscore
     end
 
+    def self.make_response!(request)
+      ActionDispatch::Response.create.tap do |res|
+        res.request = request
+      end
+    end
+
     # Delegates to the class' <tt>controller_name</tt>
     def controller_name
       self.class.controller_name
     end
 
-    # The details below can be overridden to support a specific
-    # Request and Response object. The default ActionController::Base
-    # implementation includes RackDelegation, which makes a request
-    # and response object available. You might wish to control the
-    # environment and response manually for performance reasons.
-
-    attr_internal :headers, :response, :request
+    attr_internal :response, :request
     delegate :session, :to => "@_request"
+    delegate :headers, :status=, :location=, :content_type=,
+             :status, :location, :content_type, :to => "@_response"
 
     def initialize
-      @_headers = {"Content-Type" => "text/html"}
-      @_status = 200
       @_request = nil
       @_response = nil
       @_routes = nil
@@ -146,58 +164,51 @@ module ActionController
       @_params = val
     end
 
-    # Basic implementations for content_type=, location=, and headers are
-    # provided to reduce the dependency on the RackDelegation module
-    # in Renderer and Redirector.
-
-    def content_type=(type)
-      headers["Content-Type"] = type.to_s
-    end
-
-    def content_type
-      headers["Content-Type"]
-    end
-
-    def location
-      headers["Location"]
-    end
-
-    def location=(url)
-      headers["Location"] = url
-    end
+    alias :response_code :status # :nodoc:
 
-    # basic url_for that can be overridden for more robust functionality
+    # Basic url_for that can be overridden for more robust functionality
     def url_for(string)
       string
     end
 
-    def status
-      @_status
-    end
-
-    def status=(status)
-      @_status = Rack::Utils.status_code(status)
-    end
-
     def response_body=(body)
       body = [body] unless body.nil? || body.respond_to?(:each)
+      response.reset_body!
+      body.each { |part|
+        next if part.empty?
+        response.write part
+      }
       super
     end
 
+    # Tests if render or redirect has already happened.
     def performed?
-      response_body || (response && response.committed?)
+      response_body || response.committed?
     end
 
-    def dispatch(name, request) #:nodoc:
-      @_request = request
-      @_env = request.env
-      @_env['action_controller.instance'] = self
+    def dispatch(name, request, response) #:nodoc:
+      set_request!(request)
+      set_response!(response)
       process(name)
+      request.commit_flash
       to_a
     end
 
+    def set_response!(response) # :nodoc:
+      @_response = response
+    end
+
+    def set_request!(request) #:nodoc:
+      @_request = request
+      @_request.controller_instance = self
+    end
+
     def to_a #:nodoc:
-      response ? response.to_a : [status, headers, response_body]
+      response.to_a
+    end
+
+    def reset_session
+      @_request.reset_session
     end
 
     class_attribute :middleware_stack
@@ -222,13 +233,35 @@ module ActionController
     # Makes the controller a Rack endpoint that runs the action in the given
     # +env+'s +action_dispatch.request.path_parameters+ key.
     def self.call(env)
-      action(env['action_dispatch.request.path_parameters'][:action]).call(env)
+      req = ActionDispatch::Request.new env
+      action(req.path_parameters[:action]).call(env)
     end
+    class << self; deprecate :call; end
 
     # Returns a Rack endpoint for the given action name.
-    def self.action(name, klass = ActionDispatch::Request)
-      middleware_stack.build(name.to_s) do |env|
-        new.dispatch(name, klass.new(env))
+    def self.action(name)
+      if middleware_stack.any?
+        middleware_stack.build(name) do |env|
+          req = ActionDispatch::Request.new(env)
+          res = make_response! req
+          new.dispatch(name, req, res)
+        end
+      else
+        lambda { |env|
+          req = ActionDispatch::Request.new(env)
+          res = make_response! req
+          new.dispatch(name, req, res)
+        }
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Direct dispatch to the controller.  Instantiates the controller, then
+    # executes the action named +name+.
+    def self.dispatch(name, req, res)
+      if middleware_stack.any?
+        middleware_stack.build(name) { |env| new.dispatch(name, req, res) }.call req.env
+      else
+        new.dispatch(name, req, res)
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/basic_implicit_render.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/basic_implicit_render.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6c6f8381ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/basic_implicit_render.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+module ActionController
+  module BasicImplicitRender
+    def send_action(method, *args)
+      super.tap { default_render unless performed? }
+    end
+
+    def default_render(*args)
+      head :no_content
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/conditional_get.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/conditional_get.rb
index 6e0cd51d8b..d86a793e4c 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/conditional_get.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/conditional_get.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ module ActionController
   module ConditionalGet
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
-    include RackDelegation
     include Head
 
     included do
@@ -13,9 +12,9 @@ module ActionController
     end
 
     module ClassMethods
-      # Allows you to consider additional controller-wide information when generating an etag.
+      # Allows you to consider additional controller-wide information when generating an ETag.
       # For example, if you serve pages tailored depending on who's logged in at the moment, you
-      # may want to add the current user id to be part of the etag to prevent authorized displaying
+      # may want to add the current user id to be part of the ETag to prevent unauthorized displaying
       # of cached pages.
       #
       #   class InvoicesController < ApplicationController
@@ -32,7 +31,7 @@ module ActionController
       end
     end
 
-    # Sets the etag, +last_modified+, or both on the response and renders a
+    # Sets the +etag+, +last_modified+, or both on the response and renders a
     # <tt>304 Not Modified</tt> response if the request is already fresh.
     #
     # === Parameters:
@@ -40,44 +39,63 @@ module ActionController
     # * <tt>:etag</tt>.
     # * <tt>:last_modified</tt>.
     # * <tt>:public</tt> By default the Cache-Control header is private, set this to
-    #   +true+ if you want your application to be cachable by other devices (proxy caches).
+    #   +true+ if you want your application to be cacheable by other devices (proxy caches).
+    # * <tt>:template</tt> By default, the template digest for the current
+    #   controller/action is included in ETags. If the action renders a
+    #   different template, you can include its digest instead. If the action
+    #   doesn't render a template at all, you can pass <tt>template: false</tt>
+    #   to skip any attempt to check for a template digest.
     #
     # === Example:
     #
     #   def show
     #     @article = Article.find(params[:id])
-    #     fresh_when(etag: @article, last_modified: @article.created_at, public: true)
+    #     fresh_when(etag: @article, last_modified: @article.updated_at, public: true)
     #   end
     #
-    # This will render the show template if the request isn't sending a matching etag or
+    # This will render the show template if the request isn't sending a matching ETag or
     # If-Modified-Since header and just a <tt>304 Not Modified</tt> response if there's a match.
     #
-    # You can also just pass a record where +last_modified+ will be set by calling
-    # +updated_at+ and the etag by passing the object itself.
+    # You can also just pass a record. In this case +last_modified+ will be set
+    # by calling +updated_at+ and +etag+ by passing the object itself.
     #
     #   def show
     #     @article = Article.find(params[:id])
     #     fresh_when(@article)
     #   end
     #
-    # When passing a record, you can still set whether the public header:
+    # You can also pass an object that responds to +maximum+, such as a
+    # collection of active records. In this case +last_modified+ will be set by
+    # calling <tt>maximum(:updated_at)</tt> on the collection (the timestamp of the
+    # most recently updated record) and the +etag+ by passing the object itself.
+    #
+    #   def index
+    #     @articles = Article.all
+    #     fresh_when(@articles)
+    #   end
+    #
+    # When passing a record or a collection, you can still set the public header:
     #
     #   def show
     #     @article = Article.find(params[:id])
     #     fresh_when(@article, public: true)
     #   end
-    def fresh_when(record_or_options, additional_options = {})
-      if record_or_options.is_a? Hash
-        options = record_or_options
-        options.assert_valid_keys(:etag, :last_modified, :public)
-      else
-        record  = record_or_options
-        options = { etag: record, last_modified: record.try(:updated_at) }.merge!(additional_options)
+    #
+    # When rendering a different template than the default controller/action
+    # style, you can indicate which digest to include in the ETag:
+    #
+    #   before_action { fresh_when @article, template: 'widgets/show' }
+    #
+    def fresh_when(object = nil, etag: object, last_modified: nil, public: false, template: nil)
+      last_modified ||= object.try(:updated_at) || object.try(:maximum, :updated_at)
+
+      if etag || template
+        response.etag = combine_etags(etag: etag, last_modified: last_modified,
+          public: public, template: template)
       end
 
-      response.etag          = combine_etags(options[:etag]) if options[:etag]
-      response.last_modified = options[:last_modified]       if options[:last_modified]
-      response.cache_control[:public] = true                 if options[:public]
+      response.last_modified = last_modified if last_modified
+      response.cache_control[:public] = true if public
 
       head :not_modified if request.fresh?(response)
     end
@@ -92,14 +110,19 @@ module ActionController
     # * <tt>:etag</tt>.
     # * <tt>:last_modified</tt>.
     # * <tt>:public</tt> By default the Cache-Control header is private, set this to
-    #   +true+ if you want your application to be cachable by other devices (proxy caches).
+    #   +true+ if you want your application to be cacheable by other devices (proxy caches).
+    # * <tt>:template</tt> By default, the template digest for the current
+    #   controller/action is included in ETags. If the action renders a
+    #   different template, you can include its digest instead. If the action
+    #   doesn't render a template at all, you can pass <tt>template: false</tt>
+    #   to skip any attempt to check for a template digest.
     #
     # === Example:
     #
     #   def show
     #     @article = Article.find(params[:id])
     #
-    #     if stale?(etag: @article, last_modified: @article.created_at)
+    #     if stale?(etag: @article, last_modified: @article.updated_at)
     #       @statistics = @article.really_expensive_call
     #       respond_to do |format|
     #         # all the supported formats
@@ -107,8 +130,8 @@ module ActionController
     #     end
     #   end
     #
-    # You can also just pass a record where +last_modified+ will be set by calling
-    # updated_at and the etag by passing the object itself.
+    # You can also just pass a record. In this case +last_modified+ will be set
+    # by calling +updated_at+ and +etag+ by passing the object itself.
     #
     #   def show
     #     @article = Article.find(params[:id])
@@ -121,7 +144,23 @@ module ActionController
     #     end
     #   end
     #
-    # When passing a record, you can still set whether the public header:
+    # You can also pass an object that responds to +maximum+, such as a
+    # collection of active records. In this case +last_modified+ will be set by
+    # calling +maximum(:updated_at)+ on the collection (the timestamp of the
+    # most recently updated record) and the +etag+ by passing the object itself.
+    #
+    #   def index
+    #     @articles = Article.all
+    #
+    #     if stale?(@articles)
+    #       @statistics = @articles.really_expensive_call
+    #       respond_to do |format|
+    #         # all the supported formats
+    #       end
+    #     end
+    #   end
+    #
+    # When passing a record or a collection, you can still set the public header:
     #
     #   def show
     #     @article = Article.find(params[:id])
@@ -133,8 +172,16 @@ module ActionController
     #       end
     #     end
     #   end
-    def stale?(record_or_options, additional_options = {})
-      fresh_when(record_or_options, additional_options)
+    #
+    # When rendering a different template than the default controller/action
+    # style, you can indicate which digest to include in the ETag:
+    #
+    #   def show
+    #     super if stale? @article, template: 'widgets/show'
+    #   end
+    #
+    def stale?(object = nil, etag: object, last_modified: nil, public: nil, template: nil)
+      fresh_when(object, etag: etag, last_modified: last_modified, public: public, template: template)
       !request.fresh?(response)
     end
 
@@ -167,9 +214,28 @@ module ActionController
       response.cache_control.replace(:no_cache => true)
     end
 
+    # Cache or yield the block. The cache is supposed to never expire.
+    #
+    # You can use this method when you have a HTTP response that never changes,
+    # and the browser and proxies should cache it indefinitely.
+    #
+    # * +public+: By default, HTTP responses are private, cached only on the
+    #   user's web browser. To allow proxies to cache the response, set +true+ to
+    #   indicate that they can serve the cached response to all users.
+    #
+    # * +version+: the version passed as a key for the cache.
+    def http_cache_forever(public: false, version: 'v1')
+      expires_in 100.years, public: public
+
+      yield if stale?(etag: "#{version}-#{request.fullpath}",
+                      last_modified: Time.parse('2011-01-01').utc,
+                      public: public)
+    end
+
     private
-      def combine_etags(etag)
-        [ etag, *etaggers.map { |etagger| instance_exec(&etagger) }.compact ]
+      def combine_etags(options)
+        etags = etaggers.map { |etagger| instance_exec(options, &etagger) }.compact
+        etags.unshift options[:etag]
       end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/cookies.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/cookies.rb
index d787f014cd..f8efb2b076 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/cookies.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/cookies.rb
@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
   module Cookies
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
-    include RackDelegation
-
     included do
       helper_method :cookies
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/data_streaming.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/data_streaming.rb
index 1abd8d3a33..957e7a3019 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/data_streaming.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/data_streaming.rb
@@ -72,27 +72,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
 
         self.status = options[:status] || 200
         self.content_type = options[:content_type] if options.key?(:content_type)
-        self.response_body = FileBody.new(path)
-      end
-
-      # Avoid having to pass an open file handle as the response body.
-      # Rack::Sendfile will usually intercept the response and uses
-      # the path directly, so there is no reason to open the file.
-      class FileBody #:nodoc:
-        attr_reader :to_path
-
-        def initialize(path)
-          @to_path = path
-        end
-
-        # Stream the file's contents if Rack::Sendfile isn't present.
-        def each
-          File.open(to_path, 'rb') do |file|
-            while chunk = file.read(16384)
-              yield chunk
-            end
-          end
-        end
+        response.send_file path
       end
 
       # Sends the given binary data to the browser. This method is similar to
@@ -126,7 +106,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
       # See +send_file+ for more information on HTTP Content-* headers and caching.
       def send_data(data, options = {}) #:doc:
         send_file_headers! options
-        render options.slice(:status, :content_type).merge(:text => data)
+        render options.slice(:status, :content_type).merge(body: data)
       end
 
     private
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/etag_with_template_digest.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/etag_with_template_digest.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..669cf55bca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/etag_with_template_digest.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+module ActionController
+  # When our views change, they should bubble up into HTTP cache freshness
+  # and bust browser caches. So the template digest for the current action
+  # is automatically included in the ETag.
+  #
+  # Enabled by default for apps that use Action View. Disable by setting
+  #
+  #   config.action_controller.etag_with_template_digest = false
+  #
+  # Override the template to digest by passing +:template+ to +fresh_when+
+  # and +stale?+ calls. For example:
+  #
+  #   # We're going to render widgets/show, not posts/show
+  #   fresh_when @post, template: 'widgets/show'
+  #
+  #   # We're not going to render a template, so omit it from the ETag.
+  #   fresh_when @post, template: false
+  #
+  module EtagWithTemplateDigest
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    include ActionController::ConditionalGet
+
+    included do
+      class_attribute :etag_with_template_digest
+      self.etag_with_template_digest = true
+
+      ActiveSupport.on_load :action_view, yield: true do
+        etag do |options|
+          determine_template_etag(options) if etag_with_template_digest
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+    def determine_template_etag(options)
+      if template = pick_template_for_etag(options)
+        lookup_and_digest_template(template)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def pick_template_for_etag(options)
+      options.fetch(:template) { "#{controller_name}/#{action_name}" }
+    end
+
+    def lookup_and_digest_template(template)
+      ActionView::Digestor.digest name: template, finder: lookup_context
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/exceptions.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/exceptions.rb
index 3844dbf2a6..5c0ada37be 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/exceptions.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/exceptions.rb
@@ -3,14 +3,19 @@ module ActionController
   end
 
   class BadRequest < ActionControllerError #:nodoc:
-    attr_reader :original_exception
+    def initialize(msg = nil, e = nil)
+      if e
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("Passing #original_exception is deprecated and has no effect. " \
+                                        "Exceptions will automatically capture the original exception.", caller)
+      end
 
-    def initialize(type = nil, e = nil)
-      return super() unless type && e
+      super(msg)
+      set_backtrace $!.backtrace if $!
+    end
 
-      super("Invalid #{type} parameters: #{e.message}")
-      @original_exception = e
-      set_backtrace e.backtrace
+    def original_exception
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("#original_exception is deprecated. Use #cause instead.", caller)
+      cause
     end
   end
 
@@ -25,7 +30,7 @@ module ActionController
     end
   end
 
-  class ActionController::UrlGenerationError < RoutingError #:nodoc:
+  class ActionController::UrlGenerationError < ActionControllerError #:nodoc:
   end
 
   class MethodNotAllowed < ActionControllerError #:nodoc:
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/force_ssl.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/force_ssl.rb
index a2cb6d1e66..e31d65aac2 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/force_ssl.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/force_ssl.rb
@@ -55,10 +55,10 @@ module ActionController
       # You can pass any of the following options to affect the before_action callback
       # * <tt>only</tt>       - The callback should be run only for this action
       # * <tt>except</tt>     - The callback should be run for all actions except this action
-      # * <tt>if</tt>         - A symbol naming an instance method or a proc; the callback
-      #                         will be called only when it returns a true value.
-      # * <tt>unless</tt>     - A symbol naming an instance method or a proc; the callback
-      #                         will be called only when it returns a false value.
+      # * <tt>if</tt>         - A symbol naming an instance method or a proc; the
+      #   callback will be called only when it returns a true value.
+      # * <tt>unless</tt>     - A symbol naming an instance method or a proc; the
+      #   callback will be called only when it returns a false value.
       def force_ssl(options = {})
         action_options = options.slice(*ACTION_OPTIONS)
         redirect_options = options.except(*ACTION_OPTIONS)
@@ -71,8 +71,8 @@ module ActionController
     # Redirect the existing request to use the HTTPS protocol.
     #
     # ==== Parameters
-    # * <tt>host_or_options</tt> - Either a host name or any of the url & redirect options
-    #                              available to the <tt>force_ssl</tt> method.
+    # * <tt>host_or_options</tt> - Either a host name or any of the url &
+    #   redirect options available to the <tt>force_ssl</tt> method.
     def force_ssl_redirect(host_or_options = nil)
       unless request.ssl?
         options = {
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ module ActionController
         if host_or_options.is_a?(Hash)
           options.merge!(host_or_options)
         elsif host_or_options
-          options.merge!(:host => host_or_options)
+          options[:host] = host_or_options
         end
 
         secure_url = ActionDispatch::Http::URL.url_for(options.slice(*URL_OPTIONS))
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/head.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/head.rb
index 43407f5b78..b2110bf946 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/head.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/head.rb
@@ -14,9 +14,21 @@ module ActionController
     #   return head(:method_not_allowed) unless request.post?
     #   return head(:bad_request) unless valid_request?
     #   render
+    #
+    # See Rack::Utils::SYMBOL_TO_STATUS_CODE for a full list of valid +status+ symbols.
     def head(status, options = {})
-      options, status = status, nil if status.is_a?(Hash)
-      status ||= options.delete(:status) || :ok
+      if status.is_a?(Hash)
+        msg = status[:status] ? 'The :status option' : 'The implicit :ok status'
+        options, status = status, status.delete(:status)
+
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
+          #{msg} on `head` has been deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.1.
+          Please pass the status as a separate parameter before the options, instead.
+        MSG
+      end
+
+      status ||= :ok
+
       location = options.delete(:location)
       content_type = options.delete(:content_type)
 
@@ -27,15 +39,14 @@ module ActionController
       self.status = status
       self.location = url_for(location) if location
 
-      if include_content?(self.status)
+      self.response_body = ""
+
+      if include_content?(self.response_code)
         self.content_type = content_type || (Mime[formats.first] if formats)
-        self.response.charset = false if self.response
-        self.response_body = " "
-      else
-        headers.delete('Content-Type')
-        headers.delete('Content-Length')
-        self.response_body = ""
+        self.response.charset = false
       end
+
+      true
     end
 
     private
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/helpers.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/helpers.rb
index a9c3e438fb..d3853e2e83 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/helpers.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/helpers.rb
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ module ActionController
   # extract complicated logic or reusable functionality is strongly encouraged. By default, each controller
   # will include all helpers. These helpers are only accessible on the controller through <tt>.helpers</tt>
   #
-  # In previous versions of \Rails the controller will include a helper whose
-  # name matches that of the controller, e.g., <tt>MyController</tt> will automatically
+  # In previous versions of \Rails the controller will include a helper which
+  # matches the name of the controller, e.g., <tt>MyController</tt> will automatically
   # include <tt>MyHelper</tt>. To return old behavior set +config.action_controller.include_all_helpers+ to +false+.
   #
   # Additional helpers can be specified using the +helper+ class method in ActionController::Base or any
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ module ActionController
   # the output might look like this:
   #
   #   23 Aug 11:30 | Carolina Railhawks Soccer Match
-  #   N/A | Carolina Railhaws Training Workshop
+  #   N/A | Carolina Railhawks Training Workshop
   #
   module Helpers
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ module ActionController
 
       # Provides a proxy to access helpers methods from outside the view.
       def helpers
-        @helper_proxy ||= begin 
+        @helper_proxy ||= begin
           proxy = ActionView::Base.new
           proxy.config = config.inheritable_copy
           proxy.extend(_helpers)
@@ -93,10 +93,14 @@ module ActionController
         super(args)
       end
 
+      # Returns a list of helper names in a given path.
+      #
+      #   ActionController::Base.all_helpers_from_path 'app/helpers'
+      #   # => ["application", "chart", "rubygems"]
       def all_helpers_from_path(path)
         helpers = Array(path).flat_map do |_path|
           extract = /^#{Regexp.quote(_path.to_s)}\/?(.*)_helper.rb$/
-          names = Dir["#{_path}/**/*_helper.rb"].map { |file| file.sub(extract, '\1') }
+          names = Dir["#{_path}/**/*_helper.rb"].map { |file| file.sub(extract, '\1'.freeze) }
           names.sort!
         end
         helpers.uniq!
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/hide_actions.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/hide_actions.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index af36ffa240..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/hide_actions.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-
-module ActionController
-  # Adds the ability to prevent public methods on a controller to be called as actions.
-  module HideActions
-    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-
-    included do
-      class_attribute :hidden_actions
-      self.hidden_actions = Set.new.freeze
-    end
-
-  private
-
-    # Overrides AbstractController::Base#action_method? to return false if the
-    # action name is in the list of hidden actions.
-    def method_for_action(action_name)
-      self.class.visible_action?(action_name) && super
-    end
-
-    module ClassMethods
-      # Sets all of the actions passed in as hidden actions.
-      #
-      # ==== Parameters
-      # * <tt>args</tt> - A list of actions
-      def hide_action(*args)
-        self.hidden_actions = hidden_actions.dup.merge(args.map(&:to_s)).freeze
-      end
-
-      def visible_action?(action_name)
-        not hidden_actions.include?(action_name)
-      end
-
-      # Overrides AbstractController::Base#action_methods to remove any methods
-      # that are listed as hidden methods.
-      def action_methods
-        @action_methods ||= Set.new(super.reject { |name| hidden_actions.include?(name) }).freeze
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/http_authentication.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/http_authentication.rb
index affeda8de6..2ac6e37e34 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/http_authentication.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/http_authentication.rb
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ module ActionController
     #
     #       def authenticate
     #         case request.format
-    #         when Mime::XML, Mime::ATOM
+    #         when Mime[:xml], Mime[:atom]
     #           if user = authenticate_with_http_basic { |u, p| @account.users.authenticate(u, p) }
     #             @current_user = user
     #           else
@@ -53,10 +53,8 @@ module ActionController
     # In your integration tests, you can do something like this:
     #
     #   def test_access_granted_from_xml
-    #     get(
-    #       "/notes/1.xml", nil,
-    #       'HTTP_AUTHORIZATION' => ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Basic.encode_credentials(users(:dhh).name, users(:dhh).password)
-    #     )
+    #     @request.env['HTTP_AUTHORIZATION'] = ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Basic.encode_credentials(users(:dhh).name, users(:dhh).password)
+    #     get "/notes/1.xml"
     #
     #     assert_equal 200, status
     #   end
@@ -76,41 +74,54 @@ module ActionController
           end
         end
 
-        def authenticate_or_request_with_http_basic(realm = "Application", &login_procedure)
-          authenticate_with_http_basic(&login_procedure) || request_http_basic_authentication(realm)
+        def authenticate_or_request_with_http_basic(realm = "Application", message = nil, &login_procedure)
+          authenticate_with_http_basic(&login_procedure) || request_http_basic_authentication(realm, message)
         end
 
         def authenticate_with_http_basic(&login_procedure)
           HttpAuthentication::Basic.authenticate(request, &login_procedure)
         end
 
-        def request_http_basic_authentication(realm = "Application")
-          HttpAuthentication::Basic.authentication_request(self, realm)
+        def request_http_basic_authentication(realm = "Application", message = nil)
+          HttpAuthentication::Basic.authentication_request(self, realm, message)
         end
       end
 
       def authenticate(request, &login_procedure)
-        unless request.authorization.blank?
+        if has_basic_credentials?(request)
           login_procedure.call(*user_name_and_password(request))
         end
       end
 
+      def has_basic_credentials?(request)
+        request.authorization.present? && (auth_scheme(request).downcase == 'basic')
+      end
+
       def user_name_and_password(request)
-        decode_credentials(request).split(/:/, 2)
+        decode_credentials(request).split(':', 2)
       end
 
       def decode_credentials(request)
-        ::Base64.decode64(request.authorization.split(' ', 2).last || '')
+        ::Base64.decode64(auth_param(request) || '')
+      end
+
+      def auth_scheme(request)
+        request.authorization.to_s.split(' ', 2).first
+      end
+
+      def auth_param(request)
+        request.authorization.to_s.split(' ', 2).second
       end
 
       def encode_credentials(user_name, password)
         "Basic #{::Base64.strict_encode64("#{user_name}:#{password}")}"
       end
 
-      def authentication_request(controller, realm)
-        controller.headers["WWW-Authenticate"] = %(Basic realm="#{realm.gsub(/"/, "")}")
-        controller.response_body = "HTTP Basic: Access denied.\n"
+      def authentication_request(controller, realm, message)
+        message ||= "HTTP Basic: Access denied.\n"
+        controller.headers["WWW-Authenticate"] = %(Basic realm="#{realm.tr('"'.freeze, "".freeze)}")
         controller.status = 401
+        controller.response_body = message
       end
     end
 
@@ -160,8 +171,8 @@ module ActionController
       extend self
 
       module ControllerMethods
-        def authenticate_or_request_with_http_digest(realm = "Application", &password_procedure)
-          authenticate_with_http_digest(realm, &password_procedure) || request_http_digest_authentication(realm)
+        def authenticate_or_request_with_http_digest(realm = "Application", message = nil, &password_procedure)
+          authenticate_with_http_digest(realm, &password_procedure) || request_http_digest_authentication(realm, message)
         end
 
         # Authenticate with HTTP Digest, returns true or false
@@ -192,7 +203,7 @@ module ActionController
           password = password_procedure.call(credentials[:username])
           return false unless password
 
-          method = request.env['rack.methodoverride.original_method'] || request.env['REQUEST_METHOD']
+          method = request.get_header('rack.methodoverride.original_method') || request.get_header('REQUEST_METHOD')
           uri    = credentials[:uri]
 
           [true, false].any? do |trailing_question_mark|
@@ -244,13 +255,13 @@ module ActionController
       def authentication_request(controller, realm, message = nil)
         message ||= "HTTP Digest: Access denied.\n"
         authentication_header(controller, realm)
-        controller.response_body = message
         controller.status = 401
+        controller.response_body = message
       end
 
       def secret_token(request)
-        key_generator  = request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
-        http_auth_salt = request.env["action_dispatch.http_auth_salt"]
+        key_generator  = request.key_generator
+        http_auth_salt = request.http_auth_salt
         key_generator.generate_key(http_auth_salt)
       end
 
@@ -304,7 +315,7 @@ module ActionController
         nonce(secret_key, t) == value && (t - Time.now.to_i).abs <= seconds_to_timeout
       end
 
-      # Opaque based on random generation - but changing each request?
+      # Opaque based on digest of secret key
       def opaque(secret_key)
         ::Digest::MD5.hexdigest(secret_key)
       end
@@ -350,7 +361,7 @@ module ActionController
     #
     #       def authenticate
     #         case request.format
-    #         when Mime::XML, Mime::ATOM
+    #         when Mime[:xml], Mime[:atom]
     #           if user = authenticate_with_http_token { |t, o| @account.users.authenticate(t, o) }
     #             @current_user = user
     #           else
@@ -385,21 +396,22 @@ module ActionController
     #
     #   RewriteRule ^(.*)$ dispatch.fcgi [E=X-HTTP_AUTHORIZATION:%{HTTP:Authorization},QSA,L]
     module Token
-      TOKEN_REGEX = /^Token\s+/
+      TOKEN_KEY = 'token='
+      TOKEN_REGEX = /^(Token|Bearer)\s+/
       AUTHN_PAIR_DELIMITERS = /(?:,|;|\t+)/
       extend self
 
       module ControllerMethods
-        def authenticate_or_request_with_http_token(realm = "Application", &login_procedure)
-          authenticate_with_http_token(&login_procedure) || request_http_token_authentication(realm)
+        def authenticate_or_request_with_http_token(realm = "Application", message = nil, &login_procedure)
+          authenticate_with_http_token(&login_procedure) || request_http_token_authentication(realm, message)
         end
 
         def authenticate_with_http_token(&login_procedure)
           Token.authenticate(self, &login_procedure)
         end
 
-        def request_http_token_authentication(realm = "Application")
-          Token.authentication_request(self, realm)
+        def request_http_token_authentication(realm = "Application", message = nil)
+          Token.authentication_request(self, realm, message)
         end
       end
 
@@ -424,20 +436,22 @@ module ActionController
         end
       end
 
-      # Parses the token and options out of the token authorization header. If
-      # the header looks like this:
+      # Parses the token and options out of the token authorization header.
+      # The value for the Authorization header is expected to have the prefix
+      # <tt>"Token"</tt> or <tt>"Bearer"</tt>. If the header looks like this:
       #   Authorization: Token token="abc", nonce="def"
-      # Then the returned token is "abc", and the options is {nonce: "def"}
+      # Then the returned token is <tt>"abc"</tt>, and the options are
+      # <tt>{nonce: "def"}</tt>
       #
       # request - ActionDispatch::Request instance with the current headers.
       #
-      # Returns an Array of [String, Hash] if a token is present.
-      # Returns nil if no token is found.
+      # Returns an +Array+ of <tt>[String, Hash]</tt> if a token is present.
+      # Returns +nil+ if no token is found.
       def token_and_options(request)
         authorization_request = request.authorization.to_s
         if authorization_request[TOKEN_REGEX]
           params = token_params_from authorization_request
-          [params.shift.last, Hash[params].with_indifferent_access]
+          [params.shift[1], Hash[params].with_indifferent_access]
         end
       end
 
@@ -450,16 +464,22 @@ module ActionController
         raw_params.map { |param| param.split %r/=(.+)?/ }
       end
 
-      # This removes the `"` characters wrapping the value.
+      # This removes the <tt>"</tt> characters wrapping the value.
       def rewrite_param_values(array_params)
-        array_params.each { |param| param.last.gsub! %r/^"|"$/, '' }
+        array_params.each { |param| (param[1] || "").gsub! %r/^"|"$/, '' }
       end
 
       # This method takes an authorization body and splits up the key-value
-      # pairs by the standardized `:`, `;`, or `\t` delimiters defined in
-      # `AUTHN_PAIR_DELIMITERS`.
+      # pairs by the standardized <tt>:</tt>, <tt>;</tt>, or <tt>\t</tt>
+      # delimiters defined in +AUTHN_PAIR_DELIMITERS+.
       def raw_params(auth)
-        auth.sub(TOKEN_REGEX, '').split(/"\s*#{AUTHN_PAIR_DELIMITERS}\s*/)
+        _raw_params = auth.sub(TOKEN_REGEX, '').split(/\s*#{AUTHN_PAIR_DELIMITERS}\s*/)
+
+        if !(_raw_params.first =~ %r{\A#{TOKEN_KEY}})
+          _raw_params[0] = "#{TOKEN_KEY}#{_raw_params.first}"
+        end
+
+        _raw_params
       end
 
       # Encodes the given token and options into an Authorization header value.
@@ -469,21 +489,22 @@ module ActionController
       #
       # Returns String.
       def encode_credentials(token, options = {})
-        values = ["token=#{token.to_s.inspect}"] + options.map do |key, value|
+        values = ["#{TOKEN_KEY}#{token.to_s.inspect}"] + options.map do |key, value|
           "#{key}=#{value.to_s.inspect}"
         end
         "Token #{values * ", "}"
       end
 
-      # Sets a WWW-Authenticate to let the client know a token is desired.
+      # Sets a WWW-Authenticate header to let the client know a token is desired.
       #
       # controller - ActionController::Base instance for the outgoing response.
       # realm      - String realm to use in the header.
       #
       # Returns nothing.
-      def authentication_request(controller, realm)
-        controller.headers["WWW-Authenticate"] = %(Token realm="#{realm.gsub(/"/, "")}")
-        controller.__send__ :render, :text => "HTTP Token: Access denied.\n", :status => :unauthorized
+      def authentication_request(controller, realm, message = nil)
+        message ||= "HTTP Token: Access denied.\n"
+        controller.headers["WWW-Authenticate"] = %(Token realm="#{realm.tr('"'.freeze, "".freeze)}")
+        controller.__send__ :render, plain: message, status: :unauthorized
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/implicit_render.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/implicit_render.rb
index ae04b53825..17fcc2fa02 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/implicit_render.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/implicit_render.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,30 @@
 module ActionController
   module ImplicitRender
-    def send_action(method, *args)
-      ret = super
-      default_render unless performed?
-      ret
-    end
 
+    include BasicImplicitRender
+
+    # Renders the template corresponding to the controller action, if it exists.
+    # The action name, format, and variant are all taken into account.
+    # For example, the "new" action with an HTML format and variant "phone" 
+    # would try to render the <tt>new.html+phone.erb</tt> template.
+    #
+    # If no template is found <tt>ActionController::BasicImplicitRender</tt>'s implementation is called, unless
+    # a block is passed. In that case, it will override the super implementation.
+    #
+    #   default_render do
+    #     head 404 # No template was found
+    #   end
     def default_render(*args)
-      render(*args)
+      if template_exists?(action_name.to_s, _prefixes, variants: request.variant)
+        render(*args)
+      else
+        if block_given?
+          yield(*args)
+        else
+          logger.info "No template found for #{self.class.name}\##{action_name}, rendering head :no_content" if logger
+          super
+        end
+      end
     end
 
     def method_for_action(action_name)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/instrumentation.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/instrumentation.rb
index b0e164bc57..3dbf34eb2a 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/instrumentation.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/instrumentation.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ module ActionController
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     include AbstractController::Logger
-    include ActionController::RackDelegation
 
     attr_internal :view_runtime
 
@@ -21,17 +20,20 @@ module ActionController
         :action     => self.action_name,
         :params     => request.filtered_parameters,
         :format     => request.format.try(:ref),
-        :method     => request.method,
+        :method     => request.request_method,
         :path       => (request.fullpath rescue "unknown")
       }
 
       ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("start_processing.action_controller", raw_payload.dup)
 
       ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("process_action.action_controller", raw_payload) do |payload|
-        result = super
-        payload[:status] = response.status
-        append_info_to_payload(payload)
-        result
+        begin
+          result = super
+          payload[:status] = response.status
+          result
+        ensure
+          append_info_to_payload(payload)
+        end
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/live.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/live.rb
index fdf4ef293d..e3c540bf5f 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/live.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/live.rb
@@ -33,6 +33,20 @@ module ActionController
   # the main thread. Make sure your actions are thread safe, and this shouldn't
   # be a problem (don't share state across threads, etc).
   module Live
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    module ClassMethods
+      def make_response!(request)
+        if request.get_header("HTTP_VERSION") == "HTTP/1.0"
+          super
+        else
+          Live::Response.new.tap do |res|
+            res.request = request
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
     # This class provides the ability to write an SSE (Server Sent Event)
     # to an IO stream. The class is initialized with a stream and can be used
     # to either write a JSON string or an object which can be converted to JSON.
@@ -102,34 +116,91 @@ module ActionController
             end
           end
 
-          @stream.write "data: #{json}\n\n"
+          message = json.gsub("\n".freeze, "\ndata: ".freeze)
+          @stream.write "data: #{message}\n\n"
         end
     end
 
+    class ClientDisconnected < RuntimeError
+    end
+
     class Buffer < ActionDispatch::Response::Buffer #:nodoc:
+      include MonitorMixin
+
+      # Ignore that the client has disconnected.
+      #
+      # If this value is `true`, calling `write` after the client
+      # disconnects will result in the written content being silently
+      # discarded. If this value is `false` (the default), a
+      # ClientDisconnected exception will be raised.
+      attr_accessor :ignore_disconnect
+
       def initialize(response)
-        @error_callback = nil
+        @error_callback = lambda { true }
+        @cv = new_cond
+        @aborted = false
+        @ignore_disconnect = false
         super(response, SizedQueue.new(10))
       end
 
       def write(string)
         unless @response.committed?
-          @response.headers["Cache-Control"] = "no-cache"
-          @response.headers.delete "Content-Length"
+          @response.set_header "Cache-Control", "no-cache"
+          @response.delete_header "Content-Length"
         end
 
         super
+
+        unless connected?
+          @buf.clear
+
+          unless @ignore_disconnect
+            # Raise ClientDisconnected, which is a RuntimeError (not an
+            # IOError), because that's more appropriate for something beyond
+            # the developer's control.
+            raise ClientDisconnected, "client disconnected"
+          end
+        end
       end
 
       def each
+        @response.sending!
         while str = @buf.pop
           yield str
         end
+        @response.sent!
       end
 
+      # Write a 'close' event to the buffer; the producer/writing thread
+      # uses this to notify us that it's finished supplying content.
+      #
+      # See also #abort.
       def close
-        super
-        @buf.push nil
+        synchronize do
+          super
+          @buf.push nil
+          @cv.broadcast
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Inform the producer/writing thread that the client has
+      # disconnected; the reading thread is no longer interested in
+      # anything that's being written.
+      #
+      # See also #close.
+      def abort
+        synchronize do
+          @aborted = true
+          @buf.clear
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Is the client still connected and waiting for content?
+      #
+      # The result of calling `write` when this is `false` is determined
+      # by `ignore_disconnect`.
+      def connected?
+        !@aborted
       end
 
       def on_error(&block)
@@ -142,55 +213,27 @@ module ActionController
     end
 
     class Response < ActionDispatch::Response #:nodoc: all
-      class Header < DelegateClass(Hash)
-        def initialize(response, header)
-          @response = response
-          super(header)
-        end
-
-        def []=(k,v)
-          if @response.committed?
-            raise ActionDispatch::IllegalStateError, 'header already sent'
-          end
-
-          super
-        end
-
-        def merge(other)
-          self.class.new @response, __getobj__.merge(other)
-        end
-
-        def to_hash
-          __getobj__.dup
-        end
-      end
+      private
 
-      def commit!
-        headers.freeze
+      def before_committed
         super
+        jar = request.cookie_jar
+        # The response can be committed multiple times
+        jar.write self unless committed?
       end
 
-      private
-
       def build_buffer(response, body)
         buf = Live::Buffer.new response
         body.each { |part| buf.write part }
         buf
       end
-
-      def merge_default_headers(original, default)
-        Header.new self, super
-      end
-
-      def handle_conditional_get!
-        super unless committed?
-      end
     end
 
     def process(name)
       t1 = Thread.current
       locals = t1.keys.map { |key| [key, t1[key]] }
 
+      error = nil
       # This processes the action in a child thread. It lets us return the
       # response code and headers back up the rack stack, and still process
       # the body in parallel with sending data to the client
@@ -205,16 +248,18 @@ module ActionController
         begin
           super(name)
         rescue => e
-          @_response.status = 500 unless @_response.committed?
-          @_response.status = 400 if e.class == ActionController::BadRequest
-          begin
-            @_response.stream.write(ActionView::Base.streaming_completion_on_exception) if request.format == :html
-            @_response.stream.call_on_error
-          rescue => exception
-            log_error(exception)
-          ensure
-            log_error(e)
-            @_response.stream.close
+          if @_response.committed?
+            begin
+              @_response.stream.write(ActionView::Base.streaming_completion_on_exception) if request.format == :html
+              @_response.stream.call_on_error
+            rescue => exception
+              log_error(exception)
+            ensure
+              log_error(e)
+              @_response.stream.close
+            end
+          else
+            error = e
           end
         ensure
           @_response.commit!
@@ -222,30 +267,24 @@ module ActionController
       }
 
       @_response.await_commit
+      raise error if error
     end
 
     def log_error(exception)
       logger = ActionController::Base.logger
       return unless logger
 
-      message = "\n#{exception.class} (#{exception.message}):\n"
-      message << exception.annoted_source_code.to_s if exception.respond_to?(:annoted_source_code)
-      message << "  " << exception.backtrace.join("\n  ")
-      logger.fatal("#{message}\n\n")
+      logger.fatal do
+        message = "\n#{exception.class} (#{exception.message}):\n"
+        message << exception.annoted_source_code.to_s if exception.respond_to?(:annoted_source_code)
+        message << "  " << exception.backtrace.join("\n  ")
+        "#{message}\n\n"
+      end
     end
 
     def response_body=(body)
       super
       response.close if response
     end
-
-    def set_response!(request)
-      if request.env["HTTP_VERSION"] == "HTTP/1.0"
-        super
-      else
-        @_response         = Live::Response.new
-        @_response.request = request
-      end
-    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/mime_responds.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/mime_responds.rb
index 1974bbf529..6e346fadfe 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/mime_responds.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/mime_responds.rb
@@ -1,62 +1,7 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
 require 'abstract_controller/collector'
 
 module ActionController #:nodoc:
   module MimeResponds
-    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-
-    included do
-      class_attribute :responder, :mimes_for_respond_to
-      self.responder = ActionController::Responder
-      clear_respond_to
-    end
-
-    module ClassMethods
-      # Defines mime types that are rendered by default when invoking
-      # <tt>respond_with</tt>.
-      #
-      #   respond_to :html, :xml, :json
-      #
-      # Specifies that all actions in the controller respond to requests
-      # for <tt>:html</tt>, <tt>:xml</tt> and <tt>:json</tt>.
-      #
-      # To specify on per-action basis, use <tt>:only</tt> and
-      # <tt>:except</tt> with an array of actions or a single action:
-      #
-      #   respond_to :html
-      #   respond_to :xml, :json, except: [ :edit ]
-      #
-      # This specifies that all actions respond to <tt>:html</tt>
-      # and all actions except <tt>:edit</tt> respond to <tt>:xml</tt> and
-      # <tt>:json</tt>.
-      #
-      #   respond_to :json, only: :create
-      #
-      # This specifies that the <tt>:create</tt> action and no other responds
-      # to <tt>:json</tt>.
-      def respond_to(*mimes)
-        options = mimes.extract_options!
-
-        only_actions   = Array(options.delete(:only)).map(&:to_s)
-        except_actions = Array(options.delete(:except)).map(&:to_s)
-
-        new = mimes_for_respond_to.dup
-        mimes.each do |mime|
-          mime = mime.to_sym
-          new[mime]          = {}
-          new[mime][:only]   = only_actions   unless only_actions.empty?
-          new[mime][:except] = except_actions unless except_actions.empty?
-        end
-        self.mimes_for_respond_to = new.freeze
-      end
-
-      # Clear all mime types in <tt>respond_to</tt>.
-      #
-      def clear_respond_to
-        self.mimes_for_respond_to = Hash.new.freeze
-      end
-    end
-
     # Without web-service support, an action which collects the data for displaying a list of people
     # might look something like this:
     #
@@ -146,11 +91,11 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
     # and accept Rails' defaults, life will be much easier.
     #
     # If you need to use a MIME type which isn't supported by default, you can register your own handlers in
-    # config/initializers/mime_types.rb as follows.
+    # +config/initializers/mime_types.rb+ as follows.
     #
     #   Mime::Type.register "image/jpg", :jpg
     #
-    # Respond to also allows you to specify a common block for different formats by using any:
+    # Respond to also allows you to specify a common block for different formats by using +any+:
     #
     #   def index
     #     @people = Person.all
@@ -169,18 +114,6 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
     #
     #   render json: @people
     #
-    # Since this is a common pattern, you can use the class method respond_to
-    # with the respond_with method to have the same results:
-    #
-    #   class PeopleController < ApplicationController
-    #     respond_to :html, :xml, :json
-    #
-    #     def index
-    #       @people = Person.all
-    #       respond_with(@people)
-    #     end
-    #   end
-    #
     # Formats can have different variants.
     #
     # The request variant is a specialization of the request format, like <tt>:tablet</tt>,
@@ -217,22 +150,22 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
     #     format.html.phone { redirect_to progress_path }
     #     format.html.none  { render "trash" }
     #   end
-    # 
-    # Variants also support common `any`/`all` block that formats have.
+    #
+    # Variants also support common +any+/+all+ block that formats have.
     #
     # It works for both inline:
     #
     #   respond_to do |format|
-    #     format.html.any   { render text: "any"   }
-    #     format.html.phone { render text: "phone" }
+    #     format.html.any   { render html: "any"   }
+    #     format.html.phone { render html: "phone" }
     #   end
     #
     # and block syntax:
     #
     #   respond_to do |format|
     #     format.html do |variant|
-    #       variant.any(:tablet, :phablet){ render text: "any" }
-    #       variant.phone { render text: "phone" }
+    #       variant.any(:tablet, :phablet){ render html: "any" }
+    #       variant.phone { render html: "phone" }
     #     end
     #   end
     #
@@ -241,201 +174,26 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
     #   request.variant = [:tablet, :phone]
     #
     # which will work similarly to formats and MIME types negotiation. If there will be no
-    # :tablet variant declared, :phone variant will be picked:
+    # +:tablet+ variant declared, +:phone+ variant will be picked:
     #
     #   respond_to do |format|
     #     format.html.none
     #     format.html.phone # this gets rendered
     #   end
     #
-    # Be sure to check the documentation of +respond_with+ and
-    # <tt>ActionController::MimeResponds.respond_to</tt> for more examples.
-    def respond_to(*mimes, &block)
+    # Be sure to check the documentation of <tt>ActionController::MimeResponds.respond_to</tt>
+    # for more examples.
+    def respond_to(*mimes)
       raise ArgumentError, "respond_to takes either types or a block, never both" if mimes.any? && block_given?
 
-      if collector = retrieve_collector_from_mimes(mimes, &block)
-        response = collector.response
-        response ? response.call : render({})
-      end
-    end
-
-    # For a given controller action, respond_with generates an appropriate
-    # response based on the mime-type requested by the client.
-    #
-    # If the method is called with just a resource, as in this example -
-    #
-    #   class PeopleController < ApplicationController
-    #     respond_to :html, :xml, :json
-    #
-    #     def index
-    #       @people = Person.all
-    #       respond_with @people
-    #     end
-    #   end
-    #
-    # then the mime-type of the response is typically selected based on the
-    # request's Accept header and the set of available formats declared
-    # by previous calls to the controller's class method +respond_to+. Alternatively
-    # the mime-type can be selected by explicitly setting <tt>request.format</tt> in
-    # the controller.
-    #
-    # If an acceptable format is not identified, the application returns a
-    # '406 - not acceptable' status. Otherwise, the default response is to render
-    # a template named after the current action and the selected format,
-    # e.g. <tt>index.html.erb</tt>. If no template is available, the behavior
-    # depends on the selected format:
-    #
-    # * for an html response - if the request method is +get+, an exception
-    #   is raised but for other requests such as +post+ the response
-    #   depends on whether the resource has any validation errors (i.e.
-    #   assuming that an attempt has been made to save the resource,
-    #   e.g. by a +create+ action) -
-    #   1. If there are no errors, i.e. the resource
-    #      was saved successfully, the response +redirect+'s to the resource
-    #      i.e. its +show+ action.
-    #   2. If there are validation errors, the response
-    #      renders a default action, which is <tt>:new</tt> for a
-    #      +post+ request or <tt>:edit</tt> for +patch+ or +put+.
-    #   Thus an example like this -
-    #
-    #     respond_to :html, :xml
-    #
-    #     def create
-    #       @user = User.new(params[:user])
-    #       flash[:notice] = 'User was successfully created.' if @user.save
-    #       respond_with(@user)
-    #     end
-    #
-    #   is equivalent, in the absence of <tt>create.html.erb</tt>, to -
-    #
-    #     def create
-    #       @user = User.new(params[:user])
-    #       respond_to do |format|
-    #         if @user.save
-    #           flash[:notice] = 'User was successfully created.'
-    #           format.html { redirect_to(@user) }
-    #           format.xml { render xml: @user }
-    #         else
-    #           format.html { render action: "new" }
-    #           format.xml { render xml: @user }
-    #         end
-    #       end
-    #     end
-    #
-    # * for a javascript request - if the template isn't found, an exception is
-    #   raised.
-    # * for other requests - i.e. data formats such as xml, json, csv etc, if
-    #   the resource passed to +respond_with+ responds to <code>to_<format></code>,
-    #   the method attempts to render the resource in the requested format
-    #   directly, e.g. for an xml request, the response is equivalent to calling
-    #   <code>render xml: resource</code>.
-    #
-    # === Nested resources
-    #
-    # As outlined above, the +resources+ argument passed to +respond_with+
-    # can play two roles. It can be used to generate the redirect url
-    # for successful html requests (e.g. for +create+ actions when
-    # no template exists), while for formats other than html and javascript
-    # it is the object that gets rendered, by being converted directly to the
-    # required format (again assuming no template exists).
-    #
-    # For redirecting successful html requests, +respond_with+ also supports
-    # the use of nested resources, which are supplied in the same way as
-    # in <code>form_for</code> and <code>polymorphic_url</code>. For example -
-    #
-    #   def create
-    #     @project = Project.find(params[:project_id])
-    #     @task = @project.comments.build(params[:task])
-    #     flash[:notice] = 'Task was successfully created.' if @task.save
-    #     respond_with(@project, @task)
-    #   end
-    #
-    # This would cause +respond_with+ to redirect to <code>project_task_url</code>
-    # instead of <code>task_url</code>. For request formats other than html or
-    # javascript, if multiple resources are passed in this way, it is the last
-    # one specified that is rendered.
-    #
-    # === Customizing response behavior
-    #
-    # Like +respond_to+, +respond_with+ may also be called with a block that
-    # can be used to overwrite any of the default responses, e.g. -
-    #
-    #   def create
-    #     @user = User.new(params[:user])
-    #     flash[:notice] = "User was successfully created." if @user.save
-    #
-    #     respond_with(@user) do |format|
-    #       format.html { render }
-    #     end
-    #   end
-    #
-    # The argument passed to the block is an ActionController::MimeResponds::Collector
-    # object which stores the responses for the formats defined within the
-    # block. Note that formats with responses defined explicitly in this way
-    # do not have to first be declared using the class method +respond_to+.
-    #
-    # Also, a hash passed to +respond_with+ immediately after the specified
-    # resource(s) is interpreted as a set of options relevant to all
-    # formats. Any option accepted by +render+ can be used, e.g.
-    #   respond_with @people, status: 200
-    # However, note that these options are ignored after an unsuccessful attempt
-    # to save a resource, e.g. when automatically rendering <tt>:new</tt>
-    # after a post request.
-    #
-    # Two additional options are relevant specifically to +respond_with+ -
-    # 1. <tt>:location</tt> - overwrites the default redirect location used after
-    #    a successful html +post+ request.
-    # 2. <tt>:action</tt> - overwrites the default render action used after an
-    #    unsuccessful html +post+ request.
-    def respond_with(*resources, &block)
-      if self.class.mimes_for_respond_to.empty?
-        raise "In order to use respond_with, first you need to declare the " \
-          "formats your controller responds to in the class level."
-      end
-
-      if collector = retrieve_collector_from_mimes(&block)
-        options = resources.size == 1 ? {} : resources.extract_options!
-        options = options.clone
-        options[:default_response] = collector.response
-        (options.delete(:responder) || self.class.responder).call(self, resources, options)
-      end
-    end
-
-  protected
-
-    # Collect mimes declared in the class method respond_to valid for the
-    # current action.
-    def collect_mimes_from_class_level #:nodoc:
-      action = action_name.to_s
-
-      self.class.mimes_for_respond_to.keys.select do |mime|
-        config = self.class.mimes_for_respond_to[mime]
-
-        if config[:except]
-          !config[:except].include?(action)
-        elsif config[:only]
-          config[:only].include?(action)
-        else
-          true
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Returns a Collector object containing the appropriate mime-type response
-    # for the current request, based on the available responses defined by a block.
-    # In typical usage this is the block passed to +respond_with+ or +respond_to+.
-    #
-    # Sends :not_acceptable to the client and returns nil if no suitable format
-    # is available.
-    def retrieve_collector_from_mimes(mimes=nil, &block) #:nodoc:
-      mimes ||= collect_mimes_from_class_level
       collector = Collector.new(mimes, request.variant)
-      block.call(collector) if block_given?
-      format = collector.negotiate_format(request)
+      yield collector if block_given?
 
-      if format
+      if format = collector.negotiate_format(request)
         _process_format(format)
-        collector
+        _set_rendered_content_type format
+        response = collector.response
+        response ? response.call : render({})
       else
         raise ActionController::UnknownFormat
       end
@@ -444,8 +202,8 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
     # A container for responses available from the current controller for
     # requests for different mime-types sent to a particular action.
     #
-    # The public controller methods +respond_with+ and +respond_to+ may be called
-    # with a block that is used to define responses to different mime-types, e.g.
+    # The public controller methods +respond_to+ may be called with a block
+    # that is used to define responses to different mime-types, e.g.
     # for +respond_to+ :
     #
     #   respond_to do |format|
@@ -471,7 +229,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
         @responses = {}
         @variant = variant
 
-        mimes.each { |mime| @responses["Mime::#{mime.upcase}".constantize] = nil }
+        mimes.each { |mime| @responses[Mime[mime]] = nil }
       end
 
       def any(*args, &block)
@@ -531,16 +289,17 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
         end
 
         def variant
-          if @variant.nil?
+          if @variant.empty?
             @variants[:none] || @variants[:any]
-          elsif (@variants.keys & @variant).any?
-            @variant.each do |v|
-              return @variants[v] if @variants.key?(v)
-            end
           else
-            @variants[:any]
+            @variants[variant_key]
           end
         end
+
+        private
+          def variant_key
+            @variant.find { |variant| @variants.key?(variant) } || :any
+          end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/params_wrapper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/params_wrapper.rb
index 2ca8955741..c38fc40b81 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/params_wrapper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/params_wrapper.rb
@@ -1,22 +1,20 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/except'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/anonymous'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/struct'
 require 'action_dispatch/http/mime_type'
 
 module ActionController
-  # Wraps the parameters hash into a nested hash. This will allow clients to submit
-  # POST requests without having to specify any root elements.
+  # Wraps the parameters hash into a nested hash. This will allow clients to
+  # submit requests without having to specify any root elements.
   #
   # This functionality is enabled in +config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb+
-  # and can be customized. If you are upgrading to \Rails 3.1, this file will
-  # need to be created for the functionality to be enabled.
+  # and can be customized.
   #
   # You could also turn it on per controller by setting the format array to
   # a non-empty array:
   #
   #     class UsersController < ApplicationController
-  #       wrap_parameters format: [:json, :xml]
+  #       wrap_parameters format: [:json, :xml, :url_encoded_form, :multipart_form]
   #     end
   #
   # If you enable +ParamsWrapper+ for +:json+ format, instead of having to
@@ -42,7 +40,7 @@ module ActionController
   #       wrap_parameters :person, include: [:username, :password]
   #     end
   #
-  # On ActiveRecord models with no +:include+ or +:exclude+ option set,
+  # On Active Record models with no +:include+ or +:exclude+ option set,
   # it will only wrap the parameters returned by the class method
   # <tt>attribute_names</tt>.
   #
@@ -86,7 +84,7 @@ module ActionController
         new name, format, include, exclude, nil, nil
       end
 
-      def initialize(name, format, include, exclude, klass, model) # nodoc
+      def initialize(name, format, include, exclude, klass, model) # :nodoc:
         super
         @include_set = include
         @name_set    = name
@@ -132,7 +130,7 @@ module ActionController
       private
       # Determine the wrapper model from the controller's name. By convention,
       # this could be done by trying to find the defined model that has the
-      # same singularize name as the controller. For example, +UsersController+
+      # same singular name as the controller. For example, +UsersController+
       # will try to find if the +User+ model exists.
       #
       # This method also does namespace lookup. Foo::Bar::UsersController will
@@ -244,7 +242,7 @@ module ActionController
         request.parameters.merge! wrapped_hash
         request.request_parameters.merge! wrapped_hash
 
-        # This will make the wrapped hash displayed in the log file
+        # This will display the wrapped hash in the log file
         request.filtered_parameters.merge! wrapped_filtered_hash
       end
       super
@@ -252,7 +250,7 @@ module ActionController
 
     private
 
-      # Returns the wrapper key which will use to stored wrapped parameters.
+      # Returns the wrapper key which will be used to store wrapped parameters.
       def _wrapper_key
         _wrapper_options.name
       end
@@ -278,7 +276,9 @@ module ActionController
 
       # Checks if we should perform parameters wrapping.
       def _wrapper_enabled?
-        ref = request.content_mime_type.try(:ref)
+        return false unless request.has_content_type?
+
+        ref = request.content_mime_type.ref
         _wrapper_formats.include?(ref) && _wrapper_key && !request.request_parameters[_wrapper_key]
       end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rack_delegation.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rack_delegation.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index e1bee9e60c..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rack_delegation.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-require 'action_dispatch/http/request'
-require 'action_dispatch/http/response'
-
-module ActionController
-  module RackDelegation
-    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-
-    delegate :headers, :status=, :location=, :content_type=, :no_content_type=,
-             :status, :location, :content_type, :no_content_type, :to => "@_response"
-
-    def dispatch(action, request)
-      set_response!(request)
-      super(action, request)
-    end
-
-    def response_body=(body)
-      response.body = body if response
-      super
-    end
-
-    def reset_session
-      @_request.reset_session
-    end
-
-    private
-
-    def set_response!(request)
-      @_response         = ActionDispatch::Response.new
-      @_response.request = request
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/redirecting.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/redirecting.rb
index 2812038938..0febc905f1 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/redirecting.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/redirecting.rb
@@ -11,10 +11,9 @@ module ActionController
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     include AbstractController::Logger
-    include ActionController::RackDelegation
     include ActionController::UrlFor
 
-    # Redirects the browser to the target specified in +options+. This parameter can take one of three forms:
+    # Redirects the browser to the target specified in +options+. This parameter can be any one of:
     #
     # * <tt>Hash</tt> - The URL will be generated by calling url_for with the +options+.
     # * <tt>Record</tt> - The URL will be generated by calling url_for with the +options+, which will reference a named URL for that record.
@@ -24,6 +23,8 @@ module ActionController
     # * <tt>:back</tt> - Back to the page that issued the request. Useful for forms that are triggered from multiple places.
     #   Short-hand for <tt>redirect_to(request.env["HTTP_REFERER"])</tt>
     #
+    # === Examples:
+    #
     #   redirect_to action: "show", id: 5
     #   redirect_to post
     #   redirect_to "http://www.rubyonrails.org"
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ module ActionController
     #   redirect_to :back
     #   redirect_to proc { edit_post_url(@post) }
     #
-    # The redirection happens as a "302 Found" header unless otherwise specified.
+    # The redirection happens as a "302 Found" header unless otherwise specified using the <tt>:status</tt> option:
     #
     #   redirect_to post_url(@post), status: :found
     #   redirect_to action: 'atom', status: :moved_permanently
@@ -60,18 +61,21 @@ module ActionController
     #   redirect_to post_url(@post), status: 301, flash: { updated_post_id: @post.id }
     #   redirect_to({ action: 'atom' }, alert: "Something serious happened")
     #
-    # When using <tt>redirect_to :back</tt>, if there is no referrer, ActionController::RedirectBackError will be raised. You may specify some fallback
-    # behavior for this case by rescuing ActionController::RedirectBackError.
+    # When using <tt>redirect_to :back</tt>, if there is no referrer,
+    # <tt>ActionController::RedirectBackError</tt> will be raised. You
+    # may specify some fallback behavior for this case by rescuing
+    # <tt>ActionController::RedirectBackError</tt>.
     def redirect_to(options = {}, response_status = {}) #:doc:
       raise ActionControllerError.new("Cannot redirect to nil!") unless options
+      raise ActionControllerError.new("Cannot redirect to a parameter hash!") if options.is_a?(ActionController::Parameters)
       raise AbstractController::DoubleRenderError if response_body
 
       self.status        = _extract_redirect_to_status(options, response_status)
-      self.location      = _compute_redirect_to_location(options)
-      self.response_body = "<html><body>You are being <a href=\"#{ERB::Util.h(location)}\">redirected</a>.</body></html>"
+      self.location      = _compute_redirect_to_location(request, options)
+      self.response_body = "<html><body>You are being <a href=\"#{ERB::Util.unwrapped_html_escape(location)}\">redirected</a>.</body></html>"
     end
 
-    def _compute_redirect_to_location(options) #:nodoc:
+    def _compute_redirect_to_location(request, options) #:nodoc:
       case options
       # The scheme name consist of a letter followed by any combination of
       # letters, digits, and the plus ("+"), period ("."), or hyphen ("-")
@@ -85,11 +89,13 @@ module ActionController
       when :back
         request.headers["Referer"] or raise RedirectBackError
       when Proc
-        _compute_redirect_to_location options.call
+        _compute_redirect_to_location request, options.call
       else
         url_for(options)
       end.delete("\0\r\n")
     end
+    module_function :_compute_redirect_to_location
+    public :_compute_redirect_to_location
 
     private
       def _extract_redirect_to_status(options, response_status)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/renderers.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/renderers.rb
index 6c7b4652d4..22e0bb5955 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/renderers.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/renderers.rb
@@ -6,6 +6,11 @@ module ActionController
     Renderers.add(key, &block)
   end
 
+  # See <tt>Renderers.remove</tt>
+  def self.remove_renderer(key)
+    Renderers.remove(key)
+  end
+
   class MissingRenderer < LoadError
     def initialize(format)
       super "No renderer defined for format: #{format}"
@@ -29,23 +34,28 @@ module ActionController
     end
 
     def render_to_body(options)
-      _handle_render_options(options) || super
+      _render_to_body_with_renderer(options) || super
     end
 
-    def _handle_render_options(options)
+    def _render_to_body_with_renderer(options)
       _renderers.each do |name|
         if options.key?(name)
           _process_options(options)
-          return send("_render_option_#{name}", options.delete(name), options)
+          method_name = Renderers._render_with_renderer_method_name(name)
+          return send(method_name, options.delete(name), options)
         end
       end
       nil
     end
 
-    # Hash of available renderers, mapping a renderer name to its proc.
-    # Default keys are <tt>:json</tt>, <tt>:js</tt>, <tt>:xml</tt>.
+    # A Set containing renderer names that correspond to available renderer procs.
+    # Default values are <tt>:json</tt>, <tt>:js</tt>, <tt>:xml</tt>.
     RENDERERS = Set.new
 
+    def self._render_with_renderer_method_name(key)
+      "_render_with_renderer_#{key}"
+    end
+
     # Adds a new renderer to call within controller actions.
     # A renderer is invoked by passing its name as an option to
     # <tt>AbstractController::Rendering#render</tt>. To create a renderer
@@ -58,11 +68,11 @@ module ActionController
     #   ActionController::Renderers.add :csv do |obj, options|
     #     filename = options[:filename] || 'data'
     #     str = obj.respond_to?(:to_csv) ? obj.to_csv : obj.to_s
-    #     send_data str, type: Mime::CSV,
+    #     send_data str, type: Mime[:csv],
     #       disposition: "attachment; filename=#{filename}.csv"
     #   end
     #
-    # Note that we used Mime::CSV for the csv mime type as it comes with Rails.
+    # Note that we used Mime[:csv] for the csv mime type as it comes with Rails.
     # For a custom renderer, you'll need to register a mime type with
     # <tt>Mime::Type.register</tt>.
     #
@@ -73,16 +83,26 @@ module ActionController
     #     respond_to do |format|
     #       format.html
     #       format.csv { render csv: @csvable, filename: @csvable.name }
-    #     }
+    #     end
     #   end
     # To use renderers and their mime types in more concise ways, see
-    # <tt>ActionController::MimeResponds::ClassMethods.respond_to</tt> and
-    # <tt>ActionController::MimeResponds#respond_with</tt>
+    # <tt>ActionController::MimeResponds::ClassMethods.respond_to</tt>
     def self.add(key, &block)
-      define_method("_render_option_#{key}", &block)
+      define_method(_render_with_renderer_method_name(key), &block)
       RENDERERS << key.to_sym
     end
 
+    # This method is the opposite of add method.
+    #
+    # To remove a csv renderer:
+    #
+    #   ActionController::Renderers.remove(:csv)
+    def self.remove(key)
+      RENDERERS.delete(key.to_sym)
+      method_name = _render_with_renderer_method_name(key)
+      remove_method(method_name) if method_defined?(method_name)
+    end
+
     module All
       extend ActiveSupport::Concern
       include Renderers
@@ -96,21 +116,24 @@ module ActionController
       json = json.to_json(options) unless json.kind_of?(String)
 
       if options[:callback].present?
-        self.content_type ||= Mime::JS
-        "#{options[:callback]}(#{json})"
+        if content_type.nil? || content_type == Mime[:json]
+          self.content_type = Mime[:js]
+        end
+
+        "/**/#{options[:callback]}(#{json})"
       else
-        self.content_type ||= Mime::JSON
+        self.content_type ||= Mime[:json]
         json
       end
     end
 
     add :js do |js, options|
-      self.content_type ||= Mime::JS
+      self.content_type ||= Mime[:js]
       js.respond_to?(:to_js) ? js.to_js(options) : js
     end
 
     add :xml do |xml, options|
-      self.content_type ||= Mime::XML
+      self.content_type ||= Mime[:xml]
       xml.respond_to?(:to_xml) ? xml.to_xml(options) : xml
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rendering.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rendering.rb
index 3c4ef596c7..cce6fe7787 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rendering.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rendering.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,29 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/filters'
+
 module ActionController
   module Rendering
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     RENDER_FORMATS_IN_PRIORITY = [:body, :text, :plain, :html]
 
+    module ClassMethods
+      # Documentation at ActionController::Renderer#render
+      delegate :render, to: :renderer
+
+      # Returns a renderer instance (inherited from ActionController::Renderer)
+      # for the controller.
+      attr_reader :renderer
+
+      def setup_renderer! # :nodoc:
+        @renderer = Renderer.for(self)
+      end
+
+      def inherited(klass)
+        klass.setup_renderer!
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
     # Before processing, set the request formats in current controller formats.
     def process_action(*) #:nodoc:
       self.formats = request.formats.map(&:ref).compact
@@ -42,15 +62,13 @@ module ActionController
       nil
     end
 
-    def _process_format(format, options = {})
-      super
+    def _set_html_content_type
+      self.content_type = Mime[:html].to_s
+    end
 
-      if options[:body]
-        self.headers.delete "Content-Type"
-      elsif options[:plain]
-        self.content_type = Mime::TEXT
-      else
-        self.content_type ||= format.to_s
+    def _set_rendered_content_type(format)
+      unless response.content_type
+        self.content_type = format.to_s
       end
     end
 
@@ -65,12 +83,24 @@ module ActionController
     def _normalize_options(options) #:nodoc:
       _normalize_text(options)
 
+      if options[:text]
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn <<-WARNING.squish
+          `render :text` is deprecated because it does not actually render a
+          `text/plain` response. Switch to `render plain: 'plain text'` to
+          render as `text/plain`, `render html: '<strong>HTML</strong>'` to
+          render as `text/html`, or `render body: 'raw'` to match the deprecated
+          behavior and render with the default Content-Type, which is
+          `text/plain`.
+        WARNING
+      end
+
       if options[:html]
         options[:html] = ERB::Util.html_escape(options[:html])
       end
 
-      if options.delete(:nothing) || _any_render_format_is_nil?(options)
-        options[:body] = " "
+      if options.delete(:nothing)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("`:nothing` option is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.1. Use `head` method to respond with empty response body.")
+        options[:body] = nil
       end
 
       if options[:status]
@@ -88,10 +118,6 @@ module ActionController
       end
     end
 
-    def _any_render_format_is_nil?(options)
-      RENDER_FORMATS_IN_PRIORITY.any? { |format| options.key?(format) && options[format].nil? }
-    end
-
     # Process controller specific options, as status, content-type and location.
     def _process_options(options) #:nodoc:
       status, content_type, location = options.values_at(:status, :content_type, :location)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/request_forgery_protection.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/request_forgery_protection.rb
index c88074d4c6..26c4550f89 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/request_forgery_protection.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/request_forgery_protection.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'rack/session/abstract/id'
 require 'action_controller/metal/exceptions'
+require 'active_support/security_utils'
 
 module ActionController #:nodoc:
   class InvalidAuthenticityToken < ActionControllerError #:nodoc:
@@ -9,12 +10,17 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
   end
 
   # Controller actions are protected from Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) attacks
-  # by including a token in the rendered html for your application. This token is
+  # by including a token in the rendered HTML for your application. This token is
   # stored as a random string in the session, to which an attacker does not have
   # access. When a request reaches your application, \Rails verifies the received
-  # token with the token in the session. Only HTML and JavaScript requests are checked,
-  # so this will not protect your XML API (presumably you'll have a different
-  # authentication scheme there anyway).
+  # token with the token in the session. All requests are checked except GET requests
+  # as these should be idempotent. Keep in mind that all session-oriented requests
+  # should be CSRF protected, including JavaScript and HTML requests.
+  #
+  # Since HTML and JavaScript requests are typically made from the browser, we
+  # need to ensure to verify request authenticity for the web browser. We can
+  # use session-oriented authentication for these types of requests, by using
+  # the `protect_from_forgery` method in our controllers.
   #
   # GET requests are not protected since they don't have side effects like writing
   # to the database and don't leak sensitive information. JavaScript requests are
@@ -25,26 +31,25 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
   # Ajax) requests are allowed to make GET requests for JavaScript responses.
   #
   # It's important to remember that XML or JSON requests are also affected and if
-  # you're building an API you'll need something like:
+  # you're building an API you should change forgery protection method in
+  # <tt>ApplicationController</tt> (by default: <tt>:exception</tt>):
   #
   #   class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
-  #     protect_from_forgery
-  #     skip_before_action :verify_authenticity_token, if: :json_request?
-  #
-  #     protected
-  #
-  #     def json_request?
-  #       request.format.json?
-  #     end
+  #     protect_from_forgery unless: -> { request.format.json? }
   #   end
   #
-  # CSRF protection is turned on with the <tt>protect_from_forgery</tt> method,
-  # which checks the token and resets the session if it doesn't match what was expected.
-  # A call to this method is generated for new \Rails applications by default.
+  # CSRF protection is turned on with the <tt>protect_from_forgery</tt> method.
+  # By default <tt>protect_from_forgery</tt> protects your session with
+  # <tt>:null_session</tt> method, which provides an empty session
+  # during request.
+  #
+  # We may want to disable CSRF protection for APIs since they are typically
+  # designed to be state-less. That is, the request API client will handle
+  # the session for you instead of Rails.
   #
   # The token parameter is named <tt>authenticity_token</tt> by default. The name and
   # value of this token must be added to every layout that renders forms by including
-  # <tt>csrf_meta_tags</tt> in the html +head+.
+  # <tt>csrf_meta_tags</tt> in the HTML +head+.
   #
   # Learn more about CSRF attacks and securing your application in the
   # {Ruby on Rails Security Guide}[http://guides.rubyonrails.org/security.html].
@@ -68,12 +73,20 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
       config_accessor :allow_forgery_protection
       self.allow_forgery_protection = true if allow_forgery_protection.nil?
 
+      # Controls whether a CSRF failure logs a warning. On by default.
+      config_accessor :log_warning_on_csrf_failure
+      self.log_warning_on_csrf_failure = true
+
+      # Controls whether the Origin header is checked in addition to the CSRF token.
+      config_accessor :forgery_protection_origin_check
+      self.forgery_protection_origin_check = false
+
       helper_method :form_authenticity_token
       helper_method :protect_against_forgery?
     end
 
     module ClassMethods
-      # Turn on request forgery protection. Bear in mind that only non-GET, HTML/JavaScript requests are checked.
+      # Turn on request forgery protection. Bear in mind that GET and HEAD requests are not checked.
       #
       #   class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
       #     protect_from_forgery
@@ -81,13 +94,21 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
       #
       #   class FooController < ApplicationController
       #     protect_from_forgery except: :index
+      #   end
+      #
+      # You can disable forgery protection on controller by skipping the verification before_action:
       #
-      # You can disable CSRF protection on controller by skipping the verification before_action:
       #   skip_before_action :verify_authenticity_token
       #
       # Valid Options:
       #
-      # * <tt>:only/:except</tt> - Passed to the <tt>before_action</tt> call. Set which actions are verified.
+      # * <tt>:only/:except</tt> - Only apply forgery protection to a subset of actions. For example <tt>only: [ :create, :create_all ]</tt>.
+      # * <tt>:if/:unless</tt> - Turn off the forgery protection entirely depending on the passed Proc or method reference.
+      # * <tt>:prepend</tt> - By default, the verification of the authentication token will be added at the position of the
+      #    protect_from_forgery call in your application. This means any callbacks added before are run first. This is useful
+      #    when you want your forgery protection to depend on other callbacks, like authentication methods (Oauth vs Cookie auth).
+      #
+      #    If you need to add verification to the beginning of the callback chain, use <tt>prepend: true</tt>.
       # * <tt>:with</tt> - Set the method to handle unverified request.
       #
       # Valid unverified request handling methods are:
@@ -95,9 +116,11 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
       # * <tt>:reset_session</tt> - Resets the session.
       # * <tt>:null_session</tt> - Provides an empty session during request but doesn't reset it completely. Used as default if <tt>:with</tt> option is not specified.
       def protect_from_forgery(options = {})
+        options = options.reverse_merge(prepend: false)
+
         self.forgery_protection_strategy = protection_method_class(options[:with] || :null_session)
         self.request_forgery_protection_token ||= :authenticity_token
-        prepend_before_action :verify_authenticity_token, options
+        before_action :verify_authenticity_token, options
         append_after_action :verify_same_origin_request
       end
 
@@ -119,17 +142,17 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
         # This is the method that defines the application behavior when a request is found to be unverified.
         def handle_unverified_request
           request = @controller.request
-          request.session = NullSessionHash.new(request.env)
-          request.env['action_dispatch.request.flash_hash'] = nil
-          request.env['rack.session.options'] = { skip: true }
-          request.env['action_dispatch.cookies'] = NullCookieJar.build(request)
+          request.session = NullSessionHash.new(request)
+          request.flash = nil
+          request.session_options = { skip: true }
+          request.cookie_jar = NullCookieJar.build(request, {})
         end
 
         protected
 
         class NullSessionHash < Rack::Session::Abstract::SessionHash #:nodoc:
-          def initialize(env)
-            super(nil, env)
+          def initialize(req)
+            super(nil, req)
             @data = {}
             @loaded = true
           end
@@ -143,14 +166,6 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
         end
 
         class NullCookieJar < ActionDispatch::Cookies::CookieJar #:nodoc:
-          def self.build(request)
-            key_generator = request.env[ActionDispatch::Cookies::GENERATOR_KEY]
-            host          = request.host
-            secure        = request.ssl?
-
-            new(key_generator, host, secure, options_for_env({}))
-          end
-
           def write(*)
             # nothing
           end
@@ -193,7 +208,9 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
         mark_for_same_origin_verification!
 
         if !verified_request?
-          logger.warn "Can't verify CSRF token authenticity" if logger
+          if logger && log_warning_on_csrf_failure
+            logger.warn "Can't verify CSRF token authenticity"
+          end
           handle_unverified_request
         end
       end
@@ -202,6 +219,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
         forgery_protection_strategy.new(self).handle_unverified_request
       end
 
+      #:nodoc:
       CROSS_ORIGIN_JAVASCRIPT_WARNING = "Security warning: an embedded " \
         "<script> tag on another site requested protected JavaScript. " \
         "If you know what you're doing, go ahead and disable forgery " \
@@ -234,20 +252,94 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
         content_type =~ %r(\Atext/javascript) && !request.xhr?
       end
 
+      AUTHENTICITY_TOKEN_LENGTH = 32
+
       # Returns true or false if a request is verified. Checks:
       #
-      # * is it a GET or HEAD request?  Gets should be safe and idempotent
+      # * Is it a GET or HEAD request?  Gets should be safe and idempotent
       # * Does the form_authenticity_token match the given token value from the params?
       # * Does the X-CSRF-Token header match the form_authenticity_token
       def verified_request?
         !protect_against_forgery? || request.get? || request.head? ||
-          form_authenticity_token == params[request_forgery_protection_token] ||
-          form_authenticity_token == request.headers['X-CSRF-Token']
+          (valid_request_origin? && any_authenticity_token_valid?)
+      end
+
+      # Checks if any of the authenticity tokens from the request are valid.
+      def any_authenticity_token_valid?
+        request_authenticity_tokens.any? do |token|
+          valid_authenticity_token?(session, token)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Possible authenticity tokens sent in the request.
+      def request_authenticity_tokens
+        [form_authenticity_param, request.x_csrf_token]
       end
 
       # Sets the token value for the current session.
       def form_authenticity_token
-        session[:_csrf_token] ||= SecureRandom.base64(32)
+        masked_authenticity_token(session)
+      end
+
+      # Creates a masked version of the authenticity token that varies
+      # on each request. The masking is used to mitigate SSL attacks
+      # like BREACH.
+      def masked_authenticity_token(session)
+        one_time_pad = SecureRandom.random_bytes(AUTHENTICITY_TOKEN_LENGTH)
+        encrypted_csrf_token = xor_byte_strings(one_time_pad, real_csrf_token(session))
+        masked_token = one_time_pad + encrypted_csrf_token
+        Base64.strict_encode64(masked_token)
+      end
+
+      # Checks the client's masked token to see if it matches the
+      # session token. Essentially the inverse of
+      # +masked_authenticity_token+.
+      def valid_authenticity_token?(session, encoded_masked_token)
+        if encoded_masked_token.nil? || encoded_masked_token.empty? || !encoded_masked_token.is_a?(String)
+          return false
+        end
+
+        begin
+          masked_token = Base64.strict_decode64(encoded_masked_token)
+        rescue ArgumentError # encoded_masked_token is invalid Base64
+          return false
+        end
+
+        # See if it's actually a masked token or not. In order to
+        # deploy this code, we should be able to handle any unmasked
+        # tokens that we've issued without error.
+
+        if masked_token.length == AUTHENTICITY_TOKEN_LENGTH
+          # This is actually an unmasked token. This is expected if
+          # you have just upgraded to masked tokens, but should stop
+          # happening shortly after installing this gem
+          compare_with_real_token masked_token, session
+
+        elsif masked_token.length == AUTHENTICITY_TOKEN_LENGTH * 2
+          # Split the token into the one-time pad and the encrypted
+          # value and decrypt it
+          one_time_pad = masked_token[0...AUTHENTICITY_TOKEN_LENGTH]
+          encrypted_csrf_token = masked_token[AUTHENTICITY_TOKEN_LENGTH..-1]
+          csrf_token = xor_byte_strings(one_time_pad, encrypted_csrf_token)
+
+          compare_with_real_token csrf_token, session
+
+        else
+          false # Token is malformed
+        end
+      end
+
+      def compare_with_real_token(token, session)
+        ActiveSupport::SecurityUtils.secure_compare(token, real_csrf_token(session))
+      end
+
+      def real_csrf_token(session)
+        session[:_csrf_token] ||= SecureRandom.base64(AUTHENTICITY_TOKEN_LENGTH)
+        Base64.strict_decode64(session[:_csrf_token])
+      end
+
+      def xor_byte_strings(s1, s2)
+        s1.bytes.zip(s2.bytes).map { |(c1,c2)| c1 ^ c2 }.pack('c*')
       end
 
       # The form's authenticity parameter. Override to provide your own.
@@ -259,5 +351,16 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
       def protect_against_forgery?
         allow_forgery_protection
       end
+
+      # Checks if the request originated from the same origin by looking at the
+      # Origin header.
+      def valid_request_origin?
+        if forgery_protection_origin_check
+          # We accept blank origin headers because some user agents don't send it.
+          request.origin.nil? || request.origin == request.base_url
+        else
+          true
+        end
+      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rescue.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rescue.rb
index 68cc9a9c9b..81b9a7b9ed 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rescue.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rescue.rb
@@ -7,10 +7,8 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
     include ActiveSupport::Rescuable
 
     def rescue_with_handler(exception)
-      if (exception.respond_to?(:original_exception) &&
-          (orig_exception = exception.original_exception) &&
-          handler_for_rescue(orig_exception))
-        exception = orig_exception
+      if exception.cause && handler_for_rescue(exception.cause)
+        exception = exception.cause
       end
       super(exception)
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/responder.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/responder.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index e24b56fa91..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/responder.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,297 +0,0 @@
-require 'active_support/json'
-
-module ActionController #:nodoc:
-  # Responsible for exposing a resource to different mime requests,
-  # usually depending on the HTTP verb. The responder is triggered when
-  # <code>respond_with</code> is called. The simplest case to study is a GET request:
-  #
-  #   class PeopleController < ApplicationController
-  #     respond_to :html, :xml, :json
-  #
-  #     def index
-  #       @people = Person.all
-  #       respond_with(@people)
-  #     end
-  #   end
-  #
-  # When a request comes in, for example for an XML response, three steps happen:
-  #
-  #   1) the responder searches for a template at people/index.xml;
-  #
-  #   2) if the template is not available, it will invoke <code>#to_xml</code> on the given resource;
-  #
-  #   3) if the responder does not <code>respond_to :to_xml</code>, call <code>#to_format</code> on it.
-  #
-  # === Builtin HTTP verb semantics
-  #
-  # The default \Rails responder holds semantics for each HTTP verb. Depending on the
-  # content type, verb and the resource status, it will behave differently.
-  #
-  # Using \Rails default responder, a POST request for creating an object could
-  # be written as:
-  #
-  #   def create
-  #     @user = User.new(params[:user])
-  #     flash[:notice] = 'User was successfully created.' if @user.save
-  #     respond_with(@user)
-  #   end
-  #
-  # Which is exactly the same as:
-  #
-  #   def create
-  #     @user = User.new(params[:user])
-  #
-  #     respond_to do |format|
-  #       if @user.save
-  #         flash[:notice] = 'User was successfully created.'
-  #         format.html { redirect_to(@user) }
-  #         format.xml { render xml: @user, status: :created, location: @user }
-  #       else
-  #         format.html { render action: "new" }
-  #         format.xml { render xml: @user.errors, status: :unprocessable_entity }
-  #       end
-  #     end
-  #   end
-  #
-  # The same happens for PATCH/PUT and DELETE requests.
-  #
-  # === Nested resources
-  #
-  # You can supply nested resources as you do in <code>form_for</code> and <code>polymorphic_url</code>.
-  # Consider the project has many tasks example. The create action for
-  # TasksController would be like:
-  #
-  #   def create
-  #     @project = Project.find(params[:project_id])
-  #     @task = @project.tasks.build(params[:task])
-  #     flash[:notice] = 'Task was successfully created.' if @task.save
-  #     respond_with(@project, @task)
-  #   end
-  #
-  # Giving several resources ensures that the responder will redirect to
-  # <code>project_task_url</code> instead of <code>task_url</code>.
-  #
-  # Namespaced and singleton resources require a symbol to be given, as in
-  # polymorphic urls. If a project has one manager which has many tasks, it
-  # should be invoked as:
-  #
-  #   respond_with(@project, :manager, @task)
-  #
-  # Note that if you give an array, it will be treated as a collection,
-  # so the following is not equivalent:
-  #
-  #   respond_with [@project, :manager, @task]
-  #
-  # === Custom options
-  #
-  # <code>respond_with</code> also allows you to pass options that are forwarded
-  # to the underlying render call. Those options are only applied for success
-  # scenarios. For instance, you can do the following in the create method above:
-  #
-  #   def create
-  #     @project = Project.find(params[:project_id])
-  #     @task = @project.tasks.build(params[:task])
-  #     flash[:notice] = 'Task was successfully created.' if @task.save
-  #     respond_with(@project, @task, status: 201)
-  #   end
-  #
-  # This will return status 201 if the task was saved successfully. If not,
-  # it will simply ignore the given options and return status 422 and the
-  # resource errors. You can also override the location to redirect to:
-  #
-  #   respond_with(@project, location: root_path)
-  #
-  # To customize the failure scenario, you can pass a block to
-  # <code>respond_with</code>:
-  #
-  #   def create
-  #     @project = Project.find(params[:project_id])
-  #     @task = @project.tasks.build(params[:task])
-  #     respond_with(@project, @task, status: 201) do |format|
-  #       if @task.save
-  #         flash[:notice] = 'Task was successfully created.'
-  #       else
-  #         format.html { render "some_special_template" }
-  #       end
-  #     end
-  #   end
-  #
-  # Using <code>respond_with</code> with a block follows the same syntax as <code>respond_to</code>.
-  class Responder
-    attr_reader :controller, :request, :format, :resource, :resources, :options
-
-    DEFAULT_ACTIONS_FOR_VERBS = {
-      :post => :new,
-      :patch => :edit,
-      :put => :edit
-    }
-
-    def initialize(controller, resources, options={})
-      @controller = controller
-      @request = @controller.request
-      @format = @controller.formats.first
-      @resource = resources.last
-      @resources = resources
-      @options = options
-      @action = options.delete(:action)
-      @default_response = options.delete(:default_response)
-    end
-
-    delegate :head, :render, :redirect_to,   :to => :controller
-    delegate :get?, :post?, :patch?, :put?, :delete?, :to => :request
-
-    # Undefine :to_json and :to_yaml since it's defined on Object
-    undef_method(:to_json) if method_defined?(:to_json)
-    undef_method(:to_yaml) if method_defined?(:to_yaml)
-
-    # Initializes a new responder and invokes the proper format. If the format is
-    # not defined, call to_format.
-    #
-    def self.call(*args)
-      new(*args).respond
-    end
-
-    # Main entry point for responder responsible to dispatch to the proper format.
-    #
-    def respond
-      method = "to_#{format}"
-      respond_to?(method) ? send(method) : to_format
-    end
-
-    # HTML format does not render the resource, it always attempt to render a
-    # template.
-    #
-    def to_html
-      default_render
-    rescue ActionView::MissingTemplate => e
-      navigation_behavior(e)
-    end
-
-    # to_js simply tries to render a template. If no template is found, raises the error.
-    def to_js
-      default_render
-    end
-
-    # All other formats follow the procedure below. First we try to render a
-    # template, if the template is not available, we verify if the resource
-    # responds to :to_format and display it.
-    #
-    def to_format
-      if get? || !has_errors? || response_overridden?
-        default_render
-      else
-        display_errors
-      end
-    rescue ActionView::MissingTemplate => e
-      api_behavior(e)
-    end
-
-  protected
-
-    # This is the common behavior for formats associated with browsing, like :html, :iphone and so forth.
-    def navigation_behavior(error)
-      if get?
-        raise error
-      elsif has_errors? && default_action
-        render :action => default_action
-      else
-        redirect_to navigation_location
-      end
-    end
-
-    # This is the common behavior for formats associated with APIs, such as :xml and :json.
-    def api_behavior(error)
-      raise error unless resourceful?
-      raise MissingRenderer.new(format) unless has_renderer?
-
-      if get?
-        display resource
-      elsif post?
-        display resource, :status => :created, :location => api_location
-      else
-        head :no_content
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Checks whether the resource responds to the current format or not.
-    #
-    def resourceful?
-      resource.respond_to?("to_#{format}")
-    end
-
-    # Returns the resource location by retrieving it from the options or
-    # returning the resources array.
-    #
-    def resource_location
-      options[:location] || resources
-    end
-    alias :navigation_location :resource_location
-    alias :api_location :resource_location
-
-    # If a response block was given, use it, otherwise call render on
-    # controller.
-    #
-    def default_render
-      if @default_response
-        @default_response.call(options)
-      else
-        controller.default_render(options)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Display is just a shortcut to render a resource with the current format.
-    #
-    #   display @user, status: :ok
-    #
-    # For XML requests it's equivalent to:
-    #
-    #   render xml: @user, status: :ok
-    #
-    # Options sent by the user are also used:
-    #
-    #   respond_with(@user, status: :created)
-    #   display(@user, status: :ok)
-    #
-    # Results in:
-    #
-    #   render xml: @user, status: :created
-    #
-    def display(resource, given_options={})
-      controller.render given_options.merge!(options).merge!(format => resource)
-    end
-
-    def display_errors
-      controller.render format => resource_errors, :status => :unprocessable_entity
-    end
-
-    # Check whether the resource has errors.
-    #
-    def has_errors?
-      resource.respond_to?(:errors) && !resource.errors.empty?
-    end
-
-    # Check whether the necessary Renderer is available
-    def has_renderer?
-      Renderers::RENDERERS.include?(format)
-    end
-
-    # By default, render the <code>:edit</code> action for HTML requests with errors, unless
-    # the verb was POST.
-    #
-    def default_action
-      @action ||= DEFAULT_ACTIONS_FOR_VERBS[request.request_method_symbol]
-    end
-
-    def resource_errors
-      respond_to?("#{format}_resource_errors", true) ? send("#{format}_resource_errors") : resource.errors
-    end
-
-    def json_resource_errors
-      {:errors => resource.errors}
-    end
-
-    def response_overridden?
-      @default_response.present?
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/streaming.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/streaming.rb
index 62d5931b45..a6115674aa 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/streaming.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/streaming.rb
@@ -110,9 +110,9 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
   # This means that, if you have <code>yield :title</code> in your layout
   # and you want to use streaming, you would have to render the whole template
   # (and eventually trigger all queries) before streaming the title and all
-  # assets, which kills the purpose of streaming. For this reason Rails 3.1
-  # introduces a new helper called +provide+ that does the same as +content_for+
-  # but tells the layout to stop searching for other entries and continue rendering.
+  # assets, which kills the purpose of streaming. For this purpose, you can use
+  # a helper called +provide+ that does the same as +content_for+ but tells the
+  # layout to stop searching for other entries and continue rendering.
   #
   # For instance, the template above using +provide+ would be:
   #
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
   # You may also want to configure other parameters like <tt>:tcp_nodelay</tt>.
   # Please check its documentation for more information: http://unicorn.bogomips.org/Unicorn/Configurator.html#method-i-listen
   #
-  # If you are using Unicorn with Nginx, you may need to tweak Nginx.
+  # If you are using Unicorn with NGINX, you may need to tweak NGINX.
   # Streaming should work out of the box on Rainbows.
   #
   # ==== Passenger
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
       def _process_options(options) #:nodoc:
         super
         if options[:stream]
-          if env["HTTP_VERSION"] == "HTTP/1.0"
+          if request.version == "HTTP/1.0"
             options.delete(:stream)
           else
             headers["Cache-Control"] ||= "no-cache"
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/strong_parameters.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/strong_parameters.rb
index aff083b502..8bc3c271e2 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/strong_parameters.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/strong_parameters.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/wrap'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/filters'
 require 'active_support/rescuable'
 require 'action_dispatch/http/upload'
+require 'rack/test'
 require 'stringio'
 require 'set'
 
@@ -10,9 +12,9 @@ module ActionController
   #
   #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: {})
   #   params.fetch(:b)
-  #   # => ActionController::ParameterMissing: param not found: b
+  #   # => ActionController::ParameterMissing: param is missing or the value is empty: b
   #   params.require(:a)
-  #   # => ActionController::ParameterMissing: param not found: a
+  #   # => ActionController::ParameterMissing: param is missing or the value is empty: a
   class ParameterMissing < KeyError
     attr_reader :param # :nodoc:
 
@@ -22,11 +24,13 @@ module ActionController
     end
   end
 
-  # Raised when a supplied parameter is not expected.
+  # Raised when a supplied parameter is not expected and
+  # ActionController::Parameters.action_on_unpermitted_parameters
+  # is set to <tt>:raise</tt>.
   #
   #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: "123", b: "456")
   #   params.permit(:c)
-  #   # => ActionController::UnpermittedParameters: found unexpected keys: a, b
+  #   # => ActionController::UnpermittedParameters: found unpermitted parameters: a, b
   class UnpermittedParameters < IndexError
     attr_reader :params # :nodoc:
 
@@ -39,7 +43,7 @@ module ActionController
   # == Action Controller \Parameters
   #
   # Allows to choose which attributes should be whitelisted for mass updating
-  # and thus prevent accidentally exposing that which shouldn’t be exposed.
+  # and thus prevent accidentally exposing that which shouldn't be exposed.
   # Provides two methods for this purpose: #require and #permit. The former is
   # used to mark parameters as required. The latter is used to set the parameter
   # as permitted and limit which attributes should be allowed for mass updating.
@@ -90,20 +94,41 @@ module ActionController
   #   params.permit(:c)
   #   # => ActionController::UnpermittedParameters: found unpermitted keys: a, b
   #
-  # <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt> is inherited from
-  # <tt>ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess</tt>, this means
-  # that you can fetch values using either <tt>:key</tt> or <tt>"key"</tt>.
+  # Please note that these options *are not thread-safe*. In a multi-threaded
+  # environment they should only be set once at boot-time and never mutated at
+  # runtime.
+  #
+  # You can fetch values of <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt> using either
+  # <tt>:key</tt> or <tt>"key"</tt>.
   #
   #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(key: 'value')
   #   params[:key]  # => "value"
   #   params["key"] # => "value"
-  class Parameters < ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess
+  class Parameters
     cattr_accessor :permit_all_parameters, instance_accessor: false
     cattr_accessor :action_on_unpermitted_parameters, instance_accessor: false
 
-    # Never raise an UnpermittedParameters exception because of these params
-    # are present. They are added by Rails and it's of no concern.
-    NEVER_UNPERMITTED_PARAMS = %w( controller action )
+    delegate :keys, :key?, :has_key?, :empty?, :inspect, to: :@parameters
+
+    # By default, never raise an UnpermittedParameters exception if these
+    # params are present. The default includes both 'controller' and 'action'
+    # because they are added by Rails and should be of no concern. One way
+    # to change these is to specify `always_permitted_parameters` in your
+    # config. For instance:
+    #
+    #    config.always_permitted_parameters = %w( controller action format )
+    cattr_accessor :always_permitted_parameters
+    self.always_permitted_parameters = %w( controller action )
+
+    def self.const_missing(const_name)
+      return super unless const_name == :NEVER_UNPERMITTED_PARAMS
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
+        `ActionController::Parameters::NEVER_UNPERMITTED_PARAMS` has been deprecated.
+        Use `ActionController::Parameters.always_permitted_parameters` instead.
+      MSG
+
+      always_permitted_parameters
+    end
 
     # Returns a new instance of <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt>.
     # Also, sets the +permitted+ attribute to the default value of
@@ -121,14 +146,65 @@ module ActionController
     #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(name: 'Francesco')
     #   params.permitted?  # => true
     #   Person.new(params) # => #<Person id: nil, name: "Francesco">
-    def initialize(attributes = nil)
-      super(attributes)
+    def initialize(parameters = {})
+      @parameters = parameters.with_indifferent_access
       @permitted = self.class.permit_all_parameters
     end
 
+    # Returns true if another +Parameters+ object contains the same content and
+    # permitted flag, or other Hash-like object contains the same content. This
+    # override is in place so you can perform a comparison with `Hash`.
+    def ==(other_hash)
+      if other_hash.respond_to?(:permitted?)
+        super
+      else
+        @parameters == other_hash
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Returns a safe <tt>ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess</tt>
+    # representation of this parameter with all unpermitted keys removed.
+    #
+    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new({
+    #     name: 'Senjougahara Hitagi',
+    #     oddity: 'Heavy stone crab'
+    #   })
+    #   params.to_h # => {}
+    #
+    #   safe_params = params.permit(:name)
+    #   safe_params.to_h # => {"name"=>"Senjougahara Hitagi"}
+    def to_h
+      if permitted?
+        @parameters.deep_dup
+      else
+        slice(*self.class.always_permitted_parameters).permit!.to_h
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Returns an unsafe, unfiltered
+    # <tt>ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess</tt> representation of this
+    # parameter.
+    def to_unsafe_h
+      @parameters.deep_dup
+    end
+    alias_method :to_unsafe_hash, :to_unsafe_h
+
+    # Convert all hashes in values into parameters, then yield each pair like
+    # the same way as <tt>Hash#each_pair</tt>
+    def each_pair(&block)
+      @parameters.each_pair do |key, value|
+        yield key, convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, value)
+      end
+    end
+    alias_method :each, :each_pair
+
     # Attribute that keeps track of converted arrays, if any, to avoid double
     # looping in the common use case permit + mass-assignment. Defined in a
     # method to instantiate it only if needed.
+    #
+    # Testing membership still loops, but it's going to be faster than our own
+    # loop that converts values. Also, we are not going to build a new array
+    # object per fetch.
     def converted_arrays
       @converted_arrays ||= Set.new
     end
@@ -157,9 +233,8 @@ module ActionController
     #   Person.new(params) # => #<Person id: nil, name: "Francesco">
     def permit!
       each_pair do |key, value|
-        value = convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, value)
-        Array.wrap(value).each do |_|
-          _.permit! if _.respond_to? :permit!
+        Array.wrap(value).each do |v|
+          v.permit! if v.respond_to? :permit!
         end
       end
 
@@ -167,20 +242,64 @@ module ActionController
       self
     end
 
-    # Ensures that a parameter is present. If it's present, returns
-    # the parameter at the given +key+, otherwise raises an
-    # <tt>ActionController::ParameterMissing</tt> error.
+    # This method accepts both a single key and an array of keys.
+    #
+    # When passed a single key, if it exists and its associated value is
+    # either present or the singleton +false+, returns said value:
     #
     #   ActionController::Parameters.new(person: { name: 'Francesco' }).require(:person)
     #   # => {"name"=>"Francesco"}
     #
+    # Otherwise raises <tt>ActionController::ParameterMissing</tt>:
+    #
+    #   ActionController::Parameters.new.require(:person)
+    #   # ActionController::ParameterMissing: param is missing or the value is empty: person
+    #
     #   ActionController::Parameters.new(person: nil).require(:person)
-    #   # => ActionController::ParameterMissing: param not found: person
+    #   # ActionController::ParameterMissing: param is missing or the value is empty: person
+    #
+    #   ActionController::Parameters.new(person: "\t").require(:person)
+    #   # ActionController::ParameterMissing: param is missing or the value is empty: person
     #
     #   ActionController::Parameters.new(person: {}).require(:person)
-    #   # => ActionController::ParameterMissing: param not found: person
+    #   # ActionController::ParameterMissing: param is missing or the value is empty: person
+    #
+    # When given an array of keys, the method tries to require each one of them
+    # in order. If it succeeds, an array with the respective return values is
+    # returned:
+    #
+    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(user: { ... }, profile: { ... })
+    #   user_params, profile_params = params.require(:user, :profile)
+    #
+    # Otherwise, the method reraises the first exception found:
+    #
+    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(user: {}, profile: {})
+    #   user_params, profile_params = params.require(:user, :profile)
+    #   # ActionController::ParameterMissing: param is missing or the value is empty: user
+    #
+    # Technically this method can be used to fetch terminal values:
+    #
+    #   # CAREFUL
+    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(person: { name: 'Finn' })
+    #   name = params.require(:person).require(:name) # CAREFUL
+    #
+    # but take into account that at some point those ones have to be permitted:
+    #
+    #   def person_params
+    #     params.require(:person).permit(:name).tap do |person_params|
+    #       person_params.require(:name) # SAFER
+    #     end
+    #   end
+    #
+    # for example.
     def require(key)
-      self[key].presence || raise(ParameterMissing.new(key))
+      return key.map { |k| require(k) } if key.is_a?(Array)
+      value = self[key]
+      if value.present? || value == false
+        value
+      else
+        raise ParameterMissing.new(key)
+      end
     end
 
     # Alias of #require.
@@ -202,7 +321,7 @@ module ActionController
     #
     #   params.permit(:name)
     #
-    # +:name+ passes it is a key of +params+ whose associated value is of type
+    # +:name+ passes if it is a key of +params+ whose associated value is of type
     # +String+, +Symbol+, +NilClass+, +Numeric+, +TrueClass+, +FalseClass+,
     # +Date+, +Time+, +DateTime+, +StringIO+, +IO+,
     # +ActionDispatch::Http::UploadedFile+ or +Rack::Test::UploadedFile+.
@@ -279,7 +398,13 @@ module ActionController
     #   params[:person] # => {"name"=>"Francesco"}
     #   params[:none]   # => nil
     def [](key)
-      convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, super)
+      convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, @parameters[key])
+    end
+
+    # Assigns a value to a given +key+. The given key may still get filtered out
+    # when +permit+ is called.
+    def []=(key, value)
+      @parameters[key] = value
     end
 
     # Returns a parameter for the given +key+. If the +key+
@@ -290,13 +415,19 @@ module ActionController
     #
     #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(person: { name: 'Francesco' })
     #   params.fetch(:person)               # => {"name"=>"Francesco"}
-    #   params.fetch(:none)                 # => ActionController::ParameterMissing: param not found: none
+    #   params.fetch(:none)                 # => ActionController::ParameterMissing: param is missing or the value is empty: none
     #   params.fetch(:none, 'Francesco')    # => "Francesco"
     #   params.fetch(:none) { 'Francesco' } # => "Francesco"
-    def fetch(key, *args)
-      convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, super, false)
-    rescue KeyError
-      raise ActionController::ParameterMissing.new(key)
+    def fetch(key, *args, &block)
+      convert_value_to_parameters(
+        @parameters.fetch(key) {
+          if block_given?
+            yield
+          else
+            args.fetch(0) { raise ActionController::ParameterMissing.new(key) }
+          end
+        }
+      )
     end
 
     # Returns a new <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt> instance that
@@ -307,11 +438,117 @@ module ActionController
     #   params.slice(:a, :b) # => {"a"=>1, "b"=>2}
     #   params.slice(:d)     # => {}
     def slice(*keys)
-      self.class.new(super).tap do |new_instance|
-        new_instance.permitted = @permitted
+      new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(@parameters.slice(*keys))
+    end
+
+    # Returns current <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt> instance which
+    # contains only the given +keys+.
+    def slice!(*keys)
+      @parameters.slice!(*keys)
+      self
+    end
+
+    # Returns a new <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt> instance that
+    # filters out the given +keys+.
+    #
+    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: 1, b: 2, c: 3)
+    #   params.except(:a, :b) # => {"c"=>3}
+    #   params.except(:d)     # => {"a"=>1,"b"=>2,"c"=>3}
+    def except(*keys)
+      new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(@parameters.except(*keys))
+    end
+
+    # Removes and returns the key/value pairs matching the given keys.
+    #
+    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: 1, b: 2, c: 3)
+    #   params.extract!(:a, :b) # => {"a"=>1, "b"=>2}
+    #   params                  # => {"c"=>3}
+    def extract!(*keys)
+      new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(@parameters.extract!(*keys))
+    end
+
+    # Returns a new <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt> with the results of
+    # running +block+ once for every value. The keys are unchanged.
+    #
+    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: 1, b: 2, c: 3)
+    #   params.transform_values { |x| x * 2 }
+    #   # => {"a"=>2, "b"=>4, "c"=>6}
+    def transform_values(&block)
+      if block
+        new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(
+          @parameters.transform_values(&block)
+        )
+      else
+        @parameters.transform_values
       end
     end
 
+    # Performs values transformation and returns the altered
+    # <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt> instance.
+    def transform_values!(&block)
+      @parameters.transform_values!(&block)
+      self
+    end
+
+    # Returns a new <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt> instance with the
+    # results of running +block+ once for every key. The values are unchanged.
+    def transform_keys(&block)
+      if block
+        new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(
+          @parameters.transform_keys(&block)
+        )
+      else
+        @parameters.transform_keys
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Performs keys transformation and returns the altered
+    # <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt> instance.
+    def transform_keys!(&block)
+      @parameters.transform_keys!(&block)
+      self
+    end
+
+    # Deletes and returns a key-value pair from +Parameters+ whose key is equal
+    # to key. If the key is not found, returns the default value. If the
+    # optional code block is given and the key is not found, pass in the key
+    # and return the result of block.
+    def delete(key, &block)
+      convert_value_to_parameters(@parameters.delete(key))
+    end
+
+    # Returns a new instance of <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt> with only
+    # items that the block evaluates to true.
+    def select(&block)
+      new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(@parameters.select(&block))
+    end
+
+    # Equivalent to Hash#keep_if, but returns nil if no changes were made.
+    def select!(&block)
+      @parameters.select!(&block)
+      self
+    end
+    alias_method :keep_if, :select!
+
+    # Returns a new instance of <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt> with items
+    # that the block evaluates to true removed.
+    def reject(&block)
+      new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(@parameters.reject(&block))
+    end
+
+    # Removes items that the block evaluates to true and returns self.
+    def reject!(&block)
+      @parameters.reject!(&block)
+      self
+    end
+    alias_method :delete_if, :reject!
+
+    # Returns values that were assigned to the given +keys+. Note that all the
+    # +Hash+ objects will be converted to <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt>.
+    def values_at(*keys)
+      convert_value_to_parameters(@parameters.values_at(*keys))
+    end
+
     # Returns an exact copy of the <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt>
     # instance. +permitted+ state is kept on the duped object.
     #
@@ -326,46 +563,72 @@ module ActionController
       end
     end
 
+    # Returns a new <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt> with all keys from
+    # +other_hash+ merges into current hash.
+    def merge(other_hash)
+      new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(
+        @parameters.merge(other_hash)
+      )
+    end
+
+    # This is required by ActiveModel attribute assignment, so that user can
+    # pass +Parameters+ to a mass assignment methods in a model. It should not
+    # matter as we are using +HashWithIndifferentAccess+ internally.
+    def stringify_keys # :nodoc:
+      dup
+    end
+
     protected
       def permitted=(new_permitted)
         @permitted = new_permitted
       end
 
+      def fields_for_style?
+        @parameters.all? { |k, v| k =~ /\A-?\d+\z/ && v.is_a?(Hash) }
+      end
+
     private
-      def convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, value, assign_if_converted=true)
+      def new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(hash)
+        self.class.new(hash).tap do |new_instance|
+          new_instance.permitted = @permitted
+        end
+      end
+
+      def convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, value)
         converted = convert_value_to_parameters(value)
-        self[key] = converted if assign_if_converted && !converted.equal?(value)
+        @parameters[key] = converted unless converted.equal?(value)
         converted
       end
 
       def convert_value_to_parameters(value)
-        if value.is_a?(Array) && !converted_arrays.member?(value)
+        case value
+        when Array
+          return value if converted_arrays.member?(value)
           converted = value.map { |_| convert_value_to_parameters(_) }
           converted_arrays << converted
           converted
-        elsif value.is_a?(Parameters) || !value.is_a?(Hash)
-          value
-        else
+        when Hash
           self.class.new(value)
+        else
+          value
         end
       end
 
       def each_element(object)
-        if object.is_a?(Array)
-          object.map { |el| yield el }.compact
-        elsif fields_for_style?(object)
-          hash = object.class.new
-          object.each { |k,v| hash[k] = yield v }
-          hash
-        else
-          yield object
+        case object
+        when Array
+          object.grep(Parameters).map { |el| yield el }.compact
+        when Parameters
+          if object.fields_for_style?
+            hash = object.class.new
+            object.each { |k,v| hash[k] = yield v }
+            hash
+          else
+            yield object
+          end
         end
       end
 
-      def fields_for_style?(object)
-        object.is_a?(Hash) && object.all? { |k, v| k =~ /\A-?\d+\z/ && v.is_a?(Hash) }
-      end
-
       def unpermitted_parameters!(params)
         unpermitted_keys = unpermitted_keys(params)
         if unpermitted_keys.any?
@@ -380,7 +643,7 @@ module ActionController
       end
 
       def unpermitted_keys(params)
-        self.keys - params.keys - NEVER_UNPERMITTED_PARAMS
+        self.keys - params.keys - self.always_permitted_parameters
       end
 
       #
@@ -427,14 +690,8 @@ module ActionController
       end
 
       def array_of_permitted_scalars?(value)
-        if value.is_a?(Array)
-          value.all? {|element| permitted_scalar?(element)}
-        end
-      end
-
-      def array_of_permitted_scalars_filter(params, key)
-        if has_key?(key) && array_of_permitted_scalars?(self[key])
-          params[key] = self[key]
+        if value.is_a?(Array) && value.all? {|element| permitted_scalar?(element)}
+          yield value
         end
       end
 
@@ -445,17 +702,17 @@ module ActionController
         # Slicing filters out non-declared keys.
         slice(*filter.keys).each do |key, value|
           next unless value
+          next unless has_key? key
 
           if filter[key] == EMPTY_ARRAY
             # Declaration { comment_ids: [] }.
-            array_of_permitted_scalars_filter(params, key)
+            array_of_permitted_scalars?(self[key]) do |val|
+              params[key] = val
+            end
           else
             # Declaration { user: :name } or { user: [:name, :age, { address: ... }] }.
             params[key] = each_element(value) do |element|
-              if element.is_a?(Hash)
-                element = self.class.new(element) unless element.respond_to?(:permit)
-                element.permit(*Array.wrap(filter[key]))
-              end
+              element.permit(*Array.wrap(filter[key]))
             end
           end
         end
@@ -502,7 +759,7 @@ module ActionController
   #       end
   #   end
   #
-  # In order to use <tt>accepts_nested_attribute_for</tt> with Strong \Parameters, you
+  # In order to use <tt>accepts_nested_attributes_for</tt> with Strong \Parameters, you
   # will need to specify which nested attributes should be whitelisted.
   #
   #   class Person
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/testing.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/testing.rb
index 0377b8c4cf..ac37b00010 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/testing.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/testing.rb
@@ -2,22 +2,10 @@ module ActionController
   module Testing
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
-    include RackDelegation
-
-    # TODO : Rewrite tests using controller.headers= to use Rack env
-    def headers=(new_headers)
-      @_response ||= ActionDispatch::Response.new
-      @_response.headers.replace(new_headers)
-    end
-
     # Behavior specific to functional tests
     module Functional # :nodoc:
-      def set_response!(request)
-      end
-
       def recycle!
         @_url_options = nil
-        self.response_body = nil
         self.formats = nil
         self.params = nil
       end
@@ -25,7 +13,7 @@ module ActionController
 
     module ClassMethods
       def before_filters
-        _process_action_callbacks.find_all{|x| x.kind == :before}.map{|x| x.name}
+        _process_action_callbacks.find_all{|x| x.kind == :before}.map(&:name)
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/url_for.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/url_for.rb
index 754249cbc8..dbf7241a14 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/url_for.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/url_for.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,10 @@ module ActionController
   #
   # In addition to <tt>AbstractController::UrlFor</tt>, this module accesses the HTTP layer to define
   # url options like the +host+. In order to do so, this module requires the host class
-  # to implement +env+ and +request+, which need to be a Rack-compatible.
+  # to implement +env+ which needs to be Rack-compatible and +request+
+  # which is either an instance of +ActionDispatch::Request+ or an object
+  # that responds to the +host+, +optional_port+, +protocol+ and
+  # +symbolized_path_parameter+ methods.
   #
   #   class RootUrl
   #     include ActionController::UrlFor
@@ -23,25 +26,28 @@ module ActionController
     include AbstractController::UrlFor
 
     def url_options
-      @_url_options ||= super.reverse_merge(
+      @_url_options ||= {
         :host => request.host,
         :port => request.optional_port,
         :protocol => request.protocol,
-        :_recall => request.symbolized_path_parameters
-      ).freeze
+        :_recall => request.path_parameters
+      }.merge!(super).freeze
 
-      if (same_origin = _routes.equal?(env["action_dispatch.routes"])) ||
-         (script_name = env["ROUTES_#{_routes.object_id}_SCRIPT_NAME"]) ||
-         (original_script_name = env['ORIGINAL_SCRIPT_NAME'])
+      if (same_origin = _routes.equal?(request.routes)) ||
+         (script_name = request.engine_script_name(_routes)) ||
+         (original_script_name = request.original_script_name)
 
-        @_url_options.dup.tap do |options|
-          if original_script_name
-            options[:original_script_name] = original_script_name
+        options = @_url_options.dup
+        if original_script_name
+          options[:original_script_name] = original_script_name
+        else
+          if same_origin
+            options[:script_name] = request.script_name.empty? ? "".freeze : request.script_name.dup
           else
-            options[:script_name] = same_origin ? request.script_name.dup : script_name
+            options[:script_name] = script_name
           end
-          options.freeze
         end
+        options.freeze
       else
         @_url_options
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/middleware.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/middleware.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 437fec3dc6..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/middleware.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-module ActionController
-  class Middleware < Metal
-    class ActionMiddleware
-      def initialize(controller, app)
-        @controller, @app = controller, app
-      end
-
-      def call(env)
-        request = ActionDispatch::Request.new(env)
-        @controller.build(@app).dispatch(:index, request)
-      end
-    end
-
-    class << self
-      alias build new
-
-      def new(app)
-        ActionMiddleware.new(self, app)
-      end
-    end
-
-    attr_internal :app
-
-    def process(action)
-      response = super
-      self.status, self.headers, self.response_body = response if response.is_a?(Array)
-      response
-    end
-
-    def initialize(app)
-      super()
-      @_app = app
-    end
-
-    def index
-      call(env)
-    end
-  end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/model_naming.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/model_naming.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 785221dc3d..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/model_naming.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-module ActionController
-  module ModelNaming
-    # Converts the given object to an ActiveModel compliant one.
-    def convert_to_model(object)
-      object.respond_to?(:to_model) ? object.to_model : object
-    end
-
-    def model_name_from_record_or_class(record_or_class)
-      (record_or_class.is_a?(Class) ? record_or_class : convert_to_model(record_or_class).class).model_name
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/railtie.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/railtie.rb
index a2fc814221..28b20052b5 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/railtie.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/railtie.rb
@@ -23,6 +23,10 @@ module ActionController
       options = app.config.action_controller
 
       ActionController::Parameters.permit_all_parameters = options.delete(:permit_all_parameters) { false }
+      if app.config.action_controller[:always_permitted_parameters]
+        ActionController::Parameters.always_permitted_parameters =
+          app.config.action_controller.delete(:always_permitted_parameters)
+      end
       ActionController::Parameters.action_on_unpermitted_parameters = options.delete(:action_on_unpermitted_parameters) do
         (Rails.env.test? || Rails.env.development?) ? :log : false
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/renderer.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/renderer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e4d19e9dba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/renderer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
+
+module ActionController
+  # ActionController::Renderer allows to render arbitrary templates
+  # without requirement of being in controller actions.
+  #
+  # You get a concrete renderer class by invoking ActionController::Base#renderer.
+  # For example,
+  #
+  #   ApplicationController.renderer
+  #
+  # It allows you to call method #render directly.
+  #
+  #   ApplicationController.renderer.render template: '...'
+  #
+  # You can use a shortcut on controller to replace previous example with:
+  #
+  #   ApplicationController.render template: '...'
+  #
+  # #render method allows you to use any options as when rendering in controller.
+  # For example,
+  #
+  #   FooController.render :action, locals: { ... }, assigns: { ... }
+  #
+  # The template will be rendered in a Rack environment which is accessible through
+  # ActionController::Renderer#env. You can set it up in two ways:
+  #
+  # *  by changing renderer defaults, like
+  #
+  #       ApplicationController.renderer.defaults # => hash with default Rack environment
+  #
+  # *  by initializing an instance of renderer by passing it a custom environment.
+  #
+  #       ApplicationController.renderer.new(method: 'post', https: true)
+  #
+  class Renderer
+    attr_reader :defaults, :controller
+
+    DEFAULTS = {
+      http_host: 'example.org',
+      https: false,
+      method: 'get',
+      script_name: '',
+      input: ''
+    }.freeze
+
+    # Create a new renderer instance for a specific controller class.
+    def self.for(controller, env = {}, defaults = DEFAULTS)
+      new(controller, env, defaults)
+    end
+
+    # Create a new renderer for the same controller but with a new env.
+    def new(env = {})
+      self.class.new controller, env, defaults
+    end
+
+    # Create a new renderer for the same controller but with new defaults.
+    def with_defaults(defaults)
+      self.class.new controller, env, self.defaults.merge(defaults)
+    end
+
+    # Accepts a custom Rack environment to render templates in.
+    # It will be merged with ActionController::Renderer.defaults
+    def initialize(controller, env, defaults)
+      @controller = controller
+      @defaults = defaults
+      @env = normalize_keys defaults.merge(env)
+    end
+
+    # Render templates with any options from ActionController::Base#render_to_string.
+    def render(*args)
+      raise 'missing controller' unless controller
+
+      request = ActionDispatch::Request.new @env
+      request.routes = controller._routes
+
+      instance = controller.new
+      instance.set_request! request
+      instance.set_response! controller.make_response!(request)
+      instance.render_to_string(*args)
+    end
+
+    private
+      def normalize_keys(env)
+        new_env = {}
+        env.each_pair { |k,v| new_env[rack_key_for(k)] = rack_value_for(k, v) }
+        new_env
+      end
+
+      RACK_KEY_TRANSLATION = {
+        http_host:   'HTTP_HOST',
+        https:       'HTTPS',
+        method:      'REQUEST_METHOD',
+        script_name: 'SCRIPT_NAME',
+        input:       'rack.input'
+      }
+
+      IDENTITY = ->(_) { _ }
+
+      RACK_VALUE_TRANSLATION = {
+        https: ->(v) { v ? 'on' : 'off' },
+        method: ->(v) { v.upcase },
+      }
+
+      def rack_key_for(key); RACK_KEY_TRANSLATION[key]; end
+
+      def rack_value_for(key, value)
+        RACK_VALUE_TRANSLATION.fetch(key, IDENTITY).call value
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/template_assertions.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/template_assertions.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0179f4afcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/template_assertions.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+module ActionController
+  module TemplateAssertions
+    def assert_template(options = {}, message = nil)
+      raise NoMethodError,
+        "assert_template has been extracted to a gem. To continue using it,
+        add `gem 'rails-controller-testing'` to your Gemfile."
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/test_case.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/test_case.rb
index cf11ce1a9b..c55720859e 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/test_case.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/test_case.rb
@@ -1,203 +1,60 @@
 require 'rack/session/abstract/id'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/to_query'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/anonymous'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
+require 'action_controller/template_assertions'
+require 'rails-dom-testing'
 
 module ActionController
-  module TemplateAssertions
-    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-
-    included do
-      setup :setup_subscriptions
-      teardown :teardown_subscriptions
-    end
-
-    def setup_subscriptions
-      @_partials = Hash.new(0)
-      @_templates = Hash.new(0)
-      @_layouts = Hash.new(0)
-      @_files = Hash.new(0)
-
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe("render_template.action_view") do |_name, _start, _finish, _id, payload|
-        path = payload[:layout]
-        if path
-          @_layouts[path] += 1
-          if path =~ /^layouts\/(.*)/
-            @_layouts[$1] += 1
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe("!render_template.action_view") do |_name, _start, _finish, _id, payload|
-        path = payload[:virtual_path]
-        next unless path
-        partial = path =~ /^.*\/_[^\/]*$/
-
-        if partial
-          @_partials[path] += 1
-          @_partials[path.split("/").last] += 1
-        end
-
-        @_templates[path] += 1
-      end
-
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe("!render_template.action_view") do |_name, _start, _finish, _id, payload|
-        next if payload[:virtual_path] # files don't have virtual path
+  # :stopdoc:
+  # ActionController::TestCase will be deprecated and moved to a gem in Rails 5.1.
+  # Please use ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest going forward.
+  class TestRequest < ActionDispatch::TestRequest #:nodoc:
+    DEFAULT_ENV = ActionDispatch::TestRequest::DEFAULT_ENV.dup
+    DEFAULT_ENV.delete 'PATH_INFO'
 
-        path = payload[:identifier]
-        if path
-          @_files[path] += 1
-          @_files[path.split("/").last] += 1
-        end
-      end
+    def self.new_session
+      TestSession.new
     end
 
-    def teardown_subscriptions
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe("render_template.action_view")
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe("!render_template.action_view")
+    # Create a new test request with default `env` values
+    def self.create
+      env = {}
+      env = Rails.application.env_config.merge(env) if defined?(Rails.application) && Rails.application
+      env["rack.request.cookie_hash"] = {}.with_indifferent_access
+      new(default_env.merge(env), new_session)
     end
 
-    def process(*args)
-      @_partials = Hash.new(0)
-      @_templates = Hash.new(0)
-      @_layouts = Hash.new(0)
-      super
+    def self.default_env
+      DEFAULT_ENV
     end
+    private_class_method :default_env
 
-    # Asserts that the request was rendered with the appropriate template file or partials.
-    #
-    #   # assert that the "new" view template was rendered
-    #   assert_template "new"
-    #
-    #   # assert that the exact template "admin/posts/new" was rendered
-    #   assert_template %r{\Aadmin/posts/new\Z}
-    #
-    #   # assert that the layout 'admin' was rendered
-    #   assert_template layout: 'admin'
-    #   assert_template layout: 'layouts/admin'
-    #   assert_template layout: :admin
-    #
-    #   # assert that no layout was rendered
-    #   assert_template layout: nil
-    #   assert_template layout: false
-    #
-    #   # assert that the "_customer" partial was rendered twice
-    #   assert_template partial: '_customer', count: 2
-    #
-    #   # assert that no partials were rendered
-    #   assert_template partial: false
-    #
-    # In a view test case, you can also assert that specific locals are passed
-    # to partials:
-    #
-    #   # assert that the "_customer" partial was rendered with a specific object
-    #   assert_template partial: '_customer', locals: { customer: @customer }
-    def assert_template(options = {}, message = nil)
-      # Force body to be read in case the template is being streamed.
-      response.body
-
-      case options
-      when NilClass, Regexp, String, Symbol
-        options = options.to_s if Symbol === options
-        rendered = @_templates
-        msg = message || sprintf("expecting <%s> but rendering with <%s>",
-                options.inspect, rendered.keys)
-        matches_template =
-          case options
-          when String
-            !options.empty? && rendered.any? do |t, num|
-              options_splited = options.split(File::SEPARATOR)
-              t_splited = t.split(File::SEPARATOR)
-              t_splited.last(options_splited.size) == options_splited
-            end
-          when Regexp
-            rendered.any? { |t,num| t.match(options) }
-          when NilClass
-            rendered.blank?
-          end
-        assert matches_template, msg
-      when Hash
-        options.assert_valid_keys(:layout, :partial, :locals, :count, :file)
-
-        if options.key?(:layout)
-          expected_layout = options[:layout]
-          msg = message || sprintf("expecting layout <%s> but action rendered <%s>",
-                  expected_layout, @_layouts.keys)
-
-          case expected_layout
-          when String, Symbol
-            assert_includes @_layouts.keys, expected_layout.to_s, msg
-          when Regexp
-            assert(@_layouts.keys.any? {|l| l =~ expected_layout }, msg)
-          when nil, false
-            assert(@_layouts.empty?, msg)
-          end
-        end
-
-        if options[:file]
-          assert_includes @_files.keys, options[:file]
-        end
-
-        if expected_partial = options[:partial]
-          if expected_locals = options[:locals]
-            if defined?(@_rendered_views)
-              view = expected_partial.to_s.sub(/^_/, '').sub(/\/_(?=[^\/]+\z)/, '/')
-
-              partial_was_not_rendered_msg = "expected %s to be rendered but it was not." % view
-              assert_includes @_rendered_views.rendered_views, view, partial_was_not_rendered_msg
+    def initialize(env, session)
+      super(env)
 
-              msg = 'expecting %s to be rendered with %s but was with %s' % [expected_partial,
-                                                                             expected_locals,
-                                                                             @_rendered_views.locals_for(view)]
-              assert(@_rendered_views.view_rendered?(view, options[:locals]), msg)
-            else
-              warn "the :locals option to #assert_template is only supported in a ActionView::TestCase"
-            end
-          elsif expected_count = options[:count]
-            actual_count = @_partials[expected_partial]
-            msg = message || sprintf("expecting %s to be rendered %s time(s) but rendered %s time(s)",
-                     expected_partial, expected_count, actual_count)
-            assert(actual_count == expected_count.to_i, msg)
-          else
-            msg = message || sprintf("expecting partial <%s> but action rendered <%s>",
-                    options[:partial], @_partials.keys)
-            assert_includes @_partials, expected_partial, msg
-          end
-        elsif options.key?(:partial)
-          assert @_partials.empty?,
-            "Expected no partials to be rendered"
-        end
-      else
-        raise ArgumentError, "assert_template only accepts a String, Symbol, Hash, Regexp, or nil"
-      end
+      self.session = session
+      self.session_options = TestSession::DEFAULT_OPTIONS
+      @custom_param_parsers = {
+        Mime[:xml] => lambda { |raw_post| Hash.from_xml(raw_post)['hash'] }
+      }
     end
-  end
-
-  class TestRequest < ActionDispatch::TestRequest #:nodoc:
-    DEFAULT_ENV = ActionDispatch::TestRequest::DEFAULT_ENV.dup
-    DEFAULT_ENV.delete 'PATH_INFO'
 
-    def initialize(env = {})
-      super
+    def query_string=(string)
+      set_header Rack::QUERY_STRING, string
+    end
 
-      self.session = TestSession.new
-      self.session_options = TestSession::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.merge(:id => SecureRandom.hex(16))
+    def content_type=(type)
+      set_header 'CONTENT_TYPE', type
     end
 
-    def assign_parameters(routes, controller_path, action, parameters = {})
-      parameters = parameters.symbolize_keys.merge(:controller => controller_path, :action => action)
-      extra_keys = routes.extra_keys(parameters)
-      non_path_parameters = get? ? query_parameters : request_parameters
-      parameters.each do |key, value|
-        if value.is_a?(Array) && (value.frozen? || value.any?(&:frozen?))
-          value = value.map{ |v| v.duplicable? ? v.dup : v }
-        elsif value.is_a?(Hash) && (value.frozen? || value.any?{ |k,v| v.frozen? })
-          value = Hash[value.map{ |k,v| [k, v.duplicable? ? v.dup : v] }]
-        elsif value.frozen? && value.duplicable?
-          value = value.dup
-        end
+    def assign_parameters(routes, controller_path, action, parameters, generated_path, query_string_keys)
+      non_path_parameters = {}
+      path_parameters = {}
 
-        if extra_keys.include?(key.to_sym)
+      parameters.each do |key, value|
+        if query_string_keys.include?(key)
           non_path_parameters[key] = value
         else
           if value.is_a?(Array)
@@ -206,62 +63,100 @@ module ActionController
             value = value.to_param
           end
 
-          path_parameters[key.to_s] = value
+          path_parameters[key] = value
         end
       end
 
-      # Clear the combined params hash in case it was already referenced.
-      @env.delete("action_dispatch.request.parameters")
+      if get?
+        if self.query_string.blank?
+          self.query_string = non_path_parameters.to_query
+        end
+      else
+        if ENCODER.should_multipart?(non_path_parameters)
+          self.content_type = ENCODER.content_type
+          data = ENCODER.build_multipart non_path_parameters
+        else
+          fetch_header('CONTENT_TYPE') do |k|
+            set_header k, 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
+          end
 
-      # Clear the filter cache variables so they're not stale
-      @filtered_parameters = @filtered_env = @filtered_path = nil
+          case content_mime_type.to_sym
+          when nil
+            raise "Unknown Content-Type: #{content_type}"
+          when :json
+            data = ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(non_path_parameters)
+          when :xml
+            data = non_path_parameters.to_xml
+          when :url_encoded_form
+            data = non_path_parameters.to_query
+          else
+            @custom_param_parsers[content_mime_type] = ->(_) { non_path_parameters }
+            data = non_path_parameters.to_query
+          end
+        end
 
-      params = self.request_parameters.dup
-      %w(controller action only_path).each do |k|
-        params.delete(k)
-        params.delete(k.to_sym)
+        set_header 'CONTENT_LENGTH', data.length.to_s
+        set_header 'rack.input', StringIO.new(data)
       end
-      data = params.to_query
 
-      @env['CONTENT_LENGTH'] = data.length.to_s
-      @env['rack.input'] = StringIO.new(data)
-    end
+      fetch_header("PATH_INFO") do |k|
+        set_header k, generated_path
+      end
+      path_parameters[:controller] = controller_path
+      path_parameters[:action] = action
 
-    def recycle!
-      @formats = nil
-      @env.delete_if { |k, v| k =~ /^(action_dispatch|rack)\.request/ }
-      @env.delete_if { |k, v| k =~ /^action_dispatch\.rescue/ }
-      @symbolized_path_params = nil
-      @method = @request_method = nil
-      @fullpath = @ip = @remote_ip = @protocol = nil
-      @env['action_dispatch.request.query_parameters'] = {}
-      @set_cookies ||= {}
-      @set_cookies.update(Hash[cookie_jar.instance_variable_get("@set_cookies").map{ |k,o| [k,o[:value]] }])
-      deleted_cookies = cookie_jar.instance_variable_get("@delete_cookies")
-      @set_cookies.reject!{ |k,v| deleted_cookies.include?(k) }
-      cookie_jar.update(rack_cookies)
-      cookie_jar.update(cookies)
-      cookie_jar.update(@set_cookies)
-      cookie_jar.recycle!
+      self.path_parameters = path_parameters
     end
 
+    ENCODER = Class.new do
+      include Rack::Test::Utils
+
+      def should_multipart?(params)
+        # FIXME: lifted from Rack-Test. We should push this separation upstream
+        multipart = false
+        query = lambda { |value|
+          case value
+          when Array
+            value.each(&query)
+          when Hash
+            value.values.each(&query)
+          when Rack::Test::UploadedFile
+            multipart = true
+          end
+        }
+        params.values.each(&query)
+        multipart
+      end
+
+      public :build_multipart
+
+      def content_type
+        "multipart/form-data; boundary=#{Rack::Test::MULTIPART_BOUNDARY}"
+      end
+    end.new
+
     private
 
-    def default_env
-      DEFAULT_ENV
+    def params_parsers
+      super.merge @custom_param_parsers
     end
   end
 
-  class TestResponse < ActionDispatch::TestResponse
-    def recycle!
-      initialize
-    end
+  class LiveTestResponse < Live::Response
+    # Was the response successful?
+    alias_method :success?, :successful?
+
+    # Was the URL not found?
+    alias_method :missing?, :not_found?
+
+    # Was there a server-side error?
+    alias_method :error?, :server_error?
   end
 
   # Methods #destroy and #load! are overridden to avoid calling methods on the
   # @store object, which does not exist for the TestSession class.
   class TestSession < Rack::Session::Abstract::SessionHash #:nodoc:
-    DEFAULT_OPTIONS = Rack::Session::Abstract::ID::DEFAULT_OPTIONS
+    DEFAULT_OPTIONS = Rack::Session::Abstract::Persisted::DEFAULT_OPTIONS
 
     def initialize(session = {})
       super(nil, nil)
@@ -286,6 +181,10 @@ module ActionController
       clear
     end
 
+    def fetch(key, *args, &block)
+      @data.fetch(key.to_s, *args, &block)
+    end
+
     private
 
       def load!
@@ -312,13 +211,13 @@ module ActionController
   #   class BooksControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   #     def test_create
   #       # Simulate a POST response with the given HTTP parameters.
-  #       post(:create, book: { title: "Love Hina" })
+  #       post(:create, params: { book: { title: "Love Hina" }})
   #
-  #       # Assert that the controller tried to redirect us to
+  #       # Asserts that the controller tried to redirect us to
   #       # the created book's URI.
   #       assert_response :found
   #
-  #       # Assert that the controller really put the book in the database.
+  #       # Asserts that the controller really put the book in the database.
   #       assert_not_nil Book.find_by(title: "Love Hina")
   #     end
   #   end
@@ -342,7 +241,7 @@ module ActionController
   #      request. You can modify this object before sending the HTTP request. For example,
   #      you might want to set some session properties before sending a GET request.
   # <b>@response</b>::
-  #      An ActionController::TestResponse object, representing the response
+  #      An ActionDispatch::TestResponse object, representing the response
   #      of the last HTTP response. In the above example, <tt>@response</tt> becomes valid
   #      after calling +post+. If the various assert methods are not sufficient, then you
   #      may use this object to inspect the HTTP response in detail.
@@ -365,21 +264,15 @@ module ActionController
   # In addition to these specific assertions, you also have easy access to various collections that the regular test/unit assertions
   # can be used against. These collections are:
   #
-  # * assigns: Instance variables assigned in the action that are available for the view.
   # * session: Objects being saved in the session.
   # * flash: The flash objects currently in the session.
   # * cookies: \Cookies being sent to the user on this request.
   #
   # These collections can be used just like any other hash:
   #
-  #   assert_not_nil assigns(:person) # makes sure that a @person instance variable was set
   #   assert_equal "Dave", cookies[:name] # makes sure that a cookie called :name was set as "Dave"
   #   assert flash.empty? # makes sure that there's nothing in the flash
   #
-  # For historic reasons, the assigns hash uses string-based keys. So <tt>assigns[:person]</tt> won't work, but <tt>assigns["person"]</tt> will. To
-  # appease our yearning for symbols, though, an alternative accessor has been devised using a method call instead of index referencing.
-  # So <tt>assigns(:person)</tt> will work just like <tt>assigns["person"]</tt>, but again, <tt>assigns[:person]</tt> will not work.
-  #
   # On top of the collections, you have the complete url that a given action redirected to available in <tt>redirect_to_url</tt>.
   #
   # For redirects within the same controller, you can even call follow_redirect and the redirect will be followed, triggering another
@@ -407,6 +300,7 @@ module ActionController
       extend ActiveSupport::Concern
       include ActionDispatch::TestProcess
       include ActiveSupport::Testing::ConstantLookup
+      include Rails::Dom::Testing::Assertions
 
       attr_reader :response, :request
 
@@ -430,7 +324,6 @@ module ActionController
         end
 
         def controller_class=(new_class)
-          prepare_controller_class(new_class) if new_class
           self._controller_class = new_class
         end
 
@@ -447,148 +340,233 @@ module ActionController
             Class === constant && constant < ActionController::Metal
           end
         end
-
-        def prepare_controller_class(new_class)
-          new_class.send :include, ActionController::TestCase::RaiseActionExceptions
-        end
-
       end
 
       # Simulate a GET request with the given parameters.
       #
       # - +action+: The controller action to call.
-      # - +parameters+: The HTTP parameters that you want to pass. This may
-      #   be +nil+, a hash, or a string that is appropriately encoded
+      # - +params+: The hash with HTTP parameters that you want to pass. This may be +nil+.
+      # - +body+: The request body with a string that is appropriately encoded
       #   (<tt>application/x-www-form-urlencoded</tt> or <tt>multipart/form-data</tt>).
       # - +session+: A hash of parameters to store in the session. This may be +nil+.
       # - +flash+: A hash of parameters to store in the flash. This may be +nil+.
       #
-      # You can also simulate POST, PATCH, PUT, DELETE, HEAD, and OPTIONS requests with
-      # +post+, +patch+, +put+, +delete+, +head+, and +options+.
+      # You can also simulate POST, PATCH, PUT, DELETE, and HEAD requests with
+      # +post+, +patch+, +put+, +delete+, and +head+.
+      # Example sending parameters, session and setting a flash message:
+      #
+      #   get :show,
+      #     params: { id: 7 },
+      #     session: { user_id: 1 },
+      #     flash: { notice: 'This is flash message' }
       #
       # Note that the request method is not verified. The different methods are
       # available to make the tests more expressive.
       def get(action, *args)
-        process(action, "GET", *args)
+        res = process_with_kwargs("GET", action, *args)
+        cookies.update res.cookies
+        res
       end
 
       # Simulate a POST request with the given parameters and set/volley the response.
       # See +get+ for more details.
       def post(action, *args)
-        process(action, "POST", *args)
+        process_with_kwargs("POST", action, *args)
       end
 
       # Simulate a PATCH request with the given parameters and set/volley the response.
       # See +get+ for more details.
       def patch(action, *args)
-        process(action, "PATCH", *args)
+        process_with_kwargs("PATCH", action, *args)
       end
 
       # Simulate a PUT request with the given parameters and set/volley the response.
       # See +get+ for more details.
       def put(action, *args)
-        process(action, "PUT", *args)
+        process_with_kwargs("PUT", action, *args)
       end
 
       # Simulate a DELETE request with the given parameters and set/volley the response.
       # See +get+ for more details.
       def delete(action, *args)
-        process(action, "DELETE", *args)
+        process_with_kwargs("DELETE", action, *args)
       end
 
       # Simulate a HEAD request with the given parameters and set/volley the response.
       # See +get+ for more details.
       def head(action, *args)
-        process(action, "HEAD", *args)
+        process_with_kwargs("HEAD", action, *args)
       end
 
-      def xml_http_request(request_method, action, parameters = nil, session = nil, flash = nil)
+      def xml_http_request(*args)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.strip_heredoc)
+          xhr and xml_http_request methods are deprecated in favor of
+          `get :index, xhr: true` and `post :create, xhr: true`
+        MSG
+
         @request.env['HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH'] = 'XMLHttpRequest'
-        @request.env['HTTP_ACCEPT'] ||=  [Mime::JS, Mime::HTML, Mime::XML, 'text/xml', Mime::ALL].join(', ')
-        __send__(request_method, action, parameters, session, flash).tap do
+        @request.env['HTTP_ACCEPT'] ||= [Mime[:js], Mime[:html], Mime[:xml], 'text/xml', '*/*'].join(', ')
+        __send__(*args).tap do
           @request.env.delete 'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH'
           @request.env.delete 'HTTP_ACCEPT'
         end
       end
       alias xhr :xml_http_request
 
-      def paramify_values(hash_or_array_or_value)
-        case hash_or_array_or_value
-        when Hash
-          Hash[hash_or_array_or_value.map{|key, value| [key, paramify_values(value)] }]
-        when Array
-          hash_or_array_or_value.map {|i| paramify_values(i)}
-        when Rack::Test::UploadedFile, ActionDispatch::Http::UploadedFile
-          hash_or_array_or_value
+      # Simulate a HTTP request to +action+ by specifying request method,
+      # parameters and set/volley the response.
+      #
+      # - +action+: The controller action to call.
+      # - +method+: Request method used to send the HTTP request. Possible values
+      #   are +GET+, +POST+, +PATCH+, +PUT+, +DELETE+, +HEAD+. Defaults to +GET+. Can be a symbol.
+      # - +params+: The hash with HTTP parameters that you want to pass. This may be +nil+.
+      # - +body+: The request body with a string that is appropriately encoded
+      #   (<tt>application/x-www-form-urlencoded</tt> or <tt>multipart/form-data</tt>).
+      # - +session+: A hash of parameters to store in the session. This may be +nil+.
+      # - +flash+: A hash of parameters to store in the flash. This may be +nil+.
+      # - +format+: Request format. Defaults to +nil+. Can be string or symbol.
+      #
+      # Example calling +create+ action and sending two params:
+      #
+      #   process :create,
+      #     method: 'POST',
+      #     params: {
+      #       user: { name: 'Gaurish Sharma', email: 'user@example.com' }
+      #     },
+      #     session: { user_id: 1 },
+      #     flash: { notice: 'This is flash message' }
+      #
+      # To simulate +GET+, +POST+, +PATCH+, +PUT+, +DELETE+ and +HEAD+ requests
+      # prefer using #get, #post, #patch, #put, #delete and #head methods
+      # respectively which will make tests more expressive.
+      #
+      # Note that the request method is not verified.
+      def process(action, *args)
+        check_required_ivars
+
+        if kwarg_request?(args)
+          parameters, session, body, flash, http_method, format, xhr = args[0].values_at(:params, :session, :body, :flash, :method, :format, :xhr)
         else
-          hash_or_array_or_value.to_param
+          http_method, parameters, session, flash = args
+          format = nil
+
+          if parameters.is_a?(String) && http_method != 'HEAD'
+            body = parameters
+            parameters = nil
+          end
+
+          if parameters.present? || session.present? || flash.present?
+            non_kwarg_request_warning
+          end
         end
-      end
 
-      def process(action, http_method = 'GET', *args)
-        check_required_ivars
+        if body.present?
+          @request.set_header 'RAW_POST_DATA', body
+        end
 
-        if args.first.is_a?(String) && http_method != 'HEAD'
-          @request.env['RAW_POST_DATA'] = args.shift
+        if http_method.present?
+          http_method = http_method.to_s.upcase
+        else
+          http_method = "GET"
         end
 
-        parameters, session, flash = args
+        parameters ||= {}
 
-        # Ensure that numbers and symbols passed as params are converted to
-        # proper params, as is the case when engaging rack.
-        parameters = paramify_values(parameters) if html_format?(parameters)
+        if format.present?
+          parameters[:format] = format
+        end
 
         @html_document = nil
 
         unless @controller.respond_to?(:recycle!)
           @controller.extend(Testing::Functional)
-          @controller.class.class_eval { include Testing }
         end
 
-        @request.recycle!
-        @response.recycle!
+        self.cookies.update @request.cookies
+        self.cookies.update_cookies_from_jar
+        @request.set_header 'HTTP_COOKIE', cookies.to_header
+        @request.delete_header 'action_dispatch.cookies'
+
+        @request          = TestRequest.new scrub_env!(@request.env), @request.session
+        @response         = build_response @response_klass
+        @response.request = @request
         @controller.recycle!
 
-        @request.env['REQUEST_METHOD'] = http_method
+        @request.set_header 'REQUEST_METHOD', http_method
 
-        parameters ||= {}
-        controller_class_name = @controller.class.anonymous? ?
-          "anonymous" :
-          @controller.class.controller_path
+        parameters = parameters.symbolize_keys
 
-        @request.assign_parameters(@routes, controller_class_name, action.to_s, parameters)
+        generated_extras = @routes.generate_extras(parameters.merge(controller: controller_class_name, action: action.to_s))
+        generated_path = generated_path(generated_extras)
+        query_string_keys = query_parameter_names(generated_extras)
+
+        @request.assign_parameters(@routes, controller_class_name, action.to_s, parameters, generated_path, query_string_keys)
 
         @request.session.update(session) if session
         @request.flash.update(flash || {})
 
-        @controller.request  = @request
-        @controller.response = @response
+        if xhr
+          @request.set_header 'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH', 'XMLHttpRequest'
+          @request.fetch_header('HTTP_ACCEPT') do |k|
+            @request.set_header k, [Mime[:js], Mime[:html], Mime[:xml], 'text/xml', '*/*'].join(', ')
+          end
+        end
 
-        build_request_uri(action, parameters)
+        @request.fetch_header("SCRIPT_NAME") do |k|
+          @request.set_header k, @controller.config.relative_url_root
+        end
 
-        name = @request.parameters[:action]
+        @controller.recycle!
+        @controller.dispatch(action, @request, @response)
+        @request = @controller.request
+        @response = @controller.response
 
-        @controller.process(name)
+        @request.delete_header 'HTTP_COOKIE'
 
-        if cookies = @request.env['action_dispatch.cookies']
-          cookies.write(@response)
+        if @request.have_cookie_jar?
+          unless @request.cookie_jar.committed?
+            @request.cookie_jar.write(@response)
+            self.cookies.update(@request.cookie_jar.instance_variable_get(:@cookies))
+          end
         end
         @response.prepare!
 
-        @assigns = @controller.respond_to?(:view_assigns) ? @controller.view_assigns : {}
-        @request.session['flash'] = @request.flash.to_session_value
-        @request.session.delete('flash') if @request.session['flash'].blank?
+        if flash_value = @request.flash.to_session_value
+          @request.session['flash'] = flash_value
+        else
+          @request.session.delete('flash')
+        end
+
+        if xhr
+          @request.delete_header 'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH'
+          @request.delete_header 'HTTP_ACCEPT'
+        end
+        @request.query_string = ''
+
         @response
       end
 
-      def setup_controller_request_and_response
-        @request          = build_request
-        @response         = build_response
-        @response.request = @request
+      def controller_class_name
+        @controller.class.anonymous? ? "anonymous" : @controller.class.controller_path
+      end
 
+      def generated_path(generated_extras)
+        generated_extras[0]
+      end
+
+      def query_parameter_names(generated_extras)
+        generated_extras[1] + [:controller, :action]
+      end
+
+      def setup_controller_request_and_response
         @controller = nil unless defined? @controller
 
+        @response_klass = ActionDispatch::TestResponse
+
         if klass = self.class.controller_class
+          if klass < ActionController::Live
+            @response_klass = LiveTestResponse
+          end
           unless @controller
             begin
               @controller = klass.new
@@ -598,18 +576,18 @@ module ActionController
           end
         end
 
+        @request          = TestRequest.create
+        @response         = build_response @response_klass
+        @response.request = @request
+
         if @controller
           @controller.request = @request
           @controller.params = {}
         end
       end
 
-      def build_request
-        TestRequest.new
-      end
-
-      def build_response
-        TestResponse.new
+      def build_response(klass)
+        klass.create
       end
 
       included do
@@ -620,67 +598,68 @@ module ActionController
       end
 
       private
-      def check_required_ivars
-        # Sanity check for required instance variables so we can give an
-        # understandable error message.
-        [:@routes, :@controller, :@request, :@response].each do |iv_name|
-          if !instance_variable_defined?(iv_name) || instance_variable_get(iv_name).nil?
-            raise "#{iv_name} is nil: make sure you set it in your test's setup method."
-          end
-        end
-      end
 
-      def build_request_uri(action, parameters)
-        unless @request.env["PATH_INFO"]
-          options = @controller.respond_to?(:url_options) ? @controller.__send__(:url_options).merge(parameters) : parameters
-          options.update(
-            :only_path => true,
-            :action => action,
-            :relative_url_root => nil,
-            :_recall => @request.symbolized_path_parameters)
+      def scrub_env!(env)
+        env.delete_if { |k, v| k =~ /^(action_dispatch|rack)\.request/ }
+        env.delete_if { |k, v| k =~ /^action_dispatch\.rescue/ }
+        env.delete 'action_dispatch.request.query_parameters'
+        env.delete 'action_dispatch.request.request_parameters'
+        env
+      end
 
-          url, query_string = @routes.url_for(options).split("?", 2)
+      def process_with_kwargs(http_method, action, *args)
+        if kwarg_request?(args)
+          args.first.merge!(method: http_method)
+          process(action, *args)
+        else
+          non_kwarg_request_warning if args.any?
 
-          @request.env["SCRIPT_NAME"] = @controller.config.relative_url_root
-          @request.env["PATH_INFO"] = url
-          @request.env["QUERY_STRING"] = query_string || ""
+          args = args.unshift(http_method)
+          process(action, *args)
         end
       end
 
-      def html_format?(parameters)
-        return true unless parameters.is_a?(Hash)
-        Mime.fetch(parameters[:format]) { Mime['html'] }.html?
+      REQUEST_KWARGS = %i(params session flash method body xhr)
+      def kwarg_request?(args)
+        args[0].respond_to?(:keys) && (
+          (args[0].key?(:format) && args[0].keys.size == 1) ||
+          args[0].keys.any? { |k| REQUEST_KWARGS.include?(k) }
+        )
       end
-    end
 
-    # When the request.remote_addr remains the default for testing, which is 0.0.0.0, the exception is simply raised inline
-    # (skipping the regular exception handling from rescue_action). If the request.remote_addr is anything else, the regular
-    # rescue_action process takes place. This means you can test your rescue_action code by setting remote_addr to something else
-    # than 0.0.0.0.
-    #
-    # The exception is stored in the exception accessor for further inspection.
-    module RaiseActionExceptions
-      def self.included(base) #:nodoc:
-        unless base.method_defined?(:exception) && base.method_defined?(:exception=)
-          base.class_eval do
-            attr_accessor :exception
-            protected :exception, :exception=
-          end
-        end
+      def non_kwarg_request_warning
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.strip_heredoc)
+          ActionController::TestCase HTTP request methods will accept only
+          keyword arguments in future Rails versions.
+
+          Examples:
+
+          get :show, params: { id: 1 }, session: { user_id: 1 }
+          process :update, method: :post, params: { id: 1 }
+        MSG
       end
 
-      protected
-        def rescue_action_without_handler(e)
-          self.exception = e
+      def document_root_element
+        html_document.root
+      end
 
-          if request.remote_addr == "0.0.0.0"
-            raise(e)
-          else
-            super(e)
+      def check_required_ivars
+        # Sanity check for required instance variables so we can give an
+        # understandable error message.
+        [:@routes, :@controller, :@request, :@response].each do |iv_name|
+          if !instance_variable_defined?(iv_name) || instance_variable_get(iv_name).nil?
+            raise "#{iv_name} is nil: make sure you set it in your test's setup method."
           end
         end
+      end
+
+      def html_format?(parameters)
+        return true unless parameters.key?(:format)
+        Mime.fetch(parameters[:format]) { Mime['html'] }.html?
+      end
     end
 
     include Behavior
   end
+  # :startdoc:
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb
index 11b5e6be33..f6336c8c7a 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #--
-# Copyright (c) 2004-2014 David Heinemeier Hansson
+# Copyright (c) 2004-2015 David Heinemeier Hansson
 #
 # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 # a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     autoload :DebugExceptions
     autoload :ExceptionWrapper
     autoload :Flash
+    autoload :LoadInterlock
     autoload :ParamsParser
     autoload :PublicExceptions
     autoload :Reloader
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/cache.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/cache.rb
index f9b278349e..30ade14c26 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/cache.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/cache.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 module ActionDispatch
   module Http
     module Cache
@@ -8,13 +7,13 @@ module ActionDispatch
         HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH     = 'HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH'.freeze
 
         def if_modified_since
-          if since = env[HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE]
+          if since = get_header(HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE)
             Time.rfc2822(since) rescue nil
           end
         end
 
         def if_none_match
-          env[HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH]
+          get_header HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH
         end
 
         def if_none_match_etags
@@ -51,51 +50,51 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       module Response
-        attr_reader :cache_control, :etag
-        alias :etag? :etag
+        attr_reader :cache_control
 
         def last_modified
-          if last = headers[LAST_MODIFIED]
+          if last = get_header(LAST_MODIFIED)
             Time.httpdate(last)
           end
         end
 
         def last_modified?
-          headers.include?(LAST_MODIFIED)
+          has_header? LAST_MODIFIED
         end
 
         def last_modified=(utc_time)
-          headers[LAST_MODIFIED] = utc_time.httpdate
+          set_header LAST_MODIFIED, utc_time.httpdate
         end
 
         def date
-          if date_header = headers['Date']
+          if date_header = get_header(DATE)
             Time.httpdate(date_header)
           end
         end
 
         def date?
-          headers.include?('Date')
+          has_header? DATE
         end
 
         def date=(utc_time)
-          headers['Date'] = utc_time.httpdate
+          set_header DATE, utc_time.httpdate
         end
 
         def etag=(etag)
           key = ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key(etag)
-          @etag = self[ETAG] = %("#{Digest::MD5.hexdigest(key)}")
+          super %("#{Digest::MD5.hexdigest(key)}")
         end
 
+        def etag?; etag; end
+
       private
 
+        DATE          = 'Date'.freeze
         LAST_MODIFIED = "Last-Modified".freeze
-        ETAG          = "ETag".freeze
-        CACHE_CONTROL = "Cache-Control".freeze
-        SPECIAL_KEYS  = %w[extras no-cache max-age public must-revalidate]
+        SPECIAL_KEYS  = Set.new(%w[extras no-cache max-age public must-revalidate])
 
         def cache_control_segments
-          if cache_control = self[CACHE_CONTROL]
+          if cache_control = _cache_control
             cache_control.delete(' ').split(',')
           else
             []
@@ -122,12 +121,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         def prepare_cache_control!
           @cache_control = cache_control_headers
-          @etag = self[ETAG]
         end
 
         def handle_conditional_get!
           if etag? || last_modified? || !@cache_control.empty?
-            set_conditional_cache_control!
+            set_conditional_cache_control!(@cache_control)
           end
         end
 
@@ -137,24 +135,24 @@ module ActionDispatch
         PRIVATE               = "private".freeze
         MUST_REVALIDATE       = "must-revalidate".freeze
 
-        def set_conditional_cache_control!
+        def set_conditional_cache_control!(cache_control)
           control = {}
           cc_headers = cache_control_headers
           if extras = cc_headers.delete(:extras)
-            @cache_control[:extras] ||= []
-            @cache_control[:extras] += extras
-            @cache_control[:extras].uniq!
+            cache_control[:extras] ||= []
+            cache_control[:extras] += extras
+            cache_control[:extras].uniq!
           end
 
           control.merge! cc_headers
-          control.merge! @cache_control
+          control.merge! cache_control
 
           if control.empty?
-            headers[CACHE_CONTROL] = DEFAULT_CACHE_CONTROL
+            self._cache_control = DEFAULT_CACHE_CONTROL
           elsif control[:no_cache]
-            headers[CACHE_CONTROL] = NO_CACHE
+            self._cache_control = NO_CACHE
             if control[:extras]
-              headers[CACHE_CONTROL] += ", #{control[:extras].join(', ')}"
+              self._cache_control = _cache_control + ", #{control[:extras].join(', ')}"
             end
           else
             extras  = control[:extras]
@@ -166,7 +164,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
             options << MUST_REVALIDATE if control[:must_revalidate]
             options.concat(extras) if extras
 
-            headers[CACHE_CONTROL] = options.join(", ")
+            self._cache_control = options.join(", ")
           end
         end
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/filter_parameters.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/filter_parameters.rb
index 289e204ac8..9dcab79c3a 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/filter_parameters.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/filter_parameters.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable'
 require 'action_dispatch/http/parameter_filter'
 
 module ActionDispatch
   module Http
     # Allows you to specify sensitive parameters which will be replaced from
     # the request log by looking in the query string of the request and all
-    # subhashes of the params hash to filter. If a block is given, each key and
-    # value of the params hash and all subhashes is passed to it, the value
+    # sub-hashes of the params hash to filter. If a block is given, each key and
+    # value of the params hash and all sub-hashes is passed to it, the value
     # or key can be replaced using String#replace or similar method.
     #
     #   env["action_dispatch.parameter_filter"] = [:password]
@@ -16,7 +14,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     #   env["action_dispatch.parameter_filter"] = [:foo, "bar"]
     #   => replaces the value to all keys matching /foo|bar/i with "[FILTERED]"
     #
-    #   env["action_dispatch.parameter_filter"] = lambda do |k,v|
+    #   env["action_dispatch.parameter_filter"] = -> (k, v) do
     #     v.reverse! if k =~ /secret/i
     #   end
     #   => reverses the value to all keys matching /secret/i
@@ -25,19 +23,19 @@ module ActionDispatch
       NULL_PARAM_FILTER = ParameterFilter.new # :nodoc:
       NULL_ENV_FILTER   = ParameterFilter.new ENV_MATCH # :nodoc:
 
-      def initialize(env)
+      def initialize
         super
         @filtered_parameters = nil
         @filtered_env        = nil
         @filtered_path       = nil
       end
 
-      # Return a hash of parameters with all sensitive data replaced.
+      # Returns a hash of parameters with all sensitive data replaced.
       def filtered_parameters
         @filtered_parameters ||= parameter_filter.filter(parameters)
       end
 
-      # Return a hash of request.env with all sensitive data replaced.
+      # Returns a hash of request.env with all sensitive data replaced.
       def filtered_env
         @filtered_env ||= env_filter.filter(@env)
       end
@@ -50,13 +48,13 @@ module ActionDispatch
     protected
 
       def parameter_filter
-        parameter_filter_for @env.fetch("action_dispatch.parameter_filter") {
+        parameter_filter_for fetch_header("action_dispatch.parameter_filter") {
           return NULL_PARAM_FILTER
         }
       end
 
       def env_filter
-        user_key = @env.fetch("action_dispatch.parameter_filter") {
+        user_key = fetch_header("action_dispatch.parameter_filter") {
           return NULL_ENV_FILTER
         }
         parameter_filter_for(Array(user_key) + ENV_MATCH)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/filter_redirect.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/filter_redirect.rb
index cd603649c3..f4b806b8b5 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/filter_redirect.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/filter_redirect.rb
@@ -4,9 +4,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       FILTERED = '[FILTERED]'.freeze # :nodoc:
 
-      def filtered_location
-        filters = location_filter
-        if !filters.empty? && location_filter_match?(filters)
+      def filtered_location # :nodoc:
+        if location_filter_match?
           FILTERED
         else
           location
@@ -15,20 +14,20 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
     private
 
-      def location_filter
+      def location_filters
         if request
-          request.env['action_dispatch.redirect_filter'] || []
+          request.get_header('action_dispatch.redirect_filter') || []
         else
           []
         end
       end
 
-      def location_filter_match?(filters)
-        filters.any? do |filter|
+      def location_filter_match?
+        location_filters.any? do |filter|
           if String === filter
             location.include?(filter)
           elsif Regexp === filter
-            location.match(filter)
+            location =~ filter
           end
         end
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/headers.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/headers.rb
index 2666cd4b0a..12f81dc1a5 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/headers.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/headers.rb
@@ -1,55 +1,108 @@
 module ActionDispatch
   module Http
+    # Provides access to the request's HTTP headers from the environment.
+    #
+    #   env     = { "CONTENT_TYPE" => "text/plain" }
+    #   headers = ActionDispatch::Http::Headers.new(env)
+    #   headers["Content-Type"] # => "text/plain"
     class Headers
-      CGI_VARIABLES = %w(
-        CONTENT_TYPE CONTENT_LENGTH
-        HTTPS AUTH_TYPE GATEWAY_INTERFACE
-        PATH_INFO PATH_TRANSLATED QUERY_STRING
-        REMOTE_ADDR REMOTE_HOST REMOTE_IDENT REMOTE_USER
-        REQUEST_METHOD SCRIPT_NAME
-        SERVER_NAME SERVER_PORT SERVER_PROTOCOL SERVER_SOFTWARE
-      )
+      CGI_VARIABLES = Set.new(%W[
+        AUTH_TYPE
+        CONTENT_LENGTH
+        CONTENT_TYPE
+        GATEWAY_INTERFACE
+        HTTPS
+        PATH_INFO
+        PATH_TRANSLATED
+        QUERY_STRING
+        REMOTE_ADDR
+        REMOTE_HOST
+        REMOTE_IDENT
+        REMOTE_USER
+        REQUEST_METHOD
+        SCRIPT_NAME
+        SERVER_NAME
+        SERVER_PORT
+        SERVER_PROTOCOL
+        SERVER_SOFTWARE
+      ]).freeze
+
       HTTP_HEADER = /\A[A-Za-z0-9-]+\z/
 
       include Enumerable
-      attr_reader :env
 
-      def initialize(env = {})
-        @env = env
+      def self.from_hash(hash)
+        new ActionDispatch::Request.new hash
+      end
+
+      def initialize(request) # :nodoc:
+        @req = request
       end
 
+      # Returns the value for the given key mapped to @env.
       def [](key)
-        @env[env_name(key)]
+        @req.get_header env_name(key)
       end
 
+      # Sets the given value for the key mapped to @env.
       def []=(key, value)
-        @env[env_name(key)] = value
+        @req.set_header env_name(key), value
+      end
+
+      # Add a value to a multivalued header like Vary or Accept-Encoding.
+      def add(key, value)
+        @req.add_header env_name(key), value
       end
 
-      def key?(key); @env.key? key; end
+      def key?(key)
+        @req.has_header? env_name(key)
+      end
       alias :include? :key?
 
-      def fetch(key, *args, &block)
-        @env.fetch env_name(key), *args, &block
+      DEFAULT = Object.new # :nodoc:
+
+      # Returns the value for the given key mapped to @env.
+      #
+      # If the key is not found and an optional code block is not provided,
+      # raises a <tt>KeyError</tt> exception.
+      #
+      # If the code block is provided, then it will be run and
+      # its result returned.
+      def fetch(key, default = DEFAULT)
+        @req.fetch_header(env_name(key)) do
+          return default unless default == DEFAULT
+          return yield if block_given?
+          raise NameError, key
+        end
       end
 
       def each(&block)
-        @env.each(&block)
+        @req.each_header(&block)
       end
 
+      # Returns a new Http::Headers instance containing the contents of
+      # <tt>headers_or_env</tt> and the original instance.
       def merge(headers_or_env)
-        headers = Http::Headers.new(env.dup)
+        headers = @req.dup.headers
         headers.merge!(headers_or_env)
         headers
       end
 
+      # Adds the contents of <tt>headers_or_env</tt> to original instance
+      # entries; duplicate keys are overwritten with the values from
+      # <tt>headers_or_env</tt>.
       def merge!(headers_or_env)
         headers_or_env.each do |key, value|
-          self[env_name(key)] = value
+          @req.set_header env_name(key), value
         end
       end
 
+      def env; @req.env.dup; end
+
       private
+
+      # Converts a HTTP header name to an environment variable name if it is
+      # not contained within the headers hash.
       def env_name(key)
         key = key.to_s
         if key =~ HTTP_HEADER
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_negotiation.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_negotiation.rb
index b803ce8b6f..0152c17ed4 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_negotiation.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_negotiation.rb
@@ -10,19 +10,18 @@ module ActionDispatch
         self.ignore_accept_header = false
       end
 
-      attr_reader :variant
-
-      # The MIME type of the HTTP request, such as Mime::XML.
+      # The MIME type of the HTTP request, such as Mime[:xml].
       #
       # For backward compatibility, the post \format is extracted from the
       # X-Post-Data-Format HTTP header if present.
       def content_mime_type
-        @env["action_dispatch.request.content_type"] ||= begin
-          if @env['CONTENT_TYPE'] =~ /^([^,\;]*)/
+        fetch_header("action_dispatch.request.content_type") do |k|
+          v = if get_header('CONTENT_TYPE') =~ /^([^,\;]*)/
             Mime::Type.lookup($1.strip.downcase)
           else
             nil
           end
+          set_header k, v
         end
       end
 
@@ -30,56 +29,75 @@ module ActionDispatch
         content_mime_type && content_mime_type.to_s
       end
 
+      def has_content_type?
+        has_header? 'CONTENT_TYPE'
+      end
+
       # Returns the accepted MIME type for the request.
       def accepts
-        @env["action_dispatch.request.accepts"] ||= begin
-          header = @env['HTTP_ACCEPT'].to_s.strip
+        fetch_header("action_dispatch.request.accepts") do |k|
+          header = get_header('HTTP_ACCEPT').to_s.strip
 
-          if header.empty?
+          v = if header.empty?
             [content_mime_type]
           else
             Mime::Type.parse(header)
           end
+          set_header k, v
         end
       end
 
       # Returns the MIME type for the \format used in the request.
       #
-      #   GET /posts/5.xml   | request.format => Mime::XML
-      #   GET /posts/5.xhtml | request.format => Mime::HTML
-      #   GET /posts/5       | request.format => Mime::HTML or MIME::JS, or request.accepts.first
+      #   GET /posts/5.xml   | request.format => Mime[:xml]
+      #   GET /posts/5.xhtml | request.format => Mime[:html]
+      #   GET /posts/5       | request.format => Mime[:html] or Mime[:js], or request.accepts.first
       #
       def format(view_path = [])
         formats.first || Mime::NullType.instance
       end
 
       def formats
-        @env["action_dispatch.request.formats"] ||=
-          if parameters[:format]
+        fetch_header("action_dispatch.request.formats") do |k|
+          params_readable = begin
+                              parameters[:format]
+                            rescue ActionController::BadRequest
+                              false
+                            end
+
+          v = if params_readable
             Array(Mime[parameters[:format]])
+          elsif format = format_from_path_extension
+            Array(Mime[format])
           elsif use_accept_header && valid_accept_header
             accepts
           elsif xhr?
-            [Mime::JS]
+            [Mime[:js]]
           else
-            [Mime::HTML]
+            [Mime[:html]]
           end
+          set_header k, v
+        end
       end
 
       # Sets the \variant for template.
       def variant=(variant)
-        if variant.is_a?(Symbol)
-          @variant = [variant]
-        elsif variant.is_a?(Array) && variant.any? && variant.all?{ |v| v.is_a?(Symbol) }
-          @variant = variant
+        variant = Array(variant)
+
+        if variant.all? { |v| v.is_a?(Symbol) }
+          @variant = ActiveSupport::ArrayInquirer.new(variant)
         else
-          raise ArgumentError, "request.variant must be set to a Symbol or an Array of Symbols, not a #{variant.class}. " \
+          raise ArgumentError, "request.variant must be set to a Symbol or an Array of Symbols. " \
             "For security reasons, never directly set the variant to a user-provided value, " \
             "like params[:variant].to_sym. Check user-provided value against a whitelist first, " \
             "then set the variant: request.variant = :tablet if params[:variant] == 'tablet'"
         end
       end
 
+      def variant
+        @variant ||= ActiveSupport::ArrayInquirer.new
+      end
+
       # Sets the \format by string extension, which can be used to force custom formats
       # that are not controlled by the extension.
       #
@@ -93,7 +111,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #   end
       def format=(extension)
         parameters[:format] = extension.to_s
-        @env["action_dispatch.request.formats"] = [Mime::Type.lookup_by_extension(parameters[:format])]
+        set_header "action_dispatch.request.formats", [Mime::Type.lookup_by_extension(parameters[:format])]
       end
 
       # Sets the \formats by string extensions. This differs from #format= by allowing you
@@ -112,9 +130,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #   end
       def formats=(extensions)
         parameters[:format] = extensions.first.to_s
-        @env["action_dispatch.request.formats"] = extensions.collect do |extension|
+        set_header "action_dispatch.request.formats", extensions.collect { |extension|
           Mime::Type.lookup_by_extension(extension)
-        end
+        }
       end
 
       # Receives an array of mimes and return the first user sent mime that
@@ -129,7 +147,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
           end
         end
 
-        order.include?(Mime::ALL) ? formats.first : nil
+        order.include?(Mime::ALL) ? format : nil
       end
 
       protected
@@ -144,6 +162,13 @@ module ActionDispatch
       def use_accept_header
         !self.class.ignore_accept_header
       end
+
+      def format_from_path_extension
+        path = @env['action_dispatch.original_path'] || @env['PATH_INFO']
+        if match = path && path.match(/\.(\w+)\z/)
+          match.captures.first
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_type.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_type.rb
index 3d2dd2d632..b8d395854c 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_type.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_type.rb
@@ -1,23 +1,31 @@
-require 'set'
 require 'singleton'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/starts_ends_with'
 
 module Mime
-  class Mimes < Array
-    def symbols
-      @symbols ||= map { |m| m.to_sym }
+  class Mimes
+    include Enumerable
+
+    def initialize
+      @mimes = []
+      @symbols = nil
     end
 
-    %w(<< concat shift unshift push pop []= clear compact! collect!
-    delete delete_at delete_if flatten! map! insert reject! reverse!
-    replace slice! sort! uniq!).each do |method|
-      module_eval <<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-        def #{method}(*)
-          @symbols = nil
-          super
-        end
-      CODE
+    def each
+      @mimes.each { |x| yield x }
+    end
+
+    def <<(type)
+      @mimes << type
+      @symbols = nil
+    end
+
+    def delete_if
+      @mimes.delete_if { |x| yield x }.tap { @symbols = nil }
+    end
+
+    def symbols
+      @symbols ||= map(&:to_sym)
     end
   end
 
@@ -35,6 +43,32 @@ module Mime
       return type if type.is_a?(Type)
       EXTENSION_LOOKUP.fetch(type.to_s) { |k| yield k }
     end
+
+    def const_missing(sym)
+      ext = sym.downcase
+      if Mime[ext]
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
+          Accessing mime types via constants is deprecated.
+          Please change `Mime::#{sym}` to `Mime[:#{ext}]`.
+        MSG
+        Mime[ext]
+      else
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
+    def const_defined?(sym, inherit = true)
+      ext = sym.downcase
+      if Mime[ext]
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
+          Accessing mime types via constants is deprecated.
+          Please change `Mime.const_defined?(#{sym})` to `Mime[:#{ext}]`.
+        MSG
+        true
+      else
+        super
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   # Encapsulates the notion of a mime type. Can be used at render time, for example, with:
@@ -45,15 +79,12 @@ module Mime
   #
   #       respond_to do |format|
   #         format.html
-  #         format.ics { render text: post.to_ics, mime_type: Mime::Type["text/calendar"]  }
-  #         format.xml { render xml: @people }
+  #         format.ics { render body: @post.to_ics, mime_type: Mime::Type.lookup("text/calendar")  }
+  #         format.xml { render xml: @post }
   #       end
   #     end
   #   end
   class Type
-    @@html_types = Set.new [:html, :all]
-    cattr_reader :html_types
-
     attr_reader :symbol
 
     @register_callbacks = []
@@ -66,7 +97,7 @@ module Mime
       def initialize(index, name, q = nil)
         @index = index
         @name = name
-        q ||= 0.0 if @name == Mime::ALL.to_s # default wildcard match to end of list
+        q ||= 0.0 if @name == '*/*'.freeze # default wildcard match to end of list
         @q = ((q || 1.0).to_f * 100).to_i
       end
 
@@ -91,7 +122,7 @@ module Mime
           exchange_xml_items if app_xml_idx > text_xml_idx  # make sure app_xml is ahead of text_xml in the list
           delete_at(text_xml_idx)                 # delete text_xml from the list
         elsif text_xml_idx
-          text_xml.name = Mime::XML.to_s
+          text_xml.name = Mime[:xml].to_s
         end
 
         # Look for more specific XML-based types and sort them ahead of app/xml
@@ -120,7 +151,7 @@ module Mime
         end
 
         def app_xml_idx
-          @app_xml_idx ||= index(Mime::XML.to_s)
+          @app_xml_idx ||= index(Mime[:xml].to_s)
         end
 
         def text_xml
@@ -160,21 +191,21 @@ module Mime
       end
 
       def register(string, symbol, mime_type_synonyms = [], extension_synonyms = [], skip_lookup = false)
-        Mime.const_set(symbol.upcase, Type.new(string, symbol, mime_type_synonyms))
+        new_mime = Type.new(string, symbol, mime_type_synonyms)
 
-        new_mime = Mime.const_get(symbol.upcase)
         SET << new_mime
 
-        ([string] + mime_type_synonyms).each { |str| LOOKUP[str] = SET.last } unless skip_lookup
-        ([symbol] + extension_synonyms).each { |ext| EXTENSION_LOOKUP[ext.to_s] = SET.last }
+        ([string] + mime_type_synonyms).each { |str| LOOKUP[str] = new_mime } unless skip_lookup
+        ([symbol] + extension_synonyms).each { |ext| EXTENSION_LOOKUP[ext.to_s] = new_mime }
 
         @register_callbacks.each do |callback|
           callback.call(new_mime)
         end
+        new_mime
       end
 
       def parse(accept_header)
-        if accept_header !~ /,/
+        if !accept_header.include?(',')
           accept_header = accept_header.split(PARAMETER_SEPARATOR_REGEXP).first
           parse_trailing_star(accept_header) || [Mime::Type.lookup(accept_header)].compact
         else
@@ -200,28 +231,27 @@ module Mime
         parse_data_with_trailing_star($1) if accept_header =~ TRAILING_STAR_REGEXP
       end
 
-      # For an input of <tt>'text'</tt>, returns <tt>[Mime::JSON, Mime::XML, Mime::ICS,
-      # Mime::HTML, Mime::CSS, Mime::CSV, Mime::JS, Mime::YAML, Mime::TEXT]</tt>.
+      # For an input of <tt>'text'</tt>, returns <tt>[Mime[:json], Mime[:xml], Mime[:ics],
+      # Mime[:html], Mime[:css], Mime[:csv], Mime[:js], Mime[:yaml], Mime[:text]</tt>.
       #
-      # For an input of <tt>'application'</tt>, returns <tt>[Mime::HTML, Mime::JS,
-      # Mime::XML, Mime::YAML, Mime::ATOM, Mime::JSON, Mime::RSS, Mime::URL_ENCODED_FORM]</tt>.
-      def parse_data_with_trailing_star(input)
-        Mime::SET.select { |m| m =~ input }
+      # For an input of <tt>'application'</tt>, returns <tt>[Mime[:html], Mime[:js],
+      # Mime[:xml], Mime[:yaml], Mime[:atom], Mime[:json], Mime[:rss], Mime[:url_encoded_form]</tt>.
+      def parse_data_with_trailing_star(type)
+        Mime::SET.select { |m| m =~ type }
       end
 
       # This method is opposite of register method.
       #
-      # Usage:
+      # To unregister a MIME type:
       #
       #   Mime::Type.unregister(:mobile)
       def unregister(symbol)
-        symbol = symbol.upcase
-        mime = Mime.const_get(symbol)
-        Mime.instance_eval { remove_const(symbol) }
-
-        SET.delete_if { |v| v.eql?(mime) }
-        LOOKUP.delete_if { |_,v| v.eql?(mime) }
-        EXTENSION_LOOKUP.delete_if { |_,v| v.eql?(mime) }
+        symbol = symbol.downcase
+        if mime = Mime[symbol]
+          SET.delete_if { |v| v.eql?(mime) }
+          LOOKUP.delete_if { |_, v| v.eql?(mime) }
+          EXTENSION_LOOKUP.delete_if { |_, v| v.eql?(mime) }
+        end
       end
     end
 
@@ -243,7 +273,7 @@ module Mime
     end
 
     def ref
-      to_sym || to_s
+      symbol || to_s
     end
 
     def ===(list)
@@ -255,24 +285,23 @@ module Mime
     end
 
     def ==(mime_type)
-      return false if mime_type.blank?
+      return false unless mime_type
       (@synonyms + [ self ]).any? do |synonym|
         synonym.to_s == mime_type.to_s || synonym.to_sym == mime_type.to_sym
       end
     end
 
     def =~(mime_type)
-      return false if mime_type.blank?
+      return false unless mime_type
       regexp = Regexp.new(Regexp.quote(mime_type.to_s))
-      (@synonyms + [ self ]).any? do |synonym|
-        synonym.to_s =~ regexp
-      end
+      @synonyms.any? { |synonym| synonym.to_s =~ regexp } || @string =~ regexp
     end
 
     def html?
-      @@html_types.include?(to_sym) || @string =~ /html/
+      symbol == :html || @string =~ /html/
     end
 
+    def all?; false; end
 
     private
 
@@ -292,6 +321,22 @@ module Mime
     end
   end
 
+  class AllType < Type
+    include Singleton
+
+    def initialize
+      super '*/*', :all
+    end
+
+    def all?; true; end
+    def html?; true; end
+  end
+
+  # ALL isn't a real MIME type, so we don't register it for lookup with the
+  # other concrete types. It's a wildcard match that we use for `respond_to`
+  # negotiation internals.
+  ALL = AllType.instance
+
   class NullType
     include Singleton
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_types.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_types.rb
index 0e4da36038..87715205d9 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_types.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_types.rb
@@ -27,10 +27,7 @@ Mime::Type.register "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", :url_encoded_form
 
 # http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt
 # http://www.json.org/JSONRequest.html
-Mime::Type.register "application/json", :json, %w( text/x-json application/jsonrequest )
+Mime::Type.register "application/json", :json, %w( text/x-json application/jsonrequest application/vnd.api+json )
 
 Mime::Type.register "application/pdf", :pdf, [], %w(pdf)
 Mime::Type.register "application/zip", :zip, [], %w(zip)
-
-# Create Mime::ALL but do not add it to the SET.
-Mime::ALL = Mime::Type.new("*/*", :all, [])
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/parameter_filter.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/parameter_filter.rb
index b655a54865..e826551f4b 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/parameter_filter.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/parameter_filter.rb
@@ -30,36 +30,46 @@ module ActionDispatch
             when Regexp
               regexps << item
             else
-              strings << item.to_s
+              strings << Regexp.escape(item.to_s)
             end
           end
 
-          regexps << Regexp.new(strings.join('|'), true) unless strings.empty?
-          new regexps, blocks
+          deep_regexps, regexps = regexps.partition { |r| r.to_s.include?("\\.".freeze) }
+          deep_strings, strings = strings.partition { |s| s.include?("\\.".freeze) }
+
+          regexps << Regexp.new(strings.join('|'.freeze), true) unless strings.empty?
+          deep_regexps << Regexp.new(deep_strings.join('|'.freeze), true) unless deep_strings.empty?
+
+          new regexps, deep_regexps, blocks
         end
 
-        attr_reader :regexps, :blocks
+        attr_reader :regexps, :deep_regexps, :blocks
 
-        def initialize(regexps, blocks)
+        def initialize(regexps, deep_regexps, blocks)
           @regexps = regexps
+          @deep_regexps = deep_regexps.any? ? deep_regexps : nil
           @blocks  = blocks
         end
 
-        def call(original_params)
+        def call(original_params, parents = [])
           filtered_params = {}
 
           original_params.each do |key, value|
+            parents.push(key) if deep_regexps
             if regexps.any? { |r| key =~ r }
               value = FILTERED
+            elsif deep_regexps && (joined = parents.join('.')) && deep_regexps.any? { |r| joined =~ r }
+              value = FILTERED
             elsif value.is_a?(Hash)
-              value = call(value)
+              value = call(value, parents)
             elsif value.is_a?(Array)
-              value = value.map { |v| v.is_a?(Hash) ? call(v) : v }
+              value = value.map { |v| v.is_a?(Hash) ? call(v, parents) : v }
             elsif blocks.any?
-              key = key.dup
+              key = key.dup if key.duplicable?
               value = value.dup if value.duplicable?
               blocks.each { |b| b.call(key, value) }
             end
+            parents.pop if deep_regexps
 
             filtered_params[key] = value
           end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/parameters.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/parameters.rb
index dcb299ed03..c9df787351 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/parameters.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/parameters.rb
@@ -1,82 +1,71 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access'
-
 module ActionDispatch
   module Http
     module Parameters
-      def initialize(env)
-        super
-        @symbolized_path_params = nil
-      end
+      PARAMETERS_KEY = 'action_dispatch.request.path_parameters'
+
+      DEFAULT_PARSERS = {
+        Mime[:json] => lambda { |raw_post|
+          data = ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(raw_post)
+          data.is_a?(Hash) ? data : {:_json => data}
+        }
+      }
+
+      def self.included(klass)
+        class << klass
+          attr_accessor :parameter_parsers
+        end
 
+        klass.parameter_parsers = DEFAULT_PARSERS
+      end
       # Returns both GET and POST \parameters in a single hash.
       def parameters
-        @env["action_dispatch.request.parameters"] ||= begin
-          params = begin
-            request_parameters.merge(query_parameters)
-          rescue EOFError
-            query_parameters.dup
-          end
-          params.merge!(path_parameters)
-          params.with_indifferent_access
-        end
+        params = get_header("action_dispatch.request.parameters")
+        return params if params
+
+        params = begin
+                   request_parameters.merge(query_parameters)
+                 rescue EOFError
+                   query_parameters.dup
+                 end
+        params.merge!(path_parameters)
+        set_header("action_dispatch.request.parameters", params)
+        params
       end
       alias :params :parameters
 
       def path_parameters=(parameters) #:nodoc:
-        @symbolized_path_params = nil
-        @env.delete("action_dispatch.request.parameters")
-        @env["action_dispatch.request.path_parameters"] = parameters
-      end
-
-      # The same as <tt>path_parameters</tt> with explicitly symbolized keys.
-      def symbolized_path_parameters
-        @symbolized_path_params ||= path_parameters.symbolize_keys
+        delete_header('action_dispatch.request.parameters')
+        set_header PARAMETERS_KEY, parameters
       end
 
       # Returns a hash with the \parameters used to form the \path of the request.
       # Returned hash keys are strings:
       #
       #   {'action' => 'my_action', 'controller' => 'my_controller'}
-      #
-      # See <tt>symbolized_path_parameters</tt> for symbolized keys.
       def path_parameters
-        @env["action_dispatch.request.path_parameters"] ||= {}
+        get_header(PARAMETERS_KEY) || {}
       end
 
-      def reset_parameters #:nodoc:
-        @env.delete("action_dispatch.request.parameters")
-      end
+      private
 
-    private
+      def parse_formatted_parameters(parsers)
+        return yield if content_length.zero?
 
-      # Convert nested Hash to HashWithIndifferentAccess
-      # and UTF-8 encode both keys and values in nested Hash.
-      #
-      # TODO: Validate that the characters are UTF-8. If they aren't,
-      # you'll get a weird error down the road, but our form handling
-      # should really prevent that from happening
-      def normalize_encode_params(params)
-        case params
-        when String
-          params.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8).encode!
-        when Hash
-          if params.has_key?(:tempfile)
-            UploadedFile.new(params)
-          else
-            params.each_with_object({}) do |(key, val), new_hash|
-              new_key = key.is_a?(String) ? key.dup.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8).encode! : key
-              new_hash[new_key] = if val.is_a?(Array)
-                val.map! { |el| normalize_encode_params(el) }
-              else
-                normalize_encode_params(val)
-              end
-            end.with_indifferent_access
-          end
-        else
-          params
+        strategy = parsers.fetch(content_mime_type) { return yield }
+
+        begin
+          strategy.call(raw_post)
+        rescue # JSON or Ruby code block errors
+          my_logger = logger || ActiveSupport::Logger.new($stderr)
+          my_logger.debug "Error occurred while parsing request parameters.\nContents:\n\n#{raw_post}"
+
+          raise ParamsParser::ParseError
         end
       end
+
+      def params_parsers
+        ActionDispatch::Request.parameter_parsers
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/request.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/request.rb
index 1318c62fbe..29cf821090 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/request.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/request.rb
@@ -13,35 +13,46 @@ require 'action_dispatch/http/url'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/conversions'
 
 module ActionDispatch
-  class Request < Rack::Request
+  class Request
+    include Rack::Request::Helpers
     include ActionDispatch::Http::Cache::Request
     include ActionDispatch::Http::MimeNegotiation
     include ActionDispatch::Http::Parameters
     include ActionDispatch::Http::FilterParameters
     include ActionDispatch::Http::URL
+    include Rack::Request::Env
 
     autoload :Session, 'action_dispatch/request/session'
     autoload :Utils,   'action_dispatch/request/utils'
 
-    LOCALHOST   = Regexp.union [/^127\.0\.0\.\d{1,3}$/, /^::1$/, /^0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1(%.*)?$/]
+    LOCALHOST   = Regexp.union [/^127\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}$/, /^::1$/, /^0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1(%.*)?$/]
 
     ENV_METHODS = %w[ AUTH_TYPE GATEWAY_INTERFACE
         PATH_TRANSLATED REMOTE_HOST
         REMOTE_IDENT REMOTE_USER REMOTE_ADDR
         SERVER_NAME SERVER_PROTOCOL
+        ORIGINAL_SCRIPT_NAME
 
         HTTP_ACCEPT HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING
         HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE HTTP_CACHE_CONTROL HTTP_FROM
-        HTTP_NEGOTIATE HTTP_PRAGMA ].freeze
+        HTTP_NEGOTIATE HTTP_PRAGMA HTTP_CLIENT_IP
+        HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR HTTP_ORIGIN HTTP_VERSION
+        HTTP_X_CSRF_TOKEN HTTP_X_REQUEST_ID HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST
+        SERVER_ADDR
+        ].freeze
 
     ENV_METHODS.each do |env|
       class_eval <<-METHOD, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
         def #{env.sub(/^HTTP_/n, '').downcase}  # def accept_charset
-          @env["#{env}"]                        #   @env["HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET"]
+          get_header "#{env}".freeze            #   get_header "HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET".freeze
         end                                     # end
       METHOD
     end
 
+    def self.empty
+      new({})
+    end
+
     def initialize(env)
       super
       @method            = nil
@@ -50,11 +61,43 @@ module ActionDispatch
       @original_fullpath = nil
       @fullpath          = nil
       @ip                = nil
-      @uuid              = nil
+    end
+
+    def commit_cookie_jar! # :nodoc:
+    end
+
+    def check_path_parameters!
+      # If any of the path parameters has an invalid encoding then
+      # raise since it's likely to trigger errors further on.
+      path_parameters.each do |key, value|
+        next unless value.respond_to?(:valid_encoding?)
+        unless value.valid_encoding?
+          raise ActionController::BadRequest, "Invalid parameter encoding: #{key} => #{value.inspect}"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    PASS_NOT_FOUND = Class.new { # :nodoc:
+      def self.action(_); self; end
+      def self.call(_); [404, {'X-Cascade' => 'pass'}, []]; end
+    }
+
+    def controller_class
+      check_path_parameters!
+      params = path_parameters
+
+      if params.key?(:controller)
+        controller_param = params[:controller].underscore
+        params[:action] ||= 'index'
+        const_name = "#{controller_param.camelize}Controller"
+        ActiveSupport::Dependencies.constantize(const_name)
+      else
+        PASS_NOT_FOUND
+      end
     end
 
     def key?(key)
-      @env.key?(key)
+      has_header? key
     end
 
     # List of HTTP request methods from the following RFCs:
@@ -64,6 +107,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     # Ordered Collections Protocol (WebDAV) (http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3648.txt)
     # Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning (WebDAV) Access Control Protocol (http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3744.txt)
     # Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning (WebDAV) SEARCH (http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5323.txt)
+    # Calendar Extensions to WebDAV (http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4791.txt)
     # PATCH Method for HTTP (http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5789.txt)
     RFC2616 = %w(OPTIONS GET HEAD POST PUT DELETE TRACE CONNECT)
     RFC2518 = %w(PROPFIND PROPPATCH MKCOL COPY MOVE LOCK UNLOCK)
@@ -71,9 +115,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
     RFC3648 = %w(ORDERPATCH)
     RFC3744 = %w(ACL)
     RFC5323 = %w(SEARCH)
+    RFC4791 = %w(MKCALENDAR)
     RFC5789 = %w(PATCH)
 
-    HTTP_METHODS = RFC2616 + RFC2518 + RFC3253 + RFC3648 + RFC3744 + RFC5323 + RFC5789
+    HTTP_METHODS = RFC2616 + RFC2518 + RFC3253 + RFC3648 + RFC3744 + RFC5323 + RFC4791 + RFC5789
 
     HTTP_METHOD_LOOKUP = {}
 
@@ -89,71 +134,83 @@ module ActionDispatch
     # the application should use), this \method returns the overridden
     # value, not the original.
     def request_method
-      @request_method ||= check_method(env["REQUEST_METHOD"])
+      @request_method ||= check_method(super)
     end
 
-    # Returns a symbol form of the #request_method
-    def request_method_symbol
-      HTTP_METHOD_LOOKUP[request_method]
+    def routes # :nodoc:
+      get_header("action_dispatch.routes".freeze)
     end
 
-    # Returns the original value of the environment's REQUEST_METHOD,
-    # even if it was overridden by middleware. See #request_method for
-    # more information.
-    def method
-      @method ||= check_method(env["rack.methodoverride.original_method"] || env['REQUEST_METHOD'])
+    def routes=(routes) # :nodoc:
+      set_header("action_dispatch.routes".freeze, routes)
     end
 
-    # Returns a symbol form of the #method
-    def method_symbol
-      HTTP_METHOD_LOOKUP[method]
+    def engine_script_name(_routes) # :nodoc:
+      get_header(_routes.env_key)
     end
 
-    # Is this a GET (or HEAD) request?
-    # Equivalent to <tt>request.request_method_symbol == :get</tt>.
-    def get?
-      HTTP_METHOD_LOOKUP[request_method] == :get
+    def engine_script_name=(name) # :nodoc:
+      set_header(routes.env_key, name.dup)
     end
 
-    # Is this a POST request?
-    # Equivalent to <tt>request.request_method_symbol == :post</tt>.
-    def post?
-      HTTP_METHOD_LOOKUP[request_method] == :post
+    def request_method=(request_method) #:nodoc:
+      if check_method(request_method)
+        @request_method = set_header("REQUEST_METHOD", request_method)
+      end
     end
 
-    # Is this a PATCH request?
-    # Equivalent to <tt>request.request_method == :patch</tt>.
-    def patch?
-      HTTP_METHOD_LOOKUP[request_method] == :patch
+    def controller_instance # :nodoc:
+      get_header('action_controller.instance'.freeze)
     end
 
-    # Is this a PUT request?
-    # Equivalent to <tt>request.request_method_symbol == :put</tt>.
-    def put?
-      HTTP_METHOD_LOOKUP[request_method] == :put
+    def controller_instance=(controller) # :nodoc:
+      set_header('action_controller.instance'.freeze, controller)
     end
 
-    # Is this a DELETE request?
-    # Equivalent to <tt>request.request_method_symbol == :delete</tt>.
-    def delete?
-      HTTP_METHOD_LOOKUP[request_method] == :delete
+    def http_auth_salt
+      get_header "action_dispatch.http_auth_salt"
     end
 
-    # Is this a HEAD request?
-    # Equivalent to <tt>request.request_method_symbol == :head</tt>.
-    def head?
-      HTTP_METHOD_LOOKUP[request_method] == :head
+    def show_exceptions? # :nodoc:
+      # We're treating `nil` as "unset", and we want the default setting to be
+      # `true`.  This logic should be extracted to `env_config` and calculated
+      # once.
+      !(get_header('action_dispatch.show_exceptions'.freeze) == false)
+    end
+
+    # Returns a symbol form of the #request_method
+    def request_method_symbol
+      HTTP_METHOD_LOOKUP[request_method]
+    end
+
+    # Returns the original value of the environment's REQUEST_METHOD,
+    # even if it was overridden by middleware. See #request_method for
+    # more information.
+    def method
+      @method ||= check_method(get_header("rack.methodoverride.original_method") || get_header('REQUEST_METHOD'))
+    end
+
+    # Returns a symbol form of the #method
+    def method_symbol
+      HTTP_METHOD_LOOKUP[method]
     end
 
     # Provides access to the request's HTTP headers, for example:
     #
     #   request.headers["Content-Type"] # => "text/plain"
     def headers
-      Http::Headers.new(@env)
+      @headers ||= Http::Headers.new(self)
     end
 
+    # Returns a +String+ with the last requested path including their params.
+    #
+    #    # get '/foo'
+    #    request.original_fullpath # => '/foo'
+    #
+    #    # get '/foo?bar'
+    #    request.original_fullpath # => '/foo?bar'
     def original_fullpath
-      @original_fullpath ||= (env["ORIGINAL_FULLPATH"] || fullpath)
+      @original_fullpath ||= (get_header("ORIGINAL_FULLPATH") || fullpath)
     end
 
     # Returns the +String+ full path including params of the last URL requested.
@@ -189,65 +246,87 @@ module ActionDispatch
     end
 
     # Returns true if the "X-Requested-With" header contains "XMLHttpRequest"
-    # (case-insensitive). All major JavaScript libraries send this header with
-    # every Ajax request.
+    # (case-insensitive), which may need to be manually added depending on the
+    # choice of JavaScript libraries and frameworks.
     def xml_http_request?
-      @env['HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH'] =~ /XMLHttpRequest/i
+      get_header('HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH') =~ /XMLHttpRequest/i
     end
     alias :xhr? :xml_http_request?
 
+    # Returns the IP address of client as a +String+.
     def ip
       @ip ||= super
     end
 
-    # Originating IP address, usually set by the RemoteIp middleware.
+    # Returns the IP address of client as a +String+,
+    # usually set by the RemoteIp middleware.
     def remote_ip
-      @remote_ip ||= (@env["action_dispatch.remote_ip"] || ip).to_s
+      @remote_ip ||= (get_header("action_dispatch.remote_ip") || ip).to_s
+    end
+
+    def remote_ip=(remote_ip)
+      set_header "action_dispatch.remote_ip".freeze, remote_ip
     end
 
-    # Returns the unique request id, which is based off either the X-Request-Id header that can
+    ACTION_DISPATCH_REQUEST_ID = "action_dispatch.request_id".freeze # :nodoc:
+
+    # Returns the unique request id, which is based on either the X-Request-Id header that can
     # be generated by a firewall, load balancer, or web server or by the RequestId middleware
     # (which sets the action_dispatch.request_id environment variable).
     #
     # This unique ID is useful for tracing a request from end-to-end as part of logging or debugging.
     # This relies on the rack variable set by the ActionDispatch::RequestId middleware.
-    def uuid
-      @uuid ||= env["action_dispatch.request_id"]
+    def request_id
+      get_header ACTION_DISPATCH_REQUEST_ID
     end
 
+    def request_id=(id) # :nodoc:
+      set_header ACTION_DISPATCH_REQUEST_ID, id
+    end
+
+    alias_method :uuid, :request_id
+
     # Returns the lowercase name of the HTTP server software.
     def server_software
-      (@env['SERVER_SOFTWARE'] && /^([a-zA-Z]+)/ =~ @env['SERVER_SOFTWARE']) ? $1.downcase : nil
+      (get_header('SERVER_SOFTWARE') && /^([a-zA-Z]+)/ =~ get_header('SERVER_SOFTWARE')) ? $1.downcase : nil
     end
 
     # Read the request \body. This is useful for web services that need to
     # work with raw requests directly.
     def raw_post
-      unless @env.include? 'RAW_POST_DATA'
+      unless has_header? 'RAW_POST_DATA'
         raw_post_body = body
-        @env['RAW_POST_DATA'] = raw_post_body.read(content_length)
+        set_header('RAW_POST_DATA', raw_post_body.read(content_length))
         raw_post_body.rewind if raw_post_body.respond_to?(:rewind)
       end
-      @env['RAW_POST_DATA']
+      get_header 'RAW_POST_DATA'
     end
 
     # The request body is an IO input stream. If the RAW_POST_DATA environment
     # variable is already set, wrap it in a StringIO.
     def body
-      if raw_post = @env['RAW_POST_DATA']
+      if raw_post = get_header('RAW_POST_DATA')
         raw_post.force_encoding(Encoding::BINARY)
         StringIO.new(raw_post)
       else
-        @env['rack.input']
+        body_stream
       end
     end
 
+    # Determine whether the request body contains form-data by checking
+    # the request Content-Type for one of the media-types:
+    # "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" or "multipart/form-data". The
+    # list of form-data media types can be modified through the
+    # +FORM_DATA_MEDIA_TYPES+ array.
+    #
+    # A request body is not assumed to contain form-data when no
+    # Content-Type header is provided and the request_method is POST.
     def form_data?
-      FORM_DATA_MEDIA_TYPES.include?(content_mime_type.to_s)
+      FORM_DATA_MEDIA_TYPES.include?(media_type)
     end
 
     def body_stream #:nodoc:
-      @env['rack.input']
+      get_header('rack.input')
     end
 
     # TODO This should be broken apart into AD::Request::Session and probably
@@ -258,64 +337,75 @@ module ActionDispatch
       else
         self.session = {}
       end
-      @env['action_dispatch.request.flash_hash'] = nil
+      self.flash = nil
     end
 
     def session=(session) #:nodoc:
-      Session.set @env, session
+      Session.set self, session
     end
 
     def session_options=(options)
-      Session::Options.set @env, options
+      Session::Options.set self, options
     end
 
     # Override Rack's GET method to support indifferent access
     def GET
-      @env["action_dispatch.request.query_parameters"] ||= Utils.deep_munge((normalize_encode_params(super) || {}))
-    rescue TypeError => e
-      raise ActionController::BadRequest.new(:query, e)
+      fetch_header("action_dispatch.request.query_parameters") do |k|
+        rack_query_params = super || {}
+        # Check for non UTF-8 parameter values, which would cause errors later
+        Request::Utils.check_param_encoding(rack_query_params)
+        set_header k, Request::Utils.normalize_encode_params(rack_query_params)
+      end
+    rescue Rack::Utils::ParameterTypeError, Rack::Utils::InvalidParameterError => e
+      raise ActionController::BadRequest.new("Invalid query parameters: #{e.message}")
     end
     alias :query_parameters :GET
 
     # Override Rack's POST method to support indifferent access
     def POST
-      @env["action_dispatch.request.request_parameters"] ||= Utils.deep_munge((normalize_encode_params(super) || {}))
-    rescue TypeError => e
-      raise ActionController::BadRequest.new(:request, e)
+      fetch_header("action_dispatch.request.request_parameters") do
+        pr = parse_formatted_parameters(params_parsers) do |params|
+          super || {}
+        end
+        self.request_parameters = Request::Utils.normalize_encode_params(pr)
+      end
+    rescue ParamsParser::ParseError # one of the parse strategies blew up
+      self.request_parameters = Request::Utils.normalize_encode_params(super || {})
+      raise
+    rescue Rack::Utils::ParameterTypeError, Rack::Utils::InvalidParameterError => e
+      raise ActionController::BadRequest.new("Invalid request parameters: #{e.message}")
     end
     alias :request_parameters :POST
 
     # Returns the authorization header regardless of whether it was specified directly or through one of the
     # proxy alternatives.
     def authorization
-      @env['HTTP_AUTHORIZATION']   ||
-      @env['X-HTTP_AUTHORIZATION'] ||
-      @env['X_HTTP_AUTHORIZATION'] ||
-      @env['REDIRECT_X_HTTP_AUTHORIZATION']
+      get_header('HTTP_AUTHORIZATION')   ||
+      get_header('X-HTTP_AUTHORIZATION') ||
+      get_header('X_HTTP_AUTHORIZATION') ||
+      get_header('REDIRECT_X_HTTP_AUTHORIZATION')
     end
 
-    # True if the request came from localhost, 127.0.0.1.
+    # True if the request came from localhost, 127.0.0.1, or ::1.
     def local?
       LOCALHOST =~ remote_addr && LOCALHOST =~ remote_ip
     end
 
-    # Extracted into ActionDispatch::Request::Utils.deep_munge, but kept here for backwards compatibility.
-    def deep_munge(hash)
-      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(
-        "This method has been extracted into ActionDispatch::Request::Utils.deep_munge. Please start using that instead."
-      )
+    def request_parameters=(params)
+      raise if params.nil?
+      set_header("action_dispatch.request.request_parameters".freeze, params)
+    end
 
-      Utils.deep_munge(hash)
+    def logger
+      get_header("action_dispatch.logger".freeze)
     end
 
-    protected
-      def parse_query(qs)
-        Utils.deep_munge(super)
-      end
+    def commit_flash
+    end
 
     private
       def check_method(name)
-        HTTP_METHOD_LOOKUP[name] || raise(ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod, "#{name}, accepted HTTP methods are #{HTTP_METHODS.to_sentence(:locale => :en)}")
+        HTTP_METHOD_LOOKUP[name] || raise(ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod, "#{name}, accepted HTTP methods are #{HTTP_METHODS[0...-1].join(', ')}, and #{HTTP_METHODS[-1]}")
         name
       end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/response.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/response.rb
index f14ca1ea44..9b11111a67 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/response.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/response.rb
@@ -32,48 +32,56 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
   #    end
   #  end
   class Response
+    class Header < DelegateClass(Hash) # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(response, header)
+        @response = response
+        super(header)
+      end
+
+      def []=(k,v)
+        if @response.sending? || @response.sent?
+          raise ActionDispatch::IllegalStateError, 'header already sent'
+        end
+
+        super
+      end
+
+      def merge(other)
+        self.class.new @response, __getobj__.merge(other)
+      end
+
+      def to_hash
+        __getobj__.dup
+      end
+    end
+
     # The request that the response is responding to.
     attr_accessor :request
 
     # The HTTP status code.
     attr_reader :status
 
-    attr_writer :sending_file
-
-    # Get and set headers for this response.
-    attr_accessor :header
+    # Get headers for this response.
+    attr_reader :header
 
-    alias_method :headers=, :header=
     alias_method :headers,  :header
 
     delegate :[], :[]=, :to => :@header
     delegate :each, :to => :@stream
 
-    # Sets the HTTP response's content MIME type. For example, in the controller
-    # you could write this:
-    #
-    #  response.content_type = "text/plain"
-    #
-    # If a character set has been defined for this response (see charset=) then
-    # the character set information will also be included in the content type
-    # information.
-    attr_reader   :content_type
-
-    # The charset of the response. HTML wants to know the encoding of the
-    # content you're giving them, so we need to send that along.
-    attr_accessor :charset
-
-    attr_accessor :no_content_type # :nodoc:
-
     CONTENT_TYPE = "Content-Type".freeze
     SET_COOKIE   = "Set-Cookie".freeze
     LOCATION     = "Location".freeze
-    NO_CONTENT_CODES = [204, 304]
+    NO_CONTENT_CODES = [100, 101, 102, 204, 205, 304]
 
     cattr_accessor(:default_charset) { "utf-8" }
     cattr_accessor(:default_headers)
 
     include Rack::Response::Helpers
+    # Aliasing these off because AD::Http::Cache::Response defines them
+    alias :_cache_control :cache_control
+    alias :_cache_control= :cache_control=
+
     include ActionDispatch::Http::FilterRedirect
     include ActionDispatch::Http::Cache::Response
     include MonitorMixin
@@ -83,17 +91,33 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
         @response = response
         @buf      = buf
         @closed   = false
+        @str_body = nil
+      end
+
+      def body
+        @str_body ||= begin
+                        buf = ''
+                        each { |chunk| buf << chunk }
+                        buf
+                      end
       end
 
       def write(string)
         raise IOError, "closed stream" if closed?
 
+        @str_body = nil
         @response.commit!
         @buf.push string
       end
 
       def each(&block)
-        @buf.each(&block)
+        @response.sending!
+        x = @buf.each(&block)
+        @response.sent!
+        x
+      end
+
+      def abort
       end
 
       def close
@@ -106,51 +130,77 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
       end
     end
 
+    def self.create(status = 200, header = {}, body = [], default_headers: self.default_headers)
+      header = merge_default_headers(header, default_headers)
+      new status, header, body
+    end
+
+    def self.merge_default_headers(original, default)
+      default.respond_to?(:merge) ? default.merge(original) : original
+    end
+
     # The underlying body, as a streamable object.
     attr_reader :stream
 
     def initialize(status = 200, header = {}, body = [])
       super()
 
-      header = merge_default_headers(header, self.class.default_headers)
+      @header = Header.new(self, header)
 
-      self.body, self.header, self.status = body, header, status
+      self.body, self.status = body, status
 
-      @sending_file = false
-      @blank        = false
       @cv           = new_cond
       @committed    = false
-      @content_type = nil
-      @charset      = nil
-
-      if content_type = self[CONTENT_TYPE]
-        type, charset = content_type.split(/;\s*charset=/)
-        @content_type = Mime::Type.lookup(type)
-        @charset = charset || self.class.default_charset
-      end
+      @sending      = false
+      @sent         = false
 
       prepare_cache_control!
 
       yield self if block_given?
     end
 
+    def has_header?(key);   headers.key? key;   end
+    def get_header(key);    headers[key];       end
+    def set_header(key, v); headers[key] = v;   end
+    def delete_header(key); headers.delete key; end
+
     def await_commit
       synchronize do
         @cv.wait_until { @committed }
       end
     end
 
+    def await_sent
+      synchronize { @cv.wait_until { @sent } }
+    end
+
     def commit!
       synchronize do
+        before_committed
         @committed = true
         @cv.broadcast
       end
     end
 
-    def committed?
-      @committed
+    def sending!
+      synchronize do
+        before_sending
+        @sending = true
+        @cv.broadcast
+      end
+    end
+
+    def sent!
+      synchronize do
+        @sent = true
+        @cv.broadcast
+      end
     end
 
+    def sending?;   synchronize { @sending };   end
+    def committed?; synchronize { @committed }; end
+    def sent?;      synchronize { @sent };      end
+
     # Sets the HTTP status code.
     def status=(status)
       @status = Rack::Utils.status_code(status)
@@ -158,7 +208,49 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
 
     # Sets the HTTP content type.
     def content_type=(content_type)
-      @content_type = content_type.to_s
+      header_info = parse_content_type
+      set_content_type content_type.to_s, header_info.charset || self.class.default_charset
+    end
+
+    # Sets the HTTP response's content MIME type. For example, in the controller
+    # you could write this:
+    #
+    #  response.content_type = "text/plain"
+    #
+    # If a character set has been defined for this response (see charset=) then
+    # the character set information will also be included in the content type
+    # information.
+
+    def content_type
+      parse_content_type.mime_type
+    end
+
+    def sending_file=(v)
+      if true == v
+        self.charset = false
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Sets the HTTP character set. In case of nil parameter
+    # it sets the charset to utf-8.
+    #
+    #   response.charset = 'utf-16' # => 'utf-16'
+    #   response.charset = nil      # => 'utf-8'
+    def charset=(charset)
+      header_info = parse_content_type
+      if false == charset
+        set_header CONTENT_TYPE, header_info.mime_type
+      else
+        content_type = header_info.mime_type
+        set_content_type content_type, charset || self.class.default_charset
+      end
+    end
+
+    # The charset of the response. HTML wants to know the encoding of the
+    # content you're giving them, so we need to send that along.
+    def charset
+      header_info = parse_content_type
+      header_info.charset || self.class.default_charset
     end
 
     # The response code of the request.
@@ -184,32 +276,18 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
     end
     alias_method :status_message, :message
 
-    def respond_to?(method, include_private = false)
-      if method.to_s == 'to_path'
-        stream.respond_to?(method)
-      else
-        super
-      end
-    end
-
-    def to_path
-      stream.to_path
-    end
-
     # Returns the content of the response as a string. This contains the contents
     # of any calls to <tt>render</tt>.
     def body
-      strings = []
-      each { |part| strings << part.to_s }
-      strings.join
+      @stream.body
     end
 
-    EMPTY = " "
+    def write(string)
+      @stream.write string
+    end
 
     # Allows you to manually set or override the response body.
     def body=(body)
-      @blank = true if body == EMPTY
-
       if body.respond_to?(:to_path)
         @stream = body
       else
@@ -219,49 +297,80 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
       end
     end
 
-    def body_parts
-      parts = []
-      @stream.each { |x| parts << x }
-      parts
-    end
+    # Avoid having to pass an open file handle as the response body.
+    # Rack::Sendfile will usually intercept the response and uses
+    # the path directly, so there is no reason to open the file.
+    class FileBody #:nodoc:
+      attr_reader :to_path
 
-    def set_cookie(key, value)
-      ::Rack::Utils.set_cookie_header!(header, key, value)
+      def initialize(path)
+        @to_path = path
+      end
+
+      def body
+        File.binread(to_path)
+      end
+
+      # Stream the file's contents if Rack::Sendfile isn't present.
+      def each
+        File.open(to_path, 'rb') do |file|
+          while chunk = file.read(16384)
+            yield chunk
+          end
+        end
+      end
     end
 
-    def delete_cookie(key, value={})
-      ::Rack::Utils.delete_cookie_header!(header, key, value)
+    # Send the file stored at +path+ as the response body.
+    def send_file(path)
+      commit!
+      @stream = FileBody.new(path)
     end
 
-    # The location header we'll be responding with.
-    def location
-      headers[LOCATION]
+    def reset_body!
+      @stream = build_buffer(self, [])
     end
-    alias_method :redirect_url, :location
 
-    # Sets the location header we'll be responding with.
-    def location=(url)
-      headers[LOCATION] = url
+    def body_parts
+      parts = []
+      @stream.each { |x| parts << x }
+      parts
     end
 
+    # The location header we'll be responding with.
+    alias_method :redirect_url, :location
+
     def close
       stream.close if stream.respond_to?(:close)
     end
 
+    def abort
+      if stream.respond_to?(:abort)
+        stream.abort
+      elsif stream.respond_to?(:close)
+        # `stream.close` should really be reserved for a close from the
+        # other direction, but we must fall back to it for
+        # compatibility.
+        stream.close
+      end
+    end
+
     # Turns the Response into a Rack-compatible array of the status, headers,
-    # and body.
+    # and body. Allows explicit splatting:
+    #
+    #   status, headers, body = *response
     def to_a
+      commit!
       rack_response @status, @header.to_hash
     end
     alias prepare! to_a
-    alias to_ary   to_a
 
     # Returns the response cookies, converted to a Hash of (name => value) pairs
     #
     #   assert_equal 'AuthorOfNewPage', r.cookies['author']
     def cookies
       cookies = {}
-      if header = self[SET_COOKIE]
+      if header = get_header(SET_COOKIE)
         header = header.split("\n") if header.respond_to?(:to_str)
         header.each do |cookie|
           if pair = cookie.split(';').first
@@ -275,10 +384,36 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
 
   private
 
-    def merge_default_headers(original, default)
-      return original unless default.respond_to?(:merge)
+    ContentTypeHeader = Struct.new :mime_type, :charset
+    NullContentTypeHeader = ContentTypeHeader.new nil, nil
 
-      default.merge(original)
+    def parse_content_type
+      content_type = get_header CONTENT_TYPE
+      if content_type
+        type, charset = content_type.split(/;\s*charset=/)
+        type = nil if type.empty?
+        ContentTypeHeader.new(type, charset)
+      else
+        NullContentTypeHeader
+      end
+    end
+
+    def set_content_type(content_type, charset)
+      type = (content_type || '').dup
+      type << "; charset=#{charset}" if charset
+      set_header CONTENT_TYPE, type
+    end
+
+    def before_committed
+      return if committed?
+      assign_default_content_type_and_charset!
+      handle_conditional_get!
+      handle_no_content!
+    end
+
+    def before_sending
+      headers.freeze
+      request.commit_cookie_jar! unless committed?
     end
 
     def build_buffer(response, body)
@@ -289,42 +424,62 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
       body.respond_to?(:each) ? body : [body]
     end
 
-    def assign_default_content_type_and_charset!(headers)
-      return if headers[CONTENT_TYPE].present?
+    def assign_default_content_type_and_charset!
+      return if content_type
 
-      @content_type ||= Mime::HTML
-      @charset      ||= self.class.default_charset unless @charset == false
+      ct = parse_content_type
+      set_content_type(ct.mime_type || Mime[:html].to_s,
+                       ct.charset || self.class.default_charset)
+    end
 
-      type = @content_type.to_s.dup
-      type << "; charset=#{@charset}" if append_charset?
+    class RackBody
+      def initialize(response)
+        @response = response
+      end
 
-      headers[CONTENT_TYPE] = type
-    end
+      def each(*args, &block)
+        @response.each(*args, &block)
+      end
 
-    def append_charset?
-      !@sending_file && @charset != false
-    end
+      def close
+        # Rack "close" maps to Response#abort, and *not* Response#close
+        # (which is used when the controller's finished writing)
+        @response.abort
+      end
 
-    def remove_content_type!
-      headers.delete CONTENT_TYPE
-    end
+      def body
+        @response.body
+      end
 
-    def rack_response(status, header)
-      if no_content_type
-        remove_content_type!
-      else
-        assign_default_content_type_and_charset!(header)
+      def respond_to?(method, include_private = false)
+        if method.to_s == 'to_path'
+          @response.stream.respond_to?(method)
+        else
+          super
+        end
       end
 
-      handle_conditional_get!
+      def to_path
+        @response.stream.to_path
+      end
 
-      header[SET_COOKIE] = header[SET_COOKIE].join("\n") if header[SET_COOKIE].respond_to?(:join)
+      def to_ary
+        nil
+      end
+    end
 
+    def handle_no_content!
       if NO_CONTENT_CODES.include?(@status)
-        header.delete CONTENT_TYPE
+        @header.delete CONTENT_TYPE
+        @header.delete 'Content-Length'
+      end
+    end
+
+    def rack_response(status, header)
+      if NO_CONTENT_CODES.include?(status)
         [status, header, []]
       else
-        [status, header, Rack::BodyProxy.new(self){}]
+        [status, header, RackBody.new(self)]
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/upload.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/upload.rb
index a8d2dc3950..a221f4c5af 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/upload.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/upload.rb
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # A +Tempfile+ object with the actual uploaded file. Note that some of
       # its interface is available directly.
       attr_accessor :tempfile
+      alias :to_io :tempfile
 
       # A string with the headers of the multipart request.
       attr_accessor :headers
@@ -26,7 +27,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @tempfile          = hash[:tempfile]
         raise(ArgumentError, ':tempfile is required') unless @tempfile
 
-        @original_filename = encode_filename(hash[:filename])
+        @original_filename = hash[:filename]
+        if @original_filename
+          begin
+            @original_filename.encode!(Encoding::UTF_8)
+          rescue EncodingError
+            @original_filename.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8)
+          end
+        end
         @content_type      = hash[:type]
         @headers           = hash[:head]
       end
@@ -65,13 +73,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
       def eof?
         @tempfile.eof?
       end
-
-      private
-
-      def encode_filename(filename)
-        # Encode the filename in the utf8 encoding, unless it is nil
-        filename.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8).encode! if filename
-      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/url.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/url.rb
index 6f5a52c568..37f41ae988 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/url.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/url.rb
@@ -1,103 +1,145 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice'
 
 module ActionDispatch
   module Http
     module URL
       IP_HOST_REGEXP  = /\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}$/
-      HOST_REGEXP     = /(^.*:\/\/)?([^:]+)(?::(\d+$))?/
+      HOST_REGEXP     = /(^[^:]+:\/\/)?(\[[^\]]+\]|[^:]+)(?::(\d+$))?/
       PROTOCOL_REGEXP = /^([^:]+)(:)?(\/\/)?$/
 
       mattr_accessor :tld_length
       self.tld_length = 1
 
       class << self
-        def extract_domain(host, tld_length = @@tld_length)
-          host.split('.').last(1 + tld_length).join('.') if named_host?(host)
+        # Returns the domain part of a host given the domain level.
+        #
+        #    # Top-level domain example
+        #    extract_domain('www.example.com', 1) # => "example.com"
+        #    # Second-level domain example
+        #    extract_domain('dev.www.example.co.uk', 2) # => "example.co.uk"
+        def extract_domain(host, tld_length)
+          extract_domain_from(host, tld_length) if named_host?(host)
         end
 
-        def extract_subdomains(host, tld_length = @@tld_length)
+        # Returns the subdomains of a host as an Array given the domain level.
+        #
+        #    # Top-level domain example
+        #    extract_subdomains('www.example.com', 1) # => ["www"]
+        #    # Second-level domain example
+        #    extract_subdomains('dev.www.example.co.uk', 2) # => ["dev", "www"]
+        def extract_subdomains(host, tld_length)
           if named_host?(host)
-            parts = host.split('.')
-            parts[0..-(tld_length + 2)]
+            extract_subdomains_from(host, tld_length)
           else
             []
           end
         end
 
-        def extract_subdomain(host, tld_length = @@tld_length)
+        # Returns the subdomains of a host as a String given the domain level.
+        #
+        #    # Top-level domain example
+        #    extract_subdomain('www.example.com', 1) # => "www"
+        #    # Second-level domain example
+        #    extract_subdomain('dev.www.example.co.uk', 2) # => "dev.www"
+        def extract_subdomain(host, tld_length)
           extract_subdomains(host, tld_length).join('.')
         end
 
-        def url_for(options = {})
-          options = options.dup
-          path  = options.delete(:script_name).to_s.chomp("/")
-          path << options.delete(:path).to_s
-
-          params = options[:params].is_a?(Hash) ? options[:params] : options.slice(:params)
-          params.reject! { |_,v| v.to_param.nil? }
-
-          result = build_host_url(options)
-          if options[:trailing_slash]
-            if path.include?('?')
-              result << path.sub(/\?/, '/\&')
-            else
-              result << path.sub(/[^\/]\z|\A\z/, '\&/')
-            end
+        def url_for(options)
+          if options[:only_path]
+            path_for options
           else
-            result << path
+            full_url_for options
           end
-          result << "?#{params.to_query}" unless params.empty?
-          result << "##{Journey::Router::Utils.escape_fragment(options[:anchor].to_param.to_s)}" if options[:anchor]
-          result
         end
 
-        private
+        def full_url_for(options)
+          host     = options[:host]
+          protocol = options[:protocol]
+          port     = options[:port]
 
-        def build_host_url(options)
-          if options[:host].blank? && options[:only_path].blank?
+          unless host
             raise ArgumentError, 'Missing host to link to! Please provide the :host parameter, set default_url_options[:host], or set :only_path to true'
           end
 
-          result = ""
+          build_host_url(host, port, protocol, options, path_for(options))
+        end
+
+        def path_for(options)
+          path  = options[:script_name].to_s.chomp("/".freeze)
+          path << options[:path] if options.key?(:path)
+
+          add_trailing_slash(path) if options[:trailing_slash]
+          add_params(path, options[:params]) if options.key?(:params)
+          add_anchor(path, options[:anchor]) if options.key?(:anchor)
 
-          unless options[:only_path]
-            if match = options[:host].match(HOST_REGEXP)
-              options[:protocol] ||= match[1] unless options[:protocol] == false
-              options[:host]       = match[2]
-              options[:port]       = match[3] unless options.key?(:port)
-            end
+          path
+        end
 
-            options[:protocol] = normalize_protocol(options)
-            options[:host]     = normalize_host(options)
-            options[:port]     = normalize_port(options)
+        private
 
-            result << options[:protocol]
-            result << rewrite_authentication(options)
-            result << options[:host]
-            result << ":#{options[:port]}" if options[:port]
+        def add_params(path, params)
+          params = { params: params } unless params.is_a?(Hash)
+          params.reject! { |_,v| v.to_param.nil? }
+          query = params.to_query
+          path << "?#{query}" unless query.empty?
+        end
+
+        def add_anchor(path, anchor)
+          if anchor
+            path << "##{Journey::Router::Utils.escape_fragment(anchor.to_param)}"
           end
-          result
         end
 
-        def named_host?(host)
-          host && IP_HOST_REGEXP !~ host
+        def extract_domain_from(host, tld_length)
+          host.split('.').last(1 + tld_length).join('.')
         end
 
-        def same_host?(options)
-          (options[:subdomain] == true || !options.key?(:subdomain)) && options[:domain].nil?
+        def extract_subdomains_from(host, tld_length)
+          parts = host.split('.')
+          parts[0..-(tld_length + 2)]
         end
 
-        def rewrite_authentication(options)
+        def add_trailing_slash(path)
+          # includes querysting
+          if path.include?('?')
+            path.sub!(/\?/, '/\&')
+          # does not have a .format
+          elsif !path.include?(".")
+            path.sub!(/[^\/]\z|\A\z/, '\&/')
+          end
+        end
+
+        def build_host_url(host, port, protocol, options, path)
+          if match = host.match(HOST_REGEXP)
+            protocol ||= match[1] unless protocol == false
+            host       = match[2]
+            port       = match[3] unless options.key? :port
+          end
+
+          protocol = normalize_protocol protocol
+          host     = normalize_host(host, options)
+
+          result = protocol.dup
+
           if options[:user] && options[:password]
-            "#{Rack::Utils.escape(options[:user])}:#{Rack::Utils.escape(options[:password])}@"
-          else
-            ""
+            result << "#{Rack::Utils.escape(options[:user])}:#{Rack::Utils.escape(options[:password])}@"
           end
+
+          result << host
+          normalize_port(port, protocol) { |normalized_port|
+            result << ":#{normalized_port}"
+          }
+
+          result.concat path
+        end
+
+        def named_host?(host)
+          IP_HOST_REGEXP !~ host
         end
 
-        def normalize_protocol(options)
-          case options[:protocol]
+        def normalize_protocol(protocol)
+          case protocol
           when nil
             "http://"
           when false, "//"
@@ -105,77 +147,134 @@ module ActionDispatch
           when PROTOCOL_REGEXP
             "#{$1}://"
           else
-            raise ArgumentError, "Invalid :protocol option: #{options[:protocol].inspect}"
+            raise ArgumentError, "Invalid :protocol option: #{protocol.inspect}"
           end
         end
 
-        def normalize_host(options)
-          return options[:host] if !named_host?(options[:host]) || same_host?(options)
+        def normalize_host(_host, options)
+          return _host unless named_host?(_host)
 
           tld_length = options[:tld_length] || @@tld_length
+          subdomain  = options.fetch :subdomain, true
+          domain     = options[:domain]
 
           host = ""
-          if options[:subdomain] == true || !options.key?(:subdomain)
-            host << extract_subdomain(options[:host], tld_length).to_param
-          elsif options[:subdomain].present?
-            host << options[:subdomain].to_param
+          if subdomain == true
+            return _host if domain.nil?
+
+            host << extract_subdomains_from(_host, tld_length).join('.')
+          elsif subdomain
+            host << subdomain.to_param
           end
           host << "." unless host.empty?
-          host << (options[:domain] || extract_domain(options[:host], tld_length))
+          host << (domain || extract_domain_from(_host, tld_length))
           host
         end
 
-        def normalize_port(options)
-          return nil if options[:port].nil? || options[:port] == false
+        def normalize_port(port, protocol)
+          return unless port
 
-          case options[:protocol]
-          when "//"
-            nil
+          case protocol
+          when "//" then yield port
           when "https://"
-            options[:port].to_i == 443 ? nil : options[:port]
+            yield port unless port.to_i == 443
           else
-            options[:port].to_i == 80 ? nil : options[:port]
+            yield port unless port.to_i == 80
           end
         end
       end
 
-      def initialize(env)
+      def initialize
         super
         @protocol = nil
         @port     = nil
       end
 
       # Returns the complete URL used for this request.
+      #
+      #   class Request < Rack::Request
+      #     include ActionDispatch::Http::URL
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   req = Request.new 'HTTP_HOST' => 'example.com'
+      #   req.url # => "http://example.com"
       def url
         protocol + host_with_port + fullpath
       end
 
       # Returns 'https://' if this is an SSL request and 'http://' otherwise.
+      #
+      #   class Request < Rack::Request
+      #     include ActionDispatch::Http::URL
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   req = Request.new 'HTTP_HOST' => 'example.com'
+      #   req.protocol # => "http://"
+      #
+      #   req = Request.new 'HTTP_HOST' => 'example.com', 'HTTPS' => 'on'
+      #   req.protocol # => "https://"
       def protocol
         @protocol ||= ssl? ? 'https://' : 'http://'
       end
 
       # Returns the \host for this request, such as "example.com".
+      #
+      #   class Request < Rack::Request
+      #     include ActionDispatch::Http::URL
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   req = Request.new 'HTTP_HOST' => 'example.com'
+      #   req.raw_host_with_port # => "example.com"
+      #
+      #   req = Request.new 'HTTP_HOST' => 'example.com:8080'
+      #   req.raw_host_with_port # => "example.com:8080"
       def raw_host_with_port
-        if forwarded = env["HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST"]
+        if forwarded = x_forwarded_host.presence
           forwarded.split(/,\s?/).last
         else
-          env['HTTP_HOST'] || "#{env['SERVER_NAME'] || env['SERVER_ADDR']}:#{env['SERVER_PORT']}"
+          get_header('HTTP_HOST') || "#{server_name || server_addr}:#{get_header('SERVER_PORT')}"
         end
       end
 
       # Returns the host for this request, such as example.com.
+      #
+      #   class Request < Rack::Request
+      #     include ActionDispatch::Http::URL
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   req = Request.new 'HTTP_HOST' => 'example.com:8080'
+      #   req.host # => "example.com"
       def host
-        raw_host_with_port.sub(/:\d+$/, '')
+        raw_host_with_port.sub(/:\d+$/, ''.freeze)
       end
 
       # Returns a \host:\port string for this request, such as "example.com" or
       # "example.com:8080".
+      #
+      #   class Request < Rack::Request
+      #     include ActionDispatch::Http::URL
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   req = Request.new 'HTTP_HOST' => 'example.com:80'
+      #   req.host_with_port # => "example.com"
+      #
+      #   req = Request.new 'HTTP_HOST' => 'example.com:8080'
+      #   req.host_with_port # => "example.com:8080"
       def host_with_port
         "#{host}#{port_string}"
       end
 
       # Returns the port number of this request as an integer.
+      #
+      #   class Request < Rack::Request
+      #     include ActionDispatch::Http::URL
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   req = Request.new 'HTTP_HOST' => 'example.com'
+      #   req.port # => 80
+      #
+      #   req = Request.new 'HTTP_HOST' => 'example.com:8080'
+      #   req.port # => 8080
       def port
         @port ||= begin
           if raw_host_with_port =~ /:(\d+)$/
@@ -187,6 +286,13 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       # Returns the standard \port number for this request's protocol.
+      #
+      #   class Request < Rack::Request
+      #     include ActionDispatch::Http::URL
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   req = Request.new 'HTTP_HOST' => 'example.com:8080'
+      #   req.standard_port # => 80
       def standard_port
         case protocol
           when 'https://' then 443
@@ -195,24 +301,54 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       # Returns whether this request is using the standard port
+      #
+      #   class Request < Rack::Request
+      #     include ActionDispatch::Http::URL
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   req = Request.new 'HTTP_HOST' => 'example.com:80'
+      #   req.standard_port? # => true
+      #
+      #   req = Request.new 'HTTP_HOST' => 'example.com:8080'
+      #   req.standard_port? # => false
       def standard_port?
         port == standard_port
       end
 
       # Returns a number \port suffix like 8080 if the \port number of this request
       # is not the default HTTP \port 80 or HTTPS \port 443.
+      #
+      #   class Request < Rack::Request
+      #     include ActionDispatch::Http::URL
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   req = Request.new 'HTTP_HOST' => 'example.com:80'
+      #   req.optional_port # => nil
+      #
+      #   req = Request.new 'HTTP_HOST' => 'example.com:8080'
+      #   req.optional_port # => 8080
       def optional_port
         standard_port? ? nil : port
       end
 
       # Returns a string \port suffix, including colon, like ":8080" if the \port
       # number of this request is not the default HTTP \port 80 or HTTPS \port 443.
+      #
+      #   class Request < Rack::Request
+      #     include ActionDispatch::Http::URL
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   req = Request.new 'HTTP_HOST' => 'example.com:80'
+      #   req.port_string # => ""
+      #
+      #   req = Request.new 'HTTP_HOST' => 'example.com:8080'
+      #   req.port_string # => ":8080"
       def port_string
         standard_port? ? '' : ":#{port}"
       end
 
       def server_port
-        @env['SERVER_PORT'].to_i
+        get_header('SERVER_PORT').to_i
       end
 
       # Returns the \domain part of a \host, such as "rubyonrails.org" in "www.rubyonrails.org". You can specify
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/formatter.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/formatter.rb
index 4410c1b5d5..0323360faa 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/formatter.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/formatter.rb
@@ -12,12 +12,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @cache  = nil
       end
 
-      def generate(type, name, options, recall = {}, parameterize = nil)
-        constraints = recall.merge(options)
-        missing_keys = []
+      def generate(name, options, path_parameters, parameterize = nil)
+        constraints = path_parameters.merge(options)
+        missing_keys = nil # need for variable scope
 
         match_route(name, constraints) do |route|
-          parameterized_parts = extract_parameterized_parts(route, options, recall, parameterize)
+          parameterized_parts = extract_parameterized_parts(route, options, path_parameters, parameterize)
 
           # Skip this route unless a name has been provided or it is a
           # standard Rails route since we can't determine whether an options
@@ -25,16 +25,22 @@ module ActionDispatch
           next unless name || route.dispatcher?
 
           missing_keys = missing_keys(route, parameterized_parts)
-          next unless missing_keys.empty?
+          next if missing_keys && !missing_keys.empty?
           params = options.dup.delete_if do |key, _|
             parameterized_parts.key?(key) || route.defaults.key?(key)
           end
 
+          defaults       = route.defaults
+          required_parts = route.required_parts
+          parameterized_parts.keep_if do |key, value|
+            (defaults[key].nil? && value.present?) || value.to_s != defaults[key].to_s || required_parts.include?(key)
+          end
+
           return [route.format(parameterized_parts), params]
         end
 
-        message = "No route matches #{Hash[constraints.sort].inspect}"
-        message << " missing required keys: #{missing_keys.sort.inspect}" if name
+        message = "No route matches #{Hash[constraints.sort_by{|k,v| k.to_s}].inspect}"
+        message << " missing required keys: #{missing_keys.sort.inspect}" if missing_keys && !missing_keys.empty?
 
         raise ActionController::UrlGenerationError, message
       end
@@ -48,12 +54,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
         def extract_parameterized_parts(route, options, recall, parameterize = nil)
           parameterized_parts = recall.merge(options)
 
-          keys_to_keep = route.parts.reverse.drop_while { |part|
+          keys_to_keep = route.parts.reverse_each.drop_while { |part|
             !options.key?(part) || (options[part] || recall[part]).nil?
           } | route.required_parts
 
-          (parameterized_parts.keys - keys_to_keep).each do |bad_key|
-            parameterized_parts.delete(bad_key)
+          parameterized_parts.delete_if do |bad_key, _|
+            !keys_to_keep.include?(bad_key)
           end
 
           if parameterize
@@ -74,12 +80,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
           if named_routes.key?(name)
             yield named_routes[name]
           else
-            routes = non_recursive(cache, options.to_a)
+            routes = non_recursive(cache, options)
 
             hash = routes.group_by { |_, r| r.score(options) }
 
             hash.keys.sort.reverse_each do |score|
-              next if score < 0
+              break if score < 0
 
               hash[score].sort_by { |i, _| i }.each do |_, route|
                 yield route
@@ -90,29 +96,50 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         def non_recursive(cache, options)
           routes = []
-          stack  = [cache]
+          queue  = [cache]
 
-          while stack.any?
-            c = stack.shift
+          while queue.any?
+            c = queue.shift
             routes.concat(c[:___routes]) if c.key?(:___routes)
 
             options.each do |pair|
-              stack << c[pair] if c.key?(pair)
+              queue << c[pair] if c.key?(pair)
             end
           end
 
           routes
         end
 
+        module RegexCaseComparator
+          DEFAULT_INPUT = /[-_.a-zA-Z0-9]+\/[-_.a-zA-Z0-9]+/
+          DEFAULT_REGEX = /\A#{DEFAULT_INPUT}\Z/
+
+          def self.===(regex)
+            DEFAULT_INPUT == regex
+          end
+        end
+
         # Returns an array populated with missing keys if any are present.
         def missing_keys(route, parts)
-          missing_keys = []
+          missing_keys = nil
           tests = route.path.requirements
           route.required_parts.each { |key|
-            if tests.key?(key)
-              missing_keys << key unless /\A#{tests[key]}\Z/ === parts[key]
+            case tests[key]
+            when nil
+              unless parts[key]
+                missing_keys ||= []
+                missing_keys << key
+              end
+            when RegexCaseComparator
+              unless RegexCaseComparator::DEFAULT_REGEX === parts[key]
+                missing_keys ||= []
+                missing_keys << key
+              end
             else
-              missing_keys << key unless parts[key]
+              unless /\A#{tests[key]}\Z/ === parts[key]
+                missing_keys ||= []
+                missing_keys << key
+              end
             end
           }
           missing_keys
@@ -121,19 +148,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
         def possibles(cache, options, depth = 0)
           cache.fetch(:___routes) { [] } + options.find_all { |pair|
             cache.key?(pair)
-          }.map { |pair|
+          }.flat_map { |pair|
             possibles(cache[pair], options, depth + 1)
-          }.flatten(1)
-        end
-
-        # Returns +true+ if no missing keys are present, otherwise +false+.
-        def verify_required_parts!(route, parts)
-          missing_keys(route, parts).empty?
+          }
         end
 
         def build_cache
           root = { ___routes: [] }
-          routes.each_with_index do |route, i|
+          routes.routes.each_with_index do |route, i|
             leaf = route.required_defaults.inject(root) do |h, tuple|
               h[tuple] ||= {}
             end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/builder.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/builder.rb
index 7d2791714b..450588cda6 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/builder.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/builder.rb
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
             marked[s] = true # mark s
 
             s.group_by { |state| symbol(state) }.each do |sym, ps|
-              u = ps.map { |l| followpos(l) }.flatten
+              u = ps.flat_map { |l| followpos(l) }
               next if u.empty?
 
               if u.uniq == [DUMMY]
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
               firstpos(node.left)
             end
           when Nodes::Or
-            node.children.map { |c| firstpos(c) }.flatten.uniq
+            node.children.flat_map { |c| firstpos(c) }.uniq
           when Nodes::Unary
             firstpos(node.left)
           when Nodes::Terminal
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
           when Nodes::Star
             firstpos(node.left)
           when Nodes::Or
-            node.children.map { |c| lastpos(c) }.flatten.uniq
+            node.children.flat_map { |c| lastpos(c) }.uniq
           when Nodes::Cat
             if nullable?(node.right)
               lastpos(node.left) | lastpos(node.right)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/simulator.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/simulator.rb
index 58ad803841..94b0a24344 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/simulator.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/simulator.rb
@@ -19,6 +19,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def simulate(string)
+          ms = memos(string) { return }
+          MatchData.new(ms)
+        end
+
+        alias :=~    :simulate
+        alias :match :simulate
+
+        def memos(string)
           input = StringScanner.new(string)
           state = [0]
           while sym = input.scan(%r([/.?]|[^/.?]+))
@@ -29,15 +37,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
             tt.accepting? s
           }
 
-          return if acceptance_states.empty?
+          return yield if acceptance_states.empty?
 
-          memos = acceptance_states.map { |x| tt.memo(x) }.flatten.compact
-
-          MatchData.new(memos)
+          acceptance_states.flat_map { |x| tt.memo(x) }.compact
         end
-
-        alias :=~    :simulate
-        alias :match :simulate
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/transition_table.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/transition_table.rb
index 5a79059ed6..d7ce6042c2 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/transition_table.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/transition_table.rb
@@ -40,7 +40,19 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def move(t, a)
-          move_string(t, a).concat(move_regexp(t, a))
+          return [] if t.empty?
+
+          regexps = []
+
+          t.map { |s|
+            if states = @regexp_states[s]
+              regexps.concat states.map { |re, v| re === a ? v : nil }
+            end
+
+            if states = @string_states[s]
+              states[a]
+            end
+          }.compact.concat regexps
         end
 
         def as_json(options = nil)
@@ -76,13 +88,13 @@ module ActionDispatch
           erb       = File.read File.join(viz_dir, 'index.html.erb')
           states    = "function tt() { return #{to_json}; }"
 
-          fun_routes = paths.shuffle.first(3).map do |ast|
+          fun_routes = paths.sample(3).map do |ast|
             ast.map { |n|
               case n
               when Nodes::Symbol
                 case n.left
                 when ':id' then rand(100).to_s
-                when ':format' then %w{ xml json }.shuffle.first
+                when ':format' then %w{ xml json }.sample
                 else
                   'omg'
                 end
@@ -97,7 +109,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
           svg         = to_svg
           javascripts = [states, fsm_js]
 
-          # Annoying hack for 1.9 warnings
+          # Annoying hack warnings
           fun_routes  = fun_routes
           stylesheets = stylesheets
           svg         = svg
@@ -114,17 +126,17 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def states
-          ss = @string_states.keys + @string_states.values.map(&:values).flatten
-          rs = @regexp_states.keys + @regexp_states.values.map(&:values).flatten
+          ss = @string_states.keys + @string_states.values.flat_map(&:values)
+          rs = @regexp_states.keys + @regexp_states.values.flat_map(&:values)
           (ss + rs).uniq
         end
 
         def transitions
-          @string_states.map { |from, hash|
+          @string_states.flat_map { |from, hash|
             hash.map { |s, to| [from, s, to] }
-          }.flatten(1) + @regexp_states.map { |from, hash|
+          } + @regexp_states.flat_map { |from, hash|
             hash.map { |s, to| [from, s, to] }
-          }.flatten(1)
+          }
         end
 
         private
@@ -139,26 +151,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
               raise ArgumentError, 'unknown symbol: %s' % sym.class
             end
           end
-
-          def move_regexp(t, a)
-            return [] if t.empty?
-
-            t.map { |s|
-              if states = @regexp_states[s]
-                states.map { |re, v| re === a ? v : nil }
-              end
-            }.flatten.compact.uniq
-          end
-
-          def move_string(t, a)
-            return [] if t.empty?
-
-            t.map do |s|
-              if states = @string_states[s]
-                states[a]
-              end
-            end.compact
-          end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/dot.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/dot.rb
index 5c33a872e5..7063b44bb5 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/dot.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/dot.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
-
 module ActionDispatch
   module Journey # :nodoc:
     module NFA # :nodoc:
@@ -16,9 +14,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
           #  end
           #  "  #{n.object_id} [label=\"#{label}\", shape=box];"
           #}
-          #memo_edges = memos.map { |k, memos|
+          #memo_edges = memos.flat_map { |k, memos|
           #  (memos || []).map { |v| "  #{k} -> #{v.object_id};" }
-          #}.flatten.uniq
+          #}.uniq
 
         <<-eodot
 digraph nfa {
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/simulator.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/simulator.rb
index 5b40da6569..b23270db3c 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/simulator.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/simulator.rb
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
           return if acceptance_states.empty?
 
-          memos = acceptance_states.map { |x| tt.memo(x) }.flatten.compact
+          memos = acceptance_states.flat_map { |x| tt.memo(x) }.compact
 
           MatchData.new(memos)
         end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/transition_table.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/transition_table.rb
index a3017aeea1..0ccab21801 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/transition_table.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/transition_table.rb
@@ -42,58 +42,13 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def states
-          (@table.keys + @table.values.map(&:keys).flatten).uniq
-        end
-
-        # Returns a generalized transition graph with reduced states. The states
-        # are reduced like a DFA, but the table must be simulated like an NFA.
-        #
-        # Edges of the GTG are regular expressions.
-        def generalized_table
-          gt       = GTG::TransitionTable.new
-          marked   = {}
-          state_id = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = h.length }
-          alphabet = self.alphabet
-
-          stack = [eclosure(0)]
-
-          until stack.empty?
-            state = stack.pop
-            next if marked[state] || state.empty?
-
-            marked[state] = true
-
-            alphabet.each do |alpha|
-              next_state = eclosure(following_states(state, alpha))
-              next if next_state.empty?
-
-              gt[state_id[state], state_id[next_state]] = alpha
-              stack << next_state
-            end
-          end
-
-          final_groups = state_id.keys.find_all { |s|
-            s.sort.last == accepting
-          }
-
-          final_groups.each do |states|
-            id = state_id[states]
-
-            gt.add_accepting(id)
-            save = states.find { |s|
-              @memos.key?(s) && eclosure(s).sort.last == accepting
-            }
-
-            gt.add_memo(id, memo(save))
-          end
-
-          gt
+          (@table.keys + @table.values.flat_map(&:keys)).uniq
         end
 
         # Returns set of NFA states to which there is a transition on ast symbol
         # +a+ from some state +s+ in +t+.
         def following_states(t, a)
-          Array(t).map { |s| inverted[s][a] }.flatten.uniq
+          Array(t).flat_map { |s| inverted[s][a] }.uniq
         end
 
         # Returns set of NFA states to which there is a transition on ast symbol
@@ -107,7 +62,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def alphabet
-          inverted.values.map(&:keys).flatten.compact.uniq.sort_by { |x| x.to_s }
+          inverted.values.flat_map(&:keys).compact.uniq.sort_by(&:to_s)
         end
 
         # Returns a set of NFA states reachable from some NFA state +s+ in set
@@ -131,9 +86,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def transitions
-          @table.map { |to, hash|
+          @table.flat_map { |to, hash|
             hash.map { |from, sym| [from, sym, to] }
-          }.flatten(1)
+          }
         end
 
         private
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nodes/node.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nodes/node.rb
index 935442ef66..2793c5668d 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nodes/node.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nodes/node.rb
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def each(&block)
-          Visitors::Each.new(block).accept(self)
+          Visitors::Each::INSTANCE.accept(self, block)
         end
 
         def to_s
-          Visitors::String.new.accept(self)
+          Visitors::String::INSTANCE.accept(self, '')
         end
 
         def to_dot
-          Visitors::Dot.new.accept(self)
+          Visitors::Dot::INSTANCE.accept(self)
         end
 
         def to_sym
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def name
-          left.tr '*:', ''
+          left.tr '*:'.freeze, ''.freeze
         end
 
         def type
@@ -39,10 +39,15 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         def symbol?; false; end
         def literal?; false; end
+        def terminal?; false; end
+        def star?; false; end
+        def cat?; false; end
+        def group?; false; end
       end
 
       class Terminal < Node # :nodoc:
         alias :symbol :left
+        def terminal?; true; end
       end
 
       class Literal < Terminal # :nodoc:
@@ -69,11 +74,13 @@ module ActionDispatch
       class Symbol < Terminal # :nodoc:
         attr_accessor :regexp
         alias :symbol :regexp
+        attr_reader :name
 
         DEFAULT_EXP = /[^\.\/\?]+/
         def initialize(left)
           super
           @regexp = DEFAULT_EXP
+          @name = left.tr '*:'.freeze, ''.freeze
         end
 
         def default_regexp?
@@ -89,10 +96,16 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       class Group < Unary # :nodoc:
         def type; :GROUP; end
+        def group?; true; end
       end
 
       class Star < Unary # :nodoc:
+        def star?; true; end
         def type; :STAR; end
+
+        def name
+          left.name.tr '*:', ''
+        end
       end
 
       class Binary < Node # :nodoc:
@@ -107,6 +120,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       class Cat < Binary # :nodoc:
+        def cat?; true; end
         def type; :CAT; end
       end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/parser.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/parser.rb
index 430812fafe..9012297400 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/parser.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/parser.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #
 # DO NOT MODIFY!!!!
-# This file is automatically generated by Racc 1.4.9
-# from Racc grammar file "".
+# This file is automatically generated by Racc 1.4.11
+# from Racc grammer file "".
 #
 
 require 'racc/parser.rb'
@@ -9,42 +9,38 @@ require 'racc/parser.rb'
 
 require 'action_dispatch/journey/parser_extras'
 module ActionDispatch
-  module Journey # :nodoc:
-    class Parser < Racc::Parser # :nodoc:
+  module Journey
+    class Parser < Racc::Parser
 ##### State transition tables begin ###
 
 racc_action_table = [
-    17,    21,    13,    15,    14,     7,   nil,    16,     8,    19,
-    13,    15,    14,     7,    23,    16,     8,    19,    13,    15,
-    14,     7,   nil,    16,     8,    13,    15,    14,     7,   nil,
-    16,     8,    13,    15,    14,     7,   nil,    16,     8 ]
+    13,    15,    14,     7,    21,    16,     8,    19,    13,    15,
+    14,     7,    17,    16,     8,    13,    15,    14,     7,    24,
+    16,     8,    13,    15,    14,     7,    19,    16,     8 ]
 
 racc_action_check = [
-     1,    17,     1,     1,     1,     1,   nil,     1,     1,     1,
-    20,    20,    20,    20,    20,    20,    20,    20,     7,     7,
-     7,     7,   nil,     7,     7,    19,    19,    19,    19,   nil,
-    19,    19,     0,     0,     0,     0,   nil,     0,     0 ]
+     2,     2,     2,     2,    17,     2,     2,     2,     0,     0,
+     0,     0,     1,     0,     0,    19,    19,    19,    19,    20,
+    19,    19,     7,     7,     7,     7,    22,     7,     7 ]
 
 racc_action_pointer = [
-    30,     0,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,    16,   nil,   nil,
-   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,     1,   nil,    23,
-     8,   nil,   nil,   nil ]
+     6,    12,    -2,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,    20,   nil,   nil,
+   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,     4,   nil,    13,
+    13,   nil,    17,   nil,   nil ]
 
 racc_action_default = [
-   -18,   -18,    -2,    -3,    -4,    -5,    -6,   -18,    -9,   -10,
-   -11,   -12,   -13,   -14,   -15,   -16,   -17,   -18,    -1,   -18,
-   -18,    24,    -8,    -7 ]
+   -19,   -19,    -2,    -3,    -4,    -5,    -6,   -19,   -10,   -11,
+   -12,   -13,   -14,   -15,   -16,   -17,   -18,   -19,    -1,   -19,
+   -19,    25,    -8,    -9,    -7 ]
 
 racc_goto_table = [
-    18,     1,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,    20,   nil,
-   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,    22,    18 ]
+     1,    22,    18,    23,   nil,   nil,   nil,    20 ]
 
 racc_goto_check = [
-     2,     1,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,     1,   nil,
-   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,     2,     2 ]
+     1,     2,     1,     3,   nil,   nil,   nil,     1 ]
 
 racc_goto_pointer = [
-   nil,     1,    -1,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,
+   nil,     0,   -18,   -16,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,
    nil ]
 
 racc_goto_default = [
@@ -61,19 +57,20 @@ racc_reduce_table = [
   1, 12, :_reduce_none,
   3, 15, :_reduce_7,
   3, 13, :_reduce_8,
-  1, 16, :_reduce_9,
+  3, 13, :_reduce_9,
+  1, 16, :_reduce_10,
   1, 14, :_reduce_none,
   1, 14, :_reduce_none,
   1, 14, :_reduce_none,
   1, 14, :_reduce_none,
-  1, 19, :_reduce_14,
-  1, 17, :_reduce_15,
-  1, 18, :_reduce_16,
-  1, 20, :_reduce_17 ]
+  1, 19, :_reduce_15,
+  1, 17, :_reduce_16,
+  1, 18, :_reduce_17,
+  1, 20, :_reduce_18 ]
 
-racc_reduce_n = 18
+racc_reduce_n = 19
 
-racc_shift_n = 24
+racc_shift_n = 25
 
 racc_token_table = {
   false => 0,
@@ -89,7 +86,7 @@ racc_token_table = {
 
 racc_nt_base = 10
 
-racc_use_result_var = true
+racc_use_result_var = false
 
 Racc_arg = [
   racc_action_table,
@@ -136,14 +133,12 @@ Racc_debug_parser = false
 
 # reduce 0 omitted
 
-def _reduce_1(val, _values, result)
- result = Cat.new(val.first, val.last)
-    result
+def _reduce_1(val, _values)
+ Cat.new(val.first, val.last)
 end
 
-def _reduce_2(val, _values, result)
- result = val.first
-    result
+def _reduce_2(val, _values)
+ val.first
 end
 
 # reduce 3 omitted
@@ -154,22 +149,21 @@ end
 
 # reduce 6 omitted
 
-def _reduce_7(val, _values, result)
- result = Group.new(val[1])
-    result
+def _reduce_7(val, _values)
+ Group.new(val[1])
 end
 
-def _reduce_8(val, _values, result)
- result = Or.new([val.first, val.last])
-    result
+def _reduce_8(val, _values)
+ Or.new([val.first, val.last])
 end
 
-def _reduce_9(val, _values, result)
- result = Star.new(Symbol.new(val.last))
-    result
+def _reduce_9(val, _values)
+ Or.new([val.first, val.last])
 end
 
-# reduce 10 omitted
+def _reduce_10(val, _values)
+ Star.new(Symbol.new(val.last))
+end
 
 # reduce 11 omitted
 
@@ -177,27 +171,25 @@ end
 
 # reduce 13 omitted
 
-def _reduce_14(val, _values, result)
- result = Slash.new('/')
-    result
+# reduce 14 omitted
+
+def _reduce_15(val, _values)
+ Slash.new('/')
 end
 
-def _reduce_15(val, _values, result)
- result = Symbol.new(val.first)
-    result
+def _reduce_16(val, _values)
+ Symbol.new(val.first)
 end
 
-def _reduce_16(val, _values, result)
- result = Literal.new(val.first)
-    result
+def _reduce_17(val, _values)
+ Literal.new(val.first)
 end
 
-def _reduce_17(val, _values, result)
- result = Dot.new(val.first)
-    result
+def _reduce_18(val, _values)
+ Dot.new(val.first)
 end
 
-def _reduce_none(val, _values, result)
+def _reduce_none(val, _values)
   val[0]
 end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/parser.y b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/parser.y
index 040f8d5922..d3f7c4d765 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/parser.y
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/parser.y
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 class ActionDispatch::Journey::Parser
-
+  options no_result_var
 token SLASH LITERAL SYMBOL LPAREN RPAREN DOT STAR OR
 
 rule
   expressions
-    : expressions expression  { result = Cat.new(val.first, val.last) }
-    | expression              { result = val.first }
+    : expression expressions  { Cat.new(val.first, val.last) }
+    | expression              { val.first }
     | or
     ;
   expression
@@ -14,13 +14,14 @@ rule
     | star
     ;
   group
-    : LPAREN expressions RPAREN { result = Group.new(val[1]) }
+    : LPAREN expressions RPAREN { Group.new(val[1]) }
     ;
   or
-    : expressions OR expression { result = Or.new([val.first, val.last]) }
+    : expression OR expression { Or.new([val.first, val.last]) }
+    | expression OR or { Or.new([val.first, val.last]) }
     ;
   star
-    : STAR       { result = Star.new(Symbol.new(val.last)) }
+    : STAR       { Star.new(Symbol.new(val.last)) }
     ;
   terminal
     : symbol
@@ -29,16 +30,16 @@ rule
     | dot
     ;
   slash
-    : SLASH              { result = Slash.new('/') }
+    : SLASH              { Slash.new('/') }
     ;
   symbol
-    : SYMBOL             { result = Symbol.new(val.first) }
+    : SYMBOL             { Symbol.new(val.first) }
     ;
   literal
-    : LITERAL            { result = Literal.new(val.first) }
+    : LITERAL            { Literal.new(val.first) }
     ;
   dot
-    : DOT                { result = Dot.new(val.first) }
+    : DOT                { Dot.new(val.first) }
     ;
 
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/parser_extras.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/parser_extras.rb
index 14892f4321..fff0299812 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/parser_extras.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/parser_extras.rb
@@ -6,6 +6,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
     class Parser < Racc::Parser # :nodoc:
       include Journey::Nodes
 
+      def self.parse(string)
+        new.parse string
+      end
+
       def initialize
         @scanner = Scanner.new
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/path/pattern.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/path/pattern.rb
index d37aa1fbe5..5ee8810066 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/path/pattern.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/path/pattern.rb
@@ -4,24 +4,21 @@ module ActionDispatch
       class Pattern # :nodoc:
         attr_reader :spec, :requirements, :anchored
 
-        def initialize(strexp)
+        def self.from_string string
+          build(string, {}, "/.?", true)
+        end
+
+        def self.build(path, requirements, separators, anchored)
           parser = Journey::Parser.new
+          ast = parser.parse path
+          new ast, requirements, separators, anchored
+        end
 
-          @anchored = true
-
-          case strexp
-          when String
-            @spec         = parser.parse(strexp)
-            @requirements = {}
-            @separators   = "/.?"
-          when Router::Strexp
-            @spec         = parser.parse(strexp.path)
-            @requirements = strexp.requirements
-            @separators   = strexp.separators.join
-            @anchored     = strexp.anchor
-          else
-            raise ArgumentError, "Bad expression: #{strexp}"
-          end
+        def initialize(ast, requirements, separators, anchored)
+          @spec         = ast
+          @requirements = requirements
+          @separators   = separators
+          @anchored     = anchored
 
           @names          = nil
           @optional_names = nil
@@ -30,13 +27,17 @@ module ActionDispatch
           @offsets        = nil
         end
 
+        def build_formatter
+          Visitors::FormatBuilder.new.accept(spec)
+        end
+
         def ast
-          @spec.grep(Nodes::Symbol).each do |node|
+          @spec.find_all(&:symbol?).each do |node|
             re = @requirements[node.to_sym]
             node.regexp = re if re
           end
 
-          @spec.grep(Nodes::Star).each do |node|
+          @spec.find_all(&:star?).each do |node|
             node = node.left
             node.regexp = @requirements[node.to_sym] || /(.+)/
           end
@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def names
-          @names ||= spec.grep(Nodes::Symbol).map { |n| n.name }
+          @names ||= spec.find_all(&:symbol?).map(&:name)
         end
 
         def required_names
@@ -53,34 +54,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def optional_names
-          @optional_names ||= spec.grep(Nodes::Group).map { |group|
-            group.grep(Nodes::Symbol)
-          }.flatten.map { |n| n.name }.uniq
-        end
-
-        class RegexpOffsets < Journey::Visitors::Visitor # :nodoc:
-          attr_reader :offsets
-
-          def initialize(matchers)
-            @matchers      = matchers
-            @capture_count = [0]
-          end
-
-          def visit(node)
-            super
-            @capture_count
-          end
-
-          def visit_SYMBOL(node)
-            node = node.to_sym
-
-            if @matchers.key?(node)
-              re = /#{@matchers[node]}|/
-              @capture_count.push((re.match('').length - 1) + (@capture_count.last || 0))
-            else
-              @capture_count << (@capture_count.last || 0)
-            end
-          end
+          @optional_names ||= spec.find_all(&:group?).flat_map { |group|
+            group.find_all(&:symbol?)
+          }.map(&:name).uniq
         end
 
         class AnchoredRegexp < Journey::Visitors::Visitor # :nodoc:
@@ -125,6 +101,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
             re = @matchers[node.left.to_sym] || '.+'
             "(#{re})"
           end
+
+          def visit_OR(node)
+            children = node.children.map { |n| visit n }
+            "(?:#{children.join(?|)})"
+          end
         end
 
         class UnanchoredRegexp < AnchoredRegexp # :nodoc:
@@ -187,8 +168,20 @@ module ActionDispatch
           def offsets
             return @offsets if @offsets
 
-            viz = RegexpOffsets.new(@requirements)
-            @offsets = viz.accept(spec)
+            @offsets = [0]
+
+            spec.find_all(&:symbol?).each do |node|
+              node = node.to_sym
+
+              if @requirements.key?(node)
+                re = /#{@requirements[node]}|/
+                @offsets.push((re.match('').length - 1) + @offsets.last)
+              else
+                @offsets << @offsets.last
+              end
+            end
+
+            @offsets
           end
       end
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/route.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/route.rb
index c8eb0f6f2d..35c2b1b86e 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/route.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/route.rb
@@ -1,49 +1,88 @@
 module ActionDispatch
   module Journey # :nodoc:
     class Route # :nodoc:
-      attr_reader :app, :path, :defaults, :name
+      attr_reader :app, :path, :defaults, :name, :precedence
 
       attr_reader :constraints
       alias :conditions :constraints
 
-      attr_accessor :precedence
+      module VerbMatchers
+        VERBS = %w{ DELETE GET HEAD OPTIONS LINK PATCH POST PUT TRACE UNLINK }
+        VERBS.each do |v|
+          class_eval <<-eoc
+          class #{v}
+            def self.verb; name.split("::").last; end
+            def self.call(req); req.#{v.downcase}?; end
+          end
+          eoc
+        end
+
+        class Unknown
+          attr_reader :verb
+
+          def initialize(verb)
+            @verb = verb
+          end
+
+          def call(request); @verb === request.request_method; end
+        end
+
+        class All
+          def self.call(_); true; end
+          def self.verb; ''; end
+        end
+
+        VERB_TO_CLASS = VERBS.each_with_object({ :all => All }) do |verb, hash|
+          klass = const_get verb
+          hash[verb]                 = klass
+          hash[verb.downcase]        = klass
+          hash[verb.downcase.to_sym] = klass
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      def self.verb_matcher(verb)
+        VerbMatchers::VERB_TO_CLASS.fetch(verb) do
+          VerbMatchers::Unknown.new verb.to_s.dasherize.upcase
+        end
+      end
+
+      def self.build(name, app, path, constraints, required_defaults, defaults)
+        request_method_match = verb_matcher(constraints.delete(:request_method))
+        new name, app, path, constraints, required_defaults, defaults, request_method_match, 0
+      end
 
       ##
       # +path+ is a path constraint.
       # +constraints+ is a hash of constraints to be applied to this route.
-      def initialize(name, app, path, constraints, defaults = {})
+      def initialize(name, app, path, constraints, required_defaults, defaults, request_method_match, precedence)
         @name        = name
         @app         = app
         @path        = path
 
-        # Unwrap any constraints so we can see what's inside for route generation.
-        # This allows the formatter to skip over any mounted applications or redirects
-        # that shouldn't be matched when using a url_for without a route name.
-        while app.is_a?(Routing::Mapper::Constraints) do
-          app = app.app
-        end
-        @dispatcher  = app.is_a?(Routing::RouteSet::Dispatcher)
-
+        @request_method_match = request_method_match
         @constraints = constraints
         @defaults    = defaults
         @required_defaults = nil
+        @_required_defaults = required_defaults
         @required_parts    = nil
         @parts             = nil
         @decorated_ast     = nil
-        @precedence        = 0
+        @precedence        = precedence
+        @path_formatter    = @path.build_formatter
       end
 
       def ast
         @decorated_ast ||= begin
           decorated_ast = path.ast
-          decorated_ast.grep(Nodes::Terminal).each { |n| n.memo = self }
+          decorated_ast.find_all(&:terminal?).each { |n| n.memo = self }
           decorated_ast
         end
       end
 
       def requirements # :nodoc:
         # needed for rails `rake routes`
-        path.requirements.merge(@defaults).delete_if { |_,v|
+        @defaults.merge(path.requirements).delete_if { |_,v|
           /.+?/ == v
         }
       end
@@ -67,32 +106,20 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def parts
-        @parts ||= segments.map { |n| n.to_sym }
+        @parts ||= segments.map(&:to_sym)
       end
       alias :segment_keys :parts
 
       def format(path_options)
-        path_options.delete_if do |key, value|
-          value.to_s == defaults[key].to_s && !required_parts.include?(key)
-        end
-
-        Visitors::Formatter.new(path_options).accept(path.spec)
-      end
-
-      def optimized_path
-        Visitors::OptimizedPath.new.accept(path.spec)
-      end
-
-      def optional_parts
-        path.optional_names.map { |n| n.to_sym }
+        @path_formatter.evaluate path_options
       end
 
       def required_parts
-        @required_parts ||= path.required_names.map { |n| n.to_sym }
+        @required_parts ||= path.required_names.map(&:to_sym)
       end
 
       def required_default?(key)
-        (constraints[:required_defaults] || []).include?(key)
+        @_required_defaults.include?(key)
       end
 
       def required_defaults
@@ -101,14 +128,17 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
       end
 
+      def glob?
+        !path.spec.grep(Nodes::Star).empty?
+      end
+
       def dispatcher?
-        @dispatcher
+        @app.dispatcher?
       end
 
       def matches?(request)
-        constraints.all? do |method, value|
-          next true unless request.respond_to?(method)
-
+        match_verb(request) &&
+        constraints.all? { |method, value|
           case value
           when Regexp, String
             value === request.send(method).to_s
@@ -121,15 +151,28 @@ module ActionDispatch
           else
             value === request.send(method)
           end
-        end
+        }
       end
 
       def ip
         constraints[:ip] || //
       end
 
+      def requires_matching_verb?
+        !@request_method_match.all? { |x| x == VerbMatchers::All }
+      end
+
       def verb
-        constraints[:request_method] || //
+        verbs.join('|')
+      end
+
+      private
+      def verbs
+        @request_method_match.map(&:verb)
+      end
+
+      def match_verb(request)
+        @request_method_match.any? { |m| m.call request }
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router.rb
index 419e665d12..f649588520 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 require 'action_dispatch/journey/router/utils'
-require 'action_dispatch/journey/router/strexp'
 require 'action_dispatch/journey/routes'
 require 'action_dispatch/journey/formatter'
 
@@ -20,60 +19,32 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # :nodoc:
       VERSION = '2.0.0'
 
-      class NullReq # :nodoc:
-        attr_reader :env
-        def initialize(env)
-          @env = env
-        end
-
-        def request_method
-          env['REQUEST_METHOD']
-        end
-
-        def path_info
-          env['PATH_INFO']
-        end
-
-        def ip
-          env['REMOTE_ADDR']
-        end
-
-        def [](k)
-          env[k]
-        end
-      end
-
-      attr_reader :request_class, :formatter
       attr_accessor :routes
 
-      def initialize(routes, options)
-        @options       = options
-        @params_key    = options[:parameters_key]
-        @request_class = options[:request_class] || NullReq
-        @routes        = routes
+      def initialize(routes)
+        @routes = routes
       end
 
-      def call(env)
-        env['PATH_INFO'] = Utils.normalize_path(env['PATH_INFO'])
-
-        find_routes(env).each do |match, parameters, route|
-          script_name, path_info, set_params = env.values_at('SCRIPT_NAME',
-                                                             'PATH_INFO',
-                                                             @params_key)
+      def serve(req)
+        find_routes(req).each do |match, parameters, route|
+          set_params  = req.path_parameters
+          path_info   = req.path_info
+          script_name = req.script_name
 
           unless route.path.anchored
-            env['SCRIPT_NAME'] = (script_name.to_s + match.to_s).chomp('/')
-            env['PATH_INFO']   = match.post_match
+            req.script_name = (script_name.to_s + match.to_s).chomp('/')
+            req.path_info = match.post_match
+            req.path_info = "/" + req.path_info unless req.path_info.start_with? "/"
           end
 
-          env[@params_key] = (set_params || {}).merge parameters
+          req.path_parameters = set_params.merge parameters
 
-          status, headers, body = route.app.call(env)
+          status, headers, body = route.app.serve(req)
 
           if 'pass' == headers['X-Cascade']
-            env['SCRIPT_NAME'] = script_name
-            env['PATH_INFO']   = path_info
-            env[@params_key]   = set_params
+            req.script_name     = script_name
+            req.path_info       = path_info
+            req.path_parameters = set_params
             next
           end
 
@@ -83,21 +54,21 @@ module ActionDispatch
         return [404, {'X-Cascade' => 'pass'}, ['Not Found']]
       end
 
-      def recognize(req)
-        find_routes(req.env).each do |match, parameters, route|
+      def recognize(rails_req)
+        find_routes(rails_req).each do |match, parameters, route|
           unless route.path.anchored
-            req.env['SCRIPT_NAME'] = match.to_s
-            req.env['PATH_INFO']   = match.post_match.sub(/^([^\/])/, '/\1')
+            rails_req.script_name = match.to_s
+            rails_req.path_info   = match.post_match.sub(/^([^\/])/, '/\1')
           end
 
-          yield(route, nil, parameters)
+          yield(route, parameters)
         end
       end
 
       def visualizer
         tt     = GTG::Builder.new(ast).transition_table
-        groups = partitioned_routes.first.map(&:ast).group_by { |a| a.to_s }
-        asts   = groups.values.map { |v| v.first }
+        groups = partitioned_routes.first.map(&:ast).group_by(&:to_s)
+        asts   = groups.values.map(&:first)
         tt.visualizer(asts)
       end
 
@@ -116,50 +87,56 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def custom_routes
-          partitioned_routes.last
+          routes.custom_routes
         end
 
         def filter_routes(path)
           return [] unless ast
-          data = simulator.match(path)
-          data ? data.memos : []
+          simulator.memos(path) { [] }
         end
 
-        def find_routes env
-          req = request_class.new(env)
-
+        def find_routes req
           routes = filter_routes(req.path_info).concat custom_routes.find_all { |r|
             r.path.match(req.path_info)
           }
-          routes.concat get_routes_as_head(routes)
 
-          routes.sort_by!(&:precedence).select! { |r| r.matches?(req) }
+          routes =
+            if req.head?
+              match_head_routes(routes, req)
+            else
+              match_routes(routes, req)
+            end
+
+          routes.sort_by!(&:precedence)
 
           routes.map! { |r|
             match_data  = r.path.match(req.path_info)
-            match_names = match_data.names.map { |n| n.to_sym }
-            match_values = match_data.captures.map { |v| v && Utils.unescape_uri(v) }
-            info = Hash[match_names.zip(match_values).find_all { |_, y| y }]
-
-            [match_data, r.defaults.merge(info), r]
+            path_parameters = r.defaults.dup
+            match_data.names.zip(match_data.captures) { |name,val|
+              path_parameters[name.to_sym] = Utils.unescape_uri(val) if val
+            }
+            [match_data, path_parameters, r]
           }
         end
 
-        def get_routes_as_head(routes)
-          precedence = (routes.map(&:precedence).max || 0) + 1
-          routes = routes.select { |r|
-            r.verb === "GET" && !(r.verb === "HEAD")
-          }.map! { |r|
-            Route.new(r.name,
-                      r.app,
-                      r.path,
-                      r.conditions.merge(request_method: "HEAD"),
-                      r.defaults).tap do |route|
-                        route.precedence = r.precedence + precedence
-                      end
-          }
-          routes.flatten!
-          routes
+        def match_head_routes(routes, req)
+          verb_specific_routes = routes.select(&:requires_matching_verb?)
+          head_routes = match_routes(verb_specific_routes, req)
+
+          if head_routes.empty?
+            begin
+              req.request_method = "GET"
+              match_routes(routes, req)
+            ensure
+              req.request_method = "HEAD"
+            end
+          else
+            head_routes
+          end
+        end
+
+        def match_routes(routes, req)
+          routes.select { |r| r.matches?(req) }
         end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router/strexp.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router/strexp.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index f97f1a223e..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router/strexp.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-module ActionDispatch
-  module Journey # :nodoc:
-    class Router # :nodoc:
-      class Strexp # :nodoc:
-        class << self
-          alias :compile :new
-        end
-
-        attr_reader :path, :requirements, :separators, :anchor
-
-        def initialize(path, requirements, separators, anchor = true)
-          @path         = path
-          @requirements = requirements
-          @separators   = separators
-          @anchor       = anchor
-        end
-
-        def names
-          @path.scan(/:\w+/).map { |s| s.tr(':', '') }
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router/utils.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router/utils.rb
index d1a004af50..9793ca1c7a 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router/utils.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router/utils.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-require 'uri'
-
 module ActionDispatch
   module Journey # :nodoc:
     class Router # :nodoc:
@@ -16,40 +14,78 @@ module ActionDispatch
         #   normalize_path("/%ab")  # => "/%AB"
         def self.normalize_path(path)
           path = "/#{path}"
-          path.squeeze!('/')
-          path.sub!(%r{/+\Z}, '')
+          path.squeeze!('/'.freeze)
+          path.sub!(%r{/+\Z}, ''.freeze)
           path.gsub!(/(%[a-f0-9]{2})/) { $1.upcase }
-          path = '/' if path == ''
+          path = '/' if path == ''.freeze
           path
         end
 
         # URI path and fragment escaping
         # http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986
-        module UriEscape # :nodoc:
-          # Symbol captures can generate multiple path segments, so include /.
-          reserved_segment  = '/'
-          reserved_fragment = '/?'
-          reserved_pchar    = ':@&=+$,;%'
-
-          safe_pchar    = "#{URI::REGEXP::PATTERN::UNRESERVED}#{reserved_pchar}"
-          safe_segment  = "#{safe_pchar}#{reserved_segment}"
-          safe_fragment = "#{safe_pchar}#{reserved_fragment}"
-          UNSAFE_SEGMENT  = Regexp.new("[^#{safe_segment}]", false).freeze
-          UNSAFE_FRAGMENT = Regexp.new("[^#{safe_fragment}]", false).freeze
+        class UriEncoder # :nodoc:
+          ENCODE   = "%%%02X".freeze
+          US_ASCII = Encoding::US_ASCII
+          UTF_8    = Encoding::UTF_8
+          EMPTY    = "".force_encoding(US_ASCII).freeze
+          DEC2HEX  = (0..255).to_a.map{ |i| ENCODE % i }.map{ |s| s.force_encoding(US_ASCII) }
+
+          ALPHA = "a-zA-Z".freeze
+          DIGIT = "0-9".freeze
+          UNRESERVED = "#{ALPHA}#{DIGIT}\\-\\._~".freeze
+          SUB_DELIMS = "!\\$&'\\(\\)\\*\\+,;=".freeze
+
+          ESCAPED  = /%[a-zA-Z0-9]{2}/.freeze
+
+          FRAGMENT = /[^#{UNRESERVED}#{SUB_DELIMS}:@\/\?]/.freeze
+          SEGMENT  = /[^#{UNRESERVED}#{SUB_DELIMS}:@]/.freeze
+          PATH     = /[^#{UNRESERVED}#{SUB_DELIMS}:@\/]/.freeze
+
+          def escape_fragment(fragment)
+            escape(fragment, FRAGMENT)
+          end
+
+          def escape_path(path)
+            escape(path, PATH)
+          end
+
+          def escape_segment(segment)
+            escape(segment, SEGMENT)
+          end
+
+          def unescape_uri(uri)
+            encoding = uri.encoding == US_ASCII ? UTF_8 : uri.encoding
+            uri.gsub(ESCAPED) { |match| [match[1, 2].hex].pack('C') }.force_encoding(encoding)
+          end
+
+          protected
+            def escape(component, pattern)
+              component.gsub(pattern){ |unsafe| percent_encode(unsafe) }.force_encoding(US_ASCII)
+            end
+
+            def percent_encode(unsafe)
+              safe = EMPTY.dup
+              unsafe.each_byte { |b| safe << DEC2HEX[b] }
+              safe
+            end
         end
 
-        Parser = URI::Parser.new
+        ENCODER = UriEncoder.new
 
         def self.escape_path(path)
-          Parser.escape(path.to_s, UriEscape::UNSAFE_SEGMENT)
+          ENCODER.escape_path(path.to_s)
+        end
+
+        def self.escape_segment(segment)
+          ENCODER.escape_segment(segment.to_s)
         end
 
         def self.escape_fragment(fragment)
-          Parser.escape(fragment.to_s, UriEscape::UNSAFE_FRAGMENT)
+          ENCODER.escape_fragment(fragment.to_s)
         end
 
         def self.unescape_uri(uri)
-          Parser.unescape(uri)
+          ENCODER.unescape_uri(uri)
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/routes.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/routes.rb
index 80e3818ccd..f7b009109e 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/routes.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/routes.rb
@@ -5,16 +5,20 @@ module ActionDispatch
     class Routes # :nodoc:
       include Enumerable
 
-      attr_reader :routes, :named_routes
+      attr_reader :routes, :custom_routes, :anchored_routes
 
       def initialize
         @routes             = []
-        @named_routes       = {}
         @ast                = nil
-        @partitioned_routes = nil
+        @anchored_routes    = []
+        @custom_routes      = []
         @simulator          = nil
       end
 
+      def empty?
+        routes.empty?
+      end
+
       def length
         routes.length
       end
@@ -30,18 +34,21 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       def clear
         routes.clear
-        named_routes.clear
+        anchored_routes.clear
+        custom_routes.clear
       end
 
-      def partitioned_routes
-        @partitioned_routes ||= routes.partition do |r|
-          r.path.anchored && r.ast.grep(Nodes::Symbol).all?(&:default_regexp?)
+      def partition_route(route)
+        if route.path.anchored && route.ast.grep(Nodes::Symbol).all?(&:default_regexp?)
+          anchored_routes << route
+        else
+          custom_routes << route
         end
       end
 
       def ast
         @ast ||= begin
-          asts = partitioned_routes.first.map(&:ast)
+          asts = anchored_routes.map(&:ast)
           Nodes::Or.new(asts) unless asts.empty?
         end
       end
@@ -53,13 +60,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
       end
 
-      # Add a route to the routing table.
-      def add_route(app, path, conditions, defaults, name = nil)
-        route = Route.new(name, app, path, conditions, defaults)
-
-        route.precedence = routes.length
+      def add_route(name, mapping)
+        route = mapping.make_route name, routes.length
         routes << route
-        named_routes[name] = route if name && !named_routes[name]
+        partition_route(route)
         clear_cache!
         route
       end
@@ -68,7 +72,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         def clear_cache!
           @ast                = nil
-          @partitioned_routes = nil
           @simulator          = nil
         end
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/scanner.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/scanner.rb
index 633be11a2d..19e0bc03d6 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/scanner.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/scanner.rb
@@ -39,18 +39,18 @@ module ActionDispatch
             [:SLASH, text]
           when text = @ss.scan(/\*\w+/)
             [:STAR, text]
-          when text = @ss.scan(/\(/)
+          when text = @ss.scan(/(?<!\\)\(/)
             [:LPAREN, text]
-          when text = @ss.scan(/\)/)
+          when text = @ss.scan(/(?<!\\)\)/)
             [:RPAREN, text]
           when text = @ss.scan(/\|/)
             [:OR, text]
           when text = @ss.scan(/\./)
             [:DOT, text]
-          when text = @ss.scan(/:\w+/)
+          when text = @ss.scan(/(?<!\\):\w+/)
             [:SYMBOL, text]
-          when text = @ss.scan(/[\w%\-~]+/)
-            [:LITERAL, text]
+          when text = @ss.scan(/(?:[\w%\-~!$&'*+,;=@]|\\:|\\\(|\\\))+/)
+            [:LITERAL, text.tr('\\', '')]
             # any char
           when text = @ss.scan(/./)
             [:LITERAL, text]
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visitors.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visitors.rb
index daade5bb74..306d2e674a 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visitors.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visitors.rb
@@ -1,14 +1,55 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
-
-require 'thread_safe'
-
 module ActionDispatch
   module Journey # :nodoc:
+    class Format
+      ESCAPE_PATH    = ->(value) { Router::Utils.escape_path(value) }
+      ESCAPE_SEGMENT = ->(value) { Router::Utils.escape_segment(value) }
+
+      class Parameter < Struct.new(:name, :escaper)
+        def escape(value); escaper.call value; end
+      end
+
+      def self.required_path(symbol)
+        Parameter.new symbol, ESCAPE_PATH
+      end
+
+      def self.required_segment(symbol)
+        Parameter.new symbol, ESCAPE_SEGMENT
+      end
+
+      def initialize(parts)
+        @parts      = parts
+        @children   = []
+        @parameters = []
+
+        parts.each_with_index do |object,i|
+          case object
+          when Journey::Format
+            @children << i
+          when Parameter
+            @parameters << i
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def evaluate(hash)
+        parts = @parts.dup
+
+        @parameters.each do |index|
+          param = parts[index]
+          value = hash[param.name]
+          return ''.freeze unless value
+          parts[index] = param.escape value
+        end
+
+        @children.each { |index| parts[index] = parts[index].evaluate(hash) }
+
+        parts.join
+      end
+    end
+
     module Visitors # :nodoc:
       class Visitor # :nodoc:
-        DISPATCH_CACHE = ThreadSafe::Cache.new { |h,k|
-          h[k] = :"visit_#{k}"
-        }
+        DISPATCH_CACHE = {}
 
         def accept(node)
           visit(node)
@@ -38,181 +79,185 @@ module ActionDispatch
           def visit_STAR(n); unary(n); end
 
           def terminal(node); end
-          %w{ LITERAL SYMBOL SLASH DOT }.each do |t|
-            class_eval %{ def visit_#{t}(n); terminal(n); end }, __FILE__, __LINE__
+          def visit_LITERAL(n); terminal(n); end
+          def visit_SYMBOL(n);  terminal(n); end
+          def visit_SLASH(n);   terminal(n); end
+          def visit_DOT(n);     terminal(n); end
+
+          private_instance_methods(false).each do |pim|
+            next unless pim =~ /^visit_(.*)$/
+            DISPATCH_CACHE[$1.to_sym] = pim
           end
       end
 
-      # Loop through the requirements AST
-      class Each < Visitor # :nodoc:
-        attr_reader :block
+      class FunctionalVisitor # :nodoc:
+        DISPATCH_CACHE = {}
 
-        def initialize(block)
-          @block = block
+        def accept(node, seed)
+          visit(node, seed)
         end
 
-        def visit(node)
-          super
-          block.call(node)
+        def visit node, seed
+          send(DISPATCH_CACHE[node.type], node, seed)
         end
-      end
-
-      class String < Visitor # :nodoc:
-        private
 
-        def binary(node)
-          [visit(node.left), visit(node.right)].join
+        def binary(node, seed)
+          visit(node.right, visit(node.left, seed))
         end
+        def visit_CAT(n, seed); binary(n, seed); end
 
-        def nary(node)
-          node.children.map { |c| visit(c) }.join '|'
+        def nary(node, seed)
+          node.children.inject(seed) { |s, c| visit(c, s) }
         end
+        def visit_OR(n, seed); nary(n, seed); end
 
-        def terminal(node)
-          node.left
+        def unary(node, seed)
+          visit(node.left, seed)
         end
-
-        def visit_GROUP(node)
-          "(#{visit(node.left)})"
+        def visit_GROUP(n, seed); unary(n, seed); end
+        def visit_STAR(n, seed); unary(n, seed); end
+
+        def terminal(node, seed);   seed; end
+        def visit_LITERAL(n, seed); terminal(n, seed); end
+        def visit_SYMBOL(n, seed);  terminal(n, seed); end
+        def visit_SLASH(n, seed);   terminal(n, seed); end
+        def visit_DOT(n, seed);     terminal(n, seed); end
+
+        instance_methods(false).each do |pim|
+          next unless pim =~ /^visit_(.*)$/
+          DISPATCH_CACHE[$1.to_sym] = pim
         end
       end
 
-      class OptimizedPath < Visitor # :nodoc:
-        def accept(node)
-          Array(visit(node))
-        end
+      class FormatBuilder < Visitor # :nodoc:
+        def accept(node); Journey::Format.new(super); end
+        def terminal(node); [node.left]; end
 
-        private
+        def binary(node)
+          visit(node.left) + visit(node.right)
+        end
 
-          def visit_CAT(node)
-            [visit(node.left), visit(node.right)].flatten
-          end
+        def visit_GROUP(n); [Journey::Format.new(unary(n))]; end
 
-          def visit_SYMBOL(node)
-            node.left[1..-1].to_sym
-          end
+        def visit_STAR(n)
+          [Journey::Format.required_path(n.left.to_sym)]
+        end
 
-          def visit_STAR(node)
-            visit(node.left)
+        def visit_SYMBOL(n)
+          symbol = n.to_sym
+          if symbol == :controller
+            [Journey::Format.required_path(symbol)]
+          else
+            [Journey::Format.required_segment(symbol)]
           end
+        end
+      end
 
-          def visit_GROUP(node)
-            []
-          end
+      # Loop through the requirements AST
+      class Each < FunctionalVisitor # :nodoc:
+        def visit(node, block)
+          block.call(node)
+          super
+        end
 
-          %w{ LITERAL SLASH DOT }.each do |t|
-            class_eval %{ def visit_#{t}(n); n.left; end }, __FILE__, __LINE__
-          end
+        INSTANCE = new
       end
 
-      # Used for formatting urls (url_for)
-      class Formatter < Visitor # :nodoc:
-        attr_reader :options
+      class String < FunctionalVisitor # :nodoc:
+        private
 
-        def initialize(options)
-          @options  = options
+        def binary(node, seed)
+          visit(node.right, visit(node.left, seed))
         end
 
-        private
-
-          def visit(node, optional = false)
-            case node.type
-            when :LITERAL, :SLASH, :DOT
-              node.left
-            when :STAR
-              visit(node.left)
-            when :GROUP
-              visit(node.left, true)
-            when :CAT
-              visit_CAT(node, optional)
-            when :SYMBOL
-              visit_SYMBOL(node)
-            end
-          end
+        def nary(node, seed)
+          last_child = node.children.last
+          node.children.inject(seed) { |s, c|
+            string = visit(c, s)
+            string << "|".freeze unless last_child == c
+            string
+          }
+        end
 
-          def visit_CAT(node, optional)
-            left = visit(node.left, optional)
-            right = visit(node.right, optional)
+        def terminal(node, seed)
+          seed + node.left
+        end
 
-            if optional && !(right && left)
-              ""
-            else
-              [left, right].join
-            end
-          end
+        def visit_GROUP(node, seed)
+          visit(node.left, seed << "(".freeze) << ")".freeze
+        end
 
-          def visit_SYMBOL(node)
-            if value = options[node.to_sym]
-              Router::Utils.escape_path(value)
-            end
-          end
+        INSTANCE = new
       end
 
-      class Dot < Visitor # :nodoc:
+      class Dot < FunctionalVisitor # :nodoc:
         def initialize
           @nodes = []
           @edges = []
         end
 
-        def accept(node)
+        def accept(node, seed = [[], []])
           super
+          nodes, edges = seed
           <<-eodot
   digraph parse_tree {
     size="8,5"
     node [shape = none];
     edge [dir = none];
-    #{@nodes.join "\n"}
-    #{@edges.join("\n")}
+    #{nodes.join "\n"}
+    #{edges.join("\n")}
   }
           eodot
         end
 
         private
 
-          def binary(node)
-            node.children.each do |c|
-              @edges << "#{node.object_id} -> #{c.object_id};"
-            end
+          def binary(node, seed)
+            seed.last.concat node.children.map { |c|
+              "#{node.object_id} -> #{c.object_id};"
+            }
             super
           end
 
-          def nary(node)
-            node.children.each do |c|
-              @edges << "#{node.object_id} -> #{c.object_id};"
-            end
+          def nary(node, seed)
+            seed.last.concat node.children.map { |c|
+              "#{node.object_id} -> #{c.object_id};"
+            }
             super
           end
 
-          def unary(node)
-            @edges << "#{node.object_id} -> #{node.left.object_id};"
+          def unary(node, seed)
+            seed.last << "#{node.object_id} -> #{node.left.object_id};"
             super
           end
 
-          def visit_GROUP(node)
-            @nodes << "#{node.object_id} [label=\"()\"];"
+          def visit_GROUP(node, seed)
+            seed.first << "#{node.object_id} [label=\"()\"];"
             super
           end
 
-          def visit_CAT(node)
-            @nodes << "#{node.object_id} [label=\"â—‹\"];"
+          def visit_CAT(node, seed)
+            seed.first << "#{node.object_id} [label=\"â—‹\"];"
             super
           end
 
-          def visit_STAR(node)
-            @nodes << "#{node.object_id} [label=\"*\"];"
+          def visit_STAR(node, seed)
+            seed.first << "#{node.object_id} [label=\"*\"];"
             super
           end
 
-          def visit_OR(node)
-            @nodes << "#{node.object_id} [label=\"|\"];"
+          def visit_OR(node, seed)
+            seed.first << "#{node.object_id} [label=\"|\"];"
             super
           end
 
-          def terminal(node)
+          def terminal(node, seed)
             value = node.left
 
-            @nodes << "#{node.object_id} [label=\"#{value}\"];"
+            seed.first << "#{node.object_id} [label=\"#{value}\"];"
+            seed
           end
+          INSTANCE = new
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visualizer/fsm.css b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visualizer/fsm.css
index 50caebaa18..403e16a7bb 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visualizer/fsm.css
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visualizer/fsm.css
@@ -16,10 +16,6 @@ h2 {
   font-size: 0.5em;
 }
 
-div#chart-2 {
-  height: 350px;
-}
-
 .clearfix {display: inline-block; }
 .input { overflow: show;}
 .instruction { color: #666; padding: 0 30px 20px; font-size: 0.9em}
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visualizer/index.html.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visualizer/index.html.erb
index 6aff10956a..9b28a65200 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visualizer/index.html.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visualizer/index.html.erb
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 <html>
   <head>
     <title><%= title %></title>
-    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://raw.github.com/gist/1706081/af944401f75ea20515a02ddb3fb43d23ecb8c662/reset.css" type="text/css">
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/meyer-reset/2.0/reset.css" type="text/css">
     <style>
       <% stylesheets.each do |style| %>
         <%= style %>
       <% end %>
     </style>
-    <script src="https://raw.github.com/gist/1706081/df464722a05c3c2bec450b7b5c8240d9c31fa52d/d3.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
+    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/d3/3.4.8/d3.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
   </head>
   <body>
     <div id="wrapper">
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/callbacks.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/callbacks.rb
index baf9d5779e..f80df78582 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/callbacks.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/callbacks.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 
 module ActionDispatch
-  # Provide callbacks to be executed before and after the request dispatch.
+  # Provides callbacks to be executed before and after dispatching the request.
   class Callbacks
     include ActiveSupport::Callbacks
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/cookies.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/cookies.rb
index 18e64704f6..3477aa8b29 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/cookies.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/cookies.rb
@@ -1,14 +1,63 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
 require 'active_support/key_generator'
 require 'active_support/message_verifier'
+require 'active_support/json'
 
 module ActionDispatch
-  class Request < Rack::Request
+  class Request
     def cookie_jar
-      env['action_dispatch.cookies'] ||= Cookies::CookieJar.build(self)
+      fetch_header('action_dispatch.cookies'.freeze) do
+        self.cookie_jar = Cookies::CookieJar.build(self, cookies)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # :stopdoc:
+    prepend Module.new {
+      def commit_cookie_jar!
+        cookie_jar.commit!
+      end
+    }
+
+    def have_cookie_jar?
+      has_header? 'action_dispatch.cookies'.freeze
+    end
+
+    def cookie_jar=(jar)
+      set_header 'action_dispatch.cookies'.freeze, jar
+    end
+
+    def key_generator
+      get_header Cookies::GENERATOR_KEY
+    end
+
+    def signed_cookie_salt
+      get_header Cookies::SIGNED_COOKIE_SALT
+    end
+
+    def encrypted_cookie_salt
+      get_header Cookies::ENCRYPTED_COOKIE_SALT
+    end
+
+    def encrypted_signed_cookie_salt
+      get_header Cookies::ENCRYPTED_SIGNED_COOKIE_SALT
     end
+
+    def secret_token
+      get_header Cookies::SECRET_TOKEN
+    end
+
+    def secret_key_base
+      get_header Cookies::SECRET_KEY_BASE
+    end
+
+    def cookies_serializer
+      get_header Cookies::COOKIES_SERIALIZER
+    end
+
+    def cookies_digest
+      get_header Cookies::COOKIES_DIGEST
+    end
+    # :startdoc:
   end
 
   # \Cookies are read and written through ActionController#cookies.
@@ -34,6 +83,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
   #   # It can be read using the signed method `cookies.signed[:name]`
   #   cookies.signed[:user_id] = current_user.id
   #
+  #   # Sets an encrypted cookie value before sending it to the client which
+  #   # prevent users from reading and tampering with its value.
+  #   # The cookie is signed by your app's `secrets.secret_key_base` value.
+  #   # It can be read using the encrypted method `cookies.encrypted[:name]`
+  #   cookies.encrypted[:discount] = 45
+  #
   #   # Sets a "permanent" cookie (which expires in 20 years from now).
   #   cookies.permanent[:login] = "XJ-122"
   #
@@ -46,6 +101,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
   #   cookies.size                  # => 2
   #   JSON.parse(cookies[:lat_lon]) # => [47.68, -122.37]
   #   cookies.signed[:login]        # => "XJ-122"
+  #   cookies.encrypted[:discount]  # => 45
   #
   # Example for deleting:
   #
@@ -70,12 +126,17 @@ module ActionDispatch
   #   restrict to the domain level. If you use a schema like www.example.com
   #   and want to share session with user.example.com set <tt>:domain</tt>
   #   to <tt>:all</tt>. Make sure to specify the <tt>:domain</tt> option with
-  #   <tt>:all</tt> again when deleting cookies.
+  #   <tt>:all</tt> or <tt>Array</tt> again when deleting cookies.
   #
-  #     domain: nil  # Does not sets cookie domain. (default)
+  #     domain: nil  # Does not set cookie domain. (default)
   #     domain: :all # Allow the cookie for the top most level
-  #                       domain and subdomains.
+  #                  # domain and subdomains.
+  #     domain: %w(.example.com .example.org) # Allow the cookie
+  #                                           # for concrete domain names.
   #
+  # * <tt>:tld_length</tt> - When using <tt>:domain => :all</tt>, this option can be used to explicitly
+  #   set the TLD length when using a short (<= 3 character) domain that is being interpreted as part of a TLD.
+  #   For example, to share cookies between user1.lvh.me and user2.lvh.me, set <tt>:tld_length</tt> to 1.
   # * <tt>:expires</tt> - The time at which this cookie expires, as a \Time object.
   # * <tt>:secure</tt> - Whether this cookie is only transmitted to HTTPS servers.
   #   Default is +false+.
@@ -90,6 +151,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     SECRET_TOKEN = "action_dispatch.secret_token".freeze
     SECRET_KEY_BASE = "action_dispatch.secret_key_base".freeze
     COOKIES_SERIALIZER = "action_dispatch.cookies_serializer".freeze
+    COOKIES_DIGEST = "action_dispatch.cookies_digest".freeze
 
     # Cookies can typically store 4096 bytes.
     MAX_COOKIE_SIZE = 4096
@@ -111,14 +173,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #   cookies.permanent.signed[:remember_me] = current_user.id
       #   # => Set-Cookie: remember_me=BAhU--848956038e692d7046deab32b7131856ab20e14e; path=/; expires=Sun, 16-Dec-2029 03:24:16 GMT
       def permanent
-        @permanent ||= PermanentCookieJar.new(self, @key_generator, @options)
+        @permanent ||= PermanentCookieJar.new(self)
       end
 
       # Returns a jar that'll automatically generate a signed representation of cookie value and verify it when reading from
       # the cookie again. This is useful for creating cookies with values that the user is not supposed to change. If a signed
       # cookie was tampered with by the user (or a 3rd party), nil will be returned.
       #
-      # If +secrets.secret_key_base+ and +config.secret_token+ (deprecated) are both set,
+      # If +secrets.secret_key_base+ and +secrets.secret_token+ (deprecated) are both set,
       # legacy cookies signed with the old key generator will be transparently upgraded.
       #
       # This jar requires that you set a suitable secret for the verification on your app's +secrets.secret_key_base+.
@@ -131,17 +193,17 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #   cookies.signed[:discount] # => 45
       def signed
         @signed ||=
-          if @options[:upgrade_legacy_signed_cookies]
-            UpgradeLegacySignedCookieJar.new(self, @key_generator, @options)
+          if upgrade_legacy_signed_cookies?
+            UpgradeLegacySignedCookieJar.new(self)
           else
-            SignedCookieJar.new(self, @key_generator, @options)
+            SignedCookieJar.new(self)
           end
       end
 
       # Returns a jar that'll automatically encrypt cookie values before sending them to the client and will decrypt them for read.
       # If the cookie was tampered with by the user (or a 3rd party), nil will be returned.
       #
-      # If +secrets.secret_key_base+ and +config.secret_token+ (deprecated) are both set,
+      # If +secrets.secret_key_base+ and +secrets.secret_token+ (deprecated) are both set,
       # legacy cookies signed with the old key generator will be transparently upgraded.
       #
       # This jar requires that you set a suitable secret for the verification on your app's +secrets.secret_key_base+.
@@ -154,10 +216,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #   cookies.encrypted[:discount] # => 45
       def encrypted
         @encrypted ||=
-          if @options[:upgrade_legacy_signed_cookies]
-            UpgradeLegacyEncryptedCookieJar.new(self, @key_generator, @options)
+          if upgrade_legacy_signed_cookies?
+            UpgradeLegacyEncryptedCookieJar.new(self)
           else
-            EncryptedCookieJar.new(self, @key_generator, @options)
+            EncryptedCookieJar.new(self)
           end
       end
 
@@ -165,27 +227,42 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # Used by ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore to avoid the need to introduce new cookie stores.
       def signed_or_encrypted
         @signed_or_encrypted ||=
-          if @options[:secret_key_base].present?
+          if request.secret_key_base.present?
             encrypted
           else
             signed
           end
       end
+
+      private
+
+      def upgrade_legacy_signed_cookies?
+        request.secret_token.present? && request.secret_key_base.present?
+      end
     end
 
-    module VerifyAndUpgradeLegacySignedMessage
+    # Passing the ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor::NullSerializer downstream
+    # to the Message{Encryptor,Verifier} allows us to handle the
+    # (de)serialization step within the cookie jar, which gives us the
+    # opportunity to detect and migrate legacy cookies.
+    module VerifyAndUpgradeLegacySignedMessage # :nodoc:
       def initialize(*args)
         super
-        @legacy_verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(@options[:secret_token])
+        @legacy_verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(request.secret_token, serializer: ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor::NullSerializer)
       end
 
       def verify_and_upgrade_legacy_signed_message(name, signed_message)
-        @legacy_verifier.verify(signed_message).tap do |value|
+        deserialize(name, @legacy_verifier.verify(signed_message)).tap do |value|
           self[name] = { value: value }
         end
       rescue ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier::InvalidSignature
         nil
       end
+
+      private
+        def parse(name, signed_message)
+          super || verify_and_upgrade_legacy_signed_message(name, signed_message)
+        end
     end
 
     class CookieJar #:nodoc:
@@ -205,38 +282,28 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # $& => example.local
       DOMAIN_REGEXP = /[^.]*\.([^.]*|..\...|...\...)$/
 
-      def self.options_for_env(env) #:nodoc:
-        { signed_cookie_salt: env[SIGNED_COOKIE_SALT] || '',
-          encrypted_cookie_salt: env[ENCRYPTED_COOKIE_SALT] || '',
-          encrypted_signed_cookie_salt: env[ENCRYPTED_SIGNED_COOKIE_SALT] || '',
-          secret_token: env[SECRET_TOKEN],
-          secret_key_base: env[SECRET_KEY_BASE],
-          upgrade_legacy_signed_cookies: env[SECRET_TOKEN].present? && env[SECRET_KEY_BASE].present?,
-          serializer: env[COOKIES_SERIALIZER]
-        }
-      end
-
-      def self.build(request)
-        env = request.env
-        key_generator = env[GENERATOR_KEY]
-        options = options_for_env env
-
-        host = request.host
-        secure = request.ssl?
-
-        new(key_generator, host, secure, options).tap do |hash|
-          hash.update(request.cookies)
+      def self.build(req, cookies)
+        new(req).tap do |hash|
+          hash.update(cookies)
         end
       end
 
-      def initialize(key_generator, host = nil, secure = false, options = {})
-        @key_generator = key_generator
+      attr_reader :request
+
+      def initialize(request)
         @set_cookies = {}
         @delete_cookies = {}
-        @host = host
-        @secure = secure
-        @options = options
+        @request = request
         @cookies = {}
+        @committed = false
+      end
+
+      def committed?; @committed; end
+
+      def commit!
+        @committed = true
+        @set_cookies.freeze
+        @delete_cookies.freeze
       end
 
       def each(&block)
@@ -262,26 +329,37 @@ module ActionDispatch
         self
       end
 
+      def update_cookies_from_jar
+        request_jar = @request.cookie_jar.instance_variable_get(:@cookies)
+        set_cookies = request_jar.reject { |k,_| @delete_cookies.key?(k) }
+
+        @cookies.update set_cookies if set_cookies
+      end
+
+      def to_header
+        @cookies.map { |k,v| "#{k}=#{v}" }.join ';'
+      end
+
       def handle_options(options) #:nodoc:
         options[:path] ||= "/"
 
-        if options[:domain] == :all
+        if options[:domain] == :all || options[:domain] == 'all'
           # if there is a provided tld length then we use it otherwise default domain regexp
           domain_regexp = options[:tld_length] ? /([^.]+\.?){#{options[:tld_length]}}$/ : DOMAIN_REGEXP
 
           # if host is not ip and matches domain regexp
           # (ip confirms to domain regexp so we explicitly check for ip)
-          options[:domain] = if (@host !~ /^[\d.]+$/) && (@host =~ domain_regexp)
+          options[:domain] = if (request.host !~ /^[\d.]+$/) && (request.host =~ domain_regexp)
             ".#{$&}"
           end
         elsif options[:domain].is_a? Array
           # if host matches one of the supplied domains without a dot in front of it
-          options[:domain] = options[:domain].find {|domain| @host.include? domain.sub(/^\./, '') }
+          options[:domain] = options[:domain].find {|domain| request.host.include? domain.sub(/^\./, '') }
         end
       end
 
-      # Sets the cookie named +name+. The second argument may be the very cookie
-      # value, or a hash of options as documented above.
+      # Sets the cookie named +name+. The second argument may be the cookie's
+      # value or a hash of options as documented above.
       def []=(name, options)
         if options.is_a?(Hash)
           options.symbolize_keys!
@@ -331,81 +409,92 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def write(headers)
-        @set_cookies.each { |k, v| ::Rack::Utils.set_cookie_header!(headers, k, v) if write_cookie?(v) }
-        @delete_cookies.each { |k, v| ::Rack::Utils.delete_cookie_header!(headers, k, v) }
-      end
-
-      def recycle! #:nodoc:
-        @set_cookies.clear
-        @delete_cookies.clear
+        if header = make_set_cookie_header(headers[HTTP_HEADER])
+          headers[HTTP_HEADER] = header
+        end
       end
 
       mattr_accessor :always_write_cookie
       self.always_write_cookie = false
 
       private
-        def write_cookie?(cookie)
-          @secure || !cookie[:secure] || always_write_cookie
-        end
+
+      def make_set_cookie_header(header)
+        header = @set_cookies.inject(header) { |m, (k, v)|
+          if write_cookie?(v)
+            ::Rack::Utils.add_cookie_to_header(m, k, v)
+          else
+            m
+          end
+        }
+        @delete_cookies.inject(header) { |m, (k, v)|
+          ::Rack::Utils.add_remove_cookie_to_header(m, k, v)
+        }
+      end
+
+      def write_cookie?(cookie)
+        request.ssl? || !cookie[:secure] || always_write_cookie
+      end
     end
 
-    class PermanentCookieJar #:nodoc:
+    class AbstractCookieJar # :nodoc:
       include ChainedCookieJars
 
-      def initialize(parent_jar, key_generator, options = {})
+      def initialize(parent_jar)
         @parent_jar = parent_jar
-        @key_generator = key_generator
-        @options = options
       end
 
       def [](name)
-        @parent_jar[name.to_s]
+        if data = @parent_jar[name.to_s]
+          parse name, data
+        end
       end
 
       def []=(name, options)
         if options.is_a?(Hash)
           options.symbolize_keys!
         else
-          options = { :value => options }
+          options = { value: options }
         end
 
-        options[:expires] = 20.years.from_now
+        commit(options)
         @parent_jar[name] = options
       end
-    end
 
-    class JsonSerializer
-      def self.load(value)
-        JSON.parse(value, quirks_mode: true)
-      end
+      protected
+        def request; @parent_jar.request; end
 
-      def self.dump(value)
-        JSON.generate(value, quirks_mode: true)
-      end
+      private
+        def parse(name, data); data; end
+        def commit(options); end
+    end
+
+    class PermanentCookieJar < AbstractCookieJar # :nodoc:
+      private
+        def commit(options)
+          options[:expires] = 20.years.from_now
+        end
     end
 
-    # Passing the NullSerializer downstream to the Message{Encryptor,Verifier}
-    # allows us to handle the (de)serialization step within the cookie jar,
-    # which gives us the opportunity to detect and migrate legacy cookies.
-    class NullSerializer
+    class JsonSerializer # :nodoc:
       def self.load(value)
-        value
+        ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(value)
       end
 
       def self.dump(value)
-        value
+        ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(value)
       end
     end
 
-    module SerializedCookieJars
+    module SerializedCookieJars # :nodoc:
       MARSHAL_SIGNATURE = "\x04\x08".freeze
 
       protected
         def needs_migration?(value)
-          @options[:serializer] == :hybrid && value.start_with?(MARSHAL_SIGNATURE)
+          request.cookies_serializer == :hybrid && value.start_with?(MARSHAL_SIGNATURE)
         end
 
-        def serialize(name, value)
+        def serialize(value)
           serializer.dump(value)
         end
 
@@ -422,7 +511,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def serializer
-          serializer = @options[:serializer] || :marshal
+          serializer = request.cookies_serializer || :marshal
           case serializer
           when :marshal
             Marshal
@@ -432,115 +521,81 @@ module ActionDispatch
             serializer
           end
         end
+
+        def digest
+          request.cookies_digest || 'SHA1'
+        end
+
+        def key_generator
+          request.key_generator
+        end
     end
 
-    class SignedCookieJar #:nodoc:
-      include ChainedCookieJars
+    class SignedCookieJar < AbstractCookieJar # :nodoc:
       include SerializedCookieJars
 
-      def initialize(parent_jar, key_generator, options = {})
-        @parent_jar = parent_jar
-        @options = options
-        secret = key_generator.generate_key(@options[:signed_cookie_salt])
-        @verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(secret, serializer: NullSerializer)
-      end
-
-      def [](name)
-        if signed_message = @parent_jar[name]
-          deserialize name, verify(signed_message)
-        end
+      def initialize(parent_jar)
+        super
+        secret = key_generator.generate_key(request.signed_cookie_salt)
+        @verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(secret, digest: digest, serializer: ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor::NullSerializer)
       end
 
-      def []=(name, options)
-        if options.is_a?(Hash)
-          options.symbolize_keys!
-          options[:value] = @verifier.generate(serialize(name, options[:value]))
-        else
-          options = { :value => @verifier.generate(serialize(name, options)) }
+      private
+        def parse(name, signed_message)
+          deserialize name, @verifier.verified(signed_message)
         end
 
-        raise CookieOverflow if options[:value].size > MAX_COOKIE_SIZE
-        @parent_jar[name] = options
-      end
+        def commit(options)
+          options[:value] = @verifier.generate(serialize(options[:value]))
 
-      private
-        def verify(signed_message)
-          @verifier.verify(signed_message)
-        rescue ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier::InvalidSignature
-          nil
+          raise CookieOverflow if options[:value].bytesize > MAX_COOKIE_SIZE
         end
     end
 
     # UpgradeLegacySignedCookieJar is used instead of SignedCookieJar if
-    # config.secret_token and secrets.secret_key_base are both set. It reads
-    # legacy cookies signed with the old dummy key generator and re-saves
-    # them using the new key generator to provide a smooth upgrade path.
+    # secrets.secret_token and secrets.secret_key_base are both set. It reads
+    # legacy cookies signed with the old dummy key generator and signs and
+    # re-saves them using the new key generator to provide a smooth upgrade path.
     class UpgradeLegacySignedCookieJar < SignedCookieJar #:nodoc:
       include VerifyAndUpgradeLegacySignedMessage
-
-      def [](name)
-        if signed_message = @parent_jar[name]
-          deserialize(name, verify(signed_message)) || verify_and_upgrade_legacy_signed_message(name, signed_message)
-        end
-      end
     end
 
-    class EncryptedCookieJar #:nodoc:
-      include ChainedCookieJars
+    class EncryptedCookieJar < AbstractCookieJar # :nodoc:
       include SerializedCookieJars
 
-      def initialize(parent_jar, key_generator, options = {})
+      def initialize(parent_jar)
+        super
+
         if ActiveSupport::LegacyKeyGenerator === key_generator
           raise "You didn't set secrets.secret_key_base, which is required for this cookie jar. " +
             "Read the upgrade documentation to learn more about this new config option."
         end
 
-        @parent_jar = parent_jar
-        @options = options
-        secret = key_generator.generate_key(@options[:encrypted_cookie_salt])
-        sign_secret = key_generator.generate_key(@options[:encrypted_signed_cookie_salt])
-        @encryptor = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(secret, sign_secret, serializer: NullSerializer)
-      end
-
-      def [](name)
-        if encrypted_message = @parent_jar[name]
-          deserialize name, decrypt_and_verify(encrypted_message)
-        end
-      end
-
-      def []=(name, options)
-        if options.is_a?(Hash)
-          options.symbolize_keys!
-        else
-          options = { :value => options }
-        end
-
-        options[:value] = @encryptor.encrypt_and_sign(serialize(name, options[:value]))
-
-        raise CookieOverflow if options[:value].size > MAX_COOKIE_SIZE
-        @parent_jar[name] = options
+        secret = key_generator.generate_key(request.encrypted_cookie_salt || '')
+        sign_secret = key_generator.generate_key(request.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt || '')
+        @encryptor = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(secret, sign_secret, digest: digest, serializer: ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor::NullSerializer)
       end
 
       private
-        def decrypt_and_verify(encrypted_message)
-          @encryptor.decrypt_and_verify(encrypted_message)
+        def parse(name, encrypted_message)
+          deserialize name, @encryptor.decrypt_and_verify(encrypted_message)
         rescue ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier::InvalidSignature, ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor::InvalidMessage
           nil
         end
+
+        def commit(options)
+          options[:value] = @encryptor.encrypt_and_sign(serialize(options[:value]))
+
+          raise CookieOverflow if options[:value].bytesize > MAX_COOKIE_SIZE
+        end
     end
 
     # UpgradeLegacyEncryptedCookieJar is used by ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore
-    # instead of EncryptedCookieJar if config.secret_token and secrets.secret_key_base
+    # instead of EncryptedCookieJar if secrets.secret_token and secrets.secret_key_base
     # are both set. It reads legacy cookies signed with the old dummy key generator and
     # encrypts and re-saves them using the new key generator to provide a smooth upgrade path.
     class UpgradeLegacyEncryptedCookieJar < EncryptedCookieJar #:nodoc:
       include VerifyAndUpgradeLegacySignedMessage
-
-      def [](name)
-        if encrypted_or_signed_message = @parent_jar[name]
-          deserialize(name, decrypt_and_verify(encrypted_or_signed_message)) || verify_and_upgrade_legacy_signed_message(name, encrypted_or_signed_message)
-        end
-      end
     end
 
     def initialize(app)
@@ -548,12 +603,17 @@ module ActionDispatch
     end
 
     def call(env)
+      request = ActionDispatch::Request.new env
+
       status, headers, body = @app.call(env)
 
-      if cookie_jar = env['action_dispatch.cookies']
-        cookie_jar.write(headers)
-        if headers[HTTP_HEADER].respond_to?(:join)
-          headers[HTTP_HEADER] = headers[HTTP_HEADER].join("\n")
+      if request.have_cookie_jar?
+        cookie_jar = request.cookie_jar
+        unless cookie_jar.committed?
+          cookie_jar.write(headers)
+          if headers[HTTP_HEADER].respond_to?(:join)
+            headers[HTTP_HEADER] = headers[HTTP_HEADER].join("\n")
+          end
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/debug_exceptions.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/debug_exceptions.rb
index 0ca1a87645..b55c937e0c 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/debug_exceptions.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/debug_exceptions.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 require 'action_dispatch/http/request'
 require 'action_dispatch/middleware/exception_wrapper'
 require 'action_dispatch/routing/inspector'
+require 'action_view'
+require 'action_view/base'
+
+require 'pp'
 
 module ActionDispatch
   # This middleware is responsible for logging exceptions and
@@ -8,12 +12,40 @@ module ActionDispatch
   class DebugExceptions
     RESCUES_TEMPLATE_PATH = File.expand_path('../templates', __FILE__)
 
-    def initialize(app, routes_app = nil)
-      @app        = app
-      @routes_app = routes_app
+    class DebugView < ActionView::Base
+      def debug_params(params)
+        clean_params = params.clone
+        clean_params.delete("action")
+        clean_params.delete("controller")
+
+        if clean_params.empty?
+          'None'
+        else
+          PP.pp(clean_params, "", 200)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def debug_headers(headers)
+        if headers.present?
+          headers.inspect.gsub(',', ",\n")
+        else
+          'None'
+        end
+      end
+
+      def debug_hash(object)
+        object.to_hash.sort_by { |k, _| k.to_s }.map { |k, v| "#{k}: #{v.inspect rescue $!.message}" }.join("\n")
+      end
+    end
+
+    def initialize(app, routes_app = nil, response_format = :default)
+      @app             = app
+      @routes_app      = routes_app
+      @response_format = response_format
     end
 
     def call(env)
+      request = ActionDispatch::Request.new env
       _, headers, body = response = @app.call(env)
 
       if headers['X-Cascade'] == 'pass'
@@ -23,50 +55,99 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       response
     rescue Exception => exception
-      raise exception if env['action_dispatch.show_exceptions'] == false
-      render_exception(env, exception)
+      raise exception unless request.show_exceptions?
+      render_exception(request, exception)
     end
 
     private
 
-    def render_exception(env, exception)
-      wrapper = ExceptionWrapper.new(env, exception)
-      log_error(env, wrapper)
-
-      if env['action_dispatch.show_detailed_exceptions']
-        request = Request.new(env)
-        template = ActionView::Base.new([RESCUES_TEMPLATE_PATH],
-          request: request,
-          exception: wrapper.exception,
-          application_trace: wrapper.application_trace,
-          framework_trace: wrapper.framework_trace,
-          full_trace: wrapper.full_trace,
-          routes_inspector: routes_inspector(exception),
-          source_extract: wrapper.source_extract,
-          line_number: wrapper.line_number,
-          file: wrapper.file
-        )
-        file = "rescues/#{wrapper.rescue_template}"
-
-        if request.xhr?
-          body = template.render(template: file, layout: false, formats: [:text])
-          format = "text/plain"
-        else
-          body = template.render(template: file, layout: 'rescues/layout')
-          format = "text/html"
+    def render_exception(request, exception)
+      backtrace_cleaner = request.get_header('action_dispatch.backtrace_cleaner')
+      wrapper = ExceptionWrapper.new(backtrace_cleaner, exception)
+      log_error(request, wrapper)
+
+      if request.get_header('action_dispatch.show_detailed_exceptions')
+        case @response_format
+        when :api
+          render_for_api_application(request, wrapper)
+        when :default
+          render_for_default_application(request, wrapper)
         end
-        render(wrapper.status_code, body, format)
       else
         raise exception
       end
     end
 
+    def render_for_default_application(request, wrapper)
+      template = create_template(request, wrapper)
+      file = "rescues/#{wrapper.rescue_template}"
+
+      if request.xhr?
+        body = template.render(template: file, layout: false, formats: [:text])
+        format = "text/plain"
+      else
+        body = template.render(template: file, layout: 'rescues/layout')
+        format = "text/html"
+      end
+      render(wrapper.status_code, body, format)
+    end
+
+    def render_for_api_application(request, wrapper)
+      body = {
+        status: wrapper.status_code,
+        error:  Rack::Utils::HTTP_STATUS_CODES.fetch(
+          wrapper.status_code,
+          Rack::Utils::HTTP_STATUS_CODES[500]
+        ),
+        exception: wrapper.exception.inspect,
+        traces: wrapper.traces
+      }
+
+      content_type = request.formats.first
+      to_format = "to_#{content_type.to_sym}"
+
+      if content_type && body.respond_to?(to_format)
+        formatted_body = body.public_send(to_format)
+        format = content_type
+      else
+        formatted_body = body.to_json
+        format = Mime[:json]
+      end
+
+      render(wrapper.status_code, formatted_body, format)
+    end
+
+    def create_template(request, wrapper)
+      traces = wrapper.traces
+
+      trace_to_show = 'Application Trace'
+      if traces[trace_to_show].empty? && wrapper.rescue_template != 'routing_error'
+        trace_to_show = 'Full Trace'
+      end
+
+      if source_to_show = traces[trace_to_show].first
+        source_to_show_id = source_to_show[:id]
+      end
+
+      DebugView.new([RESCUES_TEMPLATE_PATH],
+        request: request,
+        exception: wrapper.exception,
+        traces: traces,
+        show_source_idx: source_to_show_id,
+        trace_to_show: trace_to_show,
+        routes_inspector: routes_inspector(wrapper.exception),
+        source_extracts: wrapper.source_extracts,
+        line_number: wrapper.line_number,
+        file: wrapper.file
+      )
+    end
+
     def render(status, body, format)
       [status, {'Content-Type' => "#{format}; charset=#{Response.default_charset}", 'Content-Length' => body.bytesize.to_s}, [body]]
     end
 
-    def log_error(env, wrapper)
-      logger = logger(env)
+    def log_error(request, wrapper)
+      logger = logger(request)
       return unless logger
 
       exception = wrapper.exception
@@ -82,8 +163,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
     end
 
-    def logger(env)
-      env['action_dispatch.logger'] || stderr_logger
+    def logger(request)
+      request.logger || stderr_logger
     end
 
     def stderr_logger
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/exception_wrapper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/exception_wrapper.rb
index 377f05c982..3b61824cc9 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/exception_wrapper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/exception_wrapper.rb
@@ -1,21 +1,25 @@
 require 'action_controller/metal/exceptions'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
+require 'rack/utils'
 
 module ActionDispatch
   class ExceptionWrapper
     cattr_accessor :rescue_responses
     @@rescue_responses = Hash.new(:internal_server_error)
     @@rescue_responses.merge!(
-      'ActionController::RoutingError'             => :not_found,
-      'AbstractController::ActionNotFound'         => :not_found,
-      'ActionController::MethodNotAllowed'         => :method_not_allowed,
-      'ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod'        => :method_not_allowed,
-      'ActionController::NotImplemented'           => :not_implemented,
-      'ActionController::UnknownFormat'            => :not_acceptable,
-      'ActionController::InvalidAuthenticityToken' => :unprocessable_entity,
-      'ActionDispatch::ParamsParser::ParseError'   => :bad_request,
-      'ActionController::BadRequest'               => :bad_request,
-      'ActionController::ParameterMissing'         => :bad_request
+      'ActionController::RoutingError'                => :not_found,
+      'AbstractController::ActionNotFound'            => :not_found,
+      'ActionController::MethodNotAllowed'            => :method_not_allowed,
+      'ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod'           => :method_not_allowed,
+      'ActionController::NotImplemented'              => :not_implemented,
+      'ActionController::UnknownFormat'               => :not_acceptable,
+      'ActionController::InvalidAuthenticityToken'    => :unprocessable_entity,
+      'ActionController::InvalidCrossOriginRequest'   => :unprocessable_entity,
+      'ActionDispatch::ParamsParser::ParseError'      => :bad_request,
+      'ActionController::BadRequest'                  => :bad_request,
+      'ActionController::ParameterMissing'            => :bad_request,
+      'Rack::Utils::ParameterTypeError'               => :bad_request,
+      'Rack::Utils::InvalidParameterError'            => :bad_request
     )
 
     cattr_accessor :rescue_templates
@@ -27,11 +31,13 @@ module ActionDispatch
       'ActionView::Template::Error'         => 'template_error'
     )
 
-    attr_reader :env, :exception, :line_number, :file
+    attr_reader :backtrace_cleaner, :exception, :line_number, :file
 
-    def initialize(env, exception)
-      @env = env
+    def initialize(backtrace_cleaner, exception)
+      @backtrace_cleaner = backtrace_cleaner
       @exception = original_exception(exception)
+
+      expand_backtrace if exception.is_a?(SyntaxError) || exception.cause.is_a?(SyntaxError)
     end
 
     def rescue_template
@@ -54,45 +60,67 @@ module ActionDispatch
       clean_backtrace(:all)
     end
 
+    def traces
+      application_trace_with_ids = []
+      framework_trace_with_ids = []
+      full_trace_with_ids = []
+
+      full_trace.each_with_index do |trace, idx|
+        trace_with_id = { id: idx, trace: trace }
+
+        if application_trace.include?(trace)
+          application_trace_with_ids << trace_with_id
+        else
+          framework_trace_with_ids << trace_with_id
+        end
+
+        full_trace_with_ids << trace_with_id
+      end
+
+      {
+        "Application Trace" => application_trace_with_ids,
+        "Framework Trace" => framework_trace_with_ids,
+        "Full Trace" => full_trace_with_ids
+      }
+    end
+
     def self.status_code_for_exception(class_name)
       Rack::Utils.status_code(@@rescue_responses[class_name])
     end
 
-    def source_extract
-      if application_trace && trace = application_trace.first
-        file, line, _ = trace.split(":")
-        @file = file
-        @line_number = line.to_i
-        source_fragment(@file, @line_number)
+    def source_extracts
+      backtrace.map do |trace|
+        file, line_number = extract_file_and_line_number(trace)
+
+        {
+          code: source_fragment(file, line_number),
+          line_number: line_number
+        }
       end
     end
 
     private
 
+    def backtrace
+      Array(@exception.backtrace)
+    end
+
     def original_exception(exception)
-      if registered_original_exception?(exception)
-        exception.original_exception
+      if @@rescue_responses.has_key?(exception.cause.class.name)
+        exception.cause
       else
         exception
       end
     end
 
-    def registered_original_exception?(exception)
-      exception.respond_to?(:original_exception) && @@rescue_responses.has_key?(exception.original_exception.class.name)
-    end
-
     def clean_backtrace(*args)
       if backtrace_cleaner
-        backtrace_cleaner.clean(@exception.backtrace, *args)
+        backtrace_cleaner.clean(backtrace, *args)
       else
-        @exception.backtrace
+        backtrace
       end
     end
 
-    def backtrace_cleaner
-      @backtrace_cleaner ||= @env['action_dispatch.backtrace_cleaner']
-    end
-
     def source_fragment(path, line)
       return unless Rails.respond_to?(:root) && Rails.root
       full_path = Rails.root.join(path)
@@ -104,5 +132,18 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
       end
     end
+
+    def extract_file_and_line_number(trace)
+      # Split by the first colon followed by some digits, which works for both
+      # Windows and Unix path styles.
+      file, line = trace.match(/^(.+?):(\d+).*$/, &:captures) || trace
+      [file, line.to_i]
+    end
+
+    def expand_backtrace
+      @exception.backtrace.unshift(
+        @exception.to_s.split("\n")
+      ).flatten!
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/flash.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/flash.rb
index 4821d2a899..c51dcd542a 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/flash.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/flash.rb
@@ -1,16 +1,7 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
 
 module ActionDispatch
-  class Request < Rack::Request
-    # Access the contents of the flash. Use <tt>flash["notice"]</tt> to
-    # read a notice you put there or <tt>flash["notice"] = "hello"</tt>
-    # to put a new one.
-    def flash
-      @env[Flash::KEY] ||= Flash::FlashHash.from_session_value(session["flash"])
-    end
-  end
-
-  # The flash provides a way to pass temporary objects between actions. Anything you place in the flash will be exposed
+  # The flash provides a way to pass temporary primitive-types (String, Array, Hash) between actions. Anything you place in the flash will be exposed
   # to the very next action and then cleared out. This is a great way of doing notices and alerts, such as a create
   # action that sets <tt>flash[:notice] = "Post successfully created"</tt> before redirecting to a display action that can
   # then expose the flash to its template. Actually, that exposure is automatically done.
@@ -37,13 +28,50 @@ module ActionDispatch
   #   flash.alert = "You must be logged in"
   #   flash.notice = "Post successfully created"
   #
-  # This example just places a string in the flash, but you can put any object in there. And of course, you can put as
-  # many as you like at a time too. Just remember: They'll be gone by the time the next action has been performed.
+  # This example places a string in the flash. And of course, you can put as many as you like at a time too. If you want to pass
+  # non-primitive types, you will have to handle that in your application. Example: To show messages with links, you will have to
+  # use sanitize helper.
+  #
+  # Just remember: They'll be gone by the time the next action has been performed.
   #
   # See docs on the FlashHash class for more details about the flash.
   class Flash
     KEY = 'action_dispatch.request.flash_hash'.freeze
 
+    module RequestMethods
+      # Access the contents of the flash. Use <tt>flash["notice"]</tt> to
+      # read a notice you put there or <tt>flash["notice"] = "hello"</tt>
+      # to put a new one.
+      def flash
+        flash = flash_hash
+        return flash if flash
+        self.flash = Flash::FlashHash.from_session_value(session["flash"])
+      end
+
+      def flash=(flash)
+        set_header Flash::KEY, flash
+      end
+
+      def flash_hash # :nodoc:
+        get_header Flash::KEY
+      end
+
+      def commit_flash # :nodoc:
+        session    = self.session || {}
+        flash_hash = self.flash_hash
+
+        if flash_hash && (flash_hash.present? || session.key?('flash'))
+          session["flash"] = flash_hash.to_session_value
+          self.flash = flash_hash.dup
+        end
+
+        if (!session.respond_to?(:loaded?) || session.loaded?) && # (reset_session uses {}, which doesn't implement #loaded?)
+            session.key?('flash') && session['flash'].nil?
+          session.delete('flash')
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
     class FlashNow #:nodoc:
       attr_accessor :flash
 
@@ -76,22 +104,31 @@ module ActionDispatch
     class FlashHash
       include Enumerable
 
-      def self.from_session_value(value)
-        flash = case value
-                when FlashHash # Rails 3.1, 3.2
-                  new(value.instance_variable_get(:@flashes), value.instance_variable_get(:@used))
-                when Hash # Rails 4.0
-                  new(value['flashes'], value['discard'])
-                else
-                  new
-                end
-
-        flash.tap(&:sweep)
+      def self.from_session_value(value) #:nodoc:
+        case value
+        when FlashHash # Rails 3.1, 3.2
+          flashes = value.instance_variable_get(:@flashes)
+          if discard = value.instance_variable_get(:@used)
+            flashes.except!(*discard)
+          end
+          new(flashes, flashes.keys)
+        when Hash # Rails 4.0
+          flashes = value['flashes']
+          if discard = value['discard']
+            flashes.except!(*discard)
+          end
+          new(flashes, flashes.keys)
+        else
+          new
+        end
       end
 
-      def to_session_value
-        return nil if empty?
-        {'discard' => @discard.to_a, 'flashes' => @flashes}
+      # Builds a hash containing the flashes to keep for the next request.
+      # If there are none to keep, returns nil.
+      def to_session_value #:nodoc:
+        flashes_to_keep = @flashes.except(*@discard)
+        return nil if flashes_to_keep.empty?
+        {'flashes' => flashes_to_keep}
       end
 
       def initialize(flashes = {}, discard = []) #:nodoc:
@@ -129,7 +166,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def key?(name)
-        @flashes.key? name
+        @flashes.key? name.to_s
       end
 
       def delete(key)
@@ -246,25 +283,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
     end
 
-    def initialize(app)
-      @app = app
-    end
-
-    def call(env)
-      @app.call(env)
-    ensure
-      session    = Request::Session.find(env) || {}
-      flash_hash = env[KEY]
-
-      if flash_hash && (flash_hash.present? || session.key?('flash'))
-        session["flash"] = flash_hash.to_session_value
-        env[KEY] = flash_hash.dup
-      end
+    def self.new(app) app; end
+  end
 
-      if (!session.respond_to?(:loaded?) || session.loaded?) && # (reset_session uses {}, which doesn't implement #loaded?)
-        session.key?('flash') && session['flash'].nil?
-        session.delete('flash')
-      end
-    end
+  class Request
+    prepend Flash::RequestMethods
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/load_interlock.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/load_interlock.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..07f498319c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/load_interlock.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+require 'active_support/dependencies'
+require 'rack/body_proxy'
+
+module ActionDispatch
+  class LoadInterlock
+    def initialize(app)
+      @app = app
+    end
+
+    def call(env)
+      interlock = ActiveSupport::Dependencies.interlock
+      interlock.start_running
+      response = @app.call(env)
+      body = Rack::BodyProxy.new(response[2]) { interlock.done_running }
+      response[2] = body
+      response
+    ensure
+      interlock.done_running unless body
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/params_parser.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/params_parser.rb
index b426183488..c2a4f46e67 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/params_parser.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/params_parser.rb
@@ -1,60 +1,44 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions'
 require 'action_dispatch/http/request'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access'
 
 module ActionDispatch
+  # ActionDispatch::ParamsParser works for all the requests having any Content-Length
+  # (like POST). It takes raw data from the request and puts it through the parser
+  # that is picked based on Content-Type header.
+  #
+  # In case of any error while parsing data ParamsParser::ParseError is raised.
   class ParamsParser
+    # Raised when raw data from the request cannot be parsed by the parser
+    # defined for request's content mime type.
     class ParseError < StandardError
-      attr_reader :original_exception
 
-      def initialize(message, original_exception)
-        super(message)
-        @original_exception = original_exception
-      end
-    end
-
-    DEFAULT_PARSERS = { Mime::JSON => :json }
-
-    def initialize(app, parsers = {})
-      @app, @parsers = app, DEFAULT_PARSERS.merge(parsers)
-    end
-
-    def call(env)
-      if params = parse_formatted_parameters(env)
-        env["action_dispatch.request.request_parameters"] = params
-      end
-
-      @app.call(env)
-    end
-
-    private
-      def parse_formatted_parameters(env)
-        request = Request.new(env)
-
-        return false if request.content_length.zero?
-
-        strategy = @parsers[request.content_mime_type]
-
-        return false unless strategy
+      def initialize(message = nil, original_exception = nil)
+        if message
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("Passing #message is deprecated and has no effect. " \
+                                          "#{self.class} will automatically capture the message " \
+                                          "of the original exception.", caller)
+        end
 
-        case strategy
-        when Proc
-          strategy.call(request.raw_post)
-        when :json
-          data = ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(request.raw_post)
-          data = {:_json => data} unless data.is_a?(Hash)
-          Request::Utils.deep_munge(data).with_indifferent_access
-        else
-          false
+        if original_exception
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("Passing #original_exception is deprecated and has no effect. " \
+                                          "Exceptions will automatically capture the original exception.", caller)
         end
-      rescue Exception => e # JSON or Ruby code block errors
-        logger(env).debug "Error occurred while parsing request parameters.\nContents:\n\n#{request.raw_post}"
 
-        raise ParseError.new(e.message, e)
+        super($!.message)
       end
 
-      def logger(env)
-        env['action_dispatch.logger'] || ActiveSupport::Logger.new($stderr)
+      def original_exception
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("#original_exception is deprecated. Use #cause instead.", caller)
+        cause
       end
+    end
+
+    # Create a new +ParamsParser+ middleware instance.
+    #
+    # The +parsers+ argument can take Hash of parsers where key is identifying
+    # content mime type, and value is a lambda that is going to process data.
+    def self.new(app, parsers = {})
+      ActionDispatch::Request.parameter_parsers = ActionDispatch::Request::DEFAULT_PARSERS.merge(parsers)
+      app
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/public_exceptions.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/public_exceptions.rb
index cbb2d475b1..0f27984550 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/public_exceptions.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/public_exceptions.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,14 @@
 module ActionDispatch
+  # When called, this middleware renders an error page. By default if an HTML
+  # response is expected it will render static error pages from the `/public`
+  # directory. For example when this middleware receives a 500 response it will
+  # render the template found in `/public/500.html`.
+  # If an internationalized locale is set, this middleware will attempt to render
+  # the template in `/public/500.<locale>.html`. If an internationalized template
+  # is not found it will fall back on `/public/500.html`.
+  #
+  # When a request with a content type other than HTML is made, this middleware
+  # will attempt to convert error information into the appropriate response type.
   class PublicExceptions
     attr_accessor :public_path
 
@@ -7,10 +17,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
     end
 
     def call(env)
-      status       = env["PATH_INFO"][1..-1]
       request      = ActionDispatch::Request.new(env)
+      status       = request.path_info[1..-1].to_i
       content_type = request.formats.first
-      body         = { :status => status, :error => Rack::Utils::HTTP_STATUS_CODES.fetch(status.to_i, Rack::Utils::HTTP_STATUS_CODES[500]) }
+      body         = { :status => status, :error => Rack::Utils::HTTP_STATUS_CODES.fetch(status, Rack::Utils::HTTP_STATUS_CODES[500]) }
 
       render(status, content_type, body)
     end
@@ -32,9 +42,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
     end
 
     def render_html(status)
-      found = false
-      path = "#{public_path}/#{status}.#{I18n.locale}.html" if I18n.locale
-      path = "#{public_path}/#{status}.html" unless path && (found = File.exist?(path))
+      path = "#{public_path}/#{status}.#{I18n.locale}.html"
+      path = "#{public_path}/#{status}.html" unless (found = File.exist?(path))
 
       if found || File.exist?(path)
         render_format(status, 'text/html', File.read(path))
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/reloader.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/reloader.rb
index 15b5a48535..af9a29eb07 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/reloader.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/reloader.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-require 'active_support/deprecation/reporting'
-
 module ActionDispatch
   # ActionDispatch::Reloader provides prepare and cleanup callbacks,
   # intended to assist with code reloading during development.
@@ -11,9 +9,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
   # the response body. This is important for streaming responses such as the
   # following:
   #
-  #     self.response_body = lambda { |response, output|
+  #     self.response_body = -> (response, output) do
   #       # code here which refers to application models
-  #     }
+  #     end
   #
   # Cleanup callbacks will not be called until after the response_body lambda
   # is evaluated, ensuring that it can refer to application models and other
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/remote_ip.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/remote_ip.rb
index c1df518b14..31b75498b6 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/remote_ip.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/remote_ip.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'ipaddr'
+
 module ActionDispatch
   # This middleware calculates the IP address of the remote client that is
   # making the request. It does this by checking various headers that could
@@ -11,7 +13,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
   # Some Rack servers concatenate repeated headers, like {HTTP RFC 2616}[http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec4.html#sec4.2]
   # requires. Some Rack servers simply drop preceding headers, and only report
   # the value that was {given in the last header}[http://andre.arko.net/2011/12/26/repeated-headers-and-ruby-web-servers].
-  # If you are behind multiple proxy servers (like Nginx to HAProxy to Unicorn)
+  # If you are behind multiple proxy servers (like NGINX to HAProxy to Unicorn)
   # then you should test your Rack server to make sure your data is good.
   #
   # IF YOU DON'T USE A PROXY, THIS MAKES YOU VULNERABLE TO IP SPOOFING.
@@ -28,43 +30,43 @@ module ActionDispatch
     # guaranteed by the IP specification to be private addresses. Those will
     # not be the ultimate client IP in production, and so are discarded. See
     # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_network for details.
-    TRUSTED_PROXIES = %r{
-      ^127\.0\.0\.1$                | # localhost IPv4
-      ^::1$                         | # localhost IPv6
-      ^fc00:                        | # private IPv6 range fc00
-      ^10\.                         | # private IPv4 range 10.x.x.x
-      ^172\.(1[6-9]|2[0-9]|3[0-1])\.| # private IPv4 range 172.16.0.0 .. 172.31.255.255
-      ^192\.168\.                     # private IPv4 range 192.168.x.x
-    }x
+    TRUSTED_PROXIES = [
+      "127.0.0.1",      # localhost IPv4
+      "::1",            # localhost IPv6
+      "fc00::/7",       # private IPv6 range fc00::/7
+      "10.0.0.0/8",     # private IPv4 range 10.x.x.x
+      "172.16.0.0/12",  # private IPv4 range 172.16.0.0 .. 172.31.255.255
+      "192.168.0.0/16", # private IPv4 range 192.168.x.x
+    ].map { |proxy| IPAddr.new(proxy) }
 
     attr_reader :check_ip, :proxies
 
     # Create a new +RemoteIp+ middleware instance.
     #
-    # The +check_ip_spoofing+ option is on by default. When on, an exception
+    # The +ip_spoofing_check+ option is on by default. When on, an exception
     # is raised if it looks like the client is trying to lie about its own IP
     # address. It makes sense to turn off this check on sites aimed at non-IP
     # clients (like WAP devices), or behind proxies that set headers in an
     # incorrect or confusing way (like AWS ELB).
     #
-    # The +custom_proxies+ argument can take a regex, which will be used
-    # instead of +TRUSTED_PROXIES+, or a string, which will be used in addition
-    # to +TRUSTED_PROXIES+. Any proxy setup will put the value you want in the
-    # middle (or at the beginning) of the X-Forwarded-For list, with your proxy
-    # servers after it. If your proxies aren't removed, pass them in via the
-    # +custom_proxies+ parameter. That way, the middleware will ignore those
-    # IP addresses, and return the one that you want.
-    def initialize(app, check_ip_spoofing = true, custom_proxies = nil)
+    # The +custom_proxies+ argument can take an Array of string, IPAddr, or
+    # Regexp objects which will be used instead of +TRUSTED_PROXIES+. If a
+    # single string, IPAddr, or Regexp object is provided, it will be used in
+    # addition to +TRUSTED_PROXIES+. Any proxy setup will put the value you
+    # want in the middle (or at the beginning) of the X-Forwarded-For list,
+    # with your proxy servers after it. If your proxies aren't removed, pass
+    # them in via the +custom_proxies+ parameter. That way, the middleware will
+    # ignore those IP addresses, and return the one that you want.
+    def initialize(app, ip_spoofing_check = true, custom_proxies = nil)
       @app = app
-      @check_ip = check_ip_spoofing
-      @proxies = case custom_proxies
-        when Regexp
-          custom_proxies
-        when nil
-          TRUSTED_PROXIES
-        else
-          Regexp.union(TRUSTED_PROXIES, custom_proxies)
-        end
+      @check_ip = ip_spoofing_check
+      @proxies = if custom_proxies.blank?
+        TRUSTED_PROXIES
+      elsif custom_proxies.respond_to?(:any?)
+        custom_proxies
+      else
+        Array(custom_proxies) + TRUSTED_PROXIES
+      end
     end
 
     # Since the IP address may not be needed, we store the object here
@@ -72,44 +74,19 @@ module ActionDispatch
     # requests. For those requests that do need to know the IP, the
     # GetIp#calculate_ip method will calculate the memoized client IP address.
     def call(env)
-      env["action_dispatch.remote_ip"] = GetIp.new(env, self)
-      @app.call(env)
+      req = ActionDispatch::Request.new env
+      req.remote_ip = GetIp.new(req, check_ip, proxies)
+      @app.call(req.env)
     end
 
     # The GetIp class exists as a way to defer processing of the request data
     # into an actual IP address. If the ActionDispatch::Request#remote_ip method
     # is called, this class will calculate the value and then memoize it.
     class GetIp
-
-      # This constant contains a regular expression that validates every known
-      # form of IP v4 and v6 address, with or without abbreviations, adapted
-      # from {this gist}[https://gist.github.com/gazay/1289635].
-      VALID_IP = %r{
-        (^(25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|1[0-9][0-9]|[0-9]{1,2})(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|1[0-9][0-9]|[0-9]{1,2})){3}$)                                                        | # ip v4
-        (^(
-        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){7}[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})                                                                                                                   | # ip v6 not abbreviated
-        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){6}:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})                                                                                                                  | # ip v6 with double colon in the end
-        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){5}:([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:)?[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})                                                                                              | # - ip addresses v6
-        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){4}:([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,2}[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})                                                                                          | # - with
-        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){3}:([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,3}[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})                                                                                          | # - double colon
-        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){2}:([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,4}[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})                                                                                          | # - in the middle
-        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){6} ((\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b)\.){3} (\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b))                            | # ip v6 with compatible to v4
-        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){1,5}:((\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b)\.){3}(\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b))                           | # ip v6 with compatible to v4
-        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){1}:([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,4}((\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b)\.){3}(\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b))     | # ip v6 with compatible to v4
-        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,2}:([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,3}((\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b)\.){3}(\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b))   | # ip v6 with compatible to v4
-        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,3}:([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,2}((\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b)\.){3}(\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b))   | # ip v6 with compatible to v4
-        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,4}:([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){1}((\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b)\.){3}(\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b))     | # ip v6 with compatible to v4
-        (::([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,5}((\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d) |(\d{1,2}))\b)\.){3}(\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b))                         | # ip v6 with compatible to v4
-        ([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}::([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,5}[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})                                                                                               | # ip v6 with compatible to v4
-        (::([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,6}[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})                                                                                                               | # ip v6 with double colon at the beginning
-        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){1,7}:)                                                                                                                                  # ip v6 without ending
-        )$)
-      }x
-
-      def initialize(env, middleware)
-        @env      = env
-        @check_ip = middleware.check_ip
-        @proxies  = middleware.proxies
+      def initialize(req, check_ip, proxies)
+        @req      = req
+        @check_ip = check_ip
+        @proxies  = proxies
       end
 
       # Sort through the various IP address headers, looking for the IP most
@@ -118,7 +95,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #
       # REMOTE_ADDR will be correct if the request is made directly against the
       # Ruby process, on e.g. Heroku. When the request is proxied by another
-      # server like HAProxy or Nginx, the IP address that made the original
+      # server like HAProxy or NGINX, the IP address that made the original
       # request will be put in an X-Forwarded-For header. If there are multiple
       # proxies, that header may contain a list of IPs. Other proxy services
       # set the Client-Ip header instead, so we check that too.
@@ -132,23 +109,31 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # the last address left, which was presumably set by one of those proxies.
       def calculate_ip
         # Set by the Rack web server, this is a single value.
-        remote_addr = ips_from('REMOTE_ADDR').last
+        remote_addr = ips_from(@req.remote_addr).last
 
         # Could be a CSV list and/or repeated headers that were concatenated.
-        client_ips    = ips_from('HTTP_CLIENT_IP').reverse
-        forwarded_ips = ips_from('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR').reverse
+        client_ips    = ips_from(@req.client_ip).reverse
+        forwarded_ips = ips_from(@req.x_forwarded_for).reverse
 
         # +Client-Ip+ and +X-Forwarded-For+ should not, generally, both be set.
-        # If they are both set, it means that this request passed through two
-        # proxies with incompatible IP header conventions, and there is no way
-        # for us to determine which header is the right one after the fact.
-        # Since we have no idea, we give up and explode.
+        # If they are both set, it means that either:
+        #
+        # 1) This request passed through two proxies with incompatible IP header
+        #    conventions.
+        # 2) The client passed one of +Client-Ip+ or +X-Forwarded-For+
+        #    (whichever the proxy servers weren't using) themselves.
+        #
+        # Either way, there is no way for us to determine which header is the
+        # right one after the fact. Since we have no idea, if we are concerned
+        # about IP spoofing we need to give up and explode. (If you're not
+        # concerned about IP spoofing you can turn the +ip_spoofing_check+
+        # option off.)
         should_check_ip = @check_ip && client_ips.last && forwarded_ips.last
         if should_check_ip && !forwarded_ips.include?(client_ips.last)
           # We don't know which came from the proxy, and which from the user
           raise IpSpoofAttackError, "IP spoofing attack?! " +
-            "HTTP_CLIENT_IP=#{@env['HTTP_CLIENT_IP'].inspect} " +
-            "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR=#{@env['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR'].inspect}"
+            "HTTP_CLIENT_IP=#{@req.client_ip.inspect} " +
+            "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR=#{@req.x_forwarded_for.inspect}"
         end
 
         # We assume these things about the IP headers:
@@ -171,14 +156,25 @@ module ActionDispatch
     protected
 
       def ips_from(header)
+        return [] unless header
         # Split the comma-separated list into an array of strings
-        ips = @env[header] ? @env[header].strip.split(/[,\s]+/) : []
-        # Only return IPs that are valid according to the regex
-        ips.select{ |ip| ip =~ VALID_IP }
+        ips = header.strip.split(/[,\s]+/)
+        ips.select do |ip|
+          begin
+            # Only return IPs that are valid according to the IPAddr#new method
+            range = IPAddr.new(ip).to_range
+            # we want to make sure nobody is sneaking a netmask in
+            range.begin == range.end
+          rescue ArgumentError
+            nil
+          end
+        end
       end
 
       def filter_proxies(ips)
-        ips.reject { |ip| ip =~ @proxies }
+        ips.reject do |ip|
+          @proxies.any? { |proxy| proxy === ip }
+        end
       end
 
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/request_id.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/request_id.rb
index 5d1740d0d4..1555ff72af 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/request_id.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/request_id.rb
@@ -3,28 +3,33 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/string/access'
 
 module ActionDispatch
   # Makes a unique request id available to the action_dispatch.request_id env variable (which is then accessible through
-  # ActionDispatch::Request#uuid) and sends the same id to the client via the X-Request-Id header.
+  # ActionDispatch::Request#uuid or the alias ActionDispatch::Request#request_id) and sends the same id to the client via the X-Request-Id header.
   #
-  # The unique request id is either based off the X-Request-Id header in the request, which would typically be generated
+  # The unique request id is either based on the X-Request-Id header in the request, which would typically be generated
   # by a firewall, load balancer, or the web server, or, if this header is not available, a random uuid. If the
   # header is accepted from the outside world, we sanitize it to a max of 255 chars and alphanumeric and dashes only.
   #
   # The unique request id can be used to trace a request end-to-end and would typically end up being part of log files
   # from multiple pieces of the stack.
   class RequestId
+    X_REQUEST_ID = "X-Request-Id".freeze # :nodoc:
+
     def initialize(app)
       @app = app
     end
 
     def call(env)
-      env["action_dispatch.request_id"] = external_request_id(env) || internal_request_id
-      @app.call(env).tap { |_status, headers, _body| headers["X-Request-Id"] = env["action_dispatch.request_id"] }
+      req = ActionDispatch::Request.new env
+      req.request_id = make_request_id(req.x_request_id)
+      @app.call(env).tap { |_status, headers, _body| headers[X_REQUEST_ID] = req.request_id }
     end
 
     private
-      def external_request_id(env)
-        if request_id = env["HTTP_X_REQUEST_ID"].presence
-          request_id.gsub(/[^\w\-]/, "").first(255)
+      def make_request_id(request_id)
+        if request_id.presence
+          request_id.gsub(/[^\w\-]/, "".freeze).first(255)
+        else
+          internal_request_id
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/abstract_store.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/abstract_store.rb
index 84df55fd5a..5fb5953811 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/abstract_store.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/abstract_store.rb
@@ -7,14 +7,22 @@ require 'action_dispatch/request/session'
 module ActionDispatch
   module Session
     class SessionRestoreError < StandardError #:nodoc:
-      attr_reader :original_exception
 
-      def initialize(const_error)
-        @original_exception = const_error
+      def initialize(const_error = nil)
+        if const_error
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("Passing #original_exception is deprecated and has no effect. " \
+                                          "Exceptions will automatically capture the original exception.", caller)
+        end
 
         super("Session contains objects whose class definition isn't available.\n" +
           "Remember to require the classes for all objects kept in the session.\n" +
-          "(Original exception: #{const_error.message} [#{const_error.class}])\n")
+          "(Original exception: #{$!.message} [#{$!.class}])\n")
+        set_backtrace $!.backtrace
+      end
+
+      def original_exception
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("#original_exception is deprecated. Use #cause instead.", caller)
+        cause
       end
     end
 
@@ -36,6 +44,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @default_options.delete(:sidbits)
         @default_options.delete(:secure_random)
       end
+
+      private
+      def make_request(env)
+        ActionDispatch::Request.new env
+      end
     end
 
     module StaleSessionCheck
@@ -54,8 +67,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
           begin
             # Note that the regexp does not allow $1 to end with a ':'
             $1.constantize
-          rescue LoadError, NameError => e
-            raise ActionDispatch::Session::SessionRestoreError, e, e.backtrace
+          rescue LoadError, NameError
+            raise ActionDispatch::Session::SessionRestoreError
           end
           retry
         else
@@ -65,8 +78,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
     end
 
     module SessionObject # :nodoc:
-      def prepare_session(env)
-        Request::Session.create(self, env, @default_options)
+      def prepare_session(req)
+        Request::Session.create(self, req, @default_options)
       end
 
       def loaded_session?(session)
@@ -74,15 +87,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
     end
 
-    class AbstractStore < Rack::Session::Abstract::ID
+    class AbstractStore < Rack::Session::Abstract::Persisted
       include Compatibility
       include StaleSessionCheck
       include SessionObject
 
       private
 
-      def set_cookie(env, session_id, cookie)
-        request = ActionDispatch::Request.new(env)
+      def set_cookie(request, session_id, cookie)
         request.cookie_jar[key] = cookie
       end
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/cache_store.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/cache_store.rb
index 1db6194271..589ae46e38 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/cache_store.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/cache_store.rb
@@ -2,12 +2,15 @@ require 'action_dispatch/middleware/session/abstract_store'
 
 module ActionDispatch
   module Session
-    # Session store that uses an ActiveSupport::Cache::Store to store the sessions. This store is most useful
+    # A session store that uses an ActiveSupport::Cache::Store to store the sessions. This store is most useful
     # if you don't store critical data in your sessions and you don't need them to live for extended periods
     # of time.
+    #
+    # ==== Options
+    # * <tt>cache</tt>         - The cache to use. If it is not specified, <tt>Rails.cache</tt> will be used.
+    # * <tt>expire_after</tt>  - The length of time a session will be stored before automatically expiring.
+    #   By default, the <tt>:expires_in</tt> option of the cache is used.
     class CacheStore < AbstractStore
-      # Create a new store. The cache to use can be passed in the <tt>:cache</tt> option. If it is
-      # not specified, <tt>Rails.cache</tt> will be used.
       def initialize(app, options = {})
         @cache = options[:cache] || Rails.cache
         options[:expire_after] ||= @cache.options[:expires_in]
@@ -15,15 +18,15 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       # Get a session from the cache.
-      def get_session(env, sid)
-        sid ||= generate_sid
-        session = @cache.read(cache_key(sid))
-        session ||= {}
+      def find_session(env, sid)
+        unless sid and session = @cache.read(cache_key(sid))
+          sid, session = generate_sid, {}
+        end
         [sid, session]
       end
 
       # Set a session in the cache.
-      def set_session(env, sid, session, options)
+      def write_session(env, sid, session, options)
         key = cache_key(sid)
         if session
           @cache.write(key, session, :expires_in => options[:expire_after])
@@ -34,7 +37,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       # Remove a session from the cache.
-      def destroy_session(env, sid, options)
+      def delete_session(env, sid, options)
         @cache.delete(cache_key(sid))
         generate_sid
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/cookie_store.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/cookie_store.rb
index 1ebc189c28..0e636b8257 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/cookie_store.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/cookie_store.rb
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     #
     # Configure your session store in config/initializers/session_store.rb:
     #
-    #   Myapp::Application.config.session_store :cookie_store, key: '_your_app_session'
+    #   Rails.application.config.session_store :cookie_store, key: '_your_app_session'
     #
     # Configure your secret key in config/secrets.yml:
     #
@@ -49,28 +49,34 @@ module ActionDispatch
     # reasonably sure that your upgrade is otherwise complete. Additionally,
     # you should take care to make sure you are not relying on the ability to
     # decode signed cookies generated by your app in external applications or
-    # Javascript before upgrading.
+    # JavaScript before upgrading.
     #
-    # Note that changing digest or secret invalidates all existing sessions!
-    class CookieStore < Rack::Session::Abstract::ID
-      include Compatibility
-      include StaleSessionCheck
-      include SessionObject
-
+    # Note that changing the secret key will invalidate all existing sessions!
+    #
+    # Because CookieStore extends Rack::Session::Abstract::Persisted, many of the
+    # options described there can be used to customize the session cookie that
+    # is generated. For example:
+    #
+    #   Rails.application.config.session_store :cookie_store, expire_after: 14.days
+    #
+    # would set the session cookie to expire automatically 14 days after creation.
+    # Other useful options include <tt>:key</tt>, <tt>:secure</tt> and
+    # <tt>:httponly</tt>.
+    class CookieStore < AbstractStore
       def initialize(app, options={})
         super(app, options.merge!(:cookie_only => true))
       end
 
-      def destroy_session(env, session_id, options)
+      def delete_session(req, session_id, options)
         new_sid = generate_sid unless options[:drop]
         # Reset hash and Assign the new session id
-        env["action_dispatch.request.unsigned_session_cookie"] = new_sid ? { "session_id" => new_sid } : {}
+        req.set_header("action_dispatch.request.unsigned_session_cookie", new_sid ? { "session_id" => new_sid } : {})
         new_sid
       end
 
-      def load_session(env)
+      def load_session(req)
         stale_session_check! do
-          data = unpacked_cookie_data(env)
+          data = unpacked_cookie_data(req)
           data = persistent_session_id!(data)
           [data["session_id"], data]
         end
@@ -78,20 +84,21 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       private
 
-      def extract_session_id(env)
+      def extract_session_id(req)
         stale_session_check! do
-          unpacked_cookie_data(env)["session_id"]
+          unpacked_cookie_data(req)["session_id"]
         end
       end
 
-      def unpacked_cookie_data(env)
-        env["action_dispatch.request.unsigned_session_cookie"] ||= begin
-          stale_session_check! do
-            if data = get_cookie(env)
+      def unpacked_cookie_data(req)
+        req.fetch_header("action_dispatch.request.unsigned_session_cookie") do |k|
+          v = stale_session_check! do
+            if data = get_cookie(req)
               data.stringify_keys!
             end
             data || {}
           end
+          req.set_header k, v
         end
       end
 
@@ -101,21 +108,20 @@ module ActionDispatch
         data
       end
 
-      def set_session(env, sid, session_data, options)
+      def write_session(req, sid, session_data, options)
         session_data["session_id"] = sid
         session_data
       end
 
-      def set_cookie(env, session_id, cookie)
-        cookie_jar(env)[@key] = cookie
+      def set_cookie(request, session_id, cookie)
+        cookie_jar(request)[@key] = cookie
       end
 
-      def get_cookie(env)
-        cookie_jar(env)[@key]
+      def get_cookie(req)
+        cookie_jar(req)[@key]
       end
 
-      def cookie_jar(env)
-        request = ActionDispatch::Request.new(env)
+      def cookie_jar(request)
         request.cookie_jar.signed_or_encrypted
       end
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/mem_cache_store.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/mem_cache_store.rb
index b4d6629c35..cb19786f0b 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/mem_cache_store.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/mem_cache_store.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,10 @@ end
 
 module ActionDispatch
   module Session
+    # A session store that uses MemCache to implement storage.
+    #
+    # ==== Options
+    # * <tt>expire_after</tt>  - The length of time a session will be stored before automatically expiring.
     class MemCacheStore < Rack::Session::Dalli
       include Compatibility
       include StaleSessionCheck
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb
index 1d4f0f89a6..64695f9738 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb
@@ -27,23 +27,26 @@ module ActionDispatch
     end
 
     def call(env)
+      request = ActionDispatch::Request.new env
       @app.call(env)
     rescue Exception => exception
-      if env['action_dispatch.show_exceptions'] == false
-        raise exception
+      if request.show_exceptions?
+        render_exception(request, exception)
       else
-        render_exception(env, exception)
+        raise exception
       end
     end
 
     private
 
-    def render_exception(env, exception)
-      wrapper = ExceptionWrapper.new(env, exception)
+    def render_exception(request, exception)
+      backtrace_cleaner = request.get_header 'action_dispatch.backtrace_cleaner'
+      wrapper = ExceptionWrapper.new(backtrace_cleaner, exception)
       status  = wrapper.status_code
-      env["action_dispatch.exception"] = wrapper.exception
-      env["PATH_INFO"] = "/#{status}"
-      response = @exceptions_app.call(env)
+      request.set_header "action_dispatch.exception", wrapper.exception
+      request.set_header "action_dispatch.original_path", request.path_info
+      request.path_info = "/#{status}"
+      response = @exceptions_app.call(request.env)
       response[1]['X-Cascade'] == 'pass' ? pass_response(status) : response
     rescue Exception => failsafe_error
       $stderr.puts "Error during failsafe response: #{failsafe_error}\n  #{failsafe_error.backtrace * "\n  "}"
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/ssl.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/ssl.rb
index 999c022535..47f475559a 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/ssl.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/ssl.rb
@@ -1,69 +1,129 @@
 module ActionDispatch
+  # This middleware is added to the stack when `config.force_ssl = true`.
+  # It does three jobs to enforce secure HTTP requests:
+  #
+  #   1. TLS redirect. http:// requests are permanently redirected to https://
+  #      with the same URL host, path, etc. Pass `:host` and/or `:port` to
+  #      modify the destination URL. This is always enabled.
+  #
+  #   2. Secure cookies. Sets the `secure` flag on cookies to tell browsers they
+  #      mustn't be sent along with http:// requests. This is always enabled.
+  #
+  #   3. HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS). Tells the browser to remember
+  #      this site as TLS-only and automatically redirect non-TLS requests.
+  #      Enabled by default. Pass `hsts: false` to disable.
+  #
+  # Configure HSTS with `hsts: { … }`:
+  #   * `expires`: How long, in seconds, these settings will stick. Defaults to
+  #     `180.days` (recommended). The minimum required to qualify for browser
+  #     preload lists is `18.weeks`.
+  #   * `subdomains`: Set to `true` to tell the browser to apply these settings
+  #     to all subdomains. This protects your cookies from interception by a
+  #     vulnerable site on a subdomain. Defaults to `false`.
+  #   * `preload`: Advertise that this site may be included in browsers'
+  #     preloaded HSTS lists. HSTS protects your site on every visit *except the
+  #     first visit* since it hasn't seen your HSTS header yet. To close this
+  #     gap, browser vendors include a baked-in list of HSTS-enabled sites.
+  #     Go to https://hstspreload.appspot.com to submit your site for inclusion.
+  #
+  # Disabling HSTS: To turn off HSTS, omitting the header is not enough.
+  # Browsers will remember the original HSTS directive until it expires.
+  # Instead, use the header to tell browsers to expire HSTS immediately.
+  # Setting `hsts: false` is a shortcut for `hsts: { expires: 0 }`.
   class SSL
-    YEAR = 31536000
+    # Default to 180 days, the low end for https://www.ssllabs.com/ssltest/
+    # and greater than the 18-week requirement for browser preload lists.
+    HSTS_EXPIRES_IN = 15552000
 
     def self.default_hsts_options
-      { :expires => YEAR, :subdomains => false }
+      { expires: HSTS_EXPIRES_IN, subdomains: false, preload: false }
     end
 
-    def initialize(app, options = {})
+    def initialize(app, redirect: {}, hsts: {}, **options)
       @app = app
 
-      @hsts = options.fetch(:hsts, {})
-      @hsts = {} if @hsts == true
-      @hsts = self.class.default_hsts_options.merge(@hsts) if @hsts
+      if options[:host] || options[:port]
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn <<-end_warning.strip_heredoc
+          The `:host` and `:port` options are moving within `:redirect`:
+          `config.ssl_options = { redirect: { host: …, port: … }}`.
+        end_warning
+        @redirect = options.slice(:host, :port)
+      else
+        @redirect = redirect
+      end
 
-      @host    = options[:host]
-      @port    = options[:port]
+      @hsts_header = build_hsts_header(normalize_hsts_options(hsts))
     end
 
     def call(env)
-      request = Request.new(env)
+      request = Request.new env
 
       if request.ssl?
-        status, headers, body = @app.call(env)
-        headers = hsts_headers.merge(headers)
-        flag_cookies_as_secure!(headers)
-        [status, headers, body]
+        @app.call(env).tap do |status, headers, body|
+          set_hsts_header! headers
+          flag_cookies_as_secure! headers
+        end
       else
-        redirect_to_https(request)
+        redirect_to_https request
       end
     end
 
     private
-      def redirect_to_https(request)
-        url        = URI(request.url)
-        url.scheme = "https"
-        url.host   = @host if @host
-        url.port   = @port if @port
-        headers    = { 'Content-Type' => 'text/html', 'Location' => url.to_s }
-
-        [301, headers, []]
+      def set_hsts_header!(headers)
+        headers['Strict-Transport-Security'.freeze] ||= @hsts_header
       end
 
-      # http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-hodges-strict-transport-sec-02
-      def hsts_headers
-        if @hsts
-          value = "max-age=#{@hsts[:expires].to_i}"
-          value += "; includeSubDomains" if @hsts[:subdomains]
-          { 'Strict-Transport-Security' => value }
+      def normalize_hsts_options(options)
+        case options
+        # Explicitly disabling HSTS clears the existing setting from browsers
+        # by setting expiry to 0.
+        when false
+          self.class.default_hsts_options.merge(expires: 0)
+        # Default to enabled, with default options.
+        when nil, true
+          self.class.default_hsts_options
         else
-          {}
+          self.class.default_hsts_options.merge(options)
         end
       end
 
+      # http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6797#section-6.1
+      def build_hsts_header(hsts)
+        value = "max-age=#{hsts[:expires].to_i}"
+        value << "; includeSubDomains" if hsts[:subdomains]
+        value << "; preload" if hsts[:preload]
+        value
+      end
+
       def flag_cookies_as_secure!(headers)
-        if cookies = headers['Set-Cookie']
-          cookies = cookies.split("\n")
+        if cookies = headers['Set-Cookie'.freeze]
+          cookies = cookies.split("\n".freeze)
 
-          headers['Set-Cookie'] = cookies.map { |cookie|
+          headers['Set-Cookie'.freeze] = cookies.map { |cookie|
             if cookie !~ /;\s*secure\s*(;|$)/i
               "#{cookie}; secure"
             else
               cookie
             end
-          }.join("\n")
+          }.join("\n".freeze)
         end
       end
+
+      def redirect_to_https(request)
+        [ @redirect.fetch(:status, 301),
+          { 'Content-Type' => 'text/html',
+            'Location' => https_location_for(request) },
+          @redirect.fetch(:body, []) ]
+      end
+
+      def https_location_for(request)
+        host = @redirect[:host] || request.host
+        port = @redirect[:port] || request.port
+
+        location = "https://#{host}"
+        location << ":#{port}" if port != 80 && port != 443
+        location << request.fullpath
+        location
+      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/stack.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/stack.rb
index bbf734f103..44fc1ee736 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/stack.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/stack.rb
@@ -4,50 +4,27 @@ require "active_support/dependencies"
 module ActionDispatch
   class MiddlewareStack
     class Middleware
-      attr_reader :args, :block, :name, :classcache
+      attr_reader :args, :block, :klass
 
-      def initialize(klass_or_name, *args, &block)
-        @klass = nil
-
-        if klass_or_name.respond_to?(:name)
-          @klass = klass_or_name
-          @name  = @klass.name
-        else
-          @name  = klass_or_name.to_s
-        end
-
-        @classcache = ActiveSupport::Dependencies::Reference
-        @args, @block = args, block
+      def initialize(klass, args, block)
+        @klass = klass
+        @args  = args
+        @block = block
       end
 
-      def klass
-        @klass || classcache[@name]
-      end
+      def name; klass.name; end
 
-      def ==(middleware)
-        case middleware
-        when Middleware
-          klass == middleware.klass
-        when Class
-          klass == middleware
+      def inspect
+        if klass.is_a?(Class)
+          klass.to_s
         else
-          normalize(@name) == normalize(middleware)
+          klass.class.to_s
         end
       end
 
-      def inspect
-        klass.to_s
-      end
-
       def build(app)
         klass.new(app, *args, &block)
       end
-
-    private
-
-      def normalize(object)
-        object.to_s.strip.sub(/^::/, '')
-      end
     end
 
     include Enumerable
@@ -75,19 +52,17 @@ module ActionDispatch
       middlewares[i]
     end
 
-    def unshift(*args, &block)
-      middleware = self.class::Middleware.new(*args, &block)
-      middlewares.unshift(middleware)
+    def unshift(klass, *args, &block)
+      middlewares.unshift(build_middleware(klass, args, block))
     end
 
     def initialize_copy(other)
       self.middlewares = other.middlewares.dup
     end
 
-    def insert(index, *args, &block)
+    def insert(index, klass, *args, &block)
       index = assert_index(index, :before)
-      middleware = self.class::Middleware.new(*args, &block)
-      middlewares.insert(index, middleware)
+      middlewares.insert(index, build_middleware(klass, args, block))
     end
 
     alias_method :insert_before, :insert
@@ -104,26 +79,46 @@ module ActionDispatch
     end
 
     def delete(target)
-      middlewares.delete target
+      target = get_class target
+      middlewares.delete_if { |m| m.klass == target }
     end
 
-    def use(*args, &block)
-      middleware = self.class::Middleware.new(*args, &block)
-      middlewares.push(middleware)
+    def use(klass, *args, &block)
+      middlewares.push(build_middleware(klass, args, block))
     end
 
-    def build(app = nil, &block)
-      app ||= block
-      raise "MiddlewareStack#build requires an app" unless app
+    def build(app = Proc.new)
       middlewares.freeze.reverse.inject(app) { |a, e| e.build(a) }
     end
 
-  protected
+    private
 
     def assert_index(index, where)
-      i = index.is_a?(Integer) ? index : middlewares.index(index)
+      index = get_class index
+      i = index.is_a?(Integer) ? index : middlewares.index { |m| m.klass == index }
       raise "No such middleware to insert #{where}: #{index.inspect}" unless i
       i
     end
+
+    def get_class(klass)
+      if klass.is_a?(String) || klass.is_a?(Symbol)
+        classcache = ActiveSupport::Dependencies::Reference
+        converted_klass = classcache[klass.to_s]
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn <<-eowarn
+Passing strings or symbols to the middleware builder is deprecated, please change
+them to actual class references.  For example:
+
+  "#{klass}" => #{converted_klass}
+
+        eowarn
+        converted_klass
+      else
+        klass
+      end
+    end
+
+    def build_middleware(klass, args, block)
+      Middleware.new(get_class(klass), args, block)
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/static.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/static.rb
index 2764584fe9..ea9ab3821d 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/static.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/static.rb
@@ -2,66 +2,134 @@ require 'rack/utils'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/uri'
 
 module ActionDispatch
+  # This middleware returns a file's contents from disk in the body response.
+  # When initialized, it can accept optional HTTP headers, which will be set
+  # when a response containing a file's contents is delivered.
+  #
+  # This middleware will render the file specified in `env["PATH_INFO"]`
+  # where the base path is in the +root+ directory. For example, if the +root+
+  # is set to `public/`, then a request with `env["PATH_INFO"]` of
+  # `assets/application.js` will return a response with the contents of a file
+  # located at `public/assets/application.js` if the file exists. If the file
+  # does not exist, a 404 "File not Found" response will be returned.
   class FileHandler
-    def initialize(root, cache_control)
+    def initialize(root, index: 'index', headers: {})
       @root          = root.chomp('/')
-      @compiled_root = /^#{Regexp.escape(root)}/
-      headers = cache_control && { 'Cache-Control' => cache_control }
       @file_server   = ::Rack::File.new(@root, headers)
+      @index         = index
     end
 
+    # Takes a path to a file. If the file is found, has valid encoding, and has
+    # correct read permissions, the return value is a URI-escaped string
+    # representing the filename. Otherwise, false is returned.
+    #
+    # Used by the `Static` class to check the existence of a valid file
+    # in the server's `public/` directory (see Static#call).
     def match?(path)
-      path = unescape_path(path)
+      path = ::Rack::Utils.unescape_path path
       return false unless path.valid_encoding?
+      path = Rack::Utils.clean_path_info path
 
-      full_path = path.empty? ? @root : File.join(@root, escape_glob_chars(path))
-      paths = "#{full_path}#{ext}"
+      paths = [path, "#{path}#{ext}", "#{path}/#{@index}#{ext}"]
 
-      matches = Dir[paths]
-      match = matches.detect { |m| File.file?(m) }
-      if match
-        match.sub!(@compiled_root, '')
-        ::Rack::Utils.escape(match)
+      if match = paths.detect { |p|
+        path = File.join(@root, p.force_encoding('UTF-8'.freeze))
+        begin
+          File.file?(path) && File.readable?(path)
+        rescue SystemCallError
+          false
+        end
+
+      }
+        return ::Rack::Utils.escape_path(match)
       end
     end
 
     def call(env)
-      @file_server.call(env)
+      serve ActionDispatch::Request.new env
     end
 
-    def ext
-      @ext ||= begin
-        ext = ::ActionController::Base.default_static_extension
-        "{,#{ext},/index#{ext}}"
+    def serve(request)
+      path      = request.path_info
+      gzip_path = gzip_file_path(path)
+
+      if gzip_path && gzip_encoding_accepted?(request)
+        request.path_info           = gzip_path
+        status, headers, body       = @file_server.call(request.env)
+        if status == 304
+          return [status, headers, body]
+        end
+        headers['Content-Encoding'] = 'gzip'
+        headers['Content-Type']     = content_type(path)
+      else
+        status, headers, body = @file_server.call(request.env)
       end
-    end
 
-    def unescape_path(path)
-      URI.parser.unescape(path)
-    end
+      headers['Vary'] = 'Accept-Encoding' if gzip_path
 
-    def escape_glob_chars(path)
-      path.gsub(/[*?{}\[\]]/, "\\\\\\&")
+      return [status, headers, body]
+    ensure
+      request.path_info = path
     end
+
+    private
+      def ext
+        ::ActionController::Base.default_static_extension
+      end
+
+      def content_type(path)
+        ::Rack::Mime.mime_type(::File.extname(path), 'text/plain'.freeze)
+      end
+
+      def gzip_encoding_accepted?(request)
+        request.accept_encoding =~ /\bgzip\b/i
+      end
+
+      def gzip_file_path(path)
+        can_gzip_mime = content_type(path) =~ /\A(?:text\/|application\/javascript)/
+        gzip_path     = "#{path}.gz"
+        if can_gzip_mime && File.exist?(File.join(@root, ::Rack::Utils.unescape_path(gzip_path)))
+          gzip_path
+        else
+          false
+        end
+      end
   end
 
+  # This middleware will attempt to return the contents of a file's body from
+  # disk in the response. If a file is not found on disk, the request will be
+  # delegated to the application stack. This middleware is commonly initialized
+  # to serve assets from a server's `public/` directory.
+  #
+  # This middleware verifies the path to ensure that only files
+  # living in the root directory can be rendered. A request cannot
+  # produce a directory traversal using this middleware. Only 'GET' and 'HEAD'
+  # requests will result in a file being returned.
   class Static
-    def initialize(app, path, cache_control=nil)
+    def initialize(app, path, deprecated_cache_control = :not_set, index: 'index', headers: {})
+      if deprecated_cache_control != :not_set
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("The `cache_control` argument is deprecated," \
+                                        "replaced by `headers: { 'Cache-Control' => #{deprecated_cache_control} }`, " \
+                                        " and will be removed in Rails 5.1.")
+        headers['Cache-Control'.freeze] = deprecated_cache_control
+      end
+
       @app = app
-      @file_handler = FileHandler.new(path, cache_control)
+      @file_handler = FileHandler.new(path, index: index, headers: headers)
     end
 
     def call(env)
-      case env['REQUEST_METHOD']
-      when 'GET', 'HEAD'
-        path = env['PATH_INFO'].chomp('/')
+      req = ActionDispatch::Request.new env
+
+      if req.get? || req.head?
+        path = req.path_info.chomp('/'.freeze)
         if match = @file_handler.match?(path)
-          env["PATH_INFO"] = match
-          return @file_handler.call(env)
+          req.path_info = match
+          return @file_handler.serve(req)
         end
       end
 
-      @app.call(env)
+      @app.call(req.env)
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_request_and_response.html.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_request_and_response.html.erb
index db219c8fa9..49b1e83551 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_request_and_response.html.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_request_and_response.html.erb
@@ -5,20 +5,8 @@
   <pre id="blame_trace" <%='style="display:none"' if hide %>><code><%= @exception.describe_blame %></code></pre>
 <% end %>
 
-<%
-  clean_params = @request.filtered_parameters.clone
-  clean_params.delete("action")
-  clean_params.delete("controller")
-
-  request_dump = clean_params.empty? ? 'None' : clean_params.inspect.gsub(',', ",\n")
-
-  def debug_hash(object)
-    object.to_hash.sort_by { |k, _| k.to_s }.map { |k, v| "#{k}: #{v.inspect rescue $!.message}" }.join("\n")
-  end unless self.class.method_defined?(:debug_hash)
-%>
-
 <h2 style="margin-top: 30px">Request</h2>
-<p><b>Parameters</b>:</p> <pre><%= request_dump %></pre>
+<p><b>Parameters</b>:</p> <pre><%= debug_params(@request.filtered_parameters) %></pre>
 
 <div class="details">
   <div class="summary"><a href="#" onclick="return toggleSessionDump()">Toggle session dump</a></div>
@@ -31,4 +19,4 @@
 </div>
 
 <h2 style="margin-top: 30px">Response</h2>
-<p><b>Headers</b>:</p> <pre><%= defined?(@response) ? @response.headers.inspect.gsub(',', ",\n") : 'None' %></pre>
+<p><b>Headers</b>:</p> <pre><%= debug_headers(defined?(@response) ? @response.headers : {}) %></pre>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_source.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_source.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 38429cb78e..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_source.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-<% if @source_extract %>
-<div class="source">
-<div class="info">
-  Extracted source (around line <strong>#<%= @line_number %></strong>):
-</div>
-<div class="data">
-  <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="lines">
-      <tr>
-        <td>
-          <pre class="line_numbers">
-            <% @source_extract.keys.each do |line_number| %>
-<span><%= line_number -%></span>
-            <% end %>
-          </pre>
-        </td>
-<td width="100%">
-<pre>
-<% @source_extract.each do |line, source| -%><div class="line<%= " active" if line == @line_number -%>"><%= source -%></div><% end -%>
-</pre>
-</td>
-    </tr>
-  </table>
-</div>
-</div>
-<% end %>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_source.html.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_source.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e7b913bbe4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_source.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+<% @source_extracts.each_with_index do |source_extract, index| %>
+  <% if source_extract[:code] %>
+    <div class="source <%="hidden" if @show_source_idx != index%>" id="frame-source-<%=index%>">
+      <div class="info">
+        Extracted source (around line <strong>#<%= source_extract[:line_number] %></strong>):
+      </div>
+      <div class="data">
+        <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="lines">
+          <tr>
+            <td>
+              <pre class="line_numbers">
+                <% source_extract[:code].each_key do |line_number| %>
+<span><%= line_number -%></span>
+                <% end %>
+              </pre>
+            </td>
+<td width="100%">
+<pre>
+<% source_extract[:code].each do |line, source| -%><div class="line<%= " active" if line == source_extract[:line_number] -%>"><%= source -%></div><% end -%>
+</pre>
+</td>
+          </tr>
+        </table>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  <% end %>
+<% end %>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_source.text.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_source.text.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..23a9c7ba3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_source.text.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+<% @source_extracts.first(3).each do |source_extract| %>
+<% if source_extract[:code] %>
+Extracted source (around line #<%= source_extract[:line_number] %>):
+
+<% source_extract[:code].each do |line, source| -%>
+<%= line == source_extract[:line_number] ? "*#{line}" : "##{line}" -%> <%= source -%><% end -%>
+<% end %>
+<% end %>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_trace.html.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_trace.html.erb
index b181909bff..ab57b11c7d 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_trace.html.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_trace.html.erb
@@ -1,9 +1,4 @@
-<%
-   traces = { "Application Trace" => @application_trace,
-              "Framework Trace"   => @framework_trace,
-              "Full Trace"        => @full_trace }
-   names = traces.keys
-%>
+<% names = @traces.keys %>
 
 <p><code>Rails.root: <%= defined?(Rails) && Rails.respond_to?(:root) ? Rails.root : "unset" %></code></p>
 
@@ -16,9 +11,42 @@
     <a href="#" onclick="<%= hide.join %><%= show %>; return false;"><%= name %></a> <%= '|' unless names.last == name %>
   <% end %>
 
-  <% traces.each do |name, trace| %>
-    <div id="<%= name.gsub(/\s/, '-') %>" style="display: <%= (name == "Application Trace") ? 'block' : 'none' %>;">
-      <pre><code><%= trace.join "\n" %></code></pre>
+  <% @traces.each do |name, trace| %>
+    <div id="<%= name.gsub(/\s/, '-') %>" style="display: <%= (name == @trace_to_show) ? 'block' : 'none' %>;">
+      <pre><code><% trace.each do |frame| %><a class="trace-frames" data-frame-id="<%= frame[:id] %>" href="#"><%= frame[:trace] %></a><br><% end %></code></pre>
     </div>
   <% end %>
+
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+    var traceFrames = document.getElementsByClassName('trace-frames');
+    var selectedFrame, currentSource = document.getElementById('frame-source-0');
+
+    // Add click listeners for all stack frames
+    for (var i = 0; i < traceFrames.length; i++) {
+      traceFrames[i].addEventListener('click', function(e) {
+        e.preventDefault();
+        var target = e.target;
+        var frame_id = target.dataset.frameId;
+
+        if (selectedFrame) {
+          selectedFrame.className = selectedFrame.className.replace("selected", "");
+        }
+
+        target.className += " selected";
+        selectedFrame = target;
+
+        // Change the extracted source code
+        changeSourceExtract(frame_id);
+      });
+
+      function changeSourceExtract(frame_id) {
+        var el = document.getElementById('frame-source-' + frame_id);
+        if (currentSource && el) {
+          currentSource.className += " hidden";
+          el.className = el.className.replace(" hidden", "");
+          currentSource = el;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  </script>
 </div>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_trace.text.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_trace.text.erb
index d4af5c9b06..c0b53068f7 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_trace.text.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_trace.text.erb
@@ -1,15 +1,9 @@
-<%
-  traces = { "Application Trace" => @application_trace,
-             "Framework Trace"   => @framework_trace,
-             "Full Trace"        => @full_trace }
-%>
-
 Rails.root: <%= defined?(Rails) && Rails.respond_to?(:root) ? Rails.root : "unset" %>
 
-<% traces.each do |name, trace| %>
+<% @traces.each do |name, trace| %>
 <% if trace.any? %>
 <%= name %>
-<%= trace.join("\n") %>
+<%= trace.map { |t| t[:trace] }.join("\n") %>
 
 <% end %>
 <% end %>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/diagnostics.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/diagnostics.html.erb
index f154021ae6..f154021ae6 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/diagnostics.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/diagnostics.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/diagnostics.text.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/diagnostics.text.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..603de54b8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/diagnostics.text.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+<%= @exception.class.to_s %><%
+  if @request.parameters['controller']
+%> in <%= @request.parameters['controller'].camelize %>Controller<% if @request.parameters['action'] %>#<%= @request.parameters['action'] %><% end %>
+<% end %>
+
+<%= @exception.message %>
+<%= render template: "rescues/_source" %>
+<%= render template: "rescues/_trace" %>
+<%= render template: "rescues/_request_and_response" %>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/layout.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/layout.erb
index bc5d03dc10..e0509f56f4 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/layout.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/layout.erb
@@ -116,9 +116,15 @@
       background-color: #FFCCCC;
     }
 
+    .hidden {
+      display: none;
+    }
+
     a { color: #980905; }
     a:visited { color: #666; }
+    a.trace-frames { color: #666; }
     a:hover { color: #C52F24; }
+    a.trace-frames.selected { color: #C52F24 }
 
     <%= yield :style %>
   </style>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/missing_template.html.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/missing_template.html.erb
index 5c016e544e..2a65fd06ad 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/missing_template.html.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/missing_template.html.erb
@@ -4,4 +4,8 @@
 
 <div id="container">
   <h2><%= h @exception.message %></h2>
+
+  <%= render template: "rescues/_source" %>
+  <%= render template: "rescues/_trace" %>
+  <%= render template: "rescues/_request_and_response" %>
 </div>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/routing_error.html.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/routing_error.html.erb
index 7e9cedb95e..55dd5ddc7b 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/routing_error.html.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/routing_error.html.erb
@@ -27,4 +27,6 @@
 
     <%= @routes_inspector.format(ActionDispatch::Routing::HtmlTableFormatter.new(self)) %>
   <% end %>
+
+  <%= render template: "rescues/_request_and_response" %>
 </div>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/template_error.html.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/template_error.html.erb
index 027a0f5b3e..5060da9369 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/template_error.html.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/template_error.html.erb
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-<% @source_extract = @exception.source_extract(0, :html) %>
 <header>
   <h1>
-    <%= @exception.original_exception.class.to_s %> in
+    <%= @exception.cause.class.to_s %> in
     <%= @request.parameters["controller"].camelize if @request.parameters["controller"] %>#<%= @request.parameters["action"] %>
   </h1>
 </header>
@@ -12,29 +11,7 @@
   </p>
   <pre><code><%= h @exception.message %></code></pre>
 
-  <div class="source">
-    <div class="info">
-      <p>Extracted source (around line <strong>#<%= @exception.line_number %></strong>):</p>
-    </div>
-    <div class="data">
-    <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="lines">
-      <tr>
-        <td>
-          <pre class="line_numbers">
-            <% @source_extract.keys.each do |line_number| %>
-<span><%= line_number -%></span>
-            <% end %>
-          </pre>
-        </td>
-<td width="100%">
-<pre>
-<% @source_extract.each do |line, source| -%><div class="line<%= " active" if line == @exception.line_number -%>"><%= source -%></div><% end -%>
-</pre>
-</td>
-    </tr>
-  </table>
-</div>
-</div>
+  <%= render template: "rescues/_source" %>
 
   <p><%= @exception.sub_template_message %></p>
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/template_error.text.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/template_error.text.erb
index 5da21d9784..78d52acd96 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/template_error.text.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/template_error.text.erb
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-<% @source_extract = @exception.source_extract(0, :html) %>
-<%= @exception.original_exception.class.to_s %> in <%= @request.parameters["controller"].camelize if @request.parameters["controller"] %>#<%= @request.parameters["action"] %>
+<%= @exception.cause.class.to_s %> in <%= @request.parameters["controller"].camelize if @request.parameters["controller"] %>#<%= @request.parameters["action"] %>
 
 Showing <%= @exception.file_name %> where line #<%= @exception.line_number %> raised:
 <%= @exception.message %>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/routes/_route.html.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/routes/_route.html.erb
index 24e44f31ac..6e995c85c1 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/routes/_route.html.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/routes/_route.html.erb
@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@
       <%= route[:name] %><span class='helper'>_path</span>
     <% end %>
   </td>
-  <td data-route-verb='<%= route[:verb] %>'>
+  <td>
     <%= route[:verb] %>
   </td>
-  <td data-route-path='<%= route[:path] %>' data-regexp='<%= route[:regexp] %>'>
+  <td data-route-path='<%= route[:path] %>'>
     <%= route[:path] %>
   </td>
-  <td data-route-reqs='<%= route[:reqs] %>'>
-    <%= route[:reqs] %>
+  <td>
+    <%=simple_format route[:reqs] %>
   </td>
 </tr>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/routes/_table.html.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/routes/_table.html.erb
index 323873ba4b..429ea7057c 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/routes/_table.html.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/routes/_table.html.erb
@@ -1,24 +1,44 @@
 <% content_for :style do %>
   #route_table {
-    margin: 0 auto 0;
+    margin: 0;
     border-collapse: collapse;
   }
 
-  #route_table td {
-    padding: 0 30px;
+  #route_table thead tr {
+    border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd;
+  }
+
+  #route_table thead tr.bottom {
+    border-bottom: none;
   }
 
-  #route_table tr.bottom th {
-    padding-bottom: 10px;
+  #route_table thead tr.bottom th {
+    padding: 10px 0;
     line-height: 15px;
   }
 
-  #route_table .matched_paths {
+  #route_table tbody tr {
+    border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
+  }
+
+  #route_table tbody tr:nth-child(odd) {
+    background: #f2f2f2;
+  }
+
+  #route_table tbody.exact_matches,
+  #route_table tbody.fuzzy_matches {
     background-color: LightGoldenRodYellow;
+    border-bottom: solid 2px SlateGrey;
   }
 
-  #route_table .matched_paths {
-    border-bottom: solid 3px SlateGrey;
+  #route_table tbody.exact_matches tr,
+  #route_table tbody.fuzzy_matches tr {
+    background: none;
+    border-bottom: none;
+  }
+
+  #route_table td {
+    padding: 4px 30px;
   }
 
   #path_search {
@@ -45,13 +65,15 @@
       <th><%# HTTP Verb %>
       </th>
       <th><%# Path %>
-        <%= search_field(:path, nil, id: 'path_search', placeholder: "Path Match") %>
+        <%= search_field(:path, nil, id: 'search', placeholder: "Path Match") %>
       </th>
       <th><%# Controller#action %>
       </th>
     </tr>
   </thead>
-  <tbody class='matched_paths' id='matched_paths'>
+  <tbody class='exact_matches' id='exact_matches'>
+  </tbody>
+  <tbody class='fuzzy_matches' id='fuzzy_matches'>
   </tbody>
   <tbody>
     <%= yield %>
@@ -59,84 +81,114 @@
 </table>
 
 <script type='text/javascript'>
-  function each(elems, func) {
-    if (!elems instanceof Array) { elems = [elems]; }
-    for (var i = 0, len = elems.length; i < len; i++) {
-      func(elems[i]);
-    }
-  }
+  // support forEarch iterator on NodeList
+  NodeList.prototype.forEach = Array.prototype.forEach;
 
-  function setValOn(elems, val) {
-    each(elems, function(elem) {
-      elem.innerHTML = val;
-    });
-  }
-
-  function onClick(elems, func) {
-    each(elems, function(elem) {
-      elem.onclick = func;
-    });
-  }
+  // Enables path search functionality
+  function setupMatchPaths() {
+    // Check if there are any matched results in a section
+    function checkNoMatch(section, noMatchText) {
+      if (section.children.length <= 1) {
+        section.innerHTML += noMatchText;
+      }
+    }
 
-  // Enables functionality to toggle between `_path` and `_url` helper suffixes
-  function setupRouteToggleHelperLinks() {
-    var toggleLinks = document.querySelectorAll('#route_table [data-route-helper]');
-    onClick(toggleLinks, function(){
-      var helperTxt   = this.getAttribute("data-route-helper"),
-          helperElems = document.querySelectorAll('[data-route-name] span.helper');
-      setValOn(helperElems, helperTxt);
-    });
-  }
+    // get JSON from url and invoke callback with result
+    function getJSON(url, success) {
+      var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
+      xhr.open('GET', url);
+      xhr.onload = function() {
+        if (this.status == 200)
+          success(JSON.parse(this.response));
+      };
+      xhr.send();
+    }
 
-  // takes an array of elements with a data-regexp attribute and
-  // passes their parent <tr> into the callback function
-  // if the regexp matches a given path
-  function eachElemsForPath(elems, path, func) {
-    each(elems, function(e){
-      var reg = e.getAttribute("data-regexp");
-      if (path.match(RegExp(reg))) {
-        func(e.parentNode.cloneNode(true));
+    function delayedKeyup(input, callback) {
+      var timeout;
+      input.onkeyup = function(){
+        if (timeout) clearTimeout(timeout);
+        timeout = setTimeout(callback, 300);
       }
-    })
-  }
-
-  // Ensure path always starts with a slash "/" and remove params or fragments
-  function sanitizePath(path) {
-    var path = path.charAt(0) == '/' ? path : "/" + path;
-    return path.replace(/\#.*|\?.*/, '');
-  }
+    }
 
-  // Enables path search functionality
-  function setupMatchPaths() {
-    var regexpElems     = document.querySelectorAll('#route_table [data-regexp]'),
-        pathElem        = document.querySelector('#path_search'),
-        selectedSection = document.querySelector('#matched_paths'),
-        noMatchText     = '<tr><th colspan="4">None</th></tr>';
+    // remove params or fragments
+    function sanitizePath(path) {
+      return path.replace(/[#?].*/, '');
+    }
 
+    var pathElements = document.querySelectorAll('#route_table [data-route-path]'),
+        searchElem   = document.querySelector('#search'),
+        exactSection = document.querySelector('#exact_matches'),
+        fuzzySection = document.querySelector('#fuzzy_matches');
 
-    // Remove matches if no path is present
-    pathElem.onblur = function(e) {
-      if (pathElem.value === "") selectedSection.innerHTML = "";
+    // Remove matches when no search value is present
+    searchElem.onblur = function(e) {
+      if (searchElem.value === "") {
+        exactSection.innerHTML = "";
+        fuzzySection.innerHTML = "";
+      }
     }
 
     // On key press perform a search for matching paths
-    pathElem.onkeyup = function(e){
-      var path        = sanitizePath(pathElem.value),
-          defaultText = '<tr><th colspan="4">Paths Matching (' + path + '):</th></tr>';
+    delayedKeyup(searchElem, function() {
+      var path = sanitizePath(searchElem.value),
+          defaultExactMatch = '<tr><th colspan="4">Paths Matching (' + path +'):</th></tr>',
+          defaultFuzzyMatch = '<tr><th colspan="4">Paths Containing (' + path +'):</th></tr>',
+          noExactMatch      = '<tr><th colspan="4">No Exact Matches Found</th></tr>',
+          noFuzzyMatch      = '<tr><th colspan="4">No Fuzzy Matches Found</th></tr>';
+
+      if (!path)
+        return searchElem.onblur();
+
+      getJSON('/rails/info/routes?path=' + path, function(matches){
+        // Clear out results section
+        exactSection.innerHTML = defaultExactMatch;
+        fuzzySection.innerHTML = defaultFuzzyMatch;
+
+        // Display exact matches and fuzzy matches
+        pathElements.forEach(function(elem) {
+          var elemPath = elem.getAttribute('data-route-path');
+
+          if (matches['exact'].indexOf(elemPath) != -1)
+            exactSection.appendChild(elem.parentNode.cloneNode(true));
+
+          if (matches['fuzzy'].indexOf(elemPath) != -1)
+            fuzzySection.appendChild(elem.parentNode.cloneNode(true));
+        })
+
+        // Display 'No Matches' message when no matches are found
+        checkNoMatch(exactSection, noExactMatch);
+        checkNoMatch(fuzzySection, noFuzzyMatch);
+      })
+    })
+  }
 
-      // Clear out results section
-      selectedSection.innerHTML= defaultText;
+  // Enables functionality to toggle between `_path` and `_url` helper suffixes
+  function setupRouteToggleHelperLinks() {
 
-      // Display matches if they exist
-      eachElemsForPath(regexpElems, path, function(e){
-        selectedSection.appendChild(e);
+    // Sets content for each element
+    function setValOn(elems, val) {
+      elems.forEach(function(elem) {
+        elem.innerHTML = val;
       });
+    }
 
-      // If no match present, tell the user
-      if (selectedSection.innerHTML === defaultText) {
-        selectedSection.innerHTML = selectedSection.innerHTML + noMatchText;
-      }
+    // Sets onClick event for each element
+    function onClick(elems, func) {
+      elems.forEach(function(elem) {
+        elem.onclick = func;
+      });
     }
+
+    var toggleLinks = document.querySelectorAll('#route_table [data-route-helper]');
+
+    onClick(toggleLinks, function(){
+      var helperTxt   = this.getAttribute("data-route-helper"),
+          helperElems = document.querySelectorAll('[data-route-name] span.helper');
+
+      setValOn(helperElems, helperTxt);
+    });
   }
 
   setupMatchPaths();
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/request/session.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/request/session.rb
index 973627f106..9e7fcbd849 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/request/session.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/request/session.rb
@@ -1,56 +1,56 @@
 require 'rack/session/abstract/id'
 
 module ActionDispatch
-  class Request < Rack::Request
+  class Request
     # Session is responsible for lazily loading the session from store.
     class Session # :nodoc:
-      ENV_SESSION_KEY         = Rack::Session::Abstract::ENV_SESSION_KEY # :nodoc:
-      ENV_SESSION_OPTIONS_KEY = Rack::Session::Abstract::ENV_SESSION_OPTIONS_KEY # :nodoc:
+      ENV_SESSION_KEY         = Rack::RACK_SESSION # :nodoc:
+      ENV_SESSION_OPTIONS_KEY = Rack::RACK_SESSION_OPTIONS # :nodoc:
 
       # Singleton object used to determine if an optional param wasn't specified
       Unspecified = Object.new
-
-      def self.create(store, env, default_options)
-        session_was = find env
-        session     = Request::Session.new(store, env)
+      
+      # Creates a session hash, merging the properties of the previous session if any
+      def self.create(store, req, default_options)
+        session_was = find req
+        session     = Request::Session.new(store, req)
         session.merge! session_was if session_was
 
-        set(env, session)
-        Options.set(env, Request::Session::Options.new(store, env, default_options))
+        set(req, session)
+        Options.set(req, Request::Session::Options.new(store, default_options))
         session
       end
 
-      def self.find(env)
-        env[ENV_SESSION_KEY]
+      def self.find(req)
+        req.get_header ENV_SESSION_KEY
       end
 
-      def self.set(env, session)
-        env[ENV_SESSION_KEY] = session
+      def self.set(req, session)
+        req.set_header ENV_SESSION_KEY, session
       end
 
       class Options #:nodoc:
-        def self.set(env, options)
-          env[ENV_SESSION_OPTIONS_KEY] = options
+        def self.set(req, options)
+          req.set_header ENV_SESSION_OPTIONS_KEY, options
         end
 
-        def self.find(env)
-          env[ENV_SESSION_OPTIONS_KEY]
+        def self.find(req)
+          req.get_header ENV_SESSION_OPTIONS_KEY
         end
 
-        def initialize(by, env, default_options)
+        def initialize(by, default_options)
           @by       = by
-          @env      = env
           @delegate = default_options.dup
         end
 
         def [](key)
-          if key == :id
-            @delegate.fetch(key) {
-              @delegate[:id] = @by.send(:extract_session_id, @env)
-            }
-          else
-            @delegate[key]
-          end
+          @delegate[key]
+        end
+
+        def id(req)
+          @delegate.fetch(:id) {
+            @by.send(:extract_session_id, req)
+          }
         end
 
         def []=(k,v);         @delegate[k] = v; end
@@ -58,38 +58,40 @@ module ActionDispatch
         def values_at(*args); @delegate.values_at(*args); end
       end
 
-      def initialize(by, env)
+      def initialize(by, req)
         @by       = by
-        @env      = env
+        @req      = req
         @delegate = {}
         @loaded   = false
         @exists   = nil # we haven't checked yet
       end
 
       def id
-        options[:id]
+        options.id(@req)
       end
 
       def options
-        Options.find @env
+        Options.find @req
       end
 
       def destroy
         clear
         options = self.options || {}
-        new_sid = @by.send(:destroy_session, @env, options[:id], options)
-        options[:id] = new_sid # Reset session id with a new value or nil
+        @by.send(:delete_session, @req, options.id(@req), options)
 
         # Load the new sid to be written with the response
         @loaded = false
         load_for_write!
       end
 
+      # Returns value of the key stored in the session or
+      # nil if the given key is not found in the session.
       def [](key)
         load_for_read!
         @delegate[key.to_s]
       end
 
+      # Returns true if the session has the given key or false.
       def has_key?(key)
         load_for_read!
         @delegate.key?(key.to_s)
@@ -97,39 +99,69 @@ module ActionDispatch
       alias :key? :has_key?
       alias :include? :has_key?
 
+      # Returns keys of the session as Array.
       def keys
         @delegate.keys
       end
 
+      # Returns values of the session as Array.
       def values
         @delegate.values
       end
 
+      # Writes given value to given key of the session.
       def []=(key, value)
         load_for_write!
         @delegate[key.to_s] = value
       end
 
+      # Clears the session.
       def clear
         load_for_write!
         @delegate.clear
       end
 
+      # Returns the session as Hash.
       def to_hash
         load_for_read!
         @delegate.dup.delete_if { |_,v| v.nil? }
       end
 
+      # Updates the session with given Hash.
+      #
+      #   session.to_hash
+      #   # => {"session_id"=>"e29b9ea315edf98aad94cc78c34cc9b2"}
+      #
+      #   session.update({ "foo" => "bar" })
+      #   # => {"session_id"=>"e29b9ea315edf98aad94cc78c34cc9b2", "foo" => "bar"}
+      #
+      #   session.to_hash
+      #   # => {"session_id"=>"e29b9ea315edf98aad94cc78c34cc9b2", "foo" => "bar"}
       def update(hash)
         load_for_write!
         @delegate.update stringify_keys(hash)
       end
 
+      # Deletes given key from the session.
       def delete(key)
         load_for_write!
         @delegate.delete key.to_s
       end
 
+      # Returns value of given key from the session, or raises +KeyError+
+      # if can't find given key in case of not setted dafault value.
+      # Returns default value if specified.
+      #
+      #   session.fetch(:foo)
+      #   # => KeyError: key not found: "foo"
+      #
+      #   session.fetch(:foo, :bar)
+      #   # => :bar
+      #
+      #   session.fetch(:foo) do
+      #     :bar
+      #   end
+      #   # => :bar
       def fetch(key, default=Unspecified, &block)
         load_for_read!
         if default == Unspecified
@@ -149,7 +181,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       def exists?
         return @exists unless @exists.nil?
-        @exists = @by.send(:session_exists?, @env)
+        @exists = @by.send(:session_exists?, @req)
       end
 
       def loaded?
@@ -177,7 +209,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def load!
-        id, session = @by.load_session @env
+        id, session = @by.load_session @req
         options[:id] = id
         @delegate.replace(stringify_keys(session))
         @loaded = true
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/request/utils.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/request/utils.rb
index 9d4f1aa3c5..bb3df3c311 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/request/utils.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/request/utils.rb
@@ -1,32 +1,64 @@
 module ActionDispatch
-  class Request < Rack::Request
+  class Request
     class Utils # :nodoc:
 
       mattr_accessor :perform_deep_munge
       self.perform_deep_munge = true
 
-      class << self
-        # Remove nils from the params hash
-        def deep_munge(hash, keys = [])
-          return hash unless perform_deep_munge
+      def self.normalize_encode_params(params)
+        if perform_deep_munge
+          NoNilParamEncoder.normalize_encode_params params
+        else
+          ParamEncoder.normalize_encode_params params
+        end
+      end
+
+      def self.check_param_encoding(params)
+        case params
+        when Array
+          params.each { |element| check_param_encoding(element) }
+        when Hash
+          params.each_value { |value| check_param_encoding(value) }
+        when String
+          unless params.valid_encoding?
+            # Raise Rack::Utils::InvalidParameterError for consistency with Rack.
+            # ActionDispatch::Request#GET will re-raise as a BadRequest error.
+            raise Rack::Utils::InvalidParameterError, "Non UTF-8 value: #{params}"
+          end
+        end
+      end
 
-          hash.each do |k, v|
-            keys << k
-            case v
-            when Array
-              v.grep(Hash) { |x| deep_munge(x, keys) }
-              v.compact!
-              if v.empty?
-                hash[k] = nil
-                ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("deep_munge.action_controller", keys: keys)
-              end
-            when Hash
-              deep_munge(v, keys)
+      class ParamEncoder # :nodoc:
+        # Convert nested Hash to HashWithIndifferentAccess.
+        #
+        def self.normalize_encode_params(params)
+          case params
+          when Array
+            handle_array params
+          when Hash
+            if params.has_key?(:tempfile)
+              ActionDispatch::Http::UploadedFile.new(params)
+            else
+              params.each_with_object({}) do |(key, val), new_hash|
+                new_hash[key] = normalize_encode_params(val)
+              end.with_indifferent_access
             end
-            keys.pop
+          else
+            params
           end
+        end
+
+        def self.handle_array(params)
+          params.map! { |el| normalize_encode_params(el) }
+        end
+      end
 
-          hash
+      # Remove nils from the params hash
+      class NoNilParamEncoder < ParamEncoder # :nodoc:
+        def self.handle_array(params)
+          list = super
+          list.compact!
+          list
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing.rb
index a9ac2bce1d..59c3f9248f 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: UTF-8
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/to_param'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/regexp'
-
 module ActionDispatch
   # The routing module provides URL rewriting in native Ruby. It's a way to
   # redirect incoming requests to controllers and actions. This replaces
@@ -11,7 +7,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
   # Think of creating routes as drawing a map for your requests. The map tells
   # them where to go based on some predefined pattern:
   #
-  #   AppName::Application.routes.draw do
+  #   Rails.application.routes.draw do
   #     Pattern 1 tells some request to go to one place
   #     Pattern 2 tell them to go to another
   #     ...
@@ -57,7 +53,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
   #     resources :posts, :comments
   #   end
   #
-  # Alternately, you can add prefixes to your path without using a separate
+  # Alternatively, you can add prefixes to your path without using a separate
   # directory by using +scope+. +scope+ takes additional options which
   # apply to all enclosed routes.
   #
@@ -150,6 +146,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
   #     get 'geocode/:postalcode' => :show, constraints: {
   #       postalcode: /\d{5}(-\d{4})?/
   #     }
+  #   end
   #
   # Constraints can include the 'ignorecase' and 'extended syntax' regular
   # expression modifiers:
@@ -231,7 +228,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
   #   def send_to_jail
   #     get '/jail'
   #     assert_response :success
-  #     assert_template "jail/front"
   #   end
   #
   #   def goes_to_login
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/endpoint.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/endpoint.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..88aa13c3e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/endpoint.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+module ActionDispatch
+  module Routing
+    class Endpoint # :nodoc:
+      def dispatcher?;   false; end
+      def redirect?;     false; end
+      def matches?(req); true;  end
+      def app;           self;  end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/inspector.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/inspector.rb
index 71a0c5e826..f3a5268d2e 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/inspector.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/inspector.rb
@@ -5,26 +5,15 @@ module ActionDispatch
   module Routing
     class RouteWrapper < SimpleDelegator
       def endpoint
-        rack_app ? rack_app.inspect : "#{controller}##{action}"
+        app.dispatcher? ? "#{controller}##{action}" : rack_app.inspect
       end
 
       def constraints
         requirements.except(:controller, :action)
       end
 
-      def rack_app(app = self.app)
-        @rack_app ||= begin
-          class_name = app.class.name.to_s
-          if class_name == "ActionDispatch::Routing::Mapper::Constraints"
-            rack_app(app.app)
-          elsif ActionDispatch::Routing::Redirect === app || class_name !~ /^ActionDispatch::Routing/
-            app
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      def verb
-        super.source.gsub(/[$^]/, '')
+      def rack_app
+        app.app
       end
 
       def path
@@ -35,27 +24,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
         super.to_s
       end
 
-      def regexp
-        __getobj__.path.to_regexp
-      end
-
-      def json_regexp
-        str = regexp.inspect.
-              sub('\\A' , '^').
-              sub('\\Z' , '$').
-              sub('\\z' , '$').
-              sub(/^\// , '').
-              sub(/\/[a-z]*$/ , '').
-              gsub(/\(\?#.+\)/ , '').
-              gsub(/\(\?-\w+:/ , '(').
-              gsub(/\s/ , '')
-        Regexp.new(str).source
-      end
-
       def reqs
         @reqs ||= begin
           reqs = endpoint
-          reqs += " #{constraints.to_s}" unless constraints.empty?
+          reqs += " #{constraints}" unless constraints.empty?
           reqs
         end
       end
@@ -69,11 +41,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def internal?
-        controller.to_s =~ %r{\Arails/(info|mailers|welcome)} || path =~ %r{\A#{Rails.application.config.assets.prefix}\z}
+        controller.to_s =~ %r{\Arails/(info|mailers|welcome)}
       end
 
       def engine?
-        rack_app && rack_app.respond_to?(:routes)
+        rack_app.respond_to?(:routes)
       end
     end
 
@@ -121,16 +93,13 @@ module ActionDispatch
       def collect_routes(routes)
         routes.collect do |route|
           RouteWrapper.new(route)
-        end.reject do |route|
-          route.internal?
-        end.collect do |route|
+        end.reject(&:internal?).collect do |route|
           collect_engine_routes(route)
 
-          { name:   route.name,
-            verb:   route.verb,
-            path:   route.path,
-            reqs:   route.reqs,
-            regexp: route.json_regexp }
+          { name: route.name,
+            verb: route.verb,
+            path: route.path,
+            reqs: route.reqs }
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/mapper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/mapper.rb
index 0b762aa9a4..18cd205bad 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/mapper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/mapper.rb
@@ -1,311 +1,375 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/except'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/reverse_merge'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/enumerable'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method'
-require 'active_support/inflector'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/regexp'
 require 'action_dispatch/routing/redirection'
+require 'action_dispatch/routing/endpoint'
 
 module ActionDispatch
   module Routing
     class Mapper
       URL_OPTIONS = [:protocol, :subdomain, :domain, :host, :port]
-      SCOPE_OPTIONS = [:path, :shallow_path, :as, :shallow_prefix, :module,
-                       :controller, :action, :path_names, :constraints,
-                       :shallow, :blocks, :defaults, :options]
-
-      class Constraints #:nodoc:
-        def self.new(app, constraints, request = Rack::Request)
-          if constraints.any?
-            super(app, constraints, request)
-          else
-            app
-          end
-        end
 
+      class Constraints < Routing::Endpoint #:nodoc:
         attr_reader :app, :constraints
 
-        def initialize(app, constraints, request)
-          @app, @constraints, @request = app, constraints, request
+        SERVE = ->(app, req) { app.serve req }
+        CALL  = ->(app, req) { app.call req.env }
+
+        def initialize(app, constraints, strategy)
+          # Unwrap Constraints objects.  I don't actually think it's possible
+          # to pass a Constraints object to this constructor, but there were
+          # multiple places that kept testing children of this object.  I
+          # *think* they were just being defensive, but I have no idea.
+          if app.is_a?(self.class)
+            constraints += app.constraints
+            app = app.app
+          end
+
+          @strategy = strategy
+
+          @app, @constraints, = app, constraints
         end
 
-        def matches?(env)
-          req = @request.new(env)
+        def dispatcher?; @strategy == SERVE; end
 
+        def matches?(req)
           @constraints.all? do |constraint|
             (constraint.respond_to?(:matches?) && constraint.matches?(req)) ||
               (constraint.respond_to?(:call) && constraint.call(*constraint_args(constraint, req)))
           end
-        ensure
-          req.reset_parameters
         end
 
-        def call(env)
-          matches?(env) ? @app.call(env) : [ 404, {'X-Cascade' => 'pass'}, [] ]
+        def serve(req)
+          return [ 404, {'X-Cascade' => 'pass'}, [] ] unless matches?(req)
+
+          @strategy.call @app, req
         end
 
         private
           def constraint_args(constraint, request)
-            constraint.arity == 1 ? [request] : [request.symbolized_path_parameters, request]
+            constraint.arity == 1 ? [request] : [request.path_parameters, request]
           end
       end
 
       class Mapping #:nodoc:
-        IGNORE_OPTIONS = [:to, :as, :via, :on, :constraints, :defaults, :only, :except, :anchor, :shallow, :shallow_path, :shallow_prefix, :format]
         ANCHOR_CHARACTERS_REGEX = %r{\A(\\A|\^)|(\\Z|\\z|\$)\Z}
-        WILDCARD_PATH = %r{\*([^/\)]+)\)?$}
 
-        attr_reader :scope, :path, :options, :requirements, :conditions, :defaults
+        attr_reader :requirements, :defaults
+        attr_reader :to, :default_controller, :default_action
+        attr_reader :required_defaults, :ast
 
-        def initialize(set, scope, path, options)
-          @set, @scope, @path, @options = set, scope, path, options
-          @requirements, @conditions, @defaults = {}, {}, {}
+        def self.build(scope, set, ast, controller, default_action, to, via, formatted, options_constraints, anchor, options)
+          options = scope[:options].merge(options) if scope[:options]
 
-          normalize_options!
-          normalize_path!
-          normalize_requirements!
-          normalize_conditions!
-          normalize_defaults!
-        end
+          defaults = (scope[:defaults] || {}).dup
+          scope_constraints = scope[:constraints] || {}
 
-        def to_route
-          [ app, conditions, requirements, defaults, options[:as], options[:anchor] ]
+          new set, ast, defaults, controller, default_action, scope[:module], to, formatted, scope_constraints, scope[:blocks] || [], via, options_constraints, anchor, options
         end
 
-        private
+        def self.check_via(via)
+          if via.empty?
+            msg = "You should not use the `match` method in your router without specifying an HTTP method.\n" \
+              "If you want to expose your action to both GET and POST, add `via: [:get, :post]` option.\n" \
+              "If you want to expose your action to GET, use `get` in the router:\n" \
+              "  Instead of: match \"controller#action\"\n" \
+              "  Do: get \"controller#action\""
+            raise ArgumentError, msg
+          end
+          via
+        end
 
-          def normalize_path!
-            raise ArgumentError, "path is required" if @path.blank?
-            @path = Mapper.normalize_path(@path)
+        def self.normalize_path(path, format)
+          path = Mapper.normalize_path(path)
 
-            if required_format?
-              @path = "#{@path}.:format"
-            elsif optional_format?
-              @path = "#{@path}(.:format)"
-            end
+          if format == true
+            "#{path}.:format"
+          elsif optional_format?(path, format)
+            "#{path}(.:format)"
+          else
+            path
           end
+        end
+
+        def self.optional_format?(path, format)
+          format != false && !path.include?(':format') && !path.end_with?('/')
+        end
+
+        def initialize(set, ast, defaults, controller, default_action, modyoule, to, formatted, scope_constraints, blocks, via, options_constraints, anchor, options)
+          @defaults = defaults
+          @set = set
+
+          @to                 = to
+          @default_controller = controller
+          @default_action     = default_action
+          @ast                = ast
+          @anchor             = anchor
+          @via                = via
+
+          path_params = ast.find_all(&:symbol?).map(&:to_sym)
+
+          options = add_wildcard_options(options, formatted, ast)
 
-          def required_format?
-            options[:format] == true
+          options = normalize_options!(options, path_params, modyoule)
+
+          split_options = constraints(options, path_params)
+
+          constraints = scope_constraints.merge Hash[split_options[:constraints] || []]
+
+          if options_constraints.is_a?(Hash)
+            @defaults = Hash[options_constraints.find_all { |key, default|
+              URL_OPTIONS.include?(key) && (String === default || Fixnum === default)
+            }].merge @defaults
+            @blocks = blocks
+            constraints.merge! options_constraints
+          else
+            @blocks = blocks(options_constraints)
           end
 
-          def optional_format?
-            options[:format] != false && !path.include?(':format') && !path.end_with?('/')
+          requirements, conditions = split_constraints path_params, constraints
+          verify_regexp_requirements requirements.map(&:last).grep(Regexp)
+
+          formats = normalize_format(formatted)
+
+          @requirements = formats[:requirements].merge Hash[requirements]
+          @conditions = Hash[conditions]
+          @defaults = formats[:defaults].merge(@defaults).merge(normalize_defaults(options))
+
+          @required_defaults = (split_options[:required_defaults] || []).map(&:first)
+        end
+
+        def make_route(name, precedence)
+          route = Journey::Route.new(name,
+                            application,
+                            path,
+                            conditions,
+                            required_defaults,
+                            defaults,
+                            request_method,
+                            precedence)
+
+          route
+        end
+
+        def application
+          app(@blocks)
+        end
+
+        def path
+          build_path @ast, requirements, @anchor
+        end
+
+        def conditions
+          build_conditions @conditions, @set.request_class
+        end
+
+        def build_conditions(current_conditions, request_class)
+          conditions = current_conditions.dup
+
+          conditions.keep_if do |k, _|
+            request_class.public_method_defined?(k)
           end
+        end
+        private :build_conditions
+
+        def request_method
+          @via.map { |x| Journey::Route.verb_matcher(x) }
+        end
+        private :request_method
 
-          def normalize_options!
-            @options.reverse_merge!(scope[:options]) if scope[:options]
-            path_without_format = path.sub(/\(\.:format\)$/, '')
+        JOINED_SEPARATORS = SEPARATORS.join # :nodoc:
 
+        def build_path(ast, requirements, anchor)
+          pattern = Journey::Path::Pattern.new(ast, requirements, JOINED_SEPARATORS, anchor)
+
+          # Get all the symbol nodes followed by literals that are not the
+          # dummy node.
+          symbols = ast.find_all { |n|
+            n.cat? && n.left.symbol? && n.right.cat? && n.right.left.literal?
+          }.map(&:left)
+
+          # Get all the symbol nodes preceded by literals.
+          symbols.concat ast.find_all { |n|
+            n.cat? && n.left.literal? && n.right.cat? && n.right.left.symbol?
+          }.map { |n| n.right.left }
+
+          symbols.each { |x|
+            x.regexp = /(?:#{Regexp.union(x.regexp, '-')})+/
+          }
+
+          pattern
+        end
+        private :build_path
+
+
+        private
+          def add_wildcard_options(options, formatted, path_ast)
             # Add a constraint for wildcard route to make it non-greedy and match the
             # optional format part of the route by default
-            if path_without_format.match(WILDCARD_PATH) && @options[:format] != false
-              @options[$1.to_sym] ||= /.+?/
+            if formatted != false
+              path_ast.grep(Journey::Nodes::Star).each_with_object({}) { |node, hash|
+                hash[node.name.to_sym] ||= /.+?/
+              }.merge options
+            else
+              options
             end
+          end
 
-            if path_without_format.match(':controller')
-              raise ArgumentError, ":controller segment is not allowed within a namespace block" if scope[:module]
+          def normalize_options!(options, path_params, modyoule)
+            if path_params.include?(:controller)
+              raise ArgumentError, ":controller segment is not allowed within a namespace block" if modyoule
 
               # Add a default constraint for :controller path segments that matches namespaced
               # controllers with default routes like :controller/:action/:id(.:format), e.g:
               # GET /admin/products/show/1
               # => { controller: 'admin/products', action: 'show', id: '1' }
-              @options[:controller] ||= /.+?/
+              options[:controller] ||= /.+?/
             end
 
-            @options.merge!(default_controller_and_action)
-          end
+            if to.respond_to? :call
+              options
+            else
+              to_endpoint = split_to to
+              controller  = to_endpoint[0] || default_controller
+              action      = to_endpoint[1] || default_action
 
-          def normalize_requirements!
-            constraints.each do |key, requirement|
-              next unless segment_keys.include?(key) || key == :controller
-              verify_regexp_requirement(requirement) if requirement.is_a?(Regexp)
-              @requirements[key] = requirement
-            end
+              controller = add_controller_module(controller, modyoule)
 
-            if options[:format] == true
-              @requirements[:format] ||= /.+/
-            elsif Regexp === options[:format]
-              @requirements[:format] = options[:format]
-            elsif String === options[:format]
-              @requirements[:format] = Regexp.compile(options[:format])
+              options.merge! check_controller_and_action(path_params, controller, action)
             end
           end
 
-          def verify_regexp_requirement(requirement)
-            if requirement.source =~ ANCHOR_CHARACTERS_REGEX
-              raise ArgumentError, "Regexp anchor characters are not allowed in routing requirements: #{requirement.inspect}"
-            end
-
-            if requirement.multiline?
-              raise ArgumentError, "Regexp multiline option is not allowed in routing requirements: #{requirement.inspect}"
+          def split_constraints(path_params, constraints)
+            constraints.partition do |key, requirement|
+              path_params.include?(key) || key == :controller
             end
           end
 
-          def normalize_defaults!
-            @defaults.merge!(scope[:defaults]) if scope[:defaults]
-            @defaults.merge!(options[:defaults]) if options[:defaults]
-
-            options.each do |key, default|
-              unless Regexp === default || IGNORE_OPTIONS.include?(key)
-                @defaults[key] = default
-              end
-            end
-
-            if options[:constraints].is_a?(Hash)
-              options[:constraints].each do |key, default|
-                if URL_OPTIONS.include?(key) && (String === default || Fixnum === default)
-                  @defaults[key] ||= default
-                end
-              end
-            end
-
-            if Regexp === options[:format]
-              @defaults[:format] = nil
-            elsif String === options[:format]
-              @defaults[:format] = options[:format]
+          def normalize_format(formatted)
+            case formatted
+            when true
+              { requirements: { format: /.+/ },
+                defaults:     {} }
+            when Regexp
+              { requirements: { format: formatted },
+                defaults:     { format: nil } }
+            when String
+              { requirements: { format: Regexp.compile(formatted) },
+                defaults:     { format: formatted } }
+            else
+              { requirements: { }, defaults: { } }
             end
           end
 
-          def normalize_conditions!
-            @conditions[:path_info] = path
-
-            constraints.each do |key, condition|
-              unless segment_keys.include?(key) || key == :controller
-                @conditions[key] = condition
+          def verify_regexp_requirements(requirements)
+            requirements.each do |requirement|
+              if requirement.source =~ ANCHOR_CHARACTERS_REGEX
+                raise ArgumentError, "Regexp anchor characters are not allowed in routing requirements: #{requirement.inspect}"
               end
-            end
 
-            required_defaults = []
-            options.each do |key, required_default|
-              unless segment_keys.include?(key) || IGNORE_OPTIONS.include?(key) || Regexp === required_default
-                required_defaults << key
+              if requirement.multiline?
+                raise ArgumentError, "Regexp multiline option is not allowed in routing requirements: #{requirement.inspect}"
               end
             end
-            @conditions[:required_defaults] = required_defaults
-
-            via_all = options.delete(:via) if options[:via] == :all
-
-            if !via_all && options[:via].blank?
-              msg = "You should not use the `match` method in your router without specifying an HTTP method.\n" \
-                    "If you want to expose your action to both GET and POST, add `via: [:get, :post]` option.\n" \
-                    "If you want to expose your action to GET, use `get` in the router:\n" \
-                    "  Instead of: match \"controller#action\"\n" \
-                    "  Do: get \"controller#action\""
-              raise msg
-            end
-
-            if via = options[:via]
-              @conditions[:request_method] = Array(via).map { |m| m.to_s.dasherize.upcase }
-            end
           end
 
-          def app
-            Constraints.new(endpoint, blocks, @set.request_class)
+          def normalize_defaults(options)
+            Hash[options.reject { |_, default| Regexp === default }]
           end
 
-          def default_controller_and_action
-            if to.respond_to?(:call)
-              { }
+          def app(blocks)
+            if to.is_a?(Class) && to < ActionController::Metal
+              Routing::RouteSet::StaticDispatcher.new to
             else
-              if to.is_a?(String)
-                controller, action = to.split('#')
-              elsif to.is_a?(Symbol)
-                action = to.to_s
-              end
-
-              controller ||= default_controller
-              action     ||= default_action
-
-              if @scope[:module] && !controller.is_a?(Regexp)
-                if controller =~ %r{\A/}
-                  controller = controller[1..-1]
-                else
-                  controller = [@scope[:module], controller].compact.join("/").presence
-                end
-              end
-
-              if controller.is_a?(String) && controller =~ %r{\A/}
-                raise ArgumentError, "controller name should not start with a slash"
+              if to.respond_to?(:call)
+                Constraints.new(to, blocks, Constraints::CALL)
+              elsif blocks.any?
+                Constraints.new(dispatcher(defaults.key?(:controller)), blocks, Constraints::SERVE)
+              else
+                dispatcher(defaults.key?(:controller))
               end
+            end
+          end
 
-              controller = controller.to_s unless controller.is_a?(Regexp)
-              action     = action.to_s     unless action.is_a?(Regexp)
+          def check_controller_and_action(path_params, controller, action)
+            hash = check_part(:controller, controller, path_params, {}) do |part|
+              translate_controller(part) {
+                message = "'#{part}' is not a supported controller name. This can lead to potential routing problems."
+                message << " See http://guides.rubyonrails.org/routing.html#specifying-a-controller-to-use"
 
-              if controller.blank? && segment_keys.exclude?(:controller)
-                message = "Missing :controller key on routes definition, please check your routes."
                 raise ArgumentError, message
-              end
+              }
+            end
 
-              if action.blank? && segment_keys.exclude?(:action)
-                message = "Missing :action key on routes definition, please check your routes."
-                raise ArgumentError, message
-              end
+            check_part(:action, action, path_params, hash) { |part|
+              part.is_a?(Regexp) ? part : part.to_s
+            }
+          end
 
-              if controller.is_a?(String) && controller !~ /\A[a-z_0-9\/]*\z/
-                message = "'#{controller}' is not a supported controller name. This can lead to potential routing problems."
-                message << " See http://guides.rubyonrails.org/routing.html#specifying-a-controller-to-use"
+          def check_part(name, part, path_params, hash)
+            if part
+              hash[name] = yield(part)
+            else
+              unless path_params.include?(name)
+                message = "Missing :#{name} key on routes definition, please check your routes."
                 raise ArgumentError, message
               end
-
-              hash = {}
-              hash[:controller] = controller unless controller.blank?
-              hash[:action]     = action unless action.blank?
-              hash
             end
+            hash
           end
 
-          def blocks
-            if options[:constraints].present? && !options[:constraints].is_a?(Hash)
-              [options[:constraints]]
+          def split_to(to)
+            if to =~ /#/
+              to.split('#')
             else
-              scope[:blocks] || []
+              []
             end
           end
 
-          def constraints
-            @constraints ||= {}.tap do |constraints|
-              constraints.merge!(scope[:constraints]) if scope[:constraints]
-
-              options.except(*IGNORE_OPTIONS).each do |key, option|
-                constraints[key] = option if Regexp === option
+          def add_controller_module(controller, modyoule)
+            if modyoule && !controller.is_a?(Regexp)
+              if controller =~ %r{\A/}
+                controller[1..-1]
+              else
+                [modyoule, controller].compact.join("/")
               end
-
-              constraints.merge!(options[:constraints]) if options[:constraints].is_a?(Hash)
+            else
+              controller
             end
           end
 
-          def segment_keys
-            @segment_keys ||= path_pattern.names.map{ |s| s.to_sym }
-          end
-
-          def path_pattern
-            Journey::Path::Pattern.new(strexp)
-          end
-
-          def strexp
-            Journey::Router::Strexp.compile(path, requirements, SEPARATORS)
-          end
-
-          def endpoint
-            to.respond_to?(:call) ? to : dispatcher
-          end
+          def translate_controller(controller)
+            return controller if Regexp === controller
+            return controller.to_s if controller =~ /\A[a-z_0-9][a-z_0-9\/]*\z/
 
-          def dispatcher
-            Routing::RouteSet::Dispatcher.new(:defaults => defaults)
+            yield
           end
 
-          def to
-            options[:to]
+          def blocks(callable_constraint)
+            unless callable_constraint.respond_to?(:call) || callable_constraint.respond_to?(:matches?)
+              raise ArgumentError, "Invalid constraint: #{callable_constraint.inspect} must respond to :call or :matches?"
+            end
+            [callable_constraint]
           end
 
-          def default_controller
-            options[:controller] || scope[:controller]
+          def constraints(options, path_params)
+            options.group_by do |key, option|
+              if Regexp === option
+                :constraints
+              else
+                if path_params.include?(key)
+                  :path_params
+                else
+                  :required_defaults
+                end
+              end
+            end
           end
 
-          def default_action
-            options[:action] || scope[:action]
+          def dispatcher(raise_on_name_error)
+            Routing::RouteSet::Dispatcher.new raise_on_name_error
           end
       end
 
@@ -337,44 +401,65 @@ module ActionDispatch
         # because this means it will be matched first. As this is the most popular route
         # of most Rails applications, this is beneficial.
         def root(options = {})
-          match '/', { :as => :root, :via => :get }.merge!(options)
+          name = has_named_route?(:root) ? nil : :root
+          match '/', { as: name, via:  :get }.merge!(options)
         end
 
-        # Matches a url pattern to one or more routes. Any symbols in a pattern
-        # are interpreted as url query parameters and thus available as +params+
-        # in an action:
+        # Matches a url pattern to one or more routes.
+        #
+        # You should not use the +match+ method in your router
+        # without specifying an HTTP method.
+        #
+        # If you want to expose your action to both GET and POST, use:
         #
         #   # sets :controller, :action and :id in params
-        #   match ':controller/:action/:id'
+        #   match ':controller/:action/:id', via: [:get, :post]
+        #
+        # Note that +:controller+, +:action+ and +:id+ are interpreted as url
+        # query parameters and thus available through +params+ in an action.
+        #
+        # If you want to expose your action to GET, use +get+ in the router:
+        #
+        # Instead of:
+        #
+        #   match ":controller/:action/:id"
+        #
+        # Do:
+        #
+        #   get ":controller/:action/:id"
         #
         # Two of these symbols are special, +:controller+ maps to the controller
         # and +:action+ to the controller's action. A pattern can also map
         # wildcard segments (globs) to params:
         #
-        #   match 'songs/*category/:title', to: 'songs#show'
+        #   get 'songs/*category/:title', to: 'songs#show'
         #
         #   # 'songs/rock/classic/stairway-to-heaven' sets
         #   #  params[:category] = 'rock/classic'
         #   #  params[:title] = 'stairway-to-heaven'
         #
+        # To match a wildcard parameter, it must have a name assigned to it.
+        # Without a variable name to attach the glob parameter to, the route
+        # can't be parsed.
+        #
         # When a pattern points to an internal route, the route's +:action+ and
         # +:controller+ should be set in options or hash shorthand. Examples:
         #
-        #   match 'photos/:id' => 'photos#show'
-        #   match 'photos/:id', to: 'photos#show'
-        #   match 'photos/:id', controller: 'photos', action: 'show'
+        #   match 'photos/:id' => 'photos#show', via: :get
+        #   match 'photos/:id', to: 'photos#show', via: :get
+        #   match 'photos/:id', controller: 'photos', action: 'show', via: :get
         #
         # A pattern can also point to a +Rack+ endpoint i.e. anything that
         # responds to +call+:
         #
-        #   match 'photos/:id', to: lambda {|hash| [200, {}, ["Coming soon"]] }
-        #   match 'photos/:id', to: PhotoRackApp
+        #   match 'photos/:id', to: -> (hash) { [200, {}, ["Coming soon"]] }, via: :get
+        #   match 'photos/:id', to: PhotoRackApp, via: :get
         #   # Yes, controller actions are just rack endpoints
-        #   match 'photos/:id', to: PhotosController.action(:show)
+        #   match 'photos/:id', to: PhotosController.action(:show), via: :get
         #
         # Because requesting various HTTP verbs with a single action has security
         # implications, you must either specify the actions in
-        # the via options or use one of the HtttpHelpers[rdoc-ref:HttpHelpers]
+        # the via options or use one of the HttpHelpers[rdoc-ref:HttpHelpers]
         # instead +match+
         #
         # === Options
@@ -387,13 +472,34 @@ module ActionDispatch
         # [:action]
         #   The route's action.
         #
+        # [:param]
+        #   Overrides the default resource identifier +:id+ (name of the
+        #   dynamic segment used to generate the routes).
+        #   You can access that segment from your controller using
+        #   <tt>params[<:param>]</tt>.
+        #   In your router:
+        #
+        #      resources :user, param: :name
+        #
+        #   You can override <tt>ActiveRecord::Base#to_param</tt> of a related
+        #   model to construct a URL:
+        #
+        #      class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+        #        def to_param
+        #          name
+        #        end
+        #      end
+        #
+        #   user = User.find_by(name: 'Phusion')
+        #   user_path(user)  # => "/users/Phusion"
+        #
         # [:path]
         #   The path prefix for the routes.
         #
         # [:module]
         #   The namespace for :controller.
         #
-        #     match 'path', to: 'c#a', module: 'sekret', controller: 'posts'
+        #     match 'path', to: 'c#a', module: 'sekret', controller: 'posts', via: :get
         #     # => Sekret::PostsController
         #
         #   See <tt>Scoping#namespace</tt> for its scope equivalent.
@@ -412,9 +518,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
         #   Points to a +Rack+ endpoint. Can be an object that responds to
         #   +call+ or a string representing a controller's action.
         #
-        #      match 'path', to: 'controller#action'
-        #      match 'path', to: lambda { |env| [200, {}, ["Success!"]] }
-        #      match 'path', to: RackApp
+        #      match 'path', to: 'controller#action', via: :get
+        #      match 'path', to: -> (env) { [200, {}, ["Success!"]] }, via: :get
+        #      match 'path', to: RackApp, via: :get
         #
         # [:on]
         #   Shorthand for wrapping routes in a specific RESTful context. Valid
@@ -439,14 +545,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
         #   other than path can also be specified with any object
         #   that responds to <tt>===</tt> (eg. String, Array, Range, etc.).
         #
-        #     match 'path/:id', constraints: { id: /[A-Z]\d{5}/ }
+        #     match 'path/:id', constraints: { id: /[A-Z]\d{5}/ }, via: :get
         #
-        #     match 'json_only', constraints: { format: 'json' }
+        #     match 'json_only', constraints: { format: 'json' }, via: :get
         #
         #     class Whitelist
         #       def matches?(request) request.remote_ip == '1.2.3.4' end
         #     end
-        #     match 'path', to: 'c#a', constraints: Whitelist.new
+        #     match 'path', to: 'c#a', constraints: Whitelist.new, via: :get
         #
         #   See <tt>Scoping#constraints</tt> for more examples with its scope
         #   equivalent.
@@ -455,7 +561,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         #   Sets defaults for parameters
         #
         #     # Sets params[:format] to 'jpg' by default
-        #     match 'path', to: 'c#a', defaults: { format: 'jpg' }
+        #     match 'path', to: 'c#a', defaults: { format: 'jpg' }, via: :get
         #
         #   See <tt>Scoping#defaults</tt> for its scope equivalent.
         #
@@ -464,7 +570,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         #   false, the pattern matches any request prefixed with the given path.
         #
         #     # Matches any request starting with 'path'
-        #     match 'path', to: 'c#a', anchor: false
+        #     match 'path', to: 'c#a', anchor: false, via: :get
         #
         # [:format]
         #   Allows you to specify the default value for optional +format+
@@ -494,25 +600,30 @@ module ActionDispatch
         def mount(app, options = nil)
           if options
             path = options.delete(:at)
-          else
-            unless Hash === app
-              raise ArgumentError, "must be called with mount point"
-            end
-
+          elsif Hash === app
             options = app
             app, path = options.find { |k, _| k.respond_to?(:call) }
             options.delete(app) if app
           end
 
-          raise "A rack application must be specified" unless path
+          raise ArgumentError, "A rack application must be specified" unless app.respond_to?(:call)
+          raise ArgumentError, <<-MSG.strip_heredoc unless path
+            Must be called with mount point
+
+              mount SomeRackApp, at: "some_route"
+              or
+              mount(SomeRackApp => "some_route")
+          MSG
+
+          rails_app = rails_app? app
+          options[:as] ||= app_name(app, rails_app)
 
-          options[:as]  ||= app_name(app)
           target_as       = name_for_action(options[:as], path)
           options[:via] ||= :all
 
           match(path, options.merge(:to => app, :anchor => false, :format => false))
 
-          define_generate_prefix(app, target_as)
+          define_generate_prefix(app, target_as) if rails_app
           self
         end
 
@@ -529,39 +640,41 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         # Query if the following named route was already defined.
         def has_named_route?(name)
-          @set.named_routes.routes[name.to_sym]
+          @set.named_routes.key? name
         end
 
         private
-          def app_name(app)
-            return unless app.respond_to?(:routes)
+          def rails_app?(app)
+            app.is_a?(Class) && app < Rails::Railtie
+          end
 
-            if app.respond_to?(:railtie_name)
+          def app_name(app, rails_app)
+            if rails_app
               app.railtie_name
-            else
-              class_name = app.class.is_a?(Class) ? app.name : app.class.name
+            elsif app.is_a?(Class)
+              class_name = app.name
               ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore(class_name).tr("/", "_")
             end
           end
 
           def define_generate_prefix(app, name)
-            return unless app.respond_to?(:routes) && app.routes.respond_to?(:define_mounted_helper)
-
-            _route = @set.named_routes.routes[name.to_sym]
+            _route = @set.named_routes.get name
             _routes = @set
             app.routes.define_mounted_helper(name)
-            app.routes.singleton_class.class_eval do
-              redefine_method :mounted? do
-                true
-              end
-
-              redefine_method :_generate_prefix do |options|
-                prefix_options = options.slice(*_route.segment_keys)
-                # we must actually delete prefix segment keys to avoid passing them to next url_for
-                _route.segment_keys.each { |k| options.delete(k) }
-                _routes.url_helpers.send("#{name}_path", prefix_options)
+            app.routes.extend Module.new {
+              def optimize_routes_generation?; false; end
+              define_method :find_script_name do |options|
+                if options.key? :script_name
+                  super(options)
+                else
+                  prefix_options = options.slice(*_route.segment_keys)
+                  prefix_options[:relative_url_root] = ''.freeze
+                  # we must actually delete prefix segment keys to avoid passing them to next url_for
+                  _route.segment_keys.each { |k| options.delete(k) }
+                  _routes.url_helpers.send("#{name}_path", prefix_options)
+                end
               end
-            end
+            }
           end
       end
 
@@ -610,7 +723,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
           def map_method(method, args, &block)
             options = args.extract_options!
             options[:via] = method
-            match(*args, options, &block)
+            if options.key?(:defaults)
+              defaults(options.delete(:defaults)) { match(*args, options, &block) }
+            else
+              match(*args, options, &block)
+            end
             self
           end
       end
@@ -648,7 +765,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #   resources :posts, module: "admin"
       #
       # If you want to route /admin/posts to +PostsController+
-      # (without the Admin:: module prefix), you could use
+      # (without the <tt>Admin::</tt> module prefix), you could use
       #
       #   scope "/admin" do
       #     resources :posts
@@ -702,18 +819,19 @@ module ActionDispatch
         #   end
         def scope(*args)
           options = args.extract_options!.dup
-          recover = {}
+          scope = {}
 
           options[:path] = args.flatten.join('/') if args.any?
           options[:constraints] ||= {}
 
-          unless shallow?
-            options[:shallow_path] = options[:path] if args.any?
+          unless nested_scope?
+            options[:shallow_path] ||= options[:path] if options.key?(:path)
+            options[:shallow_prefix] ||= options[:as] if options.key?(:as)
           end
 
           if options[:constraints].is_a?(Hash)
-            defaults = options[:constraints].select do
-              |k, v| URL_OPTIONS.include?(k) && (v.is_a?(String) || v.is_a?(Fixnum))
+            defaults = options[:constraints].select do |k, v|
+              URL_OPTIONS.include?(k) && (v.is_a?(String) || v.is_a?(Fixnum))
             end
 
             (options[:defaults] ||= {}).reverse_merge!(defaults)
@@ -721,35 +839,48 @@ module ActionDispatch
             block, options[:constraints] = options[:constraints], {}
           end
 
-          SCOPE_OPTIONS.each do |option|
+          if options.key?(:only) || options.key?(:except)
+            scope[:action_options] = { only: options.delete(:only),
+                                       except: options.delete(:except) }
+          end
+
+          if options.key? :anchor
+            raise ArgumentError, 'anchor is ignored unless passed to `match`'
+          end
+
+          @scope.options.each do |option|
             if option == :blocks
               value = block
             elsif option == :options
               value = options
             else
-              value = options.delete(option)
+              value = options.delete(option) { POISON }
             end
 
-            if value
-              recover[option] = @scope[option]
-              @scope[option]  = send("merge_#{option}_scope", @scope[option], value)
+            unless POISON == value
+              scope[option] = send("merge_#{option}_scope", @scope[option], value)
             end
           end
 
+          @scope = @scope.new scope
           yield
           self
         ensure
-          @scope.merge!(recover)
+          @scope = @scope.parent
         end
 
+        POISON = Object.new # :nodoc:
+
         # Scopes routes to a specific controller
         #
         #   controller "food" do
-        #     match "bacon", action: "bacon"
+        #     match "bacon", action: :bacon, via: :get
         #   end
-        def controller(controller, options={})
-          options[:controller] = controller
-          scope(options) { yield }
+        def controller(controller)
+          @scope = @scope.new(controller: controller)
+          yield
+        ensure
+          @scope = @scope.parent
         end
 
         # Scopes routes to a specific namespace. For example:
@@ -792,9 +923,17 @@ module ActionDispatch
         #   end
         def namespace(path, options = {})
           path = path.to_s
-          options = { :path => path, :as => path, :module => path,
-                      :shallow_path => path, :shallow_prefix => path }.merge!(options)
-          scope(options) { yield }
+
+          defaults = {
+            module:         path,
+            as:             options.fetch(:as, path),
+            shallow_path:   options.fetch(:path, path),
+            shallow_prefix: options.fetch(:as, path)
+          }
+
+          path_scope(options.delete(:path) { path }) do
+            scope(defaults.merge!(options)) { yield }
+          end
         end
 
         # === Parameter Restriction
@@ -831,7 +970,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         #
         # Requests to routes can be constrained based on specific criteria:
         #
-        #    constraints(lambda { |req| req.env["HTTP_USER_AGENT"] =~ /iPhone/ }) do
+        #    constraints(-> (req) { req.env["HTTP_USER_AGENT"] =~ /iPhone/ }) do
         #      resources :iphones
         #    end
         #
@@ -862,7 +1001,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
         #   end
         # Using this, the +:id+ parameter here will default to 'home'.
         def defaults(defaults = {})
-          scope(:defaults => defaults) { yield }
+          @scope = @scope.new(defaults: merge_defaults_scope(@scope[:defaults], defaults))
+          yield
+        ensure
+          @scope = @scope.parent
         end
 
         private
@@ -894,6 +1036,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
             child
           end
 
+          def merge_via_scope(parent, child) #:nodoc:
+            child
+          end
+
+          def merge_format_scope(parent, child) #:nodoc:
+            child
+          end
+
           def merge_path_names_scope(parent, child) #:nodoc:
             merge_options_scope(parent, child)
           end
@@ -913,16 +1063,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
           end
 
           def merge_options_scope(parent, child) #:nodoc:
-            (parent || {}).except(*override_keys(child)).merge!(child)
+            (parent || {}).merge(child)
           end
 
           def merge_shallow_scope(parent, child) #:nodoc:
             child ? true : false
           end
-
-          def override_keys(child) #:nodoc:
-            child.key?(:only) || child.key?(:except) ? [:only, :except] : []
-          end
       end
 
       # Resource routing allows you to quickly declare all of the common routes
@@ -970,30 +1116,36 @@ module ActionDispatch
         VALID_ON_OPTIONS  = [:new, :collection, :member]
         RESOURCE_OPTIONS  = [:as, :controller, :path, :only, :except, :param, :concerns]
         CANONICAL_ACTIONS = %w(index create new show update destroy)
-        RESOURCE_METHOD_SCOPES = [:collection, :member, :new]
-        RESOURCE_SCOPES = [:resource, :resources]
 
         class Resource #:nodoc:
-          attr_reader :controller, :path, :options, :param
+          attr_reader :controller, :path, :param
 
-          def initialize(entities, options = {})
+          def initialize(entities, api_only, shallow, options = {})
             @name       = entities.to_s
             @path       = (options[:path] || @name).to_s
             @controller = (options[:controller] || @name).to_s
             @as         = options[:as]
             @param      = (options[:param] || :id).to_sym
             @options    = options
+            @shallow    = shallow
+            @api_only   = api_only
+            @only       = options.delete :only
+            @except     = options.delete :except
           end
 
           def default_actions
-            [:index, :create, :new, :show, :update, :destroy, :edit]
+            if @api_only
+              [:index, :create, :show, :update, :destroy]
+            else
+              [:index, :create, :new, :show, :update, :destroy, :edit]
+            end
           end
 
           def actions
-            if only = @options[:only]
-              Array(only).map(&:to_sym)
-            elsif except = @options[:except]
-              default_actions - Array(except).map(&:to_sym)
+            if @only
+              Array(@only).map(&:to_sym)
+            elsif @except
+              default_actions - Array(@except).map(&:to_sym)
             else
               default_actions
             end
@@ -1020,7 +1172,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
           end
 
           def resource_scope
-            { :controller => controller }
+            controller
           end
 
           alias :collection_scope :path
@@ -1043,10 +1195,15 @@ module ActionDispatch
             "#{path}/:#{nested_param}"
           end
 
+          def shallow?
+            @shallow
+          end
+
+          def singleton?; false; end
         end
 
         class SingletonResource < Resource #:nodoc:
-          def initialize(entities, options)
+          def initialize(entities, api_only, shallow, options)
             super
             @as         = nil
             @controller = (options[:controller] || plural).to_s
@@ -1054,7 +1211,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
           end
 
           def default_actions
-            [:show, :create, :update, :destroy, :new, :edit]
+            if @api_only
+              [:show, :create, :update, :destroy]
+            else
+              [:show, :create, :update, :destroy, :new, :edit]
+            end
           end
 
           def plural
@@ -1070,6 +1231,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
           alias :member_scope :path
           alias :nested_scope :path
+
+          def singleton?; true; end
         end
 
         def resources_path_names(options)
@@ -1104,20 +1267,23 @@ module ActionDispatch
             return self
           end
 
-          resource_scope(:resource, SingletonResource.new(resources.pop, options)) do
-            yield if block_given?
+          with_scope_level(:resource) do
+            options = apply_action_options options
+            resource_scope(SingletonResource.new(resources.pop, api_only?, @scope[:shallow], options)) do
+              yield if block_given?
 
-            concerns(options[:concerns]) if options[:concerns]
+              concerns(options[:concerns]) if options[:concerns]
 
-            collection do
-              post :create
-            end if parent_resource.actions.include?(:create)
+              collection do
+                post :create
+              end if parent_resource.actions.include?(:create)
 
-            new do
-              get :new
-            end if parent_resource.actions.include?(:new)
+              new do
+                get :new
+              end if parent_resource.actions.include?(:new)
 
-            set_member_mappings_for_resource
+              set_member_mappings_for_resource
+            end
           end
 
           self
@@ -1262,21 +1428,24 @@ module ActionDispatch
             return self
           end
 
-          resource_scope(:resources, Resource.new(resources.pop, options)) do
-            yield if block_given?
+          with_scope_level(:resources) do
+            options = apply_action_options options
+            resource_scope(Resource.new(resources.pop, api_only?, @scope[:shallow], options)) do
+              yield if block_given?
 
-            concerns(options[:concerns]) if options[:concerns]
+              concerns(options[:concerns]) if options[:concerns]
 
-            collection do
-              get  :index if parent_resource.actions.include?(:index)
-              post :create if parent_resource.actions.include?(:create)
-            end
+              collection do
+                get  :index if parent_resource.actions.include?(:index)
+                post :create if parent_resource.actions.include?(:create)
+              end
 
-            new do
-              get :new
-            end if parent_resource.actions.include?(:new)
+              new do
+                get :new
+              end if parent_resource.actions.include?(:new)
 
-            set_member_mappings_for_resource
+              set_member_mappings_for_resource
+            end
           end
 
           self
@@ -1300,7 +1469,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
           end
 
           with_scope_level(:collection) do
-            scope(parent_resource.collection_scope) do
+            path_scope(parent_resource.collection_scope) do
               yield
             end
           end
@@ -1323,8 +1492,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
           end
 
           with_scope_level(:member) do
-            scope(parent_resource.member_scope) do
-              yield
+            if shallow?
+              shallow_scope {
+                path_scope(parent_resource.member_scope) { yield }
+              }
+            else
+              path_scope(parent_resource.member_scope) { yield }
             end
           end
         end
@@ -1335,7 +1508,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
           end
 
           with_scope_level(:new) do
-            scope(parent_resource.new_scope(action_path(:new))) do
+            path_scope(parent_resource.new_scope(action_path(:new))) do
               yield
             end
           end
@@ -1347,18 +1520,16 @@ module ActionDispatch
           end
 
           with_scope_level(:nested) do
-            if shallow?
-              with_exclusive_scope do
-                if @scope[:shallow_path].blank?
-                  scope(parent_resource.nested_scope, nested_options) { yield }
-                else
-                  scope(@scope[:shallow_path], :as => @scope[:shallow_prefix]) do
-                    scope(parent_resource.nested_scope, nested_options) { yield }
-                  end
+            if shallow? && shallow_nesting_depth >= 1
+              shallow_scope do
+                path_scope(parent_resource.nested_scope) do
+                  scope(nested_options) { yield }
                 end
               end
             else
-              scope(parent_resource.nested_scope, nested_options) { yield }
+              path_scope(parent_resource.nested_scope) do
+                scope(nested_options) { yield }
+              end
             end
           end
         end
@@ -1373,23 +1544,40 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def shallow
-          scope(:shallow => true) do
-            yield
-          end
+          @scope = @scope.new(shallow: true)
+          yield
+        ensure
+          @scope = @scope.parent
         end
 
         def shallow?
-          parent_resource.instance_of?(Resource) && @scope[:shallow]
+          !parent_resource.singleton? && @scope[:shallow]
         end
 
-        # match 'path' => 'controller#action'
-        # match 'path', to: 'controller#action'
-        # match 'path', 'otherpath', on: :member, via: :get
+        # Matches a url pattern to one or more routes.
+        # For more information, see match[rdoc-ref:Base#match].
+        #
+        #   match 'path' => 'controller#action', via: patch
+        #   match 'path', to: 'controller#action', via: :post
+        #   match 'path', 'otherpath', on: :member, via: :get
         def match(path, *rest)
           if rest.empty? && Hash === path
             options  = path
             path, to = options.find { |name, _value| name.is_a?(String) }
-            options[:to] = to
+
+            case to
+            when Symbol
+              options[:action] = to
+            when String
+              if to =~ /#/
+                options[:to] = to
+              else
+                options[:controller] = to
+              end
+            else
+              options[:to] = to
+            end
+
             options.delete(path)
             paths = [path]
           else
@@ -1397,8 +1585,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
             paths = [path] + rest
           end
 
-          options[:anchor] = true unless options.key?(:anchor)
-
           if options[:on] && !VALID_ON_OPTIONS.include?(options[:on])
             raise ArgumentError, "Unknown scope #{on.inspect} given to :on"
           end
@@ -1407,59 +1593,100 @@ module ActionDispatch
             options[:to] ||= "#{@scope[:controller]}##{@scope[:action]}"
           end
 
-          paths.each do |_path|
+          controller = options.delete(:controller) || @scope[:controller]
+          option_path = options.delete :path
+          to = options.delete :to
+          via = Mapping.check_via Array(options.delete(:via) {
+            @scope[:via]
+          })
+          formatted = options.delete(:format) { @scope[:format] }
+          anchor = options.delete(:anchor) { true }
+          options_constraints = options.delete(:constraints) || {}
+
+          path_types = paths.group_by(&:class)
+          path_types.fetch(String, []).each do |_path|
             route_options = options.dup
-            route_options[:path] ||= _path if _path.is_a?(String)
+            if _path && option_path
+              ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn <<-eowarn
+Specifying strings for both :path and the route path is deprecated.  Change things like this:
+
+  match #{_path.inspect}, :path => #{option_path.inspect}
+
+to this:
 
-            path_without_format = _path.to_s.sub(/\(\.:format\)$/, '')
-            if using_match_shorthand?(path_without_format, route_options)
-              route_options[:to] ||= path_without_format.gsub(%r{^/}, "").sub(%r{/([^/]*)$}, '#\1')
-              route_options[:to].tr!("-", "_")
+  match #{option_path.inspect}, :as => #{_path.inspect}, :action => #{path.inspect}
+              eowarn
+              route_options[:action] = _path
+              route_options[:as] = _path
+              _path = option_path
             end
+            to = get_to_from_path(_path, to, route_options[:action])
+            decomposed_match(_path, controller, route_options, _path, to, via, formatted, anchor, options_constraints)
+          end
 
-            decomposed_match(_path, route_options)
+          path_types.fetch(Symbol, []).each do |action|
+            route_options = options.dup
+            decomposed_match(action, controller, route_options, option_path, to, via, formatted, anchor, options_constraints)
           end
+
           self
         end
 
-        def using_match_shorthand?(path, options)
-          path && (options[:to] || options[:action]).nil? && path =~ %r{/[\w/]+$}
+        def get_to_from_path(path, to, action)
+          return to if to || action
+
+          path_without_format = path.sub(/\(\.:format\)$/, '')
+          if using_match_shorthand?(path_without_format)
+            path_without_format.gsub(%r{^/}, "").sub(%r{/([^/]*)$}, '#\1').tr("-", "_")
+          else
+            nil
+          end
+        end
+
+        def using_match_shorthand?(path)
+          path =~ %r{^/?[-\w]+/[-\w/]+$}
         end
 
-        def decomposed_match(path, options) # :nodoc:
+        def decomposed_match(path, controller, options, _path, to, via, formatted, anchor, options_constraints) # :nodoc:
           if on = options.delete(:on)
-            send(on) { decomposed_match(path, options) }
+            send(on) { decomposed_match(path, controller, options, _path, to, via, formatted, anchor, options_constraints) }
           else
-            case @scope[:scope_level]
+            case @scope.scope_level
             when :resources
-              nested { decomposed_match(path, options) }
+              nested { decomposed_match(path, controller, options, _path, to, via, formatted, anchor, options_constraints) }
             when :resource
-              member { decomposed_match(path, options) }
+              member { decomposed_match(path, controller, options, _path, to, via, formatted, anchor, options_constraints) }
             else
-              add_route(path, options)
+              add_route(path, controller, options, _path, to, via, formatted, anchor, options_constraints)
             end
           end
         end
 
-        def add_route(action, options) # :nodoc:
-          path = path_for_action(action, options.delete(:path))
-          action = action.to_s.dup
+        def add_route(action, controller, options, _path, to, via, formatted, anchor, options_constraints) # :nodoc:
+          path = path_for_action(action, _path)
+          raise ArgumentError, "path is required" if path.blank?
+
+          action = action.to_s
+
+          default_action = options.delete(:action) || @scope[:action]
 
           if action =~ /^[\w\-\/]+$/
-            options[:action] ||= action.tr('-', '_') unless action.include?("/")
+            default_action ||= action.tr('-', '_') unless action.include?("/")
           else
             action = nil
           end
 
-          if !options.fetch(:as, true)
-            options.delete(:as)
-          else
-            options[:as] = name_for_action(options[:as], action)
-          end
+          as = if !options.fetch(:as, true) # if it's set to nil or false
+                 options.delete(:as)
+               else
+                 name_for_action(options.delete(:as), action)
+               end
+
+          path = Mapping.normalize_path URI.parser.escape(path), formatted
+          ast = Journey::Parser.parse path
 
-          mapping = Mapping.new(@set, @scope, URI.parser.escape(path), options)
-          app, conditions, requirements, defaults, as, anchor = mapping.to_route
-          @set.add_route(app, conditions, requirements, defaults, as, anchor)
+          mapping = Mapping.build(@scope, @set, ast, controller, default_action, to, via, formatted, options_constraints, anchor, options)
+          @set.add_route(mapping, ast, as, anchor)
         end
 
         def root(path, options={})
@@ -1471,9 +1698,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
             raise ArgumentError, "must be called with a path and/or options"
           end
 
-          if @scope[:scope_level] == :resources
+          if @scope.resources?
             with_scope_level(:root) do
-              scope(parent_resource.path) do
+              path_scope(parent_resource.path) do
                 super(options)
               end
             end
@@ -1518,61 +1745,47 @@ module ActionDispatch
               return true
             end
 
-            unless action_options?(options)
-              options.merge!(scope_action_options) if scope_action_options?
-            end
-
             false
           end
 
-          def action_options?(options) #:nodoc:
-            options[:only] || options[:except]
+          def apply_action_options(options) # :nodoc:
+            return options if action_options? options
+            options.merge scope_action_options
           end
 
-          def scope_action_options? #:nodoc:
-            @scope[:options] && (@scope[:options][:only] || @scope[:options][:except])
+          def action_options?(options) #:nodoc:
+            options[:only] || options[:except]
           end
 
           def scope_action_options #:nodoc:
-            @scope[:options].slice(:only, :except)
+            @scope[:action_options] || {}
           end
 
           def resource_scope? #:nodoc:
-            RESOURCE_SCOPES.include? @scope[:scope_level]
+            @scope.resource_scope?
           end
 
           def resource_method_scope? #:nodoc:
-            RESOURCE_METHOD_SCOPES.include? @scope[:scope_level]
+            @scope.resource_method_scope?
           end
 
-          def with_exclusive_scope
-            begin
-              old_name_prefix, old_path = @scope[:as], @scope[:path]
-              @scope[:as], @scope[:path] = nil, nil
-
-              with_scope_level(:exclusive) do
-                yield
-              end
-            ensure
-              @scope[:as], @scope[:path] = old_name_prefix, old_path
-            end
+          def nested_scope? #:nodoc:
+            @scope.nested?
           end
 
-          def with_scope_level(kind, resource = parent_resource)
-            old, @scope[:scope_level] = @scope[:scope_level], kind
-            old_resource, @scope[:scope_level_resource] = @scope[:scope_level_resource], resource
+          def with_scope_level(kind)
+            @scope = @scope.new_level(kind)
             yield
           ensure
-            @scope[:scope_level] = old
-            @scope[:scope_level_resource] = old_resource
+            @scope = @scope.parent
           end
 
-          def resource_scope(kind, resource) #:nodoc:
-            with_scope_level(kind, resource) do
-              scope(parent_resource.resource_scope) do
-                yield
-              end
-            end
+          def resource_scope(resource) #:nodoc:
+            @scope = @scope.new(:scope_level_resource => resource)
+
+            controller(resource.resource_scope) { yield }
+          ensure
+            @scope = @scope.parent
           end
 
           def nested_options #:nodoc:
@@ -1584,6 +1797,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
             options
           end
 
+          def shallow_nesting_depth #:nodoc:
+            @scope.find_all { |node|
+              node.frame[:scope_level_resource]
+            }.count { |node| node.frame[:scope_level_resource].shallow? }
+          end
+
           def param_constraint? #:nodoc:
             @scope[:constraints] && @scope[:constraints][parent_resource.param].is_a?(Regexp)
           end
@@ -1592,42 +1811,48 @@ module ActionDispatch
             @scope[:constraints][parent_resource.param]
           end
 
-          def canonical_action?(action, flag) #:nodoc:
-            flag && resource_method_scope? && CANONICAL_ACTIONS.include?(action.to_s)
+          def canonical_action?(action) #:nodoc:
+            resource_method_scope? && CANONICAL_ACTIONS.include?(action.to_s)
           end
 
-          def shallow_scoping? #:nodoc:
-            shallow? && @scope[:scope_level] == :member
+          def shallow_scope #:nodoc:
+            scope = { :as   => @scope[:shallow_prefix],
+                      :path => @scope[:shallow_path] }
+            @scope = @scope.new scope
+
+            yield
+          ensure
+            @scope = @scope.parent
           end
 
           def path_for_action(action, path) #:nodoc:
-            prefix = shallow_scoping? ?
-              "#{@scope[:shallow_path]}/#{parent_resource.shallow_scope}" : @scope[:path]
+            return "#{@scope[:path]}/#{path}" if path
 
-            if canonical_action?(action, path.blank?)
-              prefix.to_s
+            if canonical_action?(action)
+              @scope[:path].to_s
             else
-              "#{prefix}/#{action_path(action, path)}"
+              "#{@scope[:path]}/#{action_path(action)}"
             end
           end
 
-          def action_path(name, path = nil) #:nodoc:
-            name = name.to_sym if name.is_a?(String)
-            path || @scope[:path_names][name] || name.to_s
+          def action_path(name) #:nodoc:
+            @scope[:path_names][name.to_sym] || name
           end
 
           def prefix_name_for_action(as, action) #:nodoc:
             if as
               prefix = as
-            elsif !canonical_action?(action, @scope[:scope_level])
+            elsif !canonical_action?(action)
               prefix = action
             end
-            prefix.to_s.tr('-', '_') if prefix
+
+            if prefix && prefix != '/' && !prefix.empty?
+              Mapper.normalize_name prefix.to_s.tr('-', '_')
+            end
           end
 
           def name_for_action(as, action) #:nodoc:
             prefix = prefix_name_for_action(as, action)
-            prefix = Mapper.normalize_name(prefix) if prefix
             name_prefix = @scope[:as]
 
             if parent_resource
@@ -1637,27 +1862,15 @@ module ActionDispatch
               member_name = parent_resource.member_name
             end
 
-            name = case @scope[:scope_level]
-            when :nested
-              [name_prefix, prefix]
-            when :collection
-              [prefix, name_prefix, collection_name]
-            when :new
-              [prefix, :new, name_prefix, member_name]
-            when :member
-              [prefix, shallow_scoping? ? @scope[:shallow_prefix] : name_prefix, member_name]
-            when :root
-              [name_prefix, collection_name, prefix]
-            else
-              [name_prefix, member_name, prefix]
-            end
+            action_name = @scope.action_name(name_prefix, prefix, collection_name, member_name)
+            candidate = action_name.select(&:present?).join('_')
 
-            if candidate = name.select(&:present?).join("_").presence
+            unless candidate.empty?
               # If a name was not explicitly given, we check if it is valid
               # and return nil in case it isn't. Otherwise, we pass the invalid name
               # forward so the underlying router engine treats it and raises an exception.
               if as.nil?
-                candidate unless @set.routes.find { |r| r.name == candidate } || candidate !~ /\A[_a-z]/i
+                candidate unless candidate !~ /\A[_a-z]/i || has_named_route?(candidate)
               else
                 candidate
               end
@@ -1675,6 +1888,18 @@ module ActionDispatch
               delete :destroy if parent_resource.actions.include?(:destroy)
             end
           end
+
+          def api_only?
+            @set.api_only?
+          end
+        private
+
+        def path_scope(path)
+          @scope = @scope.new(path: merge_path_scope(@scope[:path], path))
+          yield
+        ensure
+          @scope = @scope.parent
+        end
       end
 
       # Routing Concerns allow you to declare common routes that can be reused
@@ -1782,9 +2007,91 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
       end
 
+      class Scope # :nodoc:
+        OPTIONS = [:path, :shallow_path, :as, :shallow_prefix, :module,
+                   :controller, :action, :path_names, :constraints,
+                   :shallow, :blocks, :defaults, :via, :format, :options]
+
+        RESOURCE_SCOPES = [:resource, :resources]
+        RESOURCE_METHOD_SCOPES = [:collection, :member, :new]
+
+        attr_reader :parent, :scope_level
+
+        def initialize(hash, parent = NULL, scope_level = nil)
+          @hash = hash
+          @parent = parent
+          @scope_level = scope_level
+        end
+
+        def nested?
+          scope_level == :nested
+        end
+
+        def resources?
+          scope_level == :resources
+        end
+
+        def resource_method_scope?
+          RESOURCE_METHOD_SCOPES.include? scope_level
+        end
+
+        def action_name(name_prefix, prefix, collection_name, member_name)
+          case scope_level
+          when :nested
+            [name_prefix, prefix]
+          when :collection
+            [prefix, name_prefix, collection_name]
+          when :new
+            [prefix, :new, name_prefix, member_name]
+          when :member
+            [prefix, name_prefix, member_name]
+          when :root
+            [name_prefix, collection_name, prefix]
+          else
+            [name_prefix, member_name, prefix]
+          end
+        end
+
+        def resource_scope?
+          RESOURCE_SCOPES.include? scope_level
+        end
+
+        def options
+          OPTIONS
+        end
+
+        def new(hash)
+          self.class.new hash, self, scope_level
+        end
+
+        def new_level(level)
+          self.class.new(frame, self, level)
+        end
+
+        def [](key)
+          scope = find { |node| node.frame.key? key }
+          scope && scope.frame[key]
+        end
+
+        include Enumerable
+
+        def each
+          node = self
+          loop do
+            break if node.equal? NULL
+            yield node
+            node = node.parent
+          end
+        end
+
+        def frame; @hash; end
+
+        NULL = Scope.new(nil, nil)
+      end
+
       def initialize(set) #:nodoc:
         @set = set
-        @scope = { :path_names => @set.resources_path_names }
+        @scope = Scope.new({ :path_names => @set.resources_path_names })
         @concerns = {}
       end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/polymorphic_routes.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/polymorphic_routes.rb
index 2fb03f2712..9934f5547a 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/polymorphic_routes.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/polymorphic_routes.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-require 'action_controller/model_naming'
-
 module ActionDispatch
   module Routing
     # Polymorphic URL helpers are methods for smart resolution to a named route call when
@@ -55,8 +53,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
     #   form_for([blog, @post])         # => "/blog/posts/1"
     #
     module PolymorphicRoutes
-      include ActionController::ModelNaming
-
       # Constructs a call to a named RESTful route for the given record and returns the
       # resulting URL string. For example:
       #
@@ -101,118 +97,228 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #   polymorphic_url(Comment) # same as comments_url()
       #
       def polymorphic_url(record_or_hash_or_array, options = {})
-        if record_or_hash_or_array.kind_of?(Array)
-          record_or_hash_or_array = record_or_hash_or_array.compact
-          if record_or_hash_or_array.first.is_a?(ActionDispatch::Routing::RoutesProxy)
-            proxy = record_or_hash_or_array.shift
-          end
-          record_or_hash_or_array = record_or_hash_or_array[0] if record_or_hash_or_array.size == 1
-        end
-
-        record = extract_record(record_or_hash_or_array)
-        record = convert_to_model(record)
-
-        args = Array === record_or_hash_or_array ?
-          record_or_hash_or_array.dup :
-          [ record_or_hash_or_array ]
-
-        inflection = if options[:action] && options[:action].to_s == "new"
-          args.pop
-          :singular
-        elsif (record.respond_to?(:persisted?) && !record.persisted?)
-          args.pop
-          :plural
-        elsif record.is_a?(Class)
-          args.pop
-          :plural
-        else
-          :singular
-        end
-
-        args.delete_if {|arg| arg.is_a?(Symbol) || arg.is_a?(String)}
-        named_route = build_named_route_call(record_or_hash_or_array, inflection, options)
-
-        url_options = options.except(:action, :routing_type)
-        unless url_options.empty?
-          args.last.kind_of?(Hash) ? args.last.merge!(url_options) : args << url_options
+        if Hash === record_or_hash_or_array
+          options = record_or_hash_or_array.merge(options)
+          record  = options.delete :id
+          return polymorphic_url record, options
         end
 
-        args.collect! { |a| convert_to_model(a) }
+        opts   = options.dup
+        action = opts.delete :action
+        type   = opts.delete(:routing_type) || :url
 
-        (proxy || self).send(named_route, *args)
+        HelperMethodBuilder.polymorphic_method self,
+                                               record_or_hash_or_array,
+                                               action,
+                                               type,
+                                               opts
       end
 
       # Returns the path component of a URL for the given record. It uses
       # <tt>polymorphic_url</tt> with <tt>routing_type: :path</tt>.
       def polymorphic_path(record_or_hash_or_array, options = {})
-        polymorphic_url(record_or_hash_or_array, options.merge(:routing_type => :path))
+        if Hash === record_or_hash_or_array
+          options = record_or_hash_or_array.merge(options)
+          record  = options.delete :id
+          return polymorphic_path record, options
+        end
+
+        opts   = options.dup
+        action = opts.delete :action
+        type   = :path
+
+        HelperMethodBuilder.polymorphic_method self,
+                                               record_or_hash_or_array,
+                                               action,
+                                               type,
+                                               opts
       end
 
+
       %w(edit new).each do |action|
         module_eval <<-EOT, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-          def #{action}_polymorphic_url(record_or_hash, options = {})         # def edit_polymorphic_url(record_or_hash, options = {})
-            polymorphic_url(                                                  #   polymorphic_url(
-              record_or_hash,                                                 #     record_or_hash,
-              options.merge(:action => "#{action}"))                          #     options.merge(:action => "edit"))
-          end                                                                 # end
-                                                                              #
-          def #{action}_polymorphic_path(record_or_hash, options = {})        # def edit_polymorphic_path(record_or_hash, options = {})
-            polymorphic_url(                                                  #   polymorphic_url(
-              record_or_hash,                                                 #     record_or_hash,
-              options.merge(:action => "#{action}", :routing_type => :path))  #     options.merge(:action => "edit", :routing_type => :path))
-          end                                                                 # end
+          def #{action}_polymorphic_url(record_or_hash, options = {})
+            polymorphic_url_for_action("#{action}", record_or_hash, options)
+          end
+
+          def #{action}_polymorphic_path(record_or_hash, options = {})
+            polymorphic_path_for_action("#{action}", record_or_hash, options)
+          end
         EOT
       end
 
       private
-        def action_prefix(options)
-          options[:action] ? "#{options[:action]}_" : ''
+
+      def polymorphic_url_for_action(action, record_or_hash, options)
+        polymorphic_url(record_or_hash, options.merge(:action => action))
+      end
+
+      def polymorphic_path_for_action(action, record_or_hash, options)
+        polymorphic_path(record_or_hash, options.merge(:action => action))
+      end
+
+      class HelperMethodBuilder # :nodoc:
+        CACHE = { 'path' => {}, 'url' => {} }
+
+        def self.get(action, type)
+          type   = type.to_s
+          CACHE[type].fetch(action) { build action, type }
+        end
+
+        def self.url;  CACHE['url'.freeze][nil]; end
+        def self.path; CACHE['path'.freeze][nil]; end
+
+        def self.build(action, type)
+          prefix = action ? "#{action}_" : ""
+          suffix = type
+          if action.to_s == 'new'
+            HelperMethodBuilder.singular prefix, suffix
+          else
+            HelperMethodBuilder.plural prefix, suffix
+          end
         end
 
-        def routing_type(options)
-          options[:routing_type] || :url
+        def self.singular(prefix, suffix)
+          new(->(name) { name.singular_route_key }, prefix, suffix)
         end
 
-        def build_named_route_call(records, inflection, options = {})
-          if records.is_a?(Array)
-            record = records.pop
-            route = records.map do |parent|
-              if parent.is_a?(Symbol) || parent.is_a?(String)
-                parent
-              else
-                model_name_from_record_or_class(parent).singular_route_key
-              end
+        def self.plural(prefix, suffix)
+          new(->(name) { name.route_key }, prefix, suffix)
+        end
+
+        def self.polymorphic_method(recipient, record_or_hash_or_array, action, type, options)
+          builder = get action, type
+
+          case record_or_hash_or_array
+          when Array
+            record_or_hash_or_array = record_or_hash_or_array.compact
+            if record_or_hash_or_array.empty?
+              raise ArgumentError, "Nil location provided. Can't build URI."
+            end
+            if record_or_hash_or_array.first.is_a?(ActionDispatch::Routing::RoutesProxy)
+              recipient = record_or_hash_or_array.shift
             end
+
+            method, args = builder.handle_list record_or_hash_or_array
+          when String, Symbol
+            method, args = builder.handle_string record_or_hash_or_array
+          when Class
+            method, args = builder.handle_class record_or_hash_or_array
+
+          when nil
+            raise ArgumentError, "Nil location provided. Can't build URI."
           else
-            record = extract_record(records)
-            route  = []
+            method, args = builder.handle_model record_or_hash_or_array
           end
 
-          if record.is_a?(Symbol) || record.is_a?(String)
-            route << record
-          elsif record
-            if inflection == :singular
-              route << model_name_from_record_or_class(record).singular_route_key
+
+          if options.empty?
+            recipient.send(method, *args)
+          else
+            recipient.send(method, *args, options)
+          end
+        end
+
+        attr_reader :suffix, :prefix
+
+        def initialize(key_strategy, prefix, suffix)
+          @key_strategy = key_strategy
+          @prefix       = prefix
+          @suffix       = suffix
+        end
+
+        def handle_string(record)
+          [get_method_for_string(record), []]
+        end
+
+        def handle_string_call(target, str)
+          target.send get_method_for_string str
+        end
+
+        def handle_class(klass)
+          [get_method_for_class(klass), []]
+        end
+
+        def handle_class_call(target, klass)
+          target.send get_method_for_class klass
+        end
+
+        def handle_model(record)
+          args  = []
+
+          model = record.to_model
+          named_route = if model.persisted?
+                          args << model
+                          get_method_for_string model.model_name.singular_route_key
+                        else
+                          get_method_for_class model
+                        end
+
+          [named_route, args]
+        end
+
+        def handle_model_call(target, model)
+          method, args = handle_model model
+          target.send(method, *args)
+        end
+
+        def handle_list(list)
+          record_list = list.dup
+          record      = record_list.pop
+
+          args = []
+
+          route  = record_list.map { |parent|
+            case parent
+            when Symbol, String
+              parent.to_s
+            when Class
+              args << parent
+              parent.model_name.singular_route_key
             else
-              route << model_name_from_record_or_class(record).route_key
+              args << parent.to_model
+              parent.to_model.model_name.singular_route_key
             end
+          }
+
+          route <<
+          case record
+          when Symbol, String
+            record.to_s
+          when Class
+            @key_strategy.call record.model_name
           else
-            raise ArgumentError, "Nil location provided. Can't build URI."
+            model = record.to_model
+            if model.persisted?
+              args << model
+              model.model_name.singular_route_key
+            else
+              @key_strategy.call model.model_name
+            end
           end
 
-          route << routing_type(options)
+          route << suffix
 
-          action_prefix(options) + route.join("_")
+          named_route = prefix + route.join("_")
+          [named_route, args]
         end
 
-        def extract_record(record_or_hash_or_array)
-          case record_or_hash_or_array
-            when Array; record_or_hash_or_array.last
-            when Hash;  record_or_hash_or_array[:id]
-            else        record_or_hash_or_array
-          end
+        private
+
+        def get_method_for_class(klass)
+          name   = @key_strategy.call klass.model_name
+          get_method_for_string name
+        end
+
+        def get_method_for_string(str)
+          "#{prefix}#{str}_#{suffix}"
         end
+
+        [nil, 'new', 'edit'].each do |action|
+          CACHE['url'][action]  = build action, 'url'
+          CACHE['path'][action] = build action, 'path'
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
-
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/redirection.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/redirection.rb
index b08e62543b..d6987f4d09 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/redirection.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/redirection.rb
@@ -3,10 +3,11 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/uri'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
 require 'rack/utils'
 require 'action_controller/metal/exceptions'
+require 'action_dispatch/routing/endpoint'
 
 module ActionDispatch
   module Routing
-    class Redirect # :nodoc:
+    class Redirect < Endpoint # :nodoc:
       attr_reader :status, :block
 
       def initialize(status, block)
@@ -14,19 +15,16 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @block  = block
       end
 
+      def redirect?; true; end
+
       def call(env)
-        req = Request.new(env)
+        serve Request.new env
+      end
 
-        # If any of the path parameters has an invalid encoding then
-        # raise since it's likely to trigger errors further on.
-        req.symbolized_path_parameters.each do |key, value|
-          unless value.valid_encoding?
-            raise ActionController::BadRequest, "Invalid parameter: #{key} => #{value}"
-          end
-        end
+      def serve(req)
+        req.check_path_parameters!
+        uri = URI.parse(path(req.path_parameters, req))
 
-        uri = URI.parse(path(req.symbolized_path_parameters, req))
-        
         unless uri.host
           if relative_path?(uri.path)
             uri.path = "#{req.script_name}/#{uri.path}"
@@ -34,12 +32,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
             uri.path = req.script_name.empty? ? "/" : req.script_name
           end
         end
-          
+
         uri.scheme ||= req.scheme
         uri.host   ||= req.host
         uri.port   ||= req.port unless req.standard_port?
 
-        body = %(<html><body>You are being <a href="#{ERB::Util.h(uri.to_s)}">redirected</a>.</body></html>)
+        body = %(<html><body>You are being <a href="#{ERB::Util.unwrapped_html_escape(uri.to_s)}">redirected</a>.</body></html>)
 
         headers = {
           'Location' => uri.to_s,
@@ -126,7 +124,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
             url_options[:script_name] = request.script_name
           end
         end
-        
+
         ActionDispatch::Http::URL.url_for url_options
       end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb
index a03fb4cee7..2bd2e53252 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb
@@ -1,133 +1,132 @@
 require 'action_dispatch/journey'
-require 'forwardable'
-require 'thread_safe'
+require 'active_support/concern'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/to_query'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
 require 'action_controller/metal/exceptions'
+require 'action_dispatch/http/request'
+require 'action_dispatch/routing/endpoint'
 
 module ActionDispatch
   module Routing
-    class RouteSet #:nodoc:
+    # :stopdoc:
+    class RouteSet
       # Since the router holds references to many parts of the system
       # like engines, controllers and the application itself, inspecting
       # the route set can actually be really slow, therefore we default
       # alias inspect to to_s.
       alias inspect to_s
 
-      PARAMETERS_KEY = 'action_dispatch.request.path_parameters'
-
-      class Dispatcher #:nodoc:
-        def initialize(options={})
-          @defaults = options[:defaults]
-          @glob_param = options.delete(:glob)
-          @controller_class_names = ThreadSafe::Cache.new
+      class Dispatcher < Routing::Endpoint
+        def initialize(raise_on_name_error)
+          @raise_on_name_error = raise_on_name_error
         end
 
-        def call(env)
-          params = env[PARAMETERS_KEY]
-
-          # If any of the path parameters has an invalid encoding then
-          # raise since it's likely to trigger errors further on.
-          params.each do |key, value|
-            next unless value.respond_to?(:valid_encoding?)
-
-            unless value.valid_encoding?
-              raise ActionController::BadRequest, "Invalid parameter: #{key} => #{value}"
-            end
-          end
+        def dispatcher?; true; end
 
-          prepare_params!(params)
-
-          # Just raise undefined constant errors if a controller was specified as default.
-          unless controller = controller(params, @defaults.key?(:controller))
+        def serve(req)
+          params     = req.path_parameters
+          controller = controller req
+          res        = controller.make_response! req
+          dispatch(controller, params[:action], req, res)
+        rescue ActionController::RoutingError
+          if @raise_on_name_error
+            raise
+          else
             return [404, {'X-Cascade' => 'pass'}, []]
           end
-
-          dispatch(controller, params[:action], env)
-        end
-
-        def prepare_params!(params)
-          normalize_controller!(params)
-          merge_default_action!(params)
-          split_glob_param!(params) if @glob_param
-        end
-
-        # If this is a default_controller (i.e. a controller specified by the user)
-        # we should raise an error in case it's not found, because it usually means
-        # a user error. However, if the controller was retrieved through a dynamic
-        # segment, as in :controller(/:action), we should simply return nil and
-        # delegate the control back to Rack cascade. Besides, if this is not a default
-        # controller, it means we should respect the @scope[:module] parameter.
-        def controller(params, default_controller=true)
-          if params && params.key?(:controller)
-            controller_param = params[:controller]
-            controller_reference(controller_param)
-          end
-        rescue NameError => e
-          raise ActionController::RoutingError, e.message, e.backtrace if default_controller
         end
 
       private
 
-        def controller_reference(controller_param)
-          const_name = @controller_class_names[controller_param] ||= "#{controller_param.camelize}Controller"
-          ActiveSupport::Dependencies.constantize(const_name)
+        def controller(req)
+          req.controller_class
+        rescue NameError => e
+          raise ActionController::RoutingError, e.message, e.backtrace
         end
 
-        def dispatch(controller, action, env)
-          controller.action(action).call(env)
+        def dispatch(controller, action, req, res)
+          controller.dispatch(action, req, res)
         end
+      end
 
-        def normalize_controller!(params)
-          params[:controller] = params[:controller].underscore if params.key?(:controller)
+      class StaticDispatcher < Dispatcher
+        def initialize(controller_class)
+          super(false)
+          @controller_class = controller_class
         end
 
-        def merge_default_action!(params)
-          params[:action] ||= 'index'
-        end
+        private
 
-        def split_glob_param!(params)
-          params[@glob_param] = params[@glob_param].split('/').map { |v| URI.parser.unescape(v) }
-        end
+        def controller(_); @controller_class; end
       end
 
       # A NamedRouteCollection instance is a collection of named routes, and also
       # maintains an anonymous module that can be used to install helpers for the
       # named routes.
-      class NamedRouteCollection #:nodoc:
+      class NamedRouteCollection
         include Enumerable
-        attr_reader :routes, :helpers, :module
+        attr_reader :routes, :url_helpers_module, :path_helpers_module
+        private :routes
 
         def initialize
           @routes  = {}
-          @helpers = []
-          @module  = Module.new
+          @path_helpers = Set.new
+          @url_helpers = Set.new
+          @url_helpers_module  = Module.new
+          @path_helpers_module = Module.new
+        end
+
+        def route_defined?(name)
+          key = name.to_sym
+          @path_helpers.include?(key) || @url_helpers.include?(key)
         end
 
         def helper_names
-          @helpers.map(&:to_s)
+          @path_helpers.map(&:to_s) + @url_helpers.map(&:to_s)
         end
 
         def clear!
-          @helpers.each do |helper|
-            @module.remove_possible_method helper
+          @path_helpers.each do |helper|
+            @path_helpers_module.send :undef_method, helper
+          end
+
+          @url_helpers.each do |helper|
+            @url_helpers_module.send  :undef_method, helper
           end
 
           @routes.clear
-          @helpers.clear
+          @path_helpers.clear
+          @url_helpers.clear
         end
 
         def add(name, route)
-          routes[name.to_sym] = route
-          define_named_route_methods(name, route)
+          key       = name.to_sym
+          path_name = :"#{name}_path"
+          url_name  = :"#{name}_url"
+
+          if routes.key? key
+            @path_helpers_module.send :undef_method, path_name
+            @url_helpers_module.send  :undef_method, url_name
+          end
+          routes[key] = route
+          define_url_helper @path_helpers_module, route, path_name, route.defaults, name, PATH
+          define_url_helper @url_helpers_module,  route, url_name,  route.defaults, name, UNKNOWN
+
+          @path_helpers << path_name
+          @url_helpers << url_name
         end
 
         def get(name)
           routes[name.to_sym]
         end
 
+        def key?(name)
+          return unless name
+          routes.key? name.to_sym
+        end
+
         alias []=   add
         alias []    get
         alias clear clear!
@@ -145,36 +144,35 @@ module ActionDispatch
           routes.length
         end
 
-        class UrlHelper # :nodoc:
-          def self.create(route, options)
+        class UrlHelper
+          def self.create(route, options, route_name, url_strategy)
             if optimize_helper?(route)
-              OptimizedUrlHelper.new(route, options)
+              OptimizedUrlHelper.new(route, options, route_name, url_strategy)
             else
-              new route, options
+              new route, options, route_name, url_strategy
             end
           end
 
           def self.optimize_helper?(route)
-            route.requirements.except(:controller, :action).empty?
+            !route.glob? && route.path.requirements.empty?
           end
 
-          class OptimizedUrlHelper < UrlHelper # :nodoc:
+          attr_reader :url_strategy, :route_name
+
+          class OptimizedUrlHelper < UrlHelper
             attr_reader :arg_size
 
-            def initialize(route, options)
+            def initialize(route, options, route_name, url_strategy)
               super
-              @klass          = Journey::Router::Utils
               @required_parts = @route.required_parts
               @arg_size       = @required_parts.size
-              @optimized_path = @route.optimized_path
             end
 
-            def call(t, args)
-              if args.size == arg_size && !args.last.is_a?(Hash) && optimize_routes_generation?(t)
-                options = @options.dup
-                options.merge!(t.url_options) if t.respond_to?(:url_options)
+            def call(t, args, inner_options)
+              if args.size == arg_size && !inner_options && optimize_routes_generation?(t)
+                options = t.url_options.merge @options
                 options[:path] = optimized_helper(args)
-                ActionDispatch::Http::URL.url_for(options)
+                url_strategy.call options
               else
                 super
               end
@@ -183,18 +181,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
             private
 
             def optimized_helper(args)
-              params = Hash[parameterize_args(args)]
-              missing_keys = missing_keys(params)
-
-              unless missing_keys.empty?
-                raise_generation_error(params, missing_keys)
+              params = parameterize_args(args) do
+                raise_generation_error(args)
               end
 
-              @optimized_path.map{ |segment| replace_segment(params, segment) }.join
-            end
-
-            def replace_segment(params, segment)
-              Symbol === segment ? @klass.escape_fragment(params[segment]) : segment
+              @route.format params
             end
 
             def optimize_routes_generation?(t)
@@ -202,15 +193,22 @@ module ActionDispatch
             end
 
             def parameterize_args(args)
-              @required_parts.zip(args.map(&:to_param))
-            end
-
-            def missing_keys(args)
-              args.select{ |part, arg| arg.nil? || arg.empty? }.keys
+              params = {}
+              @arg_size.times { |i|
+                key = @required_parts[i]
+                value = args[i].to_param
+                yield key if value.nil? || value.empty?
+                params[key] = value
+              }
+              params
             end
 
-            def raise_generation_error(args, missing_keys)
-              constraints = Hash[@route.requirements.merge(args).sort]
+            def raise_generation_error(args)
+              missing_keys = []
+              params = parameterize_args(args) { |missing_key|
+                missing_keys << missing_key
+              }
+              constraints = Hash[@route.requirements.merge(params).sort_by{|k,v| k.to_s}]
               message = "No route matches #{constraints.inspect}"
               message << " missing required keys: #{missing_keys.sort.inspect}"
 
@@ -218,27 +216,47 @@ module ActionDispatch
             end
           end
 
-          def initialize(route, options)
+          def initialize(route, options, route_name, url_strategy)
             @options      = options
             @segment_keys = route.segment_keys.uniq
             @route        = route
+            @url_strategy = url_strategy
+            @route_name   = route_name
           end
 
-          def call(t, args)
-            t.url_for(handle_positional_args(t, args, @options, @segment_keys))
-          end
+          def call(t, args, inner_options)
+            controller_options = t.url_options
+            options = controller_options.merge @options
+            hash = handle_positional_args(controller_options,
+                                          inner_options || {},
+                                          args,
+                                          options,
+                                          @segment_keys)
 
-          def handle_positional_args(t, args, options, keys)
-            inner_options = args.extract_options!
-            result = options.dup
+            t._routes.url_for(hash, route_name, url_strategy)
+          end
 
+          def handle_positional_args(controller_options, inner_options, args, result, path_params)
             if args.size > 0
-              if args.size < keys.size - 1 # take format into account
-                keys -= t.url_options.keys if t.respond_to?(:url_options)
-                keys -= options.keys
+              # take format into account
+              if path_params.include?(:format)
+                path_params_size = path_params.size - 1
+              else
+                path_params_size = path_params.size
+              end
+
+              if args.size < path_params_size
+                path_params -= controller_options.keys
+                path_params -= result.keys
+              end
+              inner_options.each_key do |key|
+                path_params.delete(key)
+              end
+
+              args.each_with_index do |arg, index|
+                param = path_params[index]
+                result[param] = arg if param
               end
-              keys -= inner_options.keys
-              result.merge!(Hash[keys.zip(args)])
             end
 
             result.merge!(inner_options)
@@ -259,30 +277,26 @@ module ActionDispatch
         #
         #   foo_url(bar, baz, bang, sort_by: 'baz')
         #
-        def define_url_helper(route, name, options)
-          helper = UrlHelper.create(route, options.dup)
-
-          @module.remove_possible_method name
-          @module.module_eval do
+        def define_url_helper(mod, route, name, opts, route_key, url_strategy)
+          helper = UrlHelper.create(route, opts, route_key, url_strategy)
+          mod.module_eval do
             define_method(name) do |*args|
-              helper.call self, args
+              options = nil
+              options = args.pop if args.last.is_a? Hash
+              helper.call self, args, options
             end
           end
-
-          helpers << name
-        end
-
-        def define_named_route_methods(name, route)
-          define_url_helper route, :"#{name}_path",
-            route.defaults.merge(:use_route => name, :only_path => true)
-          define_url_helper route, :"#{name}_url",
-            route.defaults.merge(:use_route => name, :only_path => false)
         end
       end
 
+      # strategy for building urls to send to the client
+      PATH    = ->(options) { ActionDispatch::Http::URL.path_for(options) }
+      UNKNOWN = ->(options) { ActionDispatch::Http::URL.url_for(options) }
+
       attr_accessor :formatter, :set, :named_routes, :default_scope, :router
       attr_accessor :disable_clear_and_finalize, :resources_path_names
-      attr_accessor :default_url_options, :request_class
+      attr_accessor :default_url_options
+      attr_reader :env_key
 
       alias :routes :set
 
@@ -290,24 +304,59 @@ module ActionDispatch
         { :new => 'new', :edit => 'edit' }
       end
 
-      def initialize(request_class = ActionDispatch::Request)
+      def self.new_with_config(config)
+        route_set_config = DEFAULT_CONFIG
+
+        # engines apparently don't have this set
+        if config.respond_to? :relative_url_root
+          route_set_config.relative_url_root = config.relative_url_root
+        end
+
+        if config.respond_to? :api_only
+          route_set_config.api_only = config.api_only
+        end
+
+        new route_set_config
+      end
+
+      Config = Struct.new :relative_url_root, :api_only
+
+      DEFAULT_CONFIG = Config.new(nil, false)
+
+      def initialize(config = DEFAULT_CONFIG)
         self.named_routes = NamedRouteCollection.new
-        self.resources_path_names = self.class.default_resources_path_names.dup
+        self.resources_path_names = self.class.default_resources_path_names
         self.default_url_options = {}
-        self.request_class = request_class
 
+        @config                     = config
         @append                     = []
         @prepend                    = []
         @disable_clear_and_finalize = false
         @finalized                  = false
+        @env_key                    = "ROUTES_#{object_id}_SCRIPT_NAME".freeze
 
         @set    = Journey::Routes.new
-        @router = Journey::Router.new(@set, {
-          :parameters_key => PARAMETERS_KEY,
-          :request_class  => request_class})
-        @formatter = Journey::Formatter.new @set
+        @router = Journey::Router.new @set
+        @formatter = Journey::Formatter.new self
+      end
+
+      def relative_url_root
+        @config.relative_url_root
+      end
+
+      def api_only?
+        @config.api_only
       end
 
+      def request_class
+        ActionDispatch::Request
+      end
+
+      def make_request(env)
+        request_class.new env
+      end
+      private :make_request
+
       def draw(&block)
         clear! unless @disable_clear_and_finalize
         eval_block(block)
@@ -324,10 +373,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def eval_block(block)
-        if block.arity == 1
-          raise "You are using the old router DSL which has been removed in Rails 3.1. " <<
-            "Please check how to update your routes file at: http://www.engineyard.com/blog/2010/the-lowdown-on-routes-in-rails-3/"
-        end
         mapper = Mapper.new(self)
         if default_scope
           mapper.with_default_scope(default_scope, &block)
@@ -335,6 +380,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
           mapper.instance_exec(&block)
         end
       end
+      private :eval_block
 
       def finalize!
         return if @finalized
@@ -350,7 +396,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @prepend.each { |blk| eval_block(blk) }
       end
 
-      module MountedHelpers #:nodoc:
+      module MountedHelpers
         extend ActiveSupport::Concern
         include UrlFor
       end
@@ -367,9 +413,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
         return if MountedHelpers.method_defined?(name)
 
         routes = self
+        helpers = routes.url_helpers
+
         MountedHelpers.class_eval do
           define_method "_#{name}" do
-            RoutesProxy.new(routes, _routes_context)
+            RoutesProxy.new(routes, _routes_context, helpers)
           end
         end
 
@@ -380,40 +428,62 @@ module ActionDispatch
         RUBY
       end
 
-      def url_helpers
-        @url_helpers ||= begin
-          routes = self
+      def url_helpers(supports_path = true)
+        routes = self
+
+        Module.new do
+          extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+          include UrlFor
 
-          Module.new do
-            extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-            include UrlFor
+          # Define url_for in the singleton level so one can do:
+          # Rails.application.routes.url_helpers.url_for(args)
+          @_routes = routes
+          class << self
+            def url_for(options)
+              @_routes.url_for(options)
+            end
 
-            # Define url_for in the singleton level so one can do:
-            # Rails.application.routes.url_helpers.url_for(args)
-            @_routes = routes
-            class << self
-              delegate :url_for, :optimize_routes_generation?, :to => '@_routes'
+            def optimize_routes_generation?
+              @_routes.optimize_routes_generation?
             end
 
-            # Make named_routes available in the module singleton
-            # as well, so one can do:
-            # Rails.application.routes.url_helpers.posts_path
-            extend routes.named_routes.module
+            attr_reader :_routes
+            def url_options; {}; end
+          end
+
+          url_helpers = routes.named_routes.url_helpers_module
 
-            # Any class that includes this module will get all
-            # named routes...
-            include routes.named_routes.module
+          # Make named_routes available in the module singleton
+          # as well, so one can do:
+          # Rails.application.routes.url_helpers.posts_path
+          extend url_helpers
 
-            # plus a singleton class method called _routes ...
-            included do
-              singleton_class.send(:redefine_method, :_routes) { routes }
-            end
+          # Any class that includes this module will get all
+          # named routes...
+          include url_helpers
 
-            # And an instance method _routes. Note that
-            # UrlFor (included in this module) add extra
-            # conveniences for working with @_routes.
-            define_method(:_routes) { @_routes || routes }
+          if supports_path
+            path_helpers = routes.named_routes.path_helpers_module
+
+            include path_helpers
+            extend path_helpers
+          end
+
+          # plus a singleton class method called _routes ...
+          included do
+            singleton_class.send(:redefine_method, :_routes) { routes }
           end
+
+          # And an instance method _routes. Note that
+          # UrlFor (included in this module) add extra
+          # conveniences for working with @_routes.
+          define_method(:_routes) { @_routes || routes }
+
+          define_method(:_generate_paths_by_default) do
+            supports_path
+          end
+
+          private :_generate_paths_by_default
         end
       end
 
@@ -421,7 +491,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         routes.empty?
       end
 
-      def add_route(app, conditions = {}, requirements = {}, defaults = {}, name = nil, anchor = true)
+      def add_route(mapping, path_ast, name, anchor)
         raise ArgumentError, "Invalid route name: '#{name}'" unless name.blank? || name.to_s.match(/^[_a-z]\w*$/i)
 
         if name && named_routes[name]
@@ -432,80 +502,26 @@ module ActionDispatch
             "http://guides.rubyonrails.org/routing.html#restricting-the-routes-created"
         end
 
-        path = build_path(conditions.delete(:path_info), requirements, SEPARATORS, anchor)
-        conditions = build_conditions(conditions, path.names.map { |x| x.to_sym })
-
-        route = @set.add_route(app, path, conditions, defaults, name)
+        route = @set.add_route(name, mapping)
         named_routes[name] = route if name
         route
       end
 
-      def build_path(path, requirements, separators, anchor)
-        strexp = Journey::Router::Strexp.new(
-            path,
-            requirements,
-            SEPARATORS,
-            anchor)
-
-        pattern = Journey::Path::Pattern.new(strexp)
-
-        builder = Journey::GTG::Builder.new pattern.spec
-
-        # Get all the symbol nodes followed by literals that are not the
-        # dummy node.
-        symbols = pattern.spec.grep(Journey::Nodes::Symbol).find_all { |n|
-          builder.followpos(n).first.literal?
-        }
-
-        # Get all the symbol nodes preceded by literals.
-        symbols.concat pattern.spec.find_all(&:literal?).map { |n|
-          builder.followpos(n).first
-        }.find_all(&:symbol?)
-
-        symbols.each { |x|
-          x.regexp = /(?:#{Regexp.union(x.regexp, '-')})+/
-        }
-
-        pattern
-      end
-      private :build_path
-
-      def build_conditions(current_conditions, path_values)
-        conditions = current_conditions.dup
-
-        # Rack-Mount requires that :request_method be a regular expression.
-        # :request_method represents the HTTP verb that matches this route.
-        #
-        # Here we munge values before they get sent on to rack-mount.
-        verbs = conditions[:request_method] || []
-        unless verbs.empty?
-          conditions[:request_method] = %r[^#{verbs.join('|')}$]
-        end
-
-        conditions.keep_if do |k, _|
-          k == :action || k == :controller || k == :required_defaults ||
-            @request_class.public_method_defined?(k) || path_values.include?(k)
-        end
-      end
-      private :build_conditions
-
-      class Generator #:nodoc:
+      class Generator
         PARAMETERIZE = lambda do |name, value|
           if name == :controller
             value
-          elsif value.is_a?(Array)
-            value.map { |v| v.to_param }.join('/')
-          elsif param = value.to_param
-            param
+          else
+            value.to_param
           end
         end
 
         attr_reader :options, :recall, :set, :named_route
 
-        def initialize(options, recall, set)
-          @named_route = options.delete(:use_route)
-          @options     = options.dup
-          @recall      = recall.dup
+        def initialize(named_route, options, recall, set)
+          @named_route = named_route
+          @options     = options
+          @recall      = recall
           @set         = set
 
           normalize_recall!
@@ -527,7 +543,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         def use_recall_for(key)
           if @recall[key] && (!@options.key?(key) || @options[key] == @recall[key])
             if !named_route_exists? || segment_keys.include?(key)
-              @options[key] = @recall.delete(key)
+              @options[key] = @recall[key]
             end
           end
         end
@@ -581,12 +597,18 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         # Remove leading slashes from controllers
         def normalize_controller!
-          @options[:controller] = controller.sub(%r{^/}, '') if controller
+          if controller
+            if controller.start_with?("/".freeze)
+              @options[:controller] = controller[1..-1]
+            else
+              @options[:controller] = controller
+            end
+          end
         end
 
         # Move 'index' action from options to recall
         def normalize_action!
-          if @options[:action] == 'index'
+          if @options[:action] == 'index'.freeze
             @recall[:action] = @options.delete(:action)
           end
         end
@@ -594,7 +616,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         # Generates a path from routes, returns [path, params].
         # If no route is generated the formatter will raise ActionController::UrlGenerationError
         def generate
-          @set.formatter.generate(:path_info, named_route, options, recall, PARAMETERIZE)
+          @set.formatter.generate(named_route, options, recall, PARAMETERIZE)
         end
 
         def different_controller?
@@ -619,61 +641,78 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def generate_extras(options, recall={})
-        path, params = generate(options, recall)
+        route_key = options.delete :use_route
+        path, params = generate(route_key, options, recall)
         return path, params.keys
       end
 
-      def generate(options, recall = {})
-        Generator.new(options, recall, self).generate
+      def generate(route_key, options, recall = {})
+        Generator.new(route_key, options, recall, self).generate
       end
+      private :generate
 
       RESERVED_OPTIONS = [:host, :protocol, :port, :subdomain, :domain, :tld_length,
                           :trailing_slash, :anchor, :params, :only_path, :script_name,
-                          :original_script_name]
+                          :original_script_name, :relative_url_root]
 
-      def mounted?
-        false
+      def optimize_routes_generation?
+        default_url_options.empty?
       end
 
-      def optimize_routes_generation?
-        !mounted? && default_url_options.empty?
+      def find_script_name(options)
+        options.delete(:script_name) || find_relative_url_root(options) || ''
       end
 
-      def _generate_prefix(options = {})
-        nil
+      def find_relative_url_root(options)
+        options.delete(:relative_url_root) || relative_url_root
       end
 
-      # The +options+ argument must be +nil+ or a hash whose keys are *symbols*.
-      def url_for(options)
-        options = default_url_options.merge(options || {})
+      def path_for(options, route_name = nil)
+        url_for(options, route_name, PATH)
+      end
+
+      # The +options+ argument must be a hash whose keys are *symbols*.
+      def url_for(options, route_name = nil, url_strategy = UNKNOWN)
+        options = default_url_options.merge options
+
+        user = password = nil
+
+        if options[:user] && options[:password]
+          user     = options.delete :user
+          password = options.delete :password
+        end
 
-        user, password = extract_authentication(options)
-        recall  = options.delete(:_recall)
+        recall  = options.delete(:_recall) { {} }
 
-        original_script_name = options.delete(:original_script_name).presence
-        script_name = options.delete(:script_name).presence || _generate_prefix(options)
+        original_script_name = options.delete(:original_script_name)
+        script_name = find_script_name options
 
-        if script_name && original_script_name
+        if original_script_name
           script_name = original_script_name + script_name
         end
 
-        path_options = options.except(*RESERVED_OPTIONS)
-        path_options = yield(path_options) if block_given?
+        path_options = options.dup
+        RESERVED_OPTIONS.each { |ro| path_options.delete ro }
+
+        path, params = generate(route_name, path_options, recall)
+
+        if options.key? :params
+          params.merge! options[:params]
+        end
 
-        path, params = generate(path_options, recall || {})
-        params.merge!(options[:params] || {})
+        options[:path]        = path
+        options[:script_name] = script_name
+        options[:params]      = params
+        options[:user]        = user
+        options[:password]    = password
 
-        ActionDispatch::Http::URL.url_for(options.merge!({
-          :path => path,
-          :script_name => script_name,
-          :params => params,
-          :user => user,
-          :password => password
-        }))
+        url_strategy.call options
       end
 
       def call(env)
-        @router.call(env)
+        req = make_request(env)
+        req.path_info = Journey::Router::Utils.normalize_path(req.path_info)
+        @router.serve(req)
       end
 
       def recognize_path(path, environment = {})
@@ -687,8 +726,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
           raise ActionController::RoutingError, e.message
         end
 
-        req = @request_class.new(env)
-        @router.recognize(req) do |route, _matches, params|
+        req = make_request(env)
+        @router.recognize(req) do |route, params|
           params.merge!(extras)
           params.each do |key, value|
             if value.is_a?(String)
@@ -696,36 +735,23 @@ module ActionDispatch
               params[key] = URI.parser.unescape(value)
             end
           end
-          old_params = env[::ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::PARAMETERS_KEY]
-          env[::ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::PARAMETERS_KEY] = (old_params || {}).merge(params)
-          dispatcher = route.app
-          while dispatcher.is_a?(Mapper::Constraints) && dispatcher.matches?(env) do
-            dispatcher = dispatcher.app
-          end
-
-          if dispatcher.is_a?(Dispatcher)
-            if dispatcher.controller(params, false)
-              dispatcher.prepare_params!(params)
-              return params
-            else
+          old_params = req.path_parameters
+          req.path_parameters = old_params.merge params
+          app = route.app
+          if app.matches?(req) && app.dispatcher?
+            begin
+              req.controller_class
+            rescue NameError
               raise ActionController::RoutingError, "A route matches #{path.inspect}, but references missing controller: #{params[:controller].camelize}Controller"
             end
+
+            return req.path_parameters
           end
         end
 
         raise ActionController::RoutingError, "No route matches #{path.inspect}"
       end
-
-      private
-
-        def extract_authentication(options)
-          if options[:user] && options[:password]
-            [options.delete(:user), options.delete(:password)]
-          else
-            nil
-          end
-        end
-
     end
+    # :startdoc:
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/routes_proxy.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/routes_proxy.rb
index e2393d3799..040ea04046 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/routes_proxy.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/routes_proxy.rb
@@ -8,8 +8,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
       attr_accessor :scope, :routes
       alias :_routes :routes
 
-      def initialize(routes, scope)
+      def initialize(routes, scope, helpers)
         @routes, @scope = routes, scope
+        @helpers = helpers
       end
 
       def url_options
@@ -19,16 +20,16 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def respond_to?(method, include_private = false)
-        super || routes.url_helpers.respond_to?(method)
+        super || @helpers.respond_to?(method)
       end
 
       def method_missing(method, *args)
-        if routes.url_helpers.respond_to?(method)
+        if @helpers.respond_to?(method)
           self.class.class_eval <<-RUBY, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
             def #{method}(*args)
               options = args.extract_options!
               args << url_options.merge((options || {}).symbolize_keys)
-              routes.url_helpers.#{method}(*args)
+              @helpers.#{method}(*args)
             end
           RUBY
           send(method, *args)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/url_for.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/url_for.rb
index 4a0ef40873..b6c031dcf4 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/url_for.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/url_for.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 module ActionDispatch
   module Routing
     # In <tt>config/routes.rb</tt> you define URL-to-controller mappings, but the reverse
-    # is also possible: an URL can be generated from one of your routing definitions.
+    # is also possible: a URL can be generated from one of your routing definitions.
     # URL generation functionality is centralized in this module.
     #
     # See ActionDispatch::Routing for general information about routing and routes.rb.
@@ -52,9 +52,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
     # argument.
     #
     # For convenience reasons, mailers provide a shortcut for ActionController::UrlFor#url_for.
-    # So within mailers, you only have to type 'url_for' instead of 'ActionController::UrlFor#url_for'
-    # in full. However, mailers don't have hostname information, and that's why you'll still
-    # have to specify the <tt>:host</tt> argument when generating URLs in mailers.
+    # So within mailers, you only have to type +url_for+ instead of 'ActionController::UrlFor#url_for'
+    # in full. However, mailers don't have hostname information, and you still have to provide
+    # the +:host+ argument or set the default host that will be used in all mailers using the
+    # configuration option +config.action_mailer.default_url_options+. For more information on
+    # url_for in mailers read the ActionMailer#Base documentation.
     #
     #
     # == URL generation for named routes
@@ -147,26 +149,50 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #    # => 'http://somehost.org/myapp/tasks/testing'
       #    url_for controller: 'tasks', action: 'testing', host: 'somehost.org', script_name: "/myapp", only_path: true
       #    # => '/myapp/tasks/testing'
+      #
+      # Missing routes keys may be filled in from the current request's parameters
+      # (e.g. +:controller+, +:action+, +:id+ and any other parameters that are
+      # placed in the path). Given that the current action has been reached
+      # through `GET /users/1`:
+      #
+      #   url_for(only_path: true)                        # => '/users/1'
+      #   url_for(only_path: true, action: 'edit')        # => '/users/1/edit'
+      #   url_for(only_path: true, action: 'edit', id: 2) # => '/users/2/edit'
+      #
+      # Notice that no +:id+ parameter was provided to the first +url_for+ call
+      # and the helper used the one from the route's path. Any path parameter
+      # implicitly used by +url_for+ can always be overwritten like shown on the
+      # last +url_for+ calls.
       def url_for(options = nil)
         case options
         when nil
           _routes.url_for(url_options.symbolize_keys)
         when Hash
-          _routes.url_for(options.symbolize_keys.reverse_merge!(url_options))
+          route_name = options.delete :use_route
+          _routes.url_for(options.symbolize_keys.reverse_merge!(url_options),
+                         route_name)
+        when ActionController::Parameters
+          route_name = options.delete :use_route
+          _routes.url_for(options.to_unsafe_h.symbolize_keys.
+                          reverse_merge!(url_options), route_name)
         when String
           options
+        when Symbol
+          HelperMethodBuilder.url.handle_string_call self, options
         when Array
-          polymorphic_url(options, options.extract_options!)
+          components = options.dup
+          polymorphic_url(components, components.extract_options!)
+        when Class
+          HelperMethodBuilder.url.handle_class_call self, options
         else
-          polymorphic_url(options)
+          HelperMethodBuilder.url.handle_model_call self, options
         end
       end
 
       protected
 
       def optimize_routes_generation?
-        return @_optimized_routes if defined?(@_optimized_routes)
-        @_optimized_routes = _routes.optimize_routes_generation? && default_url_options.empty?
+        _routes.optimize_routes_generation? && default_url_options.empty?
       end
 
       def _with_routes(routes)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions.rb
index 226baf9ad0..fae266273e 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions.rb
@@ -1,18 +1,22 @@
+require 'rails-dom-testing'
+
 module ActionDispatch
   module Assertions
-    autoload :DomAssertions, 'action_dispatch/testing/assertions/dom'
     autoload :ResponseAssertions, 'action_dispatch/testing/assertions/response'
     autoload :RoutingAssertions, 'action_dispatch/testing/assertions/routing'
-    autoload :SelectorAssertions, 'action_dispatch/testing/assertions/selector'
-    autoload :TagAssertions, 'action_dispatch/testing/assertions/tag'
 
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
-    include DomAssertions
     include ResponseAssertions
     include RoutingAssertions
-    include SelectorAssertions
-    include TagAssertions
+    include Rails::Dom::Testing::Assertions
+
+    def html_document
+      @html_document ||= if @response.content_type.to_s =~ /xml\z/
+        Nokogiri::XML::Document.parse(@response.body)
+      else
+        Nokogiri::HTML::Document.parse(@response.body)
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
-
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/dom.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/dom.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 241a39393a..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/dom.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-require 'action_view/vendor/html-scanner'
-
-module ActionDispatch
-  module Assertions
-    module DomAssertions
-      # \Test two HTML strings for equivalency (e.g., identical up to reordering of attributes)
-      #
-      #   # assert that the referenced method generates the appropriate HTML string
-      #   assert_dom_equal '<a href="http://www.example.com">Apples</a>', link_to("Apples", "http://www.example.com")
-      def assert_dom_equal(expected, actual, message = nil)
-        expected_dom = HTML::Document.new(expected).root
-        actual_dom   = HTML::Document.new(actual).root
-        assert_equal expected_dom, actual_dom, message
-      end
-
-      # The negated form of +assert_dom_equivalent+.
-      #
-      #   # assert that the referenced method does not generate the specified HTML string
-      #   assert_dom_not_equal '<a href="http://www.example.com">Apples</a>', link_to("Oranges", "http://www.example.com")
-      def assert_dom_not_equal(expected, actual, message = nil)
-        expected_dom = HTML::Document.new(expected).root
-        actual_dom   = HTML::Document.new(actual).root
-        assert_not_equal expected_dom, actual_dom, message
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/response.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/response.rb
index 68feb26936..c138660a21 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/response.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/response.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,13 @@ module ActionDispatch
   module Assertions
     # A small suite of assertions that test responses from \Rails applications.
     module ResponseAssertions
+      RESPONSE_PREDICATES = { # :nodoc:
+        success:  :successful?,
+        missing:  :not_found?,
+        redirect: :redirection?,
+        error:    :server_error?,
+      }
+
       # Asserts that the response is one of the following types:
       #
       # * <tt>:success</tt>   - Status code was in the 200-299 range
@@ -14,17 +21,17 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # or its symbolic equivalent <tt>assert_response(:not_implemented)</tt>.
       # See Rack::Utils::SYMBOL_TO_STATUS_CODE for a full list.
       #
-      #   # assert that the response was a redirection
+      #   # Asserts that the response was a redirection
       #   assert_response :redirect
       #
-      #   # assert that the response code was status code 401 (unauthorized)
+      #   # Asserts that the response code was status code 401 (unauthorized)
       #   assert_response 401
       def assert_response(type, message = nil)
-        message ||= "Expected response to be a <#{type}>, but was <#{@response.response_code}>"
+        message ||= generate_response_message(type)
 
         if Symbol === type
           if [:success, :missing, :redirect, :error].include?(type)
-            assert @response.send("#{type}?"), message
+            assert @response.send(RESPONSE_PREDICATES[type]), message
           else
             code = Rack::Utils::SYMBOL_TO_STATUS_CODE[type]
             if code.nil?
@@ -37,20 +44,20 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
       end
 
-      # Assert that the redirection options passed in match those of the redirect called in the latest action.
+      # Asserts that the redirection options passed in match those of the redirect called in the latest action.
       # This match can be partial, such that <tt>assert_redirected_to(controller: "weblog")</tt> will also
       # match the redirection of <tt>redirect_to(controller: "weblog", action: "show")</tt> and so on.
       #
-      #   # assert that the redirection was to the "index" action on the WeblogController
+      #   # Asserts that the redirection was to the "index" action on the WeblogController
       #   assert_redirected_to controller: "weblog", action: "index"
       #
-      #   # assert that the redirection was to the named route login_url
+      #   # Asserts that the redirection was to the named route login_url
       #   assert_redirected_to login_url
       #
-      #   # assert that the redirection was to the url for @customer
+      #   # Asserts that the redirection was to the url for @customer
       #   assert_redirected_to @customer
       #
-      #   # asserts that the redirection matches the regular expression
+      #   # Asserts that the redirection matches the regular expression
       #   assert_redirected_to %r(\Ahttp://example.org)
       def assert_redirected_to(options = {}, message=nil)
         assert_response(:redirect, message)
@@ -73,9 +80,21 @@ module ActionDispatch
           if Regexp === fragment
             fragment
           else
-            @controller._compute_redirect_to_location(fragment)
+            handle = @controller || ActionController::Redirecting
+            handle._compute_redirect_to_location(@request, fragment)
           end
         end
+
+        def generate_response_message(type, code = @response.response_code)
+          "Expected response to be a <#{type}>, but was a <#{code}>"
+          .concat location_if_redirected
+        end
+
+        def location_if_redirected
+          return '' unless @response.redirection? && @response.location.present?
+          location = normalize_argument_to_redirection(@response.location)
+          " redirect to <#{location}>"
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/routing.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/routing.rb
index f1f998d932..78ef860548 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/routing.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/routing.rb
@@ -14,14 +14,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # requiring a specific HTTP method. The hash should contain a :path with the incoming request path
       # and a :method containing the required HTTP verb.
       #
-      #   # assert that POSTing to /items will call the create action on ItemsController
+      #   # Asserts that POSTing to /items will call the create action on ItemsController
       #   assert_recognizes({controller: 'items', action: 'create'}, {path: 'items', method: :post})
       #
       # You can also pass in +extras+ with a hash containing URL parameters that would normally be in the query string. This can be used
-      # to assert that values in the query string string will end up in the params hash correctly. To test query strings you must use the
+      # to assert that values in the query string will end up in the params hash correctly. To test query strings you must use the
       # extras argument, appending the query string on the path directly will not work. For example:
       #
-      #   # assert that a path of '/items/list/1?view=print' returns the correct options
+      #   # Asserts that a path of '/items/list/1?view=print' returns the correct options
       #   assert_recognizes({controller: 'items', action: 'list', id: '1', view: 'print'}, 'items/list/1', { view: "print" })
       #
       # The +message+ parameter allows you to pass in an error message that is displayed upon failure.
@@ -38,18 +38,24 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #   # Test a custom route
       #   assert_recognizes({controller: 'items', action: 'show', id: '1'}, 'view/item1')
       def assert_recognizes(expected_options, path, extras={}, msg=nil)
-        request = recognized_request_for(path, extras)
+        if path.is_a?(Hash) && path[:method].to_s == "all"
+          [:get, :post, :put, :delete].each do |method|
+            assert_recognizes(expected_options, path.merge(method: method), extras, msg)
+          end
+        else
+          request = recognized_request_for(path, extras, msg)
 
-        expected_options = expected_options.clone
+          expected_options = expected_options.clone
 
-        expected_options.stringify_keys!
+          expected_options.stringify_keys!
 
-        msg = message(msg, "") {
-          sprintf("The recognized options <%s> did not match <%s>, difference:",
-                  request.path_parameters, expected_options)
-        }
+          msg = message(msg, "") {
+            sprintf("The recognized options <%s> did not match <%s>, difference:",
+                    request.path_parameters, expected_options)
+          }
 
-        assert_equal(expected_options, request.path_parameters, msg)
+          assert_equal(expected_options, request.path_parameters, msg)
+        end
       end
 
       # Asserts that the provided options can be used to generate the provided path. This is the inverse of +assert_recognizes+.
@@ -69,9 +75,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #
       #   # Asserts that the generated route gives us our custom route
       #   assert_generates "changesets/12", { controller: 'scm', action: 'show_diff', revision: "12" }
-      def assert_generates(expected_path, options, defaults={}, extras = {}, message=nil)
+      def assert_generates(expected_path, options, defaults={}, extras={}, message=nil)
         if expected_path =~ %r{://}
-          fail_on(URI::InvalidURIError) do
+          fail_on(URI::InvalidURIError, message) do
             uri = URI.parse(expected_path)
             expected_path = uri.path.to_s.empty? ? "/" : uri.path
           end
@@ -80,8 +86,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
         # Load routes.rb if it hasn't been loaded.
 
-        generated_path, extra_keys = @routes.generate_extras(options, defaults)
-        found_extras = options.reject { |k, _| ! extra_keys.include? k }
+        generated_path, query_string_keys = @routes.generate_extras(options, defaults)
+        found_extras = options.reject { |k, _| ! query_string_keys.include? k }
 
         msg = message || sprintf("found extras <%s>, not <%s>", found_extras, extras)
         assert_equal(extras, found_extras, msg)
@@ -98,13 +104,13 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # The +extras+ hash allows you to specify options that would normally be provided as a query string to the action. The
       # +message+ parameter allows you to specify a custom error message to display upon failure.
       #
-      #  # Assert a basic route: a controller with the default action (index)
+      #  # Asserts a basic route: a controller with the default action (index)
       #  assert_routing '/home', controller: 'home', action: 'index'
       #
       #  # Test a route generated with a specific controller, action, and parameter (id)
       #  assert_routing '/entries/show/23', controller: 'entries', action: 'show', id: 23
       #
-      #  # Assert a basic route (controller + default action), with an error message if it fails
+      #  # Asserts a basic route (controller + default action), with an error message if it fails
       #  assert_routing '/store', { controller: 'store', action: 'index' }, {}, {}, 'Route for store index not generated properly'
       #
       #  # Tests a route, providing a defaults hash
@@ -144,13 +150,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
           old_controller, @controller = @controller, @controller.clone
           _routes = @routes
 
-          # Unfortunately, there is currently an abstraction leak between AC::Base
-          # and AV::Base which requires having the URL helpers in both AC and AV.
-          # To do this safely at runtime for tests, we need to bump up the helper serial
-          # to that the old AV subclass isn't cached.
-          #
-          # TODO: Make this unnecessary
-          @controller.singleton_class.send(:include, _routes.url_helpers)
+          @controller.singleton_class.include(_routes.url_helpers)
           @controller.view_context_class = Class.new(@controller.view_context_class) do
             include _routes.url_helpers
           end
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       # ROUTES TODO: These assertions should really work in an integration context
       def method_missing(selector, *args, &block)
-        if defined?(@controller) && @controller && @routes && @routes.named_routes.helpers.include?(selector)
+        if defined?(@controller) && @controller && defined?(@routes) && @routes && @routes.named_routes.route_defined?(selector)
           @controller.send(selector, *args, &block)
         else
           super
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       private
         # Recognizes the route for a given path.
-        def recognized_request_for(path, extras = {})
+        def recognized_request_for(path, extras = {}, msg)
           if path.is_a?(Hash)
             method = path[:method]
             path   = path[:path]
@@ -183,10 +183,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
           end
 
           # Assume given controller
-          request = ActionController::TestRequest.new
+          request = ActionController::TestRequest.create
 
           if path =~ %r{://}
-            fail_on(URI::InvalidURIError) do
+            fail_on(URI::InvalidURIError, msg) do
               uri = URI.parse(path)
               request.env["rack.url_scheme"] = uri.scheme || "http"
               request.host = uri.host if uri.host
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
           request.request_method = method if method
 
-          params = fail_on(ActionController::RoutingError) do
+          params = fail_on(ActionController::RoutingError, msg) do
             @routes.recognize_path(path, { :method => method, :extras => extras })
           end
           request.path_parameters = params.with_indifferent_access
@@ -208,10 +208,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
           request
         end
 
-        def fail_on(exception_class)
+        def fail_on(exception_class, message)
           yield
         rescue exception_class => e
-          raise Minitest::Assertion, e.message
+          raise Minitest::Assertion, message || e.message
         end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/selector.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/selector.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3253a3d424..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/selector.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,430 +0,0 @@
-require 'action_view/vendor/html-scanner'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
-
-#--
-# Copyright (c) 2006 Assaf Arkin (http://labnotes.org)
-# Under MIT and/or CC By license.
-#++
-
-module ActionDispatch
-  module Assertions
-    NO_STRIP = %w{pre script style textarea}
-
-    # Adds the +assert_select+ method for use in Rails functional
-    # test cases, which can be used to make assertions on the response HTML of a controller
-    # action. You can also call +assert_select+ within another +assert_select+ to
-    # make assertions on elements selected by the enclosing assertion.
-    #
-    # Use +css_select+ to select elements without making an assertions, either
-    # from the response HTML or elements selected by the enclosing assertion.
-    #
-    # In addition to HTML responses, you can make the following assertions:
-    #
-    # * +assert_select_encoded+ - Assertions on HTML encoded inside XML, for example for dealing with feed item descriptions.
-    # * +assert_select_email+ - Assertions on the HTML body of an e-mail.
-    #
-    # Also see HTML::Selector to learn how to use selectors.
-    module SelectorAssertions
-      # Select and return all matching elements.
-      #
-      # If called with a single argument, uses that argument as a selector
-      # to match all elements of the current page. Returns an empty array
-      # if no match is found.
-      #
-      # If called with two arguments, uses the first argument as the base
-      # element and the second argument as the selector. Attempts to match the
-      # base element and any of its children. Returns an empty array if no
-      # match is found.
-      #
-      # The selector may be a CSS selector expression (String), an expression
-      # with substitution values (Array) or an HTML::Selector object.
-      #
-      #   # Selects all div tags
-      #   divs = css_select("div")
-      #
-      #   # Selects all paragraph tags and does something interesting
-      #   pars = css_select("p")
-      #   pars.each do |par|
-      #     # Do something fun with paragraphs here...
-      #   end
-      #
-      #   # Selects all list items in unordered lists
-      #   items = css_select("ul>li")
-      #
-      #   # Selects all form tags and then all inputs inside the form
-      #   forms = css_select("form")
-      #   forms.each do |form|
-      #     inputs = css_select(form, "input")
-      #     ...
-      #   end
-      def css_select(*args)
-        # See assert_select to understand what's going on here.
-        arg = args.shift
-
-        if arg.is_a?(HTML::Node)
-          root = arg
-          arg = args.shift
-        elsif arg == nil
-          raise ArgumentError, "First argument is either selector or element to select, but nil found. Perhaps you called assert_select with an element that does not exist?"
-        elsif defined?(@selected) && @selected
-          matches = []
-
-          @selected.each do |selected|
-            subset = css_select(selected, HTML::Selector.new(arg.dup, args.dup))
-            subset.each do |match|
-              matches << match unless matches.any? { |m| m.equal?(match) }
-            end
-          end
-
-          return matches
-        else
-          root = response_from_page
-        end
-
-        case arg
-          when String
-            selector = HTML::Selector.new(arg, args)
-          when Array
-            selector = HTML::Selector.new(*arg)
-          when HTML::Selector
-            selector = arg
-          else raise ArgumentError, "Expecting a selector as the first argument"
-        end
-
-        selector.select(root)
-      end
-
-      # An assertion that selects elements and makes one or more equality tests.
-      #
-      # If the first argument is an element, selects all matching elements
-      # starting from (and including) that element and all its children in
-      # depth-first order.
-      #
-      # If no element if specified, calling +assert_select+ selects from the
-      # response HTML unless +assert_select+ is called from within an +assert_select+ block.
-      #
-      # When called with a block +assert_select+ passes an array of selected elements
-      # to the block. Calling +assert_select+ from the block, with no element specified,
-      # runs the assertion on the complete set of elements selected by the enclosing assertion.
-      # Alternatively the array may be iterated through so that +assert_select+ can be called
-      # separately for each element.
-      #
-      #
-      # ==== Example
-      # If the response contains two ordered lists, each with four list elements then:
-      #   assert_select "ol" do |elements|
-      #     elements.each do |element|
-      #       assert_select element, "li", 4
-      #     end
-      #   end
-      #
-      # will pass, as will:
-      #   assert_select "ol" do
-      #     assert_select "li", 8
-      #   end
-      #
-      # The selector may be a CSS selector expression (String), an expression
-      # with substitution values, or an HTML::Selector object.
-      #
-      # === Equality Tests
-      #
-      # The equality test may be one of the following:
-      # * <tt>true</tt> - Assertion is true if at least one element selected.
-      # * <tt>false</tt> - Assertion is true if no element selected.
-      # * <tt>String/Regexp</tt> - Assertion is true if the text value of at least
-      #   one element matches the string or regular expression.
-      # * <tt>Integer</tt> - Assertion is true if exactly that number of
-      #   elements are selected.
-      # * <tt>Range</tt> - Assertion is true if the number of selected
-      #   elements fit the range.
-      # If no equality test specified, the assertion is true if at least one
-      # element selected.
-      #
-      # To perform more than one equality tests, use a hash with the following keys:
-      # * <tt>:text</tt> - Narrow the selection to elements that have this text
-      #   value (string or regexp).
-      # * <tt>:html</tt> - Narrow the selection to elements that have this HTML
-      #   content (string or regexp).
-      # * <tt>:count</tt> - Assertion is true if the number of selected elements
-      #   is equal to this value.
-      # * <tt>:minimum</tt> - Assertion is true if the number of selected
-      #   elements is at least this value.
-      # * <tt>:maximum</tt> - Assertion is true if the number of selected
-      #   elements is at most this value.
-      #
-      # If the method is called with a block, once all equality tests are
-      # evaluated the block is called with an array of all matched elements.
-      #
-      #   # At least one form element
-      #   assert_select "form"
-      #
-      #   # Form element includes four input fields
-      #   assert_select "form input", 4
-      #
-      #   # Page title is "Welcome"
-      #   assert_select "title", "Welcome"
-      #
-      #   # Page title is "Welcome" and there is only one title element
-      #   assert_select "title", {count: 1, text: "Welcome"},
-      #       "Wrong title or more than one title element"
-      #
-      #   # Page contains no forms
-      #   assert_select "form", false, "This page must contain no forms"
-      #
-      #   # Test the content and style
-      #   assert_select "body div.header ul.menu"
-      #
-      #   # Use substitution values
-      #   assert_select "ol>li#?", /item-\d+/
-      #
-      #   # All input fields in the form have a name
-      #   assert_select "form input" do
-      #     assert_select "[name=?]", /.+/  # Not empty
-      #   end
-      def assert_select(*args, &block)
-        # Start with optional element followed by mandatory selector.
-        arg = args.shift
-        @selected ||= nil
-
-        if arg.is_a?(HTML::Node)
-          # First argument is a node (tag or text, but also HTML root),
-          # so we know what we're selecting from.
-          root = arg
-          arg = args.shift
-        elsif arg == nil
-          # This usually happens when passing a node/element that
-          # happens to be nil.
-          raise ArgumentError, "First argument is either selector or element to select, but nil found. Perhaps you called assert_select with an element that does not exist?"
-        elsif @selected
-          root = HTML::Node.new(nil)
-          root.children.concat @selected
-        else
-          # Otherwise just operate on the response document.
-          root = response_from_page
-        end
-
-        # First or second argument is the selector: string and we pass
-        # all remaining arguments. Array and we pass the argument. Also
-        # accepts selector itself.
-        case arg
-          when String
-            selector = HTML::Selector.new(arg, args)
-          when Array
-            selector = HTML::Selector.new(*arg)
-          when HTML::Selector
-            selector = arg
-          else raise ArgumentError, "Expecting a selector as the first argument"
-        end
-
-        # Next argument is used for equality tests.
-        equals = {}
-        case arg = args.shift
-          when Hash
-            equals = arg
-          when String, Regexp
-            equals[:text] = arg
-          when Integer
-            equals[:count] = arg
-          when Range
-            equals[:minimum] = arg.begin
-            equals[:maximum] = arg.end
-          when FalseClass
-            equals[:count] = 0
-          when NilClass, TrueClass
-            equals[:minimum] = 1
-          else raise ArgumentError, "I don't understand what you're trying to match"
-        end
-
-        # By default we're looking for at least one match.
-        if equals[:count]
-          equals[:minimum] = equals[:maximum] = equals[:count]
-        else
-          equals[:minimum] = 1 unless equals[:minimum]
-        end
-
-        # Last argument is the message we use if the assertion fails.
-        message = args.shift
-        #- message = "No match made with selector #{selector.inspect}" unless message
-        if args.shift
-          raise ArgumentError, "Not expecting that last argument, you either have too many arguments, or they're the wrong type"
-        end
-
-        matches = selector.select(root)
-        # If text/html, narrow down to those elements that match it.
-        content_mismatch = nil
-        if match_with = equals[:text]
-          matches.delete_if do |match|
-            text = ""
-            stack = match.children.reverse
-            while node = stack.pop
-              if node.tag?
-                stack.concat node.children.reverse
-              else
-                content = node.content
-                text << content
-              end
-            end
-            text.strip! unless NO_STRIP.include?(match.name)
-            text.sub!(/\A\n/, '') if match.name == "textarea"
-            unless match_with.is_a?(Regexp) ? (text =~ match_with) : (text == match_with.to_s)
-              content_mismatch ||= sprintf("<%s> expected but was\n<%s>.", match_with, text)
-              true
-            end
-          end
-        elsif match_with = equals[:html]
-          matches.delete_if do |match|
-            html = match.children.map(&:to_s).join
-            html.strip! unless NO_STRIP.include?(match.name)
-            unless match_with.is_a?(Regexp) ? (html =~ match_with) : (html == match_with.to_s)
-              content_mismatch ||= sprintf("<%s> expected but was\n<%s>.", match_with, html)
-              true
-            end
-          end
-        end
-        # Expecting foo found bar element only if found zero, not if
-        # found one but expecting two.
-        message ||= content_mismatch if matches.empty?
-        # Test minimum/maximum occurrence.
-        min, max, count = equals[:minimum], equals[:maximum], equals[:count]
-
-        # FIXME: minitest provides messaging when we use assert_operator,
-        # so is this custom message really needed?
-        message = message || %(Expected #{count_description(min, max, count)} matching "#{selector.to_s}", found #{matches.size}.)
-        if count
-          assert_equal matches.size, count, message
-        else
-          assert_operator matches.size, :>=, min, message if min
-          assert_operator matches.size, :<=, max, message if max
-        end
-
-        # If a block is given call that block. Set @selected to allow
-        # nested assert_select, which can be nested several levels deep.
-        if block_given? && !matches.empty?
-          begin
-            in_scope, @selected = @selected, matches
-            yield matches
-          ensure
-            @selected = in_scope
-          end
-        end
-
-        # Returns all matches elements.
-        matches
-      end
-
-      def count_description(min, max, count) #:nodoc:
-        pluralize = lambda {|word, quantity| word << (quantity == 1 ? '' : 's')}
-
-        if min && max && (max != min)
-          "between #{min} and #{max} elements"
-        elsif min && max && max == min && count
-          "exactly #{count} #{pluralize['element', min]}"
-        elsif min && !(min == 1 && max == 1)
-          "at least #{min} #{pluralize['element', min]}"
-        elsif max
-          "at most #{max} #{pluralize['element', max]}"
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Extracts the content of an element, treats it as encoded HTML and runs
-      # nested assertion on it.
-      #
-      # You typically call this method within another assertion to operate on
-      # all currently selected elements. You can also pass an element or array
-      # of elements.
-      #
-      # The content of each element is un-encoded, and wrapped in the root
-      # element +encoded+. It then calls the block with all un-encoded elements.
-      #
-      #   # Selects all bold tags from within the title of an Atom feed's entries (perhaps to nab a section name prefix)
-      #   assert_select "feed[xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom']" do
-      #     # Select each entry item and then the title item
-      #     assert_select "entry>title" do
-      #       # Run assertions on the encoded title elements
-      #       assert_select_encoded do
-      #         assert_select "b"
-      #       end
-      #     end
-      #   end
-      #
-      #
-      #   # Selects all paragraph tags from within the description of an RSS feed
-      #   assert_select "rss[version=2.0]" do
-      #     # Select description element of each feed item.
-      #     assert_select "channel>item>description" do
-      #       # Run assertions on the encoded elements.
-      #       assert_select_encoded do
-      #         assert_select "p"
-      #       end
-      #     end
-      #   end
-      def assert_select_encoded(element = nil, &block)
-        case element
-          when Array
-            elements = element
-          when HTML::Node
-            elements = [element]
-          when nil
-            unless elements = @selected
-              raise ArgumentError, "First argument is optional, but must be called from a nested assert_select"
-            end
-          else
-            raise ArgumentError, "Argument is optional, and may be node or array of nodes"
-        end
-
-        fix_content = lambda do |node|
-          # Gets around a bug in the Rails 1.1 HTML parser.
-          node.content.gsub(/<!\[CDATA\[(.*)(\]\]>)?/m) { Rack::Utils.escapeHTML($1) }
-        end
-
-        selected = elements.map do |elem|
-          text = elem.children.select{ |c| not c.tag? }.map{ |c| fix_content[c] }.join
-          root = HTML::Document.new(CGI.unescapeHTML("<encoded>#{text}</encoded>")).root
-          css_select(root, "encoded:root", &block)[0]
-        end
-
-        begin
-          old_selected, @selected = @selected, selected
-          assert_select ":root", &block
-        ensure
-          @selected = old_selected
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Extracts the body of an email and runs nested assertions on it.
-      #
-      # You must enable deliveries for this assertion to work, use:
-      #   ActionMailer::Base.perform_deliveries = true
-      #
-      #  assert_select_email do
-      #    assert_select "h1", "Email alert"
-      #  end
-      #
-      #  assert_select_email do
-      #    items = assert_select "ol>li"
-      #    items.each do
-      #       # Work with items here...
-      #    end
-      #  end
-      def assert_select_email(&block)
-        deliveries = ActionMailer::Base.deliveries
-        assert !deliveries.empty?, "No e-mail in delivery list"
-
-        deliveries.each do |delivery|
-          (delivery.parts.empty? ? [delivery] : delivery.parts).each do |part|
-            if part["Content-Type"].to_s =~ /^text\/html\W/
-              root = HTML::Document.new(part.body.to_s).root
-              assert_select root, ":root", &block
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      protected
-        # +assert_select+ and +css_select+ call this to obtain the content in the HTML page.
-        def response_from_page
-          html_document.root
-        end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/tag.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/tag.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index e5fe30ba82..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/tag.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,135 +0,0 @@
-require 'action_view/vendor/html-scanner'
-
-module ActionDispatch
-  module Assertions
-    # Pair of assertions to testing elements in the HTML output of the response.
-    module TagAssertions
-      # Asserts that there is a tag/node/element in the body of the response
-      # that meets all of the given conditions. The +conditions+ parameter must
-      # be a hash of any of the following keys (all are optional):
-      #
-      # * <tt>:tag</tt>: the node type must match the corresponding value
-      # * <tt>:attributes</tt>: a hash. The node's attributes must match the
-      #   corresponding values in the hash.
-      # * <tt>:parent</tt>: a hash. The node's parent must match the
-      #   corresponding hash.
-      # * <tt>:child</tt>: a hash. At least one of the node's immediate children
-      #   must meet the criteria described by the hash.
-      # * <tt>:ancestor</tt>: a hash. At least one of the node's ancestors must
-      #   meet the criteria described by the hash.
-      # * <tt>:descendant</tt>: a hash. At least one of the node's descendants
-      #   must meet the criteria described by the hash.
-      # * <tt>:sibling</tt>: a hash. At least one of the node's siblings must
-      #   meet the criteria described by the hash.
-      # * <tt>:after</tt>: a hash. The node must be after any sibling meeting
-      #   the criteria described by the hash, and at least one sibling must match.
-      # * <tt>:before</tt>: a hash. The node must be before any sibling meeting
-      #   the criteria described by the hash, and at least one sibling must match.
-      # * <tt>:children</tt>: a hash, for counting children of a node. Accepts
-      #   the keys:
-      #   * <tt>:count</tt>: either a number or a range which must equal (or
-      #     include) the number of children that match.
-      #   * <tt>:less_than</tt>: the number of matching children must be less
-      #     than this number.
-      #   * <tt>:greater_than</tt>: the number of matching children must be
-      #     greater than this number.
-      #   * <tt>:only</tt>: another hash consisting of the keys to use
-      #     to match on the children, and only matching children will be
-      #     counted.
-      # * <tt>:content</tt>: the textual content of the node must match the
-      #   given value. This will not match HTML tags in the body of a
-      #   tag--only text.
-      #
-      # Conditions are matched using the following algorithm:
-      #
-      # * if the condition is a string, it must be a substring of the value.
-      # * if the condition is a regexp, it must match the value.
-      # * if the condition is a number, the value must match number.to_s.
-      # * if the condition is +true+, the value must not be +nil+.
-      # * if the condition is +false+ or +nil+, the value must be +nil+.
-      #
-      #   # Assert that there is a "span" tag
-      #   assert_tag tag: "span"
-      #
-      #   # Assert that there is a "span" tag with id="x"
-      #   assert_tag tag: "span", attributes: { id: "x" }
-      #
-      #   # Assert that there is a "span" tag using the short-hand
-      #   assert_tag :span
-      #
-      #   # Assert that there is a "span" tag with id="x" using the short-hand
-      #   assert_tag :span, attributes: { id: "x" }
-      #
-      #   # Assert that there is a "span" inside of a "div"
-      #   assert_tag tag: "span", parent: { tag: "div" }
-      #
-      #   # Assert that there is a "span" somewhere inside a table
-      #   assert_tag tag: "span", ancestor: { tag: "table" }
-      #
-      #   # Assert that there is a "span" with at least one "em" child
-      #   assert_tag tag: "span", child: { tag: "em" }
-      #
-      #   # Assert that there is a "span" containing a (possibly nested)
-      #   # "strong" tag.
-      #   assert_tag tag: "span", descendant: { tag: "strong" }
-      #
-      #   # Assert that there is a "span" containing between 2 and 4 "em" tags
-      #   # as immediate children
-      #   assert_tag tag: "span",
-      #              children: { count: 2..4, only: { tag: "em" } }
-      #
-      #   # Get funky: assert that there is a "div", with an "ul" ancestor
-      #   # and an "li" parent (with "class" = "enum"), and containing a
-      #   # "span" descendant that contains text matching /hello world/
-      #   assert_tag tag: "div",
-      #              ancestor: { tag: "ul" },
-      #              parent: { tag: "li",
-      #                           attributes: { class: "enum" } },
-      #              descendant: { tag: "span",
-      #                               child: /hello world/ }
-      #
-      # <b>Please note</b>: +assert_tag+ and +assert_no_tag+ only work
-      # with well-formed XHTML. They recognize a few tags as implicitly self-closing
-      # (like br and hr and such) but will not work correctly with tags
-      # that allow optional closing tags (p, li, td). <em>You must explicitly
-      # close all of your tags to use these assertions.</em>
-      def assert_tag(*opts)
-        opts = opts.size > 1 ? opts.last.merge({ :tag => opts.first.to_s }) : opts.first
-        tag = find_tag(opts)
-        assert tag, "expected tag, but no tag found matching #{opts.inspect} in:\n#{@response.body.inspect}"
-      end
-
-      # Identical to +assert_tag+, but asserts that a matching tag does _not_
-      # exist. (See +assert_tag+ for a full discussion of the syntax.)
-      #
-      #   # Assert that there is not a "div" containing a "p"
-      #   assert_no_tag tag: "div", descendant: { tag: "p" }
-      #
-      #   # Assert that an unordered list is empty
-      #   assert_no_tag tag: "ul", descendant: { tag: "li" }
-      #
-      #   # Assert that there is not a "p" tag with between 1 to 3 "img" tags
-      #   # as immediate children
-      #   assert_no_tag tag: "p",
-      #              children: { count: 1..3, only: { tag: "img" } }
-      def assert_no_tag(*opts)
-        opts = opts.size > 1 ? opts.last.merge({ :tag => opts.first.to_s }) : opts.first
-        tag = find_tag(opts)
-        assert !tag, "expected no tag, but found tag matching #{opts.inspect} in:\n#{@response.body.inspect}"
-      end
-
-      def find_tag(conditions)
-        html_document.find(conditions)
-      end
-
-      def find_all_tag(conditions)
-        html_document.find_all(conditions)
-      end
-
-      def html_document
-        xml = @response.content_type =~ /xml$/
-        @html_document ||= HTML::Document.new(@response.body, false, xml)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/integration.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/integration.rb
index cc6b763093..711ca10419 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/integration.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/integration.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ require 'stringio'
 require 'uri'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/singleton_class'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/try'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/strip'
 require 'rack/test'
 require 'minitest'
 
@@ -12,12 +13,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #
       # - +path+: The URI (as a String) on which you want to perform a GET
       #   request.
-      # - +parameters+: The HTTP parameters that you want to pass. This may
+      # - +params+: The HTTP parameters that you want to pass. This may
       #   be +nil+,
       #   a Hash, or a String that is appropriately encoded
       #   (<tt>application/x-www-form-urlencoded</tt> or
       #   <tt>multipart/form-data</tt>).
-      # - +headers_or_env+: Additional headers to pass, as a Hash. The headers will be
+      # - +headers+: Additional headers to pass, as a Hash. The headers will be
+      #   merged into the Rack env hash.
+      # - +env+: Additional env to pass, as a Hash. The headers will be
       #   merged into the Rack env hash.
       #
       # This method returns a Response object, which one can use to
@@ -28,38 +31,43 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #
       # You can also perform POST, PATCH, PUT, DELETE, and HEAD requests with
       # +#post+, +#patch+, +#put+, +#delete+, and +#head+.
-      def get(path, parameters = nil, headers_or_env = nil)
-        process :get, path, parameters, headers_or_env
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #
+      #   get '/feed', params: { since: 201501011400 }
+      #   post '/profile', headers: { "X-Test-Header" => "testvalue" }
+      def get(path, *args)
+        process_with_kwargs(:get, path, *args)
       end
 
       # Performs a POST request with the given parameters. See +#get+ for more
       # details.
-      def post(path, parameters = nil, headers_or_env = nil)
-        process :post, path, parameters, headers_or_env
+      def post(path, *args)
+        process_with_kwargs(:post, path, *args)
       end
 
       # Performs a PATCH request with the given parameters. See +#get+ for more
       # details.
-      def patch(path, parameters = nil, headers_or_env = nil)
-        process :patch, path, parameters, headers_or_env
+      def patch(path, *args)
+        process_with_kwargs(:patch, path, *args)
       end
 
       # Performs a PUT request with the given parameters. See +#get+ for more
       # details.
-      def put(path, parameters = nil, headers_or_env = nil)
-        process :put, path, parameters, headers_or_env
+      def put(path, *args)
+        process_with_kwargs(:put, path, *args)
       end
 
       # Performs a DELETE request with the given parameters. See +#get+ for
       # more details.
-      def delete(path, parameters = nil, headers_or_env = nil)
-        process :delete, path, parameters, headers_or_env
+      def delete(path, *args)
+        process_with_kwargs(:delete, path, *args)
       end
 
       # Performs a HEAD request with the given parameters. See +#get+ for more
       # details.
-      def head(path, parameters = nil, headers_or_env = nil)
-        process :head, path, parameters, headers_or_env
+      def head(path, *args)
+        process_with_kwargs(:head, path, *args)
       end
 
       # Performs an XMLHttpRequest request with the given parameters, mirroring
@@ -68,11 +76,29 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # The request_method is +:get+, +:post+, +:patch+, +:put+, +:delete+ or
       # +:head+; the parameters are +nil+, a hash, or a url-encoded or multipart
       # string; the headers are a hash.
-      def xml_http_request(request_method, path, parameters = nil, headers_or_env = nil)
-        headers_or_env ||= {}
-        headers_or_env['HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH'] = 'XMLHttpRequest'
-        headers_or_env['HTTP_ACCEPT'] ||= [Mime::JS, Mime::HTML, Mime::XML, 'text/xml', Mime::ALL].join(', ')
-        process(request_method, path, parameters, headers_or_env)
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #
+      #   xhr :get, '/feed', params: { since: 201501011400 }
+      def xml_http_request(request_method, path, *args)
+        if kwarg_request?(args)
+          params, headers, env = args.first.values_at(:params, :headers, :env)
+        else
+          params = args[0]
+          headers = args[1]
+          env = {}
+
+          if params.present? || headers.present?
+            non_kwarg_request_warning
+          end
+        end
+
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.strip_heredoc)
+          xhr and xml_http_request methods are deprecated in favor of
+          `get "/posts", xhr: true` and `post "/posts/1", xhr: true`
+        MSG
+
+        process(request_method, path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true)
       end
       alias xhr :xml_http_request
 
@@ -89,40 +115,52 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # redirect. Note that the redirects are followed until the response is
       # not a redirect--this means you may run into an infinite loop if your
       # redirect loops back to itself.
-      def request_via_redirect(http_method, path, parameters = nil, headers_or_env = nil)
-        process(http_method, path, parameters, headers_or_env)
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #
+      #   request_via_redirect :post, '/welcome',
+      #     params: { ref_id: 14 },
+      #     headers: { "X-Test-Header" => "testvalue" }
+      def request_via_redirect(http_method, path, *args)
+        process_with_kwargs(http_method, path, *args)
+
         follow_redirect! while redirect?
         status
       end
 
       # Performs a GET request, following any subsequent redirect.
       # See +request_via_redirect+ for more information.
-      def get_via_redirect(path, parameters = nil, headers_or_env = nil)
-        request_via_redirect(:get, path, parameters, headers_or_env)
+      def get_via_redirect(path, *args)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn('`get_via_redirect` is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.1. Please use follow_redirect! manually after the request call for the same behavior.')
+        request_via_redirect(:get, path, *args)
       end
 
       # Performs a POST request, following any subsequent redirect.
       # See +request_via_redirect+ for more information.
-      def post_via_redirect(path, parameters = nil, headers_or_env = nil)
-        request_via_redirect(:post, path, parameters, headers_or_env)
+      def post_via_redirect(path, *args)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn('`post_via_redirect` is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.1. Please use follow_redirect! manually after the request call for the same behavior.')
+        request_via_redirect(:post, path, *args)
       end
 
       # Performs a PATCH request, following any subsequent redirect.
       # See +request_via_redirect+ for more information.
-      def patch_via_redirect(path, parameters = nil, headers_or_env = nil)
-        request_via_redirect(:patch, path, parameters, headers_or_env)
+      def patch_via_redirect(path, *args)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn('`patch_via_redirect` is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.1. Please use follow_redirect! manually after the request call for the same behavior.')
+        request_via_redirect(:patch, path, *args)
       end
 
       # Performs a PUT request, following any subsequent redirect.
       # See +request_via_redirect+ for more information.
-      def put_via_redirect(path, parameters = nil, headers_or_env = nil)
-        request_via_redirect(:put, path, parameters, headers_or_env)
+      def put_via_redirect(path, *args)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn('`put_via_redirect` is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.1. Please use follow_redirect! manually after the request call for the same behavior.')
+        request_via_redirect(:put, path, *args)
       end
 
       # Performs a DELETE request, following any subsequent redirect.
       # See +request_via_redirect+ for more information.
-      def delete_via_redirect(path, parameters = nil, headers_or_env = nil)
-        request_via_redirect(:delete, path, parameters, headers_or_env)
+      def delete_via_redirect(path, *args)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn('`delete_via_redirect` is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.1. Please use follow_redirect! manually after the request call for the same behavior.')
+        request_via_redirect(:delete, path, *args)
       end
     end
 
@@ -185,15 +223,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
         super()
         @app = app
 
-        # If the app is a Rails app, make url_helpers available on the session
-        # This makes app.url_for and app.foo_path available in the console
-        if app.respond_to?(:routes)
-          singleton_class.class_eval do
-            include app.routes.url_helpers if app.routes.respond_to?(:url_helpers)
-            include app.routes.mounted_helpers if app.routes.respond_to?(:mounted_helpers)
-          end
-        end
-
         reset!
       end
 
@@ -201,7 +230,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @url_options ||= default_url_options.dup.tap do |url_options|
           url_options.reverse_merge!(controller.url_options) if controller
 
-          if @app.respond_to?(:routes) && @app.routes.respond_to?(:default_url_options)
+          if @app.respond_to?(:routes)
             url_options.reverse_merge!(@app.routes.default_url_options)
           end
 
@@ -261,26 +290,54 @@ module ActionDispatch
           @_mock_session ||= Rack::MockSession.new(@app, host)
         end
 
+        def process_with_kwargs(http_method, path, *args)
+          if kwarg_request?(args)
+            process(http_method, path, *args)
+          else
+            non_kwarg_request_warning if args.any?
+            process(http_method, path, { params: args[0], headers: args[1] })
+          end
+        end
+
+        REQUEST_KWARGS = %i(params headers env xhr)
+        def kwarg_request?(args)
+          args[0].respond_to?(:keys) && args[0].keys.any? { |k| REQUEST_KWARGS.include?(k) }
+        end
+
+        def non_kwarg_request_warning
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.strip_heredoc)
+            ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest HTTP request methods will accept only
+            the following keyword arguments in future Rails versions:
+            #{REQUEST_KWARGS.join(', ')}
+
+            Examples:
+
+            get '/profile',
+              params: { id: 1 },
+              headers: { 'X-Extra-Header' => '123' },
+              env: { 'action_dispatch.custom' => 'custom' },
+              xhr: true
+          MSG
+        end
+
         # Performs the actual request.
-        def process(method, path, parameters = nil, headers_or_env = nil)
+        def process(method, path, params: nil, headers: nil, env: nil, xhr: false)
           if path =~ %r{://}
             location = URI.parse(path)
             https! URI::HTTPS === location if location.scheme
-            host! "#{location.host}:#{location.port}" if location.host
-            path = location.query ? "#{location.path}?#{location.query}" : location.path
-          end
-
-          unless ActionController::Base < ActionController::Testing
-            ActionController::Base.class_eval do
-              include ActionController::Testing
+            if url_host = location.host
+              default = Rack::Request::DEFAULT_PORTS[location.scheme]
+              url_host += ":#{location.port}" if default != location.port
+              host! url_host
             end
+            path = location.query ? "#{location.path}?#{location.query}" : location.path
           end
 
           hostname, port = host.split(':')
 
-          env = {
+          request_env = {
             :method => method,
-            :params => parameters,
+            :params => params,
 
             "SERVER_NAME"     => hostname,
             "SERVER_PORT"     => port || (https? ? "443" : "80"),
@@ -293,53 +350,92 @@ module ActionDispatch
             "CONTENT_TYPE"   => "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
             "HTTP_ACCEPT"    => accept
           }
-          # this modifies the passed env directly
-          Http::Headers.new(env).merge!(headers_or_env || {})
+
+          if xhr
+            headers ||= {}
+            headers['HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH'] = 'XMLHttpRequest'
+            headers['HTTP_ACCEPT'] ||= [Mime[:js], Mime[:html], Mime[:xml], 'text/xml', '*/*'].join(', ')
+          end
+
+          # this modifies the passed request_env directly
+          if headers.present?
+            Http::Headers.from_hash(request_env).merge!(headers)
+          end
+          if env.present?
+            Http::Headers.from_hash(request_env).merge!(env)
+          end
 
           session = Rack::Test::Session.new(_mock_session)
 
           # NOTE: rack-test v0.5 doesn't build a default uri correctly
           # Make sure requested path is always a full uri
-          uri = URI.parse('/')
-          uri.scheme ||= env['rack.url_scheme']
-          uri.host   ||= env['SERVER_NAME']
-          uri.port   ||= env['SERVER_PORT'].try(:to_i)
-          uri += path
-
-          session.request(uri.to_s, env)
+          session.request(build_full_uri(path, request_env), request_env)
 
           @request_count += 1
           @request  = ActionDispatch::Request.new(session.last_request.env)
           response = _mock_session.last_response
-          @response = ActionDispatch::TestResponse.new(response.status, response.headers, response.body)
+          @response = ActionDispatch::TestResponse.from_response(response)
+          @response.request = @request
           @html_document = nil
           @url_options = nil
 
-          @controller = session.last_request.env['action_controller.instance']
+          @controller = @request.controller_instance
+
+          response.status
+        end
 
-          return response.status
+        def build_full_uri(path, env)
+          "#{env['rack.url_scheme']}://#{env['SERVER_NAME']}:#{env['SERVER_PORT']}#{path}"
         end
     end
 
     module Runner
       include ActionDispatch::Assertions
 
-      def app
-        @app ||= nil
+      APP_SESSIONS = {}
+
+      attr_reader :app
+
+      def before_setup # :nodoc:
+        @app = nil
+        @integration_session = nil
+        super
+      end
+
+      def integration_session
+        @integration_session ||= create_session(app)
       end
 
       # Reset the current session. This is useful for testing multiple sessions
       # in a single test case.
       def reset!
-        @integration_session = Integration::Session.new(app)
+        @integration_session = create_session(app)
+      end
+
+      def create_session(app)
+        klass = APP_SESSIONS[app] ||= Class.new(Integration::Session) {
+          # If the app is a Rails app, make url_helpers available on the session
+          # This makes app.url_for and app.foo_path available in the console
+          if app.respond_to?(:routes)
+            include app.routes.url_helpers
+            include app.routes.mounted_helpers
+          end
+        }
+        klass.new(app)
+      end
+
+      def remove! # :nodoc:
+        @integration_session = nil
       end
 
       %w(get post patch put head delete cookies assigns
          xml_http_request xhr get_via_redirect post_via_redirect).each do |method|
         define_method(method) do |*args|
-          reset! unless integration_session
-          # reset the html_document variable, but only for new get/post calls
-          @html_document = nil unless method == 'cookies' || method == 'assigns'
+          # reset the html_document variable, except for cookies/assigns calls
+          unless method == 'cookies' || method == 'assigns'
+            @html_document = nil
+          end
+
           integration_session.__send__(method, *args).tap do
             copy_session_variables!
           end
@@ -356,7 +452,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # By default, a single session is automatically created for you, but you
       # can use this method to open multiple sessions that ought to be tested
       # simultaneously.
-      def open_session(app = nil)
+      def open_session
         dup.tap do |session|
           yield session if block_given?
         end
@@ -365,19 +461,16 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # Copy the instance variables from the current session instance into the
       # test instance.
       def copy_session_variables! #:nodoc:
-        return unless integration_session
-        %w(controller response request).each do |var|
-          instance_variable_set("@#{var}", @integration_session.__send__(var))
-        end
+        @controller = @integration_session.controller
+        @response   = @integration_session.response
+        @request    = @integration_session.request
       end
 
       def default_url_options
-        reset! unless integration_session
         integration_session.default_url_options
       end
 
       def default_url_options=(options)
-        reset! unless integration_session
         integration_session.default_url_options = options
       end
 
@@ -387,7 +480,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       # Delegate unhandled messages to the current session instance.
       def method_missing(sym, *args, &block)
-        reset! unless integration_session
         if integration_session.respond_to?(sym)
           integration_session.__send__(sym, *args, &block).tap do
             copy_session_variables!
@@ -396,11 +488,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
           super
         end
       end
-
-      private
-        def integration_session
-          @integration_session ||= nil
-        end
     end
   end
 
@@ -423,8 +510,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
   #       assert_equal 200, status
   #
   #       # post the login and follow through to the home page
-  #       post "/login", username: people(:jamis).username,
-  #         password: people(:jamis).password
+  #       post "/login", params: { username: people(:jamis).username,
+  #         password: people(:jamis).password }
   #       follow_redirect!
   #       assert_equal 200, status
   #       assert_equal "/home", path
@@ -463,7 +550,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
   #         end
   #
   #         def speak(room, message)
-  #           xml_http_request "/say/#{room.id}", message: message
+  #           post "/say/#{room.id}", xhr: true, params: { message: message }
   #           assert(...)
   #           ...
   #         end
@@ -473,12 +560,91 @@ module ActionDispatch
   #         open_session do |sess|
   #           sess.extend(CustomAssertions)
   #           who = people(who)
-  #           sess.post "/login", username: who.username,
-  #             password: who.password
+  #           sess.post "/login", params: { username: who.username,
+  #             password: who.password }
   #           assert(...)
   #         end
   #       end
   #   end
+  #
+  # Another longer example would be:
+  #
+  # A simple integration test that exercises multiple controllers:
+  #
+  #   require 'test_helper'
+  #
+  #   class UserFlowsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  #     test "login and browse site" do
+  #       # login via https
+  #       https!
+  #       get "/login"
+  #       assert_response :success
+  #
+  #       post "/login", params: { username: users(:david).username, password: users(:david).password }
+  #       follow_redirect!
+  #       assert_equal '/welcome', path
+  #       assert_equal 'Welcome david!', flash[:notice]
+  #
+  #       https!(false)
+  #       get "/articles/all"
+  #       assert_response :success
+  #       assert_select 'h1', 'Articles'
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  # As you can see the integration test involves multiple controllers and
+  # exercises the entire stack from database to dispatcher. In addition you can
+  # have multiple session instances open simultaneously in a test and extend
+  # those instances with assertion methods to create a very powerful testing
+  # DSL (domain-specific language) just for your application.
+  #
+  # Here's an example of multiple sessions and custom DSL in an integration test
+  #
+  #   require 'test_helper'
+  #
+  #   class UserFlowsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  #     test "login and browse site" do
+  #       # User david logs in
+  #       david = login(:david)
+  #       # User guest logs in
+  #       guest = login(:guest)
+  #
+  #       # Both are now available in different sessions
+  #       assert_equal 'Welcome david!', david.flash[:notice]
+  #       assert_equal 'Welcome guest!', guest.flash[:notice]
+  #
+  #       # User david can browse site
+  #       david.browses_site
+  #       # User guest can browse site as well
+  #       guest.browses_site
+  #
+  #       # Continue with other assertions
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     private
+  #
+  #       module CustomDsl
+  #         def browses_site
+  #           get "/products/all"
+  #           assert_response :success
+  #           assert_select 'h1', 'Products'
+  #         end
+  #       end
+  #
+  #       def login(user)
+  #         open_session do |sess|
+  #           sess.extend(CustomDsl)
+  #           u = users(user)
+  #           sess.https!
+  #           sess.post "/login", params: { username: u.username, password: u.password }
+  #           assert_equal '/welcome', sess.path
+  #           sess.https!(false)
+  #         end
+  #       end
+  #   end
+  #
+  # Consult the Rails Testing Guide for more.
+
   class IntegrationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     include Integration::Runner
     include ActionController::TemplateAssertions
@@ -499,8 +665,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
     end
 
     def url_options
-      reset! unless integration_session
       integration_session.url_options
     end
+
+    def document_root_element
+      html_document.root
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/test_process.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/test_process.rb
index 630e6a9b78..eca0439909 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/test_process.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/test_process.rb
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access'
 module ActionDispatch
   module TestProcess
     def assigns(key = nil)
-      assigns = {}.with_indifferent_access
-      @controller.view_assigns.each { |k, v| assigns.regular_writer(k, v) }
-      key.nil? ? assigns : assigns[key]
+      raise NoMethodError,
+        "assigns has been extracted to a gem. To continue using it,
+        add `gem 'rails-controller-testing'` to your Gemfile."
     end
 
     def session
@@ -19,14 +19,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
     end
 
     def cookies
-      @request.cookie_jar
+      @cookie_jar ||= Cookies::CookieJar.build(@request, @request.cookies)
     end
 
     def redirect_to_url
       @response.redirect_url
     end
 
-    # Shortcut for <tt>Rack::Test::UploadedFile.new(File.join(ActionController::TestCase.fixture_path, path), type)</tt>:
+    # Shortcut for <tt>Rack::Test::UploadedFile.new(File.join(ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest.fixture_path, path), type)</tt>:
     #
     #   post :change_avatar, avatar: fixture_file_upload('files/spongebob.png', 'image/png')
     #
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/test_request.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/test_request.rb
index 57c678843b..ad1a7f7109 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/test_request.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/test_request.rb
@@ -4,19 +4,22 @@ require 'rack/utils'
 module ActionDispatch
   class TestRequest < Request
     DEFAULT_ENV = Rack::MockRequest.env_for('/',
-      'HTTP_HOST'       => 'test.host',
-      'REMOTE_ADDR'     => '0.0.0.0',
-      'HTTP_USER_AGENT' => 'Rails Testing'
+      'HTTP_HOST'                => 'test.host',
+      'REMOTE_ADDR'              => '0.0.0.0',
+      'HTTP_USER_AGENT'          => 'Rails Testing',
     )
 
-    def self.new(env = {})
-      super
+    # Create a new test request with default `env` values
+    def self.create(env = {})
+      env = Rails.application.env_config.merge(env) if defined?(Rails.application) && Rails.application
+      env["rack.request.cookie_hash"] ||= {}.with_indifferent_access
+      new(default_env.merge(env))
     end
 
-    def initialize(env = {})
-      env = Rails.application.env_config.merge(env) if defined?(Rails.application) && Rails.application
-      super(default_env.merge(env))
+    def self.default_env
+      DEFAULT_ENV
     end
+    private_class_method :default_env
 
     def request_method=(method)
       @env['REQUEST_METHOD'] = method.to_s.upcase
@@ -39,7 +42,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     end
 
     def action=(action_name)
-      path_parameters["action"] = action_name.to_s
+      path_parameters[:action] = action_name.to_s
     end
 
     def if_modified_since=(last_modified)
@@ -60,19 +63,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
     def accept=(mime_types)
       @env.delete('action_dispatch.request.accepts')
-      @env['HTTP_ACCEPT'] = Array(mime_types).collect { |mime_type| mime_type.to_s }.join(",")
-    end
-
-    alias :rack_cookies :cookies
-
-    def cookies
-      @cookies ||= {}.with_indifferent_access
-    end
-
-    private
-
-    def default_env
-      DEFAULT_ENV
+      @env['HTTP_ACCEPT'] = Array(mime_types).collect(&:to_s).join(",")
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/test_response.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/test_response.rb
index 82039e72e7..4b79a90242 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/test_response.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/test_response.rb
@@ -7,11 +7,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
   # See Response for more information on controller response objects.
   class TestResponse < Response
     def self.from_response(response)
-      new.tap do |resp|
-        resp.status  = response.status
-        resp.headers = response.headers
-        resp.body    = response.body
-      end
+      new response.status, response.headers, response.body
     end
 
     # Was the response successful?
@@ -20,9 +16,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
     # Was the URL not found?
     alias_method :missing?, :not_found?
 
-    # Were we redirected?
-    alias_method :redirect?, :redirection?
-
     # Was there a server-side error?
     alias_method :error?, :server_error?
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_pack.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_pack.rb
index 77f656d6f1..f664dab620 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_pack.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_pack.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #--
-# Copyright (c) 2004-2014 David Heinemeier Hansson
+# Copyright (c) 2004-2015 David Heinemeier Hansson
 #
 # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 # a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_pack/gem_version.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_pack/gem_version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..255ac9f4ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_pack/gem_version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module ActionPack
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded Action Pack as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
+  def self.gem_version
+    Gem::Version.new VERSION::STRING
+  end
+
+  module VERSION
+    MAJOR = 5
+    MINOR = 0
+    TINY  = 0
+    PRE   = "alpha"
+
+    STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE].compact.join(".")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_pack/version.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_pack/version.rb
index 75fb0d9532..7088cd2760 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_pack/version.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_pack/version.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
+require_relative 'gem_version'
+
 module ActionPack
-  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActionPack as a Gem::Version
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActionPack as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
   def self.version
-    Gem::Version.new "4.2.0.alpha"
-  end
-
-  module VERSION #:nodoc:
-    MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE = ActionPack.version.segments
-    STRING = ActionPack.version.to_s
+    gem_version
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/abstract/callbacks_test.rb b/actionpack/test/abstract/callbacks_test.rb
index 8cba049485..07571602e4 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/abstract/callbacks_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/abstract/callbacks_test.rb
@@ -267,9 +267,11 @@ module AbstractController
     end
 
     class AliasedCallbacks < ControllerWithCallbacks
-      before_filter :first
-      after_filter :second
-      around_filter :aroundz
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+        before_filter :first
+        after_filter :second
+        around_filter :aroundz
+      end
 
       def first
         @text = "Hello world"
diff --git a/actionpack/test/abstract/collector_test.rb b/actionpack/test/abstract/collector_test.rb
index b1a5044399..edbb84d462 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/abstract/collector_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/abstract/collector_test.rb
@@ -24,15 +24,21 @@ module AbstractController
 
       test "does not respond to unknown mime types" do
         collector = MyCollector.new
-        assert !collector.respond_to?(:unknown)
+        assert_not_respond_to collector, :unknown
       end
 
       test "register mime types on method missing" do
         AbstractController::Collector.send(:remove_method, :js)
-        collector = MyCollector.new
-        assert !collector.respond_to?(:js)
-        collector.js
-        assert_respond_to collector, :js
+        begin
+          collector = MyCollector.new
+          assert_not_respond_to collector, :js
+          collector.js
+          assert_respond_to collector, :js
+        ensure
+          unless AbstractController::Collector.method_defined? :js
+            AbstractController::Collector.generate_method_for_mime :js
+          end
+        end
       end
 
       test "does not register unknown mime types" do
@@ -47,9 +53,9 @@ module AbstractController
         collector.html
         collector.text(:foo)
         collector.js(:bar) { :baz }
-        assert_equal [Mime::HTML, [], nil], collector.responses[0]
-        assert_equal [Mime::TEXT, [:foo], nil], collector.responses[1]
-        assert_equal [Mime::JS, [:bar]], collector.responses[2][0,2]
+        assert_equal [Mime[:html], [], nil], collector.responses[0]
+        assert_equal [Mime[:text], [:foo], nil], collector.responses[1]
+        assert_equal [Mime[:js], [:bar]], collector.responses[2][0,2]
         assert_equal :baz, collector.responses[2][2].call
       end
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/abstract/translation_test.rb b/actionpack/test/abstract/translation_test.rb
index 4fdc480b43..1435928578 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/abstract/translation_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/abstract/translation_test.rb
@@ -9,6 +9,21 @@ module AbstractController
     class TranslationControllerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       def setup
         @controller = TranslationController.new
+        I18n.backend.store_translations(:en, {
+          one: {
+            two: 'bar',
+          },
+          abstract_controller: {
+            testing: {
+              translation: {
+                index: {
+                  foo: 'bar',
+                },
+                no_action: 'no_action_tr',
+              },
+            },
+          },
+        })
       end
 
       def test_action_controller_base_responds_to_translate
@@ -28,22 +43,34 @@ module AbstractController
       end
 
       def test_lazy_lookup
-        expected = 'bar'
-        @controller.stubs(action_name: :index)
-        I18n.stubs(:translate).with('abstract_controller.testing.translation.index.foo').returns(expected)
-        assert_equal expected, @controller.t('.foo')
+        @controller.stub :action_name, :index do
+          assert_equal 'bar', @controller.t('.foo')
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_lazy_lookup_with_symbol
+        @controller.stub :action_name, :index do
+          assert_equal 'bar', @controller.t(:'.foo')
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_lazy_lookup_fallback
+        @controller.stub :action_name, :index do
+          assert_equal 'no_action_tr', @controller.t(:'.no_action')
+        end
       end
 
       def test_default_translation
-        key, expected = 'one.two', 'bar'
-        I18n.stubs(:translate).with(key).returns(expected)
-        assert_equal expected, @controller.t(key)
+        @controller.stub :action_name, :index do
+          assert_equal 'bar', @controller.t('one.two')
+        end
       end
 
       def test_localize
         time, expected = Time.gm(2000), 'Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 +0000'
-        I18n.stubs(:localize).with(time).returns(expected)
-        assert_equal expected, @controller.l(time)
+        I18n.stub :localize, expected do
+          assert_equal expected, @controller.l(time)
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/abstract_unit.rb b/actionpack/test/abstract_unit.rb
index 03a4741f42..ef7aab72c6 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/abstract_unit.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/abstract_unit.rb
@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@ $:.unshift(File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/lib')
 $:.unshift(File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/fixtures/helpers')
 $:.unshift(File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/fixtures/alternate_helpers')
 
-ENV['TMPDIR'] = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), 'tmp')
-
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting'
 
 # These are the normal settings that will be set up by Railties
@@ -15,8 +13,18 @@ silence_warnings do
   Encoding.default_external = "UTF-8"
 end
 
+require 'drb'
+begin
+  require 'drb/unix'
+rescue LoadError
+  puts "'drb/unix' is not available"
+end
+
+PROCESS_COUNT = (ENV['N'] || 4).to_i
+
 require 'active_support/testing/autorun'
 require 'abstract_controller'
+require 'abstract_controller/railties/routes_helpers'
 require 'action_controller'
 require 'action_view'
 require 'action_view/testing/resolvers'
@@ -33,6 +41,8 @@ module Rails
     def env
       @_env ||= ActiveSupport::StringInquirer.new(ENV["RAILS_ENV"] || ENV["RACK_ENV"] || "test")
     end
+
+    def root; end;
   end
 end
 
@@ -49,26 +59,15 @@ I18n.enforce_available_locales = false
 # Register danish language for testing
 I18n.backend.store_translations 'da', {}
 I18n.backend.store_translations 'pt-BR', {}
-ORIGINAL_LOCALES = I18n.available_locales.map {|locale| locale.to_s }.sort
 
 FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), 'fixtures')
-FIXTURES = Pathname.new(FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH)
-
-module RackTestUtils
-  def body_to_string(body)
-    if body.respond_to?(:each)
-      str = ""
-      body.each {|s| str << s }
-      str
-    else
-      body
-    end
-  end
-  extend self
-end
 
 SharedTestRoutes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
 
+SharedTestRoutes.draw do
+  get ':controller(/:action)'
+end
+
 module ActionDispatch
   module SharedRoutes
     def before_setup
@@ -76,35 +75,13 @@ module ActionDispatch
       super
     end
   end
-
-  # Hold off drawing routes until all the possible controller classes
-  # have been loaded.
-  module DrawOnce
-    class << self
-      attr_accessor :drew
-    end
-    self.drew = false
-
-    def before_setup
-      super
-      return if DrawOnce.drew
-
-      SharedTestRoutes.draw do
-        get ':controller(/:action)'
-      end
-
-      ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest.app.routes.draw do
-        get ':controller(/:action)'
-      end
-
-      DrawOnce.drew = true
-    end
-  end
 end
 
 module ActiveSupport
   class TestCase
-    include ActionDispatch::DrawOnce
+    if RUBY_ENGINE == "ruby" && PROCESS_COUNT > 0
+      parallelize_me!
+    end
   end
 end
 
@@ -121,61 +98,55 @@ class RoutedRackApp
   end
 end
 
-class BasicController
-  attr_accessor :request
-
-  def config
-    @config ||= ActiveSupport::InheritableOptions.new(ActionController::Base.config).tap do |config|
-      # VIEW TODO: View tests should not require a controller
-      public_dir = File.expand_path("../fixtures/public", __FILE__)
-      config.assets_dir = public_dir
-      config.javascripts_dir = "#{public_dir}/javascripts"
-      config.stylesheets_dir = "#{public_dir}/stylesheets"
-      config.assets          = ActiveSupport::InheritableOptions.new({ :prefix => "assets" })
-      config
-    end
-  end
-end
-
 class ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  include ActionDispatch::SharedRoutes
-
   def self.build_app(routes = nil)
     RoutedRackApp.new(routes || ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new) do |middleware|
-      middleware.use "ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions", ActionDispatch::PublicExceptions.new("#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/public")
-      middleware.use "ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions"
-      middleware.use "ActionDispatch::Callbacks"
-      middleware.use "ActionDispatch::ParamsParser"
-      middleware.use "ActionDispatch::Cookies"
-      middleware.use "ActionDispatch::Flash"
-      middleware.use "Rack::Head"
+      middleware.use ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions, ActionDispatch::PublicExceptions.new("#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/public")
+      middleware.use ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions
+      middleware.use ActionDispatch::Callbacks
+      middleware.use ActionDispatch::Cookies
+      middleware.use ActionDispatch::Flash
+      middleware.use Rack::Head
       yield(middleware) if block_given?
     end
   end
 
   self.app = build_app
 
-  # Stub Rails dispatcher so it does not get controller references and
-  # simply return the controller#action as Rack::Body.
-  class StubDispatcher < ::ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::Dispatcher
-    protected
-    def controller_reference(controller_param)
-      controller_param
+  app.routes.draw do
+    get ':controller(/:action)'
+  end
+
+  class DeadEndRoutes < ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet
+    # Stub Rails dispatcher so it does not get controller references and
+    # simply return the controller#action as Rack::Body.
+    class NullController < ::ActionController::Metal
+      def initialize(controller_name)
+        @controller = controller_name
+      end
+
+      def make_response!(request)
+        self.class.make_response! request
+      end
+
+      def dispatch(action, req, res)
+        [200, {'Content-Type' => 'text/html'}, ["#{@controller}##{action}"]]
+      end
     end
 
-    def dispatch(controller, action, env)
-      [200, {'Content-Type' => 'text/html'}, ["#{controller}##{action}"]]
+    class NullControllerRequest < DelegateClass(ActionDispatch::Request)
+      def controller_class
+        NullController.new params[:controller]
+      end
+    end
+
+    def make_request env
+      NullControllerRequest.new super
     end
   end
 
-  def self.stub_controllers
-    old_dispatcher = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::Dispatcher
-    ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.module_eval { remove_const :Dispatcher }
-    ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.module_eval { const_set :Dispatcher, StubDispatcher }
-    yield ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
-  ensure
-    ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.module_eval { remove_const :Dispatcher }
-    ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.module_eval { const_set :Dispatcher, old_dispatcher }
+  def self.stub_controllers(config = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::DEFAULT_CONFIG)
+    yield DeadEndRoutes.new(config)
   end
 
   def with_routing(&block)
@@ -187,6 +158,7 @@ class ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     yield temporary_routes
   ensure
     self.class.app = old_app
+    self.remove!
     silence_warnings { Object.const_set(:SharedTestRoutes, old_routes) }
   end
 
@@ -250,10 +222,13 @@ class Rack::TestCase < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 end
 
 module ActionController
+  class API
+    extend AbstractController::Railties::RoutesHelpers.with(SharedTestRoutes)
+  end
+
   class Base
-    include ActionController::Testing
     # This stub emulates the Railtie including the URL helpers from a Rails application
-    include SharedTestRoutes.url_helpers
+    extend AbstractController::Railties::RoutesHelpers.with(SharedTestRoutes)
     include SharedTestRoutes.mounted_helpers
 
     self.view_paths = FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH
@@ -306,27 +281,98 @@ end
 
 module ActionDispatch
   module RoutingVerbs
-    def get(uri_or_host, path = nil)
+    def send_request(uri_or_host, method, path)
       host = uri_or_host.host unless path
       path ||= uri_or_host.path
 
       params = {'PATH_INFO'      => path,
-                'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'GET',
+                'REQUEST_METHOD' => method,
                 'HTTP_HOST'      => host}
 
-      routes.call(params)[2].join
+      routes.call(params)
+    end
+
+    def request_path_params(path, options = {})
+      method = options[:method] || 'GET'
+      resp = send_request URI('http://localhost' + path), method.to_s.upcase, nil
+      status = resp.first
+      if status == 404
+        raise ActionController::RoutingError, "No route matches #{path.inspect}"
+      end
+      controller.request.path_parameters
+    end
+
+    def get(uri_or_host, path = nil)
+      send_request(uri_or_host, 'GET', path)[2].join
+    end
+
+    def post(uri_or_host, path = nil)
+      send_request(uri_or_host, 'POST', path)[2].join
+    end
+
+    def put(uri_or_host, path = nil)
+      send_request(uri_or_host, 'PUT', path)[2].join
+    end
+
+    def delete(uri_or_host, path = nil)
+      send_request(uri_or_host, 'DELETE', path)[2].join
+    end
+
+    def patch(uri_or_host, path = nil)
+      send_request(uri_or_host, 'PATCH', path)[2].join
     end
   end
 end
 
 module RoutingTestHelpers
-  def url_for(set, options, recall = nil)
-    set.send(:url_for, options.merge(:only_path => true, :_recall => recall))
+  def url_for(set, options)
+    route_name = options.delete :use_route
+    set.url_for options.merge(:only_path => true), route_name
+  end
+
+  def make_set(strict = true)
+    tc = self
+    TestSet.new ->(c) { tc.controller = c }, strict
+  end
+
+  class TestSet < ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet
+    class Request < DelegateClass(ActionDispatch::Request)
+      def initialize(target, helpers, block, strict)
+        super(target)
+        @helpers = helpers
+        @block = block
+        @strict = strict
+      end
+
+      def controller_class
+        helpers = @helpers
+        block = @block
+        Class.new(@strict ? super : ActionController::Base) {
+          include helpers
+          define_method(:process) { |name| block.call(self) }
+          def to_a; [200, {}, []]; end
+        }
+      end
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :strict
+
+    def initialize(block, strict = false)
+      @block = block
+      @strict = strict
+      super()
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def make_request(env)
+      Request.new super, url_helpers, @block, strict
+    end
   end
 end
 
 class ResourcesController < ActionController::Base
-  def index() render :nothing => true end
+  def index() head :ok end
   alias_method :show, :index
 end
 
@@ -334,13 +380,11 @@ class ThreadsController  < ResourcesController; end
 class MessagesController < ResourcesController; end
 class CommentsController < ResourcesController; end
 class ReviewsController < ResourcesController; end
-class LogosController < ResourcesController; end
 
 class AccountsController <  ResourcesController; end
 class AdminController   <  ResourcesController; end
 class ProductsController < ResourcesController; end
 class ImagesController < ResourcesController; end
-class PreferencesController < ResourcesController; end
 
 module Backoffice
   class ProductsController < ResourcesController; end
@@ -360,3 +404,80 @@ end
 def jruby_skip(message = '')
   skip message if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
 end
+
+require 'active_support/testing/method_call_assertions'
+
+class ForkingExecutor
+  class Server
+    include DRb::DRbUndumped
+
+    def initialize
+      @queue = Queue.new
+    end
+
+    def record reporter, result
+      reporter.record result
+    end
+
+    def << o
+      o[2] = DRbObject.new(o[2]) if o
+      @queue << o
+    end
+    def pop; @queue.pop; end
+  end
+
+  def initialize size
+    @size  = size
+    @queue = Server.new
+    file   = File.join Dir.tmpdir, Dir::Tmpname.make_tmpname('rails-tests', 'fd')
+    @url   = "drbunix://#{file}"
+    @pool  = nil
+    DRb.start_service @url, @queue
+  end
+
+  def << work; @queue << work; end
+
+  def shutdown
+    pool = @size.times.map {
+      fork {
+        DRb.stop_service
+        queue = DRbObject.new_with_uri @url
+        while job = queue.pop
+          klass    = job[0]
+          method   = job[1]
+          reporter = job[2]
+          result = Minitest.run_one_method klass, method
+          if result.error?
+            translate_exceptions result
+          end
+          queue.record reporter, result
+        end
+      }
+    }
+    @size.times { @queue << nil }
+    pool.each { |pid| Process.waitpid pid }
+  end
+
+  private
+  def translate_exceptions(result)
+    result.failures.map! { |e|
+      begin
+        Marshal.dump e
+        e
+      rescue TypeError
+        ex = Exception.new e.message
+        ex.set_backtrace e.backtrace
+        Minitest::UnexpectedError.new ex
+      end
+    }
+  end
+end
+
+if RUBY_ENGINE == "ruby" && PROCESS_COUNT > 0
+  # Use N processes (N defaults to 4)
+  Minitest.parallel_executor = ForkingExecutor.new(PROCESS_COUNT)
+end
+
+class ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include ActiveSupport::Testing::MethodCallAssertions
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/assertions/response_assertions_test.rb b/actionpack/test/assertions/response_assertions_test.rb
index 5e64cae7e2..e76c222824 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/assertions/response_assertions_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/assertions/response_assertions_test.rb
@@ -6,8 +6,13 @@ module ActionDispatch
     class ResponseAssertionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       include ResponseAssertions
 
-      FakeResponse = Struct.new(:response_code) do
-        [:success, :missing, :redirect, :error].each do |sym|
+      FakeResponse = Struct.new(:response_code, :location) do
+        def initialize(*)
+          super
+          self.location ||= "http://test.example.com/posts"
+        end
+
+        [:successful, :not_found, :redirection, :server_error].each do |sym|
           define_method("#{sym}?") do
             sym == response_code
           end
@@ -16,7 +21,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       def test_assert_response_predicate_methods
         [:success, :missing, :redirect, :error].each do |sym|
-          @response = FakeResponse.new sym
+          @response = FakeResponse.new RESPONSE_PREDICATES[sym].to_s.sub(/\?/, '').to_sym
           assert_response sym
 
           assert_raises(Minitest::Assertion) {
@@ -58,6 +63,37 @@ module ActionDispatch
           assert_response :succezz
         }
       end
+
+      def test_error_message_shows_404_when_404_asserted_for_success
+        @response = ActionDispatch::Response.new
+        @response.status = 404
+
+        error = assert_raises(Minitest::Assertion) { assert_response :success }
+        expected = "Expected response to be a <success>, but was a <404>"
+        assert_match expected, error.message
+      end
+
+      def test_error_message_shows_302_redirect_when_302_asserted_for_success
+        @response = ActionDispatch::Response.new
+        @response.status = 302
+        @response.location = 'http://test.host/posts/redirect/1'
+
+        error = assert_raises(Minitest::Assertion) { assert_response :success }
+        expected = "Expected response to be a <success>, but was a <302>" \
+                   " redirect to <http://test.host/posts/redirect/1>"
+        assert_match expected, error.message
+      end
+
+      def test_error_message_shows_302_redirect_when_302_asserted_for_301
+        @response = ActionDispatch::Response.new
+        @response.status = 302
+        @response.location = 'http://test.host/posts/redirect/2'
+
+        error = assert_raises(Minitest::Assertion) { assert_response 301 }
+        expected = "Expected response to be a <301>, but was a <302>" \
+                   " redirect to <http://test.host/posts/redirect/2>"
+        assert_match expected, error.message
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/action_pack_assertions_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/action_pack_assertions_test.rb
index b6b5a218cc..899d92f815 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/action_pack_assertions_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/action_pack_assertions_test.rb
@@ -1,14 +1,10 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'action_view/vendor/html-scanner'
 require 'controller/fake_controllers'
 
 class ActionPackAssertionsController < ActionController::Base
 
   def nothing() head :ok end
 
-  def hello_world() render :template => "test/hello_world"; end
-  def hello_repeating_in_path() render :template => "test/hello/hello"; end
-
   def hello_xml_world() render :template => "test/hello_xml_world"; end
 
   def hello_xml_world_pdf
@@ -21,8 +17,6 @@ class ActionPackAssertionsController < ActionController::Base
     render :template => "test/hello_xml_world"
   end
 
-  def partial() render :partial => 'test/partial'; end
-
   def redirect_internal() redirect_to "/nothing"; end
 
   def redirect_to_action() redirect_to :action => "flash_me", :id => 1, :params => { "panda" => "fun" }; end
@@ -49,12 +43,12 @@ class ActionPackAssertionsController < ActionController::Base
 
   def flash_me
     flash['hello'] = 'my name is inigo montoya...'
-    render :text => "Inconceivable!"
+    render plain: "Inconceivable!"
   end
 
   def flash_me_naked
     flash.clear
-    render :text => "wow!"
+    render plain: "wow!"
   end
 
   def assign_this
@@ -63,40 +57,30 @@ class ActionPackAssertionsController < ActionController::Base
   end
 
   def render_based_on_parameters
-    render :text => "Mr. #{params[:name]}"
+    render plain: "Mr. #{params[:name]}"
   end
 
   def render_url
-    render :text => "<div>#{url_for(:action => 'flash_me', :only_path => true)}</div>"
+    render html: "<div>#{url_for(action: 'flash_me', only_path: true)}</div>"
   end
 
   def render_text_with_custom_content_type
-    render :text => "Hello!", :content_type => Mime::RSS
-  end
-
-  def render_with_layout
-    @variable_for_layout = nil
-    render "test/hello_world", :layout => "layouts/standard"
-  end
-
-  def render_with_layout_and_partial
-    @variable_for_layout = nil
-    render "test/hello_world_with_partial", :layout => "layouts/standard"
+    render body: "Hello!", content_type: Mime[:rss]
   end
 
   def session_stuffing
     session['xmas'] = 'turkey'
-    render :text => "ho ho ho"
+    render plain: "ho ho ho"
   end
 
   def raise_exception_on_get
     raise "get" if request.get?
-    render :text => "request method: #{request.env['REQUEST_METHOD']}"
+    render plain: "request method: #{request.env['REQUEST_METHOD']}"
   end
 
   def raise_exception_on_post
     raise "post" if request.post?
-    render :text => "request method: #{request.env['REQUEST_METHOD']}"
+    render plain: "request method: #{request.env['REQUEST_METHOD']}"
   end
 
   def render_file_absolute_path
@@ -117,14 +101,14 @@ class AssertResponseWithUnexpectedErrorController < ActionController::Base
   end
 
   def show
-    render :text => "Boom", :status => 500
+    render plain: "Boom", status: 500
   end
 end
 
 module Admin
   class InnerModuleController < ActionController::Base
     def index
-      render :nothing => true
+      head :ok
     end
 
     def redirect_to_index
@@ -147,11 +131,6 @@ end
 
 class ActionPackAssertionsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
-  def test_assert_tag_and_url_for
-    get :render_url
-    assert_tag :content => "/action_pack_assertions/flash_me"
-  end
-
   def test_render_file_absolute_path
     get :render_file_absolute_path
     assert_match(/\A= Action Pack/, @response.body)
@@ -165,24 +144,24 @@ class ActionPackAssertionsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_get_request
     assert_raise(RuntimeError) { get :raise_exception_on_get }
     get :raise_exception_on_post
-    assert_equal @response.body, 'request method: GET'
+    assert_equal 'request method: GET', @response.body
   end
 
   def test_post_request
     assert_raise(RuntimeError) { post :raise_exception_on_post }
     post :raise_exception_on_get
-    assert_equal @response.body, 'request method: POST'
+    assert_equal 'request method: POST', @response.body
   end
 
   def test_get_post_request_switch
     post :raise_exception_on_get
-    assert_equal @response.body, 'request method: POST'
+    assert_equal 'request method: POST', @response.body
     get :raise_exception_on_post
-    assert_equal @response.body, 'request method: GET'
+    assert_equal 'request method: GET', @response.body
     post :raise_exception_on_get
-    assert_equal @response.body, 'request method: POST'
+    assert_equal 'request method: POST', @response.body
     get :raise_exception_on_post
-    assert_equal @response.body, 'request method: GET'
+    assert_equal 'request method: GET', @response.body
   end
 
   def test_string_constraint
@@ -302,7 +281,7 @@ class ActionPackAssertionsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_session_exist
     process :session_stuffing
-    assert_equal session['xmas'], 'turkey'
+    assert_equal 'turkey', session['xmas']
   end
 
   def session_does_not_exist
@@ -310,14 +289,6 @@ class ActionPackAssertionsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert session.empty?
   end
 
-  def test_render_template_action
-    process :nothing
-    assert_template nil
-
-    process :hello_world
-    assert_template 'hello_world'
-  end
-
   def test_redirection_location
     process :redirect_internal
     assert_equal 'http://test.host/nothing', @response.redirect_url
@@ -347,7 +318,7 @@ class ActionPackAssertionsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_missing_response_code
     process :response404
-    assert @response.missing?
+    assert @response.not_found?
   end
 
   def test_client_error_response_code
@@ -375,16 +346,18 @@ class ActionPackAssertionsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_successful_response_code
     process :nothing
-    assert @response.success?
+    assert @response.successful?
   end
 
   def test_response_object
     process :nothing
-    assert_kind_of ActionController::TestResponse, @response
+    assert_kind_of ActionDispatch::TestResponse, @response
   end
 
   def test_render_based_on_parameters
-    process :render_based_on_parameters, "GET", "name" => "David"
+    process :render_based_on_parameters,
+      method: "GET",
+      params: { name: "David" }
     assert_equal "Mr. David", @response.body
   end
 
@@ -459,162 +432,6 @@ class ActionPackAssertionsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 end
 
-class AssertTemplateTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests ActionPackAssertionsController
-
-  def test_with_invalid_hash_keys_raises_argument_error
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
-      assert_template foo: "bar"
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_with_partial
-    get :partial
-    assert_template :partial => '_partial'
-  end
-
-  def test_file_with_absolute_path_success
-    get :render_file_absolute_path
-    assert_template :file => File.expand_path('../../../README.rdoc', __FILE__)
-  end
-
-  def test_file_with_relative_path_success
-    get :render_file_relative_path
-    assert_template :file => 'README.rdoc'
-  end
-
-  def test_with_file_failure
-    get :render_file_absolute_path
-    assert_raise(ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion) do
-      assert_template :file => 'test/hello_world'
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_with_nil_passes_when_no_template_rendered
-    get :nothing
-    assert_template nil
-  end
-
-  def test_with_nil_fails_when_template_rendered
-    get :hello_world
-    assert_raise(ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion) do
-      assert_template nil
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_with_empty_string_fails_when_template_rendered
-    get :hello_world
-    assert_raise(ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion) do
-      assert_template ""
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_with_empty_string_fails_when_no_template_rendered
-    get :nothing
-    assert_raise(ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion) do
-      assert_template ""
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_passes_with_correct_string
-    get :hello_world
-    assert_template 'hello_world'
-    assert_template 'test/hello_world'
-  end
-
-  def test_passes_with_correct_symbol
-    get :hello_world
-    assert_template :hello_world
-  end
-
-  def test_fails_with_incorrect_string
-    get :hello_world
-    assert_raise(ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion) do
-      assert_template 'hello_planet'
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_fails_with_incorrect_string_that_matches
-    get :hello_world
-    assert_raise(ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion) do
-      assert_template 'est/he'
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_fails_with_repeated_name_in_path
-    get :hello_repeating_in_path
-    assert_raise(ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion) do
-      assert_template 'test/hello'
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_fails_with_incorrect_symbol
-    get :hello_world
-    assert_raise(ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion) do
-      assert_template :hello_planet
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_fails_with_incorrect_symbol_that_matches
-    get :hello_world
-    assert_raise(ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion) do
-      assert_template :"est/he"
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_fails_with_wrong_layout
-    get :render_with_layout
-    assert_raise(ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion) do
-      assert_template :layout => "application"
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_fails_expecting_no_layout
-    get :render_with_layout
-    assert_raise(ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion) do
-      assert_template :layout => nil
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_passes_with_correct_layout
-    get :render_with_layout
-    assert_template :layout => "layouts/standard"
-  end
-
-  def test_passes_with_layout_and_partial
-    get :render_with_layout_and_partial
-    assert_template :layout => "layouts/standard"
-  end
-
-  def test_passed_with_no_layout
-    get :hello_world
-    assert_template :layout => nil
-  end
-
-  def test_passed_with_no_layout_false
-    get :hello_world
-    assert_template :layout => false
-  end
-
-  def test_passes_with_correct_layout_without_layouts_prefix
-    get :render_with_layout
-    assert_template :layout => "standard"
-  end
-
-  def test_passes_with_correct_layout_symbol
-    get :render_with_layout
-    assert_template :layout => :standard
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_template_reset_between_requests
-    get :hello_world
-    assert_template 'test/hello_world'
-
-    get :nothing
-    assert_template nil
-  end
-end
-
 class ActionPackHeaderTest < ActionController::TestCase
   tests ActionPackAssertionsController
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/api/conditional_get_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/api/conditional_get_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b4f1673be0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/api/conditional_get_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/integer/time'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/numeric/time'
+
+class ConditionalGetApiController < ActionController::API
+  before_action :handle_last_modified_and_etags, only: :two
+
+  def one
+    if stale?(last_modified: Time.now.utc.beginning_of_day, etag: [:foo, 123])
+      render plain: "Hi!"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def two
+    render plain: "Hi!"
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def handle_last_modified_and_etags
+    fresh_when(last_modified: Time.now.utc.beginning_of_day, etag: [ :foo, 123 ])
+  end
+end
+
+class ConditionalGetApiTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  tests ConditionalGetApiController
+
+  def setup
+    @last_modified = Time.now.utc.beginning_of_day.httpdate
+  end
+
+  def test_request_gets_last_modified
+    get :two
+    assert_equal @last_modified, @response.headers['Last-Modified']
+    assert_response :success
+  end
+
+  def test_request_obeys_last_modified
+    @request.if_modified_since = @last_modified
+    get :two
+    assert_response :not_modified
+  end
+
+  def test_last_modified_works_with_less_than_too
+    @request.if_modified_since = 5.years.ago.httpdate
+    get :two
+    assert_response :success
+  end
+
+  def test_request_not_modified
+    @request.if_modified_since = @last_modified
+    get :one
+    assert_equal 304, @response.status.to_i
+    assert @response.body.blank?
+    assert_equal @last_modified, @response.headers['Last-Modified']
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/api/data_streaming_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/api/data_streaming_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0e7d97d1f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/api/data_streaming_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+module TestApiFileUtils
+  def file_path() File.expand_path(__FILE__) end
+  def file_data() @data ||= File.open(file_path, 'rb') { |f| f.read } end
+end
+
+class DataStreamingApiController < ActionController::API
+  include TestApiFileUtils
+
+  def one; end
+  def two
+    send_data(file_data, {})
+  end
+end
+
+class DataStreamingApiTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  include TestApiFileUtils
+  tests DataStreamingApiController
+
+  def test_data
+    response = process('two')
+    assert_kind_of String, response.body
+    assert_equal file_data, response.body
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/api/force_ssl_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/api/force_ssl_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8578340d82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/api/force_ssl_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class ForceSSLApiController < ActionController::API
+  force_ssl
+
+  def one; end
+  def two
+    head :ok
+  end
+end
+
+class ForceSSLApiTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  tests ForceSSLApiController
+
+  def test_redirects_to_https
+    get :two
+    assert_response 301
+    assert_equal "https://test.host/force_ssl_api/two", redirect_to_url
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/api/implicit_render_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/api/implicit_render_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..26f9cd8f78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/api/implicit_render_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class ImplicitRenderAPITestController < ActionController::API
+  def empty_action
+  end
+end
+
+class ImplicitRenderAPITest < ActionController::TestCase
+  tests ImplicitRenderAPITestController
+
+  def test_implicit_no_content_response
+    get :empty_action
+    assert_response :no_content
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/api/params_wrapper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/api/params_wrapper_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..53b3a0c3cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/api/params_wrapper_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class ParamsWrapperForApiTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  class UsersController < ActionController::API
+    attr_accessor :last_parameters
+
+    wrap_parameters :person, format: [:json]
+
+    def test
+      self.last_parameters = params.except(:controller, :action).to_unsafe_h
+      head :ok
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Person; end
+
+  tests UsersController
+
+  def test_specify_wrapper_name
+    @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
+    post :test, params: { 'username' => 'sikachu' }
+
+    expected = { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'person' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' }}
+    assert_equal expected, @controller.last_parameters
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/api/redirect_to_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/api/redirect_to_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..18877c4b3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/api/redirect_to_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class RedirectToApiController < ActionController::API
+  def one
+    redirect_to action: "two"
+  end
+
+  def two; end
+end
+
+class RedirectToApiTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  tests RedirectToApiController
+
+  def test_redirect_to
+    get :one
+    assert_response :redirect
+    assert_equal "http://test.host/redirect_to_api/two", redirect_to_url
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/api/renderers_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/api/renderers_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9405538833
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/api/renderers_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions'
+
+class RenderersApiController < ActionController::API
+  class Model
+    def to_json(options = {})
+      { a: 'b' }.to_json(options)
+    end
+
+    def to_xml(options = {})
+      { a: 'b' }.to_xml(options)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def one
+    render json: Model.new
+  end
+
+  def two
+    render xml: Model.new
+  end
+end
+
+class RenderersApiTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  tests RenderersApiController
+
+  def test_render_json
+    get :one
+    assert_response :success
+    assert_equal({ a: 'b' }.to_json, @response.body)
+  end
+
+  def test_render_xml
+    get :two
+    assert_response :success
+    assert_equal({ a: 'b' }.to_xml, @response.body)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/api/url_for_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/api/url_for_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0d8691a091
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/api/url_for_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class UrlForApiController < ActionController::API
+  def one; end
+  def two; end
+end
+
+class UrlForApiTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  tests UrlForApiController
+
+  def setup
+    super
+    @request.host = 'www.example.com'
+  end
+
+  def test_url_for
+    get :one
+    assert_equal "http://www.example.com/url_for_api/one", @controller.url_for
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/assert_select_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/assert_select_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 114bbf3c22..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/assert_select_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,351 +0,0 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
-#--
-# Copyright (c) 2006 Assaf Arkin (http://labnotes.org)
-# Under MIT and/or CC By license.
-#++
-
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'controller/fake_controllers'
-
-require 'action_mailer'
-require 'action_view'
-
-ActionMailer::Base.send(:include, ActionView::Layouts)
-ActionMailer::Base.view_paths = FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH
-
-class AssertSelectTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  Assertion = ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion
-
-  class AssertSelectMailer < ActionMailer::Base
-    def test(html)
-      mail :body => html, :content_type => "text/html",
-        :subject => "Test e-mail", :from => "test@test.host", :to => "test <test@test.host>"
-    end
-  end
-
-  class AssertMultipartSelectMailer < ActionMailer::Base
-    def test(options)
-      mail :subject => "Test e-mail", :from => "test@test.host", :to => "test <test@test.host>" do |format|
-        format.text { render :text => options[:text] }
-        format.html { render :text => options[:html] }
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  class AssertSelectController < ActionController::Base
-    def response_with=(content)
-      @content = content
-    end
-
-    def response_with(&block)
-      @update = block
-    end
-
-    def html()
-      render :text=>@content, :layout=>false, :content_type=>Mime::HTML
-      @content = nil
-    end
-
-    def xml()
-      render :text=>@content, :layout=>false, :content_type=>Mime::XML
-      @content = nil
-    end
-  end
-
-  tests AssertSelectController
-
-  def setup
-    super
-    ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = :test
-    ActionMailer::Base.perform_deliveries = true
-    ActionMailer::Base.deliveries = []
-  end
-
-  def teardown
-    super
-    ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.clear
-  end
-
-  def assert_failure(message, &block)
-    e = assert_raise(Assertion, &block)
-    assert_match(message, e.message) if Regexp === message
-    assert_equal(message, e.message) if String === message
-  end
-
-  #
-  # Test assert select.
-  #
-
-  def test_assert_select
-    render_html %Q{<div id="1"></div><div id="2"></div>}
-    assert_select "div", 2
-    assert_failure(/Expected at least 1 element matching \"p\", found 0/) { assert_select "p" }
-  end
-
-  def test_equality_integer
-    render_html %Q{<div id="1"></div><div id="2"></div>}
-    assert_failure(/Expected exactly 3 elements matching \"div\", found 2/) { assert_select "div", 3 }
-    assert_failure(/Expected exactly 0 elements matching \"div\", found 2/) { assert_select "div", 0 }
-  end
-
-  def test_equality_true_false
-    render_html %Q{<div id="1"></div><div id="2"></div>}
-    assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div" }
-    assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select "p" }
-    assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div", true }
-    assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select "p", true }
-    assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select "div", false }
-    assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "p", false }
-  end
-
-  def test_equality_false_message
-    render_html %Q{<div id="1"></div><div id="2"></div>}
-    assert_failure(/Expected exactly 0 elements matching \"div\", found 2/) { assert_select "div", false }
-  end
-
-  def test_equality_string_and_regexp
-    render_html %Q{<div id="1">foo</div><div id="2">foo</div>}
-    assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div", "foo" }
-    assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select "div", "bar" }
-    assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div", :text=>"foo" }
-    assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select "div", :text=>"bar" }
-    assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div", /(foo|bar)/ }
-    assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select "div", /foobar/ }
-    assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div", :text=>/(foo|bar)/ }
-    assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select "div", :text=>/foobar/ }
-    assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select "p", :text=>/foobar/ }
-  end
-
-  def test_equality_of_html
-    render_html %Q{<p>\n<em>"This is <strong>not</strong> a big problem,"</em> he said.\n</p>}
-    text = "\"This is not a big problem,\" he said."
-    html = "<em>\"This is <strong>not</strong> a big problem,\"</em> he said."
-    assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "p", text }
-    assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select "p", html }
-    assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "p", :html=>html }
-    assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select "p", :html=>text }
-    # No stripping for pre.
-    render_html %Q{<pre>\n<em>"This is <strong>not</strong> a big problem,"</em> he said.\n</pre>}
-    text = "\n\"This is not a big problem,\" he said.\n"
-    html = "\n<em>\"This is <strong>not</strong> a big problem,\"</em> he said.\n"
-    assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "pre", text }
-    assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select "pre", html }
-    assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "pre", :html=>html }
-    assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select "pre", :html=>text }
-  end
-
-  def test_strip_textarea
-    render_html %Q{<textarea>\n\nfoo\n</textarea>}
-    assert_select "textarea", "\nfoo\n"
-    render_html %Q{<textarea>\nfoo</textarea>}
-    assert_select "textarea", "foo"
-  end
-
-  def test_counts
-    render_html %Q{<div id="1">foo</div><div id="2">foo</div>}
-    assert_nothing_raised               { assert_select "div", 2 }
-    assert_failure(/Expected exactly 3 elements matching \"div\", found 2/) do
-      assert_select "div", 3
-    end
-    assert_nothing_raised               { assert_select "div", 1..2 }
-    assert_failure(/Expected between 3 and 4 elements matching \"div\", found 2/) do
-      assert_select "div", 3..4
-    end
-    assert_nothing_raised               { assert_select "div", :count=>2 }
-    assert_failure(/Expected exactly 3 elements matching \"div\", found 2/) do
-      assert_select "div", :count=>3
-    end
-    assert_nothing_raised               { assert_select "div", :minimum=>1 }
-    assert_nothing_raised               { assert_select "div", :minimum=>2 }
-    assert_failure(/Expected at least 3 elements matching \"div\", found 2/) do
-      assert_select "div", :minimum=>3
-    end
-    assert_nothing_raised               { assert_select "div", :maximum=>2 }
-    assert_nothing_raised               { assert_select "div", :maximum=>3 }
-    assert_failure(/Expected at most 1 element matching \"div\", found 2/) do
-      assert_select "div", :maximum=>1
-    end
-    assert_nothing_raised               { assert_select "div", :minimum=>1, :maximum=>2 }
-    assert_failure(/Expected between 3 and 4 elements matching \"div\", found 2/) do
-      assert_select "div", :minimum=>3, :maximum=>4
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_substitution_values
-    render_html %Q{<div id="1">foo</div><div id="2">foo</div>}
-    assert_select "div#?", /\d+/ do |elements|
-      assert_equal 2, elements.size
-    end
-    assert_select "div" do
-      assert_select "div#?", /\d+/ do |elements|
-        assert_equal 2, elements.size
-        assert_select "#1"
-        assert_select "#2"
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_assert_select
-    render_html %Q{<div id="1">foo</div><div id="2">foo</div>}
-    assert_select "div" do |elements|
-      assert_equal 2, elements.size
-      assert_select elements[0], "#1"
-      assert_select elements[1], "#2"
-    end
-    assert_select "div" do
-      assert_select "div" do |elements|
-        assert_equal 2, elements.size
-        # Testing in a group is one thing
-        assert_select "#1,#2"
-        # Testing individually is another.
-        assert_select "#1"
-        assert_select "#2"
-        assert_select "#3", false
-      end
-    end
-
-    assert_failure(/Expected at least 1 element matching \"#4\", found 0\./) do
-      assert_select "div" do
-        assert_select "#4"
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_select_text_match
-    render_html %Q{<div id="1"><span>foo</span></div><div id="2"><span>bar</span></div>}
-    assert_select "div" do
-      assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div", "foo" }
-      assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div", "bar" }
-      assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div", /\w*/ }
-      assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div", :text => /\w*/, :count=>2 }
-      assert_raise(Assertion)  { assert_select "div", :text=>"foo", :count=>2 }
-      assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div", :html=>"<span>bar</span>" }
-      assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div", :html=>"<span>bar</span>" }
-      assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div", :html=>/\w*/ }
-      assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div", :html=>/\w*/, :count=>2 }
-      assert_raise(Assertion)  { assert_select "div", :html=>"<span>foo</span>", :count=>2 }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_elect_with_xml_namespace_attributes
-    render_html %Q{<link xlink:href="http://nowhere.com"></link>}
-    assert_nothing_raised { assert_select "link[xlink:href=http://nowhere.com]" }
-  end
-
-  #
-  # Test css_select.
-  #
-
-  def test_css_select
-    render_html %Q{<div id="1"></div><div id="2"></div>}
-    assert_equal 2, css_select("div").size
-    assert_equal 0, css_select("p").size
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_css_select
-    render_html %Q{<div id="1">foo</div><div id="2">foo</div>}
-    assert_select "div#?", /\d+/ do |elements|
-      assert_equal 1, css_select(elements[0], "div").size
-      assert_equal 1, css_select(elements[1], "div").size
-    end
-    assert_select "div" do
-      assert_equal 2, css_select("div").size
-      css_select("div").each do |element|
-        # Testing as a group is one thing
-        assert !css_select("#1,#2").empty?
-        # Testing individually is another
-        assert !css_select("#1").empty?
-        assert !css_select("#2").empty?
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_feed_item_encoded
-    render_xml <<-EOF
-<rss version="2.0">
-  <channel>
-    <item>
-      <description>
-        <![CDATA[
-          <p>Test 1</p>
-        ]]>
-      </description>
-    </item>
-    <item>
-      <description>
-        <![CDATA[
-          <p>Test 2</p>
-        ]]>
-      </description>
-    </item>
-  </channel>
-</rss>
-EOF
-    assert_select "channel item description" do
-      # Test element regardless of wrapper.
-      assert_select_encoded do
-        assert_select "p", :count=>2, :text=>/Test/
-      end
-      # Test through encoded wrapper.
-      assert_select_encoded do
-        assert_select "encoded p", :count=>2, :text=>/Test/
-      end
-      # Use :root instead (recommended)
-      assert_select_encoded do
-        assert_select ":root p", :count=>2, :text=>/Test/
-      end
-      # Test individually.
-      assert_select "description" do |elements|
-        assert_select_encoded elements[0] do
-          assert_select "p", "Test 1"
-        end
-        assert_select_encoded elements[1] do
-          assert_select "p", "Test 2"
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Test that we only un-encode element itself.
-    assert_select "channel item" do
-      assert_select_encoded do
-        assert_select "p", 0
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  #
-  # Test assert_select_email
-  #
-
-  def test_assert_select_email
-    assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select_email {} }
-    AssertSelectMailer.test("<div><p>foo</p><p>bar</p></div>").deliver
-    assert_select_email do
-      assert_select "div:root" do
-        assert_select "p:first-child", "foo"
-        assert_select "p:last-child", "bar"
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_select_email_multipart
-    AssertMultipartSelectMailer.test(:html => "<div><p>foo</p><p>bar</p></div>", :text => 'foo bar').deliver
-    assert_select_email do
-      assert_select "div:root" do
-        assert_select "p:first-child", "foo"
-        assert_select "p:last-child", "bar"
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  protected
-    def render_html(html)
-      @controller.response_with = html
-      get :html
-    end
-
-    def render_xml(xml)
-      @controller.response_with = xml
-      get :xml
-    end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/base_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/base_test.rb
index b2bfdae174..e3f669dbb5 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/base_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/base_test.rb
@@ -1,31 +1,11 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/logger'
 require 'controller/fake_models'
-require 'pp' # require 'pp' early to prevent hidden_methods from not picking up the pretty-print methods until too late
 
 # Provide some controller to run the tests on.
 module Submodule
   class ContainedEmptyController < ActionController::Base
   end
-
-  class ContainedNonEmptyController < ActionController::Base
-    def public_action
-      render :nothing => true
-    end
-
-    hide_action :hidden_action
-    def hidden_action
-      raise "Noooo!"
-    end
-
-    def another_hidden_action
-    end
-    hide_action :another_hidden_action
-  end
-
-  class SubclassedController < ContainedNonEmptyController
-    hide_action :public_action # Hiding it here should not affect the superclass.
-  end
 end
 
 class EmptyController < ActionController::Base
@@ -33,11 +13,7 @@ end
 
 class NonEmptyController < ActionController::Base
   def public_action
-    render :nothing => true
-  end
-
-  hide_action :hidden_action
-  def hidden_action
+    head :ok
   end
 end
 
@@ -51,6 +27,16 @@ class DefaultUrlOptionsController < ActionController::Base
   end
 end
 
+class OptionalDefaultUrlOptionsController < ActionController::Base
+  def show
+    head :ok
+  end
+
+  def default_url_options
+    { format: 'atom', id: 'default-id' }
+  end
+end
+
 class UrlOptionsController < ActionController::Base
   def from_view
     render :inline => "<%= #{params[:route]} %>"
@@ -67,7 +53,7 @@ end
 
 class ActionMissingController < ActionController::Base
   def action_missing(action)
-    render :text => "Response for #{action}"
+    render plain: "Response for #{action}"
   end
 end
 
@@ -107,11 +93,10 @@ end
 class ControllerInstanceTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def setup
     @empty = EmptyController.new
+    @empty.set_request!(ActionDispatch::Request.empty)
+    @empty.set_response!(EmptyController.make_response!(@empty.request))
     @contained = Submodule::ContainedEmptyController.new
-    @empty_controllers = [@empty, @contained, Submodule::SubclassedController.new]
-
-    @non_empty_controllers = [NonEmptyController.new,
-                              Submodule::ContainedNonEmptyController.new]
+    @empty_controllers = [@empty, @contained]
   end
 
   def test_performed?
@@ -124,10 +109,6 @@ class ControllerInstanceTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     @empty_controllers.each do |c|
       assert_equal Set.new, c.class.action_methods, "#{c.controller_path} should be empty!"
     end
-
-    @non_empty_controllers.each do |c|
-      assert_equal Set.new(%w(public_action)), c.class.action_methods, "#{c.controller_path} should not be empty!"
-    end
   end
 
   def test_temporary_anonymous_controllers
@@ -148,8 +129,6 @@ class PerformActionTest < ActionController::TestCase
     # a more accurate simulation of what happens in "real life".
     @controller.logger = ActiveSupport::Logger.new(nil)
 
-    @request     = ActionController::TestRequest.new
-    @response    = ActionController::TestResponse.new
     @request.host = "www.nextangle.com"
   end
 
@@ -158,13 +137,7 @@ class PerformActionTest < ActionController::TestCase
     exception = assert_raise AbstractController::ActionNotFound do
       get :non_existent
     end
-    assert_equal exception.message, "The action 'non_existent' could not be found for EmptyController"
-  end
-
-  def test_get_on_hidden_should_fail
-    use_controller NonEmptyController
-    assert_raise(AbstractController::ActionNotFound) { get :hidden_action }
-    assert_raise(AbstractController::ActionNotFound) { get :another_hidden_action }
+    assert_equal "The action 'non_existent' could not be found for EmptyController", exception.message
   end
 
   def test_action_missing_should_work
@@ -205,7 +178,7 @@ class UrlOptionsTest < ActionController::TestCase
         get ':controller/:action'
       end
 
-      get :from_view, :route => "from_view_url"
+      get :from_view, params: { route: "from_view_url" }
 
       assert_equal 'http://www.override.com/from_view', @response.body
       assert_equal 'http://www.override.com/from_view', @controller.send(:from_view_url)
@@ -239,7 +212,7 @@ class DefaultUrlOptionsTest < ActionController::TestCase
         get ':controller/:action'
       end
 
-      get :from_view, :route => "from_view_url"
+      get :from_view, params: { route: "from_view_url" }
 
       assert_equal 'http://www.override.com/from_view?locale=en', @response.body
       assert_equal 'http://www.override.com/from_view?locale=en', @controller.send(:from_view_url)
@@ -256,7 +229,7 @@ class DefaultUrlOptionsTest < ActionController::TestCase
         get ':controller/:action'
       end
 
-      get :from_view, :route => "description_path(1)"
+      get :from_view, params: { route: "description_path(1)" }
 
       assert_equal '/en/descriptions/1', @response.body
       assert_equal '/en/descriptions', @controller.send(:descriptions_path)
@@ -271,7 +244,18 @@ class DefaultUrlOptionsTest < ActionController::TestCase
       assert_equal '/en/descriptions/1.xml', @controller.send(:description_path, 1, :format => "xml")
     end
   end
+end
 
+class OptionalDefaultUrlOptionsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  def test_default_url_options_override_missing_positional_arguments
+    with_routing do |set|
+      set.draw do
+        get "/things/:id(.:format)" => 'things#show', :as => :thing
+      end
+      assert_equal '/things/1.atom', thing_path('1')
+      assert_equal '/things/default-id.atom', thing_path
+    end
+  end
 end
 
 class EmptyUrlOptionsTest < ActionController::TestCase
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/caching_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/caching_test.rb
index 57b45b8f7b..d19b3810c2 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/caching_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/caching_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'fileutils'
 require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'lib/controller/fake_models'
 
 CACHE_DIR = 'test_cache'
 # Don't change '/../temp/' cavalierly or you might hose something you don't want hosed
@@ -21,8 +22,6 @@ class FragmentCachingMetalTest < ActionController::TestCase
     @controller.perform_caching = true
     @controller.cache_store = @store
     @params = { controller: 'posts', action: 'index' }
-    @request = ActionController::TestRequest.new
-    @response = ActionController::TestResponse.new
     @controller.params = @params
     @controller.request = @request
     @controller.response = @response
@@ -51,8 +50,6 @@ class FragmentCachingTest < ActionController::TestCase
     @controller.perform_caching = true
     @controller.cache_store = @store
     @params = {:controller => 'posts', :action => 'index'}
-    @request = ActionController::TestRequest.new
-    @response = ActionController::TestResponse.new
     @controller.params = @params
     @controller.request = @request
     @controller.response = @response
@@ -164,6 +161,15 @@ class FunctionalCachingController < CachingController
     end
   end
 
+  def formatted_fragment_cached_with_variant
+    request.variant = :phone if params[:v] == "phone"
+
+    respond_to do |format|
+      format.html.phone
+      format.html
+    end
+  end
+
   def fragment_cached_without_digest
   end
 end
@@ -175,8 +181,6 @@ class FunctionalFragmentCachingTest < ActionController::TestCase
     @controller = FunctionalCachingController.new
     @controller.perform_caching = true
     @controller.cache_store = @store
-    @request = ActionController::TestRequest.new
-    @response = ActionController::TestResponse.new
   end
 
   def test_fragment_caching
@@ -190,7 +194,7 @@ CACHED
     assert_equal expected_body, @response.body
 
     assert_equal "This bit's fragment cached",
-      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/fragment_cached/#{template_digest("functional_caching/fragment_cached", "html")}")
+      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/fragment_cached/#{template_digest("functional_caching/fragment_cached")}")
   end
 
   def test_fragment_caching_in_partials
@@ -199,11 +203,11 @@ CACHED
     assert_match(/Old fragment caching in a partial/, @response.body)
 
     assert_match("Old fragment caching in a partial",
-      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/html_fragment_cached_with_partial/#{template_digest("functional_caching/_partial", "html")}"))
+      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/html_fragment_cached_with_partial/#{template_digest("functional_caching/_partial")}"))
   end
 
   def test_skipping_fragment_cache_digesting
-    get :fragment_cached_without_digest, :format => "html"
+    get :fragment_cached_without_digest, format: "html"
     assert_response :success
     expected_body = "<body>\n<p>ERB</p>\n</body>\n"
 
@@ -217,34 +221,62 @@ CACHED
     assert_match(/Some inline content/, @response.body)
     assert_match(/Some cached content/, @response.body)
     assert_match("Some cached content",
-      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/inline_fragment_cached/#{template_digest("functional_caching/inline_fragment_cached", "html")}"))
+      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/inline_fragment_cached/#{template_digest("functional_caching/inline_fragment_cached")}"))
+  end
+
+  def test_fragment_cache_instrumentation
+    payload = nil
+
+    subscriber = proc do |*args|
+      event = ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event.new(*args)
+      payload = event.payload
+    end
+
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribed(subscriber, "read_fragment.action_controller") do
+      get :inline_fragment_cached
+    end
+
+    assert_equal "functional_caching", payload[:controller]
+    assert_equal "inline_fragment_cached", payload[:action]
   end
 
   def test_html_formatted_fragment_caching
-    get :formatted_fragment_cached, :format => "html"
+    get :formatted_fragment_cached, format: "html"
     assert_response :success
     expected_body = "<body>\n<p>ERB</p>\n</body>\n"
 
     assert_equal expected_body, @response.body
 
     assert_equal "<p>ERB</p>",
-      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached/#{template_digest("functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached", "html")}")
+      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached/#{template_digest("functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached")}")
   end
 
   def test_xml_formatted_fragment_caching
-    get :formatted_fragment_cached, :format => "xml"
+    get :formatted_fragment_cached, format: "xml"
     assert_response :success
     expected_body = "<body>\n  <p>Builder</p>\n</body>\n"
 
     assert_equal expected_body, @response.body
 
     assert_equal "  <p>Builder</p>\n",
-      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached/#{template_digest("functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached", "xml")}")
+      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached/#{template_digest("functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached")}")
+  end
+
+
+  def test_fragment_caching_with_variant
+    get :formatted_fragment_cached_with_variant, format: "html", params: { v: :phone }
+    assert_response :success
+    expected_body = "<body>\n<p>PHONE</p>\n</body>\n"
+
+    assert_equal expected_body, @response.body
+
+    assert_equal "<p>PHONE</p>",
+      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached_with_variant/#{template_digest("functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached_with_variant")}")
   end
 
   private
-    def template_digest(name, format)
-      ActionView::Digestor.digest(name, format, @controller.lookup_context)
+    def template_digest(name)
+      ActionView::Digestor.digest(name: name, finder: @controller.lookup_context)
     end
 end
 
@@ -267,30 +299,42 @@ class CacheHelperOutputBufferTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_output_buffer
     output_buffer = ActionView::OutputBuffer.new
     controller = MockController.new
-    cache_helper = Object.new
+    cache_helper = Class.new do
+      def self.controller; end;
+      def self.output_buffer; end;
+      def self.output_buffer=; end;
+    end
     cache_helper.extend(ActionView::Helpers::CacheHelper)
-    cache_helper.expects(:controller).returns(controller).at_least(0)
-    cache_helper.expects(:output_buffer).returns(output_buffer).at_least(0)
-    # if the output_buffer is changed, the new one should be html_safe and of the same type
-    cache_helper.expects(:output_buffer=).with(responds_with(:html_safe?, true)).with(instance_of(output_buffer.class)).at_least(0)
 
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      cache_helper.send :fragment_for, 'Test fragment name', 'Test fragment', &Proc.new{ nil }
+    cache_helper.stub :controller, controller do
+      cache_helper.stub :output_buffer, output_buffer do
+        assert_called_with cache_helper, :output_buffer=, [output_buffer.class.new(output_buffer)] do
+          assert_nothing_raised do
+            cache_helper.send :fragment_for, 'Test fragment name', 'Test fragment', &Proc.new{ nil }
+          end
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 
   def test_safe_buffer
     output_buffer = ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new
     controller = MockController.new
-    cache_helper = Object.new
+    cache_helper = Class.new do
+      def self.controller; end;
+      def self.output_buffer; end;
+      def self.output_buffer=; end;
+    end
     cache_helper.extend(ActionView::Helpers::CacheHelper)
-    cache_helper.expects(:controller).returns(controller).at_least(0)
-    cache_helper.expects(:output_buffer).returns(output_buffer).at_least(0)
-    # if the output_buffer is changed, the new one should be html_safe and of the same type
-    cache_helper.expects(:output_buffer=).with(responds_with(:html_safe?, true)).with(instance_of(output_buffer.class)).at_least(0)
 
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      cache_helper.send :fragment_for, 'Test fragment name', 'Test fragment', &Proc.new{ nil }
+    cache_helper.stub :controller, controller do
+      cache_helper.stub :output_buffer, output_buffer do
+        assert_called_with cache_helper, :output_buffer=, [output_buffer.class.new(output_buffer)] do
+          assert_nothing_raised do
+            cache_helper.send :fragment_for, 'Test fragment name', 'Test fragment', &Proc.new{ nil }
+          end
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
@@ -312,3 +356,91 @@ class ViewCacheDependencyTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal %w(trombone flute), HasDependenciesController.new.view_cache_dependencies
   end
 end
+
+class CollectionCacheController < ActionController::Base
+  attr_accessor :partial_rendered_times
+
+  def index
+    @customers = [Customer.new('david', params[:id] || 1)]
+  end
+
+  def index_ordered
+    @customers = [Customer.new('david', 1), Customer.new('david', 2), Customer.new('david', 3)]
+    render 'index'
+  end
+
+  def index_explicit_render
+    @customers = [Customer.new('david', 1)]
+    render partial: 'customers/customer', collection: @customers
+  end
+
+  def index_with_comment
+    @customers = [Customer.new('david', 1)]
+    render partial: 'customers/commented_customer', collection: @customers, as: :customer
+  end
+end
+
+class AutomaticCollectionCacheTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  def setup
+    super
+    @controller = CollectionCacheController.new
+    @controller.perform_caching = true
+    @controller.partial_rendered_times = 0
+    @controller.cache_store = ActiveSupport::Cache::MemoryStore.new
+    ActionView::PartialRenderer.collection_cache = @controller.cache_store
+  end
+
+  def test_collection_fetches_cached_views
+    get :index
+    assert_equal 1, @controller.partial_rendered_times
+
+    get :index
+    assert_equal 1, @controller.partial_rendered_times
+  end
+
+  def test_preserves_order_when_reading_from_cache_plus_rendering
+    get :index, params: { id: 2 }
+    get :index_ordered
+
+    assert_select ':root', "david, 1\n  david, 2\n  david, 3"
+  end
+
+  def test_explicit_render_call_with_options
+    get :index_explicit_render
+
+    assert_select ':root', "david, 1"
+  end
+
+  def test_caching_works_with_beginning_comment
+    get :index_with_comment
+    assert_equal 1, @controller.partial_rendered_times
+
+    get :index_with_comment
+    assert_equal 1, @controller.partial_rendered_times
+  end
+end
+
+class FragmentCacheKeyTestController < CachingController
+  attr_accessor :account_id
+
+  fragment_cache_key "v1"
+  fragment_cache_key { account_id }
+end
+
+class FragmentCacheKeyTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  def setup
+    super
+    @store = ActiveSupport::Cache::MemoryStore.new
+    @controller = FragmentCacheKeyTestController.new
+    @controller.perform_caching = true
+    @controller.cache_store = @store
+  end
+
+  def test_fragment_cache_key
+    @controller.account_id = "123"
+    assert_equal 'views/v1/123/what a key', @controller.fragment_cache_key('what a key')
+
+    @controller.account_id = nil
+    assert_equal 'views/v1//what a key', @controller.fragment_cache_key('what a key')
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/content_type_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/content_type_test.rb
index 03d5d27cf4..c02607b55e 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/content_type_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/content_type_test.rb
@@ -3,30 +3,30 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 class OldContentTypeController < ActionController::Base
   # :ported:
   def render_content_type_from_body
-    response.content_type = Mime::RSS
-    render :text => "hello world!"
+    response.content_type = Mime[:rss]
+    render body: "hello world!"
   end
 
   # :ported:
   def render_defaults
-    render :text => "hello world!"
+    render body: "hello world!"
   end
 
   # :ported:
   def render_content_type_from_render
-    render :text => "hello world!", :content_type => Mime::RSS
+    render body: "hello world!", :content_type => Mime[:rss]
   end
 
   # :ported:
   def render_charset_from_body
     response.charset = "utf-16"
-    render :text => "hello world!"
+    render body: "hello world!"
   end
 
   # :ported:
   def render_nil_charset_from_body
     response.charset = nil
-    render :text => "hello world!"
+    render body: "hello world!"
   end
 
   def render_default_for_erb
@@ -36,16 +36,16 @@ class OldContentTypeController < ActionController::Base
   end
 
   def render_change_for_builder
-    response.content_type = Mime::HTML
+    response.content_type = Mime[:html]
     render :action => "render_default_for_builder"
   end
 
   def render_default_content_types_for_respond_to
     respond_to do |format|
-      format.html { render :text   => "hello world!" }
-      format.xml  { render :action => "render_default_content_types_for_respond_to" }
-      format.js   { render :text   => "hello world!" }
-      format.rss  { render :text   => "hello world!", :content_type => Mime::XML }
+      format.html { render body: "hello world!" }
+      format.xml  { render action: "render_default_content_types_for_respond_to" }
+      format.js   { render body: "hello world!" }
+      format.rss  { render body: "hello world!", content_type: Mime[:xml] }
     end
   end
 end
@@ -64,96 +64,104 @@ class ContentTypeTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_render_defaults
     get :render_defaults
     assert_equal "utf-8", @response.charset
-    assert_equal Mime::HTML, @response.content_type
+    assert_equal Mime[:text], @response.content_type
   end
 
   def test_render_changed_charset_default
-    ActionDispatch::Response.default_charset = "utf-16"
-    get :render_defaults
-    assert_equal "utf-16", @response.charset
-    assert_equal Mime::HTML, @response.content_type
-  ensure
-    ActionDispatch::Response.default_charset = "utf-8"
+    with_default_charset "utf-16" do
+      get :render_defaults
+      assert_equal "utf-16", @response.charset
+      assert_equal Mime[:text], @response.content_type
+    end
   end
 
   # :ported:
   def test_content_type_from_body
     get :render_content_type_from_body
-    assert_equal Mime::RSS, @response.content_type
+    assert_equal Mime[:rss], @response.content_type
     assert_equal "utf-8", @response.charset
   end
 
   # :ported:
   def test_content_type_from_render
     get :render_content_type_from_render
-    assert_equal Mime::RSS, @response.content_type
+    assert_equal Mime[:rss], @response.content_type
     assert_equal "utf-8", @response.charset
   end
 
   # :ported:
   def test_charset_from_body
     get :render_charset_from_body
-    assert_equal Mime::HTML, @response.content_type
+    assert_equal Mime[:text], @response.content_type
     assert_equal "utf-16", @response.charset
   end
 
   # :ported:
   def test_nil_charset_from_body
     get :render_nil_charset_from_body
-    assert_equal Mime::HTML, @response.content_type
+    assert_equal Mime[:text], @response.content_type
     assert_equal "utf-8", @response.charset, @response.headers.inspect
   end
 
   def test_nil_default_for_erb
-    ActionDispatch::Response.default_charset = nil
-    get :render_default_for_erb
-    assert_equal Mime::HTML, @response.content_type
-    assert_nil @response.charset, @response.headers.inspect
-  ensure
-    ActionDispatch::Response.default_charset = "utf-8"
+    with_default_charset nil do
+      get :render_default_for_erb
+      assert_equal Mime[:html], @response.content_type
+      assert_nil @response.charset, @response.headers.inspect
+    end
   end
 
   def test_default_for_erb
     get :render_default_for_erb
-    assert_equal Mime::HTML, @response.content_type
+    assert_equal Mime[:html], @response.content_type
     assert_equal "utf-8", @response.charset
   end
 
   def test_default_for_builder
     get :render_default_for_builder
-    assert_equal Mime::XML, @response.content_type
+    assert_equal Mime[:xml], @response.content_type
     assert_equal "utf-8", @response.charset
   end
 
   def test_change_for_builder
     get :render_change_for_builder
-    assert_equal Mime::HTML, @response.content_type
+    assert_equal Mime[:html], @response.content_type
     assert_equal "utf-8", @response.charset
   end
+
+  private
+
+  def with_default_charset(charset)
+    old_default_charset = ActionDispatch::Response.default_charset
+    ActionDispatch::Response.default_charset = charset
+    yield
+  ensure
+    ActionDispatch::Response.default_charset = old_default_charset
+  end
 end
 
 class AcceptBasedContentTypeTest < ActionController::TestCase
   tests OldContentTypeController
 
   def test_render_default_content_types_for_respond_to
-    @request.accept = Mime::HTML.to_s
+    @request.accept = Mime[:html].to_s
     get :render_default_content_types_for_respond_to
-    assert_equal Mime::HTML, @response.content_type
+    assert_equal Mime[:html], @response.content_type
 
-    @request.accept = Mime::JS.to_s
+    @request.accept = Mime[:js].to_s
     get :render_default_content_types_for_respond_to
-    assert_equal Mime::JS, @response.content_type
+    assert_equal Mime[:js], @response.content_type
   end
 
   def test_render_default_content_types_for_respond_to_with_template
-    @request.accept = Mime::XML.to_s
+    @request.accept = Mime[:xml].to_s
     get :render_default_content_types_for_respond_to
-    assert_equal Mime::XML, @response.content_type
+    assert_equal Mime[:xml], @response.content_type
   end
 
   def test_render_default_content_types_for_respond_to_with_overwrite
-    @request.accept = Mime::RSS.to_s
+    @request.accept = Mime[:rss].to_s
     get :render_default_content_types_for_respond_to
-    assert_equal Mime::XML, @response.content_type
+    assert_equal Mime[:xml], @response.content_type
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/default_url_options_with_before_action_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/default_url_options_with_before_action_test.rb
index 656fd0431e..12fbe0424e 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/default_url_options_with_before_action_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/default_url_options_with_before_action_test.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 
-
 class ControllerWithBeforeActionAndDefaultUrlOptions < ActionController::Base
 
   before_action { I18n.locale = params[:locale] }
   after_action { I18n.locale = "en" }
 
   def target
-    render :text => "final response"
+    render plain: "final response"
   end
 
   def redirect
@@ -23,7 +22,7 @@ class ControllerWithBeforeActionAndDefaultUrlOptionsTest < ActionController::Tes
 
   # This test has its roots in issue #1872
   test "should redirect with correct locale :de" do
-    get :redirect, :locale => "de"
+    get :redirect, params: { locale: "de" }
     assert_redirected_to "/controller_with_before_action_and_default_url_options/target?locale=de"
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/filters_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/filters_test.rb
index c87494aa64..08271012e9 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/filters_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/filters_test.rb
@@ -2,34 +2,23 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 
 class ActionController::Base
   class << self
-    %w(append_around_filter prepend_after_filter prepend_around_filter prepend_before_filter skip_after_filter skip_before_filter skip_filter).each do |pending|
+    %w(append_around_action prepend_after_action prepend_around_action prepend_before_action skip_after_action skip_before_action skip_action_callback).each do |pending|
       define_method(pending) do |*args|
         $stderr.puts "#{pending} unimplemented: #{args.inspect}"
       end unless method_defined?(pending)
     end
 
-    def before_filters
+    def before_actions
       filters = _process_action_callbacks.select { |c| c.kind == :before }
-      filters.map! { |c| c.raw_filter }
+      filters.map!(&:raw_filter)
     end
   end
-
-  def assigns(key = nil)
-    assigns = {}
-    instance_variables.each do |ivar|
-      next if ActionController::Base.protected_instance_variables.include?(ivar)
-      assigns[ivar[1..-1]] = instance_variable_get(ivar)
-    end
-
-    key.nil? ? assigns : assigns[key.to_s]
-  end
 end
 
 class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
-
   class TestController < ActionController::Base
-    before_filter :ensure_login
-    after_filter  :clean_up
+    before_action :ensure_login
+    after_action  :clean_up
 
     def show
       render :inline => "ran action"
@@ -42,27 +31,27 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
       end
 
       def clean_up
-        @ran_after_filter ||= []
-        @ran_after_filter << "clean_up"
+        @ran_after_action ||= []
+        @ran_after_action << "clean_up"
       end
   end
 
   class ChangingTheRequirementsController < TestController
-    before_filter :ensure_login, :except => [:go_wild]
+    before_action :ensure_login, :except => [:go_wild]
 
     def go_wild
-      render :text => "gobble"
+      render plain: "gobble"
     end
   end
 
   class TestMultipleFiltersController < ActionController::Base
-    before_filter :try_1
-    before_filter :try_2
-    before_filter :try_3
+    before_action :try_1
+    before_action :try_2
+    before_action :try_3
 
     (1..3).each do |i|
       define_method "fail_#{i}" do
-        render :text => i.to_s
+        render plain: i.to_s
       end
     end
 
@@ -78,8 +67,8 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   class RenderingController < ActionController::Base
-    before_filter :before_filter_rendering
-    after_filter :unreached_after_filter
+    before_action :before_action_rendering
+    after_action :unreached_after_action
 
     def show
       @ran_action = true
@@ -87,29 +76,29 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
 
     private
-      def before_filter_rendering
+      def before_action_rendering
         @ran_filter ||= []
-        @ran_filter << "before_filter_rendering"
+        @ran_filter << "before_action_rendering"
         render :inline => "something else"
       end
 
-      def unreached_after_filter
-        @ran_filter << "unreached_after_filter_after_render"
+      def unreached_after_action
+        @ran_filter << "unreached_after_action_after_render"
       end
   end
 
-  class RenderingForPrependAfterFilterController < RenderingController
-    prepend_after_filter :unreached_prepend_after_filter
+  class RenderingForPrependAfterActionController < RenderingController
+    prepend_after_action :unreached_prepend_after_action
 
     private
-      def unreached_prepend_after_filter
-        @ran_filter << "unreached_preprend_after_filter_after_render"
+      def unreached_prepend_after_action
+        @ran_filter << "unreached_preprend_after_action_after_render"
       end
   end
 
-  class BeforeFilterRedirectionController < ActionController::Base
-    before_filter :before_filter_redirects
-    after_filter :unreached_after_filter
+  class BeforeActionRedirectionController < ActionController::Base
+    before_action :before_action_redirects
+    after_action :unreached_after_action
 
     def show
       @ran_action = true
@@ -122,23 +111,23 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
 
     private
-      def before_filter_redirects
+      def before_action_redirects
         @ran_filter ||= []
-        @ran_filter << "before_filter_redirects"
+        @ran_filter << "before_action_redirects"
         redirect_to(:action => 'target_of_redirection')
       end
 
-      def unreached_after_filter
-        @ran_filter << "unreached_after_filter_after_redirection"
+      def unreached_after_action
+        @ran_filter << "unreached_after_action_after_redirection"
       end
   end
 
-  class BeforeFilterRedirectionForPrependAfterFilterController < BeforeFilterRedirectionController
-    prepend_after_filter :unreached_prepend_after_filter_after_redirection
+  class BeforeActionRedirectionForPrependAfterActionController < BeforeActionRedirectionController
+    prepend_after_action :unreached_prepend_after_action_after_redirection
 
     private
-      def unreached_prepend_after_filter_after_redirection
-        @ran_filter << "unreached_prepend_after_filter_after_redirection"
+      def unreached_prepend_after_action_after_redirection
+        @ran_filter << "unreached_prepend_after_action_after_redirection"
       end
   end
 
@@ -151,8 +140,8 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
       render :inline => "ran action"
     end
 
-    def show_without_filter
-      render :inline => "ran action without filter"
+    def show_without_action
+      render :inline => "ran action without action"
     end
 
     private
@@ -168,70 +157,94 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   class ConditionalCollectionFilterController < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter :ensure_login, :except => [ :show_without_filter, :another_action ]
+    before_action :ensure_login, :except => [ :show_without_action, :another_action ]
   end
 
   class OnlyConditionSymController < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter :ensure_login, :only => :show
+    before_action :ensure_login, :only => :show
   end
 
   class ExceptConditionSymController < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter :ensure_login, :except => :show_without_filter
+    before_action :ensure_login, :except => :show_without_action
   end
 
   class BeforeAndAfterConditionController < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter :ensure_login, :only => :show
-    after_filter  :clean_up_tmp, :only => :show
+    before_action :ensure_login, :only => :show
+    after_action  :clean_up_tmp, :only => :show
   end
 
   class OnlyConditionProcController < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter(:only => :show) {|c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_proc_filter", true) }
+    before_action(:only => :show) {|c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_proc_action", true) }
   end
 
   class ExceptConditionProcController < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter(:except => :show_without_filter) {|c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_proc_filter", true) }
+    before_action(:except => :show_without_action) {|c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_proc_action", true) }
   end
 
   class ConditionalClassFilter
-    def self.before(controller) controller.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_class_filter", true) end
+    def self.before(controller) controller.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_class_action", true) end
   end
 
   class OnlyConditionClassController < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter ConditionalClassFilter, :only => :show
+    before_action ConditionalClassFilter, :only => :show
   end
 
   class ExceptConditionClassController < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter ConditionalClassFilter, :except => :show_without_filter
+    before_action ConditionalClassFilter, :except => :show_without_action
   end
 
   class AnomolousYetValidConditionController < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter(ConditionalClassFilter, :ensure_login, Proc.new {|c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_proc_filter1", true)}, :except => :show_without_filter) { |c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_proc_filter2", true)}
+    before_action(ConditionalClassFilter, :ensure_login, Proc.new {|c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_proc_action1", true)}, :except => :show_without_action) { |c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_proc_action2", true)}
   end
 
   class OnlyConditionalOptionsFilter < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter :ensure_login, :only => :index, :if => Proc.new {|c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_conditional_index_proc", true) }
+    before_action :ensure_login, :only => :index, :if => Proc.new {|c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_conditional_index_proc", true) }
   end
 
   class ConditionalOptionsFilter < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter :ensure_login, :if => Proc.new { |c| true }
-    before_filter :clean_up_tmp, :if => Proc.new { |c| false }
+    before_action :ensure_login, :if => Proc.new { |c| true }
+    before_action :clean_up_tmp, :if => Proc.new { |c| false }
   end
 
   class ConditionalOptionsSkipFilter < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter :ensure_login
-    before_filter :clean_up_tmp
+    before_action :ensure_login
+    before_action :clean_up_tmp
+
+    skip_before_action :ensure_login, if: -> { false }
+    skip_before_action :clean_up_tmp, if: -> { true }
+  end
+
+  class SkipFilterUsingOnlyAndIf < ConditionalFilterController
+    before_action :clean_up_tmp
+    before_action :ensure_login
+
+    skip_before_action :ensure_login, only: :login, if: -> { false }
+    skip_before_action :clean_up_tmp, only: :login, if: -> { true }
+
+    def login
+      render plain: 'ok'
+    end
+  end
+
+  class SkipFilterUsingIfAndExcept < ConditionalFilterController
+    before_action :clean_up_tmp
+    before_action :ensure_login
 
-    skip_before_filter :ensure_login, if: -> { false }
-    skip_before_filter :clean_up_tmp, if: -> { true }
+    skip_before_action :ensure_login, if: -> { false }, except: :login
+    skip_before_action :clean_up_tmp, if: -> { true }, except: :login
+
+    def login
+      render plain: 'ok'
+    end
   end
 
   class ClassController < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter ConditionalClassFilter
+    before_action ConditionalClassFilter
   end
 
   class PrependingController < TestController
-    prepend_before_filter :wonderful_life
-    # skip_before_filter :fire_flash
+    prepend_before_action :wonderful_life
+    # skip_before_action :fire_flash
 
     private
       def wonderful_life
@@ -241,25 +254,25 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   class SkippingAndLimitedController < TestController
-    skip_before_filter :ensure_login
-    before_filter :ensure_login, :only => :index
+    skip_before_action :ensure_login
+    before_action :ensure_login, :only => :index
 
     def index
-      render :text => 'ok'
+      render plain: 'ok'
     end
 
     def public
-      render :text => 'ok'
+      render plain: 'ok'
     end
   end
 
   class SkippingAndReorderingController < TestController
-    skip_before_filter :ensure_login
-    before_filter :find_record
-    before_filter :ensure_login
+    skip_before_action :ensure_login
+    before_action :find_record
+    before_action :ensure_login
 
     def index
-      render :text => 'ok'
+      render plain: 'ok'
     end
 
     private
@@ -270,10 +283,10 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   class ConditionalSkippingController < TestController
-    skip_before_filter :ensure_login, :only => [ :login ]
-    skip_after_filter  :clean_up,     :only => [ :login ]
+    skip_before_action :ensure_login, :only => [ :login ]
+    skip_after_action  :clean_up,     :only => [ :login ]
 
-    before_filter :find_user, :only => [ :change_password ]
+    before_action :find_user, :only => [ :change_password ]
 
     def login
       render :inline => "ran action"
@@ -291,8 +304,8 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   class ConditionalParentOfConditionalSkippingController < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter :conditional_in_parent_before, :only => [:show, :another_action]
-    after_filter  :conditional_in_parent_after, :only => [:show, :another_action]
+    before_action :conditional_in_parent_before, :only => [:show, :another_action]
+    after_action  :conditional_in_parent_after, :only => [:show, :another_action]
 
     private
 
@@ -308,20 +321,20 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   class ChildOfConditionalParentController < ConditionalParentOfConditionalSkippingController
-    skip_before_filter :conditional_in_parent_before, :only => :another_action
-    skip_after_filter  :conditional_in_parent_after, :only => :another_action
+    skip_before_action :conditional_in_parent_before, :only => :another_action
+    skip_after_action  :conditional_in_parent_after, :only => :another_action
   end
 
   class AnotherChildOfConditionalParentController < ConditionalParentOfConditionalSkippingController
-    skip_before_filter :conditional_in_parent_before, :only => :show
+    skip_before_action :conditional_in_parent_before, :only => :show
   end
 
   class ProcController < PrependingController
-    before_filter(proc { |c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_proc_filter", true) })
+    before_action(proc { |c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_proc_action", true) })
   end
 
   class ImplicitProcController < PrependingController
-    before_filter { |c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_proc_filter", true) }
+    before_action { |c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_proc_action", true) }
   end
 
   class AuditFilter
@@ -367,22 +380,22 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   class AuditController < ActionController::Base
-    before_filter(AuditFilter)
+    before_action(AuditFilter)
 
     def show
-      render :text => "hello"
+      render plain: "hello"
     end
   end
 
   class AroundFilterController < PrependingController
-    around_filter AroundFilter.new
+    around_action AroundFilter.new
   end
 
   class BeforeAfterClassFilterController < PrependingController
     begin
       filter = AroundFilter.new
-      before_filter filter
-      after_filter filter
+      before_action filter
+      after_action filter
     end
   end
 
@@ -394,25 +407,25 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
       super()
     end
 
-    before_filter { |c| c.class.execution_log << " before procfilter "  }
-    prepend_around_filter AroundFilter.new
+    before_action { |c| c.class.execution_log << " before procfilter "  }
+    prepend_around_action AroundFilter.new
 
-    after_filter  { |c| c.class.execution_log << " after procfilter " }
-    append_around_filter AppendedAroundFilter.new
+    after_action  { |c| c.class.execution_log << " after procfilter " }
+    append_around_action AppendedAroundFilter.new
   end
 
   class MixedSpecializationController < ActionController::Base
     class OutOfOrder < StandardError; end
 
-    before_filter :first
-    before_filter :second, :only => :foo
+    before_action :first
+    before_action :second, :only => :foo
 
     def foo
-      render :text => 'foo'
+      render plain: 'foo'
     end
 
     def bar
-      render :text => 'bar'
+      render plain: 'bar'
     end
 
     protected
@@ -426,10 +439,10 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   class DynamicDispatchController < ActionController::Base
-    before_filter :choose
+    before_action :choose
 
     %w(foo bar baz).each do |action|
-      define_method(action) { render :text => action }
+      define_method(action) { render plain: action }
     end
 
     private
@@ -439,9 +452,9 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   class PrependingBeforeAndAfterController < ActionController::Base
-    prepend_before_filter :before_all
-    prepend_after_filter :after_all
-    before_filter :between_before_all_and_after_all
+    prepend_before_action :before_all
+    prepend_after_action :after_all
+    before_action :between_before_all_and_after_all
 
     def before_all
       @ran_filter ||= []
@@ -458,7 +471,7 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
       @ran_filter << 'between_before_all_and_after_all'
     end
     def show
-      render :text => 'hello'
+      render plain: 'hello'
     end
   end
 
@@ -468,12 +481,12 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
     def around(controller)
       yield
     rescue ErrorToRescue => ex
-      controller.__send__ :render, :text => "I rescued this: #{ex.inspect}"
+      controller.__send__ :render, plain: "I rescued this: #{ex.inspect}"
     end
   end
 
   class RescuedController < ActionController::Base
-    around_filter RescuingAroundFilterWithBlock.new
+    around_action RescuingAroundFilterWithBlock.new
 
     def show
       raise ErrorToRescue.new("Something made the bad noise.")
@@ -482,10 +495,10 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   class NonYieldingAroundFilterController < ActionController::Base
 
-    before_filter :filter_one
-    around_filter :non_yielding_filter
-    before_filter :filter_two
-    after_filter :filter_three
+    before_action :filter_one
+    around_action :non_yielding_action
+    before_action :action_two
+    after_action :action_three
 
     def index
       render :inline => "index"
@@ -498,24 +511,23 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
         @filters  << "filter_one"
       end
 
-      def filter_two
-        @filters  << "filter_two"
+      def action_two
+        @filters  << "action_two"
       end
 
-      def non_yielding_filter
+      def non_yielding_action
         @filters  << "it didn't yield"
-        @filter_return_value
       end
 
-      def filter_three
-        @filters  << "filter_three"
+      def action_three
+        @filters  << "action_three"
       end
 
   end
 
   class ImplicitActionsController < ActionController::Base
-    before_filter :find_only, :only => :edit
-    before_filter :find_except, :except => :edit
+    before_action :find_only, :only => :edit
+    before_action :find_except, :except => :edit
 
     private
 
@@ -528,216 +540,210 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_non_yielding_around_filters_not_returning_false_do_not_raise
-    controller = NonYieldingAroundFilterController.new
-    controller.instance_variable_set "@filter_return_value", true
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      test_process(controller, "index")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_non_yielding_around_filters_returning_false_do_not_raise
+  def test_non_yielding_around_actions_do_not_raise
     controller = NonYieldingAroundFilterController.new
-    controller.instance_variable_set "@filter_return_value", false
     assert_nothing_raised do
       test_process(controller, "index")
     end
   end
 
-  def test_after_filters_are_not_run_if_around_filter_returns_false
-    controller = NonYieldingAroundFilterController.new
-    controller.instance_variable_set "@filter_return_value", false
-    test_process(controller, "index")
-    assert_equal ["filter_one", "it didn't yield"], controller.assigns['filters']
-  end
-
-  def test_after_filters_are_not_run_if_around_filter_does_not_yield
+  def test_after_actions_are_not_run_if_around_action_does_not_yield
     controller = NonYieldingAroundFilterController.new
-    controller.instance_variable_set "@filter_return_value", true
     test_process(controller, "index")
-    assert_equal ["filter_one", "it didn't yield"], controller.assigns['filters']
+    assert_equal ["filter_one", "it didn't yield"], controller.instance_variable_get(:@filters)
   end
 
-  def test_added_filter_to_inheritance_graph
-    assert_equal [ :ensure_login ], TestController.before_filters
+  def test_added_action_to_inheritance_graph
+    assert_equal [ :ensure_login ], TestController.before_actions
   end
 
   def test_base_class_in_isolation
-    assert_equal [ ], ActionController::Base.before_filters
+    assert_equal [ ], ActionController::Base.before_actions
   end
 
-  def test_prepending_filter
-    assert_equal [ :wonderful_life, :ensure_login ], PrependingController.before_filters
+  def test_prepending_action
+    assert_equal [ :wonderful_life, :ensure_login ], PrependingController.before_actions
   end
 
-  def test_running_filters
+  def test_running_actions
     test_process(PrependingController)
-    assert_equal %w( wonderful_life ensure_login ), assigns["ran_filter"]
+    assert_equal %w( wonderful_life ensure_login ),
+      @controller.instance_variable_get(:@ran_filter)
   end
 
-  def test_running_filters_with_proc
+  def test_running_actions_with_proc
     test_process(ProcController)
-    assert assigns["ran_proc_filter"]
+    assert @controller.instance_variable_get(:@ran_proc_action)
   end
 
-  def test_running_filters_with_implicit_proc
+  def test_running_actions_with_implicit_proc
     test_process(ImplicitProcController)
-    assert assigns["ran_proc_filter"]
+    assert @controller.instance_variable_get(:@ran_proc_action)
   end
 
-  def test_running_filters_with_class
+  def test_running_actions_with_class
     test_process(AuditController)
-    assert assigns["was_audited"]
+    assert @controller.instance_variable_get(:@was_audited)
   end
 
-  def test_running_anomolous_yet_valid_condition_filters
+  def test_running_anomolous_yet_valid_condition_actions
     test_process(AnomolousYetValidConditionController)
-    assert_equal %w( ensure_login ), assigns["ran_filter"]
-    assert assigns["ran_class_filter"]
-    assert assigns["ran_proc_filter1"]
-    assert assigns["ran_proc_filter2"]
+    assert_equal %w( ensure_login ), @controller.instance_variable_get(:@ran_filter)
+    assert @controller.instance_variable_get(:@ran_class_action)
+    assert @controller.instance_variable_get(:@ran_proc_action1)
+    assert @controller.instance_variable_get(:@ran_proc_action2)
 
-    test_process(AnomolousYetValidConditionController, "show_without_filter")
-    assert_nil assigns["ran_filter"]
-    assert !assigns["ran_class_filter"]
-    assert !assigns["ran_proc_filter1"]
-    assert !assigns["ran_proc_filter2"]
+    test_process(AnomolousYetValidConditionController, "show_without_action")
+    assert_not @controller.instance_variable_defined?(:@ran_filter)
+    assert_not @controller.instance_variable_defined?(:@ran_class_action)
+    assert_not @controller.instance_variable_defined?(:@ran_proc_action1)
+    assert_not @controller.instance_variable_defined?(:@ran_proc_action2)
   end
 
   def test_running_conditional_options
     test_process(ConditionalOptionsFilter)
-    assert_equal %w( ensure_login ), assigns["ran_filter"]
+    assert_equal %w( ensure_login ), @controller.instance_variable_get(:@ran_filter)
   end
 
   def test_running_conditional_skip_options
     test_process(ConditionalOptionsSkipFilter)
-    assert_equal %w( ensure_login ), assigns["ran_filter"]
+    assert_equal %w( ensure_login ), @controller.instance_variable_get(:@ran_filter)
   end
 
-  def test_skipping_class_filters
+  def test_if_is_ignored_when_used_with_only
+    test_process(SkipFilterUsingOnlyAndIf, 'login')
+    assert_not @controller.instance_variable_defined?(:@ran_filter)
+  end
+
+  def test_except_is_ignored_when_used_with_if
+    test_process(SkipFilterUsingIfAndExcept, 'login')
+    assert_equal %w(ensure_login), @controller.instance_variable_get(:@ran_filter)
+  end
+
+  def test_skipping_class_actions
     test_process(ClassController)
-    assert_equal true, assigns["ran_class_filter"]
+    assert_equal true, @controller.instance_variable_get(:@ran_class_action)
 
     skipping_class_controller = Class.new(ClassController) do
-      skip_before_filter ConditionalClassFilter
+      skip_before_action ConditionalClassFilter
     end
 
     test_process(skipping_class_controller)
-    assert_nil assigns['ran_class_filter']
+    assert_not @controller.instance_variable_defined?(:@ran_class_action)
   end
 
-  def test_running_collection_condition_filters
+  def test_running_collection_condition_actions
     test_process(ConditionalCollectionFilterController)
-    assert_equal %w( ensure_login ), assigns["ran_filter"]
-    test_process(ConditionalCollectionFilterController, "show_without_filter")
-    assert_nil assigns["ran_filter"]
+    assert_equal %w( ensure_login ), @controller.instance_variable_get(:@ran_filter)
+    test_process(ConditionalCollectionFilterController, "show_without_action")
+    assert_not @controller.instance_variable_defined?(:@ran_filter)
     test_process(ConditionalCollectionFilterController, "another_action")
-    assert_nil assigns["ran_filter"]
+    assert_not @controller.instance_variable_defined?(:@ran_filter)
   end
 
-  def test_running_only_condition_filters
+  def test_running_only_condition_actions
     test_process(OnlyConditionSymController)
-    assert_equal %w( ensure_login ), assigns["ran_filter"]
-    test_process(OnlyConditionSymController, "show_without_filter")
-    assert_nil assigns["ran_filter"]
+    assert_equal %w( ensure_login ), @controller.instance_variable_get(:@ran_filter)
+    test_process(OnlyConditionSymController, "show_without_action")
+    assert_not @controller.instance_variable_defined?(:@ran_filter)
 
     test_process(OnlyConditionProcController)
-    assert assigns["ran_proc_filter"]
-    test_process(OnlyConditionProcController, "show_without_filter")
-    assert !assigns["ran_proc_filter"]
+    assert @controller.instance_variable_get(:@ran_proc_action)
+    test_process(OnlyConditionProcController, "show_without_action")
+    assert_not @controller.instance_variable_defined?(:@ran_proc_action)
 
     test_process(OnlyConditionClassController)
-    assert assigns["ran_class_filter"]
-    test_process(OnlyConditionClassController, "show_without_filter")
-    assert !assigns["ran_class_filter"]
+    assert @controller.instance_variable_get(:@ran_class_action)
+    test_process(OnlyConditionClassController, "show_without_action")
+    assert_not @controller.instance_variable_defined?(:@ran_class_action)
   end
 
-  def test_running_except_condition_filters
+  def test_running_except_condition_actions
     test_process(ExceptConditionSymController)
-    assert_equal %w( ensure_login ), assigns["ran_filter"]
-    test_process(ExceptConditionSymController, "show_without_filter")
-    assert_nil assigns["ran_filter"]
+    assert_equal %w( ensure_login ), @controller.instance_variable_get(:@ran_filter)
+    test_process(ExceptConditionSymController, "show_without_action")
+    assert_not @controller.instance_variable_defined?(:@ran_filter)
 
     test_process(ExceptConditionProcController)
-    assert assigns["ran_proc_filter"]
-    test_process(ExceptConditionProcController, "show_without_filter")
-    assert !assigns["ran_proc_filter"]
+    assert @controller.instance_variable_get(:@ran_proc_action)
+    test_process(ExceptConditionProcController, "show_without_action")
+    assert_not @controller.instance_variable_defined?(:@ran_proc_action)
 
     test_process(ExceptConditionClassController)
-    assert assigns["ran_class_filter"]
-    test_process(ExceptConditionClassController, "show_without_filter")
-    assert !assigns["ran_class_filter"]
+    assert @controller.instance_variable_get(:@ran_class_action)
+    test_process(ExceptConditionClassController, "show_without_action")
+    assert_not @controller.instance_variable_defined?(:@ran_class_action)
   end
 
   def test_running_only_condition_and_conditional_options
     test_process(OnlyConditionalOptionsFilter, "show")
-    assert_not assigns["ran_conditional_index_proc"]
+    assert_not @controller.instance_variable_defined?(:@ran_conditional_index_proc)
   end
 
-  def test_running_before_and_after_condition_filters
+  def test_running_before_and_after_condition_actions
     test_process(BeforeAndAfterConditionController)
-    assert_equal %w( ensure_login clean_up_tmp), assigns["ran_filter"]
-    test_process(BeforeAndAfterConditionController, "show_without_filter")
-    assert_nil assigns["ran_filter"]
+    assert_equal %w( ensure_login clean_up_tmp), @controller.instance_variable_get(:@ran_filter)
+    test_process(BeforeAndAfterConditionController, "show_without_action")
+    assert_not @controller.instance_variable_defined?(:@ran_filter)
   end
 
-  def test_around_filter
+  def test_around_action
     test_process(AroundFilterController)
-    assert assigns["before_ran"]
-    assert assigns["after_ran"]
+    assert @controller.instance_variable_get(:@before_ran)
+    assert @controller.instance_variable_get(:@after_ran)
   end
 
-  def test_before_after_class_filter
+  def test_before_after_class_action
     test_process(BeforeAfterClassFilterController)
-    assert assigns["before_ran"]
-    assert assigns["after_ran"]
+    assert @controller.instance_variable_get(:@before_ran)
+    assert @controller.instance_variable_get(:@after_ran)
   end
 
-  def test_having_properties_in_around_filter
+  def test_having_properties_in_around_action
     test_process(AroundFilterController)
-    assert_equal "before and after", assigns["execution_log"]
+    assert_equal "before and after", @controller.instance_variable_get(:@execution_log)
   end
 
-  def test_prepending_and_appending_around_filter
+  def test_prepending_and_appending_around_action
     test_process(MixedFilterController)
     assert_equal " before aroundfilter  before procfilter  before appended aroundfilter " +
                  " after appended aroundfilter  after procfilter  after aroundfilter ",
                  MixedFilterController.execution_log
   end
 
-  def test_rendering_breaks_filtering_chain
+  def test_rendering_breaks_actioning_chain
     response = test_process(RenderingController)
     assert_equal "something else", response.body
-    assert !assigns["ran_action"]
+    assert_not @controller.instance_variable_defined?(:@ran_action)
   end
 
-  def test_before_filter_rendering_breaks_filtering_chain_for_after_filter
+  def test_before_action_rendering_breaks_actioning_chain_for_after_action
     test_process(RenderingController)
-    assert_equal %w( before_filter_rendering ), assigns["ran_filter"]
-    assert !assigns["ran_action"]
+    assert_equal %w( before_action_rendering ), @controller.instance_variable_get(:@ran_filter)
+    assert_not @controller.instance_variable_defined?(:@ran_action)
   end
 
-  def test_before_filter_redirects_breaks_filtering_chain_for_after_filter
-    test_process(BeforeFilterRedirectionController)
+  def test_before_action_redirects_breaks_actioning_chain_for_after_action
+    test_process(BeforeActionRedirectionController)
     assert_response :redirect
-    assert_equal "http://test.host/filter_test/before_filter_redirection/target_of_redirection", redirect_to_url
-    assert_equal %w( before_filter_redirects ), assigns["ran_filter"]
+    assert_equal "http://test.host/filter_test/before_action_redirection/target_of_redirection", redirect_to_url
+    assert_equal %w( before_action_redirects ), @controller.instance_variable_get(:@ran_filter)
   end
 
-  def test_before_filter_rendering_breaks_filtering_chain_for_preprend_after_filter
-    test_process(RenderingForPrependAfterFilterController)
-    assert_equal %w( before_filter_rendering ), assigns["ran_filter"]
-    assert !assigns["ran_action"]
+  def test_before_action_rendering_breaks_actioning_chain_for_preprend_after_action
+    test_process(RenderingForPrependAfterActionController)
+    assert_equal %w( before_action_rendering ), @controller.instance_variable_get(:@ran_filter)
+    assert_not @controller.instance_variable_defined?(:@ran_action)
   end
 
-  def test_before_filter_redirects_breaks_filtering_chain_for_preprend_after_filter
-    test_process(BeforeFilterRedirectionForPrependAfterFilterController)
+  def test_before_action_redirects_breaks_actioning_chain_for_preprend_after_action
+    test_process(BeforeActionRedirectionForPrependAfterActionController)
     assert_response :redirect
-    assert_equal "http://test.host/filter_test/before_filter_redirection_for_prepend_after_filter/target_of_redirection", redirect_to_url
-    assert_equal %w( before_filter_redirects ), assigns["ran_filter"]
+    assert_equal "http://test.host/filter_test/before_action_redirection_for_prepend_after_action/target_of_redirection", redirect_to_url
+    assert_equal %w( before_action_redirects ), @controller.instance_variable_get(:@ran_filter)
   end
 
-  def test_filters_with_mixed_specialization_run_in_order
+  def test_actions_with_mixed_specialization_run_in_order
     assert_nothing_raised do
       response = test_process(MixedSpecializationController, 'bar')
       assert_equal 'bar', response.body
@@ -751,90 +757,87 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_dynamic_dispatch
     %w(foo bar baz).each do |action|
-      request = ActionController::TestRequest.new
-      request.query_parameters[:choose] = action
-      response = DynamicDispatchController.action(action).call(request.env).last
+      @request.query_parameters[:choose] = action
+      response = DynamicDispatchController.action(action).call(@request.env).last
       assert_equal action, response.body
     end
   end
 
-  def test_running_prepended_before_and_after_filter
+  def test_running_prepended_before_and_after_action
     test_process(PrependingBeforeAndAfterController)
-    assert_equal %w( before_all between_before_all_and_after_all after_all ), assigns["ran_filter"]
+    assert_equal %w( before_all between_before_all_and_after_all after_all ), @controller.instance_variable_get(:@ran_filter)
   end
 
   def test_skipping_and_limiting_controller
     test_process(SkippingAndLimitedController, "index")
-    assert_equal %w( ensure_login ), assigns["ran_filter"]
+    assert_equal %w( ensure_login ), @controller.instance_variable_get(:@ran_filter)
     test_process(SkippingAndLimitedController, "public")
-    assert_nil assigns["ran_filter"]
+    assert_not @controller.instance_variable_defined?(:@ran_filter)
   end
 
   def test_skipping_and_reordering_controller
     test_process(SkippingAndReorderingController, "index")
-    assert_equal %w( find_record ensure_login ), assigns["ran_filter"]
+    assert_equal %w( find_record ensure_login ), @controller.instance_variable_get(:@ran_filter)
   end
 
-  def test_conditional_skipping_of_filters
+  def test_conditional_skipping_of_actions
     test_process(ConditionalSkippingController, "login")
-    assert_nil assigns["ran_filter"]
+    assert_not @controller.instance_variable_defined?(:@ran_filter)
     test_process(ConditionalSkippingController, "change_password")
-    assert_equal %w( ensure_login find_user ), assigns["ran_filter"]
+    assert_equal %w( ensure_login find_user ), @controller.instance_variable_get(:@ran_filter)
 
     test_process(ConditionalSkippingController, "login")
-    assert !@controller.instance_variable_defined?("@ran_after_filter")
+    assert !@controller.instance_variable_defined?("@ran_after_action")
     test_process(ConditionalSkippingController, "change_password")
-    assert_equal %w( clean_up ), @controller.instance_variable_get("@ran_after_filter")
+    assert_equal %w( clean_up ), @controller.instance_variable_get("@ran_after_action")
   end
 
-  def test_conditional_skipping_of_filters_when_parent_filter_is_also_conditional
+  def test_conditional_skipping_of_actions_when_parent_action_is_also_conditional
     test_process(ChildOfConditionalParentController)
-    assert_equal %w( conditional_in_parent_before conditional_in_parent_after ), assigns['ran_filter']
+    assert_equal %w( conditional_in_parent_before conditional_in_parent_after ), @controller.instance_variable_get(:@ran_filter)
     test_process(ChildOfConditionalParentController, 'another_action')
-    assert_nil assigns['ran_filter']
+    assert_not @controller.instance_variable_defined?(:@ran_filter)
   end
 
-  def test_condition_skipping_of_filters_when_siblings_also_have_conditions
+  def test_condition_skipping_of_actions_when_siblings_also_have_conditions
     test_process(ChildOfConditionalParentController)
-    assert_equal %w( conditional_in_parent_before conditional_in_parent_after ), assigns['ran_filter']
+    assert_equal %w( conditional_in_parent_before conditional_in_parent_after ), @controller.instance_variable_get(:@ran_filter)
     test_process(AnotherChildOfConditionalParentController)
-    assert_equal %w( conditional_in_parent_after ), assigns['ran_filter']
+    assert_equal %w( conditional_in_parent_after ), @controller.instance_variable_get(:@ran_filter)
     test_process(ChildOfConditionalParentController)
-    assert_equal %w( conditional_in_parent_before conditional_in_parent_after ), assigns['ran_filter']
+    assert_equal %w( conditional_in_parent_before conditional_in_parent_after ), @controller.instance_variable_get(:@ran_filter)
   end
 
   def test_changing_the_requirements
     test_process(ChangingTheRequirementsController, "go_wild")
-    assert_nil assigns['ran_filter']
+    assert_not @controller.instance_variable_defined?(:@ran_filter)
   end
 
-  def test_a_rescuing_around_filter
+  def test_a_rescuing_around_action
     response = nil
     assert_nothing_raised do
       response = test_process(RescuedController)
     end
 
-    assert response.success?
+    assert response.successful?
     assert_equal("I rescued this: #<FilterTest::ErrorToRescue: Something made the bad noise.>", response.body)
   end
 
-  def test_filters_obey_only_and_except_for_implicit_actions
+  def test_actions_obey_only_and_except_for_implicit_actions
     test_process(ImplicitActionsController, 'show')
-    assert_equal 'Except', assigns(:except)
-    assert_nil assigns(:only)
+    assert_equal 'Except', @controller.instance_variable_get(:@except)
+    assert_not @controller.instance_variable_defined?(:@only)
     assert_equal 'show', response.body
 
     test_process(ImplicitActionsController, 'edit')
-    assert_equal 'Only', assigns(:only)
-    assert_nil assigns(:except)
+    assert_equal 'Only', @controller.instance_variable_get(:@only)
+    assert_not @controller.instance_variable_defined?(:@except)
     assert_equal 'edit', response.body
   end
 
   private
     def test_process(controller, action = "show")
       @controller = controller.is_a?(Class) ? controller.new : controller
-      @request    = ActionController::TestRequest.new
-      @response   = ActionController::TestResponse.new
 
       process(action)
     end
@@ -852,7 +855,7 @@ class PostsController < ActionController::Base
     include AroundExceptions
   end
 
-  module_eval %w(raises_before raises_after raises_both no_raise no_filter).map { |action| "def #{action}; default_action end" }.join("\n")
+  module_eval %w(raises_before raises_after raises_both no_raise no_action).map { |action| "def #{action}; default_action end" }.join("\n")
 
   private
     def default_action
@@ -861,9 +864,9 @@ class PostsController < ActionController::Base
 end
 
 class ControllerWithSymbolAsFilter < PostsController
-  around_filter :raise_before, :only => :raises_before
-  around_filter :raise_after, :only => :raises_after
-  around_filter :without_exception, :only => :no_raise
+  around_action :raise_before, :only => :raises_before
+  around_action :raise_after, :only => :raises_after
+  around_action :without_exception, :only => :no_raise
 
   private
     def raise_before
@@ -895,7 +898,7 @@ class ControllerWithFilterClass < PostsController
     end
   end
 
-  around_filter YieldingFilter, :only => :raises_after
+  around_action YieldingFilter, :only => :raises_after
 end
 
 class ControllerWithFilterInstance < PostsController
@@ -906,11 +909,11 @@ class ControllerWithFilterInstance < PostsController
     end
   end
 
-  around_filter YieldingFilter.new, :only => :raises_after
+  around_action YieldingFilter.new, :only => :raises_after
 end
 
 class ControllerWithProcFilter < PostsController
-  around_filter(:only => :no_raise) do |c,b|
+  around_action(:only => :no_raise) do |c,b|
     c.instance_variable_set(:"@before", true)
     b.call
     c.instance_variable_set(:"@after", true)
@@ -918,14 +921,14 @@ class ControllerWithProcFilter < PostsController
 end
 
 class ControllerWithNestedFilters < ControllerWithSymbolAsFilter
-  around_filter :raise_before, :raise_after, :without_exception, :only => :raises_both
+  around_action :raise_before, :raise_after, :without_exception, :only => :raises_both
 end
 
 class ControllerWithAllTypesOfFilters < PostsController
-  before_filter :before
-  around_filter :around
-  after_filter :after
-  around_filter :around_again
+  before_action :before
+  around_action :around
+  after_action :after
+  around_action :around_again
 
   private
   def before
@@ -951,8 +954,15 @@ class ControllerWithAllTypesOfFilters < PostsController
 end
 
 class ControllerWithTwoLessFilters < ControllerWithAllTypesOfFilters
-  skip_filter :around_again
-  skip_filter :after
+  skip_around_action :around_again
+  skip_after_action :after
+end
+
+class SkipFilterUsingSkipActionCallback < ControllerWithAllTypesOfFilters
+  ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+    skip_action_callback :around_again
+    skip_action_callback :after
+  end
 end
 
 class YieldingAroundFiltersTest < ActionController::TestCase
@@ -963,7 +973,7 @@ class YieldingAroundFiltersTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_nothing_raised { test_process(controller,'no_raise') }
     assert_nothing_raised { test_process(controller,'raises_before') }
     assert_nothing_raised { test_process(controller,'raises_after') }
-    assert_nothing_raised { test_process(controller,'no_filter') }
+    assert_nothing_raised { test_process(controller,'no_action') }
   end
 
   def test_with_symbol
@@ -988,11 +998,11 @@ class YieldingAroundFiltersTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_with_proc
     test_process(ControllerWithProcFilter,'no_raise')
-    assert assigns['before']
-    assert assigns['after']
+    assert @controller.instance_variable_get(:@before)
+    assert @controller.instance_variable_get(:@after)
   end
 
-  def test_nested_filters
+  def test_nested_actions
     controller = ControllerWithNestedFilters
     assert_nothing_raised do
       begin
@@ -1008,37 +1018,58 @@ class YieldingAroundFiltersTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_filter_order_with_all_filter_types
+  def test_action_order_with_all_action_types
     test_process(ControllerWithAllTypesOfFilters,'no_raise')
-    assert_equal 'before around (before yield) around_again (before yield) around_again (after yield) after around (after yield)', assigns['ran_filter'].join(' ')
+    assert_equal 'before around (before yield) around_again (before yield) around_again (after yield) after around (after yield)', @controller.instance_variable_get(:@ran_filter).join(' ')
   end
 
-  def test_filter_order_with_skip_filter_method
+  def test_action_order_with_skip_action_method
     test_process(ControllerWithTwoLessFilters,'no_raise')
-    assert_equal 'before around (before yield) around (after yield)', assigns['ran_filter'].join(' ')
+    assert_equal 'before around (before yield) around (after yield)', @controller.instance_variable_get(:@ran_filter).join(' ')
   end
 
-  def test_first_filter_in_multiple_before_filter_chain_halts
+  def test_first_action_in_multiple_before_action_chain_halts
     controller = ::FilterTest::TestMultipleFiltersController.new
     response = test_process(controller, 'fail_1')
-    assert_equal ' ', response.body
+    assert_equal '', response.body
     assert_equal 1, controller.instance_variable_get(:@try)
   end
 
-  def test_second_filter_in_multiple_before_filter_chain_halts
+  def test_second_action_in_multiple_before_action_chain_halts
     controller = ::FilterTest::TestMultipleFiltersController.new
     response = test_process(controller, 'fail_2')
-    assert_equal ' ', response.body
+    assert_equal '', response.body
     assert_equal 2, controller.instance_variable_get(:@try)
   end
 
-  def test_last_filter_in_multiple_before_filter_chain_halts
+  def test_last_action_in_multiple_before_action_chain_halts
     controller = ::FilterTest::TestMultipleFiltersController.new
     response = test_process(controller, 'fail_3')
-    assert_equal ' ', response.body
+    assert_equal '', response.body
     assert_equal 3, controller.instance_variable_get(:@try)
   end
 
+  def test_skipping_with_skip_action_callback
+    test_process(SkipFilterUsingSkipActionCallback,'no_raise')
+    assert_equal 'before around (before yield) around (after yield)', @controller.instance_variable_get(:@ran_filter).join(' ')
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_skip_action_callback
+    assert_deprecated do
+      Class.new(PostsController) do
+        skip_action_callback :clean_up
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_skip_filter
+    assert_deprecated do
+      Class.new(PostsController) do
+        skip_filter :clean_up
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   protected
     def test_process(controller, action = "show")
       @controller = controller.is_a?(Class) ? controller.new : controller
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/flash_hash_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/flash_hash_test.rb
index 50b36a0567..081288ef21 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/flash_hash_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/flash_hash_test.rb
@@ -29,6 +29,15 @@ module ActionDispatch
       assert_equal 'world', @hash['hello']
     end
 
+    def test_key
+      @hash['foo'] = 'bar'
+
+      assert @hash.key?('foo')
+      assert @hash.key?(:foo)
+      assert_not @hash.key?('bar')
+      assert_not @hash.key?(:bar)
+    end
+
     def test_delete
       @hash['foo'] = 'bar'
       @hash.delete 'foo'
@@ -48,33 +57,36 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
     def test_to_session_value
       @hash['foo'] = 'bar'
-      assert_equal({'flashes' => {'foo' => 'bar'}, 'discard' => []}, @hash.to_session_value)
-
-      @hash.discard('foo')
-      assert_equal({'flashes' => {'foo' => 'bar'}, 'discard' => %w[foo]}, @hash.to_session_value)
+      assert_equal({'flashes' => {'foo' => 'bar'}}, @hash.to_session_value)
 
       @hash.now['qux'] = 1
-      assert_equal({'flashes' => {'foo' => 'bar', 'qux' => 1}, 'discard' => %w[foo qux]}, @hash.to_session_value)
+      assert_equal({'flashes' => {'foo' => 'bar'}}, @hash.to_session_value)
+
+      @hash.discard('foo')
+      assert_equal(nil, @hash.to_session_value)
 
       @hash.sweep
       assert_equal(nil, @hash.to_session_value)
     end
 
     def test_from_session_value
-      rails_3_2_cookie = 'BAh7B0kiD3Nlc3Npb25faWQGOgZFRkkiJWY4ZTFiODE1MmJhNzYwOWMyOGJiYjE3ZWM5MjYzYmE3BjsAVEkiCmZsYXNoBjsARm86JUFjdGlvbkRpc3BhdGNoOjpGbGFzaDo6Rmxhc2hIYXNoCToKQHVzZWRvOghTZXQGOgpAaGFzaHsAOgxAY2xvc2VkRjoNQGZsYXNoZXN7BkkiDG1lc3NhZ2UGOwBGSSIKSGVsbG8GOwBGOglAbm93MA=='
+      # {"session_id"=>"f8e1b8152ba7609c28bbb17ec9263ba7", "flash"=>#<ActionDispatch::Flash::FlashHash:0x00000000000000 @used=#<Set: {"farewell"}>, @closed=false, @flashes={"greeting"=>"Hello", "farewell"=>"Goodbye"}, @now=nil>}
+      rails_3_2_cookie = 'BAh7B0kiD3Nlc3Npb25faWQGOgZFRkkiJWY4ZTFiODE1MmJhNzYwOWMyOGJiYjE3ZWM5MjYzYmE3BjsAVEkiCmZsYXNoBjsARm86JUFjdGlvbkRpc3BhdGNoOjpGbGFzaDo6Rmxhc2hIYXNoCToKQHVzZWRvOghTZXQGOgpAaGFzaHsGSSINZmFyZXdlbGwGOwBUVDoMQGNsb3NlZEY6DUBmbGFzaGVzewdJIg1ncmVldGluZwY7AFRJIgpIZWxsbwY7AFRJIg1mYXJld2VsbAY7AFRJIgxHb29kYnllBjsAVDoJQG5vdzA='
       session = Marshal.load(Base64.decode64(rails_3_2_cookie))
       hash = Flash::FlashHash.from_session_value(session['flash'])
-      assert_equal({'flashes' => {'message' => 'Hello'}, 'discard' => %w[message]}, hash.to_session_value)
+      assert_equal({'greeting' => 'Hello'}, hash.to_hash)
+      assert_equal(nil, hash.to_session_value)
     end
 
     def test_from_session_value_on_json_serializer
-      decrypted_data = "{ \"session_id\":\"d98bdf6d129618fc2548c354c161cfb5\", \"flash\":{\"discard\":[], \"flashes\":{\"message\":\"hey you\"}} }"
+      decrypted_data = "{ \"session_id\":\"d98bdf6d129618fc2548c354c161cfb5\", \"flash\":{\"discard\":[\"farewell\"], \"flashes\":{\"greeting\":\"Hello\",\"farewell\":\"Goodbye\"}} }"
       session = ActionDispatch::Cookies::JsonSerializer.load(decrypted_data)
       hash = Flash::FlashHash.from_session_value(session['flash'])
 
-      assert_equal({'discard' => %w[message], 'flashes' => { 'message' => 'hey you'}}, hash.to_session_value)
-      assert_equal "hey you", hash[:message]
-      assert_equal "hey you", hash["message"]
+      assert_equal({'greeting' => 'Hello'}, hash.to_hash)
+      assert_equal(nil, hash.to_session_value)
+      assert_equal "Hello", hash[:greeting]
+      assert_equal "Hello", hash["greeting"]
     end
 
     def test_empty?
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/flash_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/flash_test.rb
index 25a4857eba..b063d769a4 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/flash_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/flash_test.rb
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class FlashTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
     def std_action
       @flash_copy = {}.update(flash)
-      render :nothing => true
+      head :ok
     end
 
     def filter_halting_action
@@ -103,54 +103,55 @@ class FlashTest < ActionController::TestCase
     get :set_flash
 
     get :use_flash
-    assert_equal "hello", assigns["flash_copy"]["that"]
-    assert_equal "hello", assigns["flashy"]
+    assert_equal "hello", @controller.instance_variable_get(:@flash_copy)["that"]
+    assert_equal "hello", @controller.instance_variable_get(:@flashy)
 
     get :use_flash
-    assert_nil assigns["flash_copy"]["that"], "On second flash"
+    assert_nil @controller.instance_variable_get(:@flash_copy)["that"], "On second flash"
   end
 
   def test_keep_flash
     get :set_flash
 
     get :use_flash_and_keep_it
-    assert_equal "hello", assigns["flash_copy"]["that"]
-    assert_equal "hello", assigns["flashy"]
+    assert_equal "hello", @controller.instance_variable_get(:@flash_copy)["that"]
+    assert_equal "hello", @controller.instance_variable_get(:@flashy)
 
     get :use_flash
-    assert_equal "hello", assigns["flash_copy"]["that"], "On second flash"
+    assert_equal "hello", @controller.instance_variable_get(:@flash_copy)["that"], "On second flash"
 
     get :use_flash
-    assert_nil assigns["flash_copy"]["that"], "On third flash"
+    assert_nil @controller.instance_variable_get(:@flash_copy)["that"], "On third flash"
   end
 
   def test_flash_now
     get :set_flash_now
-    assert_equal "hello", assigns["flash_copy"]["that"]
-    assert_equal "bar"  , assigns["flash_copy"]["foo"]
-    assert_equal "hello", assigns["flashy"]
+    assert_equal "hello", @controller.instance_variable_get(:@flash_copy)["that"]
+    assert_equal "bar", @controller.instance_variable_get(:@flash_copy)["foo"]
+    assert_equal "hello", @controller.instance_variable_get(:@flashy)
 
     get :attempt_to_use_flash_now
-    assert_nil assigns["flash_copy"]["that"]
-    assert_nil assigns["flash_copy"]["foo"]
-    assert_nil assigns["flashy"]
+    assert_nil @controller.instance_variable_get(:@flash_copy)["that"]
+    assert_nil @controller.instance_variable_get(:@flash_copy)["foo"]
+    assert_nil @controller.instance_variable_get(:@flashy)
   end
 
   def test_update_flash
     get :set_flash
     get :use_flash_and_update_it
-    assert_equal "hello",       assigns["flash_copy"]["that"]
-    assert_equal "hello again", assigns["flash_copy"]["this"]
+    assert_equal "hello", @controller.instance_variable_get(:@flash_copy)["that"]
+    assert_equal "hello again", @controller.instance_variable_get(:@flash_copy)["this"]
     get :use_flash
-    assert_nil                  assigns["flash_copy"]["that"], "On second flash"
-    assert_equal "hello again", assigns["flash_copy"]["this"], "On second flash"
+    assert_nil @controller.instance_variable_get(:@flash_copy)["that"], "On second flash"
+    assert_equal "hello again",
+      @controller.instance_variable_get(:@flash_copy)["this"], "On second flash"
   end
 
   def test_flash_after_reset_session
     get :use_flash_after_reset_session
-    assert_equal "hello",    assigns["flashy_that"]
-    assert_equal "good-bye", assigns["flashy_this"]
-    assert_nil   assigns["flashy_that_reset"]
+    assert_equal "hello", @controller.instance_variable_get(:@flashy_that)
+    assert_equal "good-bye", @controller.instance_variable_get(:@flashy_this)
+    assert_nil @controller.instance_variable_get(:@flashy_that_reset)
   end
 
   def test_does_not_set_the_session_if_the_flash_is_empty
@@ -160,13 +161,13 @@ class FlashTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_sweep_after_halted_action_chain
     get :std_action
-    assert_nil assigns["flash_copy"]["foo"]
+    assert_nil @controller.instance_variable_get(:@flash_copy)["foo"]
     get :filter_halting_action
-    assert_equal "bar", assigns["flash_copy"]["foo"]
+    assert_equal "bar", @controller.instance_variable_get(:@flash_copy)["foo"]
     get :std_action # follow redirection
-    assert_equal "bar", assigns["flash_copy"]["foo"]
+    assert_equal "bar", @controller.instance_variable_get(:@flash_copy)["foo"]
     get :std_action
-    assert_nil assigns["flash_copy"]["foo"]
+    assert_nil @controller.instance_variable_get(:@flash_copy)["foo"]
   end
 
   def test_keep_and_discard_return_values
@@ -210,20 +211,29 @@ class FlashTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_redirect_to_with_adding_flash_types
-    @controller.class.add_flash_types :foo
+    original_controller = @controller
+    test_controller_with_flash_type_foo = Class.new(TestController) do
+      add_flash_types :foo
+    end
+    @controller = test_controller_with_flash_type_foo.new
     get :redirect_with_foo_flash
     assert_equal "for great justice", @controller.send(:flash)[:foo]
+  ensure
+    @controller = original_controller
   end
 
-  class SubclassesTestController < TestController; end
-
   def test_add_flash_type_to_subclasses
-    TestController.add_flash_types :foo
-    assert SubclassesTestController._flash_types.include?(:foo)
+    test_controller_with_flash_type_foo = Class.new(TestController) do
+      add_flash_types :foo
+    end
+    subclass_controller_with_no_flash_type = Class.new(test_controller_with_flash_type_foo)
+    assert subclass_controller_with_no_flash_type._flash_types.include?(:foo)
   end
 
-  def test_do_not_add_flash_type_to_parent_class
-    SubclassesTestController.add_flash_types :bar
+  def test_does_not_add_flash_type_to_parent_class
+    Class.new(TestController) do
+      add_flash_types :bar
+    end
     assert_not TestController._flash_types.include?(:bar)
   end
 end
@@ -279,16 +289,16 @@ class FlashIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   def test_setting_flash_does_not_raise_in_following_requests
     with_test_route_set do
       env = { 'action_dispatch.request.flash_hash' => ActionDispatch::Flash::FlashHash.new }
-      get '/set_flash', nil, env
-      get '/set_flash', nil, env
+      get '/set_flash', env: env
+      get '/set_flash', env: env
     end
   end
 
   def test_setting_flash_now_does_not_raise_in_following_requests
     with_test_route_set do
       env = { 'action_dispatch.request.flash_hash' => ActionDispatch::Flash::FlashHash.new }
-      get '/set_flash_now', nil, env
-      get '/set_flash_now', nil, env
+      get '/set_flash_now', env: env
+      get '/set_flash_now', env: env
     end
   end
 
@@ -303,9 +313,11 @@ class FlashIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   private
 
     # Overwrite get to send SessionSecret in env hash
-    def get(path, parameters = nil, env = {})
-      env["action_dispatch.key_generator"] ||= Generator
-      super
+    def get(path, *args)
+      args[0] ||= {}
+      args[0][:env] ||= {}
+      args[0][:env]["action_dispatch.key_generator"] ||= Generator
+      super(path, *args)
     end
 
     def with_test_route_set
@@ -317,7 +329,7 @@ class FlashIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         @app = self.class.build_app(set) do |middleware|
           middleware.use ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore, :key => SessionKey
           middleware.use ActionDispatch::Flash
-          middleware.delete "ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions"
+          middleware.delete ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions
         end
 
         yield
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/force_ssl_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/force_ssl_test.rb
index 3655b90e32..22f1cc7c22 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/force_ssl_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/force_ssl_test.rb
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 
 class ForceSSLController < ActionController::Base
   def banana
-    render :text => "monkey"
+    render plain: "monkey"
   end
 
   def cheeseburger
-    render :text => "sikachu"
+    render plain: "sikachu"
   end
 end
 
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class ForceSSLCustomOptions < ForceSSLController
   force_ssl :notice => 'Foo, Bar!', :only => :redirect_notice
 
   def force_ssl_action
-    render :text => action_name
+    render plain: action_name
   end
 
   alias_method :redirect_host, :force_ssl_action
@@ -40,15 +40,15 @@ class ForceSSLCustomOptions < ForceSSLController
   alias_method :redirect_notice, :force_ssl_action
 
   def use_flash
-    render :text => flash[:message]
+    render plain: flash[:message]
   end
 
   def use_alert
-    render :text => flash[:alert]
+    render plain: flash[:alert]
   end
 
   def use_notice
-    render :text => flash[:notice]
+    render plain: flash[:notice]
   end
 end
 
@@ -85,16 +85,14 @@ end
 
 class RedirectToSSL < ForceSSLController
   def banana
-    force_ssl_redirect || render(:text => 'monkey')
+    force_ssl_redirect || render(plain: 'monkey')
   end
   def cheeseburger
-    force_ssl_redirect('secure.cheeseburger.host') || render(:text => 'ihaz')
+    force_ssl_redirect('secure.cheeseburger.host') || render(plain: 'ihaz')
   end
 end
 
 class ForceSSLControllerLevelTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests ForceSSLControllerLevel
-
   def test_banana_redirects_to_https
     get :banana
     assert_response 301
@@ -102,7 +100,7 @@ class ForceSSLControllerLevelTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_banana_redirects_to_https_with_extra_params
-    get :banana, :token => "secret"
+    get :banana, params: { token: "secret" }
     assert_response 301
     assert_equal "https://test.host/force_ssl_controller_level/banana?token=secret", redirect_to_url
   end
@@ -115,8 +113,6 @@ class ForceSSLControllerLevelTest < ActionController::TestCase
 end
 
 class ForceSSLCustomOptionsTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests ForceSSLCustomOptions
-
   def setup
     @request.env['HTTP_HOST'] = 'www.example.com:80'
   end
@@ -189,8 +185,6 @@ class ForceSSLCustomOptionsTest < ActionController::TestCase
 end
 
 class ForceSSLOnlyActionTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests ForceSSLOnlyAction
-
   def test_banana_not_redirects_to_https
     get :banana
     assert_response 200
@@ -204,8 +198,6 @@ class ForceSSLOnlyActionTest < ActionController::TestCase
 end
 
 class ForceSSLExceptActionTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests ForceSSLExceptAction
-
   def test_banana_not_redirects_to_https
     get :banana
     assert_response 200
@@ -219,8 +211,6 @@ class ForceSSLExceptActionTest < ActionController::TestCase
 end
 
 class ForceSSLIfConditionTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests ForceSSLIfCondition
-
   def test_banana_not_redirects_to_https
     get :banana
     assert_response 200
@@ -234,8 +224,6 @@ class ForceSSLIfConditionTest < ActionController::TestCase
 end
 
 class ForceSSLFlashTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests ForceSSLFlash
-
   def test_cheeseburger_redirects_to_https
     get :set_flash
     assert_response 302
@@ -252,8 +240,8 @@ class ForceSSLFlashTest < ActionController::TestCase
     @request.env.delete('PATH_INFO')
 
     get :use_flash
-    assert_equal "hello", assigns["flash_copy"]["that"]
-    assert_equal "hello", assigns["flashy"]
+    assert_equal "hello", @controller.instance_variable_get("@flash_copy")["that"]
+    assert_equal "hello", @controller.instance_variable_get("@flashy")
   end
 end
 
@@ -285,7 +273,7 @@ class ForceSSLFormatTest < ActionController::TestCase
         get '/foo', :to => 'force_ssl_controller_level#banana'
       end
 
-      get :banana, :format => :json
+      get :banana, format: :json
       assert_response 301
       assert_equal 'https://test.host/foo.json', redirect_to_url
     end
@@ -306,7 +294,7 @@ class ForceSSLOptionalSegmentsTest < ActionController::TestCase
       end
 
       @request.env['PATH_INFO'] = '/en/foo'
-      get :banana, :locale => 'en'
+      get :banana, params: { locale: 'en' }
       assert_equal 'en',  @controller.params[:locale]
       assert_response 301
       assert_equal 'https://test.host/en/foo', redirect_to_url
@@ -315,7 +303,6 @@ class ForceSSLOptionalSegmentsTest < ActionController::TestCase
 end
 
 class RedirectToSSLTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests RedirectToSSL
   def test_banana_redirects_to_https_if_not_https
     get :banana
     assert_response 301
@@ -328,10 +315,10 @@ class RedirectToSSLTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal "https://secure.cheeseburger.host/redirect_to_ssl/cheeseburger", redirect_to_url
   end
 
-  def test_banana_does_not_redirect_if_already_https
+  def test_cheeseburgers_does_not_redirect_if_already_https
     request.env['HTTPS'] = 'on'
     get :cheeseburger
     assert_response 200
     assert_equal 'ihaz', response.body
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/form_builder_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/form_builder_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..99eeaf9ab6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/form_builder_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class FormBuilderController < ActionController::Base
+  class SpecializedFormBuilder < ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder ; end
+
+  default_form_builder SpecializedFormBuilder
+end
+
+class ControllerFormBuilderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  setup do
+    @controller = FormBuilderController.new
+  end
+
+  def test_default_form_builder_assigned
+    assert_equal FormBuilderController::SpecializedFormBuilder, @controller.default_form_builder
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/helper_test.rb
index 20f99f19ee..3ecfedefd1 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/helper_test.rb
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ module ImpressiveLibrary
   def useful_function() end
 end
 
-ActionController::Base.send :include, ImpressiveLibrary
+ActionController::Base.include(ImpressiveLibrary)
 
 class JustMeController < ActionController::Base
   clear_helpers
@@ -60,6 +60,12 @@ class HelpersPathsController < ActionController::Base
   end
 end
 
+class HelpersTypoController < ActionController::Base
+  path = File.expand_path('../../fixtures/helpers_typo', __FILE__)
+  $:.unshift(path)
+  self.helpers_path = path
+end
+
 module LocalAbcHelper
   def a() end
   def b() end
@@ -67,14 +73,8 @@ module LocalAbcHelper
 end
 
 class HelperPathsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def setup
-    @request    = ActionController::TestRequest.new
-    @response   = ActionController::TestResponse.new
-  end
-
   def test_helpers_paths_priority
-    request  = ActionController::TestRequest.new
-    responses = HelpersPathsController.action(:index).call(request.env)
+    responses = HelpersPathsController.action(:index).call(ActionController::TestRequest::DEFAULT_ENV.dup)
 
     # helpers1_pack was given as a second path, so pack1_helper should be
     # included as the second one
@@ -82,6 +82,22 @@ class HelperPathsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 end
 
+class HelpersTypoControllerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @autoload_paths = ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths
+    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths = Array(HelpersTypoController.helpers_path)
+  end
+
+  def test_helper_typo_error_message
+    e = assert_raise(NameError) { HelpersTypoController.helper 'admin/users' }
+    assert_equal "Couldn't find Admin::UsersHelper, expected it to be defined in helpers/admin/users_helper.rb", e.message
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths = @autoload_paths
+  end
+end
+
 class HelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   class TestController < ActionController::Base
     attr_accessor :delegate_attr
@@ -119,8 +135,7 @@ class HelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def call_controller(klass, action)
-    request  = ActionController::TestRequest.new
-    klass.action(action).call(request.env)
+    klass.action(action).call(ActionController::TestRequest::DEFAULT_ENV.dup)
   end
 
   def test_helper_for_nested_controller
@@ -136,7 +151,7 @@ class HelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "test: baz", call_controller(Fun::PdfController, "test").last.body
     #
     # request  = ActionController::TestRequest.new
-    # response = ActionController::TestResponse.new
+    # response = ActionDispatch::TestResponse.new
     # request.action = 'test'
     #
     # assert_equal 'test: baz', Fun::PdfController.process(request, response).body
@@ -201,10 +216,10 @@ class HelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     # fun/pdf_helper.rb
     assert methods.include?(:foobar)
   end
-  
+
   def test_helper_proxy_config
     AllHelpersController.config.my_var = 'smth'
-    
+
     assert_equal 'smth', AllHelpersController.helpers.config.my_var
   end
 
@@ -227,7 +242,7 @@ class HelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 end
 
 
-class IsolatedHelpersTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+class IsolatedHelpersTest < ActionController::TestCase
   class A < ActionController::Base
     def index
       render :inline => '<%= shout %>'
@@ -251,13 +266,11 @@ class IsolatedHelpersTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def call_controller(klass, action)
-    request  = ActionController::TestRequest.new
-    klass.action(action).call(request.env)
+    klass.action(action).call(@request.env)
   end
 
   def setup
-    @request    = ActionController::TestRequest.new
-    @response   = ActionController::TestResponse.new
+    super
     @request.action = 'index'
   end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/http_basic_authentication_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/http_basic_authentication_test.rb
index 90548d4294..0a5e5402b9 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/http_basic_authentication_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/http_basic_authentication_test.rb
@@ -9,19 +9,19 @@ class HttpBasicAuthenticationTest < ActionController::TestCase
     http_basic_authenticate_with :name => "David", :password => "Goliath", :only => :search
 
     def index
-      render :text => "Hello Secret"
+      render plain: "Hello Secret"
     end
 
     def display
-      render :text => 'Definitely Maybe'
+      render plain: 'Definitely Maybe' if @logged_in
     end
 
     def show
-      render :text => 'Only for loooooong credentials'
+      render plain: 'Only for loooooong credentials'
     end
 
     def search
-      render :text => 'All inline'
+      render plain: 'All inline'
     end
 
     private
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class HttpBasicAuthenticationTest < ActionController::TestCase
       if authenticate_with_http_basic { |username, password| username == 'pretty' && password == 'please' }
         @logged_in = true
       else
-        request_http_basic_authentication("SuperSecret")
+        request_http_basic_authentication("SuperSecret", "Authentication Failed\n")
       end
     end
 
@@ -83,6 +83,13 @@ class HttpBasicAuthenticationTest < ActionController::TestCase
       assert_response :unauthorized
       assert_equal "HTTP Basic: Access denied.\n", @response.body, "Authentication didn't fail for request header #{header} and long credentials"
     end
+
+    test "unsuccessful authentication with #{header.downcase} and no credentials" do
+      get :show
+
+      assert_response :unauthorized
+      assert_equal "HTTP Basic: Access denied.\n", @response.body, "Authentication didn't fail for request header #{header} and no credentials"
+    end
   end
 
   def test_encode_credentials_has_no_newline
@@ -93,11 +100,19 @@ class HttpBasicAuthenticationTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_no_match(/\n/, result)
   end
 
+  test "succesful authentication with uppercase authorization scheme" do
+    @request.env['HTTP_AUTHORIZATION'] = "BASIC #{::Base64.encode64("lifo:world")}"
+    get :index
+
+    assert_response :success
+    assert_equal 'Hello Secret', @response.body, 'Authentication failed when authorization scheme BASIC'
+  end
+
   test "authentication request without credential" do
     get :display
 
     assert_response :unauthorized
-    assert_equal "HTTP Basic: Access denied.\n", @response.body
+    assert_equal "Authentication Failed\n", @response.body
     assert_equal 'Basic realm="SuperSecret"', @response.headers['WWW-Authenticate']
   end
 
@@ -106,7 +121,7 @@ class HttpBasicAuthenticationTest < ActionController::TestCase
     get :display
 
     assert_response :unauthorized
-    assert_equal "HTTP Basic: Access denied.\n", @response.body
+    assert_equal "Authentication Failed\n", @response.body
     assert_equal 'Basic realm="SuperSecret"', @response.headers['WWW-Authenticate']
   end
 
@@ -115,7 +130,6 @@ class HttpBasicAuthenticationTest < ActionController::TestCase
     get :display
 
     assert_response :success
-    assert assigns(:logged_in)
     assert_equal 'Definitely Maybe', @response.body
   end
 
@@ -129,6 +143,13 @@ class HttpBasicAuthenticationTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_response :unauthorized
   end
 
+  test "authentication request with wrong scheme" do
+    header = 'Bearer ' + encode_credentials('David', 'Goliath').split(' ', 2)[1]
+    @request.env['HTTP_AUTHORIZATION'] = header
+    get :search
+    assert_response :unauthorized
+  end
+
   private
 
   def encode_credentials(username, password)
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/http_digest_authentication_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/http_digest_authentication_test.rb
index 52a0bc9aa3..f06912bd5a 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/http_digest_authentication_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/http_digest_authentication_test.rb
@@ -10,11 +10,11 @@ class HttpDigestAuthenticationTest < ActionController::TestCase
               'dhh' => ::Digest::MD5::hexdigest(["dhh","SuperSecret","secret"].join(":"))}
 
     def index
-      render :text => "Hello Secret"
+      render plain: "Hello Secret"
     end
 
     def display
-      render :text => 'Definitely Maybe'
+      render plain: 'Definitely Maybe' if @logged_in
     end
 
     private
@@ -124,7 +124,6 @@ class HttpDigestAuthenticationTest < ActionController::TestCase
     get :display
 
     assert_response :success
-    assert assigns(:logged_in)
     assert_equal 'Definitely Maybe', @response.body
   end
 
@@ -134,7 +133,6 @@ class HttpDigestAuthenticationTest < ActionController::TestCase
     get :display
 
     assert_response :success
-    assert assigns(:logged_in)
     assert_equal 'Definitely Maybe', @response.body
   end
 
@@ -144,7 +142,6 @@ class HttpDigestAuthenticationTest < ActionController::TestCase
     get :display
 
     assert_response :success
-    assert assigns(:logged_in)
     assert_equal 'Definitely Maybe', @response.body
   end
 
@@ -156,7 +153,6 @@ class HttpDigestAuthenticationTest < ActionController::TestCase
     get :display
 
     assert_response :success
-    assert assigns(:logged_in)
     assert_equal 'Definitely Maybe', @response.body
   end
 
@@ -167,7 +163,6 @@ class HttpDigestAuthenticationTest < ActionController::TestCase
     get :display
 
     assert_response :success
-    assert assigns(:logged_in)
     assert_equal 'Definitely Maybe', @response.body
   end
 
@@ -180,7 +175,6 @@ class HttpDigestAuthenticationTest < ActionController::TestCase
     get :display
 
     assert_response :success
-    assert assigns(:logged_in)
     assert_equal 'Definitely Maybe', @response.body
   end
 
@@ -191,7 +185,6 @@ class HttpDigestAuthenticationTest < ActionController::TestCase
     get :display
 
     assert_response :success
-    assert assigns(:logged_in)
     assert_equal 'Definitely Maybe', @response.body
   end
 
@@ -201,7 +194,6 @@ class HttpDigestAuthenticationTest < ActionController::TestCase
     put :display
 
     assert_response :success
-    assert assigns(:logged_in)
     assert_equal 'Definitely Maybe', @response.body
   end
 
@@ -244,7 +236,6 @@ class HttpDigestAuthenticationTest < ActionController::TestCase
     get :display
 
     assert_response :success
-    assert assigns(:logged_in)
     assert_equal 'Definitely Maybe', @response.body
   end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/http_token_authentication_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/http_token_authentication_test.rb
index b7d7cf9c6c..98e3c891a7 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/http_token_authentication_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/http_token_authentication_test.rb
@@ -7,15 +7,15 @@ class HttpTokenAuthenticationTest < ActionController::TestCase
     before_action :authenticate_long_credentials, only: :show
 
     def index
-      render :text => "Hello Secret"
+      render plain: "Hello Secret"
     end
 
     def display
-      render :text => 'Definitely Maybe'
+      render plain: 'Definitely Maybe'
     end
 
     def show
-      render :text => 'Only for loooooong credentials'
+      render plain: 'Only for loooooong credentials'
     end
 
     private
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class HttpTokenAuthenticationTest < ActionController::TestCase
       if authenticate_with_http_token { |token, options| token == '"quote" pretty' && options[:algorithm] == 'test' }
         @logged_in = true
       else
-        request_http_token_authentication("SuperSecret")
+        request_http_token_authentication("SuperSecret", "Authentication Failed\n")
       end
     end
 
@@ -80,13 +80,20 @@ class HttpTokenAuthenticationTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   test "authentication request with badly formatted header" do
-    @request.env['HTTP_AUTHORIZATION'] = "Token foobar"
+    @request.env['HTTP_AUTHORIZATION'] = 'Token token$"lifo"'
     get :index
 
     assert_response :unauthorized
     assert_equal "HTTP Token: Access denied.\n", @response.body, "Authentication header was not properly parsed"
   end
 
+  test "successful authentication request with Bearer instead of Token" do
+    @request.env['HTTP_AUTHORIZATION'] = 'Bearer lifo'
+    get :index
+
+    assert_response :success
+  end
+
   test "authentication request with tab in header" do
     @request.env['HTTP_AUTHORIZATION'] = "Token\ttoken=\"lifo\""
     get :index
@@ -99,7 +106,7 @@ class HttpTokenAuthenticationTest < ActionController::TestCase
     get :display
 
     assert_response :unauthorized
-    assert_equal "HTTP Token: Access denied.\n", @response.body
+    assert_equal "Authentication Failed\n", @response.body
     assert_equal 'Token realm="SuperSecret"', @response.headers['WWW-Authenticate']
   end
 
@@ -108,7 +115,7 @@ class HttpTokenAuthenticationTest < ActionController::TestCase
     get :display
 
     assert_response :unauthorized
-    assert_equal "HTTP Token: Access denied.\n", @response.body
+    assert_equal "Authentication Failed\n", @response.body
     assert_equal 'Token realm="SuperSecret"', @response.headers['WWW-Authenticate']
   end
 
@@ -140,13 +147,69 @@ class HttpTokenAuthenticationTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal(expected, actual)
   end
 
-  private
+  test "token_and_options returns empty string with empty token" do
+    token = ''
+    actual = ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Token.token_and_options(sample_request(token)).first
+    expected = token
+    assert_equal(expected, actual)
+  end
+
+  test "token_and_options returns correct token with nounce option" do
+    token = "rcHu+HzSFw89Ypyhn/896A="
+    nonce_hash = {nonce: "123abc"}
+    actual = ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Token.token_and_options(sample_request(token, nonce_hash))
+    expected_token = token
+    expected_nonce = {"nonce" => nonce_hash[:nonce]}
+    assert_equal(expected_token, actual.first)
+    assert_equal(expected_nonce, actual.last)
+  end
 
-  def sample_request(token)
-    @sample_request ||= OpenStruct.new authorization: %{Token token="#{token}"}
+  test "token_and_options returns nil with no value after the equal sign" do
+    actual = ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Token.token_and_options(malformed_request).first
+    expected = nil
+    assert_equal(expected, actual)
+  end
+
+  test "raw_params returns a tuple of two key value pair strings" do
+    auth = sample_request("rcHu+HzSFw89Ypyhn/896A=").authorization.to_s
+    actual = ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Token.raw_params(auth)
+    expected = ["token=\"rcHu+HzSFw89Ypyhn/896A=\"", "nonce=\"def\""]
+    assert_equal(expected, actual)
   end
 
-  def encode_credentials(token, options = {})
-    ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Token.encode_credentials(token, options)
+  test "token_and_options returns right token when token key is not specified in header" do
+    token = "rcHu+HzSFw89Ypyhn/896A="
+
+    actual = ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Token.token_and_options(
+      sample_request_without_token_key(token)
+    ).first
+
+    expected = token
+    assert_equal(expected, actual)
   end
+
+  private
+
+    def sample_request(token, options = {nonce: "def"})
+      authorization = options.inject([%{Token token="#{token}"}]) do |arr, (k, v)|
+        arr << "#{k}=\"#{v}\""
+      end.join(", ")
+      mock_authorization_request(authorization)
+    end
+
+    def malformed_request
+      mock_authorization_request(%{Token token=})
+    end
+
+    def sample_request_without_token_key(token)
+      mock_authorization_request(%{Token #{token}})
+    end
+
+    def mock_authorization_request(authorization)
+      OpenStruct.new(authorization: authorization)
+    end
+
+    def encode_credentials(token, options = {})
+      ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Token.encode_credentials(token, options)
+    end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/integration_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/integration_test.rb
index e851cc6a63..d0a1d1285f 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/integration_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/integration_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'controller/fake_controllers'
-require 'action_view/vendor/html-scanner'
+require 'rails/engine'
 
 class SessionTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   StubApp = lambda { |env|
@@ -26,180 +26,341 @@ class SessionTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_follow_redirect_raises_when_no_redirect
-    @session.stubs(:redirect?).returns(false)
-    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { @session.follow_redirect! }
+    @session.stub :redirect?, false do
+      assert_raise(RuntimeError) { @session.follow_redirect! }
+    end
   end
 
   def test_request_via_redirect_uses_given_method
     path = "/somepath"; args = {:id => '1'}; headers = {"X-Test-Header" => "testvalue"}
-    @session.expects(:process).with(:put, path, args, headers)
-    @session.stubs(:redirect?).returns(false)
-    @session.request_via_redirect(:put, path, args, headers)
+    assert_called_with @session, :process, [:put, path, params: args, headers: headers] do
+      @session.stub :redirect?, false do
+        @session.request_via_redirect(:put, path, params: args, headers: headers)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_request_via_redirect_uses_given_method
+    path = "/somepath"; args = { id: '1' }; headers = { "X-Test-Header" => "testvalue" }
+    assert_called_with @session, :process, [:put, path, params: args, headers: headers] do
+      @session.stub :redirect?, false do
+        assert_deprecated { @session.request_via_redirect(:put, path, args, headers) }
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   def test_request_via_redirect_follows_redirects
     path = "/somepath"; args = {:id => '1'}; headers = {"X-Test-Header" => "testvalue"}
-    @session.stubs(:redirect?).returns(true, true, false)
-    @session.expects(:follow_redirect!).times(2)
-    @session.request_via_redirect(:get, path, args, headers)
+    value_series = [true, true, false]
+    assert_called @session, :follow_redirect!, times: 2 do
+      @session.stub :redirect?, ->{ value_series.shift } do
+        @session.request_via_redirect(:get, path, params: args, headers: headers)
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   def test_request_via_redirect_returns_status
     path = "/somepath"; args = {:id => '1'}; headers = {"X-Test-Header" => "testvalue"}
-    @session.stubs(:redirect?).returns(false)
-    @session.stubs(:status).returns(200)
-    assert_equal 200, @session.request_via_redirect(:get, path, args, headers)
+    @session.stub :redirect?, false do
+      @session.stub :status, 200 do
+        assert_equal 200, @session.request_via_redirect(:get, path, params: args, headers: headers)
+      end
+    end
   end
 
-  def test_get_via_redirect
-    path = "/somepath"; args = {:id => '1'}; headers = {"X-Test-Header" => "testvalue" }
-    @session.expects(:request_via_redirect).with(:get, path, args, headers)
-    @session.get_via_redirect(path, args, headers)
+  def test_deprecated_get_via_redirect
+    path = "/somepath"; args = { id: '1' }; headers = { "X-Test-Header" => "testvalue" }
+
+    assert_called_with @session, :request_via_redirect, [:get, path, args, headers] do
+      assert_deprecated do
+        @session.get_via_redirect(path, args, headers)
+      end
+    end
   end
 
-  def test_post_via_redirect
-    path = "/somepath"; args = {:id => '1'}; headers = {"X-Test-Header" => "testvalue" }
-    @session.expects(:request_via_redirect).with(:post, path, args, headers)
-    @session.post_via_redirect(path, args, headers)
+  def test_deprecated_post_via_redirect
+    path = "/somepath"; args = { id: '1' }; headers = { "X-Test-Header" => "testvalue" }
+
+    assert_called_with @session, :request_via_redirect, [:post, path, args, headers] do
+      assert_deprecated do
+        @session.post_via_redirect(path, args, headers)
+      end
+    end
   end
 
-  def test_patch_via_redirect
-    path = "/somepath"; args = {:id => '1'}; headers = {"X-Test-Header" => "testvalue" }
-    @session.expects(:request_via_redirect).with(:patch, path, args, headers)
-    @session.patch_via_redirect(path, args, headers)
+  def test_deprecated_patch_via_redirect
+    path = "/somepath"; args = { id: '1' }; headers = { "X-Test-Header" => "testvalue" }
+
+    assert_called_with @session, :request_via_redirect, [:patch, path, args, headers] do
+      assert_deprecated do
+        @session.patch_via_redirect(path, args, headers)
+      end
+    end
   end
 
-  def test_put_via_redirect
-    path = "/somepath"; args = {:id => '1'}; headers = {"X-Test-Header" => "testvalue" }
-    @session.expects(:request_via_redirect).with(:put, path, args, headers)
-    @session.put_via_redirect(path, args, headers)
+  def test_deprecated_put_via_redirect
+    path = "/somepath"; args = { id: '1' }; headers = { "X-Test-Header" => "testvalue" }
+
+    assert_called_with @session, :request_via_redirect, [:put, path, args, headers] do
+      assert_deprecated do
+        @session.put_via_redirect(path, args, headers)
+      end
+    end
   end
 
-  def test_delete_via_redirect
-    path = "/somepath"; args = {:id => '1'}; headers = {"X-Test-Header" => "testvalue" }
-    @session.expects(:request_via_redirect).with(:delete, path, args, headers)
-    @session.delete_via_redirect(path, args, headers)
+  def test_deprecated_delete_via_redirect
+    path = "/somepath"; args = { id: '1' }; headers = { "X-Test-Header" => "testvalue" }
+
+    assert_called_with @session, :request_via_redirect, [:delete, path, args, headers] do
+      assert_deprecated do
+        @session.delete_via_redirect(path, args, headers)
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   def test_get
-    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = {:location => 'blah'}
-    @session.expects(:process).with(:get,path,params,headers)
-    @session.get(path,params,headers)
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+
+    assert_called_with @session, :process, [:get, path, params: params, headers: headers] do
+      @session.get(path, params: params, headers: headers)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_get_with_env_and_headers
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }; env = { 'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH' => 'XMLHttpRequest' }
+    assert_called_with @session, :process, [:get, path, params: params, headers: headers, env: env] do
+      @session.get(path, params: params, headers: headers, env: env)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_get
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+
+    assert_called_with @session, :process, [:get, path, params: params, headers: headers] do
+      assert_deprecated {
+        @session.get(path, params, headers)
+      }
+    end
   end
 
   def test_post
-    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = {:location => 'blah'}
-    @session.expects(:process).with(:post,path,params,headers)
-    @session.post(path,params,headers)
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    assert_called_with @session, :process, [:post, path, params: params, headers: headers] do
+      assert_deprecated {
+        @session.post(path, params, headers)
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_post
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    assert_called_with @session, :process, [:post, path, params: params, headers: headers] do
+      @session.post(path, params: params, headers: headers)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_patch
-    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = {:location => 'blah'}
-    @session.expects(:process).with(:patch,path,params,headers)
-    @session.patch(path,params,headers)
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    assert_called_with @session, :process, [:patch, path, params: params, headers: headers] do
+      @session.patch(path, params: params, headers: headers)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_patch
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    assert_called_with @session, :process, [:patch, path, params: params, headers: headers] do
+      assert_deprecated {
+        @session.patch(path, params, headers)
+      }
+    end
   end
 
   def test_put
-    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = {:location => 'blah'}
-    @session.expects(:process).with(:put,path,params,headers)
-    @session.put(path,params,headers)
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    assert_called_with @session, :process, [:put, path, params: params, headers: headers] do
+      @session.put(path, params: params, headers: headers)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_put
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    assert_called_with @session, :process, [:put, path, params: params, headers: headers] do
+      assert_deprecated {
+        @session.put(path, params, headers)
+      }
+    end
   end
 
   def test_delete
-    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = {:location => 'blah'}
-    @session.expects(:process).with(:delete,path,params,headers)
-    @session.delete(path,params,headers)
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    assert_called_with @session, :process, [:delete, path, params: params, headers: headers] do
+      assert_deprecated {
+        @session.delete(path,params,headers)
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_delete
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    assert_called_with @session, :process, [:delete, path, params: params, headers: headers] do
+      @session.delete(path, params: params, headers: headers)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_head
-    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = {:location => 'blah'}
-    @session.expects(:process).with(:head,path,params,headers)
-    @session.head(path,params,headers)
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    assert_called_with @session, :process, [:head, path, params: params, headers: headers] do
+      @session.head(path, params: params, headers: headers)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def deprecated_test_head
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    assert_called_with @session, :process, [:head, path, params: params, headers: headers] do
+      assert_deprecated {
+        @session.head(path, params, headers)
+      }
+    end
   end
 
   def test_xml_http_request_get
-    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = {:location => 'blah'}
-    headers_after_xhr = headers.merge(
-      "HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH" => "XMLHttpRequest",
-      "HTTP_ACCEPT"           => "text/javascript, text/html, application/xml, text/xml, */*"
-    )
-    @session.expects(:process).with(:get,path,params,headers_after_xhr)
-    @session.xml_http_request(:get,path,params,headers)
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    assert_called_with @session, :process, [:get, path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true] do
+      @session.get(path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_xml_http_request_get
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    assert_called_with @session, :process, [:get, path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true] do
+      @session.get(path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_args_xml_http_request_get
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    assert_called_with @session, :process, [:get, path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true] do
+      assert_deprecated(/xml_http_request/) {
+        @session.xml_http_request(:get, path, params, headers)
+      }
+    end
   end
 
   def test_xml_http_request_post
-    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = {:location => 'blah'}
-    headers_after_xhr = headers.merge(
-      "HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH" => "XMLHttpRequest",
-      "HTTP_ACCEPT"           => "text/javascript, text/html, application/xml, text/xml, */*"
-    )
-    @session.expects(:process).with(:post,path,params,headers_after_xhr)
-    @session.xml_http_request(:post,path,params,headers)
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    assert_called_with @session, :process, [:post, path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true] do
+      @session.post(path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_xml_http_request_post
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    assert_called_with @session, :process, [:post, path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true] do
+      @session.post(path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_args_xml_http_request_post
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    assert_called_with @session, :process, [:post, path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true] do
+      assert_deprecated(/xml_http_request/) { @session.xml_http_request(:post,path,params,headers) }
+    end
   end
 
   def test_xml_http_request_patch
-    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = {:location => 'blah'}
-    headers_after_xhr = headers.merge(
-      "HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH" => "XMLHttpRequest",
-      "HTTP_ACCEPT"           => "text/javascript, text/html, application/xml, text/xml, */*"
-    )
-    @session.expects(:process).with(:patch,path,params,headers_after_xhr)
-    @session.xml_http_request(:patch,path,params,headers)
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    assert_called_with @session, :process, [:patch, path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true] do
+      @session.patch(path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_xml_http_request_patch
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    assert_called_with @session, :process, [:patch, path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true] do
+      @session.patch(path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_args_xml_http_request_patch
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    assert_called_with @session, :process, [:patch, path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true] do
+      assert_deprecated(/xml_http_request/) { @session.xml_http_request(:patch,path,params,headers) }
+    end
   end
 
   def test_xml_http_request_put
-    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = {:location => 'blah'}
-    headers_after_xhr = headers.merge(
-      "HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH" => "XMLHttpRequest",
-      "HTTP_ACCEPT"           => "text/javascript, text/html, application/xml, text/xml, */*"
-    )
-    @session.expects(:process).with(:put,path,params,headers_after_xhr)
-    @session.xml_http_request(:put,path,params,headers)
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    assert_called_with @session, :process, [:put, path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true] do
+      @session.put(path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_xml_http_request_put
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    assert_called_with @session, :process, [:put, path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true] do
+      @session.put(path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_args_xml_http_request_put
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    assert_called_with @session, :process, [:put, path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true] do
+      assert_deprecated(/xml_http_request/) { @session.xml_http_request(:put, path, params, headers) }
+    end
   end
 
   def test_xml_http_request_delete
-    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = {:location => 'blah'}
-    headers_after_xhr = headers.merge(
-      "HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH" => "XMLHttpRequest",
-      "HTTP_ACCEPT"           => "text/javascript, text/html, application/xml, text/xml, */*"
-    )
-    @session.expects(:process).with(:delete,path,params,headers_after_xhr)
-    @session.xml_http_request(:delete,path,params,headers)
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    assert_called_with @session, :process, [:delete, path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true] do
+      @session.delete(path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_xml_http_request_delete
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    assert_called_with @session, :process, [:delete, path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true] do
+      assert_deprecated { @session.xml_http_request(:delete, path, params: params, headers: headers) }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_args_xml_http_request_delete
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    assert_called_with @session, :process, [:delete, path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true] do
+      assert_deprecated(/xml_http_request/) { @session.xml_http_request(:delete, path, params, headers) }
+    end
   end
 
   def test_xml_http_request_head
-    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = {:location => 'blah'}
-    headers_after_xhr = headers.merge(
-      "HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH" => "XMLHttpRequest",
-      "HTTP_ACCEPT"           => "text/javascript, text/html, application/xml, text/xml, */*"
-    )
-    @session.expects(:process).with(:head,path,params,headers_after_xhr)
-    @session.xml_http_request(:head,path,params,headers)
-  end
-
-  def test_xml_http_request_override_accept
-    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = {:location => 'blah', "HTTP_ACCEPT" => "application/xml"}
-    headers_after_xhr = headers.merge(
-      "HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH" => "XMLHttpRequest"
-    )
-    @session.expects(:process).with(:post,path,params,headers_after_xhr)
-    @session.xml_http_request(:post,path,params,headers)
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    assert_called_with @session, :process, [:head, path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true] do
+      @session.head(path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_xml_http_request_head
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    assert_called_with @session, :process, [:head, path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true] do
+      assert_deprecated(/xml_http_request/) { @session.xml_http_request(:head, path, params: params, headers: headers) }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_args_xml_http_request_head
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    assert_called_with @session, :process, [:head, path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true] do
+      assert_deprecated { @session.xml_http_request(:head, path, params, headers) }
+    end
   end
 end
 
 class IntegrationTestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def setup
     @test = ::ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest.new(:app)
-    @test.class.stubs(:fixture_table_names).returns([])
-    @session = @test.open_session
   end
 
   def test_opens_new_session
     session1 = @test.open_session { |sess| }
     session2 = @test.open_session # implicit session
 
-    assert_respond_to session1, :assert_template, "open_session makes assert_template available"
-    assert_respond_to session2, :assert_template, "open_session makes assert_template available"
     assert !session1.equal?(session2)
   end
 
@@ -225,14 +386,8 @@ end
 # Tests that integration tests don't call Controller test methods for processing.
 # Integration tests have their own setup and teardown.
 class IntegrationTestUsesCorrectClass < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
-  def self.fixture_table_names
-    []
-  end
-
   def test_integration_methods_called
     reset!
-    @integration_session.stubs(:generic_url_rewriter)
-    @integration_session.stubs(:process)
 
     %w( get post head patch put delete ).each do |verb|
       assert_nothing_raised("'#{verb}' should use integration test methods") { __send__(verb, '/') }
@@ -244,27 +399,30 @@ class IntegrationProcessTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   class IntegrationController < ActionController::Base
     def get
       respond_to do |format|
-        format.html { render :text => "OK", :status => 200 }
-        format.js { render :text => "JS OK", :status => 200 }
+        format.html { render plain: "OK", status: 200 }
+        format.js { render plain: "JS OK", status: 200 }
+        format.xml { render :xml => "<root></root>", :status => 200 }
+        format.rss { render :xml => "<root></root>", :status => 200 }
+        format.atom { render :xml => "<root></root>", :status => 200 }
       end
     end
 
     def get_with_params
-      render :text => "foo: #{params[:foo]}", :status => 200
+      render plain: "foo: #{params[:foo]}", status: 200
     end
 
     def post
-      render :text => "Created", :status => 201
+      render plain: "Created", status: 201
     end
 
     def method
-      render :text => "method: #{request.method.downcase}"
+      render plain: "method: #{request.method.downcase}"
     end
 
     def cookie_monster
       cookies["cookie_1"] = nil
       cookies["cookie_3"] = "chocolate"
-      render :text => "Gone", :status => 410
+      render plain: "Gone", status: 410
     end
 
     def set_cookie
@@ -273,12 +431,17 @@ class IntegrationProcessTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
 
     def get_cookie
-      render :text => cookies["foo"]
+      render plain: cookies["foo"]
     end
 
     def redirect
       redirect_to action_url('get')
     end
+
+    def remove_header
+      response.headers.delete params[:header]
+      head :ok, 'c' => '3'
+    end
   end
 
   def test_get
@@ -292,11 +455,29 @@ class IntegrationProcessTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       assert_equal({}, cookies.to_hash)
       assert_equal "OK", body
       assert_equal "OK", response.body
-      assert_kind_of HTML::Document, html_document
+      assert_kind_of Nokogiri::HTML::Document, html_document
       assert_equal 1, request_count
     end
   end
 
+  def test_get_xml_rss_atom
+    %w[ application/xml application/rss+xml application/atom+xml ].each do |mime_string|
+      with_test_route_set do
+        get "/get", headers: {"HTTP_ACCEPT" => mime_string}
+        assert_equal 200, status
+        assert_equal "OK", status_message
+        assert_response 200
+        assert_response :success
+        assert_response :ok
+        assert_equal({}, cookies.to_hash)
+        assert_equal "<root></root>", body
+        assert_equal "<root></root>", response.body
+        assert_instance_of Nokogiri::XML::Document, html_document
+        assert_equal 1, request_count
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_post
     with_test_route_set do
       post '/post'
@@ -308,7 +489,7 @@ class IntegrationProcessTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       assert_equal({}, cookies.to_hash)
       assert_equal "Created", body
       assert_equal "Created", response.body
-      assert_kind_of HTML::Document, html_document
+      assert_kind_of Nokogiri::HTML::Document, html_document
       assert_equal 1, request_count
     end
   end
@@ -368,18 +549,34 @@ class IntegrationProcessTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       assert_response :redirect
       assert_response :found
       assert_equal "<html><body>You are being <a href=\"http://www.example.com/get\">redirected</a>.</body></html>", response.body
-      assert_kind_of HTML::Document, html_document
+      assert_kind_of Nokogiri::HTML::Document, html_document
       assert_equal 1, request_count
 
       follow_redirect!
       assert_response :success
       assert_equal "/get", path
+
+      get '/moved'
+      assert_response :redirect
+      assert_redirected_to '/method'
     end
   end
 
   def test_xml_http_request_get
     with_test_route_set do
-      xhr :get, '/get'
+      get '/get', xhr: true
+      assert_equal 200, status
+      assert_equal "OK", status_message
+      assert_response 200
+      assert_response :success
+      assert_response :ok
+      assert_equal "JS OK", response.body
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_xml_http_request_get
+    with_test_route_set do
+      assert_deprecated { xhr :get, '/get' }
       assert_equal 200, status
       assert_equal "OK", status_message
       assert_response 200
@@ -391,7 +588,7 @@ class IntegrationProcessTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
   def test_request_with_bad_format
     with_test_route_set do
-      xhr :get, '/get.php'
+      get '/get.php', xhr: true
       assert_equal 406, status
       assert_response 406
       assert_response :not_acceptable
@@ -414,7 +611,7 @@ class IntegrationProcessTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
   def test_get_with_parameters
     with_test_route_set do
-      get '/get_with_params', :foo => "bar"
+      get '/get_with_params', params: { foo: "bar" }
       assert_equal '/get_with_params', request.env["PATH_INFO"]
       assert_equal '/get_with_params', request.path_info
       assert_equal 'foo=bar', request.env["QUERY_STRING"]
@@ -502,7 +699,27 @@ class IntegrationProcessTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
   end
 
+  def test_respect_removal_of_default_headers_by_a_controller_action
+    with_test_route_set do
+      with_default_headers 'a' => '1', 'b' => '2' do
+        get '/remove_header', params: { header: 'a' }
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_not_includes @response.headers, 'a', 'Response should not include default header removed by the controller action'
+    assert_includes @response.headers, 'b'
+    assert_includes @response.headers, 'c'
+  end
+
   private
+    def with_default_headers(headers)
+      original = ActionDispatch::Response.default_headers
+      ActionDispatch::Response.default_headers = headers
+      yield
+    ensure
+      ActionDispatch::Response.default_headers = original
+    end
+
     def with_test_route_set
       with_routing do |set|
         controller = ::IntegrationProcessTest::IntegrationController.clone
@@ -511,11 +728,13 @@ class IntegrationProcessTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         end
 
         set.draw do
+          get 'moved' => redirect('/method')
+
           match ':action', :to => controller, :via => [:get, :post], :as => :action
           get 'get/:action', :to => controller, :as => :get_action
         end
 
-        self.singleton_class.send(:include, set.url_helpers)
+        self.singleton_class.include(set.url_helpers)
 
         yield
       end
@@ -559,25 +778,52 @@ class MetalIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   def test_pass_headers
-    get "/success", {}, "Referer" => "http://www.example.com/foo", "Host" => "http://nohost.com"
+    get "/success", headers: {"Referer" => "http://www.example.com/foo", "Host" => "http://nohost.com"}
 
     assert_equal "http://nohost.com", @request.env["HTTP_HOST"]
     assert_equal "http://www.example.com/foo", @request.env["HTTP_REFERER"]
   end
 
+  def test_pass_headers_and_env
+    get "/success", headers: { "X-Test-Header" => "value" }, env: { "HTTP_REFERER" => "http://test.com/", "HTTP_HOST" => "http://test.com" }
+
+    assert_equal "http://test.com", @request.env["HTTP_HOST"]
+    assert_equal "http://test.com/", @request.env["HTTP_REFERER"]
+    assert_equal "value", @request.env["HTTP_X_TEST_HEADER"]
+  end
+
   def test_pass_env
-    get "/success", {}, "HTTP_REFERER" => "http://test.com/", "HTTP_HOST" => "http://test.com"
+    get "/success", env: { "HTTP_REFERER" => "http://test.com/", "HTTP_HOST" => "http://test.com" }
 
     assert_equal "http://test.com", @request.env["HTTP_HOST"]
     assert_equal "http://test.com/", @request.env["HTTP_REFERER"]
   end
 
+  def test_ignores_common_ports_in_host
+    get "http://test.com"
+    assert_equal "test.com", @request.env["HTTP_HOST"]
+
+    get "https://test.com"
+    assert_equal "test.com", @request.env["HTTP_HOST"]
+  end
+
+  def test_keeps_uncommon_ports_in_host
+    get "http://test.com:123"
+    assert_equal "test.com:123", @request.env["HTTP_HOST"]
+
+    get "http://test.com:443"
+    assert_equal "test.com:443", @request.env["HTTP_HOST"]
+
+    get "https://test.com:80"
+    assert_equal "test.com:80", @request.env["HTTP_HOST"]
+  end
+
 end
 
 class ApplicationIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   class TestController < ActionController::Base
     def index
-      render :text => "index"
+      render plain: "index"
     end
   end
 
@@ -589,7 +835,7 @@ class ApplicationIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     @routes ||= ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
   end
 
-  class MountedApp
+  class MountedApp < Rails::Engine
     def self.routes
       @routes ||= ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
     end
@@ -609,6 +855,8 @@ class ApplicationIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     get 'bar', :to => 'application_integration_test/test#index', :as => :bar
 
     mount MountedApp => '/mounted', :as => "mounted"
+    get 'fooz' => proc { |env| [ 200, {'X-Cascade' => 'pass'}, [ "omg" ] ] }, :anchor => false
+    get 'fooz', :to => 'application_integration_test/test#index'
   end
 
   def app
@@ -625,6 +873,12 @@ class ApplicationIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal '/mounted/baz', mounted.baz_path
   end
 
+  test "path after cascade pass" do
+    get '/fooz'
+    assert_equal 'index', response.body
+    assert_equal '/fooz', path
+  end
+
   test "route helpers after controller access" do
     get '/'
     assert_equal '/', empty_string_path
@@ -648,7 +902,7 @@ class ApplicationIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   test "process do not modify the env passed as argument" do
     env = { :SERVER_NAME => 'server', 'action_dispatch.custom' => 'custom' }
     old_env = env.dup
-    get '/foo', nil, env
+    get '/foo', env: env
     assert_equal old_env, env
   end
 end
@@ -656,7 +910,7 @@ end
 class EnvironmentFilterIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   class TestController < ActionController::Base
     def post
-      render :text => "Created", :status => 201
+      render plain: "Created", status: 201
     end
   end
 
@@ -678,7 +932,7 @@ class EnvironmentFilterIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   test "filters rack request form vars" do
-    post "/post", :username => 'cjolly', :password => 'secret'
+    post "/post", params: { username: 'cjolly', password: 'secret' }
 
     assert_equal 'cjolly', request.filtered_parameters['username']
     assert_equal '[FILTERED]', request.filtered_parameters['password']
@@ -689,15 +943,15 @@ end
 class UrlOptionsIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   class FooController < ActionController::Base
     def index
-      render :text => "foo#index"
+      render plain: "foo#index"
     end
 
     def show
-      render :text => "foo#show"
+      render plain: "foo#show"
     end
 
     def edit
-      render :text => "foo#show"
+      render plain: "foo#show"
     end
   end
 
@@ -707,7 +961,7 @@ class UrlOptionsIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
 
     def index
-      render :text => "foo#index"
+      render plain: "foo#index"
     end
   end
 
@@ -769,3 +1023,106 @@ class UrlOptionsIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal "/foo/1/edit", url_for(:action => 'edit', :only_path => true)
   end
 end
+
+class HeadWithStatusActionIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  class FooController < ActionController::Base
+    def status
+      head :ok
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.routes
+    @routes ||= ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+  end
+
+  def self.call(env)
+    routes.call(env)
+  end
+
+  def app
+    self.class
+  end
+
+  routes.draw do
+    get "/foo/status" => 'head_with_status_action_integration_test/foo#status'
+  end
+
+  test "get /foo/status with head result does not cause stack overflow error" do
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      get '/foo/status'
+    end
+    assert_response :ok
+  end
+end
+
+class IntegrationWithRoutingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  class FooController < ActionController::Base
+    def index
+      render plain: 'ok'
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_with_routing_resets_session
+    klass_namespace = self.class.name.underscore
+
+    with_routing do |routes|
+      routes.draw do
+        namespace klass_namespace do
+          resources :foo, path: '/with'
+        end
+      end
+
+      get '/integration_with_routing_test/with'
+      assert_response 200
+      assert_equal 'ok', response.body
+    end
+
+    with_routing do |routes|
+      routes.draw do
+        namespace klass_namespace do
+          resources :foo, path: '/routing'
+        end
+      end
+
+      get '/integration_with_routing_test/routing'
+      assert_response 200
+      assert_equal 'ok', response.body
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+# to work in contexts like rspec before(:all)
+class IntegrationRequestsWithoutSetup < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  self._setup_callbacks = []
+  self._teardown_callbacks = []
+
+  class FooController < ActionController::Base
+    def ok
+      cookies[:key] = 'ok'
+      render plain: 'ok'
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_request
+    with_routing do |routes|
+      routes.draw { get ':action' => FooController }
+      get '/ok'
+
+      assert_response 200
+      assert_equal 'ok', response.body
+      assert_equal 'ok', cookies['key']
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+# to ensure that session requirements in setup are persisted in the tests
+class IntegrationRequestsWithSessionSetup < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  setup do
+    cookies['user_name'] = 'david'
+  end
+
+  def test_cookies_set_in_setup_are_persisted_through_the_session
+    get "/foo"
+    assert_equal({"user_name"=>"david"}, cookies.to_hash)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/live_stream_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/live_stream_test.rb
index fb6a750089..aab2d9545d 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/live_stream_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/live_stream_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'active_support/concurrency/latch'
+require 'concurrent/atomic/count_down_latch'
+Thread.abort_on_exception = true
 
 module ActionController
   class SSETest < ActionController::TestCase
@@ -38,14 +39,19 @@ module ActionController
       ensure
         sse.close
       end
+
+      def sse_with_multiple_line_message
+        sse = SSE.new(response.stream)
+        sse.write("first line.\nsecond line.")
+      ensure
+        sse.close
+      end
     end
 
     tests SSETestController
 
     def wait_for_response_stream_close
-      while !response.stream.closed?
-        sleep 0.01
-      end
+      response.body
     end
 
     def test_basic_sse
@@ -88,20 +94,38 @@ module ActionController
       assert_match(/data: {\"name\":\"Ryan\"}/, second_response)
       assert_match(/id: 2/, second_response)
     end
+
+    def test_sse_with_multiple_line_message
+      get :sse_with_multiple_line_message
+
+      wait_for_response_stream_close
+      first_response, second_response = response.body.split("\n")
+      assert_match(/data: first line/, first_response)
+      assert_match(/data: second line/, second_response)
+    end
   end
 
   class LiveStreamTest < ActionController::TestCase
+    class Exception < StandardError
+    end
+
     class TestController < ActionController::Base
       include ActionController::Live
 
-      attr_accessor :latch, :tc
+      attr_accessor :latch, :tc, :error_latch
 
       def self.controller_path
         'test'
       end
 
+      def set_cookie
+        cookies[:hello] = "world"
+        response.stream.write "hello world"
+        response.close
+      end
+
       def render_text
-        render :text => 'zomg'
+        render plain: 'zomg'
       end
 
       def default_header
@@ -121,7 +145,7 @@ module ActionController
         response.headers['Content-Type'] = 'text/event-stream'
         %w{ hello world }.each do |word|
           response.stream.write word
-          latch.await
+          latch.wait
         end
         response.stream.close
       end
@@ -138,13 +162,18 @@ module ActionController
       end
 
       def with_stale
-        render :text => 'stale' if stale?(:etag => "123")
+        render plain: 'stale' if stale?(etag: "123", template: false)
       end
 
       def exception_in_view
         render 'doesntexist'
       end
 
+      def exception_in_view_after_commit
+        response.stream.write ""
+        render 'doesntexist'
+      end
+
       def exception_with_callback
         response.headers['Content-Type'] = 'text/event-stream'
 
@@ -153,11 +182,12 @@ module ActionController
           response.stream.close
         end
 
+        response.stream.write "" # make sure the response is committed
         raise 'An exception occurred...'
       end
 
       def exception_in_controller
-        raise 'Exception in controller'
+        raise Exception, 'Exception in controller'
       end
 
       def bad_request_error
@@ -169,24 +199,55 @@ module ActionController
         response.stream.on_error do
           raise 'We need to go deeper.'
         end
+        response.stream.write ''
         response.stream.write params[:widget][:didnt_check_for_nil]
       end
-    end
 
-    tests TestController
+      def overfill_buffer_and_die
+        logger = ActionController::Base.logger || Logger.new($stdout)
+        response.stream.on_error do
+          logger.warn 'Error while streaming'
+          error_latch.count_down
+        end
+
+        # Write until the buffer is full. It doesn't expose that
+        # information directly, so we must hard-code its size:
+        10.times do
+          response.stream.write '.'
+        end
+        # .. plus one more, because the #each frees up a slot:
+        response.stream.write '.'
+
+        latch.count_down
+
+        # This write will block, and eventually raise
+        response.stream.write 'x'
 
-    class TestResponse < Live::Response
-      def recycle!
-        initialize
+        20.times do
+          response.stream.write '.'
+        end
       end
-    end
 
-    def build_response
-      TestResponse.new
+      def ignore_client_disconnect
+        response.stream.ignore_disconnect = true
+
+        response.stream.write '' # commit
+
+        # These writes will be ignored
+        15.times do
+          response.stream.write 'x'
+        end
+
+        logger.info 'Work complete'
+        latch.count_down
+      end
     end
 
+    tests TestController
+
     def assert_stream_closed
       assert response.stream.closed?, 'stream should be closed'
+      assert response.sent?, 'stream should be sent'
     end
 
     def capture_log_output
@@ -200,40 +261,85 @@ module ActionController
       end
     end
 
-    def test_set_response!
-      @controller.set_response!(@request)
-      assert_kind_of(Live::Response, @controller.response)
-      assert_equal @request, @controller.response.request
+    def test_set_cookie
+      get :set_cookie
+      assert_equal({'hello' => 'world'}, @response.cookies)
+      assert_equal "hello world", @response.body
     end
 
     def test_write_to_stream
-      @controller = TestController.new
       get :basic_stream
       assert_equal "helloworld", @response.body
       assert_equal 'text/event-stream', @response.headers['Content-Type']
     end
 
     def test_async_stream
-      @controller.latch = ActiveSupport::Concurrency::Latch.new
+      rubinius_skip "https://github.com/rubinius/rubinius/issues/2934"
+
+      @controller.latch = Concurrent::CountDownLatch.new
       parts             = ['hello', 'world']
 
-      @controller.request  = @request
-      @controller.response = @response
+      get :blocking_stream
 
-      t = Thread.new(@response) { |resp|
+      t = Thread.new(response) { |resp|
+        resp.await_commit
         resp.stream.each do |part|
           assert_equal parts.shift, part
           ol = @controller.latch
-          @controller.latch = ActiveSupport::Concurrency::Latch.new
-          ol.release
+          @controller.latch = Concurrent::CountDownLatch.new
+          ol.count_down
         end
       }
 
-      @controller.process :blocking_stream
-
       assert t.join(3), 'timeout expired before the thread terminated'
     end
 
+    def test_abort_with_full_buffer
+      @controller.latch = Concurrent::CountDownLatch.new
+      @controller.error_latch = Concurrent::CountDownLatch.new
+
+      capture_log_output do |output|
+        get :overfill_buffer_and_die, :format => 'plain'
+
+        t = Thread.new(response) { |resp|
+          resp.await_commit
+          _, _, body = resp.to_a
+          body.each do
+            @controller.latch.wait
+            body.close
+            break
+          end
+        }
+
+        t.join
+        @controller.error_latch.wait
+        assert_match 'Error while streaming', output.rewind && output.read
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_ignore_client_disconnect
+      @controller.latch = Concurrent::CountDownLatch.new
+
+      capture_log_output do |output|
+        get :ignore_client_disconnect
+
+        t = Thread.new(response) { |resp|
+          resp.await_commit
+          _, _, body = resp.to_a
+          body.each do
+            body.close
+            break
+          end
+        }
+
+        t.join
+        Timeout.timeout(3) do
+          @controller.latch.wait
+        end
+        assert_match 'Work complete', output.rewind && output.read
+      end
+    end
+
     def test_thread_locals_get_copied
       @controller.tc = self
       Thread.current[:originating_thread] = Thread.current.object_id
@@ -243,11 +349,8 @@ module ActionController
     end
 
     def test_live_stream_default_header
-      @controller.request  = @request
-      @controller.response = @response
-      @controller.process :default_header
-      _, headers, _ = @response.prepare!
-      assert headers['Content-Type']
+      get :default_header
+      assert response.headers['Content-Type']
     end
 
     def test_render_text
@@ -257,26 +360,42 @@ module ActionController
     end
 
     def test_exception_handling_html
-      capture_log_output do |output|
+      assert_raises(ActionView::MissingTemplate) do
         get :exception_in_view
+      end
+
+      capture_log_output do |output|
+        get :exception_in_view_after_commit
         assert_match %r((window\.location = "/500\.html"</script></html>)$), response.body
         assert_match 'Missing template test/doesntexist', output.rewind && output.read
         assert_stream_closed
       end
+      assert response.body
+      assert_stream_closed
     end
 
     def test_exception_handling_plain_text
-      capture_log_output do |output|
+      assert_raises(ActionView::MissingTemplate) do
         get :exception_in_view, format: :json
+      end
+
+      capture_log_output do |output|
+        get :exception_in_view_after_commit, format: :json
         assert_equal '', response.body
         assert_match 'Missing template test/doesntexist', output.rewind && output.read
         assert_stream_closed
       end
     end
 
-    def test_exception_callback
+    def test_exception_callback_when_committed
+      current_threads = Thread.list
+
       capture_log_output do |output|
         get :exception_with_callback, format: 'text/event-stream'
+
+        # Wait on the execution of all threads
+        (Thread.list - current_threads).each(&:join)
+
         assert_equal %(data: "500 Internal Server Error"\n\n), response.body
         assert_match 'An exception occurred...', output.rewind && output.read
         assert_stream_closed
@@ -284,16 +403,18 @@ module ActionController
     end
 
     def test_exception_in_controller_before_streaming
-      response = get :exception_in_controller, format: 'text/event-stream'
-      assert_equal 500, response.status
+      assert_raises(ActionController::LiveStreamTest::Exception) do
+        get :exception_in_controller, format: 'text/event-stream'
+      end
     end
 
     def test_bad_request_in_controller_before_streaming
-      response = get :bad_request_error, format: 'text/event-stream'
-      assert_equal 400, response.status
+      assert_raises(ActionController::BadRequest) do
+        get :bad_request_error, format: 'text/event-stream'
+      end
     end
 
-    def test_exceptions_raised_handling_exceptions
+    def test_exceptions_raised_handling_exceptions_and_committed
       capture_log_output do |output|
         get :exception_in_exception_callback, format: 'text/event-stream'
         assert_equal '', response.body
@@ -304,13 +425,59 @@ module ActionController
 
     def test_stale_without_etag
       get :with_stale
-      assert_equal 200, @response.status.to_i
+      assert_equal 200, response.status.to_i
     end
 
     def test_stale_with_etag
       @request.if_none_match = Digest::MD5.hexdigest("123")
       get :with_stale
-      assert_equal 304, @response.status.to_i
+      assert_equal 304, response.status.to_i
+    end
+  end
+
+  class BufferTest < ActionController::TestCase
+    def test_nil_callback
+      buf = ActionController::Live::Buffer.new nil
+      assert buf.call_on_error
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class LiveStreamRouterTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  class TestController < ActionController::Base
+    include ActionController::Live
+
+    def index
+      response.headers['Content-Type'] = 'text/event-stream'
+      sse = SSE.new(response.stream)
+      sse.write("{\"name\":\"John\"}")
+      sse.write({ name: "Ryan" })
+    ensure
+      sse.close
     end
   end
+
+  def self.call(env)
+    routes.call(env)
+  end
+
+  def self.routes
+    @routes ||= ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+  end
+
+  routes.draw do
+    get '/test' => 'live_stream_router_test/test#index'
+  end
+
+  def app
+    self.class
+  end
+
+  test "streaming served through the router" do
+    get "/test"
+
+    assert_response :ok
+    assert_match(/data: {\"name\":\"John\"}/, response.body)
+    assert_match(/data: {\"name\":\"Ryan\"}/, response.body)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/localized_templates_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/localized_templates_test.rb
index c95ef8a0c7..3576015513 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/localized_templates_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/localized_templates_test.rb
@@ -8,41 +8,39 @@ end
 class LocalizedTemplatesTest < ActionController::TestCase
   tests LocalizedController
 
+  setup do
+    @old_locale = I18n.locale
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    I18n.locale = @old_locale
+  end
+
   def test_localized_template_is_used
-    old_locale = I18n.locale
     I18n.locale = :de
     get :hello_world
-    assert_equal "Gutten Tag", @response.body
-  ensure
-    I18n.locale = old_locale
+    assert_equal "Guten Tag", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_default_locale_template_is_used_when_locale_is_missing
-    old_locale = I18n.locale
     I18n.locale = :dk
     get :hello_world
     assert_equal "Hello World", @response.body
-  ensure
-    I18n.locale = old_locale
   end
 
   def test_use_fallback_locales
     I18n.locale = :"de-AT"
-    I18n.backend.class.send(:include, I18n::Backend::Fallbacks)
+    I18n.backend.class.include(I18n::Backend::Fallbacks)
     I18n.fallbacks[:"de-AT"] = [:de]
 
     get :hello_world
-    assert_equal "Gutten Tag", @response.body
+    assert_equal "Guten Tag", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_localized_template_has_correct_header_with_no_format_in_template_name
-    old_locale = I18n.locale
     I18n.locale = :it
-
     get :hello_world
     assert_equal "Ciao Mondo", @response.body
     assert_equal "text/html",  @response.content_type
-  ensure
-    I18n.locale = old_locale
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/log_subscriber_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/log_subscriber_test.rb
index 18037b3d2f..6ae33be3c8 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/log_subscriber_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/log_subscriber_test.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ module Another
     end
 
     rescue_from SpecialException do
-      head :status => 406
+      head 406
     end
 
     before_action :redirector, only: :never_executed
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ module Another
     end
 
     def show
-      render :nothing => true
+      head :ok
     end
 
     def redirector
@@ -73,6 +73,16 @@ module Another
     def with_action_not_found
       raise AbstractController::ActionNotFound
     end
+
+    def append_info_to_payload(payload)
+      super
+      payload[:test_key] = "test_value"
+      @last_payload = payload
+    end
+
+    def last_payload
+      @last_payload
+    end
   end
 end
 
@@ -85,7 +95,7 @@ class ACLogSubscriberTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
     @old_logger = ActionController::Base.logger
 
-    @cache_path = File.expand_path('../temp/test_cache', File.dirname(__FILE__))
+    @cache_path = File.join Dir.tmpdir, Dir::Tmpname.make_tmpname('tmp', 'cache')
     @controller.cache_store = :file_store, @cache_path
     ActionController::LogSubscriber.attach_to :action_controller
   end
@@ -130,7 +140,7 @@ class ACLogSubscriberTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_process_action_with_parameters
-    get :show, :id => '10'
+    get :show, params: { id: '10' }
     wait
 
     assert_equal 3, logs.size
@@ -138,8 +148,8 @@ class ACLogSubscriberTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_multiple_process_with_parameters
-    get :show, :id => '10'
-    get :show, :id => '20'
+    get :show, params: { id: '10' }
+    get :show, params: { id: '20' }
 
     wait
 
@@ -150,7 +160,7 @@ class ACLogSubscriberTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_process_action_with_wrapped_parameters
     @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-    post :show, :id => '10', :name => 'jose'
+    post :show, params: { id: '10', name: 'jose' }
     wait
 
     assert_equal 3, logs.size
@@ -160,13 +170,25 @@ class ACLogSubscriberTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_process_action_with_view_runtime
     get :show
     wait
-    assert_match(/\(Views: [\d.]+ms\)/, logs[1])
+    assert_match(/Completed 200 OK in \d+ms/, logs[1])
+  end
+
+  def test_append_info_to_payload_is_called_even_with_exception
+    begin
+      get :with_exception
+      wait
+    rescue Exception
+    end
+
+    assert_equal "test_value", @controller.last_payload[:test_key]
   end
 
   def test_process_action_with_filter_parameters
     @request.env["action_dispatch.parameter_filter"] = [:lifo, :amount]
 
-    get :show, :lifo => 'Pratik', :amount => '420', :step => '1'
+    get :show, params: {
+      lifo: 'Pratik', amount: '420', step: '1'
+    }
     wait
 
     params = logs[1]
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/mime/accept_format_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/mime/accept_format_test.rb
index c03c7edeb8..e20c08da4e 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/mime/accept_format_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/mime/accept_format_test.rb
@@ -9,11 +9,9 @@ class StarStarMimeController < ActionController::Base
 end
 
 class StarStarMimeControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests StarStarMimeController
-
   def test_javascript_with_format
     @request.accept = "text/javascript"
-    get :index, :format => 'js'
+    get :index, format: 'js'
     assert_match "function addition(a,b){ return a+b; }", @response.body
   end
 
@@ -88,7 +86,7 @@ class MimeControllerLayoutsTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_non_navigational_format_with_no_template_fallbacks_to_html_template_with_no_layout
-    get :index, :format => :js
+    get :index, format: :js
     assert_equal "Hello Firefox", @response.body
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/mime/respond_to_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/mime/respond_to_test.rb
index 499c62cc35..76e2d3ff43 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/mime/respond_to_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/mime/respond_to_test.rb
@@ -1,45 +1,53 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
+require "active_support/log_subscriber/test_helper"
 
 class RespondToController < ActionController::Base
   layout :set_layout
 
+  before_action {
+    case params[:v]
+    when String then request.variant = params[:v].to_sym
+    when Array then request.variant = params[:v].map(&:to_sym)
+    end
+  }
+
   def html_xml_or_rss
     respond_to do |type|
-      type.html { render :text => "HTML"    }
-      type.xml  { render :text => "XML"     }
-      type.rss  { render :text => "RSS"     }
-      type.all  { render :text => "Nothing" }
+      type.html { render body: "HTML"    }
+      type.xml  { render body: "XML"     }
+      type.rss  { render body: "RSS"     }
+      type.all  { render body: "Nothing" }
     end
   end
 
   def js_or_html
     respond_to do |type|
-      type.html { render :text => "HTML"    }
-      type.js   { render :text => "JS"      }
-      type.all  { render :text => "Nothing" }
+      type.html { render body: "HTML"    }
+      type.js   { render body: "JS"      }
+      type.all  { render body: "Nothing" }
     end
   end
 
   def json_or_yaml
     respond_to do |type|
-      type.json { render :text => "JSON" }
-      type.yaml { render :text => "YAML" }
+      type.json { render body: "JSON" }
+      type.yaml { render body: "YAML" }
     end
   end
 
   def html_or_xml
     respond_to do |type|
-      type.html { render :text => "HTML"    }
-      type.xml  { render :text => "XML"     }
-      type.all  { render :text => "Nothing" }
+      type.html { render body: "HTML"    }
+      type.xml  { render body: "XML"     }
+      type.all  { render body: "Nothing" }
     end
   end
 
   def json_xml_or_html
     respond_to do |type|
-      type.json { render :text => 'JSON' }
+      type.json { render body: 'JSON' }
       type.xml { render :xml => 'XML' }
-      type.html { render :text => 'HTML' }
+      type.html { render body: 'HTML' }
     end
   end
 
@@ -48,14 +56,14 @@ class RespondToController < ActionController::Base
     request.format = :xml
 
     respond_to do |type|
-      type.html { render :text => "HTML"    }
-      type.xml  { render :text => "XML"     }
+      type.html { render body: "HTML"    }
+      type.xml  { render body: "XML"     }
     end
   end
 
   def just_xml
     respond_to do |type|
-      type.xml  { render :text => "XML" }
+      type.xml  { render body: "XML" }
     end
   end
 
@@ -73,52 +81,52 @@ class RespondToController < ActionController::Base
   def using_defaults_with_all
     respond_to do |type|
       type.html
-      type.all{ render text: "ALL" }
+      type.all { render body: "ALL" }
     end
   end
 
   def made_for_content_type
     respond_to do |type|
-      type.rss  { render :text => "RSS"  }
-      type.atom { render :text => "ATOM" }
-      type.all  { render :text => "Nothing" }
+      type.rss  { render body: "RSS"  }
+      type.atom { render body: "ATOM" }
+      type.all  { render body: "Nothing" }
     end
   end
 
   def custom_type_handling
     respond_to do |type|
-      type.html { render :text => "HTML"    }
-      type.custom("application/crazy-xml")  { render :text => "Crazy XML"  }
-      type.all  { render :text => "Nothing" }
+      type.html { render body: "HTML"    }
+      type.custom("application/crazy-xml")  { render body: "Crazy XML"  }
+      type.all  { render body: "Nothing" }
     end
   end
 
 
   def custom_constant_handling
     respond_to do |type|
-      type.html   { render :text => "HTML"   }
-      type.mobile { render :text => "Mobile" }
+      type.html   { render body: "HTML"   }
+      type.mobile { render body: "Mobile" }
     end
   end
 
   def custom_constant_handling_without_block
     respond_to do |type|
-      type.html   { render :text => "HTML"   }
+      type.html   { render body: "HTML"   }
       type.mobile
     end
   end
 
   def handle_any
     respond_to do |type|
-      type.html { render :text => "HTML" }
-      type.any(:js, :xml) { render :text => "Either JS or XML" }
+      type.html { render body: "HTML" }
+      type.any(:js, :xml) { render body: "Either JS or XML" }
     end
   end
 
   def handle_any_any
     respond_to do |type|
-      type.html { render :text => 'HTML' }
-      type.any { render :text => 'Whatever you ask for, I got it' }
+      type.html { render body: 'HTML' }
+      type.any { render body: 'Whatever you ask for, I got it' }
     end
   end
 
@@ -128,6 +136,12 @@ class RespondToController < ActionController::Base
     end
   end
 
+  def json_with_callback
+    respond_to do |type|
+      type.json { render :json => 'JS', :callback => 'alert' }
+    end
+  end
+
   def iphone_with_html_response_type
     request.format = :iphone if request.env["HTTP_ACCEPT"] == "text/iphone"
 
@@ -153,15 +167,15 @@ class RespondToController < ActionController::Base
     request.variant = :mobile
 
     respond_to do |type|
-      type.html { render text: "mobile" }
+      type.html { render body: "mobile" }
     end
   end
 
   def multiple_variants_for_format
     respond_to do |type|
       type.html do |html|
-        html.tablet { render text: "tablet" }
-        html.phone  { render text: "phone" }
+        html.tablet { render body: "tablet" }
+        html.phone  { render body: "phone" }
       end
     end
   end
@@ -169,7 +183,7 @@ class RespondToController < ActionController::Base
   def variant_plus_none_for_format
     respond_to do |format|
       format.html do |variant|
-        variant.phone { render text: "phone" }
+        variant.phone { render body: "phone" }
         variant.none
       end
     end
@@ -177,9 +191,9 @@ class RespondToController < ActionController::Base
 
   def variant_inline_syntax
     respond_to do |format|
-      format.js         { render text: "js"    }
-      format.html.none  { render text: "none"  }
-      format.html.phone { render text: "phone" }
+      format.js         { render body: "js"    }
+      format.html.none  { render body: "none"  }
+      format.html.phone { render body: "phone" }
     end
   end
 
@@ -194,8 +208,8 @@ class RespondToController < ActionController::Base
   def variant_any
     respond_to do |format|
       format.html do |variant|
-        variant.any(:tablet, :phablet){ render text: "any" }
-        variant.phone { render text: "phone" }
+        variant.any(:tablet, :phablet){ render body: "any" }
+        variant.phone { render body: "phone" }
       end
     end
   end
@@ -203,23 +217,23 @@ class RespondToController < ActionController::Base
   def variant_any_any
     respond_to do |format|
       format.html do |variant|
-        variant.any   { render text: "any"   }
-        variant.phone { render text: "phone" }
+        variant.any   { render body: "any"   }
+        variant.phone { render body: "phone" }
       end
     end
   end
 
   def variant_inline_any
     respond_to do |format|
-      format.html.any(:tablet, :phablet){ render text: "any" }
-      format.html.phone { render text: "phone" }
+      format.html.any(:tablet, :phablet){ render body: "any" }
+      format.html.phone { render body: "phone" }
     end
   end
 
   def variant_inline_any_any
     respond_to do |format|
-      format.html.phone { render text: "phone" }
-      format.html.any   { render text: "any"   }
+      format.html.phone { render body: "phone" }
+      format.html.any   { render body: "any"   }
     end
   end
 
@@ -232,16 +246,16 @@ class RespondToController < ActionController::Base
 
   def variant_any_with_none
     respond_to do |format|
-      format.html.any(:none, :phone){ render text: "none or phone" }
+      format.html.any(:none, :phone){ render body: "none or phone" }
     end
   end
 
   def format_any_variant_any
     respond_to do |format|
-      format.html { render text: "HTML" }
+      format.html { render body: "HTML" }
       format.any(:js, :xml) do |variant|
-        variant.phone{ render text: "phone" }
-        variant.any(:tablet, :phablet){ render text: "tablet" }
+        variant.phone{ render body: "phone" }
+        variant.any(:tablet, :phablet){ render body: "tablet" }
       end
     end
   end
@@ -258,8 +272,6 @@ class RespondToController < ActionController::Base
 end
 
 class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests RespondToController
-
   def setup
     super
     @request.host = "www.example.com"
@@ -306,17 +318,17 @@ class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_js_or_html
     @request.accept = "text/javascript, text/html"
-    xhr :get, :js_or_html
+    get :js_or_html, xhr: true
     assert_equal 'JS', @response.body
 
     @request.accept = "text/javascript, text/html"
-    xhr :get, :html_or_xml
+    get :html_or_xml, xhr: true
     assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body
 
     @request.accept = "text/javascript, text/html"
 
     assert_raises(ActionController::UnknownFormat) do
-      xhr :get, :just_xml
+      get :just_xml, xhr: true
     end
   end
 
@@ -331,13 +343,13 @@ class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_json_or_yaml
-    xhr :get, :json_or_yaml
+    get :json_or_yaml, xhr: true
     assert_equal 'JSON', @response.body
 
-    get :json_or_yaml, :format => 'json'
+    get :json_or_yaml, format: 'json'
     assert_equal 'JSON', @response.body
 
-    get :json_or_yaml, :format => 'yaml'
+    get :json_or_yaml, format: 'yaml'
     assert_equal 'YAML', @response.body
 
     { 'YAML' => %w(text/yaml),
@@ -353,13 +365,13 @@ class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_js_or_anything
     @request.accept = "text/javascript, */*"
-    xhr :get, :js_or_html
+    get :js_or_html, xhr: true
     assert_equal 'JS', @response.body
 
-    xhr :get, :html_or_xml
+    get :html_or_xml, xhr: true
     assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body
 
-    xhr :get, :just_xml
+    get :just_xml, xhr: true
     assert_equal 'XML', @response.body
   end
 
@@ -404,14 +416,14 @@ class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_with_atom_content_type
     @request.accept = ""
     @request.env["CONTENT_TYPE"] = "application/atom+xml"
-    xhr :get, :made_for_content_type
+    get :made_for_content_type, xhr: true
     assert_equal "ATOM", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_with_rss_content_type
     @request.accept = ""
     @request.env["CONTENT_TYPE"] = "application/rss+xml"
-    xhr :get, :made_for_content_type
+    get :made_for_content_type, xhr: true
     assert_equal "RSS", @response.body
   end
 
@@ -470,7 +482,7 @@ class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_handle_any_any_parameter_format
-    get :handle_any_any, {:format=>'html'}
+    get :handle_any_any, format: 'html'
     assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body
   end
 
@@ -492,6 +504,11 @@ class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal 'Whatever you ask for, I got it', @response.body
   end
 
+  def test_handle_any_any_unkown_format
+    get :handle_any_any, format: 'php'
+    assert_equal 'Whatever you ask for, I got it', @response.body
+  end
+
   def test_browser_check_with_any_any
     @request.accept = "application/json, application/xml"
     get :json_xml_or_html
@@ -508,19 +525,26 @@ class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal '<html><div id="html">HTML for all_types_with_layout</div></html>', @response.body
   end
 
+  def test_json_with_callback_sets_javascript_content_type
+    @request.accept = 'application/json'
+    get :json_with_callback
+    assert_equal '/**/alert(JS)', @response.body
+    assert_equal 'text/javascript', @response.content_type
+  end
+
   def test_xhr
-    xhr :get, :js_or_html
+    get :js_or_html, xhr: true
     assert_equal 'JS', @response.body
   end
 
   def test_custom_constant
-    get :custom_constant_handling, :format => "mobile"
+    get :custom_constant_handling, format: "mobile"
     assert_equal "text/x-mobile", @response.content_type
     assert_equal "Mobile", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_custom_constant_handling_without_block
-    get :custom_constant_handling_without_block, :format => "mobile"
+    get :custom_constant_handling_without_block, format: "mobile"
     assert_equal "text/x-mobile", @response.content_type
     assert_equal "Mobile", @response.body
   end
@@ -529,13 +553,13 @@ class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
     get :html_xml_or_rss
     assert_equal "HTML", @response.body
 
-    get :html_xml_or_rss, :format => "html"
+    get :html_xml_or_rss, format: "html"
     assert_equal "HTML", @response.body
 
-    get :html_xml_or_rss, :format => "xml"
+    get :html_xml_or_rss, format: "xml"
     assert_equal "XML", @response.body
 
-    get :html_xml_or_rss, :format => "rss"
+    get :html_xml_or_rss, format: "rss"
     assert_equal "RSS", @response.body
   end
 
@@ -543,12 +567,12 @@ class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
     get :forced_xml
     assert_equal "XML", @response.body
 
-    get :forced_xml, :format => "html"
+    get :forced_xml, format: "html"
     assert_equal "XML", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_extension_synonyms
-    get :html_xml_or_rss, :format => "xhtml"
+    get :html_xml_or_rss, format: "xhtml"
     assert_equal "HTML", @response.body
   end
 
@@ -563,17 +587,17 @@ class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
 
     get :using_defaults
-    assert_equal "using_defaults - #{[:html].to_s}", @response.body
+    assert_equal "using_defaults - #{[:html]}", @response.body
 
-    get :using_defaults, :format => "xml"
-    assert_equal "using_defaults - #{[:xml].to_s}", @response.body
+    get :using_defaults, format: "xml"
+    assert_equal "using_defaults - #{[:xml]}", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_format_with_custom_response_type
     get :iphone_with_html_response_type
     assert_equal '<html><div id="html">Hello future from Firefox!</div></html>', @response.body
 
-    get :iphone_with_html_response_type, :format => "iphone"
+    get :iphone_with_html_response_type, format: "iphone"
     assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
     assert_equal '<html><div id="iphone">Hello iPhone future from iPhone!</div></html>', @response.body
   end
@@ -587,40 +611,45 @@ class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_invalid_format
     assert_raises(ActionController::UnknownFormat) do
-      get :using_defaults, :format => "invalidformat"
+      get :using_defaults, format: "invalidformat"
     end
   end
 
   def test_invalid_variant
-    @request.variant = :invalid
-    assert_raises(ActionView::MissingTemplate) do
-      get :variant_with_implicit_rendering
-    end
+    logger = ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber::TestHelper::MockLogger.new
+    old_logger, ActionController::Base.logger = ActionController::Base.logger, logger
+
+    get :variant_with_implicit_rendering, params: { v: :invalid }
+    assert_response :no_content
+    assert_equal 1, logger.logged(:info).select{ |s| s =~ /No template found/ }.size, "Implicit head :no_content not logged"
+  ensure
+    ActionController::Base.logger = old_logger
   end
 
   def test_variant_not_set_regular_template_missing
-    assert_raises(ActionView::MissingTemplate) do
-      get :variant_with_implicit_rendering
-    end
+    get :variant_with_implicit_rendering
+    assert_response :no_content
   end
 
   def test_variant_with_implicit_rendering
-    @request.variant = :mobile
-    get :variant_with_implicit_rendering
+    get :variant_with_implicit_rendering, params: { v: :implicit }
+    assert_response :no_content
+  end
+
+  def test_variant_with_implicit_template_rendering
+    get :variant_with_implicit_rendering, params: { v: :mobile }
     assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
     assert_equal "mobile", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_variant_with_format_and_custom_render
-    @request.variant = :phone
-    get :variant_with_format_and_custom_render
+    get :variant_with_format_and_custom_render, params: { v: :phone }
     assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
     assert_equal "mobile", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_multiple_variants_for_format
-    @request.variant = :tablet
-    get :multiple_variants_for_format
+    get :multiple_variants_for_format, params: { v: :tablet }
     assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
     assert_equal "tablet", @response.body
   end
@@ -632,40 +661,37 @@ class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_variant_inline_syntax
-    get :variant_inline_syntax, format: :js
-    assert_equal "text/javascript", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal "js", @response.body
-
     get :variant_inline_syntax
     assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
     assert_equal "none", @response.body
 
-    @request.variant = :phone
-    get :variant_inline_syntax
+    get :variant_inline_syntax, params: { v: :phone }
     assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
     assert_equal "phone", @response.body
   end
 
+  def test_variant_inline_syntax_with_format
+    get :variant_inline_syntax, format: :js
+    assert_equal "text/javascript", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "js", @response.body
+  end
+
   def test_variant_inline_syntax_without_block
-    @request.variant = :phone
-    get :variant_inline_syntax_without_block
+    get :variant_inline_syntax_without_block, params: { v: :phone }
     assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
     assert_equal "phone", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_variant_any
-    @request.variant = :phone
-    get :variant_any
+    get :variant_any, params: { v: :phone }
     assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
     assert_equal "phone", @response.body
 
-    @request.variant = :tablet
-    get :variant_any
+    get :variant_any, params: { v: :tablet }
     assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
     assert_equal "any", @response.body
 
-    @request.variant = :phablet
-    get :variant_any
+    get :variant_any, params: { v: :phablet }
     assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
     assert_equal "any", @response.body
   end
@@ -675,54 +701,45 @@ class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
     assert_equal "any", @response.body
 
-    @request.variant = :phone
-    get :variant_any_any
+    get :variant_any_any, params: { v: :phone }
     assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
     assert_equal "phone", @response.body
 
-    @request.variant = :yolo
-    get :variant_any_any
+    get :variant_any_any, params: { v: :yolo }
     assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
     assert_equal "any", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_variant_inline_any
-    @request.variant = :phone
-    get :variant_any
+    get :variant_any, params: { v: :phone }
     assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
     assert_equal "phone", @response.body
 
-    @request.variant = :tablet
-    get :variant_inline_any
+    get :variant_inline_any, params: { v: :tablet }
     assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
     assert_equal "any", @response.body
 
-    @request.variant = :phablet
-    get :variant_inline_any
+    get :variant_inline_any, params: { v: :phablet }
     assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
     assert_equal "any", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_variant_inline_any_any
-    @request.variant = :phone
-    get :variant_inline_any_any
+    get :variant_inline_any_any, params: { v: :phone }
     assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
     assert_equal "phone", @response.body
 
-    @request.variant = :yolo
-    get :variant_inline_any_any
+    get :variant_inline_any_any, params: { v: :yolo }
     assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
     assert_equal "any", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_variant_any_implicit_render
-    @request.variant = :tablet
-    get :variant_any_implicit_render
+    get :variant_any_implicit_render, params: { v: :tablet }
     assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
     assert_equal "tablet", @response.body
 
-    @request.variant = :phablet
-    get :variant_any_implicit_render
+    get :variant_any_implicit_render, params: { v: :phablet }
     assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
     assert_equal "phablet", @response.body
   end
@@ -732,37 +749,53 @@ class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
     assert_equal "none or phone", @response.body
 
-    @request.variant = :phone
-    get :variant_any_with_none
+    get :variant_any_with_none, params: { v: :phone }
     assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
     assert_equal "none or phone", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_format_any_variant_any
-    @request.variant = :tablet
-    get :format_any_variant_any, format: :js
+    get :format_any_variant_any, format: :js, params: { v: :tablet }
     assert_equal "text/javascript", @response.content_type
     assert_equal "tablet", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_variant_negotiation_inline_syntax
-    @request.variant = [:tablet, :phone]
-    get :variant_inline_syntax_without_block
+    get :variant_inline_syntax_without_block, params: { v: [:tablet, :phone] }
     assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
     assert_equal "phone", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_variant_negotiation_block_syntax
-    @request.variant = [:tablet, :phone]
-    get :variant_plus_none_for_format
+    get :variant_plus_none_for_format, params: { v: [:tablet, :phone] }
     assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
     assert_equal "phone", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_variant_negotiation_without_block
-    @request.variant = [:tablet, :phone]
-    get :variant_inline_syntax_without_block
+    get :variant_inline_syntax_without_block, params: { v: [:tablet, :phone] }
     assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
     assert_equal "phone", @response.body
   end
 end
+
+class RespondToWithBlockOnDefaultRenderController < ActionController::Base
+  def show
+    default_render do
+      render body: 'default_render yielded'
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class RespondToWithBlockOnDefaultRenderControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  def setup
+    super
+    @request.host = "www.example.com"
+  end
+
+  def test_default_render_uses_block_when_no_template_exists
+    get :show
+    assert_equal "default_render yielded", @response.body
+    assert_equal "text/plain", @response.content_type
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/mime/respond_with_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/mime/respond_with_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index a70592fa1b..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/mime/respond_with_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,714 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'controller/fake_models'
-
-class RespondWithController < ActionController::Base
-  respond_to :html, :json, :touch
-  respond_to :xml, :except => :using_resource_with_block
-  respond_to :js,  :only => [ :using_resource_with_block, :using_resource, 'using_hash_resource' ]
-
-  def using_resource
-    respond_with(resource)
-  end
-
-  def using_hash_resource
-    respond_with({:result => resource})
-  end
-
-  def using_resource_with_block
-    respond_with(resource) do |format|
-      format.csv { render :text => "CSV" }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def using_resource_with_overwrite_block
-    respond_with(resource) do |format|
-      format.html { render :text => "HTML" }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def using_resource_with_collection
-    respond_with([resource, Customer.new("jamis", 9)])
-  end
-
-  def using_resource_with_parent
-    respond_with(Quiz::Store.new("developer?", 11), Customer.new("david", 13))
-  end
-
-  def using_resource_with_status_and_location
-    respond_with(resource, :location => "http://test.host/", :status => :created)
-  end
-
-  def using_invalid_resource_with_template
-    respond_with(resource)
-  end
-
-  def using_options_with_template
-    @customer = resource
-    respond_with(@customer, :status => 123, :location => "http://test.host/")
-  end
-
-  def using_resource_with_responder
-    responder = proc { |c, r, o| c.render :text => "Resource name is #{r.first.name}" }
-    respond_with(resource, :responder => responder)
-  end
-
-  def using_resource_with_action
-    respond_with(resource, :action => :foo) do |format|
-      format.html { raise ActionView::MissingTemplate.new([], "bar", ["foo"], {}, false) }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def using_responder_with_respond
-    responder = Class.new(ActionController::Responder) do
-      def respond; @controller.render :text => "respond #{format}"; end
-    end
-    respond_with(resource, :responder => responder)
-  end
-
-  def respond_with_additional_params
-    @params = RespondWithController.params
-    respond_with({:result => resource}, @params)
-  end
-
-protected
-  def self.params
-    {
-        :foo => 'bar'
-    }
-  end
-
-  def resource
-    Customer.new("david", request.delete? ? nil : 13)
-  end
-end
-
-class InheritedRespondWithController < RespondWithController
-  clear_respond_to
-  respond_to :xml, :json
-
-  def index
-    respond_with(resource) do |format|
-      format.json { render :text => "JSON" }
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class RenderJsonRespondWithController < RespondWithController
-  clear_respond_to
-  respond_to :json
-
-  def index
-    respond_with(resource) do |format|
-      format.json { render :json => RenderJsonTestException.new('boom') }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def create
-    resource = ValidatedCustomer.new(params[:name], 1)
-    respond_with(resource) do |format|
-      format.json do
-        if resource.errors.empty?
-          render :json => { :valid => true }
-        else
-          render :json => { :valid => false }
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class CsvRespondWithController < ActionController::Base
-  respond_to :csv
-
-  class RespondWithCsv
-    def to_csv
-      "c,s,v"
-    end
-  end
-
-  def index
-    respond_with(RespondWithCsv.new)
-  end
-end
-
-class EmptyRespondWithController < ActionController::Base
-  def index
-    respond_with(Customer.new("david", 13))
-  end
-end
-
-class RespondWithControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests RespondWithController
-
-  def setup
-    super
-    @request.host = "www.example.com"
-    Mime::Type.register_alias('text/html', :iphone)
-    Mime::Type.register_alias('text/html', :touch)
-    Mime::Type.register('text/x-mobile', :mobile)
-  end
-
-  def teardown
-    super
-    Mime::Type.unregister(:iphone)
-    Mime::Type.unregister(:touch)
-    Mime::Type.unregister(:mobile)
-  end
-
-  def test_respond_with_shouldnt_modify_original_hash
-    get :respond_with_additional_params
-    assert_equal RespondWithController.params, assigns(:params)
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    get :using_resource
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal "<name>david</name>", @response.body
-
-    @request.accept = "application/json"
-    assert_raise ActionView::MissingTemplate do
-      get :using_resource
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_js_simply_tries_to_render_the_template
-    @request.accept = "text/javascript"
-    get :using_resource
-    assert_equal "text/javascript", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal "alert(\"Hi\");", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_using_hash_resource_with_js_raises_an_error_if_template_cant_be_found
-    @request.accept = "text/javascript"
-    assert_raise ActionView::MissingTemplate do
-      get :using_hash_resource
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_hash_resource
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    get :using_hash_resource
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<hash>\n  <name>david</name>\n</hash>\n", @response.body
-
-    @request.accept = "application/json"
-    get :using_hash_resource
-    assert_equal "application/json", @response.content_type
-    assert @response.body.include?("result")
-    assert @response.body.include?('"name":"david"')
-    assert @response.body.include?('"id":13')
-  end
-
-  def test_using_hash_resource_with_post
-    @request.accept = "application/json"
-    assert_raise ArgumentError, "Nil location provided. Can't build URI." do
-      post :using_hash_resource
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_block
-    @request.accept = "*/*"
-    get :using_resource_with_block
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal 'Hello world!', @response.body
-
-    @request.accept = "text/csv"
-    get :using_resource_with_block
-    assert_equal "text/csv", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal "CSV", @response.body
-
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    get :using_resource
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal "<name>david</name>", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_overwrite_block
-    get :using_resource_with_overwrite_block
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal "HTML", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_not_acceptable
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    assert_raises(ActionController::UnknownFormat) do
-      get :using_resource_with_block
-    end
-
-    @request.accept = "text/javascript"
-    assert_raises(ActionController::UnknownFormat) do
-      get :using_resource_with_overwrite_block
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_post_with_html_redirects_on_success
-    with_test_route_set do
-      post :using_resource
-      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 302, @response.status
-      assert_equal "http://www.example.com/customers/13", @response.location
-      assert @response.redirect?
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_post_with_html_rerender_on_failure
-    with_test_route_set do
-      errors = { :name => :invalid }
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-      post :using_resource
-      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 200, @response.status
-      assert_equal "New world!\n", @response.body
-      assert_nil @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_post_with_xml_yields_created_on_success
-    with_test_route_set do
-      @request.accept = "application/xml"
-      post :using_resource
-      assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 201, @response.status
-      assert_equal "<name>david</name>", @response.body
-      assert_equal "http://www.example.com/customers/13", @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_post_with_xml_yields_unprocessable_entity_on_failure
-    with_test_route_set do
-      @request.accept = "application/xml"
-      errors = { :name => :invalid }
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-      post :using_resource
-      assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 422, @response.status
-      assert_equal errors.to_xml, @response.body
-      assert_nil @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_post_with_json_yields_unprocessable_entity_on_failure
-    with_test_route_set do
-      @request.accept = "application/json"
-      errors = { :name => :invalid }
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-      post :using_resource
-      assert_equal "application/json", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 422, @response.status
-      errors = {:errors => errors}
-      assert_equal errors.to_json, @response.body
-      assert_nil @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_patch_with_html_redirects_on_success
-    with_test_route_set do
-      patch :using_resource
-      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 302, @response.status
-      assert_equal "http://www.example.com/customers/13", @response.location
-      assert @response.redirect?
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_patch_with_html_rerender_on_failure
-    with_test_route_set do
-      errors = { :name => :invalid }
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-      patch :using_resource
-      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 200, @response.status
-      assert_equal "Edit world!\n", @response.body
-      assert_nil @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_patch_with_html_rerender_on_failure_even_on_method_override
-    with_test_route_set do
-      errors = { :name => :invalid }
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-      @request.env["rack.methodoverride.original_method"] = "POST"
-      patch :using_resource
-      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 200, @response.status
-      assert_equal "Edit world!\n", @response.body
-      assert_nil @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_put_with_html_redirects_on_success
-    with_test_route_set do
-      put :using_resource
-      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 302, @response.status
-      assert_equal "http://www.example.com/customers/13", @response.location
-      assert @response.redirect?
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_put_with_html_rerender_on_failure
-    with_test_route_set do
-      errors = { :name => :invalid }
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-      put :using_resource
-
-      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 200, @response.status
-      assert_equal "Edit world!\n", @response.body
-      assert_nil @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_put_with_html_rerender_on_failure_even_on_method_override
-    with_test_route_set do
-      errors = { :name => :invalid }
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-      @request.env["rack.methodoverride.original_method"] = "POST"
-      put :using_resource
-      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 200, @response.status
-      assert_equal "Edit world!\n", @response.body
-      assert_nil @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_put_with_xml_yields_no_content_on_success
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    put :using_resource
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal 204, @response.status
-    assert_equal "", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_put_with_json_yields_no_content_on_success
-    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:to_json).returns('{"name": "David"}')
-    @request.accept = "application/json"
-    put :using_resource
-    assert_equal "application/json", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal 204, @response.status
-    assert_equal "", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_put_with_xml_yields_unprocessable_entity_on_failure
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    errors = { :name => :invalid }
-    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-    put :using_resource
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal 422, @response.status
-    assert_equal errors.to_xml, @response.body
-    assert_nil @response.location
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_put_with_json_yields_unprocessable_entity_on_failure
-    @request.accept = "application/json"
-    errors = { :name => :invalid }
-    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-    put :using_resource
-    assert_equal "application/json", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal 422, @response.status
-    errors = {:errors => errors}
-    assert_equal errors.to_json, @response.body
-    assert_nil @response.location
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_delete_with_html_redirects_on_success
-    with_test_route_set do
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:destroyed?).returns(true)
-      delete :using_resource
-      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 302, @response.status
-      assert_equal "http://www.example.com/customers", @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_delete_with_xml_yields_no_content_on_success
-    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:destroyed?).returns(true)
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    delete :using_resource
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal 204, @response.status
-    assert_equal "", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_delete_with_json_yields_no_content_on_success
-    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:to_json).returns('{"name": "David"}')
-    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:destroyed?).returns(true)
-    @request.accept = "application/json"
-    delete :using_resource
-    assert_equal "application/json", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal 204, @response.status
-    assert_equal "", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_delete_with_html_redirects_on_failure
-    with_test_route_set do
-      errors = { :name => :invalid }
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:destroyed?).returns(false)
-      delete :using_resource
-      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 302, @response.status
-      assert_equal "http://www.example.com/customers", @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_parent_for_get
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    get :using_resource_with_parent
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal 200, @response.status
-    assert_equal "<name>david</name>", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_parent_for_post
-    with_test_route_set do
-      @request.accept = "application/xml"
-
-      post :using_resource_with_parent
-      assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 201, @response.status
-      assert_equal "<name>david</name>", @response.body
-      assert_equal "http://www.example.com/quiz_stores/11/customers/13", @response.location
-
-      errors = { :name => :invalid }
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-      post :using_resource
-      assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 422, @response.status
-      assert_equal errors.to_xml, @response.body
-      assert_nil @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_collection
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    get :using_resource_with_collection
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal 200, @response.status
-    assert_match(/<name>david<\/name>/, @response.body)
-    assert_match(/<name>jamis<\/name>/, @response.body)
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_action
-    @controller.instance_eval do
-      def render(params={})
-        self.response_body = "#{params[:action]} - #{formats}"
-      end
-    end
-
-    errors = { :name => :invalid }
-    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-
-    post :using_resource_with_action
-    assert_equal "foo - #{[:html].to_s}", @controller.response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_respond_as_responder_entry_point
-    @request.accept = "text/html"
-    get :using_responder_with_respond
-    assert_equal "respond html", @response.body
-
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    get :using_responder_with_respond
-    assert_equal "respond xml", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_clear_respond_to
-    @controller = InheritedRespondWithController.new
-    @request.accept = "text/html"
-    assert_raises(ActionController::UnknownFormat) do
-      get :index
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_first_in_respond_to_has_higher_priority
-    @controller = InheritedRespondWithController.new
-    @request.accept = "*/*"
-    get :index
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal "<name>david</name>", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_block_inside_respond_with_is_rendered
-    @controller = InheritedRespondWithController.new
-    @request.accept = "application/json"
-    get :index
-    assert_equal "JSON", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_render_json_object_responds_to_str_still_produce_json
-    @controller = RenderJsonRespondWithController.new
-    @request.accept = "application/json"
-    get :index, :format => :json
-    assert_match(/"message":"boom"/, @response.body)
-    assert_match(/"error":"RenderJsonTestException"/, @response.body)
-  end
-
-  def test_api_response_with_valid_resource_respect_override_block
-    @controller = RenderJsonRespondWithController.new
-    post :create, :name => "sikachu", :format => :json
-    assert_equal '{"valid":true}', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_api_response_with_invalid_resource_respect_override_block
-    @controller = RenderJsonRespondWithController.new
-    post :create, :name => "david", :format => :json
-    assert_equal '{"valid":false}', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_no_double_render_is_raised
-    @request.accept = "text/html"
-    assert_raise ActionView::MissingTemplate do
-      get :using_resource
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_status_and_location
-    @request.accept = "text/html"
-    post :using_resource_with_status_and_location
-    assert @response.redirect?
-    assert_equal "http://test.host/", @response.location
-
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    get :using_resource_with_status_and_location
-    assert_equal 201, @response.status
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_status_and_location_with_invalid_resource
-    errors = { :name => :invalid }
-    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-
-    @request.accept = "text/xml"
-
-    post :using_resource_with_status_and_location
-    assert_equal errors.to_xml, @response.body
-    assert_equal 422, @response.status
-    assert_equal nil, @response.location
-
-    put :using_resource_with_status_and_location
-    assert_equal errors.to_xml, @response.body
-    assert_equal 422, @response.status
-    assert_equal nil, @response.location
-  end
-
-  def test_using_invalid_resource_with_template
-    errors = { :name => :invalid }
-    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-
-    @request.accept = "text/xml"
-
-    post :using_invalid_resource_with_template
-    assert_equal errors.to_xml, @response.body
-    assert_equal 422, @response.status
-    assert_equal nil, @response.location
-
-    put :using_invalid_resource_with_template
-    assert_equal errors.to_xml, @response.body
-    assert_equal 422, @response.status
-    assert_equal nil, @response.location
-  end
-
-  def test_using_options_with_template
-    @request.accept = "text/xml"
-
-    post :using_options_with_template
-    assert_equal "<customer-name>david</customer-name>", @response.body
-    assert_equal 123, @response.status
-    assert_equal "http://test.host/", @response.location
-
-    put :using_options_with_template
-    assert_equal "<customer-name>david</customer-name>", @response.body
-    assert_equal 123, @response.status
-    assert_equal "http://test.host/", @response.location
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_responder
-    get :using_resource_with_responder
-    assert_equal "Resource name is david", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_set_responder
-    RespondWithController.responder = proc { |c, r, o| c.render :text => "Resource name is #{r.first.name}" }
-    get :using_resource
-    assert_equal "Resource name is david", @response.body
-  ensure
-    RespondWithController.responder = ActionController::Responder
-  end
-
-  def test_uses_renderer_if_an_api_behavior
-    ActionController::Renderers.add :csv do |obj, options|
-      send_data obj.to_csv, type: Mime::CSV
-    end
-    @controller = CsvRespondWithController.new
-    get :index, format: 'csv'
-    assert_equal Mime::CSV, @response.content_type
-    assert_equal "c,s,v", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_raises_missing_renderer_if_an_api_behavior_with_no_renderer
-    @controller = CsvRespondWithController.new
-    assert_raise ActionController::MissingRenderer do
-      get :index, format: 'csv'
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_error_is_raised_if_no_respond_to_is_declared_and_respond_with_is_called
-    @controller = EmptyRespondWithController.new
-    @request.accept = "*/*"
-    assert_raise RuntimeError do
-      get :index
-    end
-  end
-
-  private
-    def with_test_route_set
-      with_routing do |set|
-        set.draw do
-          resources :customers
-          resources :quiz_stores do
-            resources :customers
-          end
-          get ":controller/:action"
-        end
-        yield
-      end
-    end
-end
-
-class FlashResponder < ActionController::Responder
-  def initialize(controller, resources, options={})
-    super
-  end
-
-  def to_html
-    controller.flash[:notice] = 'Success'
-    super
-  end
-end
-
-class FlashResponderController < ActionController::Base
-  self.responder = FlashResponder
-  respond_to :html
-
-  def index
-    respond_with Object.new do |format|
-      format.html { render :text => 'HTML' }
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class FlashResponderControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests FlashResponderController
-
-  def test_respond_with_block_executed
-    get :index
-    assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_flash_responder_executed
-    get :index
-    assert_equal 'Success', flash[:notice]
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/bare_metal_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/bare_metal_test.rb
index 7396c850ad..c226fa57ee 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/bare_metal_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/bare_metal_test.rb
@@ -26,9 +26,18 @@ module BareMetalTest
 
     test "response_body value is wrapped in an array when the value is a String" do
       controller = BareController.new
+      controller.set_request!(ActionDispatch::Request.empty)
+      controller.set_response!(BareController.make_response!(controller.request))
       controller.index
       assert_equal ["Hello world"], controller.response_body
     end
+
+    test "connect a request to controller instance without dispatch" do
+      env = {}
+      controller = BareController.new
+      controller.set_request! ActionDispatch::Request.new(env)
+      assert controller.request
+    end
   end
 
   class HeadController < ActionController::Metal
@@ -81,8 +90,8 @@ module BareMetalTest
       assert_nil headers['Content-Length']
     end
 
-    test "head :continue (101) does not return a content-type header" do
-      headers = HeadController.action(:continue).call(Rack::MockRequest.env_for("/")).second
+    test "head :switching_protocols (101) does not return a content-type header" do
+      headers = HeadController.action(:switching_protocols).call(Rack::MockRequest.env_for("/")).second
       assert_nil headers['Content-Type']
       assert_nil headers['Content-Length']
     end
@@ -112,34 +121,40 @@ module BareMetalTest
     end
 
     test "head :no_content (204) does not return any content" do
-      content = HeadController.action(:no_content).call(Rack::MockRequest.env_for("/")).third.first
+      content = body(HeadController.action(:no_content).call(Rack::MockRequest.env_for("/")))
       assert_empty content
     end
 
     test "head :reset_content (205) does not return any content" do
-      content = HeadController.action(:reset_content).call(Rack::MockRequest.env_for("/")).third.first
+      content = body(HeadController.action(:reset_content).call(Rack::MockRequest.env_for("/")))
       assert_empty content
     end
 
     test "head :not_modified (304) does not return any content" do
-      content = HeadController.action(:not_modified).call(Rack::MockRequest.env_for("/")).third.first
+      content = body(HeadController.action(:not_modified).call(Rack::MockRequest.env_for("/")))
       assert_empty content
     end
 
     test "head :continue (100) does not return any content" do
-      content = HeadController.action(:continue).call(Rack::MockRequest.env_for("/")).third.first
+      content = body(HeadController.action(:continue).call(Rack::MockRequest.env_for("/")))
       assert_empty content
     end
 
     test "head :switching_protocols (101) does not return any content" do
-      content = HeadController.action(:switching_protocols).call(Rack::MockRequest.env_for("/")).third.first
+      content = body(HeadController.action(:switching_protocols).call(Rack::MockRequest.env_for("/")))
       assert_empty content
     end
 
     test "head :processing (102) does not return any content" do
-      content = HeadController.action(:processing).call(Rack::MockRequest.env_for("/")).third.first
+      content = body(HeadController.action(:processing).call(Rack::MockRequest.env_for("/")))
       assert_empty content
     end
+
+    def body(rack_response)
+      buf = []
+      rack_response[2].each { |x| buf << x }
+      buf.join
+    end
   end
 
   class BareControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/base_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/base_test.rb
index 964f22eb03..0755dafe93 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/base_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/base_test.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ module Dispatching
     before_action :authenticate
 
     def index
-      render :text => "success"
+      render body: "success"
     end
 
     def modify_response_body
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ module Dispatching
     end
 
     def show_actions
-      render :text => "actions: #{action_methods.to_a.sort.join(', ')}"
+      render body: "actions: #{action_methods.to_a.sort.join(', ')}"
     end
 
     protected
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ module Dispatching
 
       assert_body "success"
       assert_status 200
-      assert_content_type "text/html; charset=utf-8"
+      assert_content_type "text/plain; charset=utf-8"
     end
 
     # :api: plugin
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/content_negotiation_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/content_negotiation_test.rb
index 5fd5946619..c0e92b3b05 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/content_negotiation_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/content_negotiation_test.rb
@@ -9,18 +9,18 @@ module ContentNegotiation
     )]
 
     def all
-      render :text => self.formats.inspect
+      render plain: self.formats.inspect
     end
   end
 
   class TestContentNegotiation < Rack::TestCase
     test "A */* Accept header will return HTML" do
-      get "/content_negotiation/basic/hello", {}, "HTTP_ACCEPT" => "*/*"
+      get "/content_negotiation/basic/hello", headers: { "HTTP_ACCEPT" => "*/*" }
       assert_body "Hello world */*!"
     end
 
     test "Not all mimes are converted to symbol" do
-      get "/content_negotiation/basic/all", {}, "HTTP_ACCEPT" => "text/plain, mime/another"
+      get "/content_negotiation/basic/all", headers: { "HTTP_ACCEPT" => "text/plain, mime/another" }
       assert_body '[:text, "mime/another"]'
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/content_type_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/content_type_test.rb
index 9b57641e75..a9dcdde4b8 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/content_type_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/content_type_test.rb
@@ -3,16 +3,16 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 module ContentType
   class BaseController < ActionController::Base
     def index
-      render :text => "Hello world!"
+      render body: "Hello world!"
     end
 
     def set_on_response_obj
-      response.content_type = Mime::RSS
-      render :text => "Hello world!"
+      response.content_type = Mime[:rss]
+      render body: "Hello world!"
     end
 
     def set_on_render
-      render :text => "Hello world!", :content_type => Mime::RSS
+      render body: "Hello world!", content_type: Mime[:rss]
     end
   end
 
@@ -30,17 +30,17 @@ module ContentType
   class CharsetController < ActionController::Base
     def set_on_response_obj
       response.charset = "utf-16"
-      render :text => "Hello world!"
+      render body: "Hello world!"
     end
 
     def set_as_nil_on_response_obj
       response.charset = nil
-      render :text => "Hello world!"
+      render body: "Hello world!"
     end
   end
 
   class ExplicitContentTypeTest < Rack::TestCase
-    test "default response is HTML and UTF8" do
+    test "default response is text/plain and UTF8" do
       with_routing do |set|
         set.draw do
           get ':controller', :action => 'index'
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ module ContentType
         get "/content_type/base"
 
         assert_body "Hello world!"
-        assert_header "Content-Type", "text/html; charset=utf-8"
+        assert_header "Content-Type", "text/plain; charset=utf-8"
       end
     end
 
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ module ContentType
     end
 
     test "sets Content-Type as application/xml when rendering *.xml.erb" do
-      get "/content_type/implied/i_am_xml_erb", "format" => "xml"
+      get "/content_type/implied/i_am_xml_erb", params: { "format" => "xml" }
 
       assert_header "Content-Type", "application/xml; charset=utf-8"
     end
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ module ContentType
     end
 
     test "sets Content-Type as application/xml when rendering *.xml.builder" do
-      get "/content_type/implied/i_am_xml_builder", "format" => "xml"
+      get "/content_type/implied/i_am_xml_builder", params: { "format" => "xml" }
 
       assert_header "Content-Type", "application/xml; charset=utf-8"
     end
@@ -99,14 +99,14 @@ module ContentType
       get "/content_type/charset/set_on_response_obj"
 
       assert_body   "Hello world!"
-      assert_header "Content-Type", "text/html; charset=utf-16"
+      assert_header "Content-Type", "text/plain; charset=utf-16"
     end
 
     test "setting the charset of the response as nil directly on the response object" do
       get "/content_type/charset/set_as_nil_on_response_obj"
 
       assert_body   "Hello world!"
-      assert_header "Content-Type", "text/html; charset=utf-8"
+      assert_header "Content-Type", "text/plain; charset=utf-8"
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/metal_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/metal_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 45a6619eb4..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/metal_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-module MetalTest
-  class MetalMiddleware < ActionController::Middleware
-    def call(env)
-      if env["PATH_INFO"] =~ /authed/
-        app.call(env)
-      else
-        [401, headers, "Not authed!"]
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  class Endpoint
-    def call(env)
-      [200, {}, "Hello World"]
-    end
-  end
-
-  class TestMiddleware < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-    include RackTestUtils
-
-    def setup
-      @app = Rack::Builder.new do
-        use MetalTest::MetalMiddleware
-        run MetalTest::Endpoint.new
-      end.to_app
-    end
-
-    test "it can call the next app by using @app" do
-      env = Rack::MockRequest.env_for("/authed")
-      response = @app.call(env)
-
-      assert_equal "Hello World", body_to_string(response[2])
-    end
-
-    test "it can return a response using the normal AC::Metal techniques" do
-      env = Rack::MockRequest.env_for("/")
-      response = @app.call(env)
-
-      assert_equal "Not authed!", body_to_string(response[2])
-      assert_equal 401, response[0]
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/middleware_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/middleware_test.rb
index 6b7b5e10e3..85a1f351f0 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/middleware_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/middleware_test.rb
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ module MiddlewareTest
 
     test "middleware that is 'use'd is called as part of the Rack application" do
       result = @app.call(env_for("/"))
-      assert_equal "Hello World", RackTestUtils.body_to_string(result[2])
+      assert_equal ["Hello World"], [].tap { |a| result[2].each { |x| a << x } }
       assert_equal "Success", result[1]["Middleware-Test"]
     end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_action_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_action_test.rb
index 475bf9d3c9..3bf1dd0ede 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_action_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_action_test.rb
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ module RenderAction
 
     test "rendering with layout => true" do
       assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
-        get "/render_action/basic/hello_world_with_layout", {}, "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => false
+        get "/render_action/basic/hello_world_with_layout", headers: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => false }
       end
     end
 
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ module RenderAction
 
     test "rendering with layout => 'greetings'" do
       assert_raise(ActionView::MissingTemplate) do
-        get "/render_action/basic/hello_world_with_custom_layout", {}, "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => false
+        get "/render_action/basic/hello_world_with_custom_layout", headers: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => false }
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_body_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_body_test.rb
index a7e4f87bd9..f4a3db8b41 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_body_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_body_test.rb
@@ -65,6 +65,11 @@ module RenderBody
       render body: "hello world", layout: "greetings"
     end
 
+    def with_custom_content_type
+      response.headers['Content-Type'] = 'application/json'
+      render body: '["troll","face"]'
+    end
+
     def with_ivar_in_layout
       @ivar = "hello world"
       render body: "hello world", layout: "ivar"
@@ -106,17 +111,17 @@ module RenderBody
       assert_status 404
     end
 
-    test "rendering body with nil returns an empty body padded for Safari" do
+    test "rendering body with nil returns an empty body" do
       get "/render_body/with_layout/with_nil"
 
-      assert_body " "
+      assert_body ""
       assert_status 200
     end
 
-    test "Rendering body with nil and custom status code returns an empty body padded for Safari and the status" do
+    test "Rendering body with nil and custom status code returns an empty body and the status" do
       get "/render_body/with_layout/with_nil_and_status"
 
-      assert_body " "
+      assert_body ""
       assert_status 403
     end
 
@@ -141,6 +146,13 @@ module RenderBody
       assert_status 200
     end
 
+    test "specified content type should not be removed" do
+      get "/render_body/with_layout/with_custom_content_type"
+
+      assert_equal %w{ troll face }, JSON.parse(response.body)
+      assert_equal 'application/json', response.headers['Content-Type']
+    end
+
     test "rendering body with layout: false" do
       get "/render_body/with_layout/with_layout_false"
 
@@ -154,22 +166,5 @@ module RenderBody
       assert_body "hello world"
       assert_status 200
     end
-
-    test "rendering from minimal controller returns response with no content type" do
-      get "/render_body/minimal/index"
-
-      assert_header_no_content_type
-    end
-
-    test "rendering from normal controller returns response with no content type" do
-      get "/render_body/simple/index"
-
-      assert_header_no_content_type
-    end
-
-    def assert_header_no_content_type
-      assert_not response.headers.has_key?("Content-Type"),
-        %(Expect response not to have Content-Type header, got "#{response.headers["Content-Type"]}")
-    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_file_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_file_test.rb
index a961cbf849..0c21bb0719 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_file_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_file_test.rb
@@ -13,15 +13,6 @@ module RenderFile
       render :file => File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '../../fixtures/test/render_file_with_ivar')
     end
 
-    def without_file_key
-      render File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), *%w[.. .. fixtures test hello_world])
-    end
-
-    def without_file_key_with_instance_variable
-      @secret = 'in the sauce'
-      render File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '../../fixtures/test/render_file_with_ivar')
-    end
-
     def relative_path
       @secret = 'in the sauce'
       render :file => '../../fixtures/test/render_file_with_ivar'
@@ -41,11 +32,6 @@ module RenderFile
       path = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '../../fixtures/test/render_file_with_locals')
       render :file => path, :locals => {:secret => 'in the sauce'}
     end
-
-    def without_file_key_with_locals
-      path = FIXTURES.join('test/render_file_with_locals').to_s
-      render path, :locals => {:secret => 'in the sauce'}
-    end
   end
 
   class TestBasic < Rack::TestCase
@@ -61,16 +47,6 @@ module RenderFile
       assert_response "The secret is in the sauce\n"
     end
 
-    test "rendering path without specifying the :file key" do
-      get :without_file_key
-      assert_response "Hello world!"
-    end
-
-    test "rendering path without specifying the :file key with ivar" do
-      get :without_file_key_with_instance_variable
-      assert_response "The secret is in the sauce\n"
-    end
-
     test "rendering a relative path" do
       get :relative_path
       assert_response "The secret is in the sauce\n"
@@ -90,10 +66,5 @@ module RenderFile
       get :with_locals
       assert_response "The secret is in the sauce\n"
     end
-
-    test "rendering path without specifying the :file key with locals" do
-      get :without_file_key_with_locals
-      assert_response "The secret is in the sauce\n"
-    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_html_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_html_test.rb
index bfe0271df7..e9ea57e329 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_html_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_html_test.rb
@@ -114,17 +114,17 @@ module RenderHtml
       assert_status 404
     end
 
-    test "rendering text with nil returns an empty body padded for Safari" do
+    test "rendering text with nil returns an empty body" do
       get "/render_html/with_layout/with_nil"
 
-      assert_body " "
+      assert_body ""
       assert_status 200
     end
 
-    test "Rendering text with nil and custom status code returns an empty body padded for Safari and the status" do
+    test "Rendering text with nil and custom status code returns an empty body and the status" do
       get "/render_html/with_layout/with_nil_and_status"
 
-      assert_body " "
+      assert_body ""
       assert_status 403
     end
 
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ module RenderHtml
 
     test "rendering from minimal controller returns response with text/html content type" do
       get "/render_html/minimal/index"
-      assert_content_type "text/html"
+      assert_content_type "text/html; charset=utf-8"
     end
 
     test "rendering from normal controller returns response with text/html content type" do
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_implicit_action_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_implicit_action_test.rb
index 1e2191d417..5b4885f7e0 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_implicit_action_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_implicit_action_test.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ module RenderImplicitAction
       "render_implicit_action/simple/hello_world.html.erb"     => "Hello world!",
       "render_implicit_action/simple/hyphen-ated.html.erb"     => "Hello hyphen-ated!",
       "render_implicit_action/simple/not_implemented.html.erb" => "Not Implemented"
-    )]
+    ), ActionView::FileSystemResolver.new(File.expand_path('../../../controller', __FILE__))]
 
     def hello_world() end
   end
@@ -33,10 +33,25 @@ module RenderImplicitAction
       assert_status 200
     end
 
+    test "render does not traverse the file system" do
+      assert_raises(AbstractController::ActionNotFound) do
+        action_name = %w(.. .. fixtures shared).join(File::SEPARATOR)
+        SimpleController.action(action_name).call(Rack::MockRequest.env_for("/"))
+      end
+    end
+
     test "available_action? returns true for implicit actions" do
       assert SimpleController.new.available_action?(:hello_world)
       assert SimpleController.new.available_action?(:"hyphen-ated")
       assert SimpleController.new.available_action?(:not_implemented)
     end
+
+    test "available_action? does not allow File::SEPARATOR on the name" do
+      action_name = %w(evil .. .. path).join(File::SEPARATOR)
+      assert_equal false, SimpleController.new.available_action?(action_name.to_sym)
+
+      action_name = %w(evil path).join(File::SEPARATOR)
+      assert_equal false, SimpleController.new.available_action?(action_name.to_sym)
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_layout_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_layout_test.rb
index 4ac40ca405..7ab3777026 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_layout_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_layout_test.rb
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ module ControllerLayouts
     XML_INSTRUCT = %Q(<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>\n)
 
     test "if XML is selected, an HTML template is not also selected" do
-      get :index, :format => "xml"
+      get :index, params: { format: "xml" }
       assert_response XML_INSTRUCT
     end
 
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ module ControllerLayouts
     end
 
     test "a layout for JS is ignored even if explicitly provided for HTML" do
-      get :explicit, { :format => "js" }
+      get :explicit, params: { format: "js" }
       assert_response "alert('foo');"
     end
   end
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ module ControllerLayouts
     testing ControllerLayouts::FalseLayoutMethodController
 
     test "access false layout returned by a method/proc" do
-      get :index, :format => "js"
+      get :index, params: { format: "js" }
       assert_response "alert('foo');"
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_plain_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_plain_test.rb
index dba2e9f13e..0881442bd0 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_plain_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_plain_test.rb
@@ -106,17 +106,17 @@ module RenderPlain
       assert_status 404
     end
 
-    test "rendering text with nil returns an empty body padded for Safari" do
+    test "rendering text with nil returns an empty body" do
       get "/render_plain/with_layout/with_nil"
 
-      assert_body " "
+      assert_body ""
       assert_status 200
     end
 
-    test "Rendering text with nil and custom status code returns an empty body padded for Safari and the status" do
+    test "Rendering text with nil and custom status code returns an empty body and the status" do
       get "/render_plain/with_layout/with_nil_and_status"
 
-      assert_body " "
+      assert_body ""
       assert_status 403
     end
 
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ module RenderPlain
 
     test "rendering from minimal controller returns response with text/plain content type" do
       get "/render_plain/minimal/index"
-      assert_content_type "text/plain"
+      assert_content_type "text/plain; charset=utf-8"
     end
 
     test "rendering from normal controller returns response with text/plain content type" do
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_streaming_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_streaming_test.rb
index 4c9126ca8c..9ea056194a 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_streaming_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_streaming_test.rb
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ module RenderStreaming
     end
 
     test "do not stream on HTTP/1.0" do
-      get "/render_streaming/basic/hello_world", nil, "HTTP_VERSION" => "HTTP/1.0"
+      get "/render_streaming/basic/hello_world", headers: { "HTTP_VERSION" => "HTTP/1.0" }
       assert_body "Hello world, I'm here!"
       assert_status 200
       assert_equal "22", headers["Content-Length"]
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_template_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_template_test.rb
index b7a9cf92f2..b06ce5db40 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_template_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_template_test.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ module RenderTemplate
       "locals.html.erb"            => "The secret is <%= secret %>",
       "xml_template.xml.builder"   => "xml.html do\n  xml.p 'Hello'\nend",
       "with_raw.html.erb"          => "Hello <%=raw '<strong>this is raw</strong>' %>",
-      "with_implicit_raw.html.erb" => "Hello <%== '<strong>this is also raw</strong>' %> in a html template",
+      "with_implicit_raw.html.erb" => "Hello <%== '<strong>this is also raw</strong>' %> in an html template",
       "with_implicit_raw.text.erb" => "Hello <%== '<strong>this is also raw</strong>' %> in a text template",
       "test/with_json.html.erb"    => "<%= render :template => 'test/with_json', :formats => [:json] %>",
       "test/with_json.json.erb"    => "<%= render :template => 'test/final', :formats => [:json]  %>",
@@ -45,6 +45,10 @@ module RenderTemplate
       render :template => "locals", :locals => { :secret => 'area51' }
     end
 
+    def with_locals_without_key
+      render "locals", :locals => { :secret => 'area51' }
+    end
+
     def builder_template
       render :template => "xml_template"
     end
@@ -101,8 +105,13 @@ module RenderTemplate
       assert_response "The secret is area51"
     end
 
+    test "rendering a template with local variables without key" do
+      get :with_locals
+      assert_response "The secret is area51"
+    end
+
     test "rendering a builder template" do
-      get :builder_template, "format" => "xml"
+      get :builder_template, params: { "format" => "xml" }
       assert_response "<html>\n  <p>Hello</p>\n</html>\n"
     end
 
@@ -114,10 +123,10 @@ module RenderTemplate
 
       get :with_implicit_raw
 
-      assert_body "Hello <strong>this is also raw</strong> in a html template"
+      assert_body "Hello <strong>this is also raw</strong> in an html template"
       assert_status 200
 
-      get :with_implicit_raw, format: 'text'
+      get :with_implicit_raw, params: { format: 'text' }
 
       assert_body "Hello <strong>this is also raw</strong> in a text template"
       assert_status 200
@@ -177,21 +186,21 @@ module RenderTemplate
       end
     end
 
-    test "rendering with layout => :true" do
+    test "rendering with layout => true" do
       get "/render_template/with_layout/with_layout"
 
       assert_body "Hello from basic.html.erb, I'm here!"
       assert_status 200
     end
 
-    test "rendering with layout => :false" do
+    test "rendering with layout => false" do
       get "/render_template/with_layout/with_layout_false"
 
       assert_body "Hello from basic.html.erb"
       assert_status 200
     end
 
-    test "rendering with layout => :nil" do
+    test "rendering with layout => nil" do
       get "/render_template/with_layout/with_layout_nil"
 
       assert_body "Hello from basic.html.erb"
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_test.rb
index 5635e16234..963f2c2f5c 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_test.rb
@@ -37,14 +37,14 @@ module Render
     private
 
     def secretz
-      render :text => "FAIL WHALE!"
+      render plain: "FAIL WHALE!"
     end
   end
 
   class DoubleRenderController < ActionController::Base
     def index
-      render :text => "hello"
-      render :text => "world"
+      render plain: "hello"
+      render plain: "world"
     end
   end
 
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ module Render
         end
 
         assert_raises(AbstractController::DoubleRenderError) do
-          get "/render/double_render", {}, "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => false
+          get "/render/double_render", headers: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => false }
         end
       end
     end
@@ -84,13 +84,13 @@ module Render
     # Only public methods on actual controllers are callable actions
     test "raises an exception when a method of Object is called" do
       assert_raises(AbstractController::ActionNotFound) do
-        get "/render/blank_render/clone", {}, "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => false
+        get "/render/blank_render/clone", headers: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => false }
       end
     end
 
     test "raises an exception when a private method is called" do
       assert_raises(AbstractController::ActionNotFound) do
-        get "/render/blank_render/secretz", {}, "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => false
+        get "/render/blank_render/secretz", headers: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => false }
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_text_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_text_test.rb
index abb81d7e71..048458178c 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_text_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_text_test.rb
@@ -73,7 +73,10 @@ module RenderText
 
   class RenderTextTest < Rack::TestCase
     test "rendering text from a minimal controller" do
-      get "/render_text/minimal/index"
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+        get "/render_text/minimal/index"
+      end
+
       assert_body "Hello World!"
       assert_status 200
     end
@@ -82,7 +85,10 @@ module RenderText
       with_routing do |set|
         set.draw { get ':controller', action: 'index' }
 
-        get "/render_text/simple"
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+          get "/render_text/simple"
+        end
+
         assert_body "hello david"
         assert_status 200
       end
@@ -92,7 +98,9 @@ module RenderText
       with_routing do |set|
         set.draw { get ':controller', action: 'index' }
 
-        get "/render_text/with_layout"
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+          get "/render_text/with_layout"
+        end
 
         assert_body "hello david"
         assert_status 200
@@ -100,59 +108,81 @@ module RenderText
     end
 
     test "rendering text, while also providing a custom status code" do
-      get "/render_text/with_layout/custom_code"
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+        get "/render_text/with_layout/custom_code"
+      end
 
       assert_body "hello world"
       assert_status 404
     end
 
-    test "rendering text with nil returns an empty body padded for Safari" do
-      get "/render_text/with_layout/with_nil"
+    test "rendering text with nil returns an empty body" do
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+        get "/render_text/with_layout/with_nil"
+      end
 
-      assert_body " "
+      assert_body ""
       assert_status 200
     end
 
-    test "Rendering text with nil and custom status code returns an empty body padded for Safari and the status" do
-      get "/render_text/with_layout/with_nil_and_status"
+    test "Rendering text with nil and custom status code returns an empty body and the status" do
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+        get "/render_text/with_layout/with_nil_and_status"
+      end
 
-      assert_body " "
+      assert_body ""
       assert_status 403
     end
 
     test "rendering text with false returns the string 'false'" do
-      get "/render_text/with_layout/with_false"
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+        get "/render_text/with_layout/with_false"
+      end
 
       assert_body "false"
       assert_status 200
     end
 
     test "rendering text with layout: true" do
-      get "/render_text/with_layout/with_layout_true"
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+        get "/render_text/with_layout/with_layout_true"
+      end
 
       assert_body "hello world, I'm here!"
       assert_status 200
     end
 
     test "rendering text with layout: 'greetings'" do
-      get "/render_text/with_layout/with_custom_layout"
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+        get "/render_text/with_layout/with_custom_layout"
+      end
 
       assert_body "hello world, I wish thee well."
       assert_status 200
     end
 
     test "rendering text with layout: false" do
-      get "/render_text/with_layout/with_layout_false"
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+        get "/render_text/with_layout/with_layout_false"
+      end
 
       assert_body "hello world"
       assert_status 200
     end
 
     test "rendering text with layout: nil" do
-      get "/render_text/with_layout/with_layout_nil"
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+        get "/render_text/with_layout/with_layout_nil"
+      end
 
       assert_body "hello world"
       assert_status 200
     end
+
+    test "rendering text displays deprecation warning" do
+      assert_deprecated do
+        get "/render_text/with_layout/with_layout_nil"
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/accessors_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/accessors_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..97875c3cbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/accessors_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'action_controller/metal/strong_parameters'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/transform_values'
+
+class ParametersAccessorsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  setup do
+    @params = ActionController::Parameters.new(
+      person: {
+        age: '32',
+        name: {
+          first: 'David',
+          last: 'Heinemeier Hansson'
+        },
+        addresses: [{city: 'Chicago', state: 'Illinois'}]
+      }
+    )
+  end
+
+  test "[] retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params[:person].permitted?
+    assert @params[:person][:name].permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "[] retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params[:person].permitted?
+    assert_not @params[:person][:name].permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "each carries permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    @params.each { |key, value| assert(value.permitted?) if key == "person" }
+  end
+
+  test "each carries unpermitted status" do
+    @params.each { |key, value| assert_not(value.permitted?) if key == "person" }
+  end
+
+  test "each_pair carries permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    @params.each_pair { |key, value| assert(value.permitted?) if key == "person" }
+  end
+
+  test "each_pair carries unpermitted status" do
+    @params.each_pair { |key, value| assert_not(value.permitted?) if key == "person" }
+  end
+
+  test "except retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.except(:person).permitted?
+    assert @params[:person].except(:name).permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "except retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.except(:person).permitted?
+    assert_not @params[:person].except(:name).permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "fetch retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.fetch(:person).permitted?
+    assert @params[:person].fetch(:name).permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "fetch retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.fetch(:person).permitted?
+    assert_not @params[:person].fetch(:name).permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "reject retains permitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.reject { |k| k == "person" }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "reject retains unpermitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.reject { |k| k == "person" }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "select retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.select { |k| k == "person" }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "select retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.select { |k| k == "person" }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "slice retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.slice(:person).permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "slice retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.slice(:person).permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "transform_keys retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.transform_keys { |k| k }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "transform_keys retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.transform_keys { |k| k }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "transform_values retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.transform_values { |v| v }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "transform_values retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.transform_values { |v| v }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "values_at retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.values_at(:person).first.permitted?
+    assert @params[:person].values_at(:name).first.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "values_at retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.values_at(:person).first.permitted?
+    assert_not @params[:person].values_at(:name).first.permitted?
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/always_permitted_parameters_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/always_permitted_parameters_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..efaf8a96c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/always_permitted_parameters_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'action_controller/metal/strong_parameters'
+
+class AlwaysPermittedParametersTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def setup
+    ActionController::Parameters.action_on_unpermitted_parameters = :raise
+    ActionController::Parameters.always_permitted_parameters = %w( controller action format )
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    ActionController::Parameters.action_on_unpermitted_parameters = false
+    ActionController::Parameters.always_permitted_parameters = %w( controller action )
+  end
+
+  test "shows deprecations warning on NEVER_UNPERMITTED_PARAMS" do
+    assert_deprecated do
+      ActionController::Parameters::NEVER_UNPERMITTED_PARAMS
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "returns super on missing constant other than NEVER_UNPERMITTED_PARAMS" do
+    ActionController::Parameters.superclass.stub :const_missing, "super" do
+      assert_equal "super", ActionController::Parameters::NON_EXISTING_CONSTANT
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "permits parameters that are whitelisted" do
+    params = ActionController::Parameters.new({
+      book: { pages: 65 },
+      format: "json"
+    })
+    permitted = params.permit book: [:pages]
+    assert permitted.permitted?
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/mutators_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/mutators_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..744d8664be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/mutators_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'action_controller/metal/strong_parameters'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/transform_values'
+
+class ParametersMutatorsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  setup do
+    @params = ActionController::Parameters.new(
+      person: {
+        age: '32',
+        name: {
+          first: 'David',
+          last: 'Heinemeier Hansson'
+        },
+        addresses: [{city: 'Chicago', state: 'Illinois'}]
+      }
+    )
+  end
+
+  test "delete retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.delete(:person).permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "delete retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.delete(:person).permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "delete_if retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.delete_if { |k| k == "person" }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "delete_if retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.delete_if { |k| k == "person" }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "extract! retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.extract!(:person).permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "extract! retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.extract!(:person).permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "keep_if retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.keep_if { |k,v| k == "person" }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "keep_if retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.keep_if { |k,v| k == "person" }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "reject! retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.reject! { |k| k == "person" }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "reject! retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.reject! { |k| k == "person" }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "select! retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.select! { |k| k != "person" }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "select! retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.select! { |k| k != "person" }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "slice! retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.slice!(:person).permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "slice! retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.slice!(:person).permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "transform_keys! retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.transform_keys! { |k| k }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "transform_keys! retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.transform_keys! { |k| k }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "transform_values! retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.transform_values! { |v| v }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "transform_values! retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.transform_values! { |v| v }.permitted?
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/nested_parameters_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/nested_parameters_test.rb
index 3b1257e8d5..7151a8567c 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/nested_parameters_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/nested_parameters_test.rb
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ class NestedParametersTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
         authors_attributes: {
           :'0' => { name: 'William Shakespeare', age_of_death: '52' },
           :'1' => { name: 'Unattributed Assistant' },
-          :'2' => { name: %w(injected names)}
+          :'2' => { name: %w(injected names) }
         }
       }
     })
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/parameters_permit_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/parameters_permit_test.rb
index 33a91d72d9..87816515e7 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/parameters_permit_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/parameters_permit_test.rb
@@ -167,9 +167,26 @@ class ParametersPermitTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  # Strong params has an optimization to avoid looping every time you read
+  # a key whose value is an array and building a new object. We check that
+  # optimization here.
   test 'arrays are converted at most once' do
     params = ActionController::Parameters.new(foo: [{}])
-    assert params[:foo].equal?(params[:foo])
+    assert_same params[:foo], params[:foo]
+  end
+
+  # Strong params has an internal cache to avoid duplicated loops in the most
+  # common usage pattern. See the docs of the method `converted_arrays`.
+  #
+  # This test checks that if we push a hash to an array (in-place modification)
+  # the cache does not get fooled, the hash is still wrapped as strong params,
+  # and not permitted.
+  test 'mutated arrays are detected' do
+    params = ActionController::Parameters.new(users: [{id: 1}])
+
+    permitted = params.permit(users: [:id])
+    permitted[:users] << {injected: 1}
+    assert_not permitted[:users].last.permitted?
   end
 
   test "fetch doesnt raise ParameterMissing exception if there is a default" do
@@ -177,40 +194,17 @@ class ParametersPermitTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "monkey", @params.fetch(:foo) { "monkey" }
   end
 
-  test "not permitted is sticky on accessors" do
-    assert !@params.slice(:person).permitted?
-    assert !@params[:person][:name].permitted?
-    assert !@params[:person].except(:name).permitted?
-
-    @params.each { |key, value| assert(!value.permitted?) if key == "person" }
-
-    assert !@params.fetch(:person).permitted?
-
-    assert !@params.values_at(:person).first.permitted?
+  test "fetch doesnt raise ParameterMissing exception if there is a default that is nil" do
+    assert_equal nil, @params.fetch(:foo, nil)
+    assert_equal nil, @params.fetch(:foo) { nil }
   end
 
-  test "permitted is sticky on accessors" do
-    @params.permit!
-    assert @params.slice(:person).permitted?
-    assert @params[:person][:name].permitted?
-    assert @params[:person].except(:name).permitted?
-
-    @params.each { |key, value| assert(value.permitted?) if key == "person" }
-
-    assert @params.fetch(:person).permitted?
-
-    assert @params.values_at(:person).first.permitted?
-  end
-
-  test "not permitted is sticky on mutators" do
-    assert !@params.delete_if { |k| k == "person" }.permitted?
-    assert !@params.keep_if { |k,v| k == "person" }.permitted?
-  end
-
-  test "permitted is sticky on mutators" do
-    @params.permit!
-    assert @params.delete_if { |k| k == "person" }.permitted?
-    assert @params.keep_if { |k,v| k == "person" }.permitted?
+  test 'KeyError in fetch block should not be covered up' do
+    params = ActionController::Parameters.new
+    e = assert_raises(KeyError) do
+      params.fetch(:missing_key) { {}.fetch(:also_missing) }
+    end
+    assert_match(/:also_missing$/, e.message)
   end
 
   test "not permitted is sticky beyond merges" do
@@ -260,4 +254,47 @@ class ParametersPermitTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "permitting parameters as an array" do
     assert_equal "32", @params[:person].permit([ :age ])[:age]
   end
+
+  test "to_h returns empty hash on unpermitted params" do
+    assert @params.to_h.is_a? ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess
+    assert_not @params.to_h.is_a? ActionController::Parameters
+    assert @params.to_h.empty?
+  end
+
+  test "to_h returns converted hash on permitted params" do
+    @params.permit!
+
+    assert @params.to_h.is_a? ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess
+    assert_not @params.to_h.is_a? ActionController::Parameters
+  end
+
+  test "to_h returns converted hash when .permit_all_parameters is set" do
+    begin
+      ActionController::Parameters.permit_all_parameters = true
+      params = ActionController::Parameters.new(crab: "Senjougahara Hitagi")
+
+      assert params.to_h.is_a? ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess
+      assert_not @params.to_h.is_a? ActionController::Parameters
+      assert_equal({ "crab" => "Senjougahara Hitagi" }, params.to_h)
+    ensure
+      ActionController::Parameters.permit_all_parameters = false
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "to_h returns always permitted parameter on unpermitted params" do
+    params = ActionController::Parameters.new(
+      controller: "users",
+      action: "create",
+      user: {
+        name: "Sengoku Nadeko"
+      }
+    )
+
+    assert_equal({ "controller" => "users", "action" => "create" }, params.to_h)
+  end
+
+  test "to_unsafe_h returns unfiltered params" do
+    assert @params.to_h.is_a? ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess
+    assert_not @params.to_h.is_a? ActionController::Parameters
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/params_wrapper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/params_wrapper_test.rb
index 11ccb6cf3b..7226beed26 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/params_wrapper_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/params_wrapper_test.rb
@@ -28,8 +28,17 @@ class ParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  class User; end
-  class Person; end
+  class User
+    def self.attribute_names
+      []
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Person
+    def self.attribute_names
+      []
+    end
+  end
 
   tests UsersController
 
@@ -40,7 +49,7 @@ class ParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_filtered_parameters
     with_default_wrapper_options do
       @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-      post :parse, { 'username' => 'sikachu' }
+      post :parse, params: { 'username' => 'sikachu' }
       assert_equal @request.filtered_parameters, { 'controller' => 'params_wrapper_test/users', 'action' => 'parse', 'username' => 'sikachu', 'user' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' } }
     end
   end
@@ -48,7 +57,7 @@ class ParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_derived_name_from_controller
     with_default_wrapper_options do
       @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-      post :parse, { 'username' => 'sikachu' }
+      post :parse, params: { 'username' => 'sikachu' }
       assert_parameters({ 'username' => 'sikachu', 'user' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' }})
     end
   end
@@ -58,7 +67,7 @@ class ParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
       UsersController.wrap_parameters :person
 
       @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-      post :parse, { 'username' => 'sikachu' }
+      post :parse, params: { 'username' => 'sikachu' }
       assert_parameters({ 'username' => 'sikachu', 'person' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' }})
     end
   end
@@ -68,7 +77,7 @@ class ParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
       UsersController.wrap_parameters Person
 
       @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-      post :parse, { 'username' => 'sikachu' }
+      post :parse, params: { 'username' => 'sikachu' }
       assert_parameters({ 'username' => 'sikachu', 'person' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' }})
     end
   end
@@ -78,7 +87,7 @@ class ParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
       UsersController.wrap_parameters :include => :username
 
       @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-      post :parse, { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
+      post :parse, params: { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
       assert_parameters({ 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer', 'user' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' }})
     end
   end
@@ -88,7 +97,7 @@ class ParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
       UsersController.wrap_parameters :exclude => :title
 
       @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-      post :parse, { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
+      post :parse, params: { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
       assert_parameters({ 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer', 'user' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' }})
     end
   end
@@ -98,7 +107,7 @@ class ParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
       UsersController.wrap_parameters :person, :include => :username
 
       @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-      post :parse, { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
+      post :parse, params: { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
       assert_parameters({ 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer', 'person' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' }})
     end
   end
@@ -106,7 +115,7 @@ class ParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_not_enabled_format
     with_default_wrapper_options do
       @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/xml'
-      post :parse, { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
+      post :parse, params: { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
       assert_parameters({ 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' })
     end
   end
@@ -115,7 +124,7 @@ class ParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
     with_default_wrapper_options do
       UsersController.wrap_parameters false
       @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-      post :parse, { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
+      post :parse, params: { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
       assert_parameters({ 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' })
     end
   end
@@ -125,7 +134,7 @@ class ParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
       UsersController.wrap_parameters :format => :xml
 
       @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/xml'
-      post :parse, { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
+      post :parse, params: { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
       assert_parameters({ 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer', 'user' => { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }})
     end
   end
@@ -133,7 +142,7 @@ class ParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_not_wrap_reserved_parameters
     with_default_wrapper_options do
       @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-      post :parse, { 'authenticity_token' => 'pwned', '_method' => 'put', 'utf8' => '&#9731;', 'username' => 'sikachu' }
+      post :parse, params: { 'authenticity_token' => 'pwned', '_method' => 'put', 'utf8' => '&#9731;', 'username' => 'sikachu' }
       assert_parameters({ 'authenticity_token' => 'pwned', '_method' => 'put', 'utf8' => '&#9731;', 'username' => 'sikachu', 'user' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' }})
     end
   end
@@ -141,7 +150,7 @@ class ParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_no_double_wrap_if_key_exists
     with_default_wrapper_options do
       @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-      post :parse, { 'user' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' }}
+      post :parse, params: { 'user' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' }}
       assert_parameters({ 'user' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' }})
     end
   end
@@ -149,42 +158,37 @@ class ParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_nested_params
     with_default_wrapper_options do
       @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-      post :parse, { 'person' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' }}
+      post :parse, params: { 'person' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' }}
       assert_parameters({ 'person' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' }, 'user' => {'person' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' }}})
     end
   end
 
   def test_derived_wrapped_keys_from_matching_model
-    User.expects(:respond_to?).with(:attribute_names).returns(true)
-    User.expects(:attribute_names).twice.returns(["username"])
-
-    with_default_wrapper_options do
-      @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-      post :parse, { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
-      assert_parameters({ 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer', 'user' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' }})
+    assert_called(User, :attribute_names, times: 2, returns: ["username"]) do
+      with_default_wrapper_options do
+        @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
+        post :parse, params: { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
+        assert_parameters({ 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer', 'user' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' }})
+      end
     end
   end
 
   def test_derived_wrapped_keys_from_specified_model
     with_default_wrapper_options do
-      Person.expects(:respond_to?).with(:attribute_names).returns(true)
-      Person.expects(:attribute_names).twice.returns(["username"])
-
-      UsersController.wrap_parameters Person
+      assert_called(Person, :attribute_names, times: 2, returns: ["username"]) do
+        UsersController.wrap_parameters Person
 
-      @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-      post :parse, { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
-      assert_parameters({ 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer', 'person' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' }})
+        @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
+        post :parse, params: { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
+        assert_parameters({ 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer', 'person' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' }})
+      end
     end
   end
 
   def test_not_wrapping_abstract_model
-    User.expects(:respond_to?).with(:attribute_names).returns(true)
-    User.expects(:attribute_names).returns([])
-
     with_default_wrapper_options do
       @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-      post :parse, { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
+      post :parse, params: { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
       assert_parameters({ 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer', 'user' => { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }})
     end
   end
@@ -192,7 +196,7 @@ class ParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_preserves_query_string_params
     with_default_wrapper_options do
       @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-      get :parse, { 'user' => { 'username' => 'nixon' } }
+      get :parse, params: { 'user' => { 'username' => 'nixon' } }
       assert_parameters(
         {'user' => { 'username' => 'nixon' } }
       )
@@ -202,7 +206,7 @@ class ParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_empty_parameter_set
     with_default_wrapper_options do
       @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-      post :parse, {}
+      post :parse, params: {}
       assert_parameters(
         {'user' => { } }
       )
@@ -249,7 +253,7 @@ class NamespacedParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_derived_name_from_controller
     with_default_wrapper_options do
       @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-      post :parse, { 'username' => 'sikachu' }
+      post :parse, params: { 'username' => 'sikachu' }
       assert_parameters({'username' => 'sikachu', 'user' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' }})
     end
   end
@@ -259,7 +263,7 @@ class NamespacedParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
     begin
       with_default_wrapper_options do
         @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-        post :parse, { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
+        post :parse, params: { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
         assert_parameters({ 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer', 'user' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' }})
       end
     ensure
@@ -272,7 +276,7 @@ class NamespacedParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
     begin
       with_default_wrapper_options do
         @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-        post :parse, { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
+        post :parse, params: { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
         assert_parameters({ 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer', 'user' => { 'title' => 'Developer' }})
       end
     ensure
@@ -299,7 +303,7 @@ class AnonymousControllerParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_does_not_implicitly_wrap_params
     with_default_wrapper_options do
       @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-      post :parse, { 'username' => 'sikachu' }
+      post :parse, params: { 'username' => 'sikachu' }
       assert_parameters({ 'username' => 'sikachu' })
     end
   end
@@ -308,7 +312,7 @@ class AnonymousControllerParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
     with_default_wrapper_options do
       @controller.class.wrap_parameters(:name => "guest")
       @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-      post :parse, { 'username' => 'sikachu' }
+      post :parse, params: { 'username' => 'sikachu' }
       assert_parameters({ 'username' => 'sikachu', 'guest' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' }})
     end
   end
@@ -337,14 +341,26 @@ class IrregularInflectionParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
   tests ParamswrappernewsController
 
   def test_uses_model_attribute_names_with_irregular_inflection
-    ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
-      inflect.irregular 'paramswrappernews_item', 'paramswrappernews'
-    end
+    with_dup do
+      ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
+        inflect.irregular 'paramswrappernews_item', 'paramswrappernews'
+      end
 
-    with_default_wrapper_options do
-      @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-      post :parse, { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'test_attr' => 'test_value' }
-      assert_parameters({ 'username' => 'sikachu', 'test_attr' => 'test_value', 'paramswrappernews_item' => { 'test_attr' => 'test_value' }})
+      with_default_wrapper_options do
+        @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
+        post :parse, params: { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'test_attr' => 'test_value' }
+        assert_parameters({ 'username' => 'sikachu', 'test_attr' => 'test_value', 'paramswrappernews_item' => { 'test_attr' => 'test_value' }})
+      end
     end
   end
+
+  private
+
+  def with_dup
+    original = ActiveSupport::Inflector::Inflections.instance_variable_get(:@__instance__)[:en]
+    ActiveSupport::Inflector::Inflections.instance_variable_set(:@__instance__, en: original.dup)
+    yield
+  ensure
+    ActiveSupport::Inflector::Inflections.instance_variable_set(:@__instance__, en: original)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/permitted_params_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/permitted_params_test.rb
index f46249d712..7c753a45a5 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/permitted_params_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/permitted_params_test.rb
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 
 class PeopleController < ActionController::Base
   def create
-    render text: params[:person].permitted? ? "permitted" : "forbidden"
+    render plain: params[:person].permitted? ? "permitted" : "forbidden"
   end
 
   def create_with_permit
-    render text: params[:person].permit(:name).permitted? ? "permitted" : "forbidden"
+    render plain: params[:person].permit(:name).permitted? ? "permitted" : "forbidden"
   end
 end
 
@@ -14,12 +14,12 @@ class ActionControllerPermittedParamsTest < ActionController::TestCase
   tests PeopleController
 
   test "parameters are forbidden" do
-    post :create, { person: { name: "Mjallo!" } }
+    post :create, params: { person: { name: "Mjallo!" } }
     assert_equal "forbidden", response.body
   end
 
   test "parameters can be permitted and are then not forbidden" do
-    post :create_with_permit, { person: { name: "Mjallo!" } }
+    post :create_with_permit, params: { person: { name: "Mjallo!" } }
     assert_equal "permitted", response.body
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/redirect_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/redirect_test.rb
index 4331333b98..631ff7d02a 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/redirect_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/redirect_test.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,10 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 
-class WorkshopsController < ActionController::Base
-end
-
 class RedirectController < ActionController::Base
   # empty method not used anywhere to ensure methods like
   # `status` and `location` aren't called on `redirect_to` calls
-  def status; render :text => 'called status'; end
-  def location; render :text => 'called location'; end
+  def status; render plain: 'called status'; end
+  def location; render plain: 'called location'; end
 
   def simple_redirect
     redirect_to :action => "hello_world"
@@ -53,17 +50,12 @@ class RedirectController < ActionController::Base
     redirect_to :controller => 'module_test/module_redirect', :action => "hello_world"
   end
 
-  def redirect_with_assigns
-    @hello = "world"
-    redirect_to :action => "hello_world"
-  end
-
   def redirect_to_url
     redirect_to "http://www.rubyonrails.org/"
   end
 
   def redirect_to_url_with_unescaped_query_string
-    redirect_to "http://dev.rubyonrails.org/query?status=new"
+    redirect_to "http://example.com/query?status=new"
   end
 
   def redirect_to_url_with_complex_scheme
@@ -90,6 +82,10 @@ class RedirectController < ActionController::Base
     redirect_to nil
   end
 
+  def redirect_to_params
+    redirect_to ActionController::Parameters.new(status: 200, protocol: 'javascript', f: '%0Aeval(name)')
+  end
+
   def redirect_to_with_block
     redirect_to proc { "http://www.rubyonrails.org/" }
   end
@@ -214,12 +210,6 @@ class RedirectTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_redirected_to :controller => 'module_test/module_redirect', :action => 'hello_world'
   end
 
-  def test_redirect_with_assigns
-    get :redirect_with_assigns
-    assert_response :redirect
-    assert_equal "world", assigns["hello"]
-  end
-
   def test_redirect_to_url
     get :redirect_to_url
     assert_response :redirect
@@ -229,7 +219,7 @@ class RedirectTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_redirect_to_url_with_unescaped_query_string
     get :redirect_to_url_with_unescaped_query_string
     assert_response :redirect
-    assert_redirected_to "http://dev.rubyonrails.org/query?status=new"
+    assert_redirected_to "http://example.com/query?status=new"
   end
 
   def test_redirect_to_url_with_complex_scheme
@@ -276,9 +266,17 @@ class RedirectTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_redirect_to_nil
-    assert_raise(ActionController::ActionControllerError) do
+    error = assert_raise(ActionController::ActionControllerError) do
       get :redirect_to_nil
     end
+    assert_equal "Cannot redirect to nil!", error.message
+  end
+
+  def test_redirect_to_params
+    error = assert_raise(ActionController::ActionControllerError) do
+      get :redirect_to_params
+    end
+    assert_equal "Cannot redirect to a parameter hash!", error.message
   end
 
   def test_redirect_to_with_block
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/render_js_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/render_js_test.rb
index d550422a2f..6b661de064 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/render_js_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/render_js_test.rb
@@ -22,13 +22,13 @@ class RenderJSTest < ActionController::TestCase
   tests TestController
 
   def test_render_vanilla_js
-    xhr :get, :render_vanilla_js_hello
+    get :render_vanilla_js_hello, xhr: true
     assert_equal "alert('hello')", @response.body
     assert_equal "text/javascript", @response.content_type
   end
 
   def test_should_render_js_partial
-    xhr :get, :show_partial, :format => 'js'
+    get :show_partial, format: 'js', xhr: true
     assert_equal 'partial js', @response.body
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/render_json_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/render_json_test.rb
index de8d1cbd9b..3773900cc4 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/render_json_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/render_json_test.rb
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class RenderJsonTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
 
     def render_json_render_to_string
-      render :text => render_to_string(:json => '[]')
+      render plain: render_to_string(json: '[]')
     end
 
     def render_json_hello_world
@@ -100,13 +100,13 @@ class RenderJsonTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_render_json_with_callback
-    xhr :get, :render_json_hello_world_with_callback
-    assert_equal 'alert({"hello":"world"})', @response.body
+    get :render_json_hello_world_with_callback, xhr: true
+    assert_equal '/**/alert({"hello":"world"})', @response.body
     assert_equal 'text/javascript', @response.content_type
   end
 
   def test_render_json_with_custom_content_type
-    xhr :get, :render_json_with_custom_content_type
+    get :render_json_with_custom_content_type, xhr: true
     assert_equal '{"hello":"world"}', @response.body
     assert_equal 'text/javascript', @response.content_type
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/render_other_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/render_other_test.rb
index b5e74e373d..1f5215ac55 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/render_other_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/render_other_test.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,5 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 
-ActionController.add_renderer :simon do |says, options|
-  self.content_type  = Mime::TEXT
-  self.response_body = "Simon says: #{says}"
-end
 
 class RenderOtherTest < ActionController::TestCase
   class TestController < ActionController::Base
@@ -15,7 +11,14 @@ class RenderOtherTest < ActionController::TestCase
   tests TestController
 
   def test_using_custom_render_option
+    ActionController.add_renderer :simon do |says, options|
+      self.content_type  = Mime[:text]
+      self.response_body = "Simon says: #{says}"
+    end
+
     get :render_simon_says
     assert_equal "Simon says: foo", @response.body
+  ensure
+    ActionController.remove_renderer :simon
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/render_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/render_test.rb
index 26806fb03f..256ebf6a07 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/render_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/render_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'controller/fake_models'
-require 'pathname'
 
 class TestControllerWithExtraEtags < ActionController::Base
   etag { nil  }
@@ -10,11 +9,22 @@ class TestControllerWithExtraEtags < ActionController::Base
   etag { nil  }
 
   def fresh
-    render text: "stale" if stale?(etag: '123')
+    render plain: "stale" if stale?(etag: '123', template: false)
   end
 
   def array
-    render text: "stale" if stale?(etag: %w(1 2 3))
+    render plain: "stale" if stale?(etag: %w(1 2 3), template: false)
+  end
+
+  def with_template
+    if stale? template: 'test/hello_world'
+      render plain: 'stale'
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class ImplicitRenderTestController < ActionController::Base
+  def empty_action
   end
 end
 
@@ -52,24 +62,24 @@ class TestController < ActionController::Base
     end
   end
 
-  def conditional_hello_with_public_header
-    if stale?(:last_modified => Time.now.utc.beginning_of_day, :etag => [:foo, 123], :public => true)
-      render :action => 'hello_world'
+  class Collection
+    def initialize(records)
+      @records = records
     end
-  end
 
-  def conditional_hello_with_public_header_with_record
-    record = Struct.new(:updated_at, :cache_key).new(Time.now.utc.beginning_of_day, "foo/123")
-
-    if stale?(record, :public => true)
-      render :action => 'hello_world'
+    def maximum(attribute)
+      @records.max_by(&attribute).public_send(attribute)
     end
   end
 
-  def conditional_hello_with_public_header_and_expires_at
-    expires_in 1.minute
-    if stale?(:last_modified => Time.now.utc.beginning_of_day, :etag => [:foo, 123], :public => true)
-      render :action => 'hello_world'
+  def conditional_hello_with_collection_of_records
+    ts = Time.now.utc.beginning_of_day
+
+    record = Struct.new(:updated_at, :cache_key).new(ts, "foo/123")
+    old_record = Struct.new(:updated_at, :cache_key).new(ts - 1.day, "bar/123")
+
+    if stale?(Collection.new([record, old_record]))
+      render action: 'hello_world'
     end
   end
 
@@ -114,6 +124,10 @@ class TestController < ActionController::Base
     render :action => 'hello_world'
   end
 
+  def respond_with_empty_body
+    render nothing: true
+  end
+
   def conditional_hello_with_bangs
     render :action => 'hello_world'
   end
@@ -123,48 +137,12 @@ class TestController < ActionController::Base
     fresh_when(:last_modified => Time.now.utc.beginning_of_day, :etag => [ :foo, 123 ])
   end
 
-  def heading
-    head :ok
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def double_render
-    render :text => "hello"
-    render :text => "world"
-  end
-
-  def double_redirect
-    redirect_to :action => "double_render"
-    redirect_to :action => "double_render"
-  end
-
-  def render_and_redirect
-    render :text => "hello"
-    redirect_to :action => "double_render"
-  end
-
-  def render_to_string_and_render
-    @stuff = render_to_string :text => "here is some cached stuff"
-    render :text => "Hi web users! #{@stuff}"
-  end
-
-  def render_to_string_with_inline_and_render
-    render_to_string :inline => "<%= 'dlrow olleh'.reverse %>"
-    render :template => "test/hello_world"
-  end
-
-  def rendering_with_conflicting_local_vars
-    @name = "David"
-    render :action => "potential_conflicts"
-  end
-
-  def hello_world_from_rxml_using_action
-    render :action => "hello_world_from_rxml", :handlers => [:builder]
+  def head_with_status_hash
+    head status: :created
   end
 
-  # :deprecated:
-  def hello_world_from_rxml_using_template
-    render :template => "test/hello_world_from_rxml", :handlers => [:builder]
+  def head_with_hash_does_not_include_status
+    head warning: :deprecated
   end
 
   def head_created
@@ -180,37 +158,51 @@ class TestController < ActionController::Base
   end
 
   def head_with_location_header
-    head :location => "/foo"
+    head :ok, :location => "/foo"
   end
 
   def head_with_location_object
-    head :location => Customer.new("david", 1)
+    head :ok, :location => Customer.new("david", 1)
   end
 
   def head_with_symbolic_status
-    head :status => params[:status].intern
+    head params[:status].intern
   end
 
   def head_with_integer_status
-    head :status => params[:status].to_i
+    head params[:status].to_i
   end
 
   def head_with_string_status
-    head :status => params[:status]
+    head params[:status]
   end
 
   def head_with_custom_header
-    head :x_custom_header => "something"
+    head :ok, :x_custom_header => "something"
   end
 
   def head_with_www_authenticate_header
-    head 'WWW-Authenticate' => 'something'
+    head :ok, 'WWW-Authenticate' => 'something'
   end
 
   def head_with_status_code_first
     head :forbidden, :x_custom_header => "something"
   end
 
+  def head_and_return
+    head :ok and return
+    raise 'should not reach this line'
+  end
+
+  def head_with_no_content
+    # Fill in the headers with dummy data to make
+    # sure they get removed during the testing
+    response.headers["Content-Type"] = "dummy"
+    response.headers["Content-Length"] = 42
+
+    head 204
+  end
+
   private
 
     def set_variable_for_layout
@@ -292,11 +284,18 @@ class ExpiresInRenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_match(/no-transform/, @response.headers["Cache-Control"])
   end
 
+  def test_render_nothing_deprecated
+    assert_deprecated do
+      get :respond_with_empty_body
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_date_header_when_expires_in
     time = Time.mktime(2011,10,30)
-    Time.stubs(:now).returns(time)
-    get :conditional_hello_with_expires_in
-    assert_equal Time.now.httpdate, @response.headers["Date"]
+    Time.stub :now, time do
+      get :conditional_hello_with_expires_in
+      assert_equal Time.now.httpdate, @response.headers["Date"]
+    end
   end
 end
 
@@ -336,7 +335,6 @@ class LastModifiedRenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal @last_modified, @response.headers['Last-Modified']
   end
 
-
   def test_responds_with_last_modified_with_record
     get :conditional_hello_with_record
     assert_equal @last_modified, @response.headers['Last-Modified']
@@ -347,6 +345,7 @@ class LastModifiedRenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
     get :conditional_hello_with_record
     assert_equal 304, @response.status.to_i
     assert @response.body.blank?
+    assert_not_nil @response.etag
     assert_equal @last_modified, @response.headers['Last-Modified']
   end
 
@@ -365,6 +364,34 @@ class LastModifiedRenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal @last_modified, @response.headers['Last-Modified']
   end
 
+  def test_responds_with_last_modified_with_collection_of_records
+    get :conditional_hello_with_collection_of_records
+    assert_equal @last_modified, @response.headers['Last-Modified']
+  end
+
+  def test_request_not_modified_with_collection_of_records
+    @request.if_modified_since = @last_modified
+    get :conditional_hello_with_collection_of_records
+    assert_equal 304, @response.status.to_i
+    assert @response.body.blank?
+    assert_equal @last_modified, @response.headers['Last-Modified']
+  end
+
+  def test_request_not_modified_but_etag_differs_with_collection_of_records
+    @request.if_modified_since = @last_modified
+    @request.if_none_match = "234"
+    get :conditional_hello_with_collection_of_records
+    assert_response :success
+  end
+
+  def test_request_modified_with_collection_of_records
+    @request.if_modified_since = 'Thu, 16 Jul 2008 00:00:00 GMT'
+    get :conditional_hello_with_collection_of_records
+    assert_equal 200, @response.status.to_i
+    assert @response.body.present?
+    assert_equal @last_modified, @response.headers['Last-Modified']
+  end
+
   def test_request_with_bang_gets_last_modified
     get :conditional_hello_with_bangs
     assert_equal @last_modified, @response.headers['Last-Modified']
@@ -387,10 +414,6 @@ end
 class EtagRenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
   tests TestControllerWithExtraEtags
 
-  def setup
-    super
-  end
-
   def test_multiple_etags
     @request.if_none_match = etag(["123", 'ab', :cde, [:f]])
     get :fresh
@@ -411,6 +434,32 @@ class EtagRenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_response :success
   end
 
+  def test_etag_reflects_template_digest
+    get :with_template
+    assert_response :ok
+    assert_not_nil etag = @response.etag
+
+    request.if_none_match = etag
+    get :with_template
+    assert_response :not_modified
+
+    # Modify the template digest
+    path = File.expand_path('../../fixtures/test/hello_world.erb', __FILE__)
+    old = File.read(path)
+
+    begin
+      File.write path, 'foo'
+      ActionView::Digestor.cache.clear
+
+      request.if_none_match = etag
+      get :with_template
+      assert_response :ok
+      assert_not_equal etag, @response.etag
+    ensure
+      File.write path, old
+    end
+  end
+
   def etag(record)
     Digest::MD5.hexdigest(ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key(record)).inspect
   end
@@ -425,6 +474,15 @@ class MetalRenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 end
 
+class ImplicitRenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  tests ImplicitRenderTestController
+
+  def test_implicit_no_content_response
+    get :empty_action
+    assert_response :no_content
+  end
+end
+
 class HeadRenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
   tests TestController
 
@@ -438,6 +496,19 @@ class HeadRenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_response :created
   end
 
+  def test_passing_hash_to_head_as_first_parameter_deprecated
+    assert_deprecated do
+      get :head_with_status_hash
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_head_with_default_value_is_deprecated
+    assert_deprecated do
+      get :head_with_hash_does_not_include_status
+      assert_response :ok
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_head_created_with_application_json_content_type
     post :head_created_with_application_json_content_type
     assert @response.body.blank?
@@ -488,21 +559,21 @@ class HeadRenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_head_with_symbolic_status
-    get :head_with_symbolic_status, :status => "ok"
+    get :head_with_symbolic_status, params: { status: "ok" }
     assert_equal 200, @response.status
     assert_response :ok
 
-    get :head_with_symbolic_status, :status => "not_found"
+    get :head_with_symbolic_status, params: { status: "not_found" }
     assert_equal 404, @response.status
     assert_response :not_found
 
-    get :head_with_symbolic_status, :status => "no_content"
+    get :head_with_symbolic_status, params: { status: "no_content" }
     assert_equal 204, @response.status
     assert !@response.headers.include?('Content-Length')
     assert_response :no_content
 
     Rack::Utils::SYMBOL_TO_STATUS_CODE.each do |status, code|
-      get :head_with_symbolic_status, :status => status.to_s
+      get :head_with_symbolic_status, params: { status: status.to_s }
       assert_equal code, @response.response_code
       assert_response status
     end
@@ -510,13 +581,21 @@ class HeadRenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_head_with_integer_status
     Rack::Utils::HTTP_STATUS_CODES.each do |code, message|
-      get :head_with_integer_status, :status => code.to_s
+      get :head_with_integer_status, params: { status: code.to_s }
       assert_equal message, @response.message
     end
   end
 
+  def test_head_with_no_content
+    get :head_with_no_content
+
+    assert_equal 204, @response.status
+    assert_nil @response.headers["Content-Type"]
+    assert_nil @response.headers["Content-Length"]
+  end
+
   def test_head_with_string_status
-    get :head_with_string_status, :status => "404 Eat Dirt"
+    get :head_with_string_status, params: { status: "404 Eat Dirt" }
     assert_equal 404, @response.response_code
     assert_equal "Not Found", @response.message
     assert_response :not_found
@@ -529,4 +608,63 @@ class HeadRenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal "something", @response.headers["X-Custom-Header"]
     assert_response :forbidden
   end
+
+  def test_head_returns_truthy_value
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      get :head_and_return
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class HttpCacheForeverTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  class HttpCacheForeverController < ActionController::Base
+    def cache_me_forever
+      http_cache_forever(public: params[:public], version: params[:version] || 'v1') do
+        render plain: 'hello'
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  tests HttpCacheForeverController
+
+  def test_cache_with_public
+    get :cache_me_forever, params: {public: true}
+    assert_equal "max-age=#{100.years}, public", @response.headers["Cache-Control"]
+    assert_not_nil @response.etag
+  end
+
+  def test_cache_with_private
+    get :cache_me_forever
+    assert_equal "max-age=#{100.years}, private", @response.headers["Cache-Control"]
+    assert_not_nil @response.etag
+    assert_response :success
+  end
+
+  def test_cache_response_code_with_if_modified_since
+    get :cache_me_forever
+    assert_response :success
+    @request.if_modified_since = @response.headers['Last-Modified']
+    get :cache_me_forever
+    assert_response :not_modified
+  end
+
+  def test_cache_response_code_with_etag
+    get :cache_me_forever
+    assert_response :success
+    @request.if_modified_since = @response.headers['Last-Modified']
+    @request.if_none_match = @response.etag
+
+    get :cache_me_forever
+    assert_response :not_modified
+    @request.if_modified_since = @response.headers['Last-Modified']
+    @request.if_none_match = @response.etag
+
+    get :cache_me_forever, params: {version: 'v2'}
+    assert_response :success
+    @request.if_modified_since = @response.headers['Last-Modified']
+    @request.if_none_match = @response.etag
+
+    get :cache_me_forever, params: {version: 'v2'}
+    assert_response :not_modified
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/render_xml_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/render_xml_test.rb
index 4f280c4bec..f0fd7ddc5e 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/render_xml_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/render_xml_test.rb
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ class RenderXmlTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_render_formatted_xml_erb_template
-    get :formatted_xml_erb, :format => :xml
+    get :formatted_xml_erb, format: :xml
     assert_equal '<test>passed formatted xml erb</test>', @response.body
   end
 
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ class RenderXmlTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_use_implicit_content_type
-    get :implicit_content_type, :format => 'atom'
-    assert_equal Mime::ATOM, @response.content_type
+    get :implicit_content_type, format: 'atom'
+    assert_equal Mime[:atom], @response.content_type
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/renderer_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/renderer_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..16d24fa82a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/renderer_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class RendererTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test 'action controller base has a renderer' do
+    assert ActionController::Base.renderer
+  end
+
+  test 'creating with a controller' do
+    controller = CommentsController
+    renderer   = ActionController::Renderer.for controller
+
+    assert_equal controller, renderer.controller
+  end
+
+  test 'creating from a controller' do
+    controller = AccountsController
+    renderer   = controller.renderer
+
+    assert_equal controller, renderer.controller
+  end
+
+  test 'rendering with a class renderer' do
+    renderer = ApplicationController.renderer
+    content  = renderer.render template: 'ruby_template'
+
+    assert_equal 'Hello from Ruby code', content
+  end
+
+  test 'rendering with an instance renderer' do
+    renderer = ApplicationController.renderer.new
+    content  = renderer.render file: 'test/hello_world'
+
+    assert_equal 'Hello world!', content
+  end
+
+  test 'rendering with a controller class' do
+    assert_equal 'Hello world!', ApplicationController.render('test/hello_world')
+  end
+
+  test 'rendering with locals' do
+    renderer = ApplicationController.renderer
+    content  = renderer.render template: 'test/render_file_with_locals',
+                               locals: { secret: 'bar' }
+
+    assert_equal "The secret is bar\n", content
+  end
+
+  test 'rendering with assigns' do
+    renderer = ApplicationController.renderer
+    content  = renderer.render template: 'test/render_file_with_ivar',
+                               assigns: { secret: 'foo' }
+
+    assert_equal "The secret is foo\n", content
+  end
+
+  test 'rendering with custom env' do
+    renderer = ApplicationController.renderer.new method: 'post'
+    content  = renderer.render inline: '<%= request.post? %>'
+
+    assert_equal 'true', content
+  end
+
+  test 'rendering with defaults' do
+    renderer = ApplicationController.renderer.new https: true
+    content = renderer.render inline: '<%= request.ssl? %>'
+
+    assert_equal 'true', content
+  end
+
+  test 'same defaults from the same controller' do
+    renderer_defaults = ->(controller) { controller.renderer.defaults }
+
+    assert_equal renderer_defaults[AccountsController], renderer_defaults[AccountsController]
+    assert_equal renderer_defaults[AccountsController], renderer_defaults[CommentsController]
+  end
+
+  test 'rendering with different formats' do
+    html = 'Hello world!'
+    xml  = "<p>Hello world!</p>\n"
+
+    assert_equal html, render['respond_to/using_defaults']
+    assert_equal xml,  render['respond_to/using_defaults.xml.builder']
+    assert_equal xml,  render['respond_to/using_defaults', formats: :xml]
+  end
+
+  test 'rendering with helpers' do
+    assert_equal "<p>1\n<br />2</p>", render[inline: '<%= simple_format "1\n2" %>']
+  end
+
+  private
+    def render
+      @render ||= ApplicationController.renderer.method(:render)
+    end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/request/test_request_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/request/test_request_test.rb
index e624f11773..e5d698d5c2 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/request/test_request_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/request/test_request_test.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,7 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'stringio'
 
-class ActionController::TestRequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-
-  def setup
-    @request = ActionController::TestRequest.new
-  end
+class ActionController::TestRequestTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_test_request_has_session_options_initialized
     assert @request.session_options
@@ -24,12 +20,4 @@ class ActionController::TestRequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_session_id_exists_by_default
-    assert_not_nil(@request.session_options[:id])
-  end
-
-  def test_session_id_different_on_each_call
-    assert_not_equal(@request.session_options[:id], ActionController::TestRequest.new.session_options[:id])
-  end
-
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/request_forgery_protection_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/request_forgery_protection_test.rb
index 1f5fc06410..87a8ed3dc9 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/request_forgery_protection_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/request_forgery_protection_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'digest/sha1'
 require "active_support/log_subscriber/test_helper"
 
 # common controller actions
@@ -12,30 +11,14 @@ module RequestForgeryProtectionActions
     render :inline => "<%= button_to('New', '/') %>"
   end
 
-  def external_form
-    render :inline => "<%= form_tag('http://farfar.away/form', :authenticity_token => 'external_token') {} %>"
-  end
-
-  def external_form_without_protection
-    render :inline => "<%= form_tag('http://farfar.away/form', :authenticity_token => false) {} %>"
-  end
-
   def unsafe
-    render :text => 'pwn'
+    render plain: 'pwn'
   end
 
   def meta
     render :inline => "<%= csrf_meta_tags %>"
   end
 
-  def external_form_for
-    render :inline => "<%= form_for(:some_resource, :authenticity_token => 'external_token') {} %>"
-  end
-
-  def form_for_without_protection
-    render :inline => "<%= form_for(:some_resource, :authenticity_token => false ) {} %>"
-  end
-
   def form_for_remote
     render :inline => "<%= form_for(:some_resource, :remote => true ) {} %>"
   end
@@ -70,7 +53,6 @@ module RequestForgeryProtectionActions
     negotiate_same_origin
   end
 
-  def rescue_action(e) raise e end
 end
 
 # sample controllers
@@ -89,17 +71,42 @@ class RequestForgeryProtectionControllerUsingNullSession < ActionController::Bas
 
   def signed
     cookies.signed[:foo] = 'bar'
-    render :nothing => true
+    head :ok
   end
 
   def encrypted
     cookies.encrypted[:foo] = 'bar'
-    render :nothing => true
+    head :ok
   end
 
   def try_to_reset_session
     reset_session
-    render :nothing => true
+    head :ok
+  end
+end
+
+class PrependProtectForgeryBaseController < ActionController::Base
+  before_action :custom_action
+  attr_accessor :called_callbacks
+
+  def index
+    render inline: 'OK'
+  end
+
+  protected
+
+  def add_called_callback(name)
+    @called_callbacks ||= []
+    @called_callbacks << name
+  end
+
+
+  def custom_action
+    add_called_callback("custom_action")
+  end
+
+  def verify_authenticity_token
+    add_called_callback("verify_authenticity_token")
   end
 end
 
@@ -124,28 +131,31 @@ end
 # common test methods
 module RequestForgeryProtectionTests
   def setup
-    @token      = "cf50faa3fe97702ca1ae"
-
-    SecureRandom.stubs(:base64).returns(@token)
+    @token = Base64.strict_encode64('railstestrailstestrailstestrails')
+    @old_request_forgery_protection_token = ActionController::Base.request_forgery_protection_token
     ActionController::Base.request_forgery_protection_token = :custom_authenticity_token
   end
 
   def teardown
-    ActionController::Base.request_forgery_protection_token = nil
+    ActionController::Base.request_forgery_protection_token = @old_request_forgery_protection_token
   end
 
   def test_should_render_form_with_token_tag
-    assert_not_blocked do
-      get :index
+    @controller.stub :form_authenticity_token, @token do
+      assert_not_blocked do
+        get :index
+      end
+      assert_select 'form>input[name=?][value=?]', 'custom_authenticity_token', @token
     end
-    assert_select 'form>div>input[name=?][value=?]', 'custom_authenticity_token', @token
   end
 
   def test_should_render_button_to_with_token_tag
-    assert_not_blocked do
-      get :show_button
+    @controller.stub :form_authenticity_token, @token do
+      assert_not_blocked do
+        get :show_button
+      end
+      assert_select 'form>input[name=?][value=?]', 'custom_authenticity_token', @token
     end
-    assert_select 'form>div>input[name=?][value=?]', 'custom_authenticity_token', @token
   end
 
   def test_should_render_form_without_token_tag_if_remote
@@ -175,7 +185,7 @@ module RequestForgeryProtectionTests
       assert_not_blocked do
         get :form_for_remote_with_external_token
       end
-      assert_select 'form>div>input[name=?][value=?]', 'custom_authenticity_token', 'external_token'
+      assert_select 'form>input[name=?][value=?]', 'custom_authenticity_token', 'external_token'
     ensure
       ActionView::Helpers::FormTagHelper.embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms = original
     end
@@ -185,21 +195,25 @@ module RequestForgeryProtectionTests
     assert_not_blocked do
       get :form_for_remote_with_external_token
     end
-    assert_select 'form>div>input[name=?][value=?]', 'custom_authenticity_token', 'external_token'
+    assert_select 'form>input[name=?][value=?]', 'custom_authenticity_token', 'external_token'
   end
 
   def test_should_render_form_with_token_tag_if_remote_and_authenticity_token_requested
-    assert_not_blocked do
-      get :form_for_remote_with_token
+    @controller.stub :form_authenticity_token, @token do
+      assert_not_blocked do
+        get :form_for_remote_with_token
+      end
+      assert_select 'form>input[name=?][value=?]', 'custom_authenticity_token', @token
     end
-    assert_select 'form>div>input[name=?][value=?]', 'custom_authenticity_token', @token
   end
 
   def test_should_render_form_with_token_tag_with_authenticity_token_requested
-    assert_not_blocked do
-      get :form_for_with_token
+    @controller.stub :form_authenticity_token, @token do
+      assert_not_blocked do
+        get :form_for_with_token
+      end
+      assert_select 'form>input[name=?][value=?]', 'custom_authenticity_token', @token
     end
-    assert_select 'form>div>input[name=?][value=?]', 'custom_authenticity_token', @token
   end
 
   def test_should_allow_get
@@ -235,45 +249,96 @@ module RequestForgeryProtectionTests
   end
 
   def test_should_not_allow_xhr_post_without_token
-    assert_blocked { xhr :post, :index }
+    assert_blocked { post :index, xhr: true }
   end
 
   def test_should_allow_post_with_token
-    assert_not_blocked { post :index, :custom_authenticity_token => @token }
+    session[:_csrf_token] = @token
+    @controller.stub :form_authenticity_token, @token do
+      assert_not_blocked { post :index, params: { custom_authenticity_token: @token } }
+    end
   end
 
   def test_should_allow_patch_with_token
-    assert_not_blocked { patch :index, :custom_authenticity_token => @token }
+    session[:_csrf_token] = @token
+    @controller.stub :form_authenticity_token, @token do
+      assert_not_blocked { patch :index, params: { custom_authenticity_token: @token } }
+    end
   end
 
   def test_should_allow_put_with_token
-    assert_not_blocked { put :index, :custom_authenticity_token => @token }
+    session[:_csrf_token] = @token
+    @controller.stub :form_authenticity_token, @token do
+      assert_not_blocked { put :index, params: { custom_authenticity_token: @token } }
+    end
   end
 
   def test_should_allow_delete_with_token
-    assert_not_blocked { delete :index, :custom_authenticity_token => @token }
+    session[:_csrf_token] = @token
+    @controller.stub :form_authenticity_token, @token do
+      assert_not_blocked { delete :index, params: { custom_authenticity_token: @token } }
+    end
   end
 
   def test_should_allow_post_with_token_in_header
+    session[:_csrf_token] = @token
     @request.env['HTTP_X_CSRF_TOKEN'] = @token
     assert_not_blocked { post :index }
   end
 
   def test_should_allow_delete_with_token_in_header
+    session[:_csrf_token] = @token
     @request.env['HTTP_X_CSRF_TOKEN'] = @token
     assert_not_blocked { delete :index }
   end
 
   def test_should_allow_patch_with_token_in_header
+    session[:_csrf_token] = @token
     @request.env['HTTP_X_CSRF_TOKEN'] = @token
     assert_not_blocked { patch :index }
   end
 
   def test_should_allow_put_with_token_in_header
+    session[:_csrf_token] = @token
     @request.env['HTTP_X_CSRF_TOKEN'] = @token
     assert_not_blocked { put :index }
   end
 
+  def test_should_allow_post_with_origin_checking_and_correct_origin
+    forgery_protection_origin_check do
+      session[:_csrf_token] = @token
+      @controller.stub :form_authenticity_token, @token do
+        assert_not_blocked do
+          @request.set_header 'HTTP_ORIGIN', 'http://test.host'
+          post :index, params: { custom_authenticity_token: @token }
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_should_allow_post_with_origin_checking_and_no_origin
+    forgery_protection_origin_check do
+      session[:_csrf_token] = @token
+      @controller.stub :form_authenticity_token, @token do
+        assert_not_blocked do
+          post :index, params: { custom_authenticity_token: @token }
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_should_block_post_with_origin_checking_and_wrong_origin
+    forgery_protection_origin_check do
+      session[:_csrf_token] = @token
+      @controller.stub :form_authenticity_token, @token do
+        assert_blocked do
+          @request.set_header 'HTTP_ORIGIN', 'http://bad.host'
+          post :index, params: { custom_authenticity_token: @token }
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_should_warn_on_missing_csrf_token
     old_logger = ActionController::Base.logger
     logger = ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber::TestHelper::MockLogger.new
@@ -289,6 +354,22 @@ module RequestForgeryProtectionTests
     end
   end
 
+  def test_should_not_warn_if_csrf_logging_disabled
+    old_logger = ActionController::Base.logger
+    logger = ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber::TestHelper::MockLogger.new
+    ActionController::Base.logger = logger
+    ActionController::Base.log_warning_on_csrf_failure = false
+
+    begin
+      assert_blocked { post :index }
+
+      assert_equal 0, logger.logged(:warn).size
+    ensure
+      ActionController::Base.logger = old_logger
+      ActionController::Base.log_warning_on_csrf_failure = true
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_should_only_allow_same_origin_js_get_with_xhr_header
     assert_cross_origin_blocked { get :same_origin_js }
     assert_cross_origin_blocked { get :same_origin_js, format: 'js' }
@@ -297,21 +378,22 @@ module RequestForgeryProtectionTests
       get :negotiate_same_origin
     end
 
-    assert_cross_origin_not_blocked { xhr :get, :same_origin_js }
-    assert_cross_origin_not_blocked { xhr :get, :same_origin_js, format: 'js' }
+    assert_cross_origin_not_blocked { get :same_origin_js, xhr: true }
+    assert_cross_origin_not_blocked { get :same_origin_js, xhr: true, format: 'js'}
     assert_cross_origin_not_blocked do
       @request.accept = 'text/javascript'
-      xhr :get, :negotiate_same_origin
+      get :negotiate_same_origin, xhr: true
     end
   end
 
   # Allow non-GET requests since GET is all a remote <script> tag can muster.
   def test_should_allow_non_get_js_without_xhr_header
-    assert_cross_origin_not_blocked { post :same_origin_js, custom_authenticity_token: @token }
-    assert_cross_origin_not_blocked { post :same_origin_js, format: 'js', custom_authenticity_token: @token }
+    session[:_csrf_token] = @token
+    assert_cross_origin_not_blocked { post :same_origin_js, params: { custom_authenticity_token: @token } }
+    assert_cross_origin_not_blocked { post :same_origin_js, params: { format: 'js', custom_authenticity_token: @token } }
     assert_cross_origin_not_blocked do
       @request.accept = 'text/javascript'
-      post :negotiate_same_origin, custom_authenticity_token: @token
+      post :negotiate_same_origin, params: { custom_authenticity_token: @token}
     end
   end
 
@@ -323,11 +405,17 @@ module RequestForgeryProtectionTests
       get :negotiate_cross_origin
     end
 
-    assert_cross_origin_not_blocked { xhr :get, :cross_origin_js }
-    assert_cross_origin_not_blocked { xhr :get, :cross_origin_js, format: 'js' }
+    assert_cross_origin_not_blocked { get :cross_origin_js, xhr: true }
+    assert_cross_origin_not_blocked { get :cross_origin_js, xhr: true, format: 'js' }
     assert_cross_origin_not_blocked do
       @request.accept = 'text/javascript'
-      xhr :get, :negotiate_cross_origin
+      get :negotiate_cross_origin, xhr: true
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_should_not_raise_error_if_token_is_not_a_string
+    assert_blocked do
+      patch :index, params: { custom_authenticity_token: { foo: 'bar' } }
     end
   end
 
@@ -352,6 +440,16 @@ module RequestForgeryProtectionTests
   def assert_cross_origin_not_blocked
     assert_not_blocked { yield }
   end
+
+  def forgery_protection_origin_check
+    old_setting = ActionController::Base.forgery_protection_origin_check
+    ActionController::Base.forgery_protection_origin_check = true
+    begin
+      yield
+    ensure
+      ActionController::Base.forgery_protection_origin_check = old_setting
+    end
+  end
 end
 
 # OK let's get our test on
@@ -360,18 +458,22 @@ class RequestForgeryProtectionControllerUsingResetSessionTest < ActionController
   include RequestForgeryProtectionTests
 
   setup do
+    @old_request_forgery_protection_token = ActionController::Base.request_forgery_protection_token
     ActionController::Base.request_forgery_protection_token = :custom_authenticity_token
   end
 
   teardown do
-    ActionController::Base.request_forgery_protection_token = nil
+    ActionController::Base.request_forgery_protection_token = @old_request_forgery_protection_token
   end
 
   test 'should emit a csrf-param meta tag and a csrf-token meta tag' do
-    SecureRandom.stubs(:base64).returns(@token + '<=?')
-    get :meta
-    assert_select 'meta[name=?][content=?]', 'csrf-param', 'custom_authenticity_token'
-    assert_select 'meta[name=?][content=?]', 'csrf-token', 'cf50faa3fe97702ca1ae&lt;=?'
+    @controller.stub :form_authenticity_token, @token + '<=?' do
+      get :meta
+      assert_select 'meta[name=?][content=?]', 'csrf-param', 'custom_authenticity_token'
+      assert_select 'meta[name=?]', 'csrf-token'
+      regexp = "#{@token}&lt;=\?"
+      assert_match(/#{regexp}/, @response.body)
+    end
   end
 end
 
@@ -411,51 +513,113 @@ class RequestForgeryProtectionControllerUsingExceptionTest < ActionController::T
   end
 end
 
+class PrependProtectForgeryBaseControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  PrependTrueController = Class.new(PrependProtectForgeryBaseController) do
+    protect_from_forgery prepend: true
+  end
+
+  PrependFalseController = Class.new(PrependProtectForgeryBaseController) do
+    protect_from_forgery prepend: false
+  end
+
+  PrependDefaultController = Class.new(PrependProtectForgeryBaseController) do
+    protect_from_forgery
+  end
+
+  def test_verify_authenticity_token_is_prepended
+    @controller = PrependTrueController.new
+    get :index
+    expected_callback_order = ["verify_authenticity_token", "custom_action"]
+    assert_equal(expected_callback_order, @controller.called_callbacks)
+  end
+
+  def test_verify_authenticity_token_is_not_prepended
+    @controller = PrependFalseController.new
+    get :index
+    expected_callback_order = ["custom_action", "verify_authenticity_token"]
+    assert_equal(expected_callback_order, @controller.called_callbacks)
+  end
+
+  def test_verify_authenticity_token_is_not_prepended_by_default
+    @controller = PrependDefaultController.new
+    get :index
+    expected_callback_order = ["custom_action", "verify_authenticity_token"]
+    assert_equal(expected_callback_order, @controller.called_callbacks)
+  end
+end
+
 class FreeCookieControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def setup
     @controller = FreeCookieController.new
-    @request    = ActionController::TestRequest.new
-    @response   = ActionController::TestResponse.new
     @token      = "cf50faa3fe97702ca1ae"
-
-    SecureRandom.stubs(:base64).returns(@token)
+    super
   end
 
   def test_should_not_render_form_with_token_tag
-    get :index
-    assert_select 'form>div>input[name=?][value=?]', 'authenticity_token', @token, false
+    SecureRandom.stub :base64, @token do
+      get :index
+      assert_select 'form>div>input[name=?][value=?]', 'authenticity_token', @token, false
+    end
   end
 
   def test_should_not_render_button_to_with_token_tag
-    get :show_button
-    assert_select 'form>div>input[name=?][value=?]', 'authenticity_token', @token, false
+    SecureRandom.stub :base64, @token do
+      get :show_button
+      assert_select 'form>div>input[name=?][value=?]', 'authenticity_token', @token, false
+    end
   end
 
   def test_should_allow_all_methods_without_token
-    [:post, :patch, :put, :delete].each do |method|
-      assert_nothing_raised { send(method, :index)}
+    SecureRandom.stub :base64, @token do
+      [:post, :patch, :put, :delete].each do |method|
+        assert_nothing_raised { send(method, :index)}
+      end
     end
   end
 
   test 'should not emit a csrf-token meta tag' do
-    get :meta
-    assert @response.body.blank?
+    SecureRandom.stub :base64, @token do
+      get :meta
+      assert @response.body.blank?
+    end
   end
 end
 
 class CustomAuthenticityParamControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def setup
     super
-    ActionController::Base.request_forgery_protection_token = :custom_token_name
+    @old_logger = ActionController::Base.logger
+    @logger = ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber::TestHelper::MockLogger.new
+    @token = Base64.strict_encode64(SecureRandom.random_bytes(32))
+    @old_request_forgery_protection_token = ActionController::Base.request_forgery_protection_token
+    ActionController::Base.request_forgery_protection_token = @token
   end
 
   def teardown
-    ActionController::Base.request_forgery_protection_token = :authenticity_token
+    ActionController::Base.request_forgery_protection_token = @old_request_forgery_protection_token
     super
   end
 
-  def test_should_allow_custom_token
-    post :index, :custom_token_name => 'foobar'
-    assert_response :ok
+  def test_should_not_warn_if_form_authenticity_param_matches_form_authenticity_token
+    ActionController::Base.logger = @logger
+    begin
+      @controller.stub :valid_authenticity_token?, :true do
+        post :index, params: { custom_token_name: 'foobar' }
+        assert_equal 0, @logger.logged(:warn).size
+      end
+    ensure
+      ActionController::Base.logger = @old_logger
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_should_warn_if_form_authenticity_param_does_not_match_form_authenticity_token
+    ActionController::Base.logger = @logger
+
+    begin
+      post :index, params: { custom_token_name: 'bazqux' }
+      assert_equal 1, @logger.logged(:warn).size
+    ensure
+      ActionController::Base.logger = @old_logger
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/required_params_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/required_params_test.rb
index 25d0337212..168f64ce41 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/required_params_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/required_params_test.rb
@@ -12,24 +12,57 @@ class ActionControllerRequiredParamsTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   test "missing required parameters will raise exception" do
     assert_raise ActionController::ParameterMissing do
-      post :create, { magazine: { name: "Mjallo!" } }
+      post :create, params: { magazine: { name: "Mjallo!" } }
     end
 
     assert_raise ActionController::ParameterMissing do
-      post :create, { book: { title: "Mjallo!" } }
+      post :create, params: { book: { title: "Mjallo!" } }
     end
   end
 
   test "required parameters that are present will not raise" do
-    post :create, { book: { name: "Mjallo!" } }
+    post :create, params: { book: { name: "Mjallo!" } }
+    assert_response :ok
+  end
+
+  test "required parameters with false value will not raise" do
+    post :create, params: { book: { name: false } }
     assert_response :ok
   end
 end
 
 class ParametersRequireTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  test "required parameters must be present not merely not nil" do
+
+  test "required parameters should accept and return false value" do
+    assert_equal(false, ActionController::Parameters.new(person: false).require(:person))
+  end
+
+  test "required parameters must not be nil" do
+    assert_raises(ActionController::ParameterMissing) do
+      ActionController::Parameters.new(person: nil).require(:person)
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "required parameters must not be empty" do
     assert_raises(ActionController::ParameterMissing) do
       ActionController::Parameters.new(person: {}).require(:person)
     end
   end
+
+  test "require array when all required params are present" do
+    safe_params = ActionController::Parameters.new(person: {first_name: 'Gaurish', title: 'Mjallo', city: 'Barcelona'})
+      .require(:person)
+      .require([:first_name, :title])
+
+    assert_kind_of Array, safe_params
+    assert_equal ['Gaurish', 'Mjallo'], safe_params
+  end
+
+  test "require array when a required param is missing" do
+    assert_raises(ActionController::ParameterMissing) do
+      ActionController::Parameters.new(person: {first_name: 'Gaurish', title: nil})
+        .require(:person)
+        .require([:first_name, :title])
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/rescue_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/rescue_test.rb
index 4898b0c57f..f42bef883f 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/rescue_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/rescue_test.rb
@@ -43,29 +43,29 @@ class RescueController < ActionController::Base
   rescue_from NotAllowed, :with => proc { head :forbidden }
   rescue_from 'RescueController::NotAllowedToRescueAsString', :with => proc { head :forbidden }
 
-  rescue_from InvalidRequest, :with => proc { |exception| render :text => exception.message }
-  rescue_from 'InvalidRequestToRescueAsString', :with => proc { |exception| render :text => exception.message }
+  rescue_from InvalidRequest, with: proc { |exception| render plain: exception.message }
+  rescue_from 'InvalidRequestToRescueAsString', with: proc { |exception| render plain: exception.message }
 
   rescue_from BadGateway do
-    head :status => 502
+    head 502
   end
   rescue_from 'BadGatewayToRescueAsString' do
-    head :status => 502
+    head 502
   end
 
   rescue_from ResourceUnavailable do |exception|
-    render :text => exception.message
+    render plain: exception.message
   end
   rescue_from 'ResourceUnavailableToRescueAsString' do |exception|
-    render :text => exception.message
+    render plain: exception.message
   end
 
   rescue_from ActionView::TemplateError do
-    render :text => 'action_view templater error'
+    render plain: 'action_view templater error'
   end
 
   rescue_from IOError do
-    render :text => 'io error'
+    render plain: 'io error'
   end
 
   before_action(only: :before_action_raises) { raise 'umm nice' }
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ class RescueController < ActionController::Base
   end
 
   def raises
-    render :text => 'already rendered'
+    render plain: 'already rendered'
     raise "don't panic!"
   end
 
@@ -132,11 +132,19 @@ class RescueController < ActionController::Base
   end
 
   def io_error_in_view
-    raise ActionView::TemplateError.new(nil, IOError.new('this is io error'))
+    begin
+      raise IOError.new('this is io error')
+    rescue
+      raise ActionView::TemplateError.new(nil)
+    end
   end
 
   def zero_division_error_in_view
-    raise ActionView::TemplateError.new(nil, ZeroDivisionError.new('this is zero division error'))
+    begin
+      raise ZeroDivisionError.new('this is zero division error')
+    rescue
+      raise ActionView::TemplateError.new(nil)
+    end
   end
 
   protected
@@ -246,12 +254,15 @@ class RescueControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_rescue_handler_with_argument
-    @controller.expects(:show_errors).once.with { |e| e.is_a?(Exception) }
-    get :record_invalid
+    assert_called_with @controller, :show_errors, [Exception] do
+      get :record_invalid
+    end
   end
+
   def test_rescue_handler_with_argument_as_string
-    @controller.expects(:show_errors).once.with { |e| e.is_a?(Exception) }
-    get :record_invalid_raise_as_string
+    assert_called_with @controller, :show_errors, [Exception] do
+      get :record_invalid_raise_as_string
+    end
   end
 
   def test_proc_rescue_handler
@@ -302,7 +313,7 @@ class RescueTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     rescue_from RecordInvalid, :with => :show_errors
 
     def foo
-      render :text => "foo"
+      render plain: "foo"
     end
 
     def invalid
@@ -315,7 +326,7 @@ class RescueTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
     protected
       def show_errors(exception)
-        render :text => exception.message
+        render plain: exception.message
       end
   end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/resources_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/resources_test.rb
index a5f43c4b6b..4490abf7b2 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/resources_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/resources_test.rb
@@ -43,11 +43,11 @@ class ResourcesTest < ActionController::TestCase
           :member => member_methods,
           :path_names => path_names do |options|
 
-        collection_methods.keys.each do |action|
+        collection_methods.each_key do |action|
           assert_named_route "/messages/#{path_names[action] || action}", "#{action}_messages_path", :action => action
         end
 
-        member_methods.keys.each do |action|
+        member_methods.each_key do |action|
           assert_named_route "/messages/1/#{path_names[action] || action}", "#{action}_message_path", :action => action, :id => "1"
         end
 
@@ -149,8 +149,8 @@ class ResourcesTest < ActionController::TestCase
         end
       end
 
-      assert_restful_named_routes_for :messages do |options|
-        actions.keys.each do |action|
+      assert_restful_named_routes_for :messages do
+        actions.each_key do |action|
           assert_named_route "/messages/#{action}", "#{action}_messages_path", :action => action
         end
       end
@@ -179,8 +179,8 @@ class ResourcesTest < ActionController::TestCase
         end
       end
 
-      assert_restful_named_routes_for :messages, :path_prefix => 'threads/1/', :name_prefix => 'thread_', :options => { :thread_id => '1' } do |options|
-        actions.keys.each do |action|
+      assert_restful_named_routes_for :messages, :path_prefix => 'threads/1/', :name_prefix => 'thread_', :options => { :thread_id => '1' } do
+        actions.each_key do |action|
           assert_named_route "/threads/1/messages/#{action}", "#{action}_thread_messages_path", :action => action
         end
       end
@@ -206,8 +206,8 @@ class ResourcesTest < ActionController::TestCase
         end
       end
 
-      assert_restful_named_routes_for :messages, :path_prefix => 'threads/1/', :name_prefix => 'thread_', :options => { :thread_id => '1' } do |options|
-        actions.keys.each do |action|
+      assert_restful_named_routes_for :messages, :path_prefix => 'threads/1/', :name_prefix => 'thread_', :options => { :thread_id => '1' } do
+        actions.each_key do |action|
           assert_named_route "/threads/1/messages/#{action}", "#{action}_thread_messages_path", :action => action
         end
       end
@@ -236,8 +236,8 @@ class ResourcesTest < ActionController::TestCase
         end
       end
 
-      assert_restful_named_routes_for :messages, :path_prefix => 'threads/1/', :name_prefix => 'thread_', :options => { :thread_id => '1' } do |options|
-        actions.keys.each do |action|
+      assert_restful_named_routes_for :messages, :path_prefix => 'threads/1/', :name_prefix => 'thread_', :options => { :thread_id => '1' } do
+        actions.each_key do |action|
           assert_named_route "/threads/1/messages/#{action}.xml", "#{action}_thread_messages_path", :action => action, :format => 'xml'
         end
       end
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ class ResourcesTest < ActionController::TestCase
           assert_recognizes(options.merge(mark_options), :path => mark_path, :method => method)
         end
 
-        assert_restful_named_routes_for :messages do |options|
+        assert_restful_named_routes_for :messages do
           assert_named_route mark_path, :mark_message_path, mark_options
         end
       end
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ class ResourcesTest < ActionController::TestCase
           assert_recognizes(options.merge(mark_options), :path => mark_path, :method => method)
         end
 
-        assert_restful_named_routes_for :messages, :path_names => {:new => 'nuevo'} do |options|
+        assert_restful_named_routes_for :messages, :path_names => {:new => 'nuevo'} do
           assert_named_route mark_path, :mark_message_path, mark_options
         end
       end
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ class ResourcesTest < ActionController::TestCase
             assert_recognizes(options.merge(action_options), :path => action_path, :method => method)
           end
 
-          assert_restful_named_routes_for :messages do |options|
+          assert_restful_named_routes_for :messages do
             assert_named_route action_path, "#{action}_message_path".to_sym, action_options
           end
         end
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ class ResourcesTest < ActionController::TestCase
         assert_recognizes(options.merge(preview_options), :path => preview_path, :method => :post)
       end
 
-      assert_restful_named_routes_for :messages do |options|
+      assert_restful_named_routes_for :messages do
         assert_named_route preview_path, :preview_new_message_path, preview_options
       end
     end
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ class ResourcesTest < ActionController::TestCase
         assert_recognizes(options.merge(preview_options), :path => preview_path, :method => :post)
       end
 
-      assert_restful_named_routes_for :messages, :path_prefix => 'threads/1/', :name_prefix => 'thread_', :options => { :thread_id => '1' } do |options|
+      assert_restful_named_routes_for :messages, :path_prefix => 'threads/1/', :name_prefix => 'thread_', :options => { :thread_id => '1' } do
         assert_named_route preview_path, :preview_new_thread_message_path, preview_options
       end
     end
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ class ResourcesTest < ActionController::TestCase
         assert_recognizes(options.merge(preview_options), :path => preview_path, :method => :post)
       end
 
-      assert_restful_named_routes_for :messages, :path_prefix => 'threads/1/', :name_prefix => 'thread_', :options => { :thread_id => '1' } do |options|
+      assert_restful_named_routes_for :messages, :path_prefix => 'threads/1/', :name_prefix => 'thread_', :options => { :thread_id => '1' } do
         assert_named_route preview_path, :preview_new_thread_message_path, preview_options
       end
     end
@@ -505,8 +505,8 @@ class ResourcesTest < ActionController::TestCase
       routes = @routes.routes
       routes.each do |route|
         routes.each do |r|
-          next if route === r # skip the comparison instance
-          assert_not_equal [route.conditions, route.path.spec.to_s], [r.conditions, r.path.spec.to_s]
+          next if route == r # skip the comparison instance
+          assert_not_equal [route.conditions, route.path.spec.to_s, route.verb], [r.conditions, r.path.spec.to_s, r.verb]
         end
       end
     end
@@ -519,9 +519,9 @@ class ResourcesTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_create_multiple_singleton_resource_routes
-    with_singleton_resources :account, :logo do
+    with_singleton_resources :account, :product do
       assert_singleton_restful_for :account
-      assert_singleton_restful_for :logo
+      assert_singleton_restful_for :product
     end
   end
 
@@ -553,7 +553,7 @@ class ResourcesTest < ActionController::TestCase
           assert_recognizes(options.merge(reset_options), :path => reset_path, :method => method)
         end
 
-        assert_singleton_named_routes_for :account do |options|
+        assert_singleton_named_routes_for :account do
           assert_named_route reset_path, :reset_account_path, reset_options
         end
       end
@@ -577,7 +577,7 @@ class ResourcesTest < ActionController::TestCase
             assert_recognizes(options.merge(action_options), :path => action_path, :method => method)
           end
 
-          assert_singleton_named_routes_for :account do |options|
+          assert_singleton_named_routes_for :account do
             assert_named_route action_path, "#{action}_account_path".to_sym, action_options
           end
         end
@@ -1047,9 +1047,31 @@ class ResourcesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_assert_routing_accepts_all_as_a_valid_method
+    with_routing do |set|
+      set.draw do
+        match "/products", to: "products#show", via: :all
+      end
+
+      assert_routing({ method: "all", path: "/products" }, { controller: "products", action: "show" })
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_routing_fails_when_not_all_http_methods_are_recognized
+    with_routing do |set|
+      set.draw do
+        match "/products", to: "products#show", via: [:get, :post, :put]
+      end
+
+      assert_raises(Minitest::Assertion) do
+        assert_routing({ method: "all", path: "/products" }, { controller: "products", action: "show" })
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_singleton_resource_name_is_not_singularized
-    with_singleton_resources(:preferences) do
-      assert_singleton_restful_for :preferences
+    with_singleton_resources(:products) do
+      assert_singleton_restful_for :products
     end
   end
 
@@ -1106,14 +1128,14 @@ class ResourcesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
 
     def assert_restful_routes_for(controller_name, options = {})
-      options[:options] ||= {}
-      options[:options][:controller] = options[:controller] || controller_name.to_s
+      route_options = (options[:options] ||= {}).dup
+      route_options[:controller] = options[:controller] || controller_name.to_s
 
       if options[:shallow]
         options[:shallow_options] ||= {}
-        options[:shallow_options][:controller] = options[:options][:controller]
+        options[:shallow_options][:controller] = route_options[:controller]
       else
-        options[:shallow_options] = options[:options]
+        options[:shallow_options] = route_options
       end
 
       new_action    = @routes.resources_path_names[:new] || "new"
@@ -1132,7 +1154,7 @@ class ResourcesTest < ActionController::TestCase
       edit_member_path           = "#{member_path}/#{edit_action}"
       formatted_edit_member_path = "#{member_path}/#{edit_action}.xml"
 
-      with_options(options[:options]) do |controller|
+      with_options(route_options) do |controller|
         controller.assert_routing collection_path,            :action => 'index'
         controller.assert_routing new_path,                   :action => 'new'
         controller.assert_routing "#{collection_path}.xml",   :action => 'index',            :format => 'xml'
@@ -1146,23 +1168,23 @@ class ResourcesTest < ActionController::TestCase
         controller.assert_routing formatted_edit_member_path, :action => 'edit', :id => '1', :format => 'xml'
       end
 
-      assert_recognizes(options[:options].merge(:action => 'index'),               :path => collection_path,  :method => :get)
-      assert_recognizes(options[:options].merge(:action => 'new'),                 :path => new_path,         :method => :get)
-      assert_recognizes(options[:options].merge(:action => 'create'),              :path => collection_path,  :method => :post)
+      assert_recognizes(route_options.merge(:action => 'index'),               :path => collection_path,  :method => :get)
+      assert_recognizes(route_options.merge(:action => 'new'),                 :path => new_path,         :method => :get)
+      assert_recognizes(route_options.merge(:action => 'create'),              :path => collection_path,  :method => :post)
       assert_recognizes(options[:shallow_options].merge(:action => 'show',    :id => '1'), :path => member_path,      :method => :get)
       assert_recognizes(options[:shallow_options].merge(:action => 'edit',    :id => '1'), :path => edit_member_path, :method => :get)
       assert_recognizes(options[:shallow_options].merge(:action => 'update',  :id => '1'), :path => member_path,      :method => :put)
       assert_recognizes(options[:shallow_options].merge(:action => 'destroy', :id => '1'), :path => member_path,      :method => :delete)
 
-      assert_recognizes(options[:options].merge(:action => 'index',  :format => 'xml'), :path => "#{collection_path}.xml",   :method => :get)
-      assert_recognizes(options[:options].merge(:action => 'new',    :format => 'xml'), :path => "#{new_path}.xml",          :method => :get)
-      assert_recognizes(options[:options].merge(:action => 'create', :format => 'xml'), :path => "#{collection_path}.xml",   :method => :post)
+      assert_recognizes(route_options.merge(:action => 'index',  :format => 'xml'), :path => "#{collection_path}.xml",   :method => :get)
+      assert_recognizes(route_options.merge(:action => 'new',    :format => 'xml'), :path => "#{new_path}.xml",          :method => :get)
+      assert_recognizes(route_options.merge(:action => 'create', :format => 'xml'), :path => "#{collection_path}.xml",   :method => :post)
       assert_recognizes(options[:shallow_options].merge(:action => 'show',    :id => '1', :format => 'xml'), :path => "#{member_path}.xml",       :method => :get)
       assert_recognizes(options[:shallow_options].merge(:action => 'edit',    :id => '1', :format => 'xml'), :path => formatted_edit_member_path, :method => :get)
       assert_recognizes(options[:shallow_options].merge(:action => 'update',  :id => '1', :format => 'xml'), :path => "#{member_path}.xml",       :method => :put)
       assert_recognizes(options[:shallow_options].merge(:action => 'destroy', :id => '1', :format => 'xml'), :path => "#{member_path}.xml",       :method => :delete)
 
-      yield options[:options] if block_given?
+      yield route_options if block_given?
     end
 
     # test named routes like foo_path and foos_path map to the correct options.
@@ -1173,22 +1195,20 @@ class ResourcesTest < ActionController::TestCase
       end
       singular_name ||= controller_name.to_s.singularize
 
-      options[:options] ||= {}
-      options[:options][:controller] = options[:controller] || controller_name.to_s
+      route_options = (options[:options] ||= {}).dup
+      route_options[:controller] = options[:controller] || controller_name.to_s
 
       if options[:shallow]
         options[:shallow_options] ||= {}
-        options[:shallow_options][:controller] = options[:options][:controller]
+        options[:shallow_options][:controller] = route_options[:controller]
       else
-        options[:shallow_options] = options[:options]
+        options[:shallow_options] = route_options
       end
 
-      @controller = "#{options[:options][:controller].camelize}Controller".constantize.new
-      @controller.singleton_class.send(:include, @routes.url_helpers)
-      @request    = ActionController::TestRequest.new
-      @response   = ActionController::TestResponse.new
-      get :index, options[:options]
-      options[:options].delete :action
+      @controller = "#{route_options[:controller].camelize}Controller".constantize.new
+      @controller.singleton_class.include(@routes.url_helpers)
+      get :index, params: route_options
+      route_options.delete :action
 
       path = "#{options[:as] || controller_name}"
       shallow_path = "/#{options[:shallow] ? options[:namespace] : options[:path_prefix]}#{path}"
@@ -1203,29 +1223,29 @@ class ResourcesTest < ActionController::TestCase
         edit_action = options[:path_names][:edit] || "edit"
       end
 
-      assert_named_route "#{full_path}", "#{name_prefix}#{controller_name}_path", options[:options]
-      assert_named_route "#{full_path}.xml", "#{name_prefix}#{controller_name}_path", options[:options].merge(:format => 'xml')
+      assert_named_route "#{full_path}", "#{name_prefix}#{controller_name}_path", route_options
+      assert_named_route "#{full_path}.xml", "#{name_prefix}#{controller_name}_path", route_options.merge(:format => 'xml')
       assert_named_route "#{shallow_path}/1", "#{shallow_prefix}#{singular_name}_path", options[:shallow_options].merge(:id => '1')
       assert_named_route "#{shallow_path}/1.xml", "#{shallow_prefix}#{singular_name}_path", options[:shallow_options].merge(:id => '1', :format => 'xml')
 
-      assert_named_route "#{full_path}/#{new_action}", "new_#{name_prefix}#{singular_name}_path", options[:options]
-      assert_named_route "#{full_path}/#{new_action}.xml", "new_#{name_prefix}#{singular_name}_path", options[:options].merge(:format => 'xml')
+      assert_named_route "#{full_path}/#{new_action}", "new_#{name_prefix}#{singular_name}_path", route_options
+      assert_named_route "#{full_path}/#{new_action}.xml", "new_#{name_prefix}#{singular_name}_path", route_options.merge(:format => 'xml')
       assert_named_route "#{shallow_path}/1/#{edit_action}", "edit_#{shallow_prefix}#{singular_name}_path", options[:shallow_options].merge(:id => '1')
       assert_named_route "#{shallow_path}/1/#{edit_action}.xml", "edit_#{shallow_prefix}#{singular_name}_path", options[:shallow_options].merge(:id => '1', :format => 'xml')
 
-      yield options[:options] if block_given?
+      yield route_options if block_given?
     end
 
     def assert_singleton_routes_for(singleton_name, options = {})
-      options[:options] ||= {}
-      options[:options][:controller] = options[:controller] || singleton_name.to_s.pluralize
+      route_options = (options[:options] ||= {}).dup
+      route_options[:controller] = options[:controller] || singleton_name.to_s.pluralize
 
       full_path           = "/#{options[:path_prefix]}#{options[:as] || singleton_name}"
       new_path            = "#{full_path}/new"
       edit_path           = "#{full_path}/edit"
       formatted_edit_path = "#{full_path}/edit.xml"
 
-      with_options options[:options] do |controller|
+      with_options route_options do |controller|
         controller.assert_routing full_path,           :action => 'show'
         controller.assert_routing new_path,            :action => 'new'
         controller.assert_routing edit_path,           :action => 'edit'
@@ -1234,42 +1254,41 @@ class ResourcesTest < ActionController::TestCase
         controller.assert_routing formatted_edit_path, :action => 'edit', :format => 'xml'
       end
 
-      assert_recognizes(options[:options].merge(:action => 'show'),    :path => full_path, :method => :get)
-      assert_recognizes(options[:options].merge(:action => 'new'),     :path => new_path,  :method => :get)
-      assert_recognizes(options[:options].merge(:action => 'edit'),    :path => edit_path, :method => :get)
-      assert_recognizes(options[:options].merge(:action => 'create'),  :path => full_path, :method => :post)
-      assert_recognizes(options[:options].merge(:action => 'update'),  :path => full_path, :method => :put)
-      assert_recognizes(options[:options].merge(:action => 'destroy'), :path => full_path, :method => :delete)
+      assert_recognizes(route_options.merge(:action => 'show'),    :path => full_path, :method => :get)
+      assert_recognizes(route_options.merge(:action => 'new'),     :path => new_path,  :method => :get)
+      assert_recognizes(route_options.merge(:action => 'edit'),    :path => edit_path, :method => :get)
+      assert_recognizes(route_options.merge(:action => 'create'),  :path => full_path, :method => :post)
+      assert_recognizes(route_options.merge(:action => 'update'),  :path => full_path, :method => :put)
+      assert_recognizes(route_options.merge(:action => 'destroy'), :path => full_path, :method => :delete)
 
-      assert_recognizes(options[:options].merge(:action => 'show',    :format => 'xml'), :path => "#{full_path}.xml",  :method => :get)
-      assert_recognizes(options[:options].merge(:action => 'new',     :format => 'xml'), :path => "#{new_path}.xml",   :method => :get)
-      assert_recognizes(options[:options].merge(:action => 'edit',    :format => 'xml'), :path => formatted_edit_path, :method => :get)
-      assert_recognizes(options[:options].merge(:action => 'create',  :format => 'xml'), :path => "#{full_path}.xml",  :method => :post)
-      assert_recognizes(options[:options].merge(:action => 'update',  :format => 'xml'), :path => "#{full_path}.xml",  :method => :put)
-      assert_recognizes(options[:options].merge(:action => 'destroy', :format => 'xml'), :path => "#{full_path}.xml",  :method => :delete)
+      assert_recognizes(route_options.merge(:action => 'show',    :format => 'xml'), :path => "#{full_path}.xml",  :method => :get)
+      assert_recognizes(route_options.merge(:action => 'new',     :format => 'xml'), :path => "#{new_path}.xml",   :method => :get)
+      assert_recognizes(route_options.merge(:action => 'edit',    :format => 'xml'), :path => formatted_edit_path, :method => :get)
+      assert_recognizes(route_options.merge(:action => 'create',  :format => 'xml'), :path => "#{full_path}.xml",  :method => :post)
+      assert_recognizes(route_options.merge(:action => 'update',  :format => 'xml'), :path => "#{full_path}.xml",  :method => :put)
+      assert_recognizes(route_options.merge(:action => 'destroy', :format => 'xml'), :path => "#{full_path}.xml",  :method => :delete)
 
-      yield options[:options] if block_given?
+      yield route_options if block_given?
     end
 
     def assert_singleton_named_routes_for(singleton_name, options = {})
-      (options[:options] ||= {})[:controller] ||= singleton_name.to_s.pluralize
-      @controller = "#{options[:options][:controller].camelize}Controller".constantize.new
-      @controller.singleton_class.send(:include, @routes.url_helpers)
-      @request    = ActionController::TestRequest.new
-      @response   = ActionController::TestResponse.new
-      get :show, options[:options]
-      options[:options].delete :action
+      route_options = (options[:options] ||= {}).dup
+      controller_name = route_options[:controller] || options[:controller] || singleton_name.to_s.pluralize
+      @controller = "#{controller_name.camelize}Controller".constantize.new
+      @controller.singleton_class.include(@routes.url_helpers)
+      get :show, params: route_options
+      route_options.delete :action
 
       full_path = "/#{options[:path_prefix]}#{options[:as] || singleton_name}"
       name_prefix = options[:name_prefix]
 
-      assert_named_route "#{full_path}",          "#{name_prefix}#{singleton_name}_path",                options[:options]
-      assert_named_route "#{full_path}.xml",      "#{name_prefix}#{singleton_name}_path",      options[:options].merge(:format => 'xml')
+      assert_named_route "#{full_path}",          "#{name_prefix}#{singleton_name}_path",                route_options
+      assert_named_route "#{full_path}.xml",      "#{name_prefix}#{singleton_name}_path",      route_options.merge(:format => 'xml')
 
-      assert_named_route "#{full_path}/new",      "new_#{name_prefix}#{singleton_name}_path",            options[:options]
-      assert_named_route "#{full_path}/new.xml",  "new_#{name_prefix}#{singleton_name}_path",  options[:options].merge(:format => 'xml')
-      assert_named_route "#{full_path}/edit",     "edit_#{name_prefix}#{singleton_name}_path",           options[:options]
-      assert_named_route "#{full_path}/edit.xml", "edit_#{name_prefix}#{singleton_name}_path", options[:options].merge(:format => 'xml')
+      assert_named_route "#{full_path}/new",      "new_#{name_prefix}#{singleton_name}_path",            route_options
+      assert_named_route "#{full_path}/new.xml",  "new_#{name_prefix}#{singleton_name}_path",  route_options.merge(:format => 'xml')
+      assert_named_route "#{full_path}/edit",     "edit_#{name_prefix}#{singleton_name}_path",           route_options
+      assert_named_route "#{full_path}/edit.xml", "edit_#{name_prefix}#{singleton_name}_path", route_options.merge(:format => 'xml')
     end
 
     def assert_named_route(expected, route, options)
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/routing_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/routing_test.rb
index df453a0251..a39fede5b9 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/routing_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/routing_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'controller/fake_controllers'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/with_options'
@@ -9,8 +8,6 @@ class MilestonesController < ActionController::Base
   alias_method :show, :index
 end
 
-ROUTING = ActionDispatch::Routing
-
 # See RFC 3986, section 3.3 for allowed path characters.
 class UriReservedCharactersRoutingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   include RoutingTestHelpers
@@ -77,17 +74,18 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   include ActionDispatch::RoutingVerbs
 
   attr_reader :rs
+  attr_accessor :controller
   alias :routes :rs
 
   def setup
-    @rs       = ::ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+    @rs = make_set
     @response = nil
   end
 
   def test_symbols_with_dashes
     rs.draw do
       get '/:artist/:song-omg', :to => lambda { |env|
-        resp = ActiveSupport::JSON.encode env[ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::PARAMETERS_KEY]
+        resp = ActiveSupport::JSON.encode ActionDispatch::Request.new(env).path_parameters
         [200, {}, [resp]]
       }
     end
@@ -99,7 +97,7 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_id_with_dash
     rs.draw do
       get '/journey/:id', :to => lambda { |env|
-        resp = ActiveSupport::JSON.encode env[ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::PARAMETERS_KEY]
+        resp = ActiveSupport::JSON.encode ActionDispatch::Request.new(env).path_parameters
         [200, {}, [resp]]
       }
     end
@@ -111,7 +109,7 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_dash_with_custom_regexp
     rs.draw do
       get '/:artist/:song-omg', :constraints => { :song => /\d+/ }, :to => lambda { |env|
-        resp = ActiveSupport::JSON.encode env[ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::PARAMETERS_KEY]
+        resp = ActiveSupport::JSON.encode ActionDispatch::Request.new(env).path_parameters
         [200, {}, [resp]]
       }
     end
@@ -124,7 +122,7 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_pre_dash
     rs.draw do
       get '/:artist/omg-:song', :to => lambda { |env|
-        resp = ActiveSupport::JSON.encode env[ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::PARAMETERS_KEY]
+        resp = ActiveSupport::JSON.encode ActionDispatch::Request.new(env).path_parameters
         [200, {}, [resp]]
       }
     end
@@ -136,7 +134,7 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_pre_dash_with_custom_regexp
     rs.draw do
       get '/:artist/omg-:song', :constraints => { :song => /\d+/ }, :to => lambda { |env|
-        resp = ActiveSupport::JSON.encode env[ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::PARAMETERS_KEY]
+        resp = ActiveSupport::JSON.encode ActionDispatch::Request.new(env).path_parameters
         [200, {}, [resp]]
       }
     end
@@ -243,6 +241,32 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 'clients', get(URI('http://clients.example.org/'))
   end
 
+  def test_scoped_lambda
+    scope_called = false
+    rs.draw do
+      scope '/foo', :constraints => lambda { |req| scope_called = true } do
+        get '/', :to => lambda { |env| [200, {}, %w{default}] }
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 'default', get(URI('http://www.example.org/foo/'))
+    assert scope_called, "scope constraint should be called"
+  end
+
+  def test_scoped_lambda_with_get_lambda
+    inner_called = false
+
+    rs.draw do
+      scope '/foo', :constraints => lambda { |req| flunk "should not be called" } do
+        get '/', :constraints    => lambda { |req| inner_called = true },
+                 :to             => lambda { |env| [200, {}, %w{default}] }
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 'default', get(URI('http://www.example.org/foo/'))
+    assert inner_called, "inner constraint should be called"
+  end
+
   def test_empty_string_match
     rs.draw do
       get '/:username', :constraints => { :username => /[^\/]+/ },
@@ -265,12 +289,6 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal({:id=>"1", :filters=>"foo", :format=>"js"}, params)
   end
 
-  def test_draw_with_block_arity_one_raises
-    assert_raise(RuntimeError) do
-      rs.draw { |map| map.match '/:controller(/:action(/:id))' }
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_specific_controller_action_failure
     rs.draw do
       mount lambda {} => "/foo"
@@ -291,24 +309,35 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
     assert_equal '/admin/user/show/10', url_for(rs, { :controller => 'admin/user', :action => 'show', :id => 10 })
 
-    assert_equal '/admin/user/show',    url_for(rs, { :action => 'show' }, { :controller => 'admin/user', :action => 'list', :id => '10' })
-    assert_equal '/admin/user/list/10', url_for(rs, {}, { :controller => 'admin/user', :action => 'list', :id => '10' })
+    get URI('http://test.host/admin/user/list/10')
 
-    assert_equal '/admin/stuff', url_for(rs, { :controller => 'stuff' }, { :controller => 'admin/user', :action => 'list', :id => '10' })
-    assert_equal '/stuff',       url_for(rs, { :controller => '/stuff' }, { :controller => 'admin/user', :action => 'list', :id => '10' })
-  end
+    assert_equal({ :controller => 'admin/user', :action => 'list', :id => '10' },
+                 controller.request.path_parameters)
 
-  def test_ignores_leading_slash
-    rs.clear!
-    rs.draw { get '/:controller(/:action(/:id))'}
-    test_default_setup
+    assert_equal '/admin/user/show',    controller.url_for({ :action => 'show', :only_path => true })
+    assert_equal '/admin/user/list/10', controller.url_for({:only_path => true})
+
+    assert_equal '/admin/stuff', controller.url_for({ :controller => 'stuff', :only_path => true })
+    assert_equal '/stuff', controller.url_for({ :controller => '/stuff', :only_path => true })
   end
 
   def test_route_with_colon_first
     rs.draw do
-      get '/:controller/:action/:id', :action => 'index', :id => nil
-      get ':url', :controller => 'tiny_url', :action => 'translate'
+      get '/:controller/:action/:id', action: 'index', id: nil
+      get ':url', controller: 'content', action: 'translate'
     end
+
+    assert_equal({controller: 'content', action: 'translate', url: 'example'}, rs.recognize_path('/example'))
+  end
+
+  def test_route_with_regexp_for_action
+    rs.draw { get '/:controller/:action', action: /auth[-|_].+/ }
+
+    assert_equal({ action: 'auth_google', controller: 'content' }, rs.recognize_path('/content/auth_google'))
+    assert_equal({ action: 'auth-facebook', controller: 'content' }, rs.recognize_path('/content/auth-facebook'))
+
+    assert_equal '/content/auth_google', url_for(rs, { controller: "content", action: "auth_google" })
+    assert_equal '/content/auth-facebook', url_for(rs, { controller: "content", action: "auth-facebook" })
   end
 
   def test_route_with_regexp_for_controller
@@ -419,14 +448,7 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       get 'page' => 'content#show_page', :as => 'pages', :host => 'foo.com'
     end
     routes = setup_for_named_route
-    routes.expects(:url_for).with({
-      :host => 'foo.com',
-      :only_path => false,
-      :controller => 'content',
-      :action => 'show_page',
-      :use_route => 'pages'
-    }).once
-    routes.send(:pages_url)
+    assert_equal "http://foo.com/page", routes.pages_url
   end
 
   def setup_for_named_route(options = {})
@@ -499,9 +521,10 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_changing_controller
     rs.draw { get ':controller/:action/:id' }
 
+    get URI('http://test.host/admin/user/index/10')
+
     assert_equal '/admin/stuff/show/10',
-        url_for(rs, {:controller => 'stuff', :action => 'show', :id => 10},
-                    {:controller => 'admin/user', :action => 'index'})
+        controller.url_for({:controller => 'stuff', :action => 'show', :id => 10, :only_path => true})
   end
 
   def test_paths_escaped
@@ -560,8 +583,12 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       get '*path' => 'content#show_file'
     end
 
+    get URI('http://test.host/pages/boo')
+    assert_equal({:controller=>"content", :action=>"show_file", :path=>"pages/boo"},
+                 controller.request.path_parameters)
+
     assert_equal '/pages/boo',
-        url_for(rs, {}, { :controller => 'content', :action => 'show_file', :path => %w(pages boo) })
+      controller.url_for(:only_path => true)
   end
 
   def test_backwards
@@ -570,7 +597,8 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       get ':controller(/:action(/:id))'
     end
 
-    assert_equal '/page/20',   url_for(rs, { :id => 20 }, { :controller => 'pages', :action => 'show' })
+    get URI('http://test.host/pages/show')
+    assert_equal '/page/20',   controller.url_for({ :id => 20, :only_path => true })
     assert_equal '/page/20',   url_for(rs, { :controller => 'pages', :id => 20, :action => 'show' })
     assert_equal '/pages/boo', url_for(rs, { :controller => 'pages', :action => 'boo' })
   end
@@ -611,7 +639,8 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_action_expiry
     rs.draw { get ':controller(/:action(/:id))' }
-    assert_equal '/content', url_for(rs, { :controller => 'content' }, { :controller => 'content', :action => 'show' })
+    get URI('http://test.host/content/show')
+    assert_equal '/content', controller.url_for(:controller => 'content', :only_path => true)
   end
 
   def test_requirement_should_prevent_optional_id
@@ -654,14 +683,18 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal '/pages/2005/6/12',
       url_for(rs, { :controller => 'content', :action => 'list_pages', :year => 2005, :month => 6, :day => 12 })
 
+    get URI('http://test.host/pages/2005/6/12')
+    assert_equal({ :controller => 'content', :action => 'list_pages', :year => '2005', :month => '6', :day => '12' },
+                controller.request.path_parameters)
+
     assert_equal '/pages/2005/6/4',
-      url_for(rs, { :day => 4 },   { :controller => 'content', :action => 'list_pages', :year => '2005', :month => '6', :day => '12' })
+      controller.url_for({ :day => 4, :only_path => true })
 
     assert_equal '/pages/2005/6',
-      url_for(rs, { :day => nil }, { :controller => 'content', :action => 'list_pages', :year => '2005', :month => '6', :day => '12' })
+      controller.url_for({ :day => nil, :only_path => true })
 
     assert_equal '/pages/2005',
-      url_for(rs, { :day => nil, :month => nil }, { :controller => 'content', :action => 'list_pages', :year => '2005', :month => '6', :day => '12' })
+      controller.url_for({ :day => nil, :month => nil, :only_path => true })
   end
 
   def test_root_url_generation_with_controller_and_action
@@ -819,9 +852,15 @@ end
 
 class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   include RoutingTestHelpers
+  include ActionDispatch::RoutingVerbs
+
+  attr_reader :set
+  alias :routes :set
+  attr_accessor :controller
 
-  def set
-    @set ||= ROUTING::RouteSet.new
+  def setup
+    super
+    @set = make_set
   end
 
   def request
@@ -830,7 +869,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def default_route_set
     @default_route_set ||= begin
-      set = ROUTING::RouteSet.new
+      set = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
       set.draw do
         get '/:controller(/:action(/:id))'
       end
@@ -842,13 +881,13 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     set.draw { get ':controller/(:action(/:id))' }
     path, extras = set.generate_extras(:controller => "foo", :action => "bar", :id => 15, :this => "hello", :that => "world")
     assert_equal "/foo/bar/15", path
-    assert_equal %w(that this), extras.map { |e| e.to_s }.sort
+    assert_equal %w(that this), extras.map(&:to_s).sort
   end
 
   def test_extra_keys
     set.draw { get ':controller/:action/:id' }
     extras = set.extra_keys(:controller => "foo", :action => "bar", :id => 15, :this => "hello", :that => "world")
-    assert_equal %w(that this), extras.map { |e| e.to_s }.sort
+    assert_equal %w(that this), extras.map(&:to_s).sort
   end
 
   def test_generate_extras_not_first
@@ -858,7 +897,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
     path, extras = set.generate_extras(:controller => "foo", :action => "bar", :id => 15, :this => "hello", :that => "world")
     assert_equal "/foo/bar/15", path
-    assert_equal %w(that this), extras.map { |e| e.to_s }.sort
+    assert_equal %w(that this), extras.map(&:to_s).sort
   end
 
   def test_generate_not_first
@@ -876,7 +915,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       get ':controller/:action/:id'
     end
     extras = set.extra_keys(:controller => "foo", :action => "bar", :id => 15, :this => "hello", :that => "world")
-    assert_equal %w(that this), extras.map { |e| e.to_s }.sort
+    assert_equal %w(that this), extras.map(&:to_s).sort
   end
 
   def test_draw
@@ -922,7 +961,8 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       get '/admin/users' => 'admin/users#index', :as => "users"
     end
 
-    MockController.build(set.url_helpers).new
+    get URI('http://test.host/people')
+    controller
   end
 
   def test_named_route_url_method
@@ -958,6 +998,9 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
     assert_equal "http://test.host/people?baz=bar#location",
       controller.send(:index_url, :baz => "bar", :anchor => 'location')
+
+    assert_equal "http://test.host/people", controller.send(:index_url, anchor: nil)
+    assert_equal "http://test.host/people", controller.send(:index_url, anchor: false)
   end
 
   def test_named_route_url_method_with_port
@@ -1019,12 +1062,12 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       get '/:controller(/:action(/:id))'
     end
 
-    assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'index'}, set.recognize_path('/pages'))
-    assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'index'}, set.recognize_path('/pages/index'))
-    assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'list'}, set.recognize_path('/pages/list'))
+    assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'index'}, request_path_params('/pages'))
+    assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'index'}, request_path_params('/pages/index'))
+    assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'list'}, request_path_params('/pages/list'))
 
-    assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'show', :id => '10'}, set.recognize_path('/pages/show/10'))
-    assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'show', :id => '10'}, set.recognize_path('/page/10'))
+    assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'show', :id => '10'}, request_path_params('/pages/show/10'))
+    assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'show', :id => '10'}, request_path_params('/page/10'))
   end
 
   def test_route_constraints_on_request_object_with_anchors_are_valid
@@ -1076,9 +1119,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       get    "/people" => "missing#index"
     end
 
-    assert_raise(ActionController::RoutingError) {
-      set.recognize_path("/people", :method => :get)
-    }
+    assert_raises(ActionController::RoutingError) { request_path_params '/people' }
   end
 
   def test_recognize_with_encoded_id_and_regex
@@ -1086,8 +1127,8 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       get 'page/:id' => 'pages#show', :id => /[a-zA-Z0-9\+]+/
     end
 
-    assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'show', :id => '10'}, set.recognize_path('/page/10'))
-    assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'show', :id => 'hello+world'}, set.recognize_path('/page/hello+world'))
+    assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'show', :id => '10'}, request_path_params('/page/10'))
+    assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'show', :id => 'hello+world'}, request_path_params('/page/hello+world'))
   end
 
   def test_recognize_with_http_methods
@@ -1100,40 +1141,40 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       delete "/people/:id" => "people#destroy"
     end
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/people", :method => :get)
+    params = request_path_params("/people", :method => :get)
     assert_equal("index", params[:action])
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/people", :method => :post)
+    params = request_path_params("/people", :method => :post)
     assert_equal("create", params[:action])
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/people/5", :method => :put)
+    params = request_path_params("/people/5", :method => :put)
     assert_equal("update", params[:action])
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/people/5", :method => :patch)
+    params = request_path_params("/people/5", :method => :patch)
     assert_equal("update", params[:action])
 
     assert_raise(ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod) {
-      set.recognize_path("/people", :method => :bacon)
+      request_path_params("/people", :method => :bacon)
     }
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/people/5", :method => :get)
+    params = request_path_params("/people/5", :method => :get)
     assert_equal("show", params[:action])
     assert_equal("5", params[:id])
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/people/5", :method => :put)
+    params = request_path_params("/people/5", :method => :put)
     assert_equal("update", params[:action])
     assert_equal("5", params[:id])
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/people/5", :method => :patch)
+    params = request_path_params("/people/5", :method => :patch)
     assert_equal("update", params[:action])
     assert_equal("5", params[:id])
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/people/5", :method => :delete)
+    params = request_path_params("/people/5", :method => :delete)
     assert_equal("destroy", params[:action])
     assert_equal("5", params[:id])
 
     assert_raise(ActionController::RoutingError) {
-      set.recognize_path("/people/5", :method => :post)
+      request_path_params("/people/5", :method => :post)
     }
   end
 
@@ -1143,11 +1184,11 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       root :to => "people#index"
     end
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/people", :method => :get)
+    params = request_path_params("/people", :method => :get)
     assert_equal("people", params[:controller])
     assert_equal("index", params[:action])
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/", :method => :get)
+    params = request_path_params("/", :method => :get)
     assert_equal("people", params[:controller])
     assert_equal("index", params[:action])
   end
@@ -1158,7 +1199,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
              :year => /\d{4}/, :day => /\d{1,2}/, :month => /\d{1,2}/
     end
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/articles/2005/11/05/a-very-interesting-article", :method => :get)
+    params = request_path_params("/articles/2005/11/05/a-very-interesting-article", :method => :get)
     assert_equal("permalink", params[:action])
     assert_equal("2005", params[:year])
     assert_equal("11", params[:month])
@@ -1172,7 +1213,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       get '/profile' => 'profile#index'
     end
 
-    set.recognize_path("/profile") rescue nil
+    request_path_params("/profile") rescue nil
 
     assert !Object.const_defined?("Profiler__"), "Profiler should not be loaded"
   end
@@ -1185,17 +1226,17 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       get "people/:id(.:format)" => "people#show"
     end
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/people/5", :method => :get)
+    params = request_path_params("/people/5", :method => :get)
     assert_equal("show", params[:action])
     assert_equal("5", params[:id])
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/people/5", :method => :put)
+    params = request_path_params("/people/5", :method => :put)
     assert_equal("update", params[:action])
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/people/5", :method => :patch)
+    params = request_path_params("/people/5", :method => :patch)
     assert_equal("update", params[:action])
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/people/5.png", :method => :get)
+    params = request_path_params("/people/5.png", :method => :get)
     assert_equal("show", params[:action])
     assert_equal("5", params[:id])
     assert_equal("png", params[:format])
@@ -1214,7 +1255,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_root_map
     set.draw { root :to => 'people#index' }
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("", :method => :get)
+    params = request_path_params("", :method => :get)
     assert_equal("people", params[:controller])
     assert_equal("index", params[:action])
   end
@@ -1228,7 +1269,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
     end
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/api/inventory", :method => :get)
+    params = request_path_params("/api/inventory", :method => :get)
     assert_equal("api/products", params[:controller])
     assert_equal("inventory", params[:action])
   end
@@ -1240,7 +1281,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       end
     end
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/api", :method => :get)
+    params = request_path_params("/api", :method => :get)
     assert_equal("api/products", params[:controller])
     assert_equal("index", params[:action])
   end
@@ -1252,7 +1293,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       end
     end
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/prefix/inventory", :method => :get)
+    params = request_path_params("/prefix/inventory", :method => :get)
     assert_equal("api/products", params[:controller])
     assert_equal("inventory", params[:action])
   end
@@ -1264,38 +1305,36 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       end
     end
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/inventory", :method => :get)
+    params = request_path_params("/inventory", :method => :get)
     assert_equal("api/products", params[:controller])
     assert_equal("inventory", params[:action])
   end
 
-  def test_generate_changes_controller_module
-    set.draw { get ':controller/:action/:id' }
-    current = { :controller => "bling/bloop", :action => "bap", :id => 9 }
-
-    assert_equal "/foo/bar/baz/7",
-        url_for(set, { :controller => "foo/bar", :action => "baz", :id => 7 }, current)
-  end
-
   def test_id_is_sticky_when_it_ought_to_be
+    @set = make_set false
+
     set.draw do
       get ':controller/:id/:action'
     end
 
-    url = url_for(set, { :action => "destroy" }, { :controller => "people", :action => "show", :id => "7" })
-    assert_equal "/people/7/destroy", url
+    get URI('http://test.host/people/7/show')
+
+    assert_equal "/people/7/destroy", controller.url_for(:action => 'destroy', :only_path => true)
   end
 
   def test_use_static_path_when_possible
+    @set = make_set false
+
     set.draw do
       get 'about' => "welcome#about"
       get ':controller/:action/:id'
     end
 
-    url = url_for(set, { :controller => "welcome", :action => "about" },
-      { :controller => "welcome", :action => "get", :id => "7" })
+    get URI('http://test.host/welcom/get/7')
 
-    assert_equal "/about", url
+    assert_equal "/about", controller.url_for(:controller => 'welcome',
+                                              :action => 'about',
+                                              :only_path => true)
   end
 
   def test_generate
@@ -1330,38 +1369,51 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_named_routes_are_never_relative_to_modules
+    @set = make_set false
+
     set.draw do
       get "/connection/manage(/:action)" => 'connection/manage#index'
       get "/connection/connection" => "connection/connection#index"
       get '/connection' => 'connection#index', :as => 'family_connection'
     end
 
-    url = url_for(set, { :controller => "connection" }, { :controller => 'connection/manage' })
+    assert_equal({ :controller => 'connection/manage',
+                   :action => 'index', }, request_path_params('/connection/manage'))
+
+    url = controller.url_for({ :controller => "connection", :only_path => true })
     assert_equal "/connection/connection", url
 
-    url = url_for(set, { :use_route => :family_connection, :controller => "connection" }, { :controller => 'connection/manage' })
+    url = controller.url_for({ :use_route => "family_connection",
+                               :controller => "connection", :only_path => true })
     assert_equal "/connection", url
   end
 
   def test_action_left_off_when_id_is_recalled
+    @set = make_set false
+
     set.draw do
       get ':controller(/:action(/:id))'
     end
-    assert_equal '/books', url_for(set,
-      {:controller => 'books', :action => 'index'},
-      {:controller => 'books', :action => 'show', :id => '10'}
-    )
+
+    get URI('http://test.host/books/show/10')
+
+    assert_equal '/books', controller.url_for(:controller => 'books',
+                                              :only_path => true,
+                                              :action => 'index')
   end
 
   def test_query_params_will_be_shown_when_recalled
+    @set = make_set false
+
     set.draw do
       get 'show_weblog/:parameter' => 'weblog#show'
       get ':controller(/:action(/:id))'
     end
-    assert_equal '/weblog/edit?parameter=1', url_for(set,
-      {:action => 'edit', :parameter => 1},
-      {:controller => 'weblog', :action => 'show', :parameter => 1}
-    )
+
+    get URI('http://test.host/weblog/show/1')
+
+    assert_equal '/weblog/edit?parameter=1', controller.url_for(
+      {:action => 'edit', :parameter => 1, :only_path => true})
   end
 
   def test_format_is_not_inherit
@@ -1369,22 +1421,30 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       get '/posts(.:format)' => 'posts#index'
     end
 
-    assert_equal '/posts', url_for(set,
-      {:controller => 'posts'},
-      {:controller => 'posts', :action => 'index', :format => 'xml'}
-    )
+    get URI('http://test.host/posts.xml')
+    assert_equal({:controller => 'posts', :action => 'index', :format => 'xml'},
+                 controller.request.path_parameters)
 
-    assert_equal '/posts.xml', url_for(set,
-      {:controller => 'posts', :format => 'xml'},
-      {:controller => 'posts', :action => 'index', :format => 'xml'}
-    )
+    assert_equal '/posts', controller.url_for(
+      {:controller => 'posts', :only_path => true})
+
+    assert_equal '/posts.xml', controller.url_for(
+      {:controller => 'posts', :format => 'xml', :only_path => true})
   end
 
   def test_expiry_determination_should_consider_values_with_to_param
+    @set = make_set false
+
     set.draw { get 'projects/:project_id/:controller/:action' }
-    assert_equal '/projects/1/weblog/show', url_for(set,
-      { :action => 'show', :project_id => 1 },
-      { :controller => 'weblog', :action => 'show', :project_id => '1' })
+
+    get URI('http://test.host/projects/1/weblog/show')
+
+    assert_equal(
+      { :controller => 'weblog', :action => 'show', :project_id => '1' },
+      controller.request.path_parameters)
+
+    assert_equal '/projects/1/weblog/show',
+      controller.url_for({ :action => 'show', :project_id => 1, :only_path => true })
   end
 
   def test_named_route_in_nested_resource
@@ -1587,7 +1647,6 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_slashes_are_implied
-    @set = nil
     set.draw { get("/:controller(/:action(/:id))") }
 
     assert_equal '/content',        url_for(set, { :controller => 'content', :action => 'index' })
@@ -1685,7 +1744,13 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal '/ibocorp', url_for(set, { :controller => 'ibocorp', :action => "show", :page => 1 })
   end
 
+  include ActionDispatch::RoutingVerbs
+
+  alias :routes :set
+
   def test_generate_with_optional_params_recalls_last_request
+    @set = make_set false
+
     set.draw do
       get "blog/", :controller => "blog", :action => "index"
 
@@ -1700,23 +1765,29 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       get "*anything", :controller => "blog", :action => "unknown_request"
     end
 
-    assert_equal({:controller => "blog", :action => "index"}, set.recognize_path("/blog"))
-    assert_equal({:controller => "blog", :action => "show", :id => "123"}, set.recognize_path("/blog/show/123"))
-    assert_equal({:controller => "blog", :action => "show_date", :year => "2004", :day => nil, :month => nil }, set.recognize_path("/blog/2004"))
-    assert_equal({:controller => "blog", :action => "show_date", :year => "2004", :month => "12", :day => nil }, set.recognize_path("/blog/2004/12"))
-    assert_equal({:controller => "blog", :action => "show_date", :year => "2004", :month => "12", :day => "25"}, set.recognize_path("/blog/2004/12/25"))
-    assert_equal({:controller => "articles", :action => "edit", :id => "123"}, set.recognize_path("/blog/articles/edit/123"))
-    assert_equal({:controller => "articles", :action => "show_stats"}, set.recognize_path("/blog/articles/show_stats"))
-    assert_equal({:controller => "blog", :action => "unknown_request", :anything => "blog/wibble"}, set.recognize_path("/blog/wibble"))
-    assert_equal({:controller => "blog", :action => "unknown_request", :anything => "junk"}, set.recognize_path("/junk"))
+    recognize_path = ->(path) {
+      get(URI("http://example.org" + path))
+      controller.request.path_parameters
+    }
 
-    last_request = set.recognize_path("/blog/2006/07/28").freeze
-    assert_equal({:controller => "blog",  :action => "show_date", :year => "2006", :month => "07", :day => "28"}, last_request)
-    assert_equal("/blog/2006/07/25", url_for(set, { :day => 25 }, last_request))
-    assert_equal("/blog/2005",       url_for(set, { :year => 2005 }, last_request))
-    assert_equal("/blog/show/123",   url_for(set, { :action => "show" , :id => 123 }, last_request))
-    assert_equal("/blog/2006",       url_for(set, { :year => 2006 }, last_request))
-    assert_equal("/blog/2006",       url_for(set, { :year => 2006, :month => nil }, last_request))
+    assert_equal({:controller => "blog", :action => "index"}, recognize_path.("/blog"))
+    assert_equal({:controller => "blog", :action => "show", :id => "123"}, recognize_path.("/blog/show/123"))
+    assert_equal({:controller => "blog", :action => "show_date", :year => "2004", :day => nil, :month => nil }, recognize_path.("/blog/2004"))
+    assert_equal({:controller => "blog", :action => "show_date", :year => "2004", :month => "12", :day => nil }, recognize_path.("/blog/2004/12"))
+    assert_equal({:controller => "blog", :action => "show_date", :year => "2004", :month => "12", :day => "25"}, recognize_path.("/blog/2004/12/25"))
+    assert_equal({:controller => "articles", :action => "edit", :id => "123"}, recognize_path.("/blog/articles/edit/123"))
+    assert_equal({:controller => "articles", :action => "show_stats"}, recognize_path.("/blog/articles/show_stats"))
+    assert_equal({:controller => "blog", :action => "unknown_request", :anything => "blog/wibble"}, recognize_path.("/blog/wibble"))
+    assert_equal({:controller => "blog", :action => "unknown_request", :anything => "junk"}, recognize_path.("/junk"))
+
+    get URI('http://example.org/blog/2006/07/28')
+
+    assert_equal({:controller => "blog",  :action => "show_date", :year => "2006", :month => "07", :day => "28"}, controller.request.path_parameters)
+    assert_equal("/blog/2006/07/25", controller.url_for({ :day => 25, :only_path => true }))
+    assert_equal("/blog/2005",       controller.url_for({ :year => 2005, :only_path => true }))
+    assert_equal("/blog/show/123",   controller.url_for({ :action => "show" , :id => 123, :only_path => true }))
+    assert_equal("/blog/2006",       controller.url_for({ :year => 2006, :only_path => true }))
+    assert_equal("/blog/2006",       controller.url_for({ :year => 2006, :month => nil, :only_path => true }))
   end
 
   private
@@ -1789,6 +1860,9 @@ class RackMountIntegrationTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     root :to => "news#index"
   }
 
+  attr_reader :routes
+  attr_reader :controller
+
   def setup
     @routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
     @routes.draw(&Mapping)
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/selector_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/selector_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1e80c8601c..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/selector_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,629 +0,0 @@
-#--
-# Copyright (c) 2006 Assaf Arkin (http://labnotes.org)
-# Under MIT and/or CC By license.
-#++
-
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'controller/fake_controllers'
-require 'action_view/vendor/html-scanner'
-
-class SelectorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  #
-  # Basic selector: element, id, class, attributes.
-  #
-
-  def test_element
-    parse(%Q{<div id="1"></div><p></p><div id="2"></div>})
-    # Match element by name.
-    select("div")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    # Not case sensitive.
-    select("DIV")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    # Universal match (all elements).
-    select("*")
-    assert_equal 3, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal nil, @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[2].attributes["id"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_identifier
-    parse(%Q{<div id="1"></div><p></p><div id="2"></div>})
-    # Match element by ID.
-    select("div#1")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Match element by ID, substitute value.
-    select("div#?", 2)
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Element name does not match ID.
-    select("p#?", 2)
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-    # Use regular expression.
-    select("#?", /\d/)
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-  end
-
-
-  def test_class_name
-    parse(%Q{<div id="1" class=" foo "></div><p id="2" class=" foo bar "></p><div id="3" class="bar"></div>})
-    # Match element with specified class.
-    select("div.foo")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Match any element with specified class.
-    select("*.foo")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    # Match elements with other class.
-    select("*.bar")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    # Match only element with both class names.
-    select("*.bar.foo")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_attribute
-    parse(%Q{<div id="1"></div><p id="2" title="" bar="foo"></p><div id="3" title="foo"></div>})
-    # Match element with attribute.
-    select("div[title]")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Match any element with attribute.
-    select("*[title]")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    # Match element with attribute value.
-    select("*[title=foo]")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Match element with attribute and attribute value.
-    select("[bar=foo][title]")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Not case sensitive.
-    select("[BAR=foo][TiTle]")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_attribute_quoted
-    parse(%Q{<div id="1" title="foo"></div><div id="2" title="bar"></div><div id="3" title="  bar  "></div>})
-    # Match without quotes.
-    select("[title = bar]")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Match with single quotes.
-    select("[title = 'bar' ]")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Match with double quotes.
-    select("[title = \"bar\" ]")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Match with spaces.
-    select("[title = \"  bar  \" ]")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_attribute_equality
-    parse(%Q{<div id="1" title="foo bar"></div><div id="2" title="barbaz"></div>})
-    # Match (fail) complete value.
-    select("[title=bar]")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-    # Match space-separate word.
-    select("[title~=foo]")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    select("[title~=bar]")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Match beginning of value.
-    select("[title^=ba]")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Match end of value.
-    select("[title$=ar]")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Match text in value.
-    select("[title*=bar]")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    # Match first space separated word.
-    select("[title|=foo]")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    select("[title|=bar]")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-  end
-
-
-  #
-  # Selector composition: groups, sibling, children
-  #
-
-
-  def test_selector_group
-    parse(%Q{<h1 id="1"></h1><h2 id="2"></h2><h3 id="3"></h3>})
-    # Simple group selector.
-    select("h1,h3")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    select("h1 , h3")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    # Complex group selector.
-    parse(%Q{<h1 id="1"><a href="foo"></a></h1><h2 id="2"><a href="bar"></a></h2><h3 id="2"><a href="baz"></a></h3>})
-    select("h1 a, h3 a")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "foo", @matches[0].attributes["href"]
-    assert_equal "baz", @matches[1].attributes["href"]
-    # And now for the three selector challenge.
-    parse(%Q{<h1 id="1"><a href="foo"></a></h1><h2 id="2"><a href="bar"></a></h2><h3 id="2"><a href="baz"></a></h3>})
-    select("h1 a, h2 a, h3 a")
-    assert_equal 3, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "foo", @matches[0].attributes["href"]
-    assert_equal "bar", @matches[1].attributes["href"]
-    assert_equal "baz", @matches[2].attributes["href"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_sibling_selector
-    parse(%Q{<h1 id="1"></h1><h2 id="2"></h2><h3 id="3"></h3>})
-    # Test next sibling.
-    select("h1+*")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    select("h1+h2")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    select("h1+h3")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-    select("*+h3")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Test any sibling.
-    select("h1~*")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    select("h2~*")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_children_selector
-    parse(%Q{<div><p id="1"><span id="2"></span></p></div><div><p id="3"><span id="4" class="foo"></span></p></div>})
-    # Test child selector.
-    select("div>p")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    select("div>span")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-    select("div>p#3")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    select("div>p>span")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "4", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    # Test descendant selector.
-    select("div p")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    select("div span")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "4", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    select("div *#3")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    select("div *#4")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "4", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # This is here because it failed before when whitespaces
-    # were not properly stripped.
-    select("div .foo")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "4", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-  end
-
-
-  #
-  # Pseudo selectors: root, nth-child, empty, content, etc
-  #
-
-
-  def test_root_selector
-    parse(%Q{<div id="1"><div id="2"></div></div>})
-    # Can only find element if it's root.
-    select(":root")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    select("#1:root")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    select("#2:root")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-    # Opposite for nth-child.
-    select("#1:nth-child(1)")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-  end
-
-
-  def test_nth_child_odd_even
-    parse(%Q{<table><tr id="1"></tr><tr id="2"></tr><tr id="3"></tr><tr id="4"></tr></table>})
-    # Test odd nth children.
-    select("tr:nth-child(odd)")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    # Test even nth children.
-    select("tr:nth-child(even)")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "4", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_nth_child_a_is_zero
-    parse(%Q{<table><tr id="1"></tr><tr id="2"></tr><tr id="3"></tr><tr id="4"></tr></table>})
-    # Test the third child.
-    select("tr:nth-child(0n+3)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Same but an can be omitted when zero.
-    select("tr:nth-child(3)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Second element (but not every second element).
-    select("tr:nth-child(0n+2)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Before first and past last returns nothing.:
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { select("tr:nth-child(-1)") }
-    select("tr:nth-child(0)")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-    select("tr:nth-child(5)")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-  end
-
-
-  def test_nth_child_a_is_one
-    parse(%Q{<table><tr id="1"></tr><tr id="2"></tr><tr id="3"></tr><tr id="4"></tr></table>})
-    # a is group of one, pick every element in group.
-    select("tr:nth-child(1n+0)")
-    assert_equal 4, @matches.size
-    # Same but a can be omitted when one.
-    select("tr:nth-child(n+0)")
-    assert_equal 4, @matches.size
-    # Same but b can be omitted when zero.
-    select("tr:nth-child(n)")
-    assert_equal 4, @matches.size
-  end
-
-
-  def test_nth_child_b_is_zero
-    parse(%Q{<table><tr id="1"></tr><tr id="2"></tr><tr id="3"></tr><tr id="4"></tr></table>})
-    # If b is zero, pick the n-th element (here each one).
-    select("tr:nth-child(n+0)")
-    assert_equal 4, @matches.size
-    # If b is zero, pick the n-th element (here every second).
-    select("tr:nth-child(2n+0)")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    # If a and b are both zero, no element selected.
-    select("tr:nth-child(0n+0)")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-    select("tr:nth-child(0)")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-  end
-
-
-  def test_nth_child_a_is_negative
-    parse(%Q{<table><tr id="1"></tr><tr id="2"></tr><tr id="3"></tr><tr id="4"></tr></table>})
-    # Since a is -1, picks the first three elements.
-    select("tr:nth-child(-n+3)")
-    assert_equal 3, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[2].attributes["id"]
-    # Since a is -2, picks the first in every second of first four elements.
-    select("tr:nth-child(-2n+3)")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    # Since a is -2, picks the first in every second of first three elements.
-    select("tr:nth-child(-2n+2)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_nth_child_b_is_negative
-    parse(%Q{<table><tr id="1"></tr><tr id="2"></tr><tr id="3"></tr><tr id="4"></tr></table>})
-    # Select last of four.
-    select("tr:nth-child(4n-1)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "4", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Select first of four.
-    select("tr:nth-child(4n-4)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Select last of every second.
-    select("tr:nth-child(2n-1)")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "4", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    # Select nothing since an+b always < 0
-    select("tr:nth-child(-1n-1)")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-  end
-
-
-  def test_nth_child_substitution_values
-    parse(%Q{<table><tr id="1"></tr><tr id="2"></tr><tr id="3"></tr><tr id="4"></tr></table>})
-    # Test with ?n?.
-    select("tr:nth-child(?n?)", 2, 1)
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    select("tr:nth-child(?n?)", 2, 2)
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "4", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    select("tr:nth-child(?n?)", 4, 2)
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Test with ? (b only).
-    select("tr:nth-child(?)", 3)
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    select("tr:nth-child(?)", 5)
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-  end
-
-
-  def test_nth_last_child
-    parse(%Q{<table><tr id="1"></tr><tr id="2"></tr><tr id="3"></tr><tr id="4"></tr></table>})
-    # Last two elements.
-    select("tr:nth-last-child(-n+2)")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "4", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    # All old elements counting from last one.
-    select("tr:nth-last-child(odd)")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "4", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_nth_of_type
-    parse(%Q{<table><thead></thead><tr id="1"></tr><tr id="2"></tr><tr id="3"></tr><tr id="4"></tr></table>})
-    # First two elements.
-    select("tr:nth-of-type(-n+2)")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    # All old elements counting from last one.
-    select("tr:nth-last-of-type(odd)")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "4", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_first_and_last
-    parse(%Q{<table><thead></thead><tr id="1"></tr><tr id="2"></tr><tr id="3"></tr><tr id="4"></tr></table>})
-    # First child.
-    select("tr:first-child")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-    select(":first-child")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "thead", @matches[0].name
-    # First of type.
-    select("tr:first-of-type")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    select("thead:first-of-type")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "thead", @matches[0].name
-    select("div:first-of-type")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-    # Last child.
-    select("tr:last-child")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "4", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Last of type.
-    select("tr:last-of-type")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "4", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    select("thead:last-of-type")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "thead", @matches[0].name
-    select("div:last-of-type")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-  end
-
-
-  def test_only_child_and_only_type_first_and_last
-    # Only child.
-    parse(%Q{<table><tr></tr></table>})
-    select("table:only-child")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-    select("tr:only-child")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "tr", @matches[0].name
-    parse(%Q{<table><tr></tr><tr></tr></table>})
-    select("tr:only-child")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-    # Only of type.
-    parse(%Q{<table><thead></thead><tr></tr><tr></tr></table>})
-    select("thead:only-of-type")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "thead", @matches[0].name
-    select("td:only-of-type")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-  end
-
-
-  def test_empty
-    parse(%Q{<table><tr></tr></table>})
-    select("table:empty")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-    select("tr:empty")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    parse(%Q{<div> </div>})
-    select("div:empty")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-  end
-
-
-  def test_content
-    parse(%Q{<div> </div>})
-    select("div:content()")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    parse(%Q{<div>something </div>})
-    select("div:content()")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-    select("div:content(something)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    select("div:content( 'something' )")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    select("div:content( \"something\" )")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    select("div:content(?)", "something")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    select("div:content(?)", /something/)
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-  end
-
-
-  #
-  # Test negation.
-  #
-
-
-  def test_element_negation
-    parse(%Q{<p></p><div></div>})
-    select("*")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    select("*:not(p)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "div", @matches[0].name
-    select("*:not(div)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "p", @matches[0].name
-    select("*:not(span)")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-  end
-
-
-  def test_id_negation
-    parse(%Q{<p id="1"></p><p id="2"></p>})
-    select("p")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    select(":not(#1)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    select(":not(#2)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_class_name_negation
-    parse(%Q{<p class="foo"></p><p class="bar"></p>})
-    select("p")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    select(":not(.foo)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "bar", @matches[0].attributes["class"]
-    select(":not(.bar)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "foo", @matches[0].attributes["class"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_attribute_negation
-    parse(%Q{<p title="foo"></p><p title="bar"></p>})
-    select("p")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    select(":not([title=foo])")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "bar", @matches[0].attributes["title"]
-    select(":not([title=bar])")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "foo", @matches[0].attributes["title"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_pseudo_class_negation
-    parse(%Q{<div><p id="1"></p><p id="2"></p></div>})
-    select("p")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    select("p:not(:first-child)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    select("p:not(:nth-child(2))")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_negation_details
-    parse(%Q{<p id="1"></p><p id="2"></p><p id="3"></p>})
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { select(":not(") }
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { select(":not(:not())") }
-    select("p:not(#1):not(#3)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_select_from_element
-    parse(%Q{<div><p id="1"></p><p id="2"></p></div>})
-    select("div")
-    @matches = @matches[0].select("p")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-  end
-
-
-protected
-
-  def parse(html)
-    @html = HTML::Document.new(html).root
-  end
-
-  def select(*selector)
-    @matches = HTML.selector(*selector).select(@html)
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/send_file_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/send_file_test.rb
index 4df2f8b98d..2820425c31 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/send_file_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/send_file_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'abstract_unit'
 
 module TestFileUtils
@@ -9,6 +8,7 @@ end
 
 class SendFileController < ActionController::Base
   include TestFileUtils
+  include ActionController::Testing
   layout "layouts/standard" # to make sure layouts don't interfere
 
   attr_writer :options
@@ -20,6 +20,47 @@ class SendFileController < ActionController::Base
     send_file(file_path, options)
   end
 
+  def test_send_file_headers_bang
+    options = {
+      :type => Mime[:png],
+      :disposition => 'disposition',
+      :filename => 'filename'
+    }
+
+    send_data "foo", options
+  end
+
+  def test_send_file_headers_with_disposition_as_a_symbol
+    options = {
+      :type => Mime[:png],
+      :disposition => :disposition,
+      :filename => 'filename'
+    }
+
+    send_data "foo", options
+  end
+
+  def test_send_file_headers_with_mime_lookup_with_symbol
+    options = { :type => :png }
+
+    send_data "foo", options
+  end
+
+  def test_send_file_headers_with_bad_symbol
+    options = { :type => :this_type_is_not_registered }
+    send_data "foo", options
+  end
+
+  def test_send_file_headers_with_nil_content_type
+    options = { :type => nil }
+    send_data "foo", options
+  end
+
+  def test_send_file_headers_guess_type_from_extension
+    options = { :filename => params[:filename] }
+    send_data "foo", options
+  end
+
   def data
     send_data(file_data, options)
   end
@@ -30,15 +71,10 @@ class SendFileWithActionControllerLive < SendFileController
 end
 
 class SendFileTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests SendFileController
   include TestFileUtils
 
-  Mime::Type.register "image/png", :png unless defined? Mime::PNG
-
   def setup
     @controller = SendFileController.new
-    @request = ActionController::TestRequest.new
-    @response = ActionController::TestResponse.new
   end
 
   def test_file_nostream
@@ -93,62 +129,39 @@ class SendFileTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   # Test that send_file_headers! is setting the correct HTTP headers.
   def test_send_file_headers_bang
-    options = {
-      :type => Mime::PNG,
-      :disposition => 'disposition',
-      :filename => 'filename'
-    }
-
     # Do it a few times: the resulting headers should be identical
     # no matter how many times you send with the same options.
     # Test resolving Ticket #458.
-    @controller.headers = {}
-    @controller.send(:send_file_headers!, options)
-    @controller.send(:send_file_headers!, options)
-    @controller.send(:send_file_headers!, options)
+    5.times do
+      get :test_send_file_headers_bang
 
-    h = @controller.headers
-    assert_equal 'image/png', @controller.content_type
-    assert_equal 'disposition; filename="filename"', h['Content-Disposition']
-    assert_equal 'binary', h['Content-Transfer-Encoding']
-
-    # test overriding Cache-Control: no-cache header to fix IE open/save dialog
-    @controller.send(:send_file_headers!, options)
-    @controller.response.prepare!
-    assert_equal 'private', h['Cache-Control']
+      assert_equal 'image/png', response.content_type
+      assert_equal 'disposition; filename="filename"', response.get_header('Content-Disposition')
+      assert_equal 'binary', response.get_header('Content-Transfer-Encoding')
+      assert_equal 'private', response.get_header('Cache-Control')
+    end
   end
 
   def test_send_file_headers_with_disposition_as_a_symbol
-    options = {
-      :type => Mime::PNG,
-      :disposition => :disposition,
-      :filename => 'filename'
-    }
+    get :test_send_file_headers_with_disposition_as_a_symbol
 
-    @controller.headers = {}
-    @controller.send(:send_file_headers!, options)
-    assert_equal 'disposition; filename="filename"', @controller.headers['Content-Disposition']
+    assert_equal 'disposition; filename="filename"', response.get_header('Content-Disposition')
   end
 
   def test_send_file_headers_with_mime_lookup_with_symbol
-    options = {
-      :type => :png
-    }
-
-    @controller.headers = {}
-    @controller.send(:send_file_headers!, options)
-
-    assert_equal 'image/png', @controller.content_type
+    get __method__
+    assert_equal 'image/png', response.content_type
   end
 
 
   def test_send_file_headers_with_bad_symbol
-    options = {
-      :type => :this_type_is_not_registered
-    }
+    error = assert_raise(ArgumentError) { get __method__ }
+    assert_equal "Unknown MIME type this_type_is_not_registered", error.message
+  end
 
-    @controller.headers = {}
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @controller.send(:send_file_headers!, options) }
+  def test_send_file_headers_with_nil_content_type
+    error = assert_raise(ArgumentError) { get __method__ }
+    assert_equal ":type option required", error.message
   end
 
   def test_send_file_headers_guess_type_from_extension
@@ -163,10 +176,8 @@ class SendFileTest < ActionController::TestCase
       'file.unk' => 'application/octet-stream',
       'zip' => 'application/octet-stream'
     }.each do |filename,expected_type|
-      options = { :filename => filename }
-      @controller.headers = {}
-      @controller.send(:send_file_headers!, options)
-      assert_equal expected_type, @controller.content_type
+      get __method__, params: { filename: filename }
+      assert_equal expected_type, response.content_type
     end
   end
 
@@ -184,7 +195,7 @@ class SendFileTest < ActionController::TestCase
   %w(file data).each do |method|
     define_method "test_send_#{method}_status" do
       @controller.options = { :stream => false, :status => 500 }
-      assert_nothing_raised { assert_not_nil process(method) }
+      assert_not_nil process(method)
       assert_equal 500, @response.status
     end
 
@@ -201,8 +212,6 @@ class SendFileTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  tests SendFileWithActionControllerLive
-
   def test_send_file_with_action_controller_live
     @controller = SendFileWithActionControllerLive.new
     @controller.options = { :content_type => "application/x-ruby" }
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/show_exceptions_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/show_exceptions_test.rb
index ff23b22040..786dc15444 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/show_exceptions_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/show_exceptions_test.rb
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ module ShowExceptions
 
     test 'show diagnostics from a local ip if show_detailed_exceptions? is set to request.local?' do
       @app = ShowExceptionsController.action(:boom)
-      ['127.0.0.1', '127.0.0.127', '::1', '0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1', '0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1%0'].each do |ip_address|
+      ['127.0.0.1', '127.0.0.127', '127.12.1.1', '::1', '0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1', '0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1%0'].each do |ip_address|
         self.remote_addr = ip_address
         get '/'
         assert_match(/boom/, body)
@@ -58,13 +58,13 @@ module ShowExceptions
   class ShowExceptionsOverriddenTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     test 'show error page' do
       @app = ShowExceptionsOverriddenController.action(:boom)
-      get '/', {'detailed' => '0'}
+      get '/', params: { 'detailed' => '0' }
       assert_equal "500 error fixture\n", body
     end
 
     test 'show diagnostics message' do
       @app = ShowExceptionsOverriddenController.action(:boom)
-      get '/', {'detailed' => '1'}
+      get '/', params: { 'detailed' => '1' }
       assert_match(/boom/, body)
     end
   end
@@ -72,23 +72,23 @@ module ShowExceptions
   class ShowExceptionsFormatsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     def test_render_json_exception
       @app = ShowExceptionsOverriddenController.action(:boom)
-      get "/", {}, 'HTTP_ACCEPT' => 'application/json'
+      get "/", headers: { 'HTTP_ACCEPT' => 'application/json' }
       assert_response :internal_server_error
       assert_equal 'application/json', response.content_type.to_s
-      assert_equal({ :status => '500', :error => 'Internal Server Error' }.to_json, response.body)
+      assert_equal({ :status => 500, :error => 'Internal Server Error' }.to_json, response.body)
     end
 
     def test_render_xml_exception
       @app = ShowExceptionsOverriddenController.action(:boom)
-      get "/", {}, 'HTTP_ACCEPT' => 'application/xml'
+      get "/", headers: { 'HTTP_ACCEPT' => 'application/xml' }
       assert_response :internal_server_error
       assert_equal 'application/xml', response.content_type.to_s
-      assert_equal({ :status => '500', :error => 'Internal Server Error' }.to_xml, response.body)
+      assert_equal({ :status => 500, :error => 'Internal Server Error' }.to_xml, response.body)
     end
 
     def test_render_fallback_exception
       @app = ShowExceptionsOverriddenController.action(:boom)
-      get "/", {}, 'HTTP_ACCEPT' => 'text/csv'
+      get "/", headers: { 'HTTP_ACCEPT' => 'text/csv' }
       assert_response :internal_server_error
       assert_equal 'text/html', response.content_type.to_s
     end
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ module ShowExceptions
       @app.instance_variable_set(:@exceptions_app, nil)
       $stderr = StringIO.new
 
-      get '/', {}, 'HTTP_ACCEPT' => 'text/json'
+      get '/', headers: { 'HTTP_ACCEPT' => 'text/json' }
       assert_response :internal_server_error
       assert_equal 'text/plain', response.content_type.to_s
     ensure
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/test_case_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/test_case_test.rb
index 5ff4a383ec..e50373a0cc 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/test_case_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/test_case_test.rb
@@ -1,69 +1,85 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'controller/fake_controllers'
 require 'active_support/json/decoding'
+require 'rails/engine'
 
 class TestCaseTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  def self.fixture_path; end;
+
   class TestController < ActionController::Base
     def no_op
-      render :text => 'dummy'
+      render plain: 'dummy'
     end
 
     def set_flash
       flash["test"] = ">#{flash["test"]}<"
-      render :text => 'ignore me'
+      render plain: 'ignore me'
+    end
+
+    def delete_flash
+      flash.delete("test")
+      render plain: 'ignore me'
     end
 
     def set_flash_now
       flash.now["test_now"] = ">#{flash["test_now"]}<"
-      render :text => 'ignore me'
+      render plain: 'ignore me'
     end
 
     def set_session
       session['string'] = 'A wonder'
       session[:symbol] = 'it works'
-      render :text => 'Success'
+      render plain: 'Success'
     end
 
     def reset_the_session
       reset_session
-      render :text => 'ignore me'
+      render plain: 'ignore me'
     end
 
     def render_raw_post
       raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion, "#raw_post is blank" if request.raw_post.blank?
-      render :text => request.raw_post
+      render plain: request.raw_post
     end
 
     def render_body
-      render :text => request.body.read
+      render plain: request.body.read
     end
 
     def test_params
-      render :text => params.inspect
+      render plain: ::JSON.dump(params.to_unsafe_h)
+    end
+
+    def test_query_parameters
+      render plain: ::JSON.dump(request.query_parameters)
+    end
+
+    def test_request_parameters
+      render plain: request.request_parameters.inspect
     end
 
     def test_uri
-      render :text => request.fullpath
+      render plain: request.fullpath
     end
 
     def test_format
-      render :text => request.format
+      render plain: request.format
     end
 
     def test_query_string
-      render :text => request.query_string
+      render plain: request.query_string
     end
 
     def test_protocol
-      render :text => request.protocol
+      render plain: request.protocol
     end
 
     def test_headers
-      render text: request.headers.env.to_json
+      render plain: ::JSON.dump(request.headers.env)
     end
 
     def test_html_output
-      render :text => <<HTML
+      render plain: <<HTML
 <html>
   <body>
     <a href="/"><img src="/images/button.png" /></a>
@@ -85,7 +101,7 @@ HTML
 
     def test_xml_output
       response.content_type = "application/xml"
-      render :text => <<XML
+      render plain: <<XML
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 <root>
   <area>area is an empty tag in HTML, raising an error if not in xml mode</area>
@@ -94,15 +110,15 @@ XML
     end
 
     def test_only_one_param
-      render :text => (params[:left] && params[:right]) ? "EEP, Both here!" : "OK"
+      render plain: (params[:left] && params[:right]) ? "EEP, Both here!" : "OK"
     end
 
     def test_remote_addr
-      render :text => (request.remote_addr || "not specified")
+      render plain: (request.remote_addr || "not specified")
     end
 
     def test_file_upload
-      render :text => params[:file].size
+      render plain: params[:file].size
     end
 
     def test_send_file
@@ -110,41 +126,41 @@ XML
     end
 
     def redirect_to_same_controller
-      redirect_to :controller => 'test', :action => 'test_uri', :id => 5
+      redirect_to controller: 'test', action: 'test_uri', id: 5
     end
 
     def redirect_to_different_controller
-      redirect_to :controller => 'fail', :id => 5
+      redirect_to controller: 'fail', id: 5
     end
 
     def create
-      head :created, :location => 'created resource'
+      head :created, location: 'created resource'
     end
 
     def delete_cookie
       cookies.delete("foo")
-      render :nothing => true
+      render plain: 'ok'
+    end
+
+    def test_without_body
+      render html: '<div class="foo"></div>'.html_safe
     end
 
-    def test_assigns
-      @foo = "foo"
-      @foo_hash = {:foo => :bar}
-      render :nothing => true
+    def test_with_body
+      render html: '<body class="foo"></body>'.html_safe
     end
 
     private
 
       def generate_url(opts)
-        url_for(opts.merge(:action => "test_uri"))
+        url_for(opts.merge(action: "test_uri"))
       end
   end
 
   def setup
     super
     @controller = TestController.new
-    @request    = ActionController::TestRequest.new
-    @response   = ActionController::TestResponse.new
-    @request.env['PATH_INFO'] = nil
+    @request.delete_header 'PATH_INFO'
     @routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new.tap do |r|
       r.draw do
         get ':controller(/:action(/:id))'
@@ -152,44 +168,87 @@ XML
     end
   end
 
-  class ViewAssignsController < ActionController::Base
-    def test_assigns
-      @foo = "foo"
-      render :nothing => true
+  class DefaultUrlOptionsCachingController < ActionController::Base
+    before_action { @dynamic_opt = 'opt' }
+
+    def test_url_options_reset
+      render plain: url_for(params)
     end
 
-    def view_assigns
-      { "bar" => "bar" }
+    def default_url_options
+      if defined?(@dynamic_opt)
+        super.merge dynamic_opt: @dynamic_opt
+      else
+        super
+      end
     end
   end
 
+  def test_assert_select_without_body
+    get :test_without_body
+
+    assert_select 'body', 0
+    assert_select 'div.foo'
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_select_with_body
+    get :test_with_body
+
+    assert_select 'body.foo'
+  end
+
+  def test_url_options_reset
+    @controller = DefaultUrlOptionsCachingController.new
+    get :test_url_options_reset
+    assert_nil @request.params['dynamic_opt']
+    assert_match(/dynamic_opt=opt/, @response.body)
+  end
+
   def test_raw_post_handling
-    params = Hash[:page, {:name => 'page name'}, 'some key', 123]
-    post :render_raw_post, params.dup
+    params = Hash[:page, { name: 'page name' }, 'some key', 123]
+    post :render_raw_post, params: params.dup
 
     assert_equal params.to_query, @response.body
   end
 
   def test_body_stream
-    params = Hash[:page, { :name => 'page name' }, 'some key', 123]
+    params = Hash[:page, { name: 'page name' }, 'some key', 123]
 
-    post :render_body, params.dup
+    post :render_body, params: params.dup
+
+    assert_equal params.to_query, @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_body_stream
+    params = Hash[:page, { name: 'page name' }, 'some key', 123]
+
+    assert_deprecated { post :render_body, params.dup }
 
     assert_equal params.to_query, @response.body
   end
 
   def test_document_body_and_params_with_post
-    post :test_params, :id => 1
-    assert_equal("{\"id\"=>\"1\", \"controller\"=>\"test_case_test/test\", \"action\"=>\"test_params\"}", @response.body)
+    post :test_params, params: { id: 1 }
+    assert_equal({"id"=>"1", "controller"=>"test_case_test/test", "action"=>"test_params"}, ::JSON.parse(@response.body))
   end
 
   def test_document_body_with_post
-    post :render_body, "document body"
+    post :render_body, body: "document body"
+    assert_equal "document body", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_document_body_with_post
+    assert_deprecated { post :render_body, "document body" }
     assert_equal "document body", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_document_body_with_put
-    put :render_body, "document body"
+    put :render_body, body: "document body"
+    assert_equal "document body", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_document_body_with_put
+    assert_deprecated { put :render_body, "document body" }
     assert_equal "document body", @response.body
   end
 
@@ -198,25 +257,42 @@ XML
     assert_equal 200, @response.status
   end
 
-  def test_head_params_as_sting
-    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { head :test_params, "document body", :id => 10 }
-  end
-
   def test_process_without_flash
     process :set_flash
     assert_equal '><', flash['test']
   end
 
+  def test_deprecated_process_with_flash
+    assert_deprecated { process :set_flash, "GET", nil, nil, { "test" => "value" } }
+    assert_equal '>value<', flash['test']
+  end
+
   def test_process_with_flash
-    process :set_flash, "GET", nil, nil, { "test" => "value" }
+    process :set_flash,
+      method: "GET",
+      flash: { "test" => "value" }
     assert_equal '>value<', flash['test']
   end
 
+  def test_deprecated_process_with_flash_now
+    assert_deprecated { process :set_flash_now, "GET", nil, nil, { "test_now" => "value_now" } }
+    assert_equal '>value_now<', flash['test_now']
+  end
+
   def test_process_with_flash_now
-    process :set_flash_now, "GET", nil, nil, { "test_now" => "value_now" }
+    process :set_flash_now,
+      method: "GET",
+      flash: { "test_now" => "value_now" }
     assert_equal '>value_now<', flash['test_now']
   end
 
+  def test_process_delete_flash
+    process :set_flash
+    process :delete_flash
+    assert_empty flash
+    assert_empty session
+  end
+
   def test_process_with_session
     process :set_session
     assert_equal 'A wonder', session['string'], "A value stored in the session should be available by string key"
@@ -226,22 +302,48 @@ XML
   end
 
   def test_process_with_session_arg
-    process :no_op, "GET", nil, { 'string' => 'value1', :symbol => 'value2' }
+    assert_deprecated { process :no_op, "GET", nil, { 'string' => 'value1', symbol: 'value2' } }
     assert_equal 'value1', session['string']
     assert_equal 'value1', session[:string]
     assert_equal 'value2', session['symbol']
     assert_equal 'value2', session[:symbol]
   end
 
+  def test_process_with_session_kwarg
+    process :no_op, method: "GET", session: { 'string' => 'value1', symbol: 'value2' }
+    assert_equal 'value1', session['string']
+    assert_equal 'value1', session[:string]
+    assert_equal 'value2', session['symbol']
+    assert_equal 'value2', session[:symbol]
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_process_merges_session_arg
+    session[:foo] = 'bar'
+    assert_deprecated {
+      get :no_op, nil, { bar: 'baz' }
+    }
+    assert_equal 'bar', session[:foo]
+    assert_equal 'baz', session[:bar]
+  end
+
   def test_process_merges_session_arg
     session[:foo] = 'bar'
-    get :no_op, nil, { :bar => 'baz' }
+    get :no_op, session: { bar: 'baz' }
     assert_equal 'bar', session[:foo]
     assert_equal 'baz', session[:bar]
   end
 
+  def test_deprecated_merged_session_arg_is_retained_across_requests
+    assert_deprecated {
+      get :no_op, nil, { foo: 'bar' }
+    }
+    assert_equal 'bar', session[:foo]
+    get :no_op
+    assert_equal 'bar', session[:foo]
+  end
+
   def test_merged_session_arg_is_retained_across_requests
-    get :no_op, nil, { :foo => 'bar' }
+    get :no_op, session: { foo: 'bar' }
     assert_equal 'bar', session[:foo]
     get :no_op
     assert_equal 'bar', session[:foo]
@@ -249,7 +351,7 @@ XML
 
   def test_process_overwrites_existing_session_arg
     session[:foo] = 'bar'
-    get :no_op, nil, { :foo => 'baz' }
+    get :no_op, session: { foo: 'baz' }
     assert_equal 'baz', session[:foo]
   end
 
@@ -276,19 +378,40 @@ XML
     assert_equal "/test_case_test/test/test_uri", @response.body
   end
 
+  def test_process_with_symbol_method
+    process :test_uri, method: :get
+    assert_equal "/test_case_test/test/test_uri", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_process_with_request_uri_with_params
+    assert_deprecated { process :test_uri, "GET", id: 7 }
+    assert_equal "/test_case_test/test/test_uri/7", @response.body
+  end
+
   def test_process_with_request_uri_with_params
-    process :test_uri, "GET", :id => 7
+    process :test_uri,
+      method: "GET",
+      params: { id: 7 }
+
     assert_equal "/test_case_test/test/test_uri/7", @response.body
   end
 
+  def test_deprecated_process_with_request_uri_with_params_with_explicit_uri
+    @request.env['PATH_INFO'] = "/explicit/uri"
+    assert_deprecated { process :test_uri, "GET", id: 7 }
+    assert_equal "/explicit/uri", @response.body
+  end
+
   def test_process_with_request_uri_with_params_with_explicit_uri
     @request.env['PATH_INFO'] = "/explicit/uri"
-    process :test_uri, "GET", :id => 7
+    process :test_uri, method: "GET", params: { id: 7 }
     assert_equal "/explicit/uri", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_process_with_query_string
-    process :test_query_string, "GET", :q => 'test'
+    process :test_query_string,
+      method: "GET",
+      params: { q: 'test' }
     assert_equal "q=test", @response.body
   end
 
@@ -300,198 +423,12 @@ XML
   end
 
   def test_multiple_calls
-    process :test_only_one_param, "GET", :left => true
+    process :test_only_one_param, method: "GET", params: { left: true }
     assert_equal "OK", @response.body
-    process :test_only_one_param, "GET", :right => true
+    process :test_only_one_param, method: "GET", params: { right: true }
     assert_equal "OK", @response.body
   end
 
-  def test_assigns
-    process :test_assigns
-    # assigns can be accessed using assigns(key)
-    # or assigns[key], where key is a string or
-    # a symbol
-    assert_equal "foo", assigns(:foo)
-    assert_equal "foo", assigns("foo")
-    assert_equal "foo", assigns[:foo]
-    assert_equal "foo", assigns["foo"]
-
-    # but the assigned variable should not have its own keys stringified
-    expected_hash = { :foo => :bar }
-    assert_equal expected_hash, assigns(:foo_hash)
-  end
-
-  def test_view_assigns
-    @controller = ViewAssignsController.new
-    process :test_assigns
-    assert_equal nil, assigns(:foo)
-    assert_equal nil, assigns[:foo]
-    assert_equal "bar", assigns(:bar)
-    assert_equal "bar", assigns[:bar]
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_tag
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a 'form' tag
-    assert_tag :tag => 'form'
-    # there is not an 'hr' tag
-    assert_no_tag :tag => 'hr'
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_attributes
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a tag with an 'id' of 'bar'
-    assert_tag :attributes => { :id => "bar" }
-    # there is no tag with a 'name' of 'baz'
-    assert_no_tag :attributes => { :name => "baz" }
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_parent
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a tag with a parent 'form' tag
-    assert_tag :parent => { :tag => "form" }
-    # there is no tag with a parent of 'input'
-    assert_no_tag :parent => { :tag => "input" }
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_child
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a tag with a child 'input' tag
-    assert_tag :child => { :tag => "input" }
-    # there is no tag with a child 'strong' tag
-    assert_no_tag :child => { :tag => "strong" }
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_ancestor
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a 'li' tag with an ancestor having an id of 'foo'
-    assert_tag :ancestor => { :attributes => { :id => "foo" } }, :tag => "li"
-    # there is no tag of any kind with an ancestor having an href matching 'foo'
-    assert_no_tag :ancestor => { :attributes => { :href => /foo/ } }
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_descendant
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a tag with a descendant 'li' tag
-    assert_tag :descendant => { :tag => "li" }
-    # there is no tag with a descendant 'html' tag
-    assert_no_tag :descendant => { :tag => "html" }
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_sibling
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a tag with a sibling of class 'item'
-    assert_tag :sibling => { :attributes => { :class => "item" } }
-    # there is no tag with a sibling 'ul' tag
-    assert_no_tag :sibling => { :tag => "ul" }
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_after
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a tag following a sibling 'div' tag
-    assert_tag :after => { :tag => "div" }
-    # there is no tag following a sibling tag with id 'bar'
-    assert_no_tag :after => { :attributes => { :id => "bar" } }
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_before
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a tag preceding a tag with id 'bar'
-    assert_tag :before => { :attributes => { :id => "bar" } }
-    # there is no tag preceding a 'form' tag
-    assert_no_tag :before => { :tag => "form" }
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_children_count
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a tag with 2 children
-    assert_tag :children => { :count => 2 }
-    # in particular, there is a <ul> tag with two children (a nameless pair of <li>s)
-    assert_tag :tag => 'ul', :children => { :count => 2 }
-    # there is no tag with 4 children
-    assert_no_tag :children => { :count => 4 }
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_children_less_than
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a tag with less than 5 children
-    assert_tag :children => { :less_than => 5 }
-    # there is no 'ul' tag with less than 2 children
-    assert_no_tag :children => { :less_than => 2 }, :tag => "ul"
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_children_greater_than
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a 'body' tag with more than 1 children
-    assert_tag :children => { :greater_than => 1 }, :tag => "body"
-    # there is no tag with more than 10 children
-    assert_no_tag :children => { :greater_than => 10 }
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_children_only
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a tag containing only one child with an id of 'foo'
-    assert_tag :children => { :count => 1,
-                              :only => { :attributes => { :id => "foo" } } }
-    # there is no tag containing only one 'li' child
-    assert_no_tag :children => { :count => 1, :only => { :tag => "li" } }
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_content
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # the output contains the string "Name"
-    assert_tag :content => /Name/
-    # the output does not contain the string "test"
-    assert_no_tag :content => /test/
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_multiple
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a 'div', id='bar', with an immediate child whose 'action'
-    # attribute matches the regexp /somewhere/.
-    assert_tag :tag => "div", :attributes => { :id => "bar" },
-               :child => { :attributes => { :action => /somewhere/ } }
-
-    # there is no 'div', id='foo', with a 'ul' child with more than
-    # 2 "li" children.
-    assert_no_tag :tag => "div", :attributes => { :id => "foo" },
-                  :child => {
-                    :tag => "ul",
-                    :children => { :greater_than => 2,
-                                   :only => { :tag => "li" } } }
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_children_without_content
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a form tag with an 'input' child which is a self closing tag
-    assert_tag :tag => "form",
-      :children => { :count => 1,
-        :only => { :tag => "input" } }
-
-    # the body tag has an 'a' child which in turn has an 'img' child
-    assert_tag :tag => "body",
-      :children => { :count => 1,
-        :only => { :tag => "a",
-          :children => { :count => 1,
-            :only => { :tag => "img" } } } }
-  end
-
   def test_should_not_impose_childless_html_tags_in_xml
     process :test_xml_output
 
@@ -506,39 +443,22 @@ XML
     assert err.empty?
   end
 
-  def test_assert_tag_attribute_matching
-    @response.body = '<input type="text" name="my_name">'
-    assert_tag :tag => 'input',
-                 :attributes => { :name => /my/, :type => 'text' }
-    assert_no_tag :tag => 'input',
-                 :attributes => { :name => 'my', :type => 'text' }
-    assert_no_tag :tag => 'input',
-                 :attributes => { :name => /^my$/, :type => 'text' }
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_content_matching
-    @response.body = "<p>hello world</p>"
-    assert_tag :tag => "p", :content => "hello world"
-    assert_tag :tag => "p", :content => /hello/
-    assert_no_tag :tag => "p", :content => "hello"
-  end
-
   def test_assert_generates
-    assert_generates 'controller/action/5', :controller => 'controller', :action => 'action', :id => '5'
-    assert_generates 'controller/action/7', {:id => "7"}, {:controller => "controller", :action => "action"}
-    assert_generates 'controller/action/5', {:controller => "controller", :action => "action", :id => "5", :name => "bob"}, {}, {:name => "bob"}
-    assert_generates 'controller/action/7', {:id => "7", :name => "bob"}, {:controller => "controller", :action => "action"}, {:name => "bob"}
-    assert_generates 'controller/action/7', {:id => "7"}, {:controller => "controller", :action => "action", :name => "bob"}, {}
+    assert_generates 'controller/action/5', controller: 'controller', action: 'action', id: '5'
+    assert_generates 'controller/action/7', { id: "7" }, { controller: "controller", action: "action" }
+    assert_generates 'controller/action/5', { controller: "controller", action: "action", id: "5", name: "bob" }, {}, { name: "bob" }
+    assert_generates 'controller/action/7', { id: "7", name: "bob" }, { controller: "controller", action: "action" }, { name: "bob" }
+    assert_generates 'controller/action/7', { id: "7" }, { controller: "controller", action: "action", name: "bob" }, {}
   end
 
   def test_assert_routing
-    assert_routing 'content', :controller => 'content', :action => 'index'
+    assert_routing 'content', controller: 'content', action: 'index'
   end
 
   def test_assert_routing_with_method
     with_routing do |set|
       set.draw { resources(:content) }
-      assert_routing({ :method => 'post', :path => 'content' }, { :controller => 'content', :action => 'create' })
+      assert_routing({ method: 'post', path: 'content' }, { controller: 'content', action: 'create' })
     end
   end
 
@@ -550,30 +470,88 @@ XML
         end
       end
 
-      assert_routing 'admin/user', :controller => 'admin/user', :action => 'index'
+      assert_routing 'admin/user', controller: 'admin/user', action: 'index'
     end
   end
 
   def test_assert_routing_with_glob
     with_routing do |set|
       set.draw { get('*path' => "pages#show") }
-      assert_routing('/company/about', { :controller => 'pages', :action => 'show', :path => 'company/about' })
+      assert_routing('/company/about', { controller: 'pages', action: 'show', path: 'company/about' })
     end
   end
 
+  def test_deprecated_params_passing
+    assert_deprecated {
+      get :test_params, page: { name: "Page name", month: '4', year: '2004', day: '6' }
+    }
+    parsed_params = ::JSON.parse(@response.body)
+    assert_equal(
+      {
+        'controller' => 'test_case_test/test', 'action' => 'test_params',
+        'page' => { 'name' => "Page name", 'month' => '4', 'year' => '2004', 'day' => '6' }
+      },
+      parsed_params
+    )
+  end
+
   def test_params_passing
-    get :test_params, :page => {:name => "Page name", :month => '4', :year => '2004', :day => '6'}
+    get :test_params, params: {
+      page: {
+        name: "Page name",
+        month: '4',
+        year: '2004',
+        day: '6'
+      }
+    }
+    parsed_params = ::JSON.parse(@response.body)
+    assert_equal(
+      {
+        'controller' => 'test_case_test/test', 'action' => 'test_params',
+        'page' => { 'name' => "Page name", 'month' => '4', 'year' => '2004', 'day' => '6' }
+      },
+      parsed_params
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_query_param_named_action
+    get :test_query_parameters, params: {action: 'foobar'}
+    parsed_params = JSON.parse(@response.body)
+    assert_equal({'action' => 'foobar'}, parsed_params)
+  end
+
+  def test_request_param_named_action
+    post :test_request_parameters, params: {action: 'foobar'}
     parsed_params = eval(@response.body)
+    assert_equal({'action' => 'foobar'}, parsed_params)
+  end
+
+  def test_kwarg_params_passing_with_session_and_flash
+    get :test_params, params: {
+      page: {
+        name: "Page name",
+        month: '4',
+        year: '2004',
+        day: '6'
+      }
+    }, session: { 'foo' => 'bar' }, flash: { notice: 'created' }
+
+    parsed_params = ::JSON.parse(@response.body)
     assert_equal(
       {'controller' => 'test_case_test/test', 'action' => 'test_params',
        'page' => {'name' => "Page name", 'month' => '4', 'year' => '2004', 'day' => '6'}},
       parsed_params
     )
+
+    assert_equal 'bar', session[:foo]
+    assert_equal 'created', flash[:notice]
   end
 
   def test_params_passing_with_fixnums
-    get :test_params, :page => {:name => "Page name", :month => 4, :year => 2004, :day => 6}
-    parsed_params = eval(@response.body)
+    get :test_params, params: {
+      page: { name: "Page name", month: 4, year: 2004, day: 6 }
+    }
+    parsed_params = ::JSON.parse(@response.body)
     assert_equal(
       {'controller' => 'test_case_test/test', 'action' => 'test_params',
        'page' => {'name' => "Page name", 'month' => '4', 'year' => '2004', 'day' => '6'}},
@@ -582,18 +560,28 @@ XML
   end
 
   def test_params_passing_with_fixnums_when_not_html_request
-    get :test_params, :format => 'json', :count => 999
-    parsed_params = eval(@response.body)
+    get :test_params, params: { format: 'json', count: 999 }
+    parsed_params = ::JSON.parse(@response.body)
     assert_equal(
       {'controller' => 'test_case_test/test', 'action' => 'test_params',
-       'format' => 'json', 'count' => 999 },
+       'format' => 'json', 'count' => '999' },
       parsed_params
     )
   end
 
   def test_params_passing_path_parameter_is_string_when_not_html_request
-    get :test_params, :format => 'json', :id => 1
-    parsed_params = eval(@response.body)
+    get :test_params, params: { format: 'json', id: 1 }
+    parsed_params = ::JSON.parse(@response.body)
+    assert_equal(
+      {'controller' => 'test_case_test/test', 'action' => 'test_params',
+       'format' => 'json', 'id' => '1' },
+      parsed_params
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_params_passing_path_parameter_is_string_when_not_html_request
+    assert_deprecated { get :test_params, format: 'json', id: 1 }
+    parsed_params = ::JSON.parse(@response.body)
     assert_equal(
       {'controller' => 'test_case_test/test', 'action' => 'test_params',
        'format' => 'json', 'id' => '1' },
@@ -603,9 +591,11 @@ XML
 
   def test_params_passing_with_frozen_values
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      get :test_params, :frozen => 'icy'.freeze, :frozens => ['icy'.freeze].freeze, :deepfreeze => { :frozen => 'icy'.freeze }.freeze
+      get :test_params, params: {
+        frozen: 'icy'.freeze, frozens: ['icy'.freeze].freeze, deepfreeze: { frozen: 'icy'.freeze }.freeze
+      }
     end
-    parsed_params = eval(@response.body)
+    parsed_params = ::JSON.parse(@response.body)
     assert_equal(
       {'controller' => 'test_case_test/test', 'action' => 'test_params',
        'frozen' => 'icy', 'frozens' => ['icy'], 'deepfreeze' => { 'frozen' => 'icy' }},
@@ -614,8 +604,8 @@ XML
   end
 
   def test_params_passing_doesnt_modify_in_place
-    page = {:name => "Page name", :month => 4, :year => 2004, :day => 6}
-    get :test_params, :page => page
+    page = { name: "Page name", month: 4, year: 2004, day: 6 }
+    get :test_params, params: { page: page }
     assert_equal 2004, page[:year]
   end
 
@@ -637,30 +627,62 @@ XML
     assert_equal "application/json", parsed_env["CONTENT_TYPE"]
   end
 
+  def test_mutating_content_type_headers_for_plain_text_files_sets_the_header
+    @request.headers['Content-Type'] = 'text/plain'
+    post :render_body, params: { name: 'foo.txt' }
+
+    assert_equal 'text/plain', @request.headers['Content-type']
+    assert_equal 'foo.txt', @request.request_parameters[:name]
+    assert_equal 'render_body', @request.path_parameters[:action]
+  end
+
+  def test_mutating_content_type_headers_for_html_files_sets_the_header
+    @request.headers['Content-Type'] = 'text/html'
+    post :render_body, params: { name: 'foo.html' }
+
+    assert_equal 'text/html', @request.headers['Content-type']
+    assert_equal 'foo.html', @request.request_parameters[:name]
+    assert_equal 'render_body', @request.path_parameters[:action]
+  end
+
+  def test_mutating_content_type_headers_for_non_registered_mime_type_raises_an_error
+    assert_raises(RuntimeError) do
+      @request.headers['Content-Type'] = 'type/fake'
+      post :render_body, params: { name: 'foo.fake' }
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_id_converted_to_string
-    get :test_params, :id => 20, :foo => Object.new
-    assert_kind_of String, @request.path_parameters['id']
+    get :test_params, params: {
+      id: 20, foo: Object.new
+    }
+    assert_kind_of String, @request.path_parameters[:id]
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecared_id_converted_to_string
+    assert_deprecated { get :test_params, id: 20, foo: Object.new}
+    assert_kind_of String, @request.path_parameters[:id]
   end
 
   def test_array_path_parameter_handled_properly
     with_routing do |set|
       set.draw do
-        get 'file/*path', :to => 'test_case_test/test#test_params'
+        get 'file/*path', to: 'test_case_test/test#test_params'
         get ':controller/:action'
       end
 
-      get :test_params, :path => ['hello', 'world']
-      assert_equal ['hello', 'world'], @request.path_parameters['path']
-      assert_equal 'hello/world', @request.path_parameters['path'].to_param
+      get :test_params, params: { path: ['hello', 'world'] }
+      assert_equal ['hello', 'world'], @request.path_parameters[:path]
+      assert_equal 'hello/world', @request.path_parameters[:path].to_param
     end
   end
 
   def test_assert_realistic_path_parameters
-    get :test_params, :id => 20, :foo => Object.new
+    get :test_params, params: { id: 20, foo: Object.new }
 
-    # All elements of path_parameters should use string keys
-    @request.path_parameters.keys.each do |key|
-      assert_kind_of String, key
+    # All elements of path_parameters should use Symbol keys
+    @request.path_parameters.each_key do |key|
+      assert_kind_of Symbol, key
     end
   end
 
@@ -688,38 +710,71 @@ XML
   end
 
   def test_header_properly_reset_after_remote_http_request
-    xhr :get, :test_params
+    get :test_params, xhr: true
     assert_nil @request.env['HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH']
+    assert_nil @request.env['HTTP_ACCEPT']
   end
 
-  def test_header_properly_reset_after_get_request
-    get :test_params
-    @request.recycle!
-    assert_nil @request.instance_variable_get("@request_method")
+  def test_deprecated_xhr_with_params
+    assert_deprecated { xhr :get, :test_params, params: { id: 1 } }
+
+    assert_equal({"id"=>"1", "controller"=>"test_case_test/test", "action"=>"test_params"}, ::JSON.parse(@response.body))
+  end
+
+  def test_xhr_with_params
+    get :test_params, params: { id: 1 }, xhr: true
+
+    assert_equal({"id"=>"1", "controller"=>"test_case_test/test", "action"=>"test_params"}, ::JSON.parse(@response.body))
   end
 
-  def test_params_reset_after_post_request
-    post :no_op, :foo => "bar"
+  def test_xhr_with_session
+    get :set_session, xhr: true
+
+    assert_equal 'A wonder', session['string'], "A value stored in the session should be available by string key"
+    assert_equal 'A wonder', session[:string], "Test session hash should allow indifferent access"
+    assert_equal 'it works', session['symbol'], "Test session hash should allow indifferent access"
+    assert_equal 'it works', session[:symbol], "Test session hash should allow indifferent access"
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_xhr_with_session
+    assert_deprecated { xhr :get, :set_session }
+
+    assert_equal 'A wonder', session['string'], "A value stored in the session should be available by string key"
+    assert_equal 'A wonder', session[:string], "Test session hash should allow indifferent access"
+    assert_equal 'it works', session['symbol'], "Test session hash should allow indifferent access"
+    assert_equal 'it works', session[:symbol], "Test session hash should allow indifferent access"
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_params_reset_between_post_requests
+    assert_deprecated { post :no_op, foo: "bar" }
+    assert_equal "bar", @request.params[:foo]
+
+    post :no_op
+    assert @request.params[:foo].blank?
+  end
+
+  def test_params_reset_between_post_requests
+    post :no_op, params: { foo: "bar" }
     assert_equal "bar", @request.params[:foo]
-    @request.recycle!
+
     post :no_op
     assert @request.params[:foo].blank?
   end
 
   def test_filtered_parameters_reset_between_requests
-    get :no_op, :foo => "bar"
+    get :no_op, params: { foo: "bar" }
     assert_equal "bar", @request.filtered_parameters[:foo]
 
-    get :no_op, :foo => "baz"
+    get :no_op, params: { foo: "baz" }
     assert_equal "baz", @request.filtered_parameters[:foo]
   end
 
-  def test_symbolized_path_params_reset_after_request
-    get :test_params, :id => "foo"
-    assert_equal "foo", @request.symbolized_path_parameters[:id]
-    @request.recycle!
+  def test_path_params_reset_between_request
+    get :test_params, params: { id: "foo" }
+    assert_equal "foo", @request.path_parameters[:id]
+
     get :test_params
-    assert_nil @request.symbolized_path_parameters[:id]
+    assert_nil @request.path_parameters[:id]
   end
 
   def test_request_protocol_is_reset_after_request
@@ -736,19 +791,38 @@ XML
   end
 
   def test_request_format
-    get :test_format, :format => 'html'
+    get :test_format, params: { format: 'html' }
     assert_equal 'text/html', @response.body
 
-    get :test_format, :format => 'json'
+    get :test_format, params: { format: 'json' }
     assert_equal 'application/json', @response.body
 
-    get :test_format, :format => 'xml'
+    get :test_format, params: { format: 'xml' }
     assert_equal 'application/xml', @response.body
 
     get :test_format
     assert_equal 'text/html', @response.body
   end
 
+  def test_request_format_kwarg
+    get :test_format, format: 'html'
+    assert_equal 'text/html', @response.body
+
+    get :test_format, format: 'json'
+    assert_equal 'application/json', @response.body
+
+    get :test_format, format: 'xml'
+    assert_equal 'application/xml', @response.body
+
+    get :test_format
+    assert_equal 'text/html', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_request_format_kwarg_overrides_params
+    get :test_format, format: 'json', params: { format: 'html' }
+    assert_equal 'application/json', @response.body
+  end
+
   def test_should_have_knowledge_of_client_side_cookie_state_even_if_they_are_not_set
     cookies['foo'] = 'bar'
     get :no_op
@@ -802,10 +876,10 @@ XML
   end
 
   def test_fixture_path_is_accessed_from_self_instead_of_active_support_test_case
-    TestCaseTest.stubs(:fixture_path).returns(FILES_DIR)
-
-    uploaded_file = fixture_file_upload('/mona_lisa.jpg', 'image/png')
-    assert_equal File.open("#{FILES_DIR}/mona_lisa.jpg", READ_PLAIN).read, uploaded_file.read
+    TestCaseTest.stub :fixture_path, FILES_DIR do
+      uploaded_file = fixture_file_upload('/mona_lisa.jpg', 'image/png')
+      assert_equal File.open("#{FILES_DIR}/mona_lisa.jpg", READ_PLAIN).read, uploaded_file.read
+    end
   end
 
   def test_test_uploaded_file_with_binary
@@ -832,27 +906,46 @@ XML
     assert_equal File.open(path, READ_PLAIN).read, plain_file_upload.read
   end
 
+  def test_fixture_file_upload_should_be_able_access_to_tempfile
+    file = fixture_file_upload(FILES_DIR + "/mona_lisa.jpg", "image/jpg")
+    assert file.respond_to?(:tempfile), "expected tempfile should respond on fixture file object, got nothing"
+  end
+
   def test_fixture_file_upload
-    post :test_file_upload, :file => fixture_file_upload(FILES_DIR + "/mona_lisa.jpg", "image/jpg")
+    post :test_file_upload,
+      params: {
+        file: fixture_file_upload(FILES_DIR + "/mona_lisa.jpg", "image/jpg")
+      }
     assert_equal '159528', @response.body
   end
 
   def test_fixture_file_upload_relative_to_fixture_path
-    TestCaseTest.stubs(:fixture_path).returns(FILES_DIR)
-    uploaded_file = fixture_file_upload("mona_lisa.jpg", "image/jpg")
-    assert_equal File.open("#{FILES_DIR}/mona_lisa.jpg", READ_PLAIN).read, uploaded_file.read
+    TestCaseTest.stub :fixture_path, FILES_DIR do
+      uploaded_file = fixture_file_upload("mona_lisa.jpg", "image/jpg")
+      assert_equal File.open("#{FILES_DIR}/mona_lisa.jpg", READ_PLAIN).read, uploaded_file.read
+    end
   end
 
   def test_fixture_file_upload_ignores_nil_fixture_path
-    TestCaseTest.stubs(:fixture_path).returns(nil)
     uploaded_file = fixture_file_upload("#{FILES_DIR}/mona_lisa.jpg", "image/jpg")
     assert_equal File.open("#{FILES_DIR}/mona_lisa.jpg", READ_PLAIN).read, uploaded_file.read
   end
 
+  def test_deprecated_action_dispatch_uploaded_file_upload
+    filename = 'mona_lisa.jpg'
+    path = "#{FILES_DIR}/#{filename}"
+    assert_deprecated {
+      post :test_file_upload, file: Rack::Test::UploadedFile.new(path, "image/jpg", true)
+    }
+    assert_equal '159528', @response.body
+  end
+
   def test_action_dispatch_uploaded_file_upload
     filename = 'mona_lisa.jpg'
     path = "#{FILES_DIR}/#{filename}"
-    post :test_file_upload, :file => ActionDispatch::Http::UploadedFile.new(:filename => path, :type => "image/jpg", :tempfile => File.open(path))
+    post :test_file_upload, params: {
+      file: Rack::Test::UploadedFile.new(path, "image/jpg", true)
+    }
     assert_equal '159528', @response.body
   end
 
@@ -875,6 +968,98 @@ XML
   end
 end
 
+class ResponseDefaultHeadersTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  class TestController < ActionController::Base
+    def remove_header
+      headers.delete params[:header]
+      head :ok, 'C' => '3'
+    end
+
+    # Render a head response, but don't touch default headers
+    def leave_alone
+      head :ok
+    end
+  end
+
+  def before_setup
+    @original = ActionDispatch::Response.default_headers
+    @defaults = { 'A' => '1', 'B' => '2' }
+    ActionDispatch::Response.default_headers = @defaults
+    super
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    ActionDispatch::Response.default_headers = @original
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    super
+    @controller = TestController.new
+    @request.env['PATH_INFO'] = nil
+    @routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new.tap do |r|
+      r.draw do
+        get ':controller(/:action(/:id))'
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "response contains default headers" do
+    get :leave_alone
+
+    # Response headers start out with the defaults
+    assert_equal @defaults.merge('Content-Type' => 'text/html'), response.headers
+  end
+
+  test "response deletes a default header" do
+    get :remove_header, params: { header: 'A' }
+    assert_response :ok
+
+    # After a request, the response in the test case doesn't have the
+    # defaults merged on top again.
+    assert_not_includes response.headers, 'A'
+    assert_includes response.headers, 'B'
+    assert_includes response.headers, 'C'
+  end
+end
+
+module EngineControllerTests
+  class Engine < ::Rails::Engine
+    isolate_namespace EngineControllerTests
+
+    routes.draw do
+      get '/' => 'bar#index'
+    end
+  end
+
+  class BarController < ActionController::Base
+    def index
+      render plain: 'bar'
+    end
+  end
+
+  class BarControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
+    tests BarController
+
+    def test_engine_controller_route
+      get :index
+      assert_equal @response.body, 'bar'
+    end
+  end
+
+  class BarControllerTestWithExplicitRouteSet < ActionController::TestCase
+    tests BarController
+
+    def setup
+      @routes = Engine.routes
+    end
+
+    def test_engine_controller_route
+      get :index
+      assert_equal @response.body, 'bar'
+    end
+  end
+end
+
 class InferringClassNameTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_determine_controller_class
     assert_equal ContentController, determine_class("ContentControllerTest")
@@ -925,7 +1110,7 @@ class NamedRoutesControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
     with_routing do |set|
       set.draw { resources :contents }
       assert_equal 'http://test.host/contents/new', new_content_url
-      assert_equal 'http://test.host/contents/1', content_url(:id => 1)
+      assert_equal 'http://test.host/contents/1', content_url(id: 1)
     end
   end
 end
@@ -934,7 +1119,7 @@ class AnonymousControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def setup
     @controller = Class.new(ActionController::Base) do
       def index
-        render :text => params[:controller]
+        render plain: params[:controller]
       end
     end.new
 
@@ -955,29 +1140,29 @@ class RoutingDefaultsTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def setup
     @controller = Class.new(ActionController::Base) do
       def post
-        render :text => request.fullpath
+        render plain: request.fullpath
       end
 
       def project
-        render :text => request.fullpath
+        render plain: request.fullpath
       end
     end.new
 
     @routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new.tap do |r|
       r.draw do
-        get '/posts/:id', :to => 'anonymous#post', :bucket_type => 'post'
-        get '/projects/:id', :to => 'anonymous#project', :defaults => { :bucket_type => 'project' }
+        get '/posts/:id', to: 'anonymous#post', bucket_type: 'post'
+        get '/projects/:id', to: 'anonymous#project', defaults: { bucket_type: 'project' }
       end
     end
   end
 
   def test_route_option_can_be_passed_via_process
-    get :post, :id => 1, :bucket_type => 'post'
+    get :post, params: { id: 1, bucket_type: 'post'}
     assert_equal '/posts/1', @response.body
   end
 
   def test_route_default_is_not_required_for_building_request_uri
-    get :project, :id => 2
+    get :project, params: { id: 2 }
     assert_equal '/projects/2', @response.body
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/url_for_integration_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/url_for_integration_test.rb
index 6c2311e7a5..dfc2712e3e 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/url_for_integration_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/url_for_integration_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'controller/fake_controllers'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/with_options'
@@ -6,6 +5,7 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/object/with_options'
 module ActionPack
   class URLForIntegrationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     include RoutingTestHelpers
+    include ActionDispatch::RoutingVerbs
 
     Model = Struct.new(:to_param)
 
@@ -61,8 +61,11 @@ module ActionPack
       root :to => "news#index"
     }
 
+    attr_reader :routes
+    attr_accessor :controller
+
     def setup
-      @routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+      @routes = make_set false
       @routes.draw(&Mapping)
     end
 
@@ -70,9 +73,9 @@ module ActionPack
       ['/admin/users',[ { :use_route => 'admin_users' }]],
       ['/admin/users',[ { :controller => 'admin/users' }]],
       ['/admin/users',[ { :controller => 'admin/users', :action => 'index' }]],
-      ['/admin/users',[ { :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'admin/users' }]],
-      ['/admin/users',[ { :controller => 'users', :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'admin/accounts' }]],
-      ['/people',[      { :controller => '/people', :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'admin/accounts' }]],
+      ['/admin/users',[ { :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'admin/users', :action => 'index' }, '/admin/users']],
+      ['/admin/users',[ { :controller => 'users', :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'admin/accounts', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }, '/admin/accounts/show/1']],
+      ['/people',[      { :controller => '/people', :action => 'index' }, {:controller=>"admin/accounts", :action=>"foo", :id=>"bar"}, '/admin/accounts/foo/bar']],
 
       ['/admin/posts',[     { :controller => 'admin/posts' }]],
       ['/admin/posts/new',[ { :controller => 'admin/posts', :action => 'new' }]],
@@ -86,11 +89,11 @@ module ActionPack
       ['/archive?year=january',[ { :controller => 'archive', :action => 'index', :year => 'january' }]],
 
       ['/people',[ { :controller => 'people', :action => 'index' }]],
-      ['/people',[ { :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'people' }]],
-      ['/people',[ { :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }]],
-      ['/people',[ { :controller => 'people', :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }]],
-      ['/people',[ {}, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'index' }]],
-      ['/people/1',[   { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show' }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }]],
+      ['/people',[ { :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'index' }, '/people']],
+      ['/people',[ { :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }, '/people/show/1']],
+      ['/people',[ { :controller => 'people', :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }, '/people/show/1']],
+      ['/people',[ {}, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'index' }, '/people']],
+      ['/people/1',[   { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show' }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }, '/people/show/1']],
       ['/people/new',[ { :use_route => 'new_person' }]],
       ['/people/new',[ { :controller => 'people', :action => 'new' }]],
       ['/people/1',[   { :use_route => 'person', :id => '1' }]],
@@ -98,11 +101,11 @@ module ActionPack
       ['/people/1.xml',[ { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => '1', :format => 'xml' }]],
       ['/people/1',[ { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => 1 }]],
       ['/people/1',[ { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => Model.new('1') }]],
-      ['/people/1',[ { :action => 'show', :id => '1' }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'index' }]],
-      ['/people/1',[ { :action => 'show', :id => 1 }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }]],
-      ['/people',[   { :controller => 'people', :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }]],
-      ['/people/1',[ {}, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }]],
-      ['/people/1',[ { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show' }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'index', :id => '1' }]],
+      ['/people/1',[ { :action => 'show', :id => '1' }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'index' }, '/people']],
+      ['/people/1',[ { :action => 'show', :id => 1 }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }, '/people/show/1']],
+      ['/people',[   { :controller => 'people', :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }, '/people/show/1']],
+      ['/people/1',[ {}, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }, '/people/show/1']],
+      ['/people/1',[ { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show' }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'index', :id => '1' }, '/people/index/1']],
       ['/people/1/edit',[     { :controller => 'people', :action => 'edit', :id => '1' }]],
       ['/people/1/edit.xml',[ { :controller => 'people', :action => 'edit', :id => '1', :format => 'xml' }]],
       ['/people/1/edit',[     { :use_route => 'edit_person', :id => '1' }]],
@@ -118,16 +121,15 @@ module ActionPack
 
       ['/project',[    { :controller => 'project', :action => 'index' }]],
       ['/projects/1',[ { :controller => 'project', :action => 'index', :project_id => '1' }]],
-      ['/projects/1',[ { :controller => 'project', :action => 'index'}, {:project_id => '1' }]],
+      ['/projects/1',[ { :controller => 'project', :action => 'index'}, {:project_id => '1', :controller => 'project', :action => 'index' }, '/projects/1']],
       ['/projects/1',[ { :use_route => 'project', :controller => 'project', :action => 'index', :project_id => '1' }]],
-      ['/projects/1',[ { :use_route => 'project', :controller => 'project', :action => 'index' }, { :project_id => '1' }]],
+      ['/projects/1',[ { :use_route => 'project', :controller => 'project', :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'project', :action => 'index', :project_id => '1' }, '/projects/1']],
 
       ['/clients',[ { :controller => 'projects', :action => 'index' }]],
       ['/clients?project_id=1',[ { :controller => 'projects', :action => 'index', :project_id => '1' }]],
-      ['/clients',[ { :controller => 'projects', :action => 'index' }, { :project_id => '1' }]],
-      ['/clients',[ { :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'projects', :action => 'index', :project_id => '1' }]],
+      ['/clients',[ { :controller => 'projects', :action => 'index' }, { :project_id => '1', :controller => 'project', :action => 'index' }, '/projects/1']],
 
-      ['/comment/20',[   { :id => 20 }, { :controller => 'comments', :action => 'show' }]],
+      ['/comment/20',[   { :id => 20 }, { :controller => 'comments', :action => 'show' }, '/comments/show']],
       ['/comment/20',[   { :controller => 'comments', :id => 20, :action => 'show' }]],
       ['/comments/boo',[ { :controller => 'comments', :action => 'boo' }]],
 
@@ -144,24 +146,22 @@ module ActionPack
       ['/notes',[         { :page_id => nil, :controller => 'notes' }]],
       ['/notes',[         { :controller => 'notes' }]],
       ['/notes/print',[   { :controller => 'notes', :action => 'print' }]],
-      ['/notes/print',[   {}, { :controller => 'notes', :action => 'print' }]],
-
-      ['/notes/index/1',[ { :controller => 'notes' }, { :controller => 'notes', :id => '1' }]],
-      ['/notes/index/1',[ { :controller => 'notes' }, { :controller => 'notes', :id => '1', :foo => 'bar' }]],
-      ['/notes/index/1',[ { :controller => 'notes' }, { :controller => 'notes', :id => '1' }]],
-      ['/notes/index/1',[ { :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'notes', :id => '1' }]],
-      ['/notes/index/1',[ {}, { :controller => 'notes', :id => '1' }]],
-      ['/notes/show/1',[  {}, { :controller => 'notes', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }]],
-      ['/notes/index/1',[ { :controller => 'notes', :id => '1' }, { :foo => 'bar' }]],
-      ['/posts',[      { :controller => 'posts' }, { :controller => 'notes', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }]],
-      ['/notes/list',[ { :action => 'list' }, { :controller => 'notes', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }]],
+      ['/notes/print',[   {}, { :controller => 'notes', :action => 'print' }, '/notes/print']],
+
+      ['/notes/index/1',[ { :controller => 'notes' }, { :controller => 'notes', :action => 'index', :id => '1' }, '/notes/index/1']],
+      ['/notes/index/1',[ { :controller => 'notes' }, { :controller => 'notes', :id => '1', :action => 'index' }, '/notes/index/1']],
+      ['/notes/index/1',[ { :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'notes', :id => '1', :action => 'index' }, '/notes/index/1']],
+      ['/notes/index/1',[ {}, { :controller => 'notes', :id => '1', :action => 'index' }, '/notes/index/1']],
+      ['/notes/show/1',[  {}, { :controller => 'notes', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }, '/notes/show/1']],
+      ['/posts',[      { :controller => 'posts' }, { :controller => 'notes', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }, '/notes/show/1']],
+      ['/notes/list',[ { :action => 'list' }, { :controller => 'notes', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }, '/notes/show/1']],
 
       ['/posts/ping',[    { :controller => 'posts', :action => 'ping' }]],
       ['/posts/show/1',[  { :controller => 'posts', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }]],
+      ['/posts/show/1',[  { :controller => 'posts', :action => 'show', :id => '1', :format => '' }]],
       ['/posts',[         { :controller => 'posts' }]],
       ['/posts',[         { :controller => 'posts', :action => 'index' }]],
-      ['/posts',[         { :controller => 'posts' }, { :controller => 'posts', :action => 'index' }]],
-      ['/posts/create',[  { :action => 'create' }, { :controller => 'posts' }]],
+      ['/posts/create',[  { :action => 'create' }, {:day=>nil, :month=>nil, :controller=>"posts", :action=>"show_date"}, '/blog']],
       ['/posts?foo=bar',[ { :controller => 'posts', :foo => 'bar' }]],
       ['/posts?foo%5B%5D=bar&foo%5B%5D=baz', [{ :controller => 'posts', :foo => ['bar', 'baz'] }]],
       ['/posts?page=2',  [{ :controller => 'posts', :page => 2 }]],
@@ -169,9 +169,20 @@ module ActionPack
 
       ['/news.rss', [{ :controller => 'news', :action => 'index', :format => 'rss' }]],
     ].each_with_index do |(url, params), i|
-    define_method("test_#{url.gsub(/\W/, '_')}_#{i}") do
-      assert_equal url, url_for(@routes, *params), params.inspect
-    end
+      if params.length > 1
+        hash, path_params, route = *params
+        hash[:only_path] = true
+
+        define_method("test_#{url.gsub(/\W/, '_')}_#{i}") do
+          get URI('http://test.host' + route.to_s)
+          assert_equal path_params, controller.request.path_parameters
+          assert_equal url, controller.url_for(hash), params.inspect
+        end
+      else
+        define_method("test_#{url.gsub(/\W/, '_')}_#{i}") do
+          assert_equal url, url_for(@routes, params.first), params.inspect
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/url_for_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/url_for_test.rb
index a8035e5bd7..78e883f134 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/url_for_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/url_for_test.rb
@@ -11,8 +11,27 @@ module AbstractController
         W.default_url_options.clear
       end
 
-      def add_host!
-        W.default_url_options[:host] = 'www.basecamphq.com'
+      def test_nested_optional
+        klass = Class.new {
+          include ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new.tap { |r|
+            r.draw {
+              get "/foo/(:bar/(:baz))/:zot", :as         => 'fun',
+                                             :controller => :articles,
+                                             :action     => :index
+            }
+          }.url_helpers
+          self.default_url_options[:host] = 'example.com'
+        }
+
+        path = klass.new.fun_path({:controller => :articles,
+                                   :baz        => "baz",
+                                   :zot        => "zot"})
+        # :bar key isn't provided
+        assert_equal '/foo/zot', path
+      end
+
+      def add_host!(app = W)
+        app.default_url_options[:host] = 'www.basecamphq.com'
       end
 
       def add_port!
@@ -35,6 +54,20 @@ module AbstractController
         )
       end
 
+      def test_nil_anchor
+        assert_equal(
+          '/c/a',
+          W.new.url_for(only_path: true, controller: 'c', action: 'a', anchor: nil)
+        )
+      end
+
+      def test_false_anchor
+        assert_equal(
+          '/c/a',
+          W.new.url_for(only_path: true, controller: 'c', action: 'a', anchor: false)
+        )
+      end
+
       def test_anchor_should_call_to_param
         assert_equal('/c/a#anchor',
           W.new.url_for(:only_path => true, :controller => 'c', :action => 'a', :anchor => Struct.new(:to_param).new('anchor'))
@@ -75,7 +108,7 @@ module AbstractController
       end
 
       def test_subdomain_may_be_object
-        model = mock(:to_param => 'api')
+        model = Class.new { def self.to_param; 'api'; end }
         add_host!
         assert_equal('http://api.basecamphq.com/c/a/i',
           W.new.url_for(:subdomain => model, :controller => 'c', :action => 'a', :id => 'i')
@@ -169,6 +202,18 @@ module AbstractController
         )
       end
 
+      def test_without_protocol_and_with_port
+        add_host!
+        add_port!
+
+        assert_equal('//www.basecamphq.com:3000/c/a/i',
+          W.new.url_for(:controller => 'c', :action => 'a', :id => 'i', :protocol => '//')
+        )
+        assert_equal('//www.basecamphq.com:3000/c/a/i',
+          W.new.url_for(:controller => 'c', :action => 'a', :id => 'i', :protocol => false)
+        )
+      end
+
       def test_trailing_slash
         add_host!
         options = {:controller => 'foo', :trailing_slash => true, :action => 'bar', :id => '33'}
@@ -199,8 +244,8 @@ module AbstractController
       def test_trailing_slash_with_params
         url = W.new.url_for(:trailing_slash => true, :only_path => true, :controller => 'cont', :action => 'act', :p1 => 'cafe', :p2 => 'link')
         params = extract_params(url)
-        assert_equal params[0], { :p1 => 'cafe' }.to_query
-        assert_equal params[1], { :p2 => 'link' }.to_query
+        assert_equal({p1: 'cafe'}.to_query, params[0])
+        assert_equal({p2: 'link'}.to_query, params[1])
       end
 
       def test_relative_url_root_is_respected
@@ -210,6 +255,20 @@ module AbstractController
         )
       end
 
+      def test_relative_url_root_is_respected_with_environment_variable
+        # `config.relative_url_root` is set by ENV['RAILS_RELATIVE_URL_ROOT']
+        w = Class.new {
+          config = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::Config.new '/subdir'
+          r = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new(config)
+          r.draw { get ':controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))' }
+          include r.url_helpers
+        }
+        add_host!(w)
+        assert_equal('https://www.basecamphq.com/subdir/c/a/i',
+          w.new.url_for(:controller => 'c', :action => 'a', :id => 'i', :protocol => 'https')
+        )
+      end
+
       def test_named_routes
         with_routing do |set|
           set.draw do
@@ -245,6 +304,13 @@ module AbstractController
         end
       end
 
+      def test_using_nil_script_name_properly_concats_with_original_script_name
+        add_host!
+        assert_equal('https://www.basecamphq.com/subdir/c/a/i',
+          W.new.url_for(:controller => 'c', :action => 'a', :id => 'i', :protocol => 'https', :script_name => nil, :original_script_name => '/subdir')
+        )
+      end
+
       def test_only_path
         with_routing do |set|
           set.draw do
@@ -255,12 +321,12 @@ module AbstractController
           # We need to create a new class in order to install the new named route.
           kls = Class.new { include set.url_helpers }
           controller = kls.new
-          assert controller.respond_to?(:home_url)
+          assert_respond_to controller, :home_url
           assert_equal '/brave/new/world',
-            controller.send(:url_for, :controller => 'brave', :action => 'new', :id => 'world', :only_path => true)
+            controller.url_for(:controller => 'brave', :action => 'new', :id => 'world', :only_path => true)
 
-          assert_equal("/home/sweet/home/alabama", controller.send(:home_url, :user => 'alabama', :host => 'unused', :only_path => true))
-          assert_equal("/home/sweet/home/alabama", controller.send(:home_path, 'alabama'))
+          assert_equal("/home/sweet/home/alabama", controller.home_path(:user => 'alabama', :host => 'unused'))
+          assert_equal("/home/sweet/home/alabama", controller.home_path('alabama'))
         end
       end
 
@@ -273,40 +339,40 @@ module AbstractController
       def test_two_parameters
         url = W.new.url_for(:only_path => true, :controller => 'c', :action => 'a', :p1 => 'X1', :p2 => 'Y2')
         params = extract_params(url)
-        assert_equal params[0], { :p1 => 'X1' }.to_query
-        assert_equal params[1], { :p2 => 'Y2' }.to_query
+        assert_equal({p1: 'X1'}.to_query, params[0])
+        assert_equal({p2: 'Y2'}.to_query, params[1])
       end
 
       def test_hash_parameter
         url = W.new.url_for(:only_path => true, :controller => 'c', :action => 'a', :query => {:name => 'Bob', :category => 'prof'})
         params = extract_params(url)
-        assert_equal params[0], { 'query[category]' => 'prof' }.to_query
-        assert_equal params[1], { 'query[name]'     => 'Bob'  }.to_query
+        assert_equal({'query[category]' => 'prof'}.to_query, params[0])
+        assert_equal({'query[name]' => 'Bob'}.to_query, params[1])
       end
 
       def test_array_parameter
         url = W.new.url_for(:only_path => true, :controller => 'c', :action => 'a', :query => ['Bob', 'prof'])
         params = extract_params(url)
-        assert_equal params[0], { 'query[]' => 'Bob'  }.to_query
-        assert_equal params[1], { 'query[]' => 'prof' }.to_query
+        assert_equal({'query[]' => 'Bob'}.to_query, params[0])
+        assert_equal({'query[]' => 'prof'}.to_query, params[1])
       end
 
       def test_hash_recursive_parameters
         url = W.new.url_for(:only_path => true, :controller => 'c', :action => 'a', :query => {:person => {:name => 'Bob', :position => 'prof'}, :hobby => 'piercing'})
         params = extract_params(url)
-        assert_equal params[0], { 'query[hobby]'            => 'piercing' }.to_query
-        assert_equal params[1], { 'query[person][name]'     => 'Bob'      }.to_query
-        assert_equal params[2], { 'query[person][position]' => 'prof'     }.to_query
+        assert_equal({'query[hobby]'            => 'piercing'}.to_query, params[0])
+        assert_equal({'query[person][name]'     => 'Bob'     }.to_query, params[1])
+        assert_equal({'query[person][position]' => 'prof'    }.to_query, params[2])
       end
 
       def test_hash_recursive_and_array_parameters
         url = W.new.url_for(:only_path => true, :controller => 'c', :action => 'a', :id => 101, :query => {:person => {:name => 'Bob', :position => ['prof', 'art director']}, :hobby => 'piercing'})
         assert_match(%r(^/c/a/101), url)
         params = extract_params(url)
-        assert_equal params[0], { 'query[hobby]'              => 'piercing'     }.to_query
-        assert_equal params[1], { 'query[person][name]'       => 'Bob'          }.to_query
-        assert_equal params[2], { 'query[person][position][]' => 'art director' }.to_query
-        assert_equal params[3], { 'query[person][position][]' => 'prof'         }.to_query
+        assert_equal({'query[hobby]'              => 'piercing'    }.to_query, params[0])
+        assert_equal({'query[person][name]'       => 'Bob'         }.to_query, params[1])
+        assert_equal({'query[person][position][]' => 'art director'}.to_query, params[2])
+        assert_equal({'query[person][position][]' => 'prof'        }.to_query, params[3])
       end
 
       def test_path_generation_for_symbol_parameter_keys
@@ -385,6 +451,26 @@ module AbstractController
         end
       end
 
+      def test_url_for_with_array_is_unmodified
+        with_routing do |set|
+          set.draw do
+            namespace :admin do
+              resources :posts
+            end
+          end
+
+          kls = Class.new { include set.url_helpers }
+          kls.default_url_options[:host] = 'www.basecamphq.com'
+
+          original_components = [:new, :admin, :post, { param: 'value' }]
+          components = original_components.dup
+
+          kls.new.url_for(components)
+
+          assert_equal(original_components, components)
+        end
+      end
+
       private
         def extract_params(url)
           url.split('?', 2).last.split('&').sort
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/url_rewriter_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/url_rewriter_test.rb
index d9a1ae7d4f..5f2abc9606 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/url_rewriter_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/url_rewriter_test.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'controller/fake_controllers'
 
-class UrlRewriterTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+class UrlRewriterTests < ActionController::TestCase
   class Rewriter
     def initialize(request)
       @options = {
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ class UrlRewriterTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def setup
-    @request = ActionController::TestRequest.new
     @params = {}
     @rewriter = Rewriter.new(@request) #.new(@request, @params)
     @routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new.tap do |r|
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/webservice_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/webservice_test.rb
index d80b0e2da0..6d377c4691 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/webservice_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/webservice_test.rb
@@ -5,16 +5,22 @@ class WebServiceTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   class TestController < ActionController::Base
     def assign_parameters
       if params[:full]
-        render :text => dump_params_keys
+        render plain: dump_params_keys
       else
-        render :text => (params.keys - ['controller', 'action']).sort.join(", ")
+        render plain: (params.keys - ['controller', 'action']).sort.join(", ")
       end
     end
 
     def dump_params_keys(hash = params)
       hash.keys.sort.inject("") do |s, k|
         value = hash[k]
-        value = Hash === value ? "(#{dump_params_keys(value)})" : ""
+
+        if value.is_a?(Hash) || value.is_a?(ActionController::Parameters)
+          value = "(#{dump_params_keys(value)})"
+        else
+          value = ""
+        end
+
         s << ", " unless s.empty?
         s << "#{k}#{value}"
       end
@@ -35,7 +41,9 @@ class WebServiceTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
   def test_post_json
     with_test_route_set do
-      post "/", '{"entry":{"summary":"content..."}}', 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json'
+      post "/",
+        params: '{"entry":{"summary":"content..."}}',
+        headers: { 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json' }
 
       assert_equal 'entry', @controller.response.body
       assert @controller.params.has_key?(:entry)
@@ -45,7 +53,9 @@ class WebServiceTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
   def test_put_json
     with_test_route_set do
-      put "/", '{"entry":{"summary":"content..."}}', 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json'
+      put "/",
+        params: '{"entry":{"summary":"content..."}}',
+        headers: { 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json' }
 
       assert_equal 'entry', @controller.response.body
       assert @controller.params.has_key?(:entry)
@@ -55,9 +65,10 @@ class WebServiceTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
   def test_register_and_use_json_simple
     with_test_route_set do
-      with_params_parsers Mime::JSON => Proc.new { |data| ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(data)['request'].with_indifferent_access } do
-        post "/", '{"request":{"summary":"content...","title":"JSON"}}',
-          'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json'
+      with_params_parsers Mime[:json] => Proc.new { |data| ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(data)['request'].with_indifferent_access } do
+        post "/",
+          params: '{"request":{"summary":"content...","title":"JSON"}}',
+          headers: { 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json' }
 
         assert_equal 'summary, title', @controller.response.body
         assert @controller.params.has_key?(:summary)
@@ -70,26 +81,44 @@ class WebServiceTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
   def test_use_json_with_empty_request
     with_test_route_set do
-      assert_nothing_raised { post "/", "", 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json' }
+      assert_nothing_raised { post "/", headers: { 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json' } }
       assert_equal '', @controller.response.body
     end
   end
 
   def test_dasherized_keys_as_json
     with_test_route_set do
-      post "/?full=1", '{"first-key":{"sub-key":"..."}}', 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json'
+      post "/?full=1",
+        params: '{"first-key":{"sub-key":"..."}}',
+        headers: { 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json' }
       assert_equal 'action, controller, first-key(sub-key), full', @controller.response.body
       assert_equal "...", @controller.params['first-key']['sub-key']
     end
   end
 
+  def test_parsing_json_doesnot_rescue_exception
+    req = Class.new(ActionDispatch::Request) do
+      def params_parsers
+        { Mime[:json] => Proc.new { |data| raise Interrupt } }
+      end
+
+      def content_length; get_header('rack.input').length; end
+    end.new({ 'rack.input' => StringIO.new('{"title":"JSON"}}'), 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json' })
+
+    assert_raises(Interrupt) do
+      req.request_parameters
+    end
+  end
+
   private
     def with_params_parsers(parsers = {})
       old_session = @integration_session
-      @app = ActionDispatch::ParamsParser.new(app.routes, parsers)
+      original_parsers = ActionDispatch::Request.parameter_parsers
+      ActionDispatch::Request.parameter_parsers = original_parsers.merge parsers
       reset!
       yield
     ensure
+      ActionDispatch::Request.parameter_parsers = original_parsers
       @integration_session = old_session
     end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/callbacks_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/callbacks_test.rb
index f767b07e75..5ba76d9ab9 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/callbacks_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/callbacks_test.rb
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class DispatcherTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 4, Foo.a
     assert_equal 4, Foo.b
 
-    dispatch do |env|
+    dispatch do
       raise "error"
     end rescue nil
     assert_equal 6, Foo.a
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/cookies_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/cookies_test.rb
index ba7aaa338d..dfcef14344 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/cookies_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/cookies_test.rb
@@ -1,15 +1,77 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
-
-begin
-  require 'openssl'
-  OpenSSL::PKCS5
-rescue LoadError, NameError
-  $stderr.puts "Skipping KeyGenerator test: broken OpenSSL install"
-else
-
+require 'openssl'
 require 'active_support/key_generator'
 require 'active_support/message_verifier'
 
+class CookieJarTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  attr_reader :request
+
+  def setup
+    @request = ActionDispatch::Request.empty
+  end
+
+  def test_fetch
+    x = Object.new
+    assert_not request.cookie_jar.key?('zzzzzz')
+    assert_equal x, request.cookie_jar.fetch('zzzzzz', x)
+    assert_not request.cookie_jar.key?('zzzzzz')
+  end
+
+  def test_fetch_exists
+    x = Object.new
+    request.cookie_jar['foo'] = 'bar'
+    assert_equal 'bar', request.cookie_jar.fetch('foo', x)
+  end
+
+  def test_fetch_block
+    x = Object.new
+    assert_not request.cookie_jar.key?('zzzzzz')
+    assert_equal x, request.cookie_jar.fetch('zzzzzz') { x }
+  end
+
+  def test_key_is_to_s
+    request.cookie_jar['foo'] = 'bar'
+    assert_equal 'bar', request.cookie_jar.fetch(:foo)
+  end
+
+  def test_fetch_type_error
+    assert_raises(KeyError) do
+      request.cookie_jar.fetch(:omglolwut)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_each
+    request.cookie_jar['foo'] = :bar
+    list = []
+    request.cookie_jar.each do |k,v|
+      list << [k, v]
+    end
+
+    assert_equal [['foo', :bar]], list
+  end
+
+  def test_enumerable
+    request.cookie_jar['foo'] = :bar
+    actual = request.cookie_jar.map { |k,v| [k.to_s, v.to_s] }
+    assert_equal [['foo', 'bar']], actual
+  end
+
+  def test_key_methods
+    assert !request.cookie_jar.key?(:foo)
+    assert !request.cookie_jar.has_key?("foo")
+
+    request.cookie_jar[:foo] = :bar
+    assert request.cookie_jar.key?(:foo)
+    assert request.cookie_jar.has_key?("foo")
+  end
+
+  def test_write_doesnt_set_a_nil_header
+    headers = {}
+    request.cookie_jar.write(headers)
+    assert !headers.include?('Set-Cookie')
+  end
+end
+
 class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
   class CustomSerializer
     def self.load(value)
@@ -95,6 +157,26 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
       head :ok
     end
 
+    class JSONWrapper
+      def initialize(obj)
+        @obj = obj
+      end
+
+      def as_json(options = nil)
+        "wrapped: #{@obj.as_json(options)}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def set_wrapped_signed_cookie
+      cookies.signed[:user_id] = JSONWrapper.new(45)
+      head :ok
+    end
+
+    def set_wrapped_encrypted_cookie
+      cookies.encrypted[:foo] = JSONWrapper.new('bar')
+      head :ok
+    end
+
     def get_encrypted_cookie
       cookies.encrypted[:foo]
       head :ok
@@ -132,11 +214,21 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
       head :ok
     end
 
+    def set_cookie_with_domain_all_as_string
+      cookies[:user_name] = {:value => "rizwanreza", :domain => 'all'}
+      head :ok
+    end
+
     def delete_cookie_with_domain
       cookies.delete(:user_name, :domain => :all)
       head :ok
     end
 
+    def delete_cookie_with_domain_all_as_string
+      cookies.delete(:user_name, :domain => 'all')
+      head :ok
+    end
+
     def set_cookie_with_domain_and_tld
       cookies[:user_name] = {:value => "rizwanreza", :domain => :all, :tld_length => 2}
       head :ok
@@ -184,68 +276,18 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   tests TestController
 
+  SALT = 'b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33'
+
   def setup
     super
-    @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"] = ActiveSupport::KeyGenerator.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33")
-    @request.env["action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
-    @request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
-    @request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
-    @request.host = "www.nextangle.com"
-  end
-
-  def test_fetch
-    x = Object.new
-    assert_not request.cookie_jar.key?('zzzzzz')
-    assert_equal x, request.cookie_jar.fetch('zzzzzz', x)
-    assert_not request.cookie_jar.key?('zzzzzz')
-  end
-
-  def test_fetch_exists
-    x = Object.new
-    request.cookie_jar['foo'] = 'bar'
-    assert_equal 'bar', request.cookie_jar.fetch('foo', x)
-  end
 
-  def test_fetch_block
-    x = Object.new
-    assert_not request.cookie_jar.key?('zzzzzz')
-    assert_equal x, request.cookie_jar.fetch('zzzzzz') { x }
-  end
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"] = ActiveSupport::KeyGenerator.new(SALT, iterations: 2)
 
-  def test_key_is_to_s
-    request.cookie_jar['foo'] = 'bar'
-    assert_equal 'bar', request.cookie_jar.fetch(:foo)
-  end
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt"] =
+      @request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt"] =
+      @request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt"] = SALT
 
-  def test_fetch_type_error
-    assert_raises(KeyError) do
-      request.cookie_jar.fetch(:omglolwut)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_each
-    request.cookie_jar['foo'] = :bar
-    list = []
-    request.cookie_jar.each do |k,v|
-      list << [k, v]
-    end
-
-    assert_equal [['foo', :bar]], list
-  end
-
-  def test_enumerable
-    request.cookie_jar['foo'] = :bar
-    actual = request.cookie_jar.map { |k,v| [k.to_s, v.to_s] }
-    assert_equal [['foo', 'bar']], actual
-  end
-
-  def test_key_methods
-    assert !request.cookie_jar.key?(:foo)
-    assert !request.cookie_jar.has_key?("foo")
-
-    request.cookie_jar[:foo] = :bar
-    assert request.cookie_jar.key?(:foo)
-    assert request.cookie_jar.has_key?("foo")
+    @request.host = "www.nextangle.com"
   end
 
   def test_setting_cookie
@@ -257,13 +299,13 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_setting_the_same_value_to_cookie
     request.cookies[:user_name] = 'david'
     get :authenticate
-    assert response.cookies.empty?
+    assert_predicate response.cookies, :empty?
   end
 
   def test_setting_the_same_value_to_permanent_cookie
     request.cookies[:user_name] = 'Jamie'
     get :set_permanent_cookie
-    assert_equal response.cookies, 'user_name' => 'Jamie'
+    assert_equal({'user_name' => 'Jamie'}, response.cookies)
   end
 
   def test_setting_with_escapable_characters
@@ -298,10 +340,12 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_setting_cookie_with_secure_when_always_write_cookie_is_true
-    ActionDispatch::Cookies::CookieJar.any_instance.stubs(:always_write_cookie).returns(true)
+    old_cookie, @request.cookie_jar.always_write_cookie = @request.cookie_jar.always_write_cookie, true
     get :authenticate_with_secure
     assert_cookie_header "user_name=david; path=/; secure"
     assert_equal({"user_name" => "david"}, @response.cookies)
+  ensure
+    @request.cookie_jar.always_write_cookie = old_cookie
   end
 
   def test_not_setting_cookie_with_secure
@@ -337,7 +381,7 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_delete_unexisting_cookie
     request.cookies.clear
     get :delete_cookie
-    assert @response.cookies.empty?
+    assert_predicate @response.cookies, :empty?
   end
 
   def test_deleted_cookie_predicate
@@ -355,7 +399,7 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_cookies_persist_throughout_request
     response = get :authenticate
-    assert response.headers["Set-Cookie"] =~ /user_name=david/
+    assert_match(/user_name=david/, response.headers["Set-Cookie"])
   end
 
   def test_set_permanent_cookie
@@ -369,6 +413,35 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal 'Jamie', @controller.send(:cookies).permanent[:user_name]
   end
 
+  def test_signed_cookie_using_default_digest
+    get :set_signed_cookie
+    cookies = @controller.send :cookies
+    assert_not_equal 45, cookies[:user_id]
+    assert_equal 45, cookies.signed[:user_id]
+
+    key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
+    signed_cookie_salt = @request.env["action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt"]
+    secret = key_generator.generate_key(signed_cookie_salt)
+
+    verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(secret, serializer: Marshal, digest: 'SHA1')
+    assert_equal verifier.generate(45), cookies[:user_id]
+  end
+
+  def test_signed_cookie_using_custom_digest
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_digest"] = 'SHA256'
+    get :set_signed_cookie
+    cookies = @controller.send :cookies
+    assert_not_equal 45, cookies[:user_id]
+    assert_equal 45, cookies.signed[:user_id]
+
+    key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
+    signed_cookie_salt = @request.env["action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt"]
+    secret = key_generator.generate_key(signed_cookie_salt)
+
+    verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(secret, serializer: Marshal, digest: 'SHA256')
+    assert_equal verifier.generate(45), cookies[:user_id]
+  end
+
   def test_signed_cookie_using_default_serializer
     get :set_signed_cookie
     cookies = @controller.send :cookies
@@ -392,6 +465,14 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal 45, cookies.signed[:user_id]
   end
 
+  def test_wrapped_signed_cookie_using_json_serializer
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :json
+    get :set_wrapped_signed_cookie
+    cookies = @controller.send :cookies
+    assert_not_equal 'wrapped: 45', cookies[:user_id]
+    assert_equal 'wrapped: 45', cookies.signed[:user_id]
+  end
+
   def test_signed_cookie_using_custom_serializer
     @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = CustomSerializer
     get :set_signed_cookie
@@ -437,7 +518,7 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_nil @response.cookies["user_id"]
   end
 
-  def test_accessing_nonexistant_signed_cookie_should_not_raise_an_invalid_signature
+  def test_accessing_nonexistent_signed_cookie_should_not_raise_an_invalid_signature
     get :set_signed_cookie
     assert_nil @controller.send(:cookies).signed[:non_existant_attribute]
   end
@@ -474,6 +555,17 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal 'bar', cookies.encrypted[:foo]
   end
 
+  def test_wrapped_encrypted_cookie_using_json_serializer
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :json
+    get :set_wrapped_encrypted_cookie
+    cookies = @controller.send :cookies
+    assert_not_equal 'wrapped: bar', cookies[:foo]
+    assert_raises ::JSON::ParserError do
+      cookies.signed[:foo]
+    end
+    assert_equal 'wrapped: bar', cookies.encrypted[:foo]
+  end
+
   def test_encrypted_cookie_using_custom_serializer
     @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = CustomSerializer
     get :set_encrypted_cookie
@@ -481,6 +573,27 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal 'bar was dumped and loaded', cookies.encrypted[:foo]
   end
 
+  def test_encrypted_cookie_using_custom_digest
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_digest"] = 'SHA256'
+    get :set_encrypted_cookie
+    cookies = @controller.send :cookies
+    assert_not_equal 'bar', cookies[:foo]
+    assert_equal 'bar', cookies.encrypted[:foo]
+
+    sign_secret = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"].generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt"])
+
+    sha1_verifier   = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(sign_secret, serializer: ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor::NullSerializer, digest: 'SHA1')
+    sha256_verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(sign_secret, serializer: ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor::NullSerializer, digest: 'SHA256')
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier::InvalidSignature) do
+      sha1_verifier.verify(cookies[:foo])
+    end
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      sha256_verifier.verify(cookies[:foo])
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_encrypted_cookie_using_hybrid_serializer_can_migrate_marshal_dumped_value_to_json
     @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :hybrid
 
@@ -523,7 +636,7 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_nil @response.cookies["foo"]
   end
 
-  def test_accessing_nonexistant_encrypted_cookie_should_not_raise_invalid_message
+  def test_accessing_nonexistent_encrypted_cookie_should_not_raise_invalid_message
     get :set_encrypted_cookie
     assert_nil @controller.send(:cookies).encrypted[:non_existant_attribute]
   end
@@ -559,6 +672,15 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_cookie_jar_mutated_by_request_persists_on_future_requests
+    get :authenticate
+    cookie_jar = @request.cookie_jar
+    cookie_jar.signed[:user_id] = 123
+    assert_equal ["user_name", "user_id"], @request.cookie_jar.instance_variable_get(:@cookies).keys
+    get :get_signed_cookie
+    assert_equal ["user_name", "user_id"], @request.cookie_jar.instance_variable_get(:@cookies).keys
+  end
+
   def test_raises_argument_error_if_missing_secret
     assert_raise(ArgumentError, nil.inspect) {
       @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"] = ActiveSupport::LegacyKeyGenerator.new(nil)
@@ -681,6 +803,123 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal 'bar', encryptor.decrypt_and_verify(@response.cookies["foo"])
   end
 
+  def test_legacy_json_signed_cookie_is_read_and_transparently_upgraded_by_signed_json_cookie_jar_if_both_secret_token_and_secret_key_base_are_set
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :json
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_token"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_key_base"] = "c3b95688f35581fad38df788add315ff"
+
+    legacy_value = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33", serializer: JSON).generate(45)
+
+    @request.headers["Cookie"] = "user_id=#{legacy_value}"
+    get :get_signed_cookie
+
+    assert_equal 45, @controller.send(:cookies).signed[:user_id]
+
+    key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
+    secret = key_generator.generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt"])
+    verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(secret, serializer: JSON)
+    assert_equal 45, verifier.verify(@response.cookies["user_id"])
+  end
+
+  def test_legacy_json_signed_cookie_is_read_and_transparently_encrypted_by_encrypted_json_cookie_jar_if_both_secret_token_and_secret_key_base_are_set
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :json
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_token"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_key_base"] = "c3b95688f35581fad38df788add315ff"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt"] = "4433796b79d99a7735553e316522acee"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt"] = "00646eb40062e1b1deff205a27cd30f9"
+
+    legacy_value = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33", serializer: JSON).generate('bar')
+
+    @request.headers["Cookie"] = "foo=#{legacy_value}"
+    get :get_encrypted_cookie
+
+    assert_equal 'bar', @controller.send(:cookies).encrypted[:foo]
+
+    key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
+    secret = key_generator.generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt"])
+    sign_secret = key_generator.generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt"])
+    encryptor = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(secret, sign_secret, serializer: JSON)
+    assert_equal 'bar', encryptor.decrypt_and_verify(@response.cookies["foo"])
+  end
+
+  def test_legacy_json_signed_cookie_is_read_and_transparently_upgraded_by_signed_json_hybrid_jar_if_both_secret_token_and_secret_key_base_are_set
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :hybrid
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_token"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_key_base"] = "c3b95688f35581fad38df788add315ff"
+
+    legacy_value = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33", serializer: JSON).generate(45)
+
+    @request.headers["Cookie"] = "user_id=#{legacy_value}"
+    get :get_signed_cookie
+
+    assert_equal 45, @controller.send(:cookies).signed[:user_id]
+
+    key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
+    secret = key_generator.generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt"])
+    verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(secret, serializer: JSON)
+    assert_equal 45, verifier.verify(@response.cookies["user_id"])
+  end
+
+  def test_legacy_json_signed_cookie_is_read_and_transparently_encrypted_by_encrypted_hybrid_cookie_jar_if_both_secret_token_and_secret_key_base_are_set
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :hybrid
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_token"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_key_base"] = "c3b95688f35581fad38df788add315ff"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt"] = "4433796b79d99a7735553e316522acee"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt"] = "00646eb40062e1b1deff205a27cd30f9"
+
+    legacy_value = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33", serializer: JSON).generate('bar')
+
+    @request.headers["Cookie"] = "foo=#{legacy_value}"
+    get :get_encrypted_cookie
+
+    assert_equal 'bar', @controller.send(:cookies).encrypted[:foo]
+
+    key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
+    secret = key_generator.generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt"])
+    sign_secret = key_generator.generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt"])
+    encryptor = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(secret, sign_secret, serializer: JSON)
+    assert_equal 'bar', encryptor.decrypt_and_verify(@response.cookies["foo"])
+  end
+
+  def test_legacy_marshal_signed_cookie_is_read_and_transparently_upgraded_by_signed_json_hybrid_jar_if_both_secret_token_and_secret_key_base_are_set
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :hybrid
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_token"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_key_base"] = "c3b95688f35581fad38df788add315ff"
+
+    legacy_value = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33").generate(45)
+
+    @request.headers["Cookie"] = "user_id=#{legacy_value}"
+    get :get_signed_cookie
+
+    assert_equal 45, @controller.send(:cookies).signed[:user_id]
+
+    key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
+    secret = key_generator.generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt"])
+    verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(secret, serializer: JSON)
+    assert_equal 45, verifier.verify(@response.cookies["user_id"])
+  end
+
+  def test_legacy_marshal_signed_cookie_is_read_and_transparently_encrypted_by_encrypted_hybrid_cookie_jar_if_both_secret_token_and_secret_key_base_are_set
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :hybrid
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_token"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_key_base"] = "c3b95688f35581fad38df788add315ff"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt"] = "4433796b79d99a7735553e316522acee"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt"] = "00646eb40062e1b1deff205a27cd30f9"
+
+    legacy_value = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33").generate('bar')
+
+    @request.headers["Cookie"] = "foo=#{legacy_value}"
+    get :get_encrypted_cookie
+
+    assert_equal 'bar', @controller.send(:cookies).encrypted[:foo]
+
+    key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
+    secret = key_generator.generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt"])
+    sign_secret = key_generator.generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt"])
+    encryptor = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(secret, sign_secret, serializer: JSON)
+    assert_equal 'bar', encryptor.decrypt_and_verify(@response.cookies["foo"])
+  end
+
   def test_legacy_signed_cookie_is_treated_as_nil_by_signed_cookie_jar_if_tampered
     @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_token"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
     @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_key_base"] = "c3b95688f35581fad38df788add315ff"
@@ -778,6 +1017,13 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_cookie_header "user_name=rizwanreza; domain=.nextangle.local; path=/"
   end
 
+  def test_cookie_with_all_domain_option_using_a_non_standard_2_letter_tld
+    @request.host = "admin.lvh.me"
+    get :set_cookie_with_domain_and_tld
+    assert_response :success
+    assert_cookie_header "user_name=rizwanreza; domain=.lvh.me; path=/"
+  end
+
   def test_cookie_with_all_domain_option_using_host_with_port_and_tld_length
     @request.host = "nextangle.local:3000"
     get :set_cookie_with_domain_and_tld
@@ -856,11 +1102,11 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal "david", cookies[:user_name]
 
     get :noop
-    assert_nil @response.headers["Set-Cookie"]
+    assert !@response.headers.include?("Set-Cookie")
     assert_equal "david", cookies[:user_name]
 
     get :noop
-    assert_nil @response.headers["Set-Cookie"]
+    assert !@response.headers.include?("Set-Cookie")
     assert_equal "david", cookies[:user_name]
   end
 
@@ -949,5 +1195,3 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
       end
     end
 end
-
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/debug_exceptions_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/debug_exceptions_test.rb
index 3045a07ad6..159bf10545 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/debug_exceptions_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/debug_exceptions_test.rb
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       @closed = false
     end
 
+    # We're obliged to implement this (even though it doesn't actually
+    # get called here) to properly comply with the Rack SPEC
     def each
     end
 
@@ -17,6 +19,10 @@ class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       @closed = true
     end
 
+    def method_that_raises
+      raise StandardError.new 'error in framework'
+    end
+
     def call(env)
       env['action_dispatch.show_detailed_exceptions'] = @detailed
       req = ActionDispatch::Request.new(env)
@@ -36,25 +42,44 @@ class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       when "/unprocessable_entity"
         raise ActionController::InvalidAuthenticityToken
       when "/not_found_original_exception"
-        raise ActionView::Template::Error.new('template', AbstractController::ActionNotFound.new)
+        begin
+          raise AbstractController::ActionNotFound.new
+        rescue
+          raise ActionView::Template::Error.new('template')
+        end
+      when "/missing_template"
+        raise ActionView::MissingTemplate.new(%w(foo), 'foo/index', %w(foo), false, 'mailer')
       when "/bad_request"
         raise ActionController::BadRequest
       when "/missing_keys"
         raise ActionController::UrlGenerationError, "No route matches"
       when "/parameter_missing"
         raise ActionController::ParameterMissing, :missing_param_key
+      when "/original_syntax_error"
+        eval 'broke_syntax =' # `eval` need for raise native SyntaxError at runtime
+      when "/syntax_error_into_view"
+        begin
+          eval 'broke_syntax ='
+        rescue Exception
+          template = ActionView::Template.new(File.read(__FILE__),
+                                              __FILE__,
+                                              ActionView::Template::Handlers::Raw.new,
+                                              {})
+          raise ActionView::Template::Error.new(template)
+        end
+      when "/framework_raises"
+        method_that_raises
       else
         raise "puke!"
       end
     end
   end
 
-  def setup
-    app = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
-    app.config = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
-    app.config.assets = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
-    app.config.assets.prefix = '/sprockets'
-    Rails.stubs(:application).returns(app)
+  class BoomerAPI < Boomer
+    def call(env)
+      env['action_dispatch.show_detailed_exceptions'] = @detailed
+      raise "puke!"
+    end
   end
 
   RoutesApp = Struct.new(:routes).new(SharedTestRoutes)
@@ -64,21 +89,21 @@ class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   test 'skip diagnosis if not showing detailed exceptions' do
     @app = ProductionApp
     assert_raise RuntimeError do
-      get "/", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+      get "/", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     end
   end
 
   test 'skip diagnosis if not showing exceptions' do
     @app = DevelopmentApp
     assert_raise RuntimeError do
-      get "/", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => false}
+      get "/", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => false }
     end
   end
 
   test 'raise an exception on cascade pass' do
     @app = ProductionApp
     assert_raise ActionController::RoutingError do
-      get "/pass", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+      get "/pass", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     end
   end
 
@@ -86,44 +111,53 @@ class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     boomer = Boomer.new(false)
     @app = ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions.new(boomer)
     assert_raise ActionController::RoutingError do
-      get "/pass", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+      get "/pass", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     end
     assert boomer.closed, "Expected to close the response body"
   end
 
   test 'displays routes in a table when a RoutingError occurs' do
     @app = DevelopmentApp
-    get "/pass", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+    get "/pass", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     routing_table = body[/route_table.*<.table>/m]
     assert_match '/:controller(/:action)(.:format)', routing_table
     assert_match ':controller#:action', routing_table
     assert_no_match '&lt;|&gt;', routing_table, "there should not be escaped html in the output"
   end
 
+  test 'displays request and response info when a RoutingError occurs' do
+    @app = DevelopmentApp
+
+    get "/pass", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
+
+    assert_select 'h2', /Request/
+    assert_select 'h2', /Response/
+  end
+
   test "rescue with diagnostics message" do
     @app = DevelopmentApp
 
-    get "/", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+    get "/", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     assert_response 500
     assert_match(/puke/, body)
 
-    get "/not_found", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+    get "/not_found", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     assert_response 404
     assert_match(/#{AbstractController::ActionNotFound.name}/, body)
 
-    get "/method_not_allowed", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+    get "/method_not_allowed", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     assert_response 405
     assert_match(/ActionController::MethodNotAllowed/, body)
 
-    get "/unknown_http_method", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+    get "/unknown_http_method", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     assert_response 405
     assert_match(/ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod/, body)
 
-    get "/bad_request", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+    get "/bad_request", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     assert_response 400
     assert_match(/ActionController::BadRequest/, body)
 
-    get "/parameter_missing", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+    get "/parameter_missing", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     assert_response 400
     assert_match(/ActionController::ParameterMissing/, body)
   end
@@ -132,48 +166,119 @@ class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     @app = DevelopmentApp
     xhr_request_env = {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true, 'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH' => 'XMLHttpRequest'}
 
-    get "/", {}, xhr_request_env
+    get "/", headers: xhr_request_env
     assert_response 500
+    assert_no_match(/<header>/, body)
     assert_no_match(/<body>/, body)
-    assert_equal response.content_type, "text/plain"
-    assert_match(/puke/, body)
+    assert_equal "text/plain", response.content_type
+    assert_match(/RuntimeError\npuke/, body)
+
+    Rails.stub :root, Pathname.new('.') do
+      get "/", headers: xhr_request_env
+
+      assert_response 500
+      assert_match 'Extracted source (around line #', body
+      assert_select 'pre', { count: 0 }, body
+    end
 
-    get "/not_found", {}, xhr_request_env
+    get "/not_found", headers: xhr_request_env
     assert_response 404
     assert_no_match(/<body>/, body)
-    assert_equal response.content_type, "text/plain"
+    assert_equal "text/plain", response.content_type
     assert_match(/#{AbstractController::ActionNotFound.name}/, body)
 
-    get "/method_not_allowed", {}, xhr_request_env
+    get "/method_not_allowed", headers: xhr_request_env
     assert_response 405
     assert_no_match(/<body>/, body)
-    assert_equal response.content_type, "text/plain"
+    assert_equal "text/plain", response.content_type
     assert_match(/ActionController::MethodNotAllowed/, body)
 
-    get "/unknown_http_method", {}, xhr_request_env
+    get "/unknown_http_method", headers: xhr_request_env
     assert_response 405
     assert_no_match(/<body>/, body)
-    assert_equal response.content_type, "text/plain"
+    assert_equal "text/plain", response.content_type
     assert_match(/ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod/, body)
 
-    get "/bad_request", {}, xhr_request_env
+    get "/bad_request", headers: xhr_request_env
     assert_response 400
     assert_no_match(/<body>/, body)
-    assert_equal response.content_type, "text/plain"
+    assert_equal "text/plain", response.content_type
     assert_match(/ActionController::BadRequest/, body)
 
-    get "/parameter_missing", {}, xhr_request_env
+    get "/parameter_missing", headers: xhr_request_env
     assert_response 400
     assert_no_match(/<body>/, body)
-    assert_equal response.content_type, "text/plain"
+    assert_equal "text/plain", response.content_type
     assert_match(/ActionController::ParameterMissing/, body)
   end
 
+  test "rescue with json error for API request" do
+    @app = ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions.new(Boomer.new(true), RoutesApp, :api)
+
+    get "/", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
+    assert_response 500
+    assert_no_match(/<header>/, body)
+    assert_no_match(/<body>/, body)
+    assert_equal "application/json", response.content_type
+    assert_match(/RuntimeError: puke/, body)
+
+    get "/not_found", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
+    assert_response 404
+    assert_no_match(/<body>/, body)
+    assert_equal "application/json", response.content_type
+    assert_match(/#{AbstractController::ActionNotFound.name}/, body)
+
+    get "/method_not_allowed", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
+    assert_response 405
+    assert_no_match(/<body>/, body)
+    assert_equal "application/json", response.content_type
+    assert_match(/ActionController::MethodNotAllowed/, body)
+
+    get "/unknown_http_method", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
+    assert_response 405
+    assert_no_match(/<body>/, body)
+    assert_equal "application/json", response.content_type
+    assert_match(/ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod/, body)
+
+    get "/bad_request", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
+    assert_response 400
+    assert_no_match(/<body>/, body)
+    assert_equal "application/json", response.content_type
+    assert_match(/ActionController::BadRequest/, body)
+
+    get "/parameter_missing", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
+    assert_response 400
+    assert_no_match(/<body>/, body)
+    assert_equal "application/json", response.content_type
+    assert_match(/ActionController::ParameterMissing/, body)
+  end
+
+  test "rescue with json on API request returns only allowed formats or json as a fallback" do
+    @app = ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions.new(Boomer.new(true), RoutesApp, :api)
+
+    get "/index.json", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
+    assert_response 500
+    assert_equal "application/json", response.content_type
+    assert_match(/RuntimeError: puke/, body)
+
+    get "/index.html", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
+    assert_response 500
+    assert_no_match(/<header>/, body)
+    assert_no_match(/<body>/, body)
+    assert_equal "application/json", response.content_type
+    assert_match(/RuntimeError: puke/, body)
+
+    get "/index.xml", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
+    assert_response 500
+    assert_equal "application/xml", response.content_type
+    assert_match(/RuntimeError: puke/, body)
+  end
+
   test "does not show filtered parameters" do
     @app = DevelopmentApp
 
-    get "/", {"foo"=>"bar"}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true,
-      'action_dispatch.parameter_filter' => [:foo]}
+    get "/", params: { "foo"=>"bar" }, headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true,
+      'action_dispatch.parameter_filter' => [:foo] }
     assert_response 500
     assert_match("&quot;foo&quot;=&gt;&quot;[FILTERED]&quot;", body)
   end
@@ -181,7 +286,7 @@ class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   test "show registered original exception for wrapped exceptions" do
     @app = DevelopmentApp
 
-    get "/not_found_original_exception", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+    get "/not_found_original_exception", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     assert_response 404
     assert_match(/AbstractController::ActionNotFound/, body)
   end
@@ -189,7 +294,7 @@ class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   test "named urls missing keys raise 500 level error" do
     @app = DevelopmentApp
 
-    get "/missing_keys", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+    get "/missing_keys", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     assert_response 500
 
     assert_match(/ActionController::UrlGenerationError/, body)
@@ -197,7 +302,7 @@ class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
   test "show the controller name in the diagnostics template when controller name is present" do
     @app = DevelopmentApp
-    get("/runtime_error", {}, {
+    get("/runtime_error", headers: {
       'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true,
       'action_dispatch.request.parameters' => {
         'action' => 'show',
@@ -209,25 +314,51 @@ class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_match(/RuntimeError\n\s+in FeaturedTileController/, body)
   end
 
+  test "show formatted params" do
+    @app = DevelopmentApp
+
+    params = {
+      'id' => 'unknown',
+      'someparam' => {
+        'foo' => 'bar',
+        'abc' => 'goo'
+      }
+    }
+
+    get("/runtime_error", headers: {
+      'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true,
+      'action_dispatch.request.parameters' => {
+        'action' => 'show',
+        'controller' => 'featured_tile'
+      }.merge(params)
+    })
+    assert_response 500
+
+    assert_includes(body, CGI.escapeHTML(PP.pp(params, "", 200)))
+  end
+
   test "sets the HTTP charset parameter" do
     @app = DevelopmentApp
 
-    get "/", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+    get "/", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     assert_equal "text/html; charset=utf-8", response.headers["Content-Type"]
   end
 
   test 'uses logger from env' do
     @app = DevelopmentApp
     output = StringIO.new
-    get "/", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true, 'action_dispatch.logger' => Logger.new(output)}
+    get "/", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true, 'action_dispatch.logger' => Logger.new(output) }
     assert_match(/puke/, output.rewind && output.read)
   end
 
   test 'uses backtrace cleaner from env' do
     @app = DevelopmentApp
-    cleaner = stub(:clean => ['passed backtrace cleaner'])
-    get "/", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true, 'action_dispatch.backtrace_cleaner' => cleaner}
-    assert_match(/passed backtrace cleaner/, body)
+    backtrace_cleaner = ActiveSupport::BacktraceCleaner.new
+
+    backtrace_cleaner.stub :clean, ['passed backtrace cleaner'] do
+      get "/", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true, 'action_dispatch.backtrace_cleaner' => backtrace_cleaner }
+      assert_match(/passed backtrace cleaner/, body)
+    end
   end
 
   test 'logs exception backtrace when all lines silenced' do
@@ -239,7 +370,81 @@ class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
            'action_dispatch.logger' => Logger.new(output),
            'action_dispatch.backtrace_cleaner' => backtrace_cleaner}
 
-    get "/", {}, env
+    get "/", headers: env
     assert_operator((output.rewind && output.read).lines.count, :>, 10)
   end
+
+  test 'display backtrace when error type is SyntaxError' do
+    @app = DevelopmentApp
+
+    get '/original_syntax_error', headers: { 'action_dispatch.backtrace_cleaner' => ActiveSupport::BacktraceCleaner.new }
+
+    assert_response 500
+    assert_select '#Application-Trace' do
+      assert_select 'pre code', /syntax error, unexpected/
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'display backtrace on template missing errors' do
+    @app = DevelopmentApp
+
+    get "/missing_template"
+
+    assert_select "header h1", /Template is missing/
+
+    assert_select "#container h2", /^Missing template/
+
+    assert_select '#Application-Trace'
+    assert_select '#Framework-Trace'
+    assert_select '#Full-Trace'
+
+    assert_select 'h2', /Request/
+  end
+
+  test 'display backtrace when error type is SyntaxError wrapped by ActionView::Template::Error' do
+    @app = DevelopmentApp
+
+    get '/syntax_error_into_view', headers: { 'action_dispatch.backtrace_cleaner' => ActiveSupport::BacktraceCleaner.new }
+
+    assert_response 500
+    assert_select '#Application-Trace' do
+      assert_select 'pre code', /syntax error, unexpected/
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'debug exceptions app shows user code that caused the error in source view' do
+    @app = DevelopmentApp
+    Rails.stub :root, Pathname.new('.') do
+      cleaner = ActiveSupport::BacktraceCleaner.new.tap do |bc|
+        bc.add_silencer { |line| line =~ /method_that_raises/ }
+        bc.add_silencer { |line| line !~ %r{test/dispatch/debug_exceptions_test.rb} }
+      end
+
+      get '/framework_raises', headers: { 'action_dispatch.backtrace_cleaner' => cleaner }
+
+      # Assert correct error
+      assert_response 500
+      assert_select 'h2', /error in framework/
+
+      # assert source view line is the call to method_that_raises
+      assert_select 'div.source:not(.hidden)' do
+        assert_select 'pre .line.active', /method_that_raises/
+      end
+
+      # assert first source view (hidden) that throws the error
+      assert_select 'div.source:first' do
+        assert_select 'pre .line.active', /raise StandardError\.new/
+      end
+
+      # assert application trace refers to line that calls method_that_raises is first
+      assert_select '#Application-Trace' do
+        assert_select 'pre code a:first', %r{test/dispatch/debug_exceptions_test\.rb:\d+:in `call}
+      end
+
+      # assert framework trace that threw the error is first
+      assert_select '#Framework-Trace' do
+        assert_select 'pre code a:first', /method_that_raises/
+      end
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/exception_wrapper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/exception_wrapper_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dfbb91c0ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/exception_wrapper_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+module ActionDispatch
+  class ExceptionWrapperTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+    class TestError < StandardError
+      attr_reader :backtrace
+
+      def initialize(*backtrace)
+        @backtrace = backtrace.flatten
+      end
+    end
+
+    class BadlyDefinedError < StandardError
+      def backtrace
+        nil
+      end
+    end
+
+    setup do
+      @cleaner = ActiveSupport::BacktraceCleaner.new
+      @cleaner.add_silencer { |line| line !~ /^lib/ }
+    end
+
+    test '#source_extracts fetches source fragments for every backtrace entry' do
+      exception = TestError.new("lib/file.rb:42:in `index'")
+      wrapper = ExceptionWrapper.new(nil, exception)
+
+      assert_called_with(wrapper, :source_fragment, ['lib/file.rb', 42], returns: 'foo') do
+        assert_equal [ code: 'foo', line_number: 42 ], wrapper.source_extracts
+      end
+    end
+
+    test '#source_extracts works with Windows paths' do
+      exc = TestError.new("c:/path/to/rails/app/controller.rb:27:in 'index':")
+
+      wrapper = ExceptionWrapper.new(nil, exc)
+
+      assert_called_with(wrapper, :source_fragment, ['c:/path/to/rails/app/controller.rb', 27], returns: 'nothing') do
+        assert_equal [ code: 'nothing', line_number: 27 ], wrapper.source_extracts
+      end
+    end
+
+    test '#source_extracts works with non standard backtrace' do
+      exc = TestError.new('invalid')
+
+      wrapper = ExceptionWrapper.new(nil, exc)
+
+      assert_called_with(wrapper, :source_fragment, ['invalid', 0], returns: 'nothing') do
+        assert_equal [ code: 'nothing', line_number: 0 ], wrapper.source_extracts
+      end
+    end
+
+    test '#application_trace returns traces only from the application' do
+      exception = TestError.new(caller.prepend("lib/file.rb:42:in `index'"))
+      wrapper = ExceptionWrapper.new(@cleaner, exception)
+
+      assert_equal [ "lib/file.rb:42:in `index'" ], wrapper.application_trace
+    end
+
+    test '#application_trace cannot be nil' do
+      nil_backtrace_wrapper = ExceptionWrapper.new(@cleaner, BadlyDefinedError.new)
+      nil_cleaner_wrapper = ExceptionWrapper.new(nil, BadlyDefinedError.new)
+
+      assert_equal [], nil_backtrace_wrapper.application_trace
+      assert_equal [], nil_cleaner_wrapper.application_trace
+    end
+
+    test '#framework_trace returns traces outside the application' do
+      exception = TestError.new(caller.prepend("lib/file.rb:42:in `index'"))
+      wrapper = ExceptionWrapper.new(@cleaner, exception)
+
+      assert_equal caller, wrapper.framework_trace
+    end
+
+    test '#framework_trace cannot be nil' do
+      nil_backtrace_wrapper = ExceptionWrapper.new(@cleaner, BadlyDefinedError.new)
+      nil_cleaner_wrapper = ExceptionWrapper.new(nil, BadlyDefinedError.new)
+
+      assert_equal [], nil_backtrace_wrapper.framework_trace
+      assert_equal [], nil_cleaner_wrapper.framework_trace
+    end
+
+    test '#full_trace returns application and framework traces' do
+      exception = TestError.new(caller.prepend("lib/file.rb:42:in `index'"))
+      wrapper = ExceptionWrapper.new(@cleaner, exception)
+
+      assert_equal exception.backtrace, wrapper.full_trace
+    end
+
+    test '#full_trace cannot be nil' do
+      nil_backtrace_wrapper = ExceptionWrapper.new(@cleaner, BadlyDefinedError.new)
+      nil_cleaner_wrapper = ExceptionWrapper.new(nil, BadlyDefinedError.new)
+
+      assert_equal [], nil_backtrace_wrapper.full_trace
+      assert_equal [], nil_cleaner_wrapper.full_trace
+    end
+
+    test '#traces returns every trace by category enumerated with an index' do
+      exception = TestError.new("lib/file.rb:42:in `index'", "/gems/rack.rb:43:in `index'")
+      wrapper = ExceptionWrapper.new(@cleaner, exception)
+
+      assert_equal({
+        'Application Trace' => [ id: 0, trace: "lib/file.rb:42:in `index'" ],
+        'Framework Trace' => [ id: 1, trace: "/gems/rack.rb:43:in `index'" ],
+        'Full Trace' => [
+          { id: 0, trace: "lib/file.rb:42:in `index'" },
+          { id: 1, trace: "/gems/rack.rb:43:in `index'" }
+        ]
+      }, wrapper.traces)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/header_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/header_test.rb
index 9e37b96951..7f1ef121b7 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/header_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/header_test.rb
@@ -1,15 +1,19 @@
 require "abstract_unit"
 
 class HeaderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def make_headers(hash)
+    ActionDispatch::Http::Headers.new ActionDispatch::Request.new hash
+  end
+
   setup do
-    @headers = ActionDispatch::Http::Headers.new(
+    @headers = make_headers(
       "CONTENT_TYPE" => "text/plain",
       "HTTP_REFERER" => "/some/page"
     )
   end
 
   test "#new does not normalize the data" do
-    headers = ActionDispatch::Http::Headers.new(
+    headers = make_headers(
       "Content-Type" => "application/json",
       "HTTP_REFERER" => "/some/page",
       "Host" => "http://test.com")
@@ -38,6 +42,24 @@ class HeaderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "127.0.0.1", @headers["HTTP_HOST"]
   end
 
+  test "add to multivalued headers" do
+    # Sets header when not present
+    @headers.add 'Foo', '1'
+    assert_equal '1', @headers['Foo']
+
+    # Ignores nil values
+    @headers.add 'Foo', nil
+    assert_equal '1', @headers['Foo']
+
+    # Converts value to string
+    @headers.add 'Foo', 1
+    assert_equal '1,1', @headers['Foo']
+
+    # Case-insensitive
+    @headers.add 'fOo', 2
+    assert_equal '1,1,2', @headers['foO']
+  end
+
   test "headers can contain numbers" do
     @headers["Content-MD5"] = "Q2hlY2sgSW50ZWdyaXR5IQ=="
 
@@ -55,6 +77,8 @@ class HeaderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "key?" do
     assert @headers.key?("CONTENT_TYPE")
     assert @headers.include?("CONTENT_TYPE")
+    assert @headers.key?("Content-Type")
+    assert @headers.include?("Content-Type")
   end
 
   test "fetch with block" do
@@ -106,7 +130,7 @@ class HeaderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "env variables with . are not modified" do
-    headers = ActionDispatch::Http::Headers.new
+    headers = make_headers({})
     headers.merge! "rack.input" => "",
      "rack.request.cookie_hash" => "",
      "action_dispatch.logger" => ""
@@ -117,7 +141,7 @@ class HeaderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "symbols are treated as strings" do
-    headers = ActionDispatch::Http::Headers.new
+    headers = make_headers({})
     headers.merge!(:SERVER_NAME => "example.com",
                    "HTTP_REFERER" => "/",
                    :Host => "test.com")
@@ -128,7 +152,7 @@ class HeaderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   test "headers directly modifies the passed environment" do
     env = {"HTTP_REFERER" => "/"}
-    headers = ActionDispatch::Http::Headers.new(env)
+    headers = make_headers(env)
     headers['Referer'] = "http://example.com/"
     headers.merge! "CONTENT_TYPE" => "text/plain"
     assert_equal({"HTTP_REFERER"=>"http://example.com/",
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/live_response_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/live_response_test.rb
index e0cfb73acf..e4475f4233 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/live_response_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/live_response_test.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'active_support/concurrency/latch'
+require 'concurrent/atomic/count_down_latch'
 
 module ActionController
   module Live
     class ResponseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       def setup
         @response = Live::Response.new
+        @response.request = ActionDispatch::Request.empty
       end
 
       def test_header_merge
@@ -26,17 +27,18 @@ module ActionController
       end
 
       def test_parallel
-        latch = ActiveSupport::Concurrency::Latch.new
+        latch = Concurrent::CountDownLatch.new
 
         t = Thread.new {
           @response.stream.write 'foo'
-          latch.await
+          latch.wait
           @response.stream.close
         }
 
+        @response.await_commit
         @response.each do |part|
           assert_equal 'foo', part
-          latch.release
+          latch.count_down
         end
         assert t.join
       end
@@ -58,21 +60,32 @@ module ActionController
         assert_nil @response.headers['Content-Length']
       end
 
-      def test_headers_cannot_be_written_after_write
+      def test_headers_cannot_be_written_after_webserver_reads
         @response.stream.write 'omg'
+        latch = Concurrent::CountDownLatch.new
 
+        t = Thread.new {
+          @response.stream.each do
+            latch.count_down
+          end
+        }
+
+        latch.wait
         assert @response.headers.frozen?
         e = assert_raises(ActionDispatch::IllegalStateError) do
           @response.headers['Content-Length'] = "zomg"
         end
 
         assert_equal 'header already sent', e.message
+        @response.stream.close
+        t.join
       end
 
       def test_headers_cannot_be_written_after_close
         @response.stream.close
+        # we can add data until it's actually written, which happens on `each`
+        @response.each { |x| }
 
-        assert @response.headers.frozen?
         e = assert_raises(ActionDispatch::IllegalStateError) do
           @response.headers['Content-Length'] = "zomg"
         end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/mapper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/mapper_test.rb
index 58457b0c28..df27e41997 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/mapper_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/mapper_test.rb
@@ -3,14 +3,7 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 module ActionDispatch
   module Routing
     class MapperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-      class FakeSet
-        attr_reader :routes
-        alias :set :routes
-
-        def initialize
-          @routes = []
-        end
-
+      class FakeSet < ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet
         def resources_path_names
           {}
         end
@@ -19,16 +12,24 @@ module ActionDispatch
           ActionDispatch::Request
         end
 
-        def add_route(*args)
-          routes << args
+        def dispatcher_class
+          RouteSet::Dispatcher
+        end
+
+        def defaults
+          routes.map(&:defaults)
         end
 
         def conditions
-          routes.map { |x| x[1] }
+          routes.map(&:constraints)
         end
 
         def requirements
-          routes.map { |x| x[2] }
+          routes.map(&:path).map(&:requirements)
+        end
+
+        def asts
+          routes.map(&:path).map(&:spec)
         end
       end
 
@@ -36,18 +37,76 @@ module ActionDispatch
         Mapper.new FakeSet.new
       end
 
+      def test_scope_raises_on_anchor
+        fakeset = FakeSet.new
+        mapper = Mapper.new fakeset
+        assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+          mapper.scope(anchor: false) do
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_blows_up_without_via
+        fakeset = FakeSet.new
+        mapper = Mapper.new fakeset
+        assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+          mapper.match '/', :to => 'posts#index', :as => :main
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_unscoped_formatted
+        fakeset = FakeSet.new
+        mapper = Mapper.new fakeset
+        mapper.get '/foo', :to => 'posts#index', :as => :main, :format => true
+        assert_equal({:controller=>"posts", :action=>"index"},
+                     fakeset.defaults.first)
+        assert_equal "/foo.:format", fakeset.asts.first.to_s
+      end
+
+      def test_scoped_formatted
+        fakeset = FakeSet.new
+        mapper = Mapper.new fakeset
+        mapper.scope(format: true) do
+          mapper.get '/foo', :to => 'posts#index', :as => :main
+        end
+        assert_equal({:controller=>"posts", :action=>"index"},
+                     fakeset.defaults.first)
+        assert_equal "/foo.:format", fakeset.asts.first.to_s
+      end
+
+      def test_random_keys
+        fakeset = FakeSet.new
+        mapper = Mapper.new fakeset
+        mapper.scope(omg: :awesome) do
+          mapper.get '/', :to => 'posts#index', :as => :main
+        end
+        assert_equal({:omg=>:awesome, :controller=>"posts", :action=>"index"},
+                     fakeset.defaults.first)
+        assert_equal("GET", fakeset.routes.first.verb)
+      end
+
       def test_mapping_requirements
-        options = { :controller => 'foo', :action => 'bar', :via => :get }
-        m = Mapper::Mapping.new FakeSet.new, {}, '/store/:name(*rest)', options
-        _, _, requirements, _ = m.to_route
-        assert_equal(/.+?/, requirements[:rest])
+        options = { }
+        scope = Mapper::Scope.new({})
+        ast = Journey::Parser.parse '/store/:name(*rest)'
+        m = Mapper::Mapping.build(scope, FakeSet.new, ast, 'foo', 'bar', nil, [:get], nil, {}, true, options)
+        assert_equal(/.+?/, m.requirements[:rest])
+      end
+
+      def test_via_scope
+        fakeset = FakeSet.new
+        mapper = Mapper.new fakeset
+        mapper.scope(via: :put) do
+          mapper.match '/', :to => 'posts#index', :as => :main
+        end
+        assert_equal("PUT", fakeset.routes.first.verb)
       end
 
       def test_map_slash
         fakeset = FakeSet.new
         mapper = Mapper.new fakeset
         mapper.get '/', :to => 'posts#index', :as => :main
-        assert_equal '/', fakeset.conditions.first[:path_info]
+        assert_equal '/', fakeset.asts.first.to_s
       end
 
       def test_map_more_slashes
@@ -56,14 +115,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         # FIXME: is this a desired behavior?
         mapper.get '/one/two/', :to => 'posts#index', :as => :main
-        assert_equal '/one/two(.:format)', fakeset.conditions.first[:path_info]
+        assert_equal '/one/two(.:format)', fakeset.asts.first.to_s
       end
 
       def test_map_wildcard
         fakeset = FakeSet.new
         mapper = Mapper.new fakeset
         mapper.get '/*path', :to => 'pages#show'
-        assert_equal '/*path(.:format)', fakeset.conditions.first[:path_info]
+        assert_equal '/*path(.:format)', fakeset.asts.first.to_s
         assert_equal(/.+?/, fakeset.requirements.first[:path])
       end
 
@@ -71,16 +130,16 @@ module ActionDispatch
         fakeset = FakeSet.new
         mapper = Mapper.new fakeset
         mapper.get '/*path/foo/:bar', :to => 'pages#show'
-        assert_equal '/*path/foo/:bar(.:format)', fakeset.conditions.first[:path_info]
-        assert_nil fakeset.requirements.first[:path]
+        assert_equal '/*path/foo/:bar(.:format)', fakeset.asts.first.to_s
+        assert_equal(/.+?/, fakeset.requirements.first[:path])
       end
 
       def test_map_wildcard_with_multiple_wildcard
         fakeset = FakeSet.new
         mapper = Mapper.new fakeset
         mapper.get '/*foo/*bar', :to => 'pages#show'
-        assert_equal '/*foo/*bar(.:format)', fakeset.conditions.first[:path_info]
-        assert_nil fakeset.requirements.first[:foo]
+        assert_equal '/*foo/*bar(.:format)', fakeset.asts.first.to_s
+        assert_equal(/.+?/, fakeset.requirements.first[:foo])
         assert_equal(/.+?/, fakeset.requirements.first[:bar])
       end
 
@@ -88,7 +147,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         fakeset = FakeSet.new
         mapper = Mapper.new fakeset
         mapper.get '/*path', :to => 'pages#show', :format => false
-        assert_equal '/*path', fakeset.conditions.first[:path_info]
+        assert_equal '/*path', fakeset.asts.first.to_s
         assert_nil fakeset.requirements.first[:path]
       end
 
@@ -96,10 +155,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
         fakeset = FakeSet.new
         mapper = Mapper.new fakeset
         mapper.get '/*path', :to => 'pages#show', :format => true
-        assert_equal '/*path.:format', fakeset.conditions.first[:path_info]
+        assert_equal '/*path.:format', fakeset.asts.first.to_s
       end
 
-      def test_raising_helpful_error_on_invalid_arguments
+      def test_raising_error_when_path_is_not_passed
         fakeset = FakeSet.new
         mapper = Mapper.new fakeset
         app = lambda { |env| [200, {}, [""]] }
@@ -107,6 +166,18 @@ module ActionDispatch
           mapper.mount app
         end
       end
+
+      def test_raising_error_when_rack_app_is_not_passed
+        fakeset = FakeSet.new
+        mapper = Mapper.new fakeset
+        assert_raises ArgumentError do
+          mapper.mount 10, as: "exciting"
+        end
+
+        assert_raises ArgumentError do
+          mapper.mount as: "exciting"
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/middleware_stack/middleware_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/middleware_stack/middleware_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 9607f026db..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/middleware_stack/middleware_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'action_dispatch/middleware/stack'
-
-module ActionDispatch
-  class MiddlewareStack
-    class MiddlewareTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-      class Omg; end
-
-      {
-        'concrete'  => Omg,
-        'anonymous' => Class.new
-      }.each do |name, klass|
-
-        define_method("test_#{name}_klass") do
-          mw = Middleware.new klass
-          assert_equal klass, mw.klass
-        end
-
-        define_method("test_#{name}_==") do
-          mw1 = Middleware.new klass
-          mw2 = Middleware.new klass
-          assert_equal mw1, mw2
-        end
-
-      end
-
-      def test_string_class
-        mw = Middleware.new Omg.name
-        assert_equal Omg, mw.klass
-      end
-
-      def test_double_equal_works_with_classes
-        k = Class.new
-        mw = Middleware.new k
-        assert_operator mw, :==, k
-
-        result = mw != Class.new
-        assert result, 'middleware should not equal other anon class'
-      end
-
-      def test_double_equal_works_with_strings
-        mw = Middleware.new Omg
-        assert_operator mw, :==, Omg.name
-      end
-
-      def test_double_equal_normalizes_strings
-        mw = Middleware.new Omg
-        assert_operator mw, :==, "::#{Omg.name}"
-      end
-
-      def test_middleware_loads_classnames_from_cache
-        mw = Class.new(Middleware) {
-          attr_accessor :classcache
-        }.new(Omg.name)
-
-        fake_cache    = { mw.name => Omg }
-        mw.classcache = fake_cache
-
-        assert_equal Omg, mw.klass
-
-        fake_cache[mw.name] = Middleware
-        assert_equal Middleware, mw.klass
-      end
-
-      def test_middleware_always_returns_class
-        mw = Class.new(Middleware) {
-          attr_accessor :classcache
-        }.new(Omg)
-
-        fake_cache    = { mw.name => Middleware }
-        mw.classcache = fake_cache
-
-        assert_equal Omg, mw.klass
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/middleware_stack_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/middleware_stack_test.rb
index 948a690979..33aa616474 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/middleware_stack_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/middleware_stack_test.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ class MiddlewareStackTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   class FooMiddleware; end
   class BarMiddleware; end
   class BazMiddleware; end
+  class HiyaMiddleware; end
   class BlockMiddleware
     attr_reader :block
     def initialize(&block)
@@ -17,6 +18,20 @@ class MiddlewareStackTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     @stack.use BarMiddleware
   end
 
+  def test_delete_with_string_is_deprecated
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_difference "@stack.size", -1 do
+        @stack.delete FooMiddleware.name
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_works
+    assert_difference "@stack.size", -1 do
+      @stack.delete FooMiddleware
+    end
+  end
+
   test "use should push middleware as class onto the stack" do
     assert_difference "@stack.size" do
       @stack.use BazMiddleware
@@ -25,17 +40,21 @@ class MiddlewareStackTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "use should push middleware as a string onto the stack" do
-    assert_difference "@stack.size" do
-      @stack.use "MiddlewareStackTest::BazMiddleware"
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_difference "@stack.size" do
+        @stack.use "MiddlewareStackTest::BazMiddleware"
+      end
+      assert_equal BazMiddleware, @stack.last.klass
     end
-    assert_equal BazMiddleware, @stack.last.klass
   end
 
   test "use should push middleware as a symbol onto the stack" do
-    assert_difference "@stack.size" do
-      @stack.use :"MiddlewareStackTest::BazMiddleware"
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_difference "@stack.size" do
+        @stack.use :"MiddlewareStackTest::BazMiddleware"
+      end
+      assert_equal BazMiddleware, @stack.last.klass
     end
-    assert_equal BazMiddleware, @stack.last.klass
   end
 
   test "use should push middleware class with arguments onto the stack" do
@@ -88,30 +107,28 @@ class MiddlewareStackTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "unshift adds a new middleware at the beginning of the stack" do
-    @stack.unshift :"MiddlewareStackTest::BazMiddleware"
-    assert_equal BazMiddleware, @stack.first.klass
+    assert_deprecated do
+      @stack.unshift :"MiddlewareStackTest::BazMiddleware"
+      assert_equal BazMiddleware, @stack.first.klass
+    end
   end
 
   test "raise an error on invalid index" do
     assert_raise RuntimeError do
-      @stack.insert("HiyaMiddleware", BazMiddleware)
+      @stack.insert(HiyaMiddleware, BazMiddleware)
     end
 
     assert_raise RuntimeError do
-      @stack.insert_after("HiyaMiddleware", BazMiddleware)
+      @stack.insert_after(HiyaMiddleware, BazMiddleware)
     end
   end
 
   test "lazy evaluates middleware class" do
-    assert_difference "@stack.size" do
-      @stack.use "MiddlewareStackTest::BazMiddleware"
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_difference "@stack.size" do
+        @stack.use "MiddlewareStackTest::BazMiddleware"
+      end
+      assert_equal BazMiddleware, @stack.last.klass
     end
-    assert_equal BazMiddleware, @stack.last.klass
-  end
-
-  test "lazy compares so unloaded constants are not loaded" do
-    @stack.use "UnknownMiddleware"
-    @stack.use :"MiddlewareStackTest::BazMiddleware"
-    assert @stack.include?("::MiddlewareStackTest::BazMiddleware")
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/mime_type_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/mime_type_test.rb
index 981cf2426e..149e37bf3d 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/mime_type_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/mime_type_test.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 
 class MimeTypeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  Mime::Type.register "image/png", :png unless defined? Mime::PNG
-  Mime::Type.register "application/pdf", :pdf unless defined? Mime::PDF
-
   test "parse single" do
-    Mime::LOOKUP.keys.each do |mime_type|
+    Mime::LOOKUP.each_key do |mime_type|
       unless mime_type == 'image/*'
         assert_equal [Mime::Type.lookup(mime_type)], Mime::Type.parse(mime_type)
       end
@@ -13,97 +10,95 @@ class MimeTypeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "unregister" do
+    assert_nil Mime[:mobile]
+
     begin
-      Mime::Type.register("text/x-mobile", :mobile)
-      assert defined?(Mime::MOBILE)
-      assert_equal Mime::MOBILE, Mime::LOOKUP['text/x-mobile']
-      assert_equal Mime::MOBILE, Mime::EXTENSION_LOOKUP['mobile']
+      mime = Mime::Type.register("text/x-mobile", :mobile)
+      assert_equal mime, Mime[:mobile]
+      assert_equal mime, Mime::Type.lookup('text/x-mobile')
+      assert_equal mime, Mime::Type.lookup_by_extension(:mobile)
 
       Mime::Type.unregister(:mobile)
-      assert !defined?(Mime::MOBILE), "Mime::MOBILE should not be defined"
-      assert !Mime::LOOKUP.has_key?('text/x-mobile'), "Mime::LOOKUP should not have key ['text/x-mobile]"
-      assert !Mime::EXTENSION_LOOKUP.has_key?('mobile'), "Mime::EXTENSION_LOOKUP should not have key ['mobile]"
+      assert_nil Mime[:mobile], "Mime[:mobile] should be nil after unregistering :mobile"
+      assert_nil Mime::Type.lookup_by_extension(:mobile), "Should be missing MIME extension lookup for :mobile"
     ensure
-      Mime.module_eval { remove_const :MOBILE if const_defined?(:MOBILE) }
-      Mime::LOOKUP.reject!{|key,_| key == 'text/x-mobile'}
+      Mime::Type.unregister :mobile
     end
   end
 
   test "parse text with trailing star at the beginning" do
     accept = "text/*, text/html, application/json, multipart/form-data"
-    expect = [Mime::HTML, Mime::TEXT, Mime::JS, Mime::CSS, Mime::ICS, Mime::CSV, Mime::VCF, Mime::XML, Mime::YAML, Mime::JSON, Mime::MULTIPART_FORM]
+    expect = [Mime[:html], Mime[:text], Mime[:js], Mime[:css], Mime[:ics], Mime[:csv], Mime[:vcf], Mime[:xml], Mime[:yaml], Mime[:json], Mime[:multipart_form]]
     parsed = Mime::Type.parse(accept)
     assert_equal expect, parsed
   end
 
   test "parse text with trailing star in the end" do
     accept = "text/html, application/json, multipart/form-data, text/*"
-    expect = [Mime::HTML, Mime::JSON, Mime::MULTIPART_FORM, Mime::TEXT, Mime::JS, Mime::CSS, Mime::ICS, Mime::CSV, Mime::VCF, Mime::XML, Mime::YAML]
+    expect = [Mime[:html], Mime[:json], Mime[:multipart_form], Mime[:text], Mime[:js], Mime[:css], Mime[:ics], Mime[:csv], Mime[:vcf], Mime[:xml], Mime[:yaml]]
     parsed = Mime::Type.parse(accept)
     assert_equal expect, parsed
   end
 
   test "parse text with trailing star" do
     accept = "text/*"
-    expect = [Mime::HTML, Mime::TEXT, Mime::JS, Mime::CSS, Mime::ICS, Mime::CSV, Mime::VCF, Mime::XML, Mime::YAML, Mime::JSON]
+    expect = [Mime[:html], Mime[:text], Mime[:js], Mime[:css], Mime[:ics], Mime[:csv], Mime[:vcf], Mime[:xml], Mime[:yaml], Mime[:json]]
     parsed = Mime::Type.parse(accept)
     assert_equal expect, parsed
   end
 
   test "parse application with trailing star" do
     accept = "application/*"
-    expect = [Mime::HTML, Mime::JS, Mime::XML, Mime::RSS, Mime::ATOM, Mime::YAML, Mime::URL_ENCODED_FORM, Mime::JSON, Mime::PDF, Mime::ZIP]
+    expect = [Mime[:html], Mime[:js], Mime[:xml], Mime[:rss], Mime[:atom], Mime[:yaml], Mime[:url_encoded_form], Mime[:json], Mime[:pdf], Mime[:zip]]
     parsed = Mime::Type.parse(accept)
     assert_equal expect, parsed
   end
 
   test "parse without q" do
     accept = "text/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/yaml,application/xml,text/html,image/png,text/plain,application/pdf,*/*"
-    expect = [Mime::HTML, Mime::XML, Mime::YAML, Mime::PNG, Mime::TEXT, Mime::PDF, Mime::ALL]
-    assert_equal expect, Mime::Type.parse(accept)
+    expect = [Mime[:html], Mime[:xml], Mime[:yaml], Mime[:png], Mime[:text], Mime[:pdf], '*/*']
+    assert_equal expect.map(&:to_s), Mime::Type.parse(accept).map(&:to_s)
   end
 
   test "parse with q" do
     accept = "text/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/yaml; q=0.3,application/xml,text/html; q=0.8,image/png,text/plain; q=0.5,application/pdf,*/*; q=0.2"
-    expect = [Mime::HTML, Mime::XML, Mime::PNG, Mime::PDF, Mime::TEXT, Mime::YAML, Mime::ALL]
-    assert_equal expect, Mime::Type.parse(accept)
+    expect = [Mime[:html], Mime[:xml], Mime[:png], Mime[:pdf], Mime[:text], Mime[:yaml], '*/*']
+    assert_equal expect.map(&:to_s), Mime::Type.parse(accept).map(&:to_s)
   end
 
   test "parse single media range with q" do
     accept = "text/html;q=0.9"
-    expect = [Mime::HTML]
+    expect = [Mime[:html]]
     assert_equal expect, Mime::Type.parse(accept)
   end
 
   test "parse arbitrary media type parameters" do
     accept = 'multipart/form-data; boundary="simple boundary"'
-    expect = [Mime::MULTIPART_FORM]
+    expect = [Mime[:multipart_form]]
     assert_equal expect, Mime::Type.parse(accept)
   end
 
   # Accept header send with user HTTP_USER_AGENT: Sunrise/0.42j (Windows XP)
   test "parse broken acceptlines" do
     accept = "text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,image/*,,*/*;q=0.5"
-    expect = [Mime::HTML, Mime::XML, "image/*", Mime::TEXT, Mime::ALL]
-    assert_equal expect, Mime::Type.parse(accept).collect { |c| c.to_s }
+    expect = [Mime[:html], Mime[:xml], "image/*", Mime[:text], '*/*']
+    assert_equal expect.map(&:to_s), Mime::Type.parse(accept).map(&:to_s)
   end
 
   # Accept header send with user HTTP_USER_AGENT: Mozilla/4.0
   #  (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; InfoPath.1)
   test "parse other broken acceptlines" do
     accept = "image/gif, image/x-xbitmap, image/jpeg, image/pjpeg, application/x-shockwave-flash, application/vnd.ms-excel, application/vnd.ms-powerpoint, application/msword,  , pronto/1.00.00, sslvpn/1.00.00.00, */*"
-    expect = ['image/gif', 'image/x-xbitmap', 'image/jpeg','image/pjpeg', 'application/x-shockwave-flash', 'application/vnd.ms-excel', 'application/vnd.ms-powerpoint', 'application/msword', 'pronto/1.00.00', 'sslvpn/1.00.00.00', Mime::ALL]
-    assert_equal expect, Mime::Type.parse(accept).collect { |c| c.to_s }
+    expect = ['image/gif', 'image/x-xbitmap', 'image/jpeg','image/pjpeg', 'application/x-shockwave-flash', 'application/vnd.ms-excel', 'application/vnd.ms-powerpoint', 'application/msword', 'pronto/1.00.00', 'sslvpn/1.00.00.00', '*/*']
+    assert_equal expect.map(&:to_s), Mime::Type.parse(accept).map(&:to_s)
   end
 
   test "custom type" do
     begin
-      Mime::Type.register("image/foo", :foo)
-      assert_nothing_raised do
-        assert_equal Mime::FOO, Mime::SET.last
-      end
+      type = Mime::Type.register("image/foo", :foo)
+      assert_equal type, Mime[:foo]
     ensure
-      Mime::Type.unregister(:FOO)
+      Mime::Type.unregister(:foo)
     end
   end
 
@@ -111,10 +106,10 @@ class MimeTypeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     begin
       Mime::Type.register "text/foobar", :foobar, ["text/foo", "text/bar"]
       %w[text/foobar text/foo text/bar].each do |type|
-        assert_equal Mime::FOOBAR, type
+        assert_equal Mime[:foobar], type
       end
     ensure
-      Mime::Type.unregister(:FOOBAR)
+      Mime::Type.unregister(:foobar)
     end
   end
 
@@ -125,10 +120,10 @@ class MimeTypeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
         registered_mimes << mime
       end
 
-      Mime::Type.register("text/foo", :foo)
-      assert_equal registered_mimes, [Mime::FOO]
+      mime = Mime::Type.register("text/foo", :foo)
+      assert_equal [mime], registered_mimes
     ensure
-      Mime::Type.unregister(:FOO)
+      Mime::Type.unregister(:foo)
     end
   end
 
@@ -136,70 +131,67 @@ class MimeTypeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     begin
       Mime::Type.register "text/foobar", :foobar, [], [:foo, "bar"]
       %w[foobar foo bar].each do |extension|
-        assert_equal Mime::FOOBAR, Mime::EXTENSION_LOOKUP[extension]
+        assert_equal Mime[:foobar], Mime::EXTENSION_LOOKUP[extension]
       end
     ensure
-      Mime::Type.unregister(:FOOBAR)
+      Mime::Type.unregister(:foobar)
     end
   end
 
   test "register alias" do
     begin
       Mime::Type.register_alias "application/xhtml+xml", :foobar
-      assert_equal Mime::HTML, Mime::EXTENSION_LOOKUP['foobar']
+      assert_equal Mime[:html], Mime::EXTENSION_LOOKUP['foobar']
     ensure
-      Mime::Type.unregister(:FOOBAR)
+      Mime::Type.unregister(:foobar)
     end
   end
 
   test "type should be equal to symbol" do
-    assert_equal Mime::HTML, 'application/xhtml+xml'
-    assert_equal Mime::HTML, :html
+    assert_equal Mime[:html], 'application/xhtml+xml'
+    assert_equal Mime[:html], :html
   end
 
   test "type convenience methods" do
-    # Don't test Mime::ALL, since it Mime::ALL#html? == true
-    types = Mime::SET.symbols.uniq - [:all, :iphone]
-
-    # Remove custom Mime::Type instances set in other tests, like Mime::GIF and Mime::IPHONE
-    types.delete_if { |type| !Mime.const_defined?(type.upcase) }
-
+    types = Mime::SET.symbols.uniq - [:iphone]
 
     types.each do |type|
-      mime = Mime.const_get(type.upcase)
+      mime = Mime[type]
       assert mime.respond_to?("#{type}?"), "#{mime.inspect} does not respond to #{type}?"
-      assert mime.send("#{type}?"), "#{mime.inspect} is not #{type}?"
+      assert_equal type, mime.symbol, "#{mime.inspect} is not #{type}?"
       invalid_types = types - [type]
-      invalid_types.delete(:html) if Mime::Type.html_types.include?(type)
-      invalid_types.each { |other_type| assert !mime.send("#{other_type}?"), "#{mime.inspect} is #{other_type}?" }
+      invalid_types.delete(:html)
+      invalid_types.each { |other_type|
+        assert_not_equal mime.symbol, other_type, "#{mime.inspect} is #{other_type}?"
+      }
     end
   end
 
-  test "mime all is html" do
-    assert Mime::ALL.all?,  "Mime::ALL is not all?"
-    assert Mime::ALL.html?, "Mime::ALL is not html?"
+  test "deprecated lookup" do
+    assert_deprecated do
+      Mime::HTML
+    end
   end
 
-  test "verifiable mime types" do
-    all_types = Mime::SET.symbols
-    all_types.uniq!
-    # Remove custom Mime::Type instances set in other tests, like Mime::GIF and Mime::IPHONE
-    all_types.delete_if { |type| !Mime.const_defined?(type.upcase) }
+  test "deprecated const_defined?" do
+    assert_deprecated do
+      Mime.const_defined? :HTML
+    end
   end
 
   test "references gives preference to symbols before strings" do
-    assert_equal :html, Mime::HTML.ref
+    assert_equal :html, Mime[:html].ref
     another = Mime::Type.lookup("foo/bar")
     assert_nil another.to_sym
     assert_equal "foo/bar", another.ref
   end
 
   test "regexp matcher" do
-    assert Mime::JS =~ "text/javascript"
-    assert Mime::JS =~ "application/javascript"
-    assert Mime::JS !~ "text/html"
-    assert !(Mime::JS !~ "text/javascript")
-    assert !(Mime::JS !~ "application/javascript")
-    assert Mime::HTML =~ 'application/xhtml+xml'
+    assert Mime[:js] =~ "text/javascript"
+    assert Mime[:js] =~ "application/javascript"
+    assert Mime[:js] !~ "text/html"
+    assert !(Mime[:js] !~ "text/javascript")
+    assert !(Mime[:js] !~ "application/javascript")
+    assert Mime[:html] =~ 'application/xhtml+xml'
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/mount_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/mount_test.rb
index cdf00d84fb..d027f09762 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/mount_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/mount_test.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,18 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'rails/engine'
 
 class TestRoutingMount < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   Router = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
 
-  class FakeEngine
+  class AppWithRoutes < Rails::Engine
     def self.routes
       @routes ||= ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
     end
+  end
+
+  # Test for mounting apps that respond to routes, but aren't Rails-like apps.
+  class SinatraLikeApp
+    def self.routes; Object.new; end
 
     def self.call(env)
       [200, {"Content-Type" => "text/html"}, ["OK"]]
@@ -21,36 +27,44 @@ class TestRoutingMount < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     mount SprocketsApp, :at => "/sprockets"
     mount SprocketsApp => "/shorthand"
 
-    mount FakeEngine, :at => "/fakeengine", :as => :fake
-    mount FakeEngine, :at => "/getfake", :via => :get
+    mount SinatraLikeApp, :at => "/fakeengine", :as => :fake
+    mount SinatraLikeApp, :at => "/getfake", :via => :get
 
     scope "/its_a" do
       mount SprocketsApp, :at => "/sprocket"
     end
 
     resources :users do
-      mount FakeEngine, :at => "/fakeengine", :as => :fake_mounted_at_resource
+      mount AppWithRoutes, :at => "/fakeengine", :as => :fake_mounted_at_resource
     end
+
+    mount SprocketsApp, :at => "/", :via => :get
   end
 
+  APP = RoutedRackApp.new Router
   def app
-    Router
+    APP
   end
 
   def test_app_name_is_properly_generated_when_engine_is_mounted_in_resources
     assert Router.mounted_helpers.method_defined?(:user_fake_mounted_at_resource),
           "A mounted helper should be defined with a parent's prefix"
-    assert Router.named_routes.routes[:user_fake_mounted_at_resource],
+    assert Router.named_routes.key?(:user_fake_mounted_at_resource),
           "A named route should be defined with a parent's prefix"
   end
 
+  def test_mounting_at_root_path
+    get "/omg"
+    assert_equal " -- /omg", response.body
+  end
+
   def test_mounting_sets_script_name
     get "/sprockets/omg"
     assert_equal "/sprockets -- /omg", response.body
   end
 
   def test_mounting_works_with_nested_script_name
-    get "/foo/sprockets/omg", {}, 'SCRIPT_NAME' => '/foo', 'PATH_INFO' => '/sprockets/omg'
+    get "/foo/sprockets/omg", headers: { 'SCRIPT_NAME' => '/foo', 'PATH_INFO' => '/sprockets/omg' }
     assert_equal "/foo/sprockets -- /omg", response.body
   end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/prefix_generation_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/prefix_generation_test.rb
index 08501d19c0..d75e31db62 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/prefix_generation_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/prefix_generation_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'rack/test'
+require 'rails/engine'
 
 module TestGenerationPrefix
   class Post
@@ -15,78 +16,56 @@ module TestGenerationPrefix
 
       ActiveModel::Name.new(klass)
     end
+
+    def to_model; self; end
+    def persisted?; true; end
   end
 
   class WithMountedEngine < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     include Rack::Test::Methods
 
-    class BlogEngine
-      def self.routes
-        @routes ||= begin
-          routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
-          routes.draw do
-            get "/posts/:id", :to => "inside_engine_generating#show", :as => :post
-            get "/posts", :to => "inside_engine_generating#index", :as => :posts
-            get "/url_to_application", :to => "inside_engine_generating#url_to_application"
-            get "/polymorphic_path_for_engine", :to => "inside_engine_generating#polymorphic_path_for_engine"
-            get "/conflicting_url", :to => "inside_engine_generating#conflicting"
-            get "/foo", :to => "never#invoked", :as => :named_helper_that_should_be_invoked_only_in_respond_to_test
-
-            get "/relative_path_root",       :to => redirect("")
-            get "/relative_path_redirect",   :to => redirect("foo")
-            get "/relative_option_root",     :to => redirect(:path => "")
-            get "/relative_option_redirect", :to => redirect(:path => "foo")
-            get "/relative_custom_root",     :to => redirect { |params, request| "" }
-            get "/relative_custom_redirect", :to => redirect { |params, request| "foo" }
-
-            get "/absolute_path_root",       :to => redirect("/")
-            get "/absolute_path_redirect",   :to => redirect("/foo")
-            get "/absolute_option_root",     :to => redirect(:path => "/")
-            get "/absolute_option_redirect", :to => redirect(:path => "/foo")
-            get "/absolute_custom_root",     :to => redirect { |params, request| "/" }
-            get "/absolute_custom_redirect", :to => redirect { |params, request| "/foo" }
-          end
-
-          routes
-        end
-      end
-
-      def self.call(env)
-        env['action_dispatch.routes'] = routes
-        routes.call(env)
+    class BlogEngine < Rails::Engine
+      routes.draw do
+        get "/posts/:id", :to => "inside_engine_generating#show", :as => :post
+        get "/posts", :to => "inside_engine_generating#index", :as => :posts
+        get "/url_to_application", :to => "inside_engine_generating#url_to_application"
+        get "/polymorphic_path_for_engine", :to => "inside_engine_generating#polymorphic_path_for_engine"
+        get "/conflicting_url", :to => "inside_engine_generating#conflicting"
+        get "/foo", :to => "never#invoked", :as => :named_helper_that_should_be_invoked_only_in_respond_to_test
+
+        get "/relative_path_root",       :to => redirect("")
+        get "/relative_path_redirect",   :to => redirect("foo")
+        get "/relative_option_root",     :to => redirect(:path => "")
+        get "/relative_option_redirect", :to => redirect(:path => "foo")
+        get "/relative_custom_root",     :to => redirect { |params, request| "" }
+        get "/relative_custom_redirect", :to => redirect { |params, request| "foo" }
+
+        get "/absolute_path_root",       :to => redirect("/")
+        get "/absolute_path_redirect",   :to => redirect("/foo")
+        get "/absolute_option_root",     :to => redirect(:path => "/")
+        get "/absolute_option_redirect", :to => redirect(:path => "/foo")
+        get "/absolute_custom_root",     :to => redirect { |params, request| "/" }
+        get "/absolute_custom_redirect", :to => redirect { |params, request| "/foo" }
       end
     end
 
-    class RailsApplication
-      def self.routes
-        @routes ||= begin
-          routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
-          routes.draw do
-            scope "/:omg", :omg => "awesome" do
-              mount BlogEngine => "/blog", :as => "blog_engine"
-            end
-            get "/posts/:id", :to => "outside_engine_generating#post", :as => :post
-            get "/generate", :to => "outside_engine_generating#index"
-            get "/polymorphic_path_for_app", :to => "outside_engine_generating#polymorphic_path_for_app"
-            get "/polymorphic_path_for_engine", :to => "outside_engine_generating#polymorphic_path_for_engine"
-            get "/polymorphic_with_url_for", :to => "outside_engine_generating#polymorphic_with_url_for"
-            get "/conflicting_url", :to => "outside_engine_generating#conflicting"
-            get "/ivar_usage", :to => "outside_engine_generating#ivar_usage"
-            root :to => "outside_engine_generating#index"
-          end
-
-          routes
+    class RailsApplication < Rails::Engine
+      routes.draw do
+        scope "/:omg", :omg => "awesome" do
+          mount BlogEngine => "/blog", :as => "blog_engine"
         end
-      end
-
-      def self.call(env)
-        env['action_dispatch.routes'] = routes
-        routes.call(env)
+        get "/posts/:id", :to => "outside_engine_generating#post", :as => :post
+        get "/generate", :to => "outside_engine_generating#index"
+        get "/polymorphic_path_for_app", :to => "outside_engine_generating#polymorphic_path_for_app"
+        get "/polymorphic_path_for_engine", :to => "outside_engine_generating#polymorphic_path_for_engine"
+        get "/polymorphic_with_url_for", :to => "outside_engine_generating#polymorphic_with_url_for"
+        get "/conflicting_url", :to => "outside_engine_generating#conflicting"
+        get "/ivar_usage", :to => "outside_engine_generating#ivar_usage"
+        root :to => "outside_engine_generating#index"
       end
     end
 
     # force draw
-    RailsApplication.routes
     RailsApplication.routes.define_mounted_helper(:main_app)
 
     class ::InsideEngineGeneratingController < ActionController::Base
@@ -94,26 +73,26 @@ module TestGenerationPrefix
       include RailsApplication.routes.mounted_helpers
 
       def index
-        render :text => posts_path
+        render plain: posts_path
       end
 
       def show
-        render :text => post_path(:id => params[:id])
+        render plain: post_path(id: params[:id])
       end
 
       def url_to_application
         path = main_app.url_for(:controller => "outside_engine_generating",
                                 :action => "index",
                                 :only_path => true)
-        render :text => path
+        render plain: path
       end
 
       def polymorphic_path_for_engine
-        render :text => polymorphic_path(Post.new)
+        render plain: polymorphic_path(Post.new)
       end
 
       def conflicting
-        render :text => "engine"
+        render plain: "engine"
       end
     end
 
@@ -122,28 +101,28 @@ module TestGenerationPrefix
       include RailsApplication.routes.url_helpers
 
       def index
-        render :text => blog_engine.post_path(:id => 1)
+        render plain: blog_engine.post_path(id: 1)
       end
 
       def polymorphic_path_for_engine
-        render :text => blog_engine.polymorphic_path(Post.new)
+        render plain: blog_engine.polymorphic_path(Post.new)
       end
 
       def polymorphic_path_for_app
-        render :text => polymorphic_path(Post.new)
+        render plain: polymorphic_path(Post.new)
       end
 
       def polymorphic_with_url_for
-        render :text => blog_engine.url_for(Post.new)
+        render plain: blog_engine.url_for(Post.new)
       end
 
       def conflicting
-        render :text => "application"
+        render plain: "application"
       end
 
       def ivar_usage
         @blog_engine = "Not the engine route helper"
-        render :text => blog_engine.post_path(:id => 1)
+        render plain: blog_engine.post_path(id: 1)
       end
     end
 
@@ -158,19 +137,15 @@ module TestGenerationPrefix
     end
 
     def app
-      RailsApplication
+      RailsApplication.instance
     end
 
-    def engine_object
-      @engine_object ||= EngineObject.new
-    end
-
-    def app_object
-      @app_object ||= AppObject.new
-    end
+    attr_reader :engine_object, :app_object
 
     def setup
       RailsApplication.routes.default_url_options = {}
+      @engine_object = EngineObject.new
+      @app_object = AppObject.new
     end
 
     include BlogEngine.routes.mounted_helpers
@@ -392,38 +367,23 @@ module TestGenerationPrefix
       end
     end
 
-    class RailsApplication
-      def self.routes
-        @routes ||= begin
-          routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
-          routes.draw do
-            mount BlogEngine => "/"
-          end
-
-          routes
-        end
-      end
-
-      def self.call(env)
-        env['action_dispatch.routes'] = routes
-        routes.call(env)
+    class RailsApplication < Rails::Engine
+      routes.draw do
+        mount BlogEngine => "/"
       end
     end
 
-    # force draw
-    RailsApplication.routes
-
     class ::PostsController < ActionController::Base
       include BlogEngine.routes.url_helpers
       include RailsApplication.routes.mounted_helpers
 
       def show
-        render :text => post_path(:id => params[:id])
+        render plain: post_path(id: params[:id])
       end
     end
 
     def app
-      RailsApplication
+      RailsApplication.instance
     end
 
     test "generating path inside engine" do
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/rack_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/rack_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index ef1964fd19..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/rack_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,191 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-# TODO: Merge these tests into RequestTest
-
-class BaseRackTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def setup
-    @env = {
-      "HTTP_MAX_FORWARDS" => "10",
-      "SERVER_NAME" => "glu.ttono.us",
-      "FCGI_ROLE" => "RESPONDER",
-      "AUTH_TYPE" => "Basic",
-      "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST" => "glu.ttono.us",
-      "HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET" => "UTF-8",
-      "HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING" => "gzip, deflate",
-      "HTTP_CACHE_CONTROL" => "no-cache, max-age=0",
-      "HTTP_PRAGMA" => "no-cache",
-      "HTTP_USER_AGENT" => "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; PPC Mac OS X; en)",
-      "PATH_INFO" => "/homepage/",
-      "HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE" => "en",
-      "HTTP_NEGOTIATE" => "trans",
-      "HTTP_HOST" => "glu.ttono.us:8007",
-      "HTTP_REFERER" => "http://www.google.com/search?q=glu.ttono.us",
-      "HTTP_FROM" => "googlebot",
-      "SERVER_PROTOCOL" => "HTTP/1.1",
-      "REDIRECT_URI" => "/dispatch.fcgi",
-      "SCRIPT_NAME" => "/dispatch.fcgi",
-      "SERVER_ADDR" => "207.7.108.53",
-      "REMOTE_ADDR" => "207.7.108.53",
-      "REMOTE_HOST" => "google.com",
-      "REMOTE_IDENT" => "kevin",
-      "REMOTE_USER" => "kevin",
-      "SERVER_SOFTWARE" => "lighttpd/1.4.5",
-      "HTTP_COOKIE" => "_session_id=c84ace84796670c052c6ceb2451fb0f2; is_admin=yes",
-      "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_SERVER" => "glu.ttono.us",
-      "REQUEST_URI" => "/admin",
-      "DOCUMENT_ROOT" => "/home/kevinc/sites/typo/public",
-      "PATH_TRANSLATED" => "/home/kevinc/sites/typo/public/homepage/",
-      "SERVER_PORT" => "8007",
-      "QUERY_STRING" => "",
-      "REMOTE_PORT" => "63137",
-      "GATEWAY_INTERFACE" => "CGI/1.1",
-      "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR" => "65.88.180.234",
-      "HTTP_ACCEPT" => "*/*",
-      "SCRIPT_FILENAME" => "/home/kevinc/sites/typo/public/dispatch.fcgi",
-      "REDIRECT_STATUS" => "200",
-      "REQUEST_METHOD" => "GET"
-    }
-    @request = ActionDispatch::Request.new(@env)
-    # some Nokia phone browsers omit the space after the semicolon separator.
-    # some developers have grown accustomed to using comma in cookie values.
-    @alt_cookie_fmt_request = ActionDispatch::Request.new(@env.merge({"HTTP_COOKIE"=>"_session_id=c84ace847,96670c052c6ceb2451fb0f2;is_admin=yes"}))
-  end
-
-  private
-    def set_content_data(data)
-      @request.env['REQUEST_METHOD'] = 'POST'
-      @request.env['CONTENT_LENGTH'] = data.length
-      @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=utf-8'
-      @request.env['rack.input'] = StringIO.new(data)
-    end
-end
-
-class RackRequestTest < BaseRackTest
-  test "proxy request" do
-    assert_equal 'glu.ttono.us', @request.host_with_port
-  end
-
-  test "http host" do
-    @env.delete "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST"
-    @env['HTTP_HOST'] = "rubyonrails.org:8080"
-    assert_equal "rubyonrails.org", @request.host
-    assert_equal "rubyonrails.org:8080", @request.host_with_port
-
-    @env['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST'] = "www.firsthost.org, www.secondhost.org"
-    assert_equal "www.secondhost.org", @request.host
-  end
-
-  test "http host with default port overrides server port" do
-    @env.delete "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST"
-    @env['HTTP_HOST'] = "rubyonrails.org"
-    assert_equal "rubyonrails.org", @request.host_with_port
-  end
-
-  test "host with port defaults to server name if no host headers" do
-    @env.delete "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST"
-    @env.delete "HTTP_HOST"
-    assert_equal "glu.ttono.us:8007", @request.host_with_port
-  end
-
-  test "host with port falls back to server addr if necessary" do
-    @env.delete "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST"
-    @env.delete "HTTP_HOST"
-    @env.delete "SERVER_NAME"
-    assert_equal "207.7.108.53", @request.host
-    assert_equal 8007, @request.port
-    assert_equal "207.7.108.53:8007", @request.host_with_port
-  end
-
-  test "host with port if http standard port is specified" do
-    @env['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST'] = "glu.ttono.us:80"
-    assert_equal "glu.ttono.us", @request.host_with_port
-  end
-
-  test "host with port if https standard port is specified" do
-    @env['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO'] = "https"
-    @env['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST'] = "glu.ttono.us:443"
-    assert_equal "glu.ttono.us", @request.host_with_port
-  end
-
-  test "host if ipv6 reference" do
-    @env.delete "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST"
-    @env['HTTP_HOST'] = "[2001:1234:5678:9abc:def0::dead:beef]"
-    assert_equal "[2001:1234:5678:9abc:def0::dead:beef]", @request.host
-  end
-
-  test "host if ipv6 reference with port" do
-    @env.delete "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST"
-    @env['HTTP_HOST'] = "[2001:1234:5678:9abc:def0::dead:beef]:8008"
-    assert_equal "[2001:1234:5678:9abc:def0::dead:beef]", @request.host
-  end
-
-  test "CGI environment variables" do
-    assert_equal "Basic", @request.auth_type
-    assert_equal 0, @request.content_length
-    assert_equal nil, @request.content_mime_type
-    assert_equal "CGI/1.1", @request.gateway_interface
-    assert_equal "*/*", @request.accept
-    assert_equal "UTF-8", @request.accept_charset
-    assert_equal "gzip, deflate", @request.accept_encoding
-    assert_equal "en", @request.accept_language
-    assert_equal "no-cache, max-age=0", @request.cache_control
-    assert_equal "googlebot", @request.from
-    assert_equal "glu.ttono.us", @request.host
-    assert_equal "trans", @request.negotiate
-    assert_equal "no-cache", @request.pragma
-    assert_equal "http://www.google.com/search?q=glu.ttono.us", @request.referer
-    assert_equal "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; PPC Mac OS X; en)", @request.user_agent
-    assert_equal "/homepage/", @request.path_info
-    assert_equal "/home/kevinc/sites/typo/public/homepage/", @request.path_translated
-    assert_equal "", @request.query_string
-    assert_equal "207.7.108.53", @request.remote_addr
-    assert_equal "google.com", @request.remote_host
-    assert_equal "kevin", @request.remote_ident
-    assert_equal "kevin", @request.remote_user
-    assert_equal "GET", @request.request_method
-    assert_equal "/dispatch.fcgi", @request.script_name
-    assert_equal "glu.ttono.us", @request.server_name
-    assert_equal 8007, @request.server_port
-    assert_equal "HTTP/1.1", @request.server_protocol
-    assert_equal "lighttpd", @request.server_software
-  end
-
-  test "cookie syntax resilience" do
-    cookies = @request.cookies
-    assert_equal "c84ace84796670c052c6ceb2451fb0f2", cookies["_session_id"], cookies.inspect
-    assert_equal "yes", cookies["is_admin"], cookies.inspect
-
-    alt_cookies = @alt_cookie_fmt_request.cookies
-    #assert_equal "c84ace847,96670c052c6ceb2451fb0f2", alt_cookies["_session_id"], alt_cookies.inspect
-    assert_equal "yes", alt_cookies["is_admin"], alt_cookies.inspect
-  end
-end
-
-class RackRequestParamsParsingTest < BaseRackTest
-  test "doesnt break when content type has charset" do
-    set_content_data 'flamenco=love'
-
-    assert_equal({"flamenco"=> "love"}, @request.request_parameters)
-  end
-
-  test "doesnt interpret request uri as query string when missing" do
-    @request.env['REQUEST_URI'] = 'foo'
-    assert_equal({}, @request.query_parameters)
-  end
-end
-
-class RackRequestNeedsRewoundTest < BaseRackTest
-  test "body should be rewound" do
-    data = 'foo'
-    @env['rack.input'] = StringIO.new(data)
-    @env['CONTENT_LENGTH'] = data.length
-    @env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=utf-8'
-
-    # Read the request body by parsing params.
-    request = ActionDispatch::Request.new(@env)
-    request.request_parameters
-
-    # Should have rewound the body.
-    assert_equal 0, request.body.pos
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/reloader_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/reloader_test.rb
index ce9ccfcee8..62e8197e20 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/reloader_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/reloader_test.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,11 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 class ReloaderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   Reloader = ActionDispatch::Reloader
 
+  teardown do
+    Reloader.reset_callbacks :prepare
+    Reloader.reset_callbacks :cleanup
+  end
+
   def test_prepare_callbacks
     a = b = c = nil
     Reloader.to_prepare { |*args| a = b = c = 1 }
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/json_params_parsing_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/json_params_parsing_test.rb
index c609075e6b..a3992ad008 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/json_params_parsing_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/json_params_parsing_test.rb
@@ -37,9 +37,16 @@ class JsonParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     )
   end
 
+  test "parses json params for application/vnd.api+json" do
+    assert_parses(
+      {"person" => {"name" => "David"}},
+      "{\"person\": {\"name\": \"David\"}}", { 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/vnd.api+json' }
+    )
+  end
+
   test "nils are stripped from collections" do
     assert_parses(
-      {"person" => nil},
+      {"person" => []},
       "{\"person\":[null]}", { 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json' }
     )
     assert_parses(
@@ -47,7 +54,7 @@ class JsonParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       "{\"person\":[\"foo\",null]}", { 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json' }
     )
     assert_parses(
-      {"person" => nil},
+      {"person" => []},
       "{\"person\":[null, null]}", { 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json' }
     )
   end
@@ -56,7 +63,7 @@ class JsonParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     with_test_routing do
       output = StringIO.new
       json = "[\"person]\": {\"name\": \"David\"}}"
-      post "/parse", json, {'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json', 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true, 'action_dispatch.logger' => ActiveSupport::Logger.new(output)}
+      post "/parse", params: json, headers: { 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json', 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true, 'action_dispatch.logger' => ActiveSupport::Logger.new(output) }
       assert_response :bad_request
       output.rewind && err = output.read
       assert err =~ /Error occurred while parsing request parameters/
@@ -69,8 +76,8 @@ class JsonParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         $stderr = StringIO.new # suppress the log
         json = "[\"person]\": {\"name\": \"David\"}}"
         exception = assert_raise(ActionDispatch::ParamsParser::ParseError) { post "/parse", json, {'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json', 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => false} }
-        assert_equal JSON::ParserError, exception.original_exception.class
-        assert_equal exception.original_exception.message, exception.message
+        assert_equal JSON::ParserError, exception.cause.class
+        assert_equal exception.cause.message, exception.message
       ensure
         $stderr = STDERR
       end
@@ -79,7 +86,7 @@ class JsonParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
   test 'raw_post is not empty for JSON request' do
     with_test_routing do
-      post '/parse', '{"posts": [{"title": "Post Title"}]}', 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json'
+      post '/parse', params: '{"posts": [{"title": "Post Title"}]}', headers: { 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json' }
       assert_equal '{"posts": [{"title": "Post Title"}]}', request.raw_post
     end
   end
@@ -87,7 +94,7 @@ class JsonParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   private
     def assert_parses(expected, actual, headers = {})
       with_test_routing do
-        post "/parse", actual, headers
+        post "/parse", params: actual, headers: headers
         assert_response :ok
         assert_equal(expected, TestController.last_request_parameters)
       end
@@ -113,7 +120,7 @@ class RootLessJSONParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
     def parse
       self.class.last_request_parameters = request.request_parameters
-      self.class.last_parameters = params
+      self.class.last_parameters = params.to_unsafe_h
       head :ok
     end
   end
@@ -136,6 +143,13 @@ class RootLessJSONParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     )
   end
 
+  test "parses json params for application/vnd.api+json" do
+    assert_parses(
+      {"user" => {"username" => "sikachu"}, "username" => "sikachu"},
+      "{\"username\": \"sikachu\"}", { 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/vnd.api+json' }
+    )
+  end
+
   test "parses json with non-object JSON content" do
     assert_parses(
       {"user" => {"_json" => "string content" }, "_json" => "string content" },
@@ -146,7 +160,7 @@ class RootLessJSONParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   private
     def assert_parses(expected, actual, headers = {})
       with_test_routing(UsersController) do
-        post "/parse", actual, headers
+        post "/parse", params: actual, headers: headers
         assert_response :ok
         assert_equal(expected, UsersController.last_request_parameters)
         assert_equal(expected.merge({"action" => "parse"}), UsersController.last_parameters)
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/multipart_params_parsing_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/multipart_params_parsing_test.rb
index 2a2f92b5b3..b36fbd3c76 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/multipart_params_parsing_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/multipart_params_parsing_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'abstract_unit'
 
 class MultipartParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
@@ -8,13 +7,17 @@ class MultipartParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
 
     def parse
-      self.class.last_request_parameters = request.request_parameters
+      self.class.last_request_parameters = begin
+        request.request_parameters
+      rescue EOFError
+        {}
+      end
       self.class.last_parameters = request.parameters
       head :ok
     end
 
     def read
-      render :text => "File: #{params[:uploaded_data].read}"
+      render plain: "File: #{params[:uploaded_data].read}"
     end
   end
 
@@ -33,7 +36,7 @@ class MultipartParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   test "parse single utf8 parameter" do
-    assert_equal({ 'Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn_name' => 'Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn_value'}, 
+    assert_equal({ 'Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn_name' => 'Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn_value'},
                  parse_multipart('single_utf8_param'), "request.request_parameters")
     assert_equal(
       'Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn_value',
@@ -41,8 +44,8 @@ class MultipartParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   test "parse bracketed utf8 parameter" do
-    assert_equal({ 'Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn_name' => { 
-      'Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn_nested_name' => 'Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn_value'} }, 
+    assert_equal({ 'Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn_name' => {
+      'Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn_nested_name' => 'Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn_value'} },
       parse_multipart('bracketed_utf8_param'), "request.request_parameters")
     assert_equal(
       {'Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn_nested_name' => 'Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn_value'},
@@ -60,6 +63,17 @@ class MultipartParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal 'contents', file.read
   end
 
+  test "parses utf8 filename with percent character" do
+    params = parse_multipart('utf8_filename')
+    assert_equal %w(file foo), params.keys.sort
+    assert_equal 'bar', params['foo']
+
+    file = params['file']
+    assert_equal 'ファイル%�.txt', file.original_filename
+    assert_equal "text/plain", file.content_type
+    assert_equal 'contents', file.read
+  end
+
   test "parses boundary problem file" do
     params = parse_multipart('boundary_problem_file')
     assert_equal %w(file foo), params.keys.sort
@@ -130,13 +144,13 @@ class MultipartParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     with_test_routing do
       fixture = FIXTURE_PATH + "/mona_lisa.jpg"
       params = { :uploaded_data => fixture_file_upload(fixture, "image/jpg") }
-      post '/read', params
+      post '/read', params: params
     end
   end
 
   test "uploads and reads file" do
     with_test_routing do
-      post '/read', :uploaded_data => fixture_file_upload(FIXTURE_PATH + "/hello.txt", "text/plain")
+      post '/read', params: { uploaded_data: fixture_file_upload(FIXTURE_PATH + "/hello.txt", "text/plain") }
       assert_equal "File: Hello", response.body
     end
   end
@@ -145,10 +159,10 @@ class MultipartParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   test "does not raise EOFError on GET request with multipart content-type" do
     with_routing do |set|
       set.draw do
-        get ':action', to: 'multipart_params_parsing_test/test'
+        get ':action', controller: 'multipart_params_parsing_test/test'
       end
       headers = { "CONTENT_TYPE" => "multipart/form-data; boundary=AaB03x" }
-      get "/parse", {}, headers
+      get "/parse", headers: headers
       assert_response :ok
     end
   end
@@ -165,7 +179,7 @@ class MultipartParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     def parse_multipart(name)
       with_test_routing do
         headers = fixture(name)
-        post "/parse", headers.delete("rack.input"), headers
+        post "/parse", params: headers.delete("rack.input"), headers: headers
         assert_response :ok
         TestController.last_request_parameters
       end
@@ -174,7 +188,7 @@ class MultipartParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     def with_test_routing
       with_routing do |set|
         set.draw do
-          post ':action', :to => 'multipart_params_parsing_test/test'
+          post ':action', :controller => 'multipart_params_parsing_test/test'
         end
         yield
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/query_string_parsing_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/query_string_parsing_test.rb
index d82493140f..bc6716525e 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/query_string_parsing_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/query_string_parsing_test.rb
@@ -95,8 +95,8 @@ class QueryStringParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_parses({"action" => nil}, "action")
     assert_parses({"action" => {"foo" => nil}}, "action[foo]")
     assert_parses({"action" => {"foo" => { "bar" => nil }}}, "action[foo][bar]")
-    assert_parses({"action" => {"foo" => { "bar" => nil }}}, "action[foo][bar][]")
-    assert_parses({"action" => {"foo" => nil }}, "action[foo][]")
+    assert_parses({"action" => {"foo" => { "bar" => [] }}}, "action[foo][bar][]")
+    assert_parses({"action" => {"foo" => [] }}, "action[foo][]")
     assert_parses({"action"=>{"foo"=>[{"bar"=>nil}]}}, "action[foo][][bar]")
   end
 
@@ -105,6 +105,7 @@ class QueryStringParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   test "perform_deep_munge" do
+    old_perform_deep_munge = ActionDispatch::Request::Utils.perform_deep_munge
     ActionDispatch::Request::Utils.perform_deep_munge = false
     begin
       assert_parses({"action" => nil}, "action")
@@ -115,7 +116,7 @@ class QueryStringParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       assert_parses({"action" => {"foo" => [{"bar" => nil}]}}, "action[foo][][bar]")
       assert_parses({"action" => ['1',nil]}, "action[]=1&action[]")
     ensure
-      ActionDispatch::Request::Utils.perform_deep_munge = true
+      ActionDispatch::Request::Utils.perform_deep_munge = old_perform_deep_munge
     end
   end
 
@@ -146,7 +147,7 @@ class QueryStringParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         get ':action', :to => ::QueryStringParsingTest::TestController
       end
 
-      get "/parse", nil, "QUERY_STRING" => "foo[]=bar&foo[4]=bar"
+      get "/parse", headers: { "QUERY_STRING" => "foo[]=bar&foo[4]=bar" }
       assert_response :bad_request
     end
   end
@@ -161,8 +162,7 @@ class QueryStringParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
           middleware.use(EarlyParse)
         end
 
-
-        get "/parse", actual
+        get "/parse", params: actual
         assert_response :ok
         assert_equal(expected, ::QueryStringParsingTest::TestController.last_query_parameters)
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/session_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/session_test.rb
index df55fcc8bc..7dcbcc5c21 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/session_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/session_test.rb
@@ -4,65 +4,93 @@ require 'action_dispatch/middleware/session/abstract_store'
 module ActionDispatch
   class Request
     class SessionTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+      attr_reader :req
+
+      def setup
+        @req = ActionDispatch::Request.empty
+      end
+
       def test_create_adds_itself_to_env
-        env = {}
-        s = Session.create(store, env, {})
-        assert_equal s, env[Rack::Session::Abstract::ENV_SESSION_KEY]
+        s = Session.create(store, req, {})
+        assert_equal s, req.env[Rack::RACK_SESSION]
       end
 
       def test_to_hash
-        env = {}
-        s = Session.create(store, env, {})
+        s = Session.create(store, req, {})
         s['foo'] = 'bar'
         assert_equal 'bar', s['foo']
         assert_equal({'foo' => 'bar'}, s.to_hash)
       end
 
       def test_create_merges_old
-        env = {}
-        s = Session.create(store, env, {})
+        s = Session.create(store, req, {})
         s['foo'] = 'bar'
 
-        s1 = Session.create(store, env, {})
+        s1 = Session.create(store, req, {})
         assert_not_equal s, s1
         assert_equal 'bar', s1['foo']
       end
 
       def test_find
-        env = {}
-        assert_nil Session.find(env)
+        assert_nil Session.find(req)
+
+        s = Session.create(store, req, {})
+        assert_equal s, Session.find(req)
+      end
 
-        s = Session.create(store, env, {})
-        assert_equal s, Session.find(env)
+      def test_destroy
+        s = Session.create(store, req, {})
+        s['rails'] = 'ftw'
+
+        s.destroy
+
+        assert_empty s
       end
 
       def test_keys
-        env = {}
-        s = Session.create(store, env, {})
+        s = Session.create(store, req, {})
         s['rails'] = 'ftw'
         s['adequate'] = 'awesome'
         assert_equal %w[rails adequate], s.keys
       end
 
       def test_values
-        env = {}
-        s = Session.create(store, env, {})
+        s = Session.create(store, req, {})
         s['rails'] = 'ftw'
         s['adequate'] = 'awesome'
         assert_equal %w[ftw awesome], s.values
       end
 
       def test_clear
-        env = {}
-        s = Session.create(store, env, {})
+        s = Session.create(store, req, {})
         s['rails'] = 'ftw'
         s['adequate'] = 'awesome'
+
         s.clear
-        assert_equal([], s.values)
+        assert_empty(s.values)
+      end
+
+      def test_update
+        s = Session.create(store, req, {})
+        s['rails'] = 'ftw'
+
+        s.update(:rails => 'awesome')
+
+        assert_equal(['rails'], s.keys)
+        assert_equal('awesome', s['rails'])
+      end
+
+      def test_delete
+        s = Session.create(store, req, {})
+        s['rails'] = 'ftw'
+
+        s.delete('rails')
+
+        assert_empty(s.keys)
       end
 
       def test_fetch
-        session = Session.create(store, {}, {})
+        session = Session.create(store, req, {})
 
         session['one'] = '1'
         assert_equal '1', session.fetch(:one)
@@ -82,6 +110,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         Class.new {
           def load_session(env); [1, {}]; end
           def session_exists?(env); true; end
+          def delete_session(env, id, options); 123; end
         }.new
       end
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/url_encoded_params_parsing_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/url_encoded_params_parsing_test.rb
index 9a77454f30..365edf849a 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/url_encoded_params_parsing_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/url_encoded_params_parsing_test.rb
@@ -130,11 +130,8 @@ class UrlEncodedParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   test "ambiguous params returns a bad request" do
-    with_routing do |set|
-      set.draw do
-        post ':action', to: ::UrlEncodedParamsParsingTest::TestController
-      end
-      post "/parse", "foo[]=bar&foo[4]=bar"
+    with_test_routing do
+      post "/parse", params: "foo[]=bar&foo[4]=bar"
       assert_response :bad_request
     end
   end
@@ -151,7 +148,7 @@ class UrlEncodedParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
     def assert_parses(expected, actual)
       with_test_routing do
-        post "/parse", actual
+        post "/parse", params: actual
         assert_response :ok
         assert_equal expected, TestController.last_request_parameters
         assert_utf8 TestController.last_request_parameters
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request_id_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request_id_test.rb
index a8050b4fab..00d8caf8f4 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request_id_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request_id_test.rb
@@ -2,19 +2,23 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 
 class RequestIdTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "passing on the request id from the outside" do
-    assert_equal "external-uu-rid", stub_request('HTTP_X_REQUEST_ID' => 'external-uu-rid').uuid
+    assert_equal "external-uu-rid", stub_request('HTTP_X_REQUEST_ID' => 'external-uu-rid').request_id
   end
 
   test "ensure that only alphanumeric uurids are accepted" do
-    assert_equal "X-Hacked-HeaderStuff", stub_request('HTTP_X_REQUEST_ID' => '; X-Hacked-Header: Stuff').uuid
+    assert_equal "X-Hacked-HeaderStuff", stub_request('HTTP_X_REQUEST_ID' => '; X-Hacked-Header: Stuff').request_id
   end
 
   test "ensure that 255 char limit on the request id is being enforced" do
-    assert_equal "X" * 255, stub_request('HTTP_X_REQUEST_ID' => 'X' * 500).uuid
+    assert_equal "X" * 255, stub_request('HTTP_X_REQUEST_ID' => 'X' * 500).request_id
   end
 
   test "generating a request id when none is supplied" do
-    assert_match(/\w+-\w+-\w+-\w+-\w+/, stub_request.uuid)
+    assert_match(/\w+-\w+-\w+-\w+-\w+/, stub_request.request_id)
+  end
+
+  test "uuid alias" do
+    assert_equal "external-uu-rid", stub_request('HTTP_X_REQUEST_ID' => 'external-uu-rid').uuid
   end
 
   private
@@ -41,7 +45,7 @@ class RequestIdResponseTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
   test "request id given on request is passed all the way to the response" do
     with_test_route_set do
-      get '/', {}, 'HTTP_X_REQUEST_ID' => 'X' * 500
+      get '/', headers: { 'HTTP_X_REQUEST_ID' => 'X' * 500 }
       assert_equal "X" * 255, @response.headers["X-Request-Id"]
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request_test.rb
index 40e32cb4d3..7dd9d05e62 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request_test.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,38 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 
-class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+class BaseRequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @env = {
+      :ip_spoofing_check => true,
+      "rack.input" => "foo"
+    }
+    @original_tld_length = ActionDispatch::Http::URL.tld_length
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    ActionDispatch::Http::URL.tld_length = @original_tld_length
+  end
 
   def url_for(options = {})
     options = { host: 'www.example.com' }.merge!(options)
     ActionDispatch::Http::URL.url_for(options)
   end
 
+  protected
+    def stub_request(env = {})
+      ip_spoofing_check = env.key?(:ip_spoofing_check) ? env.delete(:ip_spoofing_check) : true
+      @trusted_proxies ||= nil
+      ip_app = ActionDispatch::RemoteIp.new(Proc.new { }, ip_spoofing_check, @trusted_proxies)
+      ActionDispatch::Http::URL.tld_length = env.delete(:tld_length) if env.key?(:tld_length)
+
+      ip_app.call(env)
+
+      env = @env.merge(env)
+      ActionDispatch::Request.new(env)
+    end
+end
+
+class RequestUrlFor < BaseRequestTest
   test "url_for class method" do
     e = assert_raise(ArgumentError) { url_for(:host => nil) }
     assert_match(/Please provide the :host parameter/, e.message)
@@ -31,7 +57,9 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 'http://www.example.com?params=',  url_for(:params => '')
     assert_equal 'http://www.example.com?params=1', url_for(:params => 1)
   end
+end
 
+class RequestIP < BaseRequestTest
   test "remote ip" do
     request = stub_request 'REMOTE_ADDR' => '1.2.3.4'
     assert_equal '1.2.3.4', request.remote_ip
@@ -128,9 +156,12 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => 'unknown,::1'
     assert_equal nil, request.remote_ip
 
-    request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => '2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334, fe80:0000:0000:0000:0202:b3ff:fe1e:8329, ::1, fc00::'
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => '2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334, fe80:0000:0000:0000:0202:b3ff:fe1e:8329, ::1, fc00::, fc01::, fdff'
     assert_equal 'fe80:0000:0000:0000:0202:b3ff:fe1e:8329', request.remote_ip
 
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => 'FE00::, FDFF::'
+    assert_equal 'FE00::', request.remote_ip
+
     request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => 'not_ip_address'
     assert_equal nil, request.remote_ip
   end
@@ -220,20 +251,13 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "remote ip middleware not present still returns an IP" do
-    request = ActionDispatch::Request.new({'REMOTE_ADDR' => '127.0.0.1'})
+    request = stub_request('REMOTE_ADDR' => '127.0.0.1')
     assert_equal '127.0.0.1', request.remote_ip
   end
+end
 
+class RequestDomain < BaseRequestTest
   test "domains" do
-    request = stub_request 'HTTP_HOST' => 'www.rubyonrails.org'
-    assert_equal "rubyonrails.org", request.domain
-
-    request = stub_request 'HTTP_HOST' => "www.rubyonrails.co.uk"
-    assert_equal "rubyonrails.co.uk", request.domain(2)
-
-    request = stub_request 'HTTP_HOST' => "www.rubyonrails.co.uk", :tld_length => 2
-    assert_equal "rubyonrails.co.uk", request.domain
-
     request = stub_request 'HTTP_HOST' => "192.168.1.200"
     assert_nil request.domain
 
@@ -242,25 +266,18 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
     request = stub_request 'HTTP_HOST' => "192.168.1.200.com"
     assert_equal "200.com", request.domain
-  end
 
-  test "subdomains" do
-    request = stub_request 'HTTP_HOST' => "www.rubyonrails.org"
-    assert_equal %w( www ), request.subdomains
-    assert_equal "www", request.subdomain
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_HOST' => 'www.rubyonrails.org'
+    assert_equal "rubyonrails.org", request.domain
 
     request = stub_request 'HTTP_HOST' => "www.rubyonrails.co.uk"
-    assert_equal %w( www ), request.subdomains(2)
-    assert_equal "www", request.subdomain(2)
-
-    request = stub_request 'HTTP_HOST' => "dev.www.rubyonrails.co.uk"
-    assert_equal %w( dev www ), request.subdomains(2)
-    assert_equal "dev.www", request.subdomain(2)
+    assert_equal "rubyonrails.co.uk", request.domain(2)
 
-    request = stub_request 'HTTP_HOST' => "dev.www.rubyonrails.co.uk", :tld_length => 2
-    assert_equal %w( dev www ), request.subdomains
-    assert_equal "dev.www", request.subdomain
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_HOST' => "www.rubyonrails.co.uk", :tld_length => 2
+    assert_equal "rubyonrails.co.uk", request.domain
+  end
 
+  test "subdomains" do
     request = stub_request 'HTTP_HOST' => "foobar.foobar.com"
     assert_equal %w( foobar ), request.subdomains
     assert_equal "foobar", request.subdomain
@@ -280,8 +297,26 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     request = stub_request 'HTTP_HOST' => nil
     assert_equal [], request.subdomains
     assert_equal "", request.subdomain
+
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_HOST' => "www.rubyonrails.org"
+    assert_equal %w( www ), request.subdomains
+    assert_equal "www", request.subdomain
+
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_HOST' => "www.rubyonrails.co.uk"
+    assert_equal %w( www ), request.subdomains(2)
+    assert_equal "www", request.subdomain(2)
+
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_HOST' => "dev.www.rubyonrails.co.uk"
+    assert_equal %w( dev www ), request.subdomains(2)
+    assert_equal "dev.www", request.subdomain(2)
+
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_HOST' => "dev.www.rubyonrails.co.uk", :tld_length => 2
+    assert_equal %w( dev www ), request.subdomains
+    assert_equal "dev.www", request.subdomain
   end
+end
 
+class RequestPort < BaseRequestTest
   test "standard_port" do
     request = stub_request
     assert_equal 80, request.standard_port
@@ -323,7 +358,9 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     request = stub_request 'HTTP_HOST' => 'www.example.org:8080'
     assert_equal ':8080', request.port_string
   end
+end
 
+class RequestPath < BaseRequestTest
   test "full path" do
     request = stub_request 'SCRIPT_NAME' => '', 'PATH_INFO' => '/path/of/some/uri', 'QUERY_STRING' => 'mapped=1'
     assert_equal "/path/of/some/uri?mapped=1", request.fullpath
@@ -354,6 +391,32 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "/of/some/uri",               request.path_info
   end
 
+  test "original_fullpath returns ORIGINAL_FULLPATH" do
+    request = stub_request('ORIGINAL_FULLPATH' => "/foo?bar")
+
+    path = request.original_fullpath
+    assert_equal "/foo?bar", path
+  end
+
+  test "original_url returns url built using ORIGINAL_FULLPATH" do
+    request = stub_request('ORIGINAL_FULLPATH' => "/foo?bar",
+                           'HTTP_HOST'         => "example.org",
+                           'rack.url_scheme'   => "http")
+
+    url = request.original_url
+    assert_equal "http://example.org/foo?bar", url
+  end
+
+  test "original_fullpath returns fullpath if ORIGINAL_FULLPATH is not present" do
+    request = stub_request('PATH_INFO'    => "/foo",
+                           'QUERY_STRING' => "bar")
+
+    path = request.original_fullpath
+    assert_equal "/foo?bar", path
+  end
+end
+
+class RequestHost < BaseRequestTest
   test "host with default port" do
     request = stub_request 'HTTP_HOST' => 'rubyonrails.org:80'
     assert_equal "rubyonrails.org", request.host_with_port
@@ -364,15 +427,184 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "rubyonrails.org:81", request.host_with_port
   end
 
-  test "server software" do
-    request = stub_request
-    assert_equal nil, request.server_software
+  test "proxy request" do
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_HOST' => 'glu.ttono.us:80'
+    assert_equal "glu.ttono.us", request.host_with_port
+  end
 
-    request = stub_request 'SERVER_SOFTWARE' => 'Apache3.422'
-    assert_equal 'apache', request.server_software
+  test "http host" do
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_HOST' => "rubyonrails.org:8080"
+    assert_equal "rubyonrails.org", request.host
+    assert_equal "rubyonrails.org:8080", request.host_with_port
+
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST' => "www.firsthost.org, www.secondhost.org"
+    assert_equal "www.secondhost.org", request.host
+
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST' => "", 'HTTP_HOST' => "rubyonrails.org"
+    assert_equal "rubyonrails.org", request.host
+  end
+
+  test "http host with default port overrides server port" do
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_HOST' => "rubyonrails.org"
+    assert_equal "rubyonrails.org", request.host_with_port
+  end
+
+  test "host with port if http standard port is specified" do
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST' => "glu.ttono.us:80"
+    assert_equal "glu.ttono.us", request.host_with_port
+  end
+
+  test "host with port if https standard port is specified" do
+    request = stub_request(
+      'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO' => "https",
+      'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST' => "glu.ttono.us:443"
+    )
+    assert_equal "glu.ttono.us", request.host_with_port
+  end
 
-    request = stub_request 'SERVER_SOFTWARE' => 'lighttpd(1.1.4)'
-    assert_equal 'lighttpd', request.server_software
+  test "host if ipv6 reference" do
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_HOST' => "[2001:1234:5678:9abc:def0::dead:beef]"
+    assert_equal "[2001:1234:5678:9abc:def0::dead:beef]", request.host
+  end
+
+  test "host if ipv6 reference with port" do
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_HOST' => "[2001:1234:5678:9abc:def0::dead:beef]:8008"
+    assert_equal "[2001:1234:5678:9abc:def0::dead:beef]", request.host
+  end
+end
+
+class RequestCGI < BaseRequestTest
+  test "CGI environment variables" do
+    request = stub_request(
+      "AUTH_TYPE" => "Basic",
+      "GATEWAY_INTERFACE" => "CGI/1.1",
+      "HTTP_ACCEPT" => "*/*",
+      "HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET" => "UTF-8",
+      "HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING" => "gzip, deflate",
+      "HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE" => "en",
+      "HTTP_CACHE_CONTROL" => "no-cache, max-age=0",
+      "HTTP_FROM" => "googlebot",
+      "HTTP_HOST" => "glu.ttono.us:8007",
+      "HTTP_NEGOTIATE" => "trans",
+      "HTTP_PRAGMA" => "no-cache",
+      "HTTP_REFERER" => "http://www.google.com/search?q=glu.ttono.us",
+      "HTTP_USER_AGENT" => "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; PPC Mac OS X; en)",
+      "PATH_INFO" => "/homepage/",
+      "PATH_TRANSLATED" => "/home/kevinc/sites/typo/public/homepage/",
+      "QUERY_STRING" => "",
+      "REMOTE_ADDR" => "207.7.108.53",
+      "REMOTE_HOST" => "google.com",
+      "REMOTE_IDENT" => "kevin",
+      "REMOTE_USER" => "kevin",
+      "REQUEST_METHOD" => "GET",
+      "SCRIPT_NAME" => "/dispatch.fcgi",
+      "SERVER_NAME" => "glu.ttono.us",
+      "SERVER_PORT" => "8007",
+      "SERVER_PROTOCOL" => "HTTP/1.1",
+      "SERVER_SOFTWARE" => "lighttpd/1.4.5",
+    )
+
+    assert_equal "Basic", request.auth_type
+    assert_equal 0, request.content_length
+    assert_equal nil, request.content_mime_type
+    assert_equal "CGI/1.1", request.gateway_interface
+    assert_equal "*/*", request.accept
+    assert_equal "UTF-8", request.accept_charset
+    assert_equal "gzip, deflate", request.accept_encoding
+    assert_equal "en", request.accept_language
+    assert_equal "no-cache, max-age=0", request.cache_control
+    assert_equal "googlebot", request.from
+    assert_equal "glu.ttono.us", request.host
+    assert_equal "trans", request.negotiate
+    assert_equal "no-cache", request.pragma
+    assert_equal "http://www.google.com/search?q=glu.ttono.us", request.referer
+    assert_equal "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; PPC Mac OS X; en)", request.user_agent
+    assert_equal "/homepage/", request.path_info
+    assert_equal "/home/kevinc/sites/typo/public/homepage/", request.path_translated
+    assert_equal "", request.query_string
+    assert_equal "207.7.108.53", request.remote_addr
+    assert_equal "google.com", request.remote_host
+    assert_equal "kevin", request.remote_ident
+    assert_equal "kevin", request.remote_user
+    assert_equal "GET", request.request_method
+    assert_equal "/dispatch.fcgi", request.script_name
+    assert_equal "glu.ttono.us", request.server_name
+    assert_equal 8007, request.server_port
+    assert_equal "HTTP/1.1", request.server_protocol
+    assert_equal "lighttpd", request.server_software
+  end
+end
+
+class LocalhostTest < BaseRequestTest
+  test "IPs that match localhost" do
+    request = stub_request("REMOTE_IP" => "127.1.1.1", "REMOTE_ADDR" => "127.1.1.1")
+    assert request.local?
+  end
+end
+
+class RequestCookie < BaseRequestTest
+  test "cookie syntax resilience" do
+    request = stub_request("HTTP_COOKIE" => "_session_id=c84ace84796670c052c6ceb2451fb0f2; is_admin=yes")
+    assert_equal "c84ace84796670c052c6ceb2451fb0f2", request.cookies["_session_id"], request.cookies.inspect
+    assert_equal "yes", request.cookies["is_admin"], request.cookies.inspect
+
+    # some Nokia phone browsers omit the space after the semicolon separator.
+    # some developers have grown accustomed to using comma in cookie values.
+    request = stub_request("HTTP_COOKIE"=>"_session_id=c84ace847,96670c052c6ceb2451fb0f2;is_admin=yes")
+    assert_equal "c84ace847", request.cookies["_session_id"], request.cookies.inspect
+    assert_equal "yes", request.cookies["is_admin"], request.cookies.inspect
+  end
+end
+
+class RequestParamsParsing < BaseRequestTest
+  test "doesnt break when content type has charset" do
+    request = stub_request(
+      'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'POST',
+      'CONTENT_LENGTH' => "flamenco=love".length,
+      'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=utf-8',
+      'rack.input' => StringIO.new("flamenco=love")
+    )
+
+    assert_equal({"flamenco"=> "love"}, request.request_parameters)
+  end
+
+  test "doesnt interpret request uri as query string when missing" do
+    request = stub_request('REQUEST_URI' => 'foo')
+    assert_equal({}, request.query_parameters)
+  end
+end
+
+class RequestRewind < BaseRequestTest
+  test "body should be rewound" do
+    data = 'rewind'
+    env = {
+      'rack.input' => StringIO.new(data),
+      'CONTENT_LENGTH' => data.length,
+      'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=utf-8'
+    }
+
+    # Read the request body by parsing params.
+    request = stub_request(env)
+    request.request_parameters
+
+    # Should have rewound the body.
+    assert_equal 0, request.body.pos
+  end
+
+  test "raw_post rewinds rack.input if RAW_POST_DATA is nil" do
+    request = stub_request(
+      'rack.input' => StringIO.new("raw"),
+      'CONTENT_LENGTH' => 3
+    )
+    assert_equal "raw", request.raw_post
+    assert_equal "raw", request.env['rack.input'].read
+  end
+end
+
+class RequestProtocol < BaseRequestTest
+  test "server software" do
+    assert_equal 'lighttpd', stub_request('SERVER_SOFTWARE' => 'lighttpd/1.4.5').server_software
+    assert_equal 'apache', stub_request('SERVER_SOFTWARE' => 'Apache3.422').server_software
   end
 
   test "xml http request" do
@@ -391,19 +623,12 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "reports ssl" do
-    request = stub_request
-    assert !request.ssl?
-
-    request = stub_request 'HTTPS' => 'on'
-    assert request.ssl?
+    assert !stub_request.ssl?
+    assert stub_request('HTTPS' => 'on').ssl?
   end
 
   test "reports ssl when proxied via lighttpd" do
-    request = stub_request
-    assert !request.ssl?
-
-    request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO' => 'https'
-    assert request.ssl?
+    assert stub_request('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO' => 'https').ssl?
   end
 
   test "scheme returns https when proxied" do
@@ -411,63 +636,93 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert !request.ssl?
     assert_equal 'http', request.scheme
 
-    request = stub_request 'rack.url_scheme' => 'http', 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO' => 'https'
+    request = stub_request(
+      'rack.url_scheme' => 'http',
+      'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO' => 'https'
+    )
     assert request.ssl?
     assert_equal 'https', request.scheme
   end
+end
+
+class RequestMethod < BaseRequestTest
+  test "method returns environment's request method when it has not been
+    overridden by middleware".squish do
 
-  test "String request methods" do
-    [:get, :post, :patch, :put, :delete].each do |method|
-      request = stub_request 'REQUEST_METHOD' => method.to_s.upcase
-      assert_equal method.to_s.upcase, request.method
+    ActionDispatch::Request::HTTP_METHODS.each do |method|
+      request = stub_request('REQUEST_METHOD' => method)
+
+      assert_equal method, request.method
+      assert_equal method.underscore.to_sym, request.method_symbol
     end
   end
 
-  test "Symbol forms of request methods via method_symbol" do
-    [:get, :post, :patch, :put, :delete].each do |method|
-      request = stub_request 'REQUEST_METHOD' => method.to_s.upcase
-      assert_equal method, request.method_symbol
-    end
+  test "allow request method hacking" do
+    request = stub_request('REQUEST_METHOD' => 'POST')
+
+    assert_equal 'POST', request.request_method
+    assert_equal 'POST', request.env["REQUEST_METHOD"]
+
+    request.request_method = 'GET'
+
+    assert_equal 'GET', request.request_method
+    assert_equal 'GET', request.env["REQUEST_METHOD"]
+    assert request.get?
   end
 
   test "invalid http method raises exception" do
     assert_raise(ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod) do
-      request = stub_request 'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'RANDOM_METHOD'
-      request.request_method
+      stub_request('REQUEST_METHOD' => 'RANDOM_METHOD').request_method
     end
   end
 
-  test "allow method hacking on post" do
-    %w(GET OPTIONS PATCH PUT POST DELETE).each do |method|
-      request = stub_request "REQUEST_METHOD" => method.to_s.upcase
-      assert_equal(method == "HEAD" ? "GET" : method, request.method)
-    end
+  test "method returns original value of environment request method on POST" do
+    request = stub_request('rack.methodoverride.original_method' => 'POST')
+    assert_equal 'POST', request.method
   end
 
-  test "invalid method hacking on post raises exception" do
+  test "method raises exception on invalid HTTP method" do
     assert_raise(ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod) do
-      request = stub_request "REQUEST_METHOD" => "_RANDOM_METHOD"
-      request.request_method
+      stub_request('rack.methodoverride.original_method' => '_RANDOM_METHOD').method
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod) do
+      stub_request('REQUEST_METHOD' => '_RANDOM_METHOD').method
     end
   end
 
-  test "restrict method hacking" do
-    [:get, :patch, :put, :delete].each do |method|
-      request = stub_request 'REQUEST_METHOD' => method.to_s.upcase,
-        'action_dispatch.request.request_parameters' => { :_method => 'put' }
-      assert_equal method.to_s.upcase, request.method
+  test "exception on invalid HTTP method unaffected by I18n settings" do
+    old_locales = I18n.available_locales
+    old_enforce = I18n.config.enforce_available_locales
+
+    begin
+      I18n.available_locales = [:nl]
+      I18n.config.enforce_available_locales = true
+      assert_raise(ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod) do
+        stub_request('REQUEST_METHOD' => '_RANDOM_METHOD').method
+      end
+    ensure
+      I18n.available_locales = old_locales
+      I18n.config.enforce_available_locales = old_enforce
     end
   end
 
   test "post masquerading as patch" do
-    request = stub_request 'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'PATCH', "rack.methodoverride.original_method" => "POST"
+    request = stub_request(
+      'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'PATCH',
+      "rack.methodoverride.original_method" => "POST"
+    )
+
     assert_equal "POST", request.method
     assert_equal "PATCH",  request.request_method
     assert request.patch?
   end
 
   test "post masquerading as put" do
-    request = stub_request 'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'PUT', "rack.methodoverride.original_method" => "POST"
+    request = stub_request(
+      'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'PUT',
+      "rack.methodoverride.original_method" => "POST"
+    )
     assert_equal "POST", request.method
     assert_equal "PUT",  request.request_method
     assert request.put?
@@ -493,206 +748,281 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       end
     end
   end
+end
 
+class RequestFormat < BaseRequestTest
   test "xml format" do
     request = stub_request
-    request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({ :format => 'xml' })
-    assert_equal Mime::XML, request.format
+    assert_called(request, :parameters, times: 2, returns: {format: :xml}) do
+      assert_equal Mime[:xml], request.format
+    end
   end
 
   test "xhtml format" do
     request = stub_request
-    request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({ :format => 'xhtml' })
-    assert_equal Mime::HTML, request.format
+    assert_called(request, :parameters, times: 2, returns: {format: :xhtml}) do
+      assert_equal Mime[:html], request.format
+    end
   end
 
   test "txt format" do
     request = stub_request
-    request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({ :format => 'txt' })
-    assert_equal Mime::TEXT, request.format
+    assert_called(request, :parameters, times: 2, returns: {format: :txt}) do
+      assert_equal Mime[:text], request.format
+    end
   end
 
   test "XMLHttpRequest" do
-    request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH' => 'XMLHttpRequest',
-                           'HTTP_ACCEPT' =>
-                             [Mime::JS, Mime::HTML, Mime::XML, 'text/xml', Mime::ALL].join(",")
-    request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({})
-    assert request.xhr?
-    assert_equal Mime::JS, request.format
-  end
-
-  test "content type" do
-    request = stub_request 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'text/html'
-    assert_equal Mime::HTML, request.content_mime_type
+    request = stub_request(
+      'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH' => 'XMLHttpRequest',
+      'HTTP_ACCEPT' => [Mime[:js], Mime[:html], Mime[:xml], "text/xml", "*/*"].join(",")
+    )
+
+    assert_called(request, :parameters, times: 1, returns: {}) do
+      assert request.xhr?
+      assert_equal Mime[:js], request.format
+    end
   end
 
-  test "can override format with parameter" do
-    request = stub_request
-    request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({ :format => :txt })
-    assert !request.format.xml?
-
+  test "can override format with parameter negative" do
     request = stub_request
-    request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({ :format => :xml })
-    assert request.format.xml?
+    assert_called(request, :parameters, times: 2, returns: {format: :txt}) do
+      assert !request.format.xml?
+    end
   end
 
-  test "no content type" do
+  test "can override format with parameter positive" do
     request = stub_request
-    assert_equal nil, request.content_mime_type
+    assert_called(request, :parameters, times: 2, returns: {format: :xml}) do
+      assert request.format.xml?
+    end
   end
 
-  test "content type is XML" do
-    request = stub_request 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/xml'
-    assert_equal Mime::XML, request.content_mime_type
+  test "formats text/html with accept header" do
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_ACCEPT' => 'text/html'
+    assert_equal [Mime[:html]], request.formats
   end
 
-  test "content type with charset" do
-    request = stub_request 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/xml; charset=UTF-8'
-    assert_equal Mime::XML, request.content_mime_type
+  test "formats blank with accept header" do
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_ACCEPT' => ''
+    assert_equal [Mime[:html]], request.formats
   end
 
-  test "user agent" do
-    request = stub_request 'HTTP_USER_AGENT' => 'TestAgent'
-    assert_equal 'TestAgent', request.user_agent
+  test "formats XMLHttpRequest with accept header" do
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH' => "XMLHttpRequest"
+    assert_equal [Mime[:js]], request.formats
   end
 
-  test "parameters" do
-    request = stub_request
-    request.stubs(:request_parameters).returns({ "foo" => 1 })
-    request.stubs(:query_parameters).returns({ "bar" => 2 })
-
-    assert_equal({"foo" => 1, "bar" => 2}, request.parameters)
-    assert_equal({"foo" => 1}, request.request_parameters)
-    assert_equal({"bar" => 2}, request.query_parameters)
+  test "formats application/xml with accept header" do
+    request = stub_request('CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/xml; charset=UTF-8',
+                           'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH' => "XMLHttpRequest")
+    assert_equal [Mime[:xml]], request.formats
   end
 
-  test "parameters still accessible after rack parse error" do
-    mock_rack_env = { "QUERY_STRING" => "x[y]=1&x[y][][w]=2", "rack.input" => "foo" }
-    request = nil
-    request = stub_request(mock_rack_env)
-
-    assert_raises(ActionController::BadRequest) do
-      # rack will raise a TypeError when parsing this query string
-      request.parameters
+  test "formats format:text with accept header" do
+    request = stub_request
+    assert_called(request, :parameters, times: 2, returns: {format: :txt}) do
+      assert_equal [Mime[:text]], request.formats
     end
-
-    assert_equal({}, request.parameters)
   end
 
-  test "we have access to the original exception" do
-    mock_rack_env = { "QUERY_STRING" => "x[y]=1&x[y][][w]=2", "rack.input" => "foo" }
-    request = nil
-    request = stub_request(mock_rack_env)
-
-    e = assert_raises(ActionController::BadRequest) do
-      # rack will raise a TypeError when parsing this query string
-      request.parameters
+  test "formats format:unknown with accept header" do
+    request = stub_request
+    assert_called(request, :parameters, times: 2, returns: {format: :unknown}) do
+      assert_instance_of Mime::NullType, request.format
     end
-
-    assert e.original_exception
-    assert_equal e.original_exception.backtrace, e.backtrace
   end
 
-  test "formats with accept header" do
-    request = stub_request 'HTTP_ACCEPT' => 'text/html'
-    request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({})
-    assert_equal [Mime::HTML], request.formats
-
-    request = stub_request 'HTTP_ACCEPT' => ''
-    request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({})
-    assert_equal [Mime::HTML], request.formats
-
-    request = stub_request 'HTTP_ACCEPT' => '',
-                           'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH' => "XMLHttpRequest"
-    request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({})
-    assert_equal [Mime::JS], request.formats
-
-    request = stub_request 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/xml; charset=UTF-8',
-                           'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH' => "XMLHttpRequest"
-    request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({})
-    assert_equal [Mime::XML], request.formats
-
-    request = stub_request
-    request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({ :format => :txt })
-    assert_equal [Mime::TEXT], request.formats
-
+  test "format is not nil with unknown format" do
     request = stub_request
-    request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({ :format => :unknown })
-    assert_instance_of Mime::NullType, request.format
+    assert_called(request, :parameters, times: 2, returns: {format: :hello}) do
+      assert request.format.nil?
+      assert_not request.format.html?
+      assert_not request.format.xml?
+      assert_not request.format.json?
+    end
   end
 
-  test "format is not nil with unknown format" do
-    request = stub_request
-    request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({ format: :hello })
-    assert request.format.nil?
-    assert_not request.format.html?
-    assert_not request.format.xml?
-    assert_not request.format.json?
+  test "format does not throw exceptions when malformed parameters" do
+    request = stub_request("QUERY_STRING" => "x[y]=1&x[y][][w]=2")
+    assert request.formats
+    assert request.format.html?
   end
 
   test "formats with xhr request" do
     request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH' => "XMLHttpRequest"
-    request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({})
-    assert_equal [Mime::JS], request.formats
+    assert_called(request, :parameters, times: 1, returns: {}) do
+      assert_equal [Mime[:js]], request.formats
+    end
   end
 
   test "ignore_accept_header" do
+    old_ignore_accept_header = ActionDispatch::Request.ignore_accept_header
     ActionDispatch::Request.ignore_accept_header = true
 
     begin
       request = stub_request 'HTTP_ACCEPT' => 'application/xml'
-      request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({})
-      assert_equal [ Mime::HTML ], request.formats
+      assert_called(request, :parameters, times: 1, returns: {}) do
+        assert_equal [ Mime[:html] ], request.formats
+      end
 
       request = stub_request 'HTTP_ACCEPT' => 'koz-asked/something-crazy'
-      request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({})
-      assert_equal [ Mime::HTML ], request.formats
+      assert_called(request, :parameters, times: 1, returns: {}) do
+        assert_equal [ Mime[:html] ], request.formats
+      end
 
       request = stub_request 'HTTP_ACCEPT' => '*/*;q=0.1'
-      request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({})
-      assert_equal [ Mime::HTML ], request.formats
+      assert_called(request, :parameters, times: 1, returns: {}) do
+        assert_equal [ Mime[:html] ], request.formats
+      end
 
       request = stub_request 'HTTP_ACCEPT' => 'application/jxw'
-      request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({})
-      assert_equal [ Mime::HTML ], request.formats
+      assert_called(request, :parameters, times: 1, returns: {}) do
+        assert_equal [ Mime[:html] ], request.formats
+      end
 
       request = stub_request 'HTTP_ACCEPT' => 'application/xml',
                              'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH' => "XMLHttpRequest"
-      request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({})
-      assert_equal [ Mime::JS ], request.formats
+
+      assert_called(request, :parameters, times: 1, returns: {}) do
+        assert_equal [ Mime[:js] ], request.formats
+      end
 
       request = stub_request 'HTTP_ACCEPT' => 'application/xml',
                              'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH' => "XMLHttpRequest"
-      request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({:format => :json})
-      assert_equal [ Mime::JSON ], request.formats
+      assert_called(request, :parameters, times: 2, returns: {format: :json}) do
+        assert_equal [ Mime[:json] ], request.formats
+      end
     ensure
-      ActionDispatch::Request.ignore_accept_header = false
+      ActionDispatch::Request.ignore_accept_header = old_ignore_accept_header
     end
   end
+end
+
+class RequestMimeType < BaseRequestTest
+  test "content type" do
+    assert_equal Mime[:html], stub_request('CONTENT_TYPE' => 'text/html').content_mime_type
+  end
+
+  test "no content type" do
+    assert_equal nil, stub_request.content_mime_type
+  end
+
+  test "content type is XML" do
+    assert_equal Mime[:xml], stub_request('CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/xml').content_mime_type
+  end
+
+  test "content type with charset" do
+    assert_equal Mime[:xml], stub_request('CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/xml; charset=UTF-8').content_mime_type
+  end
+
+  test "user agent" do
+    assert_equal 'TestAgent', stub_request('HTTP_USER_AGENT' => 'TestAgent').user_agent
+  end
 
   test "negotiate_mime" do
-    request = stub_request 'HTTP_ACCEPT' => 'text/html',
-                           'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH' => "XMLHttpRequest"
+    request = stub_request(
+      'HTTP_ACCEPT' => 'text/html',
+      'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH' => "XMLHttpRequest"
+    )
 
-    request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({})
+    assert_equal nil, request.negotiate_mime([Mime[:xml], Mime[:json]])
+    assert_equal Mime[:html], request.negotiate_mime([Mime[:xml], Mime[:html]])
+    assert_equal Mime[:html], request.negotiate_mime([Mime[:xml], Mime::ALL])
+  end
 
-    assert_equal nil, request.negotiate_mime([Mime::XML, Mime::JSON])
-    assert_equal Mime::HTML, request.negotiate_mime([Mime::XML, Mime::HTML])
-    assert_equal Mime::HTML, request.negotiate_mime([Mime::XML, Mime::ALL])
+  test "negotiate_mime with content_type" do
+    request = stub_request(
+      'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/xml; charset=UTF-8',
+      'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH' => "XMLHttpRequest"
+    )
 
-    request = stub_request 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/xml; charset=UTF-8',
-                           'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH' => "XMLHttpRequest"
-    request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({})
-    assert_equal Mime::XML, request.negotiate_mime([Mime::XML, Mime::CSV])
+    assert_equal Mime[:xml], request.negotiate_mime([Mime[:xml], Mime[:csv]])
   end
+end
 
-  test "raw_post rewinds rack.input if RAW_POST_DATA is nil" do
-    request = stub_request('rack.input' => StringIO.new("foo"),
-                           'CONTENT_LENGTH' => 3)
-    assert_equal "foo", request.raw_post
-    assert_equal "foo", request.env['rack.input'].read
+class RequestParameters < BaseRequestTest
+  test "parameters" do
+    request = stub_request
+
+    assert_called(request, :request_parameters, times: 2, returns: {"foo" => 1}) do
+      assert_called(request, :query_parameters, times: 2, returns: {"bar" => 2}) do
+        assert_equal({"foo" => 1, "bar" => 2}, request.parameters)
+        assert_equal({"foo" => 1}, request.request_parameters)
+        assert_equal({"bar" => 2}, request.query_parameters)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "parameters not accessible after rack parse error" do
+    request = stub_request("QUERY_STRING" => "x[y]=1&x[y][][w]=2")
+
+    2.times do
+      assert_raises(ActionController::BadRequest) do
+        # rack will raise a Rack::Utils::ParameterTypeError when parsing this query string
+        request.parameters
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "path parameters with invalid UTF8 encoding" do
+    request = stub_request(
+      "action_dispatch.request.path_parameters" => { foo: "\xBE" }
+    )
+
+    err = assert_raises(ActionController::BadRequest) do
+      request.check_path_parameters!
+    end
+
+    assert_match "Invalid parameter encoding", err.message
+    assert_match "foo", err.message
+    assert_match "\\xBE", err.message
+  end
+
+  test "parameters not accessible after rack parse error of invalid UTF8 character" do
+    request = stub_request("QUERY_STRING" => "foo%81E=1")
+    assert_raises(ActionController::BadRequest) { request.parameters }
+  end
+
+  test "parameters containing an invalid UTF8 character" do
+    request = stub_request("QUERY_STRING" => "foo=%81E")
+    assert_raises(ActionController::BadRequest) { request.parameters }
+  end
+
+  test "parameters containing a deeply nested invalid UTF8 character" do
+    request = stub_request("QUERY_STRING" => "foo[bar]=%81E")
+    assert_raises(ActionController::BadRequest) { request.parameters }
   end
 
+  test "parameters not accessible after rack parse error 1" do
+    request = stub_request(
+      'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'POST',
+      'CONTENT_LENGTH' => "a%=".length,
+      'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=utf-8',
+      'rack.input' => StringIO.new("a%=")
+    )
+
+    assert_raises(ActionController::BadRequest) do
+      # rack will raise a Rack::Utils::ParameterTypeError when parsing this query string
+      request.parameters
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "we have access to the original exception" do
+    request = stub_request("QUERY_STRING" => "x[y]=1&x[y][][w]=2")
+
+    e = assert_raises(ActionController::BadRequest) do
+      # rack will raise a Rack::Utils::ParameterTypeError when parsing this query string
+      request.parameters
+    end
+
+    assert_not_nil e.cause
+    assert_equal e.cause.backtrace, e.backtrace
+  end
+end
+
+
+class RequestParameterFilter < BaseRequestTest
   test "process parameter filter" do
     test_hashes = [
     [{'foo'=>'bar'},{'foo'=>'bar'},%w'food'],
@@ -701,6 +1031,7 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     [{'foo'=>'bar', 'baz'=>'foo'},{'foo'=>'[FILTERED]', 'baz'=>'[FILTERED]'},%w'foo baz'],
     [{'bar'=>{'foo'=>'bar','bar'=>'foo'}},{'bar'=>{'foo'=>'[FILTERED]','bar'=>'foo'}},%w'fo'],
     [{'foo'=>{'foo'=>'bar','bar'=>'foo'}},{'foo'=>'[FILTERED]'},%w'f banana'],
+    [{'deep'=>{'cc'=>{'code'=>'bar','bar'=>'foo'},'ss'=>{'code'=>'bar'}}},{'deep'=>{'cc'=>{'code'=>'[FILTERED]','bar'=>'foo'},'ss'=>{'code'=>'bar'}}},%w'deep.cc.code'],
     [{'baz'=>[{'foo'=>'baz'}, "1"]}, {'baz'=>[{'foo'=>'[FILTERED]'}, "1"]}, [/foo/]]]
 
     test_hashes.each do |before_filter, after_filter, filter_words|
@@ -713,17 +1044,22 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       }
 
       parameter_filter = ActionDispatch::Http::ParameterFilter.new(filter_words)
-      before_filter['barg'] = {'bargain'=>'gain', 'blah'=>'bar', 'bar'=>{'bargain'=>{'blah'=>'foo'}}}
-      after_filter['barg']  = {'bargain'=>'niag', 'blah'=>'[FILTERED]', 'bar'=>{'bargain'=>{'blah'=>'[FILTERED]'}}}
+      before_filter['barg'] = {:bargain=>'gain', 'blah'=>'bar', 'bar'=>{'bargain'=>{'blah'=>'foo'}}}
+      after_filter['barg']  = {:bargain=>'niag', 'blah'=>'[FILTERED]', 'bar'=>{'bargain'=>{'blah'=>'[FILTERED]'}}}
 
       assert_equal after_filter, parameter_filter.filter(before_filter)
     end
   end
 
   test "filtered_parameters returns params filtered" do
-    request = stub_request('action_dispatch.request.parameters' =>
-      { 'lifo' => 'Pratik', 'amount' => '420', 'step' => '1' },
-      'action_dispatch.parameter_filter' => [:lifo, :amount])
+    request = stub_request(
+      'action_dispatch.request.parameters' => {
+        'lifo' => 'Pratik',
+        'amount' => '420',
+        'step' => '1'
+      },
+      'action_dispatch.parameter_filter' => [:lifo, :amount]
+    )
 
     params = request.filtered_parameters
     assert_equal "[FILTERED]", params["lifo"]
@@ -732,10 +1068,14 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "filtered_env filters env as a whole" do
-    request = stub_request('action_dispatch.request.parameters' =>
-      { 'amount' => '420', 'step' => '1' }, "RAW_POST_DATA" => "yada yada",
-      'action_dispatch.parameter_filter' => [:lifo, :amount])
-
+    request = stub_request(
+      'action_dispatch.request.parameters' => {
+        'amount' => '420',
+        'step' => '1'
+      },
+      "RAW_POST_DATA" => "yada yada",
+      'action_dispatch.parameter_filter' => [:lifo, :amount]
+    )
     request = stub_request(request.filtered_env)
 
     assert_equal "[FILTERED]", request.raw_post
@@ -745,9 +1085,11 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   test "filtered_path returns path with filtered query string" do
     %w(; &).each do |sep|
-      request = stub_request('QUERY_STRING' => %w(username=sikachu secret=bd4f21f api_key=b1bc3b3cd352f68d79d7).join(sep),
+      request = stub_request(
+        'QUERY_STRING' => %w(username=sikachu secret=bd4f21f api_key=b1bc3b3cd352f68d79d7).join(sep),
         'PATH_INFO' => '/authenticate',
-        'action_dispatch.parameter_filter' => [:secret, :api_key])
+        'action_dispatch.parameter_filter' => [:secret, :api_key]
+      )
 
       path = request.filtered_path
       assert_equal %w(/authenticate?username=sikachu secret=[FILTERED] api_key=[FILTERED]).join(sep), path
@@ -755,56 +1097,40 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "filtered_path should not unescape a genuine '[FILTERED]' value" do
-    request = stub_request('QUERY_STRING' => "secret=bd4f21f&genuine=%5BFILTERED%5D",
+    request = stub_request(
+      'QUERY_STRING' => "secret=bd4f21f&genuine=%5BFILTERED%5D",
       'PATH_INFO' => '/authenticate',
-      'action_dispatch.parameter_filter' => [:secret])
+      'action_dispatch.parameter_filter' => [:secret]
+    )
 
     path = request.filtered_path
-    assert_equal "/authenticate?secret=[FILTERED]&genuine=%5BFILTERED%5D", path
+    assert_equal request.script_name + "/authenticate?secret=[FILTERED]&genuine=%5BFILTERED%5D", path
   end
 
   test "filtered_path should preserve duplication of keys in query string" do
-    request = stub_request('QUERY_STRING' => "username=sikachu&secret=bd4f21f&username=fxn",
+    request = stub_request(
+      'QUERY_STRING' => "username=sikachu&secret=bd4f21f&username=fxn",
       'PATH_INFO' => '/authenticate',
-      'action_dispatch.parameter_filter' => [:secret])
+      'action_dispatch.parameter_filter' => [:secret]
+    )
 
     path = request.filtered_path
-    assert_equal "/authenticate?username=sikachu&secret=[FILTERED]&username=fxn", path
+    assert_equal request.script_name + "/authenticate?username=sikachu&secret=[FILTERED]&username=fxn", path
   end
 
   test "filtered_path should ignore searchparts" do
-    request = stub_request('QUERY_STRING' => "secret",
+    request = stub_request(
+      'QUERY_STRING' => "secret",
       'PATH_INFO' => '/authenticate',
-      'action_dispatch.parameter_filter' => [:secret])
+      'action_dispatch.parameter_filter' => [:secret]
+    )
 
     path = request.filtered_path
-    assert_equal "/authenticate?secret", path
-  end
-
-  test "original_fullpath returns ORIGINAL_FULLPATH" do
-    request = stub_request('ORIGINAL_FULLPATH' => "/foo?bar")
-
-    path = request.original_fullpath
-    assert_equal "/foo?bar", path
-  end
-
-  test "original_url returns url built using ORIGINAL_FULLPATH" do
-    request = stub_request('ORIGINAL_FULLPATH' => "/foo?bar",
-                           'HTTP_HOST'         => "example.org",
-                           'rack.url_scheme'   => "http")
-
-    url = request.original_url
-    assert_equal "http://example.org/foo?bar", url
-  end
-
-  test "original_fullpath returns fullpath if ORIGINAL_FULLPATH is not present" do
-    request = stub_request('PATH_INFO'    => "/foo",
-                           'QUERY_STRING' => "bar")
-
-    path = request.original_fullpath
-    assert_equal "/foo?bar", path
+    assert_equal request.script_name + "/authenticate?secret", path
   end
+end
 
+class RequestEtag < BaseRequestTest
   test "if_none_match_etags none" do
     request = stub_request
 
@@ -843,41 +1169,70 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       assert request.etag_matches?(etag), etag
     end
   end
+end
 
-  test "setting variant" do
-    request = stub_request
+class RequestVariant < BaseRequestTest
+  def setup
+    super
+    @request = stub_request
+  end
 
-    request.variant = :mobile
-    assert_equal [:mobile], request.variant
+  test 'setting variant to a symbol' do
+    @request.variant = :phone
 
-    request.variant = [:phone, :tablet]
-    assert_equal [:phone, :tablet], request.variant
+    assert @request.variant.phone?
+    assert_not @request.variant.tablet?
+    assert @request.variant.any?(:phone, :tablet)
+    assert_not @request.variant.any?(:tablet, :desktop)
+  end
 
-    assert_raise ArgumentError do
-      request.variant = [:phone, "tablet"]
-    end
+  test 'setting variant to an array of symbols' do
+    @request.variant = [:phone, :tablet]
+
+    assert @request.variant.phone?
+    assert @request.variant.tablet?
+    assert_not @request.variant.desktop?
+    assert @request.variant.any?(:tablet, :desktop)
+    assert_not @request.variant.any?(:desktop, :watch)
+  end
 
+  test 'clearing variant' do
+    @request.variant = nil
+
+    assert @request.variant.empty?
+    assert_not @request.variant.phone?
+    assert_not @request.variant.any?(:phone, :tablet)
+  end
+
+  test 'setting variant to a non-symbol value' do
     assert_raise ArgumentError do
-      request.variant = "yolo"
+      @request.variant = 'phone'
     end
   end
 
-  test "setting variant with non symbol value" do
-    request = stub_request
+  test 'setting variant to an array containing a non-symbol value' do
     assert_raise ArgumentError do
-      request.variant = "mobile"
+      @request.variant = [:phone, 'tablet']
     end
   end
+end
+
+class RequestFormData < BaseRequestTest
+  test 'media_type is from the FORM_DATA_MEDIA_TYPES array' do
+    assert stub_request('CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded').form_data?
+    assert stub_request('CONTENT_TYPE' => 'multipart/form-data').form_data?
+  end
+
+  test 'media_type is not from the FORM_DATA_MEDIA_TYPES array' do
+    assert !stub_request('CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/xml').form_data?
+    assert !stub_request('CONTENT_TYPE' => 'multipart/related').form_data?
+  end
 
-protected
+  test 'no Content-Type header is provided and the request_method is POST' do
+    request = stub_request('REQUEST_METHOD' => 'POST')
 
-  def stub_request(env = {})
-    ip_spoofing_check = env.key?(:ip_spoofing_check) ? env.delete(:ip_spoofing_check) : true
-    @trusted_proxies ||= nil
-    ip_app = ActionDispatch::RemoteIp.new(Proc.new { }, ip_spoofing_check, @trusted_proxies)
-    tld_length = env.key?(:tld_length) ? env.delete(:tld_length) : 1
-    ip_app.call(env)
-    ActionDispatch::Http::URL.tld_length = tld_length
-    ActionDispatch::Request.new(env)
+    assert_equal '', request.media_type
+    assert_equal 'POST', request.request_method
+    assert !request.form_data?
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/response_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/response_test.rb
index 1360ede3f8..c37679bc5f 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/response_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/response_test.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'timeout'
+require 'rack/content_length'
 
 class ResponseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def setup
-    @response = ActionDispatch::Response.new
+    @response = ActionDispatch::Response.create
+    @response.request = ActionDispatch::Request.empty
   end
 
   def test_can_wait_until_commit
@@ -37,9 +40,22 @@ class ResponseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_response_body_encoding
     body = ["hello".encode(Encoding::UTF_8)]
     response = ActionDispatch::Response.new 200, {}, body
+    response.request = ActionDispatch::Request.empty
     assert_equal Encoding::UTF_8, response.body.encoding
   end
 
+  def test_response_charset_writer
+    @response.charset = 'utf-16'
+    assert_equal 'utf-16', @response.charset
+    @response.charset = nil
+    assert_equal 'utf-8', @response.charset
+  end
+
+  def test_setting_content_type_header_impacts_content_type_method
+    @response.headers['Content-Type'] = "application/aaron"
+    assert_equal 'application/aaron', @response.content_type
+  end
+
   test "simple output" do
     @response.body = "Hello, World!"
 
@@ -58,6 +74,13 @@ class ResponseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 200, ActionDispatch::Response.new('200 OK').status
   end
 
+  def test_only_set_charset_still_defaults_to_text_html
+    response = ActionDispatch::Response.new
+    response.charset = "utf-16"
+    _,headers,_ = response.to_a
+    assert_equal "text/html; charset=utf-16", headers['Content-Type']
+  end
+
   test "utf8 output" do
     @response.body = [1090, 1077, 1089, 1090].pack("U*")
 
@@ -70,12 +93,14 @@ class ResponseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   test "content type" do
     [204, 304].each do |c|
+      @response = ActionDispatch::Response.new
       @response.status = c.to_s
       _, headers, _ = @response.to_a
       assert !headers.has_key?("Content-Type"), "#{c} should not have Content-Type header"
     end
 
     [200, 302, 404, 500].each do |c|
+      @response = ActionDispatch::Response.new
       @response.status = c.to_s
       _, headers, _ = @response.to_a
       assert headers.has_key?("Content-Type"), "#{c} did not have Content-Type header"
@@ -123,17 +148,23 @@ class ResponseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   test "cookies" do
     @response.set_cookie("user_name", :value => "david", :path => "/")
-    status, headers, body = @response.to_a
+    _status, headers, _body = @response.to_a
     assert_equal "user_name=david; path=/", headers["Set-Cookie"]
     assert_equal({"user_name" => "david"}, @response.cookies)
+  end
 
+  test "multiple cookies" do
+    @response.set_cookie("user_name", :value => "david", :path => "/")
     @response.set_cookie("login", :value => "foo&bar", :path => "/", :expires => Time.utc(2005, 10, 10,5))
-    status, headers, body = @response.to_a
+    _status, headers, _body = @response.to_a
     assert_equal "user_name=david; path=/\nlogin=foo%26bar; path=/; expires=Mon, 10 Oct 2005 05:00:00 -0000", headers["Set-Cookie"]
     assert_equal({"login" => "foo&bar", "user_name" => "david"}, @response.cookies)
+  end
 
+  test "delete cookies" do
+    @response.set_cookie("user_name", :value => "david", :path => "/")
+    @response.set_cookie("login", :value => "foo&bar", :path => "/", :expires => Time.utc(2005, 10, 10,5))
     @response.delete_cookie("login")
-    status, headers, body = @response.to_a
     assert_equal({"user_name" => "david", "login" => nil}, @response.cookies)
   end
 
@@ -155,18 +186,28 @@ class ResponseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "read charset and content type" do
     resp = ActionDispatch::Response.new.tap { |response|
       response.charset = 'utf-16'
-      response.content_type = Mime::XML
+      response.content_type = Mime[:xml]
       response.body = 'Hello'
     }
     resp.to_a
 
     assert_equal('utf-16', resp.charset)
-    assert_equal(Mime::XML, resp.content_type)
+    assert_equal(Mime[:xml], resp.content_type)
 
     assert_equal('application/xml; charset=utf-16', resp.headers['Content-Type'])
   end
 
-  test "read content type without charset" do
+  test "read content type with default charset utf-8" do
+    original = ActionDispatch::Response.default_charset
+    begin
+      resp = ActionDispatch::Response.new(200, { "Content-Type" => "text/xml" })
+      assert_equal('utf-8', resp.charset)
+    ensure
+      ActionDispatch::Response.default_charset = original
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "read content type with charset utf-16" do
     original = ActionDispatch::Response.default_charset
     begin
       ActionDispatch::Response.default_charset = 'utf-16'
@@ -178,13 +219,14 @@ class ResponseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "read x_frame_options, x_content_type_options and x_xss_protection" do
+    original_default_headers = ActionDispatch::Response.default_headers
     begin
       ActionDispatch::Response.default_headers = {
         'X-Frame-Options' => 'DENY',
         'X-Content-Type-Options' => 'nosniff',
         'X-XSS-Protection' => '1;'
       }
-      resp = ActionDispatch::Response.new.tap { |response|
+      resp = ActionDispatch::Response.create.tap { |response|
         response.body = 'Hello'
       }
       resp.to_a
@@ -193,23 +235,24 @@ class ResponseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       assert_equal('nosniff', resp.headers['X-Content-Type-Options'])
       assert_equal('1;', resp.headers['X-XSS-Protection'])
     ensure
-      ActionDispatch::Response.default_headers = nil
+      ActionDispatch::Response.default_headers = original_default_headers
     end
   end
 
   test "read custom default_header" do
+    original_default_headers = ActionDispatch::Response.default_headers
     begin
       ActionDispatch::Response.default_headers = {
         'X-XX-XXXX' => 'Here is my phone number'
       }
-      resp = ActionDispatch::Response.new.tap { |response|
+      resp = ActionDispatch::Response.create.tap { |response|
         response.body = 'Hello'
       }
       resp.to_a
 
       assert_equal('Here is my phone number', resp.headers['X-XX-XXXX'])
     ensure
-      ActionDispatch::Response.default_headers = nil
+      ActionDispatch::Response.default_headers = original_default_headers
     end
   end
 
@@ -218,44 +261,105 @@ class ResponseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert @response.respond_to?(:method_missing, true)
   end
 
-  test "can be destructured into status, headers and an enumerable body" do
+  test "can be explicitly destructured into status, headers and an enumerable body" do
     response = ActionDispatch::Response.new(404, { 'Content-Type' => 'text/plain' }, ['Not Found'])
-    status, headers, body = response
+    response.request = ActionDispatch::Request.empty
+    status, headers, body = *response
 
     assert_equal 404, status
     assert_equal({ 'Content-Type' => 'text/plain' }, headers)
     assert_equal ['Not Found'], body.each.to_a
   end
 
-  test "[response].flatten does not recurse infinitely" do
+  test "[response.to_a].flatten does not recurse infinitely" do
     Timeout.timeout(1) do # use a timeout to prevent it stalling indefinitely
-      status, headers, body = [@response].flatten
+      status, headers, body = [@response.to_a].flatten
       assert_equal @response.status, status
       assert_equal @response.headers, headers
       assert_equal @response.body, body.each.to_a.join
     end
   end
 
-  test "does not add default content-type if Content-Type is none" do
-    resp = ActionDispatch::Response.new.tap { |response|
-      response.no_content_type = true
-    }
+  test "compatibility with Rack::ContentLength" do
+    @response.body = 'Hello'
+    app = lambda { |env| @response.to_a }
+    env = Rack::MockRequest.env_for("/")
+
+    status, headers, body = app.call(env)
+    assert_nil headers['Content-Length']
 
-    assert_not resp.headers.has_key?('Content-Type')
+    status, headers, body = Rack::ContentLength.new(app).call(env)
+    assert_equal '5', headers['Content-Length']
   end
 end
 
-class ResponseIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
-  def app
-    @app
+class ResponseHeadersTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @response = ActionDispatch::Response.create
+    @response.set_header 'Foo', '1'
+  end
+
+  test 'has_header?' do
+    assert @response.has_header? 'Foo'
+    assert_not @response.has_header? 'foo'
+    assert_not @response.has_header? nil
+  end
+
+  test 'get_header' do
+    assert_equal '1', @response.get_header('Foo')
+    assert_nil @response.get_header('foo')
+    assert_nil @response.get_header(nil)
+  end
+
+  test 'set_header' do
+    assert_equal '2', @response.set_header('Foo', '2')
+    assert @response.has_header?('Foo')
+    assert_equal '2', @response.get_header('Foo')
+
+    assert_nil @response.set_header('Foo', nil)
+    assert @response.has_header?('Foo')
+    assert_nil @response.get_header('Foo')
   end
 
+  test 'delete_header' do
+    assert_nil @response.delete_header(nil)
+
+    assert_nil @response.delete_header('foo')
+    assert @response.has_header?('Foo')
+
+    assert_equal '1', @response.delete_header('Foo')
+    assert_not @response.has_header?('Foo')
+  end
+
+  test 'add_header' do
+    # Add a value to an existing header
+    assert_equal '1,2', @response.add_header('Foo', '2')
+    assert_equal '1,2', @response.get_header('Foo')
+
+    # Add nil to an existing header
+    assert_equal '1,2', @response.add_header('Foo', nil)
+    assert_equal '1,2', @response.get_header('Foo')
+
+    # Add nil to a nonexistent header
+    assert_nil @response.add_header('Bar', nil)
+    assert_not @response.has_header?('Bar')
+    assert_nil @response.get_header('Bar')
+
+    # Add a value to a nonexistent header
+    assert_equal '1', @response.add_header('Bar', '1')
+    assert @response.has_header?('Bar')
+    assert_equal '1', @response.get_header('Bar')
+  end
+end
+
+class ResponseIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   test "response cache control from railsish app" do
     @app = lambda { |env|
       ActionDispatch::Response.new.tap { |resp|
         resp.cache_control[:public] = true
         resp.etag = '123'
         resp.body = 'Hello'
+        resp.request = ActionDispatch::Request.empty
       }.to_a
     }
 
@@ -290,8 +394,9 @@ class ResponseIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     @app = lambda { |env|
       ActionDispatch::Response.new.tap { |resp|
         resp.charset = 'utf-16'
-        resp.content_type = Mime::XML
+        resp.content_type = Mime[:xml]
         resp.body = 'Hello'
+        resp.request = ActionDispatch::Request.empty
       }.to_a
     }
 
@@ -299,7 +404,7 @@ class ResponseIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_response :success
 
     assert_equal('utf-16', @response.charset)
-    assert_equal(Mime::XML, @response.content_type)
+    assert_equal(Mime[:xml], @response.content_type)
 
     assert_equal('application/xml; charset=utf-16', @response.headers['Content-Type'])
   end
@@ -315,7 +420,7 @@ class ResponseIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_response :success
 
     assert_equal('utf-16', @response.charset)
-    assert_equal(Mime::XML, @response.content_type)
+    assert_equal(Mime[:xml], @response.content_type)
 
     assert_equal('application/xml; charset=utf-16', @response.headers['Content-Type'])
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/concerns_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/concerns_test.rb
index 9f37701656..7ef513b0c8 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/concerns_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/concerns_test.rb
@@ -36,7 +36,8 @@ class RoutingConcernsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
-  def app; Routes end
+  APP = RoutedRackApp.new Routes
+  def app; APP end
 
   def test_accessing_concern_from_resources
     get "/posts/1/comments"
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/inspector_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/inspector_test.rb
index ff33dd5652..a17d07c40b 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/inspector_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/inspector_test.rb
@@ -2,17 +2,16 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'rails/engine'
 require 'action_dispatch/routing/inspector'
 
+class MountedRackApp
+  def self.call(env)
+  end
+end
+
 module ActionDispatch
   module Routing
     class RoutesInspectorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       def setup
         @set = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
-        app = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
-        app.config = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
-        app.config.assets = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
-        app.config.assets.prefix = '/sprockets'
-        Rails.stubs(:application).returns(app)
-        Rails.stubs(:env).returns("development")
       end
 
       def draw(options = {}, &block)
@@ -21,14 +20,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
         inspector.format(ActionDispatch::Routing::ConsoleFormatter.new, options[:filter]).split("\n")
       end
 
-      def test_json_regexp_converter
-        @set.draw do
-          get '/cart', :to => 'cart#show'
-        end
-        route = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteWrapper.new(@set.routes.first)
-        assert_equal "^\\/cart(?:\\.([^\\/.?]+))?$", route.json_regexp
-      end
-
       def test_displaying_routes_for_engines
         engine = Class.new(Rails::Engine) do
           def self.inspect
@@ -86,6 +77,17 @@ module ActionDispatch
         ], output
       end
 
+      def test_articles_inspect_with_multiple_verbs
+        output = draw do
+          match 'articles/:id', to: 'articles#update', via: [:put, :patch]
+        end
+
+        assert_equal [
+          "Prefix Verb      URI Pattern             Controller#Action",
+          "       PUT|PATCH /articles/:id(.:format) articles#update"
+        ], output
+      end
+
       def test_inspect_shows_custom_assets
         output = draw do
           get '/custom/assets', :to => 'custom_assets#show'
@@ -204,19 +206,36 @@ module ActionDispatch
         ], output
       end
 
-      class RackApp
-        def self.call(env)
+      def test_rake_routes_shows_route_with_rack_app
+        output = draw do
+          get 'foo/:id' => MountedRackApp, :id => /[A-Z]\d{5}/
         end
+
+        assert_equal [
+          "Prefix Verb URI Pattern        Controller#Action",
+          "       GET  /foo/:id(.:format) MountedRackApp {:id=>/[A-Z]\\d{5}/}"
+        ], output
       end
 
-      def test_rake_routes_shows_route_with_rack_app
+      def test_rake_routes_shows_named_route_with_mounted_rack_app
         output = draw do
-          get 'foo/:id' => RackApp, :id => /[A-Z]\d{5}/
+          mount MountedRackApp => '/foo'
         end
 
         assert_equal [
-          "Prefix Verb URI Pattern        Controller#Action",
-          "       GET  /foo/:id(.:format) #{RackApp.name} {:id=>/[A-Z]\\d{5}/}"
+          "          Prefix Verb URI Pattern Controller#Action",
+          "mounted_rack_app      /foo        MountedRackApp"
+        ], output
+      end
+
+      def test_rake_routes_shows_overridden_named_route_with_mounted_rack_app_with_name
+        output = draw do
+          mount MountedRackApp => '/foo', as: 'blog'
+        end
+
+        assert_equal [
+          "Prefix Verb URI Pattern Controller#Action",
+          "  blog      /foo        MountedRackApp"
         ], output
       end
 
@@ -229,21 +248,21 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         output = draw do
           scope :constraint => constraint.new do
-            mount RackApp => '/foo'
+            mount MountedRackApp => '/foo'
           end
         end
 
         assert_equal [
-          "Prefix Verb URI Pattern Controller#Action",
-          "            /foo        #{RackApp.name} {:constraint=>( my custom constraint )}"
+          "          Prefix Verb URI Pattern Controller#Action",
+          "mounted_rack_app      /foo        MountedRackApp {:constraint=>( my custom constraint )}"
         ], output
       end
 
       def test_rake_routes_dont_show_app_mounted_in_assets_prefix
         output = draw do
-          get '/sprockets' => RackApp
+          get '/sprockets' => MountedRackApp
         end
-        assert_no_match(/RackApp/, output.first)
+        assert_no_match(/MountedRackApp/, output.first)
         assert_no_match(/\/sprockets/, output.first)
       end
 
@@ -299,6 +318,19 @@ module ActionDispatch
         assert_equal ["Prefix Verb URI Pattern            Controller#Action",
                       "       GET  /:controller(/:action) (?-mix:api\\/[^\\/]+)#:action"], output
       end
+
+      def test_inspect_routes_shows_resources_route_when_assets_disabled
+        @set = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+
+        output = draw do
+          get '/cart', to: 'cart#show'
+        end
+
+        assert_equal [
+          "Prefix Verb URI Pattern     Controller#Action",
+          "  cart GET  /cart(.:format) cart#show"
+        ], output
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/ipv6_redirect_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/ipv6_redirect_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f1b2e8cfc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/ipv6_redirect_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class IPv6IntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  Routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+  include Routes.url_helpers
+
+  class ::BadRouteRequestController < ActionController::Base
+    include Routes.url_helpers
+    def index
+      render :text => foo_path
+    end
+
+    def foo
+      redirect_to :action => :index
+    end
+  end
+
+  Routes.draw do
+    get "/",    :to => 'bad_route_request#index', :as => :index
+    get "/foo", :to => "bad_route_request#foo", :as => :foo
+  end
+
+  def _routes
+    Routes
+  end
+
+  APP = build_app Routes
+  def app
+    APP
+  end
+
+  test "bad IPv6 redirection" do
+    #   def test_simple_redirect
+    request_env = {
+      'REMOTE_ADDR' => 'fd07:2fa:6cff:2112:225:90ff:fec7:22aa',
+      'HTTP_HOST'   => '[fd07:2fa:6cff:2112:225:90ff:fec7:22aa]:3000',
+      'SERVER_NAME' => '[fd07:2fa:6cff:2112:225:90ff:fec7:22aa]',
+      'SERVER_PORT' => 3000 }
+
+    get '/foo', env: request_env
+    assert_response :redirect
+    assert_equal 'http://[fd07:2fa:6cff:2112:225:90ff:fec7:22aa]:3000/', redirect_to_url
+  end
+
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/route_set_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/route_set_test.rb
index 0e488d2b88..9327fe12c6 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/route_set_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/route_set_test.rb
@@ -17,6 +17,16 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @set = RouteSet.new
       end
 
+      test "not being empty when route is added" do
+        assert empty?
+
+        draw do
+          get 'foo', to: SimpleApp.new('foo#index')
+        end
+
+        assert_not empty?
+      end
+
       test "url helpers are added when route is added" do
         draw do
           get 'foo', to: SimpleApp.new('foo#index')
@@ -69,6 +79,42 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
       end
 
+      test "only_path: true with *_url and no :host option" do
+        draw do
+          get 'foo', to: SimpleApp.new('foo#index')
+        end
+
+        assert_equal '/foo', url_helpers.foo_url(only_path: true)
+      end
+
+      test "only_path: false with *_url and no :host option" do
+        draw do
+          get 'foo', to: SimpleApp.new('foo#index')
+        end
+
+        assert_raises ArgumentError do
+          assert_equal 'http://example.com/foo', url_helpers.foo_url(only_path: false)
+        end
+      end
+
+      test "only_path: false with *_url and local :host option" do
+        draw do
+          get 'foo', to: SimpleApp.new('foo#index')
+        end
+
+        assert_equal 'http://example.com/foo', url_helpers.foo_url(only_path: false, host: 'example.com')
+      end
+
+      test "only_path: false with *_url and global :host option" do
+        @set.default_url_options = { host: 'example.com' }
+
+        draw do
+          get 'foo', to: SimpleApp.new('foo#index')
+        end
+
+        assert_equal 'http://example.com/foo', url_helpers.foo_url(only_path: false)
+      end
+
       test "explicit keys win over implicit keys" do
         draw do
           resources :foo do
@@ -80,11 +126,19 @@ module ActionDispatch
         assert_equal '/foo/1/bar/2', url_helpers.foo_bar_path(2, foo_id: 1)
       end
 
-      private
-        def clear!
-          @set.clear!
+      test "having an optional scope with resources" do
+        draw do
+          scope "(/:foo)" do
+            resources :users
+          end
         end
 
+        assert_equal '/users/1', url_helpers.user_path(1)
+        assert_equal '/users/1', url_helpers.user_path(1, foo: nil)
+        assert_equal '/a/users/1', url_helpers.user_path(1, foo: 'a')
+      end
+
+      private
         def draw(&block)
           @set.draw(&block)
         end
@@ -92,6 +146,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
         def url_helpers
           @set.url_helpers
         end
+
+        def empty?
+          @set.empty?
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_assertions_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_assertions_test.rb
index aea4489852..56ea644f22 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_assertions_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_assertions_test.rb
@@ -74,10 +74,26 @@ class RoutingAssertionsTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_recognizes({ :controller => 'query_articles', :action => 'index', :use_query => 'true' }, '/query/articles', { :use_query => 'true' })
   end
 
+  def test_assert_recognizes_raises_message
+    err = assert_raise(Assertion) do
+      assert_recognizes({ :controller => 'secure_articles', :action => 'index' }, 'http://test.host/secure/articles', {}, "This is a really bad msg")
+    end
+
+    assert_match err.message, "This is a really bad msg"
+  end
+
   def test_assert_routing
     assert_routing('/articles', :controller => 'articles', :action => 'index')
   end
 
+  def test_assert_routing_raises_message
+    err = assert_raise(Assertion) do
+      assert_routing('/thisIsNotARoute', { :controller => 'articles', :action => 'edit', :id => '1' }, { :id => '1' }, {}, "This is a really bad msg")
+    end
+
+    assert_match err.message, "This is a really bad msg"
+  end
+
   def test_assert_routing_with_defaults
     assert_routing('/articles/1/edit', { :controller => 'articles', :action => 'edit', :id => '1' }, { :id => '1' })
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_test.rb
index 1fa2cc6cf2..82222a141c 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: UTF-8
 require 'erb'
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'controller/fake_controllers'
@@ -14,6 +13,12 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
   end
 
+  class GrumpyRestrictor
+    def self.matches?(request)
+      false
+    end
+  end
+
   class YoutubeFavoritesRedirector
     def self.call(params, request)
       "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=#{params[:youtube_id]}"
@@ -89,6 +94,24 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     verify_redirect 'http://www.example.com/private/index'
   end
 
+  def test_redirect_with_failing_constraint
+    draw do
+      get 'hi', to: redirect("/foo"), constraints: ::TestRoutingMapper::GrumpyRestrictor
+    end
+
+    get '/hi'
+    assert_equal 404, status
+  end
+
+  def test_redirect_with_passing_constraint
+    draw do
+      get 'hi', to: redirect("/foo"), constraints: ->(req) { true }
+    end
+
+    get '/hi'
+    assert_equal 301, status
+  end
+
   def test_namespace_with_controller_segment
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
       draw do
@@ -99,6 +122,16 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
   end
 
+  def test_namespace_without_controller_segment
+    draw do
+      namespace :admin do
+        get 'hello/:controllers/:action'
+      end
+    end
+    get '/admin/hello/foo/new'
+    assert_equal 'foo', @request.params["controllers"]
+  end
+
   def test_session_singleton_resource
     draw do
       resource :session do
@@ -133,6 +166,44 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal '/session/reset', reset_session_path
   end
 
+  def test_session_singleton_resource_for_api_app
+    config = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::Config.new
+    config.api_only = true
+
+    self.class.stub_controllers(config) do |routes|
+      routes.draw do
+        resource :session do
+          get :create
+          post :reset
+        end
+      end
+      @app = RoutedRackApp.new routes
+    end
+
+    get '/session'
+    assert_equal 'sessions#create', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/session', session_path
+
+    post '/session'
+    assert_equal 'sessions#create', @response.body
+
+    put '/session'
+    assert_equal 'sessions#update', @response.body
+
+    delete '/session'
+    assert_equal 'sessions#destroy', @response.body
+
+    post '/session/reset'
+    assert_equal 'sessions#reset', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/session/reset', reset_session_path
+
+    get '/session/new'
+    assert_equal 'Not Found', @response.body
+
+    get '/session/edit'
+    assert_equal 'Not Found', @response.body
+  end
+
   def test_session_info_nested_singleton_resource
     draw do
       resource :session do
@@ -289,9 +360,12 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   def test_pagemarks
+    tc = self
     draw do
       scope "pagemark", :controller => "pagemarks", :as => :pagemark do
-        get  "new", :path => "build"
+        tc.assert_deprecated do
+          get  "new", :path => "build"
+        end
         post "create", :as => ""
         put  "update"
         get  "remove", :action => :destroy, :as => :remove
@@ -328,22 +402,22 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       get 'admin/passwords' => "queenbee#passwords", :constraints => ::TestRoutingMapper::IpRestrictor
     end
 
-    get '/admin', {}, {'REMOTE_ADDR' => '192.168.1.100'}
+    get '/admin', headers: { 'REMOTE_ADDR' => '192.168.1.100' }
     assert_equal 'queenbee#index', @response.body
 
-    get '/admin', {}, {'REMOTE_ADDR' => '10.0.0.100'}
+    get '/admin', headers: { 'REMOTE_ADDR' => '10.0.0.100' }
     assert_equal 'pass', @response.headers['X-Cascade']
 
-    get '/admin/accounts', {}, {'REMOTE_ADDR' => '192.168.1.100'}
+    get '/admin/accounts', headers: { 'REMOTE_ADDR' => '192.168.1.100' }
     assert_equal 'queenbee#accounts', @response.body
 
-    get '/admin/accounts', {}, {'REMOTE_ADDR' => '10.0.0.100'}
+    get '/admin/accounts', headers: { 'REMOTE_ADDR' => '10.0.0.100' }
     assert_equal 'pass', @response.headers['X-Cascade']
 
-    get '/admin/passwords', {}, {'REMOTE_ADDR' => '192.168.1.100'}
+    get '/admin/passwords', headers: { 'REMOTE_ADDR' => '192.168.1.100' }
     assert_equal 'queenbee#passwords', @response.body
 
-    get '/admin/passwords', {}, {'REMOTE_ADDR' => '10.0.0.100'}
+    get '/admin/passwords', headers: { 'REMOTE_ADDR' => '10.0.0.100' }
     assert_equal 'pass', @response.headers['X-Cascade']
   end
 
@@ -351,8 +425,8 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     draw do
       controller(:global) do
         get 'global/hide_notice'
-        get 'global/export',      :to => :export, :as => :export_request
-        get '/export/:id/:file',  :to => :export, :as => :export_download, :constraints => { :file => /.*/ }
+        get 'global/export',      :action => :export, :as => :export_request
+        get '/export/:id/:file',  :action => :export, :as => :export_download, :constraints => { :file => /.*/ }
         get 'global/:action'
       end
     end
@@ -475,6 +549,40 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal '/projects/1/edit', edit_project_path(:id => '1')
   end
 
+  def test_projects_for_api_app
+    config = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::Config.new
+    config.api_only = true
+
+    self.class.stub_controllers(config) do |routes|
+      routes.draw do
+        resources :projects, controller: :project
+      end
+      @app = RoutedRackApp.new routes
+    end
+
+    get '/projects'
+    assert_equal 'project#index', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/projects', projects_path
+
+    post '/projects'
+    assert_equal 'project#create', @response.body
+
+    get '/projects.xml'
+    assert_equal 'project#index', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/projects.xml', projects_path(format: 'xml')
+
+    get '/projects/1'
+    assert_equal 'project#show', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/projects/1', project_path(id: '1')
+
+    get '/projects/1.xml'
+    assert_equal 'project#show', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/projects/1.xml', project_path(id: '1', format: 'xml')
+
+    get '/projects/1/edit'
+    assert_equal 'Not Found', @response.body
+  end
+
   def test_projects_with_post_action_and_new_path_on_collection
     draw do
       resources :projects, :controller => :project do
@@ -720,8 +828,8 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     draw do
       resources :replies do
         member do
-          put :answer, :to => :mark_as_answer
-          delete :answer, :to => :unmark_as_answer
+          put :answer, :action => :mark_as_answer
+          delete :answer, :action => :unmark_as_answer
         end
       end
     end
@@ -1031,6 +1139,136 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal 'users/home#index', @response.body
   end
 
+  def test_namespaced_shallow_routes_with_module_option
+    draw do
+      namespace :foo, module: 'bar' do
+        resources :posts, only: [:index, :show] do
+          resources :comments, only: [:index, :show], shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/foo/posts'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts', foo_posts_path
+    assert_equal 'bar/posts#index', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/posts/1'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts/1', foo_post_path('1')
+    assert_equal 'bar/posts#show', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/posts/1/comments'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts/1/comments', foo_post_comments_path('1')
+    assert_equal 'bar/comments#index', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/comments/2'
+    assert_equal '/foo/comments/2', foo_comment_path('2')
+    assert_equal 'bar/comments#show', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_namespaced_shallow_routes_with_path_option
+    draw do
+      namespace :foo, path: 'bar' do
+        resources :posts, only: [:index, :show] do
+          resources :comments, only: [:index, :show], shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/bar/posts'
+    assert_equal '/bar/posts', foo_posts_path
+    assert_equal 'foo/posts#index', @response.body
+
+    get '/bar/posts/1'
+    assert_equal '/bar/posts/1', foo_post_path('1')
+    assert_equal 'foo/posts#show', @response.body
+
+    get '/bar/posts/1/comments'
+    assert_equal '/bar/posts/1/comments', foo_post_comments_path('1')
+    assert_equal 'foo/comments#index', @response.body
+
+    get '/bar/comments/2'
+    assert_equal '/bar/comments/2', foo_comment_path('2')
+    assert_equal 'foo/comments#show', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_namespaced_shallow_routes_with_as_option
+    draw do
+      namespace :foo, as: 'bar' do
+        resources :posts, only: [:index, :show] do
+          resources :comments, only: [:index, :show], shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/foo/posts'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts', bar_posts_path
+    assert_equal 'foo/posts#index', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/posts/1'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts/1', bar_post_path('1')
+    assert_equal 'foo/posts#show', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/posts/1/comments'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts/1/comments', bar_post_comments_path('1')
+    assert_equal 'foo/comments#index', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/comments/2'
+    assert_equal '/foo/comments/2', bar_comment_path('2')
+    assert_equal 'foo/comments#show', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_namespaced_shallow_routes_with_shallow_path_option
+    draw do
+      namespace :foo, shallow_path: 'bar' do
+        resources :posts, only: [:index, :show] do
+          resources :comments, only: [:index, :show], shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/foo/posts'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts', foo_posts_path
+    assert_equal 'foo/posts#index', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/posts/1'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts/1', foo_post_path('1')
+    assert_equal 'foo/posts#show', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/posts/1/comments'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts/1/comments', foo_post_comments_path('1')
+    assert_equal 'foo/comments#index', @response.body
+
+    get '/bar/comments/2'
+    assert_equal '/bar/comments/2', foo_comment_path('2')
+    assert_equal 'foo/comments#show', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_namespaced_shallow_routes_with_shallow_prefix_option
+    draw do
+      namespace :foo, shallow_prefix: 'bar' do
+        resources :posts, only: [:index, :show] do
+          resources :comments, only: [:index, :show], shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/foo/posts'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts', foo_posts_path
+    assert_equal 'foo/posts#index', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/posts/1'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts/1', foo_post_path('1')
+    assert_equal 'foo/posts#show', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/posts/1/comments'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts/1/comments', foo_post_comments_path('1')
+    assert_equal 'foo/comments#index', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/comments/2'
+    assert_equal '/foo/comments/2', bar_comment_path('2')
+    assert_equal 'foo/comments#show', @response.body
+  end
+
   def test_namespace_containing_numbers
     draw do
       namespace :v2 do
@@ -1048,7 +1286,7 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       controller :articles do
         scope '/articles', :as => 'article' do
           scope :path => '/:title', :title => /[a-z]+/, :as => :with_title do
-            get '/:id', :to => :with_id, :as => ""
+            get '/:id', :action => :with_id, :as => ""
           end
         end
       end
@@ -1266,6 +1504,15 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal 'api/v3/products#list', @response.body
   end
 
+  def test_not_matching_shorthand_with_dynamic_parameters
+    draw do
+      get ':controller/:action/admin'
+    end
+
+    get '/finances/overview/admin'
+    assert_equal 'finances#overview', @response.body
+  end
+
   def test_controller_option_with_nesting_and_leading_slash
     draw do
       scope '/job', controller: 'job' do
@@ -1295,7 +1542,7 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   def test_scoped_controller_with_namespace_and_action
     draw do
       namespace :account do
-        get ':action/callback', :action => /twitter|github/, :to => "callbacks", :as => :callback
+        get ':action/callback', :action => /twitter|github/, :controller => "callbacks", :as => :callback
       end
     end
 
@@ -1352,7 +1599,7 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   def test_normalize_namespaced_matches
     draw do
       namespace :account do
-        get 'description', :to => :description, :as => "description"
+        get 'description', :action => :description, :as => "description"
       end
     end
 
@@ -1519,9 +1766,9 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     get '/products/0001/images/0001'
     assert_equal 'images#show', @response.body
 
-    get '/dashboard', {}, {'REMOTE_ADDR' => '10.0.0.100'}
+    get '/dashboard', headers: { 'REMOTE_ADDR' => '10.0.0.100' }
     assert_equal 'pass', @response.headers['X-Cascade']
-    get '/dashboard', {}, {'REMOTE_ADDR' => '192.168.1.100'}
+    get '/dashboard', headers: { 'REMOTE_ADDR' => '192.168.1.100' }
     assert_equal 'dashboards#show', @response.body
   end
 
@@ -1593,7 +1840,7 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       get "whatever/:controller(/:action(/:id))"
     end
 
-    get 'whatever/foo/bar'
+    get '/whatever/foo/bar'
     assert_equal 'foo#bar', @response.body
 
     assert_equal 'http://www.example.com/whatever/foo/bar/1',
@@ -1605,10 +1852,10 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       get "whatever/:controller(/:action(/:id))", :id => /\d+/
     end
 
-    get 'whatever/foo/bar/show'
+    get '/whatever/foo/bar/show'
     assert_equal 'foo/bar#show', @response.body
 
-    get 'whatever/foo/bar/show/1'
+    get '/whatever/foo/bar/show/1'
     assert_equal 'foo/bar#show', @response.body
 
     assert_equal 'http://www.example.com/whatever/foo/bar/show',
@@ -1828,6 +2075,82 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal '/comments/3/preview', preview_comment_path(:id => '3')
   end
 
+  def test_shallow_nested_resources_inside_resource
+    draw do
+      resource :membership, shallow: true do
+        resources :cards
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/membership/cards'
+    assert_equal 'cards#index', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/membership/cards', membership_cards_path
+
+    get '/membership/cards/new'
+    assert_equal 'cards#new', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/membership/cards/new', new_membership_card_path
+
+    post '/membership/cards'
+    assert_equal 'cards#create', @response.body
+
+    get '/cards/1'
+    assert_equal 'cards#show', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/cards/1', card_path('1')
+
+    get '/cards/1/edit'
+    assert_equal 'cards#edit', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/cards/1/edit', edit_card_path('1')
+
+    put '/cards/1'
+    assert_equal 'cards#update', @response.body
+
+    patch '/cards/1'
+    assert_equal 'cards#update', @response.body
+
+    delete '/cards/1'
+    assert_equal 'cards#destroy', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_shallow_deeply_nested_resources
+    draw do
+      resources :blogs do
+        resources :posts do
+          resources :comments, shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/comments/1'
+    assert_equal 'comments#show', @response.body
+
+    assert_equal '/comments/1', comment_path('1')
+    assert_equal '/blogs/new', new_blog_path
+    assert_equal '/blogs/1/posts/new', new_blog_post_path(:blog_id => 1)
+    assert_equal '/blogs/1/posts/2/comments/new', new_blog_post_comment_path(:blog_id => 1, :post_id => 2)
+  end
+
+  def test_direct_children_of_shallow_resources
+    draw do
+      resources :blogs do
+        resources :posts, shallow: true do
+          resources :comments
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    post '/posts/1/comments'
+    assert_equal 'comments#create', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/posts/1/comments', post_comments_path('1')
+
+    get '/posts/2/comments/new'
+    assert_equal 'comments#new', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/posts/2/comments/new', new_post_comment_path('2')
+
+    get '/posts/1/comments'
+    assert_equal 'comments#index', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/posts/1/comments', post_comments_path('1')
+  end
+
   def test_shallow_nested_resources_within_scope
     draw do
       scope '/hello' do
@@ -1960,7 +2283,7 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         end
         resources :invoices do
           get "outstanding" => "invoices#outstanding", :on => :collection
-          get "overdue", :to => :overdue, :on => :collection
+          get "overdue", :action => :overdue, :on => :collection
           get "print" => "invoices#print", :as => :print, :on => :member
           post "preview" => "invoices#preview", :as => :preview, :on => :new
         end
@@ -2048,6 +2371,22 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal '/api/1.0/users/first.last.xml', api_user_path(:version => '1.0', :id => 'first.last', :format => :xml)
   end
 
+  def test_match_without_via
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      draw do
+        match '/foo/bar', :to => 'files#show'
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_match_with_empty_via
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      draw do
+        match '/foo/bar', :to => 'files#show', :via => []
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_glob_parameter_accepts_regexp
     draw do
       get '/:locale/*file.:format', :to => 'files#show', :file => /path\/to\/existing\/file/
@@ -2103,12 +2442,12 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       get "(/user/:username)/photos" => "photos#index"
     end
 
-    get 'user/bob/photos'
+    get '/user/bob/photos'
     assert_equal 'photos#index', @response.body
     assert_equal 'http://www.example.com/user/bob/photos',
       url_for(:controller => "photos", :action => "index", :username => "bob")
 
-    get 'photos'
+    get '/photos'
     assert_equal 'photos#index', @response.body
     assert_equal 'http://www.example.com/photos',
       url_for(:controller => "photos", :action => "index", :username => nil)
@@ -2621,7 +2960,7 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
   end
 
-  def test_symbolized_path_parameters_is_not_stale
+  def test_path_parameters_is_not_stale
     draw do
       scope '/countries/:country', :constraints => lambda { |params, req| %w(all France).include?(params[:country]) } do
         get '/',       :to => 'countries#index'
@@ -2786,7 +3125,9 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
 
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
-      draw { controller("/feeds") { get '/feeds/:service', :to => :show } }
+      assert_deprecated do
+        draw { controller("/feeds") { get '/feeds/:service', :to => :show } }
+      end
     end
 
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
@@ -2936,7 +3277,7 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
     get '/downloads/1/1.tar'
     assert_equal 'downloads#show', @response.body
-    assert_equal expected_params, @request.symbolized_path_parameters
+    assert_equal expected_params, @request.path_parameters
     assert_equal '/downloads/1/1.tar', download_path('1')
     assert_equal '/downloads/1/1.tar', download_path('1', '1')
   end
@@ -2953,6 +3294,18 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal '/foo', foo_root_path
   end
 
+  def test_namespace_as_controller
+    draw do
+      namespace :foo do
+        get '/', to: '/bar#index', as: 'root'
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/foo'
+    assert_equal 'bar#index', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/foo', foo_root_path
+  end
+
   def test_trailing_slash
     draw do
       resources :streams
@@ -3033,23 +3386,215 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal '/admin/posts/1/comments', admin_post_comments_path('1')
   end
 
+  def test_mix_string_to_controller_action
+    draw do
+      get '/projects', controller: 'project_files',
+                       action: 'index',
+                       to: 'comments#index'
+    end
+    get '/projects'
+    assert_equal 'comments#index', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_mix_string_to_controller
+    draw do
+      get '/projects', controller: 'project_files',
+                       to: 'comments#index'
+    end
+    get '/projects'
+    assert_equal 'comments#index', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_mix_string_to_action
+    draw do
+      get '/projects', action: 'index',
+                       to: 'comments#index'
+    end
+    get '/projects'
+    assert_equal 'comments#index', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_shallow_path_and_prefix_are_not_added_to_non_shallow_routes
+    draw do
+      scope shallow_path: 'projects', shallow_prefix: 'project' do
+        resources :projects do
+          resources :files, controller: 'project_files', shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/projects'
+    assert_equal 'projects#index', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/projects', projects_path
+
+    get '/projects/new'
+    assert_equal 'projects#new', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/projects/new', new_project_path
+
+    post '/projects'
+    assert_equal 'projects#create', @response.body
+
+    get '/projects/1'
+    assert_equal 'projects#show', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/projects/1', project_path('1')
+
+    get '/projects/1/edit'
+    assert_equal 'projects#edit', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/projects/1/edit', edit_project_path('1')
+
+    patch '/projects/1'
+    assert_equal 'projects#update', @response.body
+
+    delete '/projects/1'
+    assert_equal 'projects#destroy', @response.body
+
+    get '/projects/1/files'
+    assert_equal 'project_files#index', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/projects/1/files', project_files_path('1')
+
+    get '/projects/1/files/new'
+    assert_equal 'project_files#new', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/projects/1/files/new', new_project_file_path('1')
+
+    post '/projects/1/files'
+    assert_equal 'project_files#create', @response.body
+
+    get '/projects/files/2'
+    assert_equal 'project_files#show', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/projects/files/2', project_file_path('2')
+
+    get '/projects/files/2/edit'
+    assert_equal 'project_files#edit', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/projects/files/2/edit', edit_project_file_path('2')
+
+    patch '/projects/files/2'
+    assert_equal 'project_files#update', @response.body
+
+    delete '/projects/files/2'
+    assert_equal 'project_files#destroy', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_scope_path_is_copied_to_shallow_path
+    draw do
+      scope path: 'foo' do
+        resources :posts do
+          resources :comments, shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal '/foo/comments/1', comment_path('1')
+  end
+
+  def test_scope_as_is_copied_to_shallow_prefix
+    draw do
+      scope as: 'foo' do
+        resources :posts do
+          resources :comments, shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal '/comments/1', foo_comment_path('1')
+  end
+
+  def test_scope_shallow_prefix_is_not_overwritten_by_as
+    draw do
+      scope as: 'foo', shallow_prefix: 'bar' do
+        resources :posts do
+          resources :comments, shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal '/comments/1', bar_comment_path('1')
+  end
+
+  def test_scope_shallow_path_is_not_overwritten_by_path
+    draw do
+      scope path: 'foo', shallow_path: 'bar' do
+        resources :posts do
+          resources :comments, shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal '/bar/comments/1', comment_path('1')
+  end
+
+  def test_resource_where_as_is_empty
+    draw do
+      resource :post, as: ''
+
+      scope 'post', as: 'post' do
+        resource :comment, as: ''
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal '/post/new', new_path
+    assert_equal '/post/comment/new', new_post_path
+  end
+
+  def test_resources_where_as_is_empty
+    draw do
+      resources :posts, as: ''
+
+      scope 'posts', as: 'posts' do
+        resources :comments, as: ''
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal '/posts/new', new_path
+    assert_equal '/posts/comments/new', new_posts_path
+  end
+
+  def test_scope_where_as_is_empty
+    draw do
+      scope 'post', as: '' do
+        resource :user
+        resources :comments
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal '/post/user/new', new_user_path
+    assert_equal '/post/comments/new', new_comment_path
+  end
+
+  def test_head_fetch_with_mount_on_root
+    draw do
+      get '/home' => 'test#index'
+      mount lambda { |env| [200, {}, [env['REQUEST_METHOD']]] }, at: '/'
+    end
+
+    # HEAD request should match `get /home` rather than the
+    # lower-precedence Rack app mounted at `/`.
+    head '/home'
+    assert_response :ok
+    assert_equal 'test#index', @response.body
+
+    # But the Rack app can still respond to its own HEAD requests.
+    head '/foobar'
+    assert_response :ok
+    assert_equal 'HEAD', @response.body
+  end
+
 private
 
   def draw(&block)
     self.class.stub_controllers do |routes|
-      @app = routes
-      @app.default_url_options = { host: 'www.example.com' }
-      @app.draw(&block)
+      routes.default_url_options = { host: 'www.example.com' }
+      routes.draw(&block)
+      @app = RoutedRackApp.new routes
     end
   end
 
   def url_for(options = {})
-    @app.url_helpers.url_for(options)
+    @app.routes.url_helpers.url_for(options)
   end
 
   def method_missing(method, *args, &block)
     if method.to_s =~ /_(path|url)$/
-      @app.url_helpers.send(method, *args, &block)
+      @app.routes.url_helpers.send(method, *args, &block)
     else
       super
     end
@@ -3075,13 +3620,16 @@ private
 end
 
 class TestAltApp < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
-  class AltRequest
+  class AltRequest < ActionDispatch::Request
+    attr_accessor :path_parameters, :path_info, :script_name
+    attr_reader :env
+
     def initialize(env)
+      @path_parameters = {}
       @env = env
-    end
-
-    def path_info
-      "/"
+      @path_info = "/"
+      @script_name = ""
+      super
     end
 
     def request_method
@@ -3109,14 +3657,20 @@ class TestAltApp < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
   end
 
-  AltRoutes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new(AltRequest)
+  AltRoutes = Class.new(ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet) {
+    def request_class
+      AltRequest
+    end
+  }.new
   AltRoutes.draw do
     get "/" => TestAltApp::XHeader.new, :constraints => {:x_header => /HEADER/}
     get "/" => TestAltApp::AltApp.new
   end
 
+  APP = build_app AltRoutes
+
   def app
-    AltRoutes
+    APP
   end
 
   def test_alt_request_without_header
@@ -3125,12 +3679,12 @@ class TestAltApp < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   def test_alt_request_with_matched_header
-    get "/", {}, "HTTP_X_HEADER" => "HEADER"
+    get "/", headers: { "HTTP_X_HEADER" => "HEADER" }
     assert_equal "XHeader", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_alt_request_with_unmatched_header
-    get "/", {}, "HTTP_X_HEADER" => "NON_MATCH"
+    get "/", headers: { "HTTP_X_HEADER" => "NON_MATCH" }
     assert_equal "Alternative App", @response.body
   end
 end
@@ -3143,15 +3697,16 @@ class TestAppendingRoutes < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   def setup
     super
     s = self
-    @app = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
-    @app.append do
+    routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+    routes.append do
       get '/hello'   => s.simple_app('fail')
       get '/goodbye' => s.simple_app('goodbye')
     end
 
-    @app.draw do
+    routes.draw do
       get '/hello' => s.simple_app('hello')
     end
+    @app = self.class.build_app routes
   end
 
   def test_goodbye_should_be_available
@@ -3174,14 +3729,42 @@ class TestNamespaceWithControllerOption < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   module ::Admin
     class StorageFilesController < ActionController::Base
       def index
-        render :text => "admin/storage_files#index"
+        render plain: "admin/storage_files#index"
       end
     end
   end
 
   def draw(&block)
-    @app = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
-    @app.draw(&block)
+    routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+    routes.draw(&block)
+    @app = self.class.build_app routes
+  end
+
+  def test_missing_controller
+    ex = assert_raises(ArgumentError) {
+      draw do
+        get '/foo/bar', :action => :index
+      end
+    }
+    assert_match(/Missing :controller/, ex.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_missing_controller_with_to
+    ex = assert_raises(ArgumentError) {
+      draw do
+        get '/foo/bar', :to => 'foo'
+      end
+    }
+    assert_match(/Missing :controller/, ex.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_missing_action_on_hash
+    ex = assert_raises(ArgumentError) {
+      draw do
+        get '/foo/bar', :to => 'foo#'
+      end
+    }
+    assert_match(/Missing :action/, ex.message)
   end
 
   def test_valid_controller_options_inside_namespace
@@ -3200,7 +3783,7 @@ class TestNamespaceWithControllerOption < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       resources :storage_files, :controller => 'admin/storage_files'
     end
 
-    get 'storage_files'
+    get '/storage_files'
     assert_equal "admin/storage_files#index", @response.body
   end
 
@@ -3225,13 +3808,23 @@ class TestNamespaceWithControllerOption < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
     assert_match "'Admin::StorageFiles' is not a supported controller name", e.message
   end
+
+  def test_warn_with_ruby_constant_syntax_no_colons
+    e = assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      draw do
+        resources :storage_files, :controller => 'Admin'
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match "'Admin' is not a supported controller name", e.message
+  end
 end
 
 class TestDefaultScope < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   module ::Blog
     class PostsController < ActionController::Base
       def index
-        render :text => "blog/posts#index"
+        render plain: "blog/posts#index"
       end
     end
   end
@@ -3242,8 +3835,10 @@ class TestDefaultScope < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     resources :posts
   end
 
+  APP = build_app DefaultScopeRoutes
+
   def app
-    DefaultScopeRoutes
+    APP
   end
 
   include DefaultScopeRoutes.url_helpers
@@ -3261,26 +3856,30 @@ class TestHttpMethods < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   RFC3648 = %w(ORDERPATCH)
   RFC3744 = %w(ACL)
   RFC5323 = %w(SEARCH)
+  RFC4791 = %w(MKCALENDAR)
   RFC5789 = %w(PATCH)
 
   def simple_app(response)
     lambda { |env| [ 200, { 'Content-Type' => 'text/plain' }, [response] ] }
   end
 
-  setup do
+  attr_reader :app
+
+  def setup
     s = self
-    @app = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+    routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+    @app = RoutedRackApp.new routes
 
-    @app.draw do
-      (RFC2616 + RFC2518 + RFC3253 + RFC3648 + RFC3744 + RFC5323 + RFC5789).each do |method|
+    routes.draw do
+      (RFC2616 + RFC2518 + RFC3253 + RFC3648 + RFC3744 + RFC5323 + RFC4791 + RFC5789).each do |method|
         match '/' => s.simple_app(method), :via => method.underscore.to_sym
       end
     end
   end
 
-  (RFC2616 + RFC2518 + RFC3253 + RFC3648 + RFC3744 + RFC5323 + RFC5789).each do |method|
+  (RFC2616 + RFC2518 + RFC3253 + RFC3648 + RFC3744 + RFC5323 + RFC4791 + RFC5789).each do |method|
     test "request method #{method.underscore} can be matched" do
-      get '/', nil, 'REQUEST_METHOD' => method
+      get '/', headers: { 'REQUEST_METHOD' => method }
       assert_equal method, @response.body
     end
   end
@@ -3302,10 +3901,11 @@ class TestUriPathEscaping < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
-  def app; Routes end
+  APP = build_app Routes
+  def app; APP end
 
-  test 'escapes generated path segment' do
-    assert_equal '/a%20b/c+d', segment_path(:segment => 'a b/c+d')
+  test 'escapes slash in generated path segment' do
+    assert_equal '/a%20b%2Fc+d', segment_path(:segment => 'a b/c+d')
   end
 
   test 'unescapes recognized path segment' do
@@ -3313,7 +3913,7 @@ class TestUriPathEscaping < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal 'a b/c+d', @response.body
   end
 
-  test 'escapes generated path splat' do
+  test 'does not escape slash in generated path splat' do
     assert_equal '/a%20b/c+d', splat_path(:splat => 'a b/c+d')
   end
 
@@ -3333,7 +3933,8 @@ class TestUnicodePaths < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
-  def app; Routes end
+  APP = build_app Routes
+  def app; APP end
 
   test 'recognizes unicode path' do
     get "/#{Rack::Utils.escape("��")}"
@@ -3364,7 +3965,8 @@ class TestMultipleNestedController < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
-  def app; Routes end
+  APP = build_app Routes
+  def app; APP end
 
   test "controller option which starts with '/' from multiple nested controller" do
     get "/foo/bar/baz"
@@ -3383,7 +3985,8 @@ class TestTildeAndMinusPaths < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
-  def app; Routes end
+  APP = build_app Routes
+  def app; APP end
 
   test 'recognizes tilde path' do
     get "/~user"
@@ -3410,7 +4013,8 @@ class TestRedirectInterpolation < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
   end
 
-  def app; Routes end
+  APP = build_app Routes
+  def app; APP end
 
   test "redirect escapes interpolated parameters with redirect proc" do
     get "/foo/1%3E"
@@ -3452,7 +4056,8 @@ class TestConstraintsAccessingParameters < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
   end
 
-  def app; Routes end
+  APP = build_app Routes
+  def app; APP end
 
   test "parameters are reset between constraint checks" do
     get "/bar"
@@ -3472,7 +4077,8 @@ class TestGlobRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   #include Routes.url_helpers
-  def app; Routes end
+  APP = build_app Routes
+  def app; APP end
 
   def test_glob_constraint
     get "/dummy"
@@ -3498,11 +4104,14 @@ class TestOptimizedNamedRoutes < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       get '/post(/:action(/:id))' => ok, as: :posts
       get '/:foo/:foo_type/bars/:id' => ok, as: :bar
       get '/projects/:id.:format' => ok, as: :project
+      get '/pages/:id' => ok, as: :page
+      get '/wiki/*page' => ok, as: :wiki
     end
   end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
-  def app; Routes end
+  APP = build_app Routes
+  def app; APP end
 
   test 'enabled when not mounted and default_url_options is empty' do
     assert Routes.url_helpers.optimize_routes_generation?
@@ -3530,18 +4139,38 @@ class TestOptimizedNamedRoutes < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal '/projects/1.json', Routes.url_helpers.project_path(1, :json)
     assert_equal '/projects/1.json', project_path(1, :json)
   end
+
+  test 'segments with question marks are escaped' do
+    assert_equal '/pages/foo%3Fbar', Routes.url_helpers.page_path('foo?bar')
+    assert_equal '/pages/foo%3Fbar', page_path('foo?bar')
+  end
+
+  test 'segments with slashes are escaped' do
+    assert_equal '/pages/foo%2Fbar', Routes.url_helpers.page_path('foo/bar')
+    assert_equal '/pages/foo%2Fbar', page_path('foo/bar')
+  end
+
+  test 'glob segments with question marks are escaped' do
+    assert_equal '/wiki/foo%3Fbar', Routes.url_helpers.wiki_path('foo?bar')
+    assert_equal '/wiki/foo%3Fbar', wiki_path('foo?bar')
+  end
+
+  test 'glob segments with slashes are not escaped' do
+    assert_equal '/wiki/foo/bar', Routes.url_helpers.wiki_path('foo/bar')
+    assert_equal '/wiki/foo/bar', wiki_path('foo/bar')
+  end
 end
 
 class TestNamedRouteUrlHelpers < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   class CategoriesController < ActionController::Base
     def show
-      render :text => "categories#show"
+      render plain: "categories#show"
     end
   end
 
   class ProductsController < ActionController::Base
     def show
-      render :text => "products#show"
+      render plain: "products#show"
     end
   end
 
@@ -3554,16 +4183,17 @@ class TestNamedRouteUrlHelpers < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
   end
 
-  def app; Routes end
+  APP = build_app Routes
+  def app; APP end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
 
   test "url helpers do not ignore nil parameters when using non-optimized routes" do
-    Routes.stubs(:optimize_routes_generation?).returns(false)
-
-    get "/categories/1"
-    assert_response :success
-    assert_raises(ActionController::UrlGenerationError) { product_path(nil) }
+    Routes.stub :optimize_routes_generation?, false do
+      get "/categories/1"
+      assert_response :success
+      assert_raises(ActionController::UrlGenerationError) { product_path(nil) }
+    end
   end
 end
 
@@ -3589,7 +4219,8 @@ class TestUrlConstraints < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
-  def app; Routes end
+  APP = build_app Routes
+  def app; APP end
 
   test "constraints are copied to defaults when using constraints method" do
     assert_equal 'http://admin.example.com/', admin_root_url
@@ -3634,7 +4265,7 @@ end
 class TestInvalidUrls < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   class FooController < ActionController::Base
     def show
-      render :text => "foo#show"
+      render plain: "foo#show"
     end
   end
 
@@ -3643,7 +4274,7 @@ class TestInvalidUrls < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       set.draw do
         get "/bar/:id", :to => redirect("/foo/show/%{id}")
         get "/foo/show(/:id)", :to => "test_invalid_urls/foo#show"
-        get "/foo(/:action(/:id))", :to => "test_invalid_urls/foo"
+        get "/foo(/:action(/:id))", :controller => "test_invalid_urls/foo"
         get "/:controller(/:action(/:id))"
       end
 
@@ -3670,8 +4301,9 @@ class TestOptionalRootSegments < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
   end
 
+  APP = build_app Routes
   def app
-    Routes
+    APP
   end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
@@ -3702,7 +4334,8 @@ class TestPortConstraints < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
-  def app; Routes end
+  APP = build_app Routes
+  def app; APP end
 
   def test_integer_port_constraints
     get 'http://www.example.com/integer'
@@ -3750,7 +4383,8 @@ class TestFormatConstraints < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
-  def app; Routes end
+  APP = build_app Routes
+  def app; APP end
 
   def test_string_format_constraints
     get 'http://www.example.com/string'
@@ -3797,6 +4431,17 @@ class TestFormatConstraints < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 end
 
+class TestCallableConstraintValidation < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  def test_constraint_with_object_not_callable
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new.draw do
+        ok = lambda { |env| [200, { 'Content-Type' => 'text/plain' }, []] }
+        get '/test', to: ok, constraints: Object.new
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
 class TestRouteDefaults < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   stub_controllers do |routes|
     Routes = routes
@@ -3806,8 +4451,9 @@ class TestRouteDefaults < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
   end
 
+  APP = build_app Routes
   def app
-    Routes
+    APP
   end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
@@ -3835,8 +4481,9 @@ class TestRackAppRouteGeneration < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
   end
 
+  APP = build_app Routes
   def app
-    Routes
+    APP
   end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
@@ -3861,8 +4508,9 @@ class TestRedirectRouteGeneration < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
   end
 
+  APP = build_app Routes
   def app
-    Routes
+    APP
   end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
@@ -3885,11 +4533,12 @@ class TestUrlGenerationErrors < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
   end
 
-  def app; Routes end
+  APP = build_app Routes
+  def app; APP end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
 
-  test "url helpers raise a helpful error message whem generation fails" do
+  test "url helpers raise a helpful error message when generation fails" do
     url, missing = { action: 'show', controller: 'products', id: nil }, [:id]
     message = "No route matches #{url.inspect} missing required keys: #{missing.inspect}"
 
@@ -3901,4 +4550,86 @@ class TestUrlGenerationErrors < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     error = assert_raises(ActionController::UrlGenerationError, message){ product_path(id: nil) }
     assert_equal message, error.message
   end
+
+  test "url helpers raise message with mixed parameters when generation fails " do
+    url, missing = { action: 'show', controller: 'products', id: nil, "id"=>"url-tested"}, [:id]
+    message = "No route matches #{url.inspect} missing required keys: #{missing.inspect}"
+
+    # Optimized url helper
+    error = assert_raises(ActionController::UrlGenerationError){ product_path(nil, 'id'=>'url-tested') }
+    assert_equal message, error.message
+
+    # Non-optimized url helper
+    error = assert_raises(ActionController::UrlGenerationError, message){ product_path(id: nil, 'id'=>'url-tested') }
+    assert_equal message, error.message
+  end
+end
+
+class TestDefaultUrlOptions < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  class PostsController < ActionController::Base
+    def archive
+      render plain: "posts#archive"
+    end
+  end
+
+  Routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+  Routes.draw do
+    default_url_options locale: 'en'
+    scope ':locale', format: false do
+      get '/posts/:year/:month/:day', to: 'posts#archive', as: 'archived_posts'
+    end
+  end
+
+  APP = build_app Routes
+
+  def app
+    APP
+  end
+
+  include Routes.url_helpers
+
+  def test_positional_args_with_format_false
+    assert_equal '/en/posts/2014/12/13', archived_posts_path(2014, 12, 13)
+  end
+end
+
+class TestErrorsInController < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  class ::PostsController < ActionController::Base
+    def foo
+      nil.i_do_not_exist
+    end
+
+    def bar
+      NonExistingClass.new
+    end
+  end
+
+  Routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+  Routes.draw do
+    get '/:controller(/:action)'
+  end
+
+  APP = build_app Routes
+
+  def app
+    APP
+  end
+
+  def test_legit_no_method_errors_are_not_caught
+    get '/posts/foo'
+    assert_equal 500, response.status
+  end
+
+  def test_legit_name_errors_are_not_caught
+    get '/posts/bar'
+    assert_equal 500, response.status
+  end
+
+  def test_legit_routing_not_found_responses
+    get '/posts/baz'
+    assert_equal 404, response.status
+
+    get '/i_do_not_exist'
+    assert_equal 404, response.status
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/abstract_store_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/abstract_store_test.rb
index fe1a7b4f86..d38d1bbce6 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/abstract_store_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/abstract_store_test.rb
@@ -10,13 +10,13 @@ module ActionDispatch
           super
         end
 
-        def get_session(env, sid)
+        def find_session(env, sid)
           sid ||= 1
           session = @sessions[sid] ||= {}
           [sid, session]
         end
 
-        def set_session(env, sid, session, options)
+        def write_session(env, sid, session, options)
           @sessions[sid] = session
         end
       end
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         as.call(env)
 
         assert @env
-        assert Request::Session.find @env
+        assert Request::Session.find ActionDispatch::Request.new @env
       end
 
       def test_new_session_object_is_merged_with_old
@@ -36,11 +36,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
         as.call(env)
 
         assert @env
-        session = Request::Session.find @env
+        session = Request::Session.find ActionDispatch::Request.new @env
         session['foo'] = 'bar'
 
         as.call(@env)
-        session1 = Request::Session.find @env
+        session1 = Request::Session.find ActionDispatch::Request.new @env
 
         assert_not_equal session, session1
         assert_equal session.to_hash, session1.to_hash
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/cache_store_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/cache_store_test.rb
index b8479e8836..dbb996973d 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/cache_store_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/cache_store_test.rb
@@ -18,11 +18,11 @@ class CacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
 
     def get_session_value
-      render :text => "foo: #{session[:foo].inspect}"
+      render plain: "foo: #{session[:foo].inspect}"
     end
 
     def get_session_id
-      render :text => "#{request.session_options[:id]}"
+      render plain: "#{request.session.id}"
     end
 
     def call_reset_session
@@ -148,16 +148,15 @@ class CacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
   def test_prevents_session_fixation
     with_test_route_set do
-      get '/get_session_value'
-      assert_response :success
-      assert_equal 'foo: nil', response.body
-      session_id = cookies['_session_id']
+      assert_equal nil, @cache.read('_session_id:0xhax')
 
-      reset!
+      cookies['_session_id'] = '0xhax'
+      get '/set_session_value'
 
-      get '/set_session_value', :_session_id => session_id
       assert_response :success
-      assert_not_equal session_id, cookies['_session_id']
+      assert_not_equal '0xhax', cookies['_session_id']
+      assert_equal nil, @cache.read('_session_id:0xhax')
+      assert_equal({'foo' => 'bar'}, @cache.read("_session_id:#{cookies['_session_id']}"))
     end
   end
 
@@ -169,9 +168,9 @@ class CacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         end
 
         @app = self.class.build_app(set) do |middleware|
-          cache = ActiveSupport::Cache::MemoryStore.new
-          middleware.use ActionDispatch::Session::CacheStore, :key => '_session_id', :cache => cache
-          middleware.delete "ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions"
+          @cache = ActiveSupport::Cache::MemoryStore.new
+          middleware.use ActionDispatch::Session::CacheStore, :key => '_session_id', :cache => @cache
+          middleware.delete ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions
         end
 
         yield
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/cookie_store_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/cookie_store_test.rb
index e99ff46edf..f07e215e3a 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/cookie_store_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/cookie_store_test.rb
@@ -16,25 +16,25 @@ class CookieStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
 
     def persistent_session_id
-      render :text => session[:session_id]
+      render plain: session[:session_id]
     end
 
     def set_session_value
       session[:foo] = "bar"
-      render :text => Rack::Utils.escape(Verifier.generate(session.to_hash))
+      render plain: Rack::Utils.escape(Verifier.generate(session.to_hash))
     end
 
     def get_session_value
-      render :text => "foo: #{session[:foo].inspect}"
+      render plain: "foo: #{session[:foo].inspect}"
     end
 
     def get_session_id
-      render :text => "id: #{request.session_options[:id]}"
+      render plain: "id: #{request.session.id}"
     end
 
     def get_class_after_reset_session
       reset_session
-      render :text => "class: #{session.class}"
+      render plain: "class: #{session.class}"
     end
 
     def call_session_clear
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class CookieStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
 
     def change_session_id
-      request.session_options[:id] = nil
+      request.session.options[:id] = nil
       get_session_id
     end
 
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ class CookieStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       cookies[SessionKey] = SignedBar
       get '/persistent_session_id'
       assert_response :success
-      assert_equal response.body.size, 32
+      assert_equal 32, response.body.size
       session_id = response.body
 
       get '/get_session_id'
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ class CookieStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
   def test_does_set_secure_cookies_over_https
     with_test_route_set(:secure => true) do
-      get '/set_session_value', nil, 'HTTPS' => 'on'
+      get '/set_session_value', headers: { 'HTTPS' => 'on' }
       assert_response :success
       assert_equal "_myapp_session=#{response.body}; path=/; secure; HttpOnly",
         headers['Set-Cookie']
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ class CookieStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       cookies[SessionKey] = SignedBar
       get '/persistent_session_id'
       assert_response :success
-      assert_equal response.body.size, 32
+      assert_equal 32, response.body.size
       session_id = response.body
       get '/persistent_session_id'
       assert_equal session_id, response.body
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ class CookieStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
       get "/get_session_id"
       sid = response.body
-      assert_equal sid.size, 36
+      assert_equal 36, sid.size
 
       get "/change_session_id"
       assert_not_equal sid, response.body
@@ -274,28 +274,32 @@ class CookieStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     with_test_route_set(:expire_after => 5.hours) do
       # First request accesses the session
       time = Time.local(2008, 4, 24)
-      Time.stubs(:now).returns(time)
-      expected_expiry = (time + 5.hours).gmtime.strftime("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S -0000")
+      cookie_body = nil
 
-      cookies[SessionKey] = SignedBar
+      Time.stub :now, time do
+        expected_expiry = (time + 5.hours).gmtime.strftime("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S -0000")
 
-      get '/set_session_value'
-      assert_response :success
+        cookies[SessionKey] = SignedBar
 
-      cookie_body = response.body
-      assert_equal "_myapp_session=#{cookie_body}; path=/; expires=#{expected_expiry}; HttpOnly",
-        headers['Set-Cookie']
+        get '/set_session_value'
+        assert_response :success
+
+        cookie_body = response.body
+        assert_equal "_myapp_session=#{cookie_body}; path=/; expires=#{expected_expiry}; HttpOnly",
+          headers['Set-Cookie']
+      end
 
       # Second request does not access the session
       time = Time.local(2008, 4, 25)
-      Time.stubs(:now).returns(time)
-      expected_expiry = (time + 5.hours).gmtime.strftime("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S -0000")
+      Time.stub :now, time do
+        expected_expiry = (time + 5.hours).gmtime.strftime("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S -0000")
 
-      get '/no_session_access'
-      assert_response :success
+        get '/no_session_access'
+        assert_response :success
 
-      assert_equal "_myapp_session=#{cookie_body}; path=/; expires=#{expected_expiry}; HttpOnly",
-        headers['Set-Cookie']
+        assert_equal "_myapp_session=#{cookie_body}; path=/; expires=#{expected_expiry}; HttpOnly",
+          headers['Set-Cookie']
+      end
     end
   end
 
@@ -331,9 +335,11 @@ class CookieStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   private
 
     # Overwrite get to send SessionSecret in env hash
-    def get(path, parameters = nil, env = {})
-      env["action_dispatch.key_generator"] ||= Generator
-      super
+    def get(path, *args)
+      args[0] ||= {}
+      args[0][:headers] ||= {}
+      args[0][:headers]["action_dispatch.key_generator"] ||= Generator
+      super(path, *args)
     end
 
     def with_test_route_set(options = {})
@@ -346,7 +352,7 @@ class CookieStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
         @app = self.class.build_app(set) do |middleware|
           middleware.use ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore, options
-          middleware.delete "ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions"
+          middleware.delete ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions
         end
 
         yield
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/mem_cache_store_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/mem_cache_store_test.rb
index e53ce4195b..3fed9bad4f 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/mem_cache_store_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/mem_cache_store_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'securerandom'
 
 # You need to start a memcached server inorder to run these tests
 class MemCacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
@@ -18,11 +19,11 @@ class MemCacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
 
     def get_session_value
-      render :text => "foo: #{session[:foo].inspect}"
+      render plain: "foo: #{session[:foo].inspect}"
     end
 
     def get_session_id
-      render :text => "#{request.session_options[:id]}"
+      render plain: "#{request.session.id}"
     end
 
     def call_reset_session
@@ -48,6 +49,8 @@ class MemCacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         assert_response :success
         assert_equal 'foo: "bar"', response.body
       end
+    rescue Dalli::RingError => ex
+      skip ex.message, ex.backtrace
     end
 
     def test_getting_nil_session_value
@@ -56,6 +59,8 @@ class MemCacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         assert_response :success
         assert_equal 'foo: nil', response.body
       end
+    rescue Dalli::RingError => ex
+      skip ex.message, ex.backtrace
     end
 
     def test_getting_session_value_after_session_reset
@@ -75,6 +80,8 @@ class MemCacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         assert_response :success
         assert_equal 'foo: nil', response.body, "data for this session should have been obliterated from memcached"
       end
+    rescue Dalli::RingError => ex
+      skip ex.message, ex.backtrace
     end
 
     def test_getting_from_nonexistent_session
@@ -84,6 +91,8 @@ class MemCacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         assert_equal 'foo: nil', response.body
         assert_nil cookies['_session_id'], "should only create session on write, not read"
       end
+    rescue Dalli::RingError => ex
+      skip ex.message, ex.backtrace
     end
 
     def test_setting_session_value_after_session_reset
@@ -105,6 +114,8 @@ class MemCacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         assert_response :success
         assert_not_equal session_id, response.body
       end
+    rescue Dalli::RingError => ex
+      skip ex.message, ex.backtrace
     end
 
     def test_getting_session_id
@@ -118,6 +129,8 @@ class MemCacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         assert_response :success
         assert_equal session_id, response.body, "should be able to read session id without accessing the session hash"
       end
+    rescue Dalli::RingError => ex
+      skip ex.message, ex.backtrace
     end
 
     def test_deserializes_unloaded_class
@@ -132,6 +145,8 @@ class MemCacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
           assert_response :success
         end
       end
+    rescue Dalli::RingError => ex
+      skip ex.message, ex.backtrace
     end
 
     def test_doesnt_write_session_cookie_if_session_id_is_already_exists
@@ -144,6 +159,8 @@ class MemCacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         assert_response :success
         assert_equal nil, headers['Set-Cookie'], "should not resend the cookie again if session_id cookie is already exists"
       end
+    rescue Dalli::RingError => ex
+      skip ex.message, ex.backtrace
     end
 
     def test_prevents_session_fixation
@@ -155,10 +172,12 @@ class MemCacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
         reset!
 
-        get '/set_session_value', :_session_id => session_id
+        get '/set_session_value', params: { _session_id: session_id }
         assert_response :success
         assert_not_equal session_id, cookies['_session_id']
       end
+    rescue Dalli::RingError => ex
+      skip ex.message, ex.backtrace
     end
   rescue LoadError, RuntimeError, Dalli::DalliError
     $stderr.puts "Skipping MemCacheStoreTest tests. Start memcached and try again."
@@ -172,8 +191,8 @@ class MemCacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         end
 
         @app = self.class.build_app(set) do |middleware|
-          middleware.use ActionDispatch::Session::MemCacheStore, :key => '_session_id'
-          middleware.delete "ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions"
+          middleware.use ActionDispatch::Session::MemCacheStore, :key => '_session_id', :namespace => "mem_cache_store_test:#{SecureRandom.hex(10)}"
+          middleware.delete ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions
         end
 
         yield
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/test_session_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/test_session_test.rb
index d30461a623..3e61d123e3 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/test_session_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/test_session_test.rb
@@ -40,4 +40,24 @@ class ActionController::TestSessionTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal %w(one two), session.keys
     assert_equal %w(1 2), session.values
   end
+
+  def test_fetch_returns_default
+    session = ActionController::TestSession.new(one: '1')
+    assert_equal('2', session.fetch(:two, '2'))
+  end
+
+  def test_fetch_on_symbol_returns_value
+    session = ActionController::TestSession.new(one: '1')
+    assert_equal('1', session.fetch(:one))
+  end
+
+  def test_fetch_on_string_returns_value
+    session = ActionController::TestSession.new(one: '1')
+    assert_equal('1', session.fetch('one'))
+  end
+
+  def test_fetch_returns_block_value
+    session = ActionController::TestSession.new(one: '1')
+    assert_equal(2, session.fetch('2') { |key| key.to_i })
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/show_exceptions_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/show_exceptions_test.rb
index 38bd234f37..14894d4b82 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/show_exceptions_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/show_exceptions_test.rb
@@ -8,14 +8,22 @@ class ShowExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       case req.path
       when "/not_found"
         raise AbstractController::ActionNotFound
-      when "/bad_params"
-        raise ActionDispatch::ParamsParser::ParseError.new("", StandardError.new)
+      when "/bad_params", "/bad_params.json"
+        begin
+          raise StandardError.new
+        rescue
+          raise ActionDispatch::ParamsParser::ParseError
+        end
       when "/method_not_allowed"
-        raise ActionController::MethodNotAllowed
+        raise ActionController::MethodNotAllowed, 'PUT'
       when "/unknown_http_method"
         raise ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod
       when "/not_found_original_exception"
-        raise ActionView::Template::Error.new('template', AbstractController::ActionNotFound.new)
+        begin
+          raise AbstractController::ActionNotFound.new
+        rescue
+          raise ActionView::Template::Error.new('template')
+        end
       else
         raise "puke!"
       end
@@ -27,30 +35,30 @@ class ShowExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   test "skip exceptions app if not showing exceptions" do
     @app = ProductionApp
     assert_raise RuntimeError do
-      get "/", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => false}
+      get "/", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => false }
     end
   end
 
   test "rescue with error page" do
     @app = ProductionApp
 
-    get "/", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+    get "/", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     assert_response 500
     assert_equal "500 error fixture\n", body
-    
-    get "/bad_params", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+
+    get "/bad_params", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     assert_response 400
     assert_equal "400 error fixture\n", body
 
-    get "/not_found", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+    get "/not_found", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     assert_response 404
     assert_equal "404 error fixture\n", body
 
-    get "/method_not_allowed", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+    get "/method_not_allowed", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     assert_response 405
     assert_equal "", body
 
-    get "/unknown_http_method", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+    get "/unknown_http_method", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     assert_response 405
     assert_equal "", body
   end
@@ -61,11 +69,11 @@ class ShowExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     begin
       @app = ProductionApp
 
-      get "/", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+      get "/", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
       assert_response 500
       assert_equal "500 localized error fixture\n", body
 
-      get "/not_found", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+      get "/not_found", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
       assert_response 404
       assert_equal "404 error fixture\n", body
     ensure
@@ -76,14 +84,14 @@ class ShowExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   test "sets the HTTP charset parameter" do
     @app = ProductionApp
 
-    get "/", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+    get "/", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     assert_equal "text/html; charset=utf-8", response.headers["Content-Type"]
   end
 
   test "show registered original exception for wrapped exceptions" do
     @app = ProductionApp
 
-    get "/not_found_original_exception", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+    get "/not_found_original_exception", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     assert_response 404
     assert_match(/404 error/, body)
   end
@@ -92,13 +100,14 @@ class ShowExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     exceptions_app = lambda do |env|
       assert_kind_of AbstractController::ActionNotFound, env["action_dispatch.exception"]
       assert_equal "/404", env["PATH_INFO"]
-      [404, { "Content-Type" => "text/plain" }, ["YOU FAILED BRO"]]
+      assert_equal "/not_found_original_exception", env["action_dispatch.original_path"]
+      [404, { "Content-Type" => "text/plain" }, ["YOU FAILED"]]
     end
 
     @app = ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions.new(Boomer.new, exceptions_app)
-    get "/not_found_original_exception", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+    get "/not_found_original_exception", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     assert_response 404
-    assert_equal "YOU FAILED BRO", body
+    assert_equal "YOU FAILED", body
   end
 
   test "returns an empty response if custom exceptions app returns X-Cascade pass" do
@@ -107,8 +116,22 @@ class ShowExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
 
     @app = ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions.new(Boomer.new, exceptions_app)
-    get "/method_not_allowed", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+    get "/method_not_allowed", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     assert_response 405
     assert_equal "", body
   end
+
+  test "bad params exception is returned in the correct format" do
+    @app = ProductionApp
+
+    get "/bad_params", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
+    assert_equal "text/html; charset=utf-8", response.headers["Content-Type"]
+    assert_response 400
+    assert_match(/400 error/, body)
+
+    get "/bad_params.json", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
+    assert_equal "application/json; charset=utf-8", response.headers["Content-Type"]
+    assert_response 400
+    assert_equal("{\"status\":400,\"error\":\"Bad Request\"}", body)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/ssl_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/ssl_test.rb
index 94969f795a..7a5b8393dc 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/ssl_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/ssl_test.rb
@@ -1,212 +1,199 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 
 class SSLTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
-  def default_app
-    lambda { |env|
-      headers = {'Content-Type' => "text/html"}
-      headers['Set-Cookie'] = "id=1; path=/\ntoken=abc; path=/; secure; HttpOnly"
-      [200, headers, ["OK"]]
+  HEADERS = Rack::Utils::HeaderHash.new 'Content-Type' => 'text/html'
+
+  attr_accessor :app
+
+  def build_app(headers: {}, ssl_options: {})
+    headers = HEADERS.merge(headers)
+    ActionDispatch::SSL.new lambda { |env| [200, headers, []] }, ssl_options
+  end
+end
+
+class RedirectSSLTest < SSLTest
+  def assert_not_redirected(url, headers: {})
+    self.app = build_app
+    get url, headers: headers
+    assert_response :ok
+  end
+
+  def assert_redirected(host: nil, port: nil, status: 301, body: [],
+    deprecated_host: nil, deprecated_port: nil,
+    from: 'http://a/b?c=d', to: from.sub('http', 'https'))
+
+    self.app = build_app ssl_options: {
+      redirect: { host: host, port: port, status: status, body: body },
+      host: deprecated_host, port: deprecated_port
     }
+
+    get from
+    assert_response status
+    assert_redirected_to to
+    assert_equal body.join, @response.body
   end
 
-  def app
-    @app ||= ActionDispatch::SSL.new(default_app)
+  test 'https is not redirected' do
+    assert_not_redirected 'https://example.org'
   end
-  attr_writer :app
 
-  def test_allows_https_url
-    get "https://example.org/path?key=value"
-    assert_response :success
+  test 'proxied https is not redirected' do
+    assert_not_redirected 'http://example.org', headers: { 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO' => 'https' }
   end
 
-  def test_allows_https_proxy_header_url
-    get "http://example.org/", {}, 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO' => "https"
-    assert_response :success
+  test 'http is redirected to https' do
+    assert_redirected
   end
 
-  def test_redirects_http_to_https
-    get "http://example.org/path?key=value"
-    assert_response :redirect
-    assert_equal "https://example.org/path?key=value",
-      response.headers['Location']
+  test 'redirect with non-301 status' do
+    assert_redirected status: 307
   end
 
-  def test_hsts_header_by_default
-    get "https://example.org/"
-    assert_equal "max-age=31536000",
-      response.headers['Strict-Transport-Security']
+  test 'redirect with custom body' do
+    assert_redirected body: ['foo']
   end
 
-  def test_no_hsts_with_insecure_connection
-    get "http://example.org/"
-    assert_not response.headers['Strict-Transport-Security']
+  test 'redirect to specific host' do
+    assert_redirected host: 'ssl', to: 'https://ssl/b?c=d'
   end
 
-  def test_hsts_header
-    self.app = ActionDispatch::SSL.new(default_app, :hsts => true)
-    get "https://example.org/"
-    assert_equal "max-age=31536000",
-      response.headers['Strict-Transport-Security']
+  test 'redirect to default port' do
+    assert_redirected port: 443
   end
 
-  def test_disable_hsts_header
-    self.app = ActionDispatch::SSL.new(default_app, :hsts => false)
-    get "https://example.org/"
-    assert_not response.headers['Strict-Transport-Security']
+  test 'redirect to non-default port' do
+    assert_redirected port: 8443, to: 'https://a:8443/b?c=d'
   end
 
-  def test_hsts_expires
-    self.app = ActionDispatch::SSL.new(default_app, :hsts => { :expires => 500 })
-    get "https://example.org/"
-    assert_equal "max-age=500",
-      response.headers['Strict-Transport-Security']
+  test 'redirect to different host and non-default port' do
+    assert_redirected host: 'ssl', port: 8443, to: 'https://ssl:8443/b?c=d'
   end
 
-  def test_hsts_expires_with_duration
-    self.app = ActionDispatch::SSL.new(default_app, :hsts => { :expires => 1.year })
-    get "https://example.org/"
-    assert_equal "max-age=31557600",
-      response.headers['Strict-Transport-Security']
+  test 'redirect to different host including port' do
+    assert_redirected host: 'ssl:443', to: 'https://ssl:443/b?c=d'
   end
 
-  def test_hsts_include_subdomains
-    self.app = ActionDispatch::SSL.new(default_app, :hsts => { :subdomains => true })
-    get "https://example.org/"
-    assert_equal "max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains",
-      response.headers['Strict-Transport-Security']
+  test ':host is deprecated, moved within redirect: { host: … }' do
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_redirected deprecated_host: 'foo', to: 'https://foo/b?c=d'
+    end
   end
 
-  def test_flag_cookies_as_secure
-    get "https://example.org/"
-    assert_equal ["id=1; path=/; secure", "token=abc; path=/; secure; HttpOnly" ],
-      response.headers['Set-Cookie'].split("\n")
+  test ':port is deprecated, moved within redirect: { port: … }' do
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_redirected deprecated_port: 1, to: 'https://a:1/b?c=d'
+    end
   end
+end
 
-  def test_flag_cookies_as_secure_at_end_of_line
-    self.app = ActionDispatch::SSL.new(lambda { |env|
-      headers = {
-        'Content-Type' => "text/html",
-        'Set-Cookie' => "problem=def; path=/; HttpOnly; secure"
-      }
-      [200, headers, ["OK"]]
-    })
+class StrictTransportSecurityTest < SSLTest
+  EXPECTED = 'max-age=15552000'
 
-    get "https://example.org/"
-    assert_equal ["problem=def; path=/; HttpOnly; secure"],
-      response.headers['Set-Cookie'].split("\n")
+  def assert_hsts(expected, url: 'https://example.org', hsts: {}, headers: {})
+    self.app = build_app ssl_options: { hsts: hsts }, headers: headers
+    get url
+    assert_equal expected, response.headers['Strict-Transport-Security']
   end
 
-  def test_flag_cookies_as_secure_with_more_spaces_before
-    self.app = ActionDispatch::SSL.new(lambda { |env|
-      headers = {
-        'Content-Type' => "text/html",
-        'Set-Cookie' => "problem=def; path=/; HttpOnly;  secure"
-      }
-      [200, headers, ["OK"]]
-    })
+  test 'enabled by default' do
+    assert_hsts EXPECTED
+  end
 
-    get "https://example.org/"
-    assert_equal ["problem=def; path=/; HttpOnly;  secure"],
-      response.headers['Set-Cookie'].split("\n")
+  test 'not sent with http:// responses' do
+    assert_hsts nil, url: 'http://example.org'
   end
 
-  def test_flag_cookies_as_secure_with_more_spaces_after
-    self.app = ActionDispatch::SSL.new(lambda { |env|
-      headers = {
-        'Content-Type' => "text/html",
-        'Set-Cookie' => "problem=def; path=/; secure;  HttpOnly"
-      }
-      [200, headers, ["OK"]]
-    })
+  test 'defers to app-provided header' do
+    assert_hsts 'app-provided', headers: { 'Strict-Transport-Security' => 'app-provided' }
+  end
 
-    get "https://example.org/"
-    assert_equal ["problem=def; path=/; secure;  HttpOnly"],
-      response.headers['Set-Cookie'].split("\n")
+  test 'hsts: true enables default settings' do
+    assert_hsts EXPECTED, hsts: true
   end
 
+  test 'hsts: false sets max-age to zero, clearing browser HSTS settings' do
+    assert_hsts 'max-age=0', hsts: false
+  end
 
-  def test_flag_cookies_as_secure_with_has_not_spaces_before
-    self.app = ActionDispatch::SSL.new(lambda { |env|
-      headers = {
-        'Content-Type' => "text/html",
-        'Set-Cookie' => "problem=def; path=/;secure; HttpOnly"
-      }
-      [200, headers, ["OK"]]
-    })
+  test ':expires sets max-age' do
+    assert_hsts 'max-age=500', hsts: { expires: 500 }
+  end
 
-    get "https://example.org/"
-    assert_equal ["problem=def; path=/;secure; HttpOnly"],
-      response.headers['Set-Cookie'].split("\n")
+  test ':expires supports AS::Duration arguments' do
+    assert_hsts 'max-age=31557600', hsts: { expires: 1.year }
   end
 
-  def test_flag_cookies_as_secure_with_has_not_spaces_after
-    self.app = ActionDispatch::SSL.new(lambda { |env|
-      headers = {
-        'Content-Type' => "text/html",
-        'Set-Cookie' => "problem=def; path=/; secure;HttpOnly"
-      }
-      [200, headers, ["OK"]]
-    })
+  test 'include subdomains' do
+    assert_hsts "#{EXPECTED}; includeSubDomains", hsts: { subdomains: true }
+  end
 
-    get "https://example.org/"
-    assert_equal ["problem=def; path=/; secure;HttpOnly"],
-      response.headers['Set-Cookie'].split("\n")
+  test 'exclude subdomains' do
+    assert_hsts EXPECTED, hsts: { subdomains: false }
   end
 
-  def test_flag_cookies_as_secure_with_ignore_case
-    self.app = ActionDispatch::SSL.new(lambda { |env|
-      headers = {
-        'Content-Type' => "text/html",
-        'Set-Cookie' => "problem=def; path=/; Secure; HttpOnly"
-      }
-      [200, headers, ["OK"]]
-    })
+  test 'opt in to browser preload lists' do
+    assert_hsts "#{EXPECTED}; preload", hsts: { preload: true }
+  end
 
-    get "https://example.org/"
-    assert_equal ["problem=def; path=/; Secure; HttpOnly"],
-      response.headers['Set-Cookie'].split("\n")
+  test 'opt out of browser preload lists' do
+    assert_hsts EXPECTED, hsts: { preload: false }
   end
+end
 
-  def test_no_cookies
-    self.app = ActionDispatch::SSL.new(lambda { |env|
-      [200, {'Content-Type' => "text/html"}, ["OK"]]
-    })
-    get "https://example.org/"
-    assert !response.headers['Set-Cookie']
+class SecureCookiesTest < SSLTest
+  DEFAULT = %(id=1; path=/\ntoken=abc; path=/; secure; HttpOnly)
+
+  def get(**options)
+    self.app = build_app(**options)
+    super 'https://example.org'
+  end
+
+  def assert_cookies(*expected)
+    assert_equal expected, response.headers['Set-Cookie'].split("\n")
+  end
+
+  def test_flag_cookies_as_secure
+    get headers: { 'Set-Cookie' => DEFAULT }
+    assert_cookies 'id=1; path=/; secure', 'token=abc; path=/; secure; HttpOnly'
+  end
+
+  def test_flag_cookies_as_secure_at_end_of_line
+    get headers: { 'Set-Cookie' => 'problem=def; path=/; HttpOnly; secure' }
+    assert_cookies 'problem=def; path=/; HttpOnly; secure'
   end
 
-  def test_redirect_to_host
-    self.app = ActionDispatch::SSL.new(default_app, :host => "ssl.example.org")
-    get "http://example.org/path?key=value"
-    assert_equal "https://ssl.example.org/path?key=value",
-      response.headers['Location']
+  def test_flag_cookies_as_secure_with_more_spaces_before
+    get headers: { 'Set-Cookie' => 'problem=def; path=/; HttpOnly;  secure' }
+    assert_cookies 'problem=def; path=/; HttpOnly;  secure'
   end
 
-  def test_redirect_to_port
-    self.app = ActionDispatch::SSL.new(default_app, :port => 8443)
-    get "http://example.org/path?key=value"
-    assert_equal "https://example.org:8443/path?key=value",
-      response.headers['Location']
+  def test_flag_cookies_as_secure_with_more_spaces_after
+    get headers: { 'Set-Cookie' => 'problem=def; path=/; secure;  HttpOnly' }
+    assert_cookies 'problem=def; path=/; secure;  HttpOnly'
   end
 
-  def test_redirect_to_host_and_port
-    self.app = ActionDispatch::SSL.new(default_app, :host => "ssl.example.org", :port => 8443)
-    get "http://example.org/path?key=value"
-    assert_equal "https://ssl.example.org:8443/path?key=value",
-      response.headers['Location']
+  def test_flag_cookies_as_secure_with_has_not_spaces_before
+    get headers: { 'Set-Cookie' => 'problem=def; path=/;secure; HttpOnly' }
+    assert_cookies 'problem=def; path=/;secure; HttpOnly'
   end
 
-  def test_redirect_to_secure_host_when_on_subdomain
-    self.app = ActionDispatch::SSL.new(default_app, :host => "ssl.example.org")
-    get "http://ssl.example.org/path?key=value"
-    assert_equal "https://ssl.example.org/path?key=value",
-      response.headers['Location']
+  def test_flag_cookies_as_secure_with_has_not_spaces_after
+    get headers: { 'Set-Cookie' => 'problem=def; path=/; secure;HttpOnly' }
+    assert_cookies 'problem=def; path=/; secure;HttpOnly'
+  end
+
+  def test_flag_cookies_as_secure_with_ignore_case
+    get headers: { 'Set-Cookie' => 'problem=def; path=/; Secure; HttpOnly' }
+    assert_cookies 'problem=def; path=/; Secure; HttpOnly'
+  end
+
+  def test_no_cookies
+    get
+    assert_nil response.headers['Set-Cookie']
   end
 
-  def test_redirect_to_secure_subdomain_when_on_deep_subdomain
-    self.app = ActionDispatch::SSL.new(default_app, :host => "example.co.uk")
-    get "http://double.rainbow.what.does.it.mean.example.co.uk/path?key=value"
-    assert_equal "https://example.co.uk/path?key=value",
-      response.headers['Location']
+  def test_keeps_original_headers_behavior
+    get headers: { 'Connection' => %w[close] }
+    assert_equal 'close', response.headers['Connection']
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/static_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/static_test.rb
index afdda70748..1da57ab50b 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/static_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/static_test.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,25 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'rbconfig'
+require 'zlib'
 
 module StaticTests
+  DummyApp = lambda { |env|
+    [200, {"Content-Type" => "text/plain"}, ["Hello, World!"]]
+  }
+
+  def setup
+    silence_warnings do
+      @default_internal_encoding = Encoding.default_internal
+      @default_external_encoding = Encoding.default_external
+    end
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    silence_warnings do
+      Encoding.default_internal = @default_internal_encoding
+      Encoding.default_external = @default_external_encoding
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_serves_dynamic_content
     assert_equal "Hello, World!", get("/nofile").body
   end
@@ -11,8 +28,24 @@ module StaticTests
     assert_equal "Hello, World!", get("/doorkeeper%E3E4").body
   end
 
+  def test_handles_urls_with_ascii_8bit
+    assert_equal "Hello, World!", get("/doorkeeper%E3E4".force_encoding('ASCII-8BIT')).body
+  end
+
+  def test_handles_urls_with_ascii_8bit_on_win_31j
+    silence_warnings do
+      Encoding.default_internal = "Windows-31J"
+      Encoding.default_external = "Windows-31J"
+    end
+    assert_equal "Hello, World!", get("/doorkeeper%E3E4".force_encoding('ASCII-8BIT')).body
+  end
+
   def test_sets_cache_control
-    response = get("/index.html")
+    app = assert_deprecated do
+      ActionDispatch::Static.new(DummyApp, @root, "public, max-age=60")
+    end
+    response = Rack::MockRequest.new(app).request("GET", "/index.html")
+
     assert_html "/index.html", response
     assert_equal "public, max-age=60", response.headers["Cache-Control"]
   end
@@ -32,13 +65,16 @@ module StaticTests
 
   def test_serves_static_index_file_in_directory
     assert_html "/foo/index.html", get("/foo/index.html")
+    assert_html "/foo/index.html", get("/foo/index")
     assert_html "/foo/index.html", get("/foo/")
     assert_html "/foo/index.html", get("/foo")
   end
 
+  def test_serves_file_with_same_name_before_index_in_directory
+    assert_html "/bar.html", get("/bar")
+  end
+
   def test_served_static_file_with_non_english_filename
-    jruby_skip "Stop skipping if following bug gets fixed: " \
-      "http://jira.codehaus.org/browse/JRUBY-7192"
     assert_html "means hello in Japanese\n", get("/foo/#{Rack::Utils.escape("�ん���.html")}")
   end
 
@@ -106,6 +142,65 @@ module StaticTests
     end
   end
 
+  def test_serves_gzip_files_when_header_set
+    file_name = "/gzip/application-a71b3024f80aea3181c09774ca17e712.js"
+    response  = get(file_name, 'HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING' => 'gzip')
+    assert_gzip  file_name, response
+    assert_equal 'application/javascript', response.headers['Content-Type']
+    assert_equal 'Accept-Encoding',        response.headers["Vary"]
+    assert_equal 'gzip',                   response.headers["Content-Encoding"]
+
+    response  = get(file_name, 'HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING' => 'Gzip')
+    assert_gzip  file_name, response
+
+    response  = get(file_name, 'HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING' => 'GZIP')
+    assert_gzip  file_name, response
+
+    response  = get(file_name, 'HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING' => '')
+    assert_not_equal 'gzip', response.headers["Content-Encoding"]
+  end
+
+  def test_does_not_modify_path_info
+    file_name = "/gzip/application-a71b3024f80aea3181c09774ca17e712.js"
+    env = {'PATH_INFO' => file_name, 'HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING' => 'gzip', "REQUEST_METHOD" => 'POST'}
+    @app.call(env)
+    assert_equal file_name, env['PATH_INFO']
+  end
+
+  def test_serves_gzip_with_propper_content_type_fallback
+    file_name = "/gzip/foo.zoo"
+    response  = get(file_name, 'HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING' => 'gzip')
+    assert_gzip  file_name, response
+
+    default_response = get(file_name) # no gzip
+    assert_equal default_response.headers['Content-Type'], response.headers['Content-Type']
+  end
+
+  def test_serves_gzip_files_with_not_modified
+    file_name = "/gzip/application-a71b3024f80aea3181c09774ca17e712.js"
+    last_modified = File.mtime(File.join(@root, "#{file_name}.gz"))
+    response = get(file_name, 'HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING' => 'gzip', 'HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE' => last_modified.httpdate)
+    assert_equal 304, response.status
+    assert_equal nil, response.headers['Content-Type']
+    assert_equal nil, response.headers['Content-Encoding']
+    assert_equal nil, response.headers['Vary']
+  end
+
+  def test_serves_files_with_headers
+    headers = {
+      "Access-Control-Allow-Origin" => 'http://rubyonrails.org',
+      "Cache-Control"               => 'public, max-age=60',
+      "X-Custom-Header"             => "I'm a teapot"
+    }
+
+    app      = ActionDispatch::Static.new(DummyApp, @root, headers: headers)
+    response = Rack::MockRequest.new(app).request("GET", "/foo/bar.html")
+
+    assert_equal 'http://rubyonrails.org', response.headers["Access-Control-Allow-Origin"]
+    assert_equal 'public, max-age=60',     response.headers["Cache-Control"]
+    assert_equal "I'm a teapot",           response.headers["X-Custom-Header"]
+  end
+
   # Windows doesn't allow \ / : * ? " < > | in filenames
   unless RbConfig::CONFIG['host_os'] =~ /mswin|mingw/
     def test_serves_static_file_with_colon
@@ -125,13 +220,20 @@ module StaticTests
 
   private
 
+    def assert_gzip(file_name, response)
+      expected = File.read("#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/#{public_path}" + file_name)
+      actual   = Zlib::GzipReader.new(StringIO.new(response.body)).read
+      assert_equal expected, actual
+    end
+
     def assert_html(body, response)
       assert_equal body, response.body
       assert_equal "text/html", response.headers["Content-Type"]
+      assert_nil response.headers["Vary"]
     end
 
-    def get(path)
-      Rack::MockRequest.new(@app).request("GET", path)
+    def get(path, headers = {})
+      Rack::MockRequest.new(@app).request("GET", path, headers)
     end
 
     def with_static_file(file)
@@ -149,12 +251,10 @@ module StaticTests
 end
 
 class StaticTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  DummyApp = lambda { |env|
-    [200, {"Content-Type" => "text/plain"}, ["Hello, World!"]]
-  }
-
   def setup
-    @app = ActionDispatch::Static.new(DummyApp, "#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/public", "public, max-age=60")
+    super
+    @root = "#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/public"
+    @app = ActionDispatch::Static.new(DummyApp, @root, headers: {'Cache-Control' => "public, max-age=60"})
   end
 
   def public_path
@@ -162,11 +262,42 @@ class StaticTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   include StaticTests
+
+  def test_custom_handler_called_when_file_is_outside_root
+    filename = 'shared.html.erb'
+    assert File.exist?(File.join(@root, '..', filename))
+    env = {
+      "REQUEST_METHOD"=>"GET",
+      "REQUEST_PATH"=>"/..%2F#{filename}",
+      "PATH_INFO"=>"/..%2F#{filename}",
+      "REQUEST_URI"=>"/..%2F#{filename}",
+      "HTTP_VERSION"=>"HTTP/1.1",
+      "SERVER_NAME"=>"localhost",
+      "SERVER_PORT"=>"8080",
+      "QUERY_STRING"=>""
+    }
+    assert_equal(DummyApp.call(nil), @app.call(env))
+  end
+
+  def test_non_default_static_index
+    @app = ActionDispatch::Static.new(DummyApp, @root, index: "other-index")
+    assert_html "/other-index.html", get("/other-index.html")
+    assert_html "/other-index.html", get("/other-index")
+    assert_html "/other-index.html", get("/")
+    assert_html "/other-index.html", get("")
+    assert_html "/foo/other-index.html", get("/foo/other-index.html")
+    assert_html "/foo/other-index.html", get("/foo/other-index")
+    assert_html "/foo/other-index.html", get("/foo/")
+    assert_html "/foo/other-index.html", get("/foo")
+  end
+
 end
 
 class StaticEncodingTest < StaticTest
   def setup
-    @app = ActionDispatch::Static.new(DummyApp, "#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/公共", "public, max-age=60")
+    super
+    @root = "#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/公共"
+    @app = ActionDispatch::Static.new(DummyApp, @root, headers: {'Cache-Control' => "public, max-age=60"})
   end
 
   def public_path
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/test_request_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/test_request_test.rb
index 65ad8677f3..51c469a61a 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/test_request_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/test_request_test.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 
 class TestRequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "sane defaults" do
-    env = ActionDispatch::TestRequest.new.env
+    env = ActionDispatch::TestRequest.create.env
 
     assert_equal "GET", env.delete("REQUEST_METHOD")
     assert_equal "off", env.delete("HTTPS")
@@ -18,18 +18,16 @@ class TestRequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "0.0.0.0", env.delete("REMOTE_ADDR")
     assert_equal "Rails Testing", env.delete("HTTP_USER_AGENT")
 
-    assert_equal [1, 2], env.delete("rack.version")
+    assert_equal [1, 3], env.delete("rack.version")
     assert_equal "", env.delete("rack.input").string
     assert_kind_of StringIO, env.delete("rack.errors")
     assert_equal true, env.delete("rack.multithread")
     assert_equal true, env.delete("rack.multiprocess")
     assert_equal false, env.delete("rack.run_once")
-
-    assert env.empty?, env.inspect
   end
 
   test "cookie jar" do
-    req = ActionDispatch::TestRequest.new
+    req = ActionDispatch::TestRequest.create({})
 
     assert_equal({}, req.cookies)
     assert_equal nil, req.env["HTTP_COOKIE"]
@@ -55,40 +53,38 @@ class TestRequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_cookies({"user_name" => "david"}, req.cookie_jar)
   end
 
-  test "does not complain when Rails.application is nil" do
-    Rails.stubs(:application).returns(nil)
-    req = ActionDispatch::TestRequest.new
-
+  test "does not complain when there is no application config" do
+    req = ActionDispatch::TestRequest.create({})
     assert_equal false, req.env.empty?
   end
 
   test "default remote address is 0.0.0.0" do
-    req = ActionDispatch::TestRequest.new
+    req = ActionDispatch::TestRequest.create({})
     assert_equal '0.0.0.0', req.remote_addr
   end
 
   test "allows remote address to be overridden" do
-    req = ActionDispatch::TestRequest.new('REMOTE_ADDR' => '127.0.0.1')
+    req = ActionDispatch::TestRequest.create('REMOTE_ADDR' => '127.0.0.1')
     assert_equal '127.0.0.1', req.remote_addr
   end
 
   test "default host is test.host" do
-    req = ActionDispatch::TestRequest.new
+    req = ActionDispatch::TestRequest.create({})
     assert_equal 'test.host', req.host
   end
 
   test "allows host to be overridden" do
-    req = ActionDispatch::TestRequest.new('HTTP_HOST' => 'www.example.com')
+    req = ActionDispatch::TestRequest.create('HTTP_HOST' => 'www.example.com')
     assert_equal 'www.example.com', req.host
   end
 
   test "default user agent is 'Rails Testing'" do
-    req = ActionDispatch::TestRequest.new
+    req = ActionDispatch::TestRequest.create({})
     assert_equal 'Rails Testing', req.user_agent
   end
 
   test "allows user agent to be overridden" do
-    req = ActionDispatch::TestRequest.new('HTTP_USER_AGENT' => 'GoogleBot')
+    req = ActionDispatch::TestRequest.create('HTTP_USER_AGENT' => 'GoogleBot')
     assert_equal 'GoogleBot', req.user_agent
   end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/test_response_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/test_response_test.rb
index dc17668def..a4f9d56a6a 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/test_response_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/test_response_test.rb
@@ -11,10 +11,9 @@ class TestResponseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "helpers" do
-    assert_response_code_range 200..299, :success?
-    assert_response_code_range [404],    :missing?
-    assert_response_code_range 300..399, :redirect?
-    assert_response_code_range 500..599, :error?
+    assert_response_code_range 200..299, :successful?
+    assert_response_code_range [404],    :not_found?
+    assert_response_code_range 300..399, :redirection?
     assert_response_code_range 500..599, :server_error?
     assert_response_code_range 400..499, :client_error?
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/uploaded_file_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/uploaded_file_test.rb
index 72f3d1db0d..55ebbd5143 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/uploaded_file_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/uploaded_file_test.rb
@@ -18,6 +18,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
       assert_equal "UTF-8", uf.original_filename.encoding.to_s
     end
 
+    def test_filename_should_always_be_in_utf_8
+      uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(:filename => 'foo'.encode(Encoding::SHIFT_JIS),
+                                  :tempfile => Object.new)
+      assert_equal "UTF-8", uf.original_filename.encoding.to_s
+    end
+
     def test_content_type
       uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(:type => 'foo', :tempfile => Object.new)
       assert_equal 'foo', uf.content_type
@@ -33,6 +39,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
       assert_equal 'foo', uf.tempfile
     end
 
+    def test_to_io_returns_the_tempfile
+      tf = Object.new
+      uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(:tempfile => tf)
+      assert_equal tf, uf.to_io
+    end
+
     def test_delegates_path_to_tempfile
       tf = Class.new { def path; 'thunderhorse' end }
       uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(:tempfile => tf.new)
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/url_generation_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/url_generation_test.rb
index fdea27e2d2..8c9782bb90 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/url_generation_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/url_generation_test.rb
@@ -8,22 +8,26 @@ module TestUrlGeneration
     class ::MyRouteGeneratingController < ActionController::Base
       include Routes.url_helpers
       def index
-        render :text => foo_path
+        render plain: foo_path
       end
     end
 
     Routes.draw do
       get "/foo", :to => "my_route_generating#index", :as => :foo
 
+      resources :bars
+
       mount MyRouteGeneratingController.action(:index), at: '/bar'
     end
 
+    APP = build_app Routes
+
     def _routes
       Routes
     end
 
     def app
-      Routes
+      APP
     end
 
     test "generating URLS normally" do
@@ -35,12 +39,12 @@ module TestUrlGeneration
     end
 
     test "the request's SCRIPT_NAME takes precedence over the route" do
-      get "/foo", {}, 'SCRIPT_NAME' => "/new", 'action_dispatch.routes' => Routes
+      get "/foo", headers: { 'SCRIPT_NAME' => "/new", 'action_dispatch.routes' => Routes }
       assert_equal "/new/foo", response.body
     end
 
     test "the request's SCRIPT_NAME wraps the mounted app's" do
-      get '/new/bar/foo', {}, 'SCRIPT_NAME' => '/new', 'PATH_INFO' => '/bar/foo', 'action_dispatch.routes' => Routes
+      get '/new/bar/foo', headers: { 'SCRIPT_NAME' => '/new', 'PATH_INFO' => '/bar/foo', 'action_dispatch.routes' => Routes }
       assert_equal "/new/bar/foo", response.body
     end
 
@@ -64,18 +68,30 @@ module TestUrlGeneration
 
     test "port is extracted from the host" do
       assert_equal "http://www.example.com:8080/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com:8080", protocol: "http://")
+      assert_equal "//www.example.com:8080/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com:8080", protocol: "//")
+      assert_equal "//www.example.com:80/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com:80", protocol: "//")
+    end
+
+    test "port option is used" do
+      assert_equal "http://www.example.com:8080/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com", protocol: "http://", port: 8080)
+      assert_equal "//www.example.com:8080/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com", protocol: "//", port: 8080)
+      assert_equal "//www.example.com:80/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com", protocol: "//", port: 80)
     end
 
     test "port option overrides the host" do
       assert_equal "http://www.example.com:8080/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com:8443", protocol: "http://", port: 8080)
+      assert_equal "//www.example.com:8080/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com:8443", protocol: "//", port: 8080)
+      assert_equal "//www.example.com:80/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com:443", protocol: "//", port: 80)
     end
 
     test "port option disables the host when set to nil" do
       assert_equal "http://www.example.com/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com:8443", protocol: "http://", port: nil)
+      assert_equal "//www.example.com/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com:8443", protocol: "//", port: nil)
     end
 
     test "port option disables the host when set to false" do
       assert_equal "http://www.example.com/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com:8443", protocol: "http://", port: false)
+      assert_equal "//www.example.com/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com:8443", protocol: "//", port: false)
     end
 
     test "keep subdomain when key is true" do
@@ -97,6 +113,29 @@ module TestUrlGeneration
     test "omit subdomain when key is blank" do
       assert_equal "http://example.com/foo", foo_url(subdomain: "")
     end
+
+    test "generating URLs with trailing slashes" do
+      assert_equal "/bars.json", bars_path(
+        trailing_slash: true,
+        format: 'json'
+      )
+    end
+
+    test "generating URLS with querystring and trailing slashes" do
+      assert_equal "/bars.json?a=b", bars_path(
+        trailing_slash: true,
+        a: 'b',
+        format: 'json'
+      )
+    end
+
+    test "generating URLS with empty querystring" do
+      assert_equal "/bars.json", bars_path(
+        a: {},
+        format: 'json'
+      )
+    end
+
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/collection_cache/index.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/collection_cache/index.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..521b1450df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/collection_cache/index.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= render @customers %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/customers/_commented_customer.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/customers/_commented_customer.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8cc9c1ec13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/customers/_commented_customer.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+<%# I'm a comment %>
+<% cache customer do %>
+  <% controller.partial_rendered_times += 1 %>
+  <%= customer.name %>, <%= customer.id %>
+<% end %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/customers/_customer.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/customers/_customer.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5105090d4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/customers/_customer.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+<% cache customer do %>
+  <% controller.partial_rendered_times += 1 %>
+  <%= customer.name %>, <%= customer.id %>
+<% end %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached_with_variant.html+phone.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached_with_variant.html+phone.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e523b74ae3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached_with_variant.html+phone.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+<body>
+<%= cache do %><p>PHONE</p><% end %>
+</body>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/helpers_typo/admin/users_helper.rb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/helpers_typo/admin/users_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7d2326e04d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/helpers_typo/admin/users_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+module Admin
+  module UsersHelpeR
+  end
+end
+
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/layouts/standard.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/layouts/standard.html.erb
index 5e6c24fe39..48882dca35 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/layouts/standard.html.erb
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/layouts/standard.html.erb
@@ -1 +1 @@
-<html><%= yield %><%= @variable_for_layout %></html>
\ No newline at end of file
+<html><%= yield %><%= @variable_for_layout %></html>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/localized/hello_world.de.html b/actionpack/test/fixtures/localized/hello_world.de.html
index 4727d7a7e0..a8fc612c60 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/localized/hello_world.de.html
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/localized/hello_world.de.html
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Gutten Tag
\ No newline at end of file
+Guten Tag
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/multipart/utf8_filename b/actionpack/test/fixtures/multipart/utf8_filename
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..60738d53b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/multipart/utf8_filename
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+--AaB03x

+Content-Disposition: form-data; name="foo"

+

+bar

+--AaB03x

+Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file"; filename="ファイル%�.txt"

+Content-Type: text/plain

+

+contents

+--AaB03x--

diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/bar.html b/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/bar.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..67fc57079b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/bar.html
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/bar.html
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/bar/index.html b/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/bar/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d5bb8f898d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/bar/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/bar/index.html
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/foo/other-index.html b/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/foo/other-index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..51c90c26ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/foo/other-index.html
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/foo/other-index.html
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/gzip/application-a71b3024f80aea3181c09774ca17e712.js b/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/gzip/application-a71b3024f80aea3181c09774ca17e712.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1826a7660e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/gzip/application-a71b3024f80aea3181c09774ca17e712.js
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+!function(e,t){"object"==typeof module&&"object"==typeof module.exports?module.exports=e.document?t(e,!0):function(e){if(!e.document)throw new Error("jQuery requires a window with a document");return t(e)}:t(e)}("undefined"!=typeof window?window:this,function(e,t){function n(e){var t=e.length,n=it.type(e);return"function"===n||it.isWindow(e)?!1:1===e.nodeType&&t?!0:"array"===n||0===t||"number"==typeof t&&t>0&&t-1 in e}function r(e,t,n){if(it.isFunction(t))return it.grep(e,function(e,r){return!!t.call(e,r,e)!==n});if(t.nodeType)return it.grep(e,function(e){return e===t!==n});if("string"==typeof t){if(ft.test(t))return it.filter(t,e,n);t=it.filter(t,e)}return it.grep(e,function(e){return it.inArray(e,t)>=0!==n})}function i(e,t){do e=e[t];while(e&&1!==e.nodeType);return e}function o(e){var t=xt[e]={};return it.each(e.match(bt)||[],function(e,n){t[n]=!0}),t}function a(){ht.addEventListener?(ht.removeEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",s,!1),e.removeEventListener("load",s,!1)):(ht.detachEvent("onreadystatechange",s),e.detachEvent("onload",s))}function s(){(ht.addEventListener||"load"===event.type||"complete"===ht.readyState)&&(a(),it.ready())}function l(e,t,n){if(void 0===n&&1===e.nodeType){var r="data-"+t.replace(Ct,"-$1").toLowerCase();if(n=e.getAttribute(r),"string"==typeof n){try{n="true"===n?!0:"false"===n?!1:"null"===n?null:+n+""===n?+n:kt.test(n)?it.parseJSON(n):n}catch(i){}it.data(e,t,n)}else n=void 0}return n}function u(e){var t;for(t in e)if(("data"!==t||!it.isEmptyObject(e[t]))&&"toJSON"!==t)return!1;return!0}function c(e,t,n,r){if(it.acceptData(e)){var i,o,a=it.expando,s=e.nodeType,l=s?it.cache:e,u=s?e[a]:e[a]&&a;if(u&&l[u]&&(r||l[u].data)||void 0!==n||"string"!=typeof t)return u||(u=s?e[a]=G.pop()||it.guid++:a),l[u]||(l[u]=s?{}:{toJSON:it.noop}),("object"==typeof t||"function"==typeof t)&&(r?l[u]=it.extend(l[u],t):l[u].data=it.extend(l[u].data,t)),o=l[u],r||(o.data||(o.data={}),o=o.data),void 0!==n&&(o[it.camelCase(t)]=n),"string"==typeof t?(i=o[t],null==i&&(i=o[it.camelCase(t)])):i=o,i}}function d(e,t,n){if(it.acceptData(e)){var r,i,o=e.nodeType,a=o?it.cache:e,s=o?e[it.expando]:it.expando;if(a[s]){if(t&&(r=n?a[s]:a[s].data)){it.isArray(t)?t=t.concat(it.map(t,it.camelCase)):t in r?t=[t]:(t=it.camelCase(t),t=t in r?[t]:t.split(" ")),i=t.length;for(;i--;)delete r[t[i]];if(n?!u(r):!it.isEmptyObject(r))return}(n||(delete a[s].data,u(a[s])))&&(o?it.cleanData([e],!0):nt.deleteExpando||a!=a.window?delete a[s]:a[s]=null)}}}function f(){return!0}function p(){return!1}function h(){try{return ht.activeElement}catch(e){}}function m(e){var t=Mt.split("|"),n=e.createDocumentFragment();if(n.createElement)for(;t.length;)n.createElement(t.pop());return n}function g(e,t){var n,r,i=0,o=typeof e.getElementsByTagName!==Et?e.getElementsByTagName(t||"*"):typeof e.querySelectorAll!==Et?e.querySelectorAll(t||"*"):void 0;if(!o)for(o=[],n=e.childNodes||e;null!=(r=n[i]);i++)!t||it.nodeName(r,t)?o.push(r):it.merge(o,g(r,t));return void 0===t||t&&it.nodeName(e,t)?it.merge([e],o):o}function v(e){Dt.test(e.type)&&(e.defaultChecked=e.checked)}function y(e,t){return it.nodeName(e,"table")&&it.nodeName(11!==t.nodeType?t:t.firstChild,"tr")?e.getElementsByTagName("tbody")[0]||e.appendChild(e.ownerDocument.createElement("tbody")):e}function b(e){return e.type=(null!==it.find.attr(e,"type"))+"/"+e.type,e}function x(e){var t=Vt.exec(e.type);return t?e.type=t[1]:e.removeAttribute("type"),e}function w(e,t){for(var n,r=0;null!=(n=e[r]);r++)it._data(n,"globalEval",!t||it._data(t[r],"globalEval"))}function T(e,t){if(1===t.nodeType&&it.hasData(e)){var n,r,i,o=it._data(e),a=it._data(t,o),s=o.events;if(s){delete a.handle,a.events={};for(n in s)for(r=0,i=s[n].length;i>r;r++)it.event.add(t,n,s[n][r])}a.data&&(a.data=it.extend({},a.data))}}function E(e,t){var n,r,i;if(1===t.nodeType){if(n=t.nodeName.toLowerCase(),!nt.noCloneEvent&&t[it.expando]){i=it._data(t);for(r in i.events)it.removeEvent(t,r,i.handle);t.removeAttribute(it.expando)}"script"===n&&t.text!==e.text?(b(t).text=e.text,x(t)):"object"===n?(t.parentNode&&(t.outerHTML=e.outerHTML),nt.html5Clone&&e.innerHTML&&!it.trim(t.innerHTML)&&(t.innerHTML=e.innerHTML)):"input"===n&&Dt.test(e.type)?(t.defaultChecked=t.checked=e.checked,t.value!==e.value&&(t.value=e.value)):"option"===n?t.defaultSelected=t.selected=e.defaultSelected:("input"===n||"textarea"===n)&&(t.defaultValue=e.defaultValue)}}function k(t,n){var r,i=it(n.createElement(t)).appendTo(n.body),o=e.getDefaultComputedStyle&&(r=e.getDefaultComputedStyle(i[0]))?r.display:it.css(i[0],"display");return i.detach(),o}function C(e){var t=ht,n=Zt[e];return n||(n=k(e,t),"none"!==n&&n||(Qt=(Qt||it("<iframe frameborder='0' width='0' height='0'/>")).appendTo(t.documentElement),t=(Qt[0].contentWindow||Qt[0].contentDocument).document,t.write(),t.close(),n=k(e,t),Qt.detach()),Zt[e]=n),n}function N(e,t){return{get:function(){var n=e();if(null!=n)return n?void delete this.get:(this.get=t).apply(this,arguments)}}}function S(e,t){if(t in e)return t;for(var n=t.charAt(0).toUpperCase()+t.slice(1),r=t,i=pn.length;i--;)if(t=pn[i]+n,t in e)return t;return r}function j(e,t){for(var n,r,i,o=[],a=0,s=e.length;s>a;a++)r=e[a],r.style&&(o[a]=it._data(r,"olddisplay"),n=r.style.display,t?(o[a]||"none"!==n||(r.style.display=""),""===r.style.display&&jt(r)&&(o[a]=it._data(r,"olddisplay",C(r.nodeName)))):(i=jt(r),(n&&"none"!==n||!i)&&it._data(r,"olddisplay",i?n:it.css(r,"display"))));for(a=0;s>a;a++)r=e[a],r.style&&(t&&"none"!==r.style.display&&""!==r.style.display||(r.style.display=t?o[a]||"":"none"));return e}function A(e,t,n){var r=un.exec(t);return r?Math.max(0,r[1]-(n||0))+(r[2]||"px"):t}function D(e,t,n,r,i){for(var o=n===(r?"border":"content")?4:"width"===t?1:0,a=0;4>o;o+=2)"margin"===n&&(a+=it.css(e,n+St[o],!0,i)),r?("content"===n&&(a-=it.css(e,"padding"+St[o],!0,i)),"margin"!==n&&(a-=it.css(e,"border"+St[o]+"Width",!0,i))):(a+=it.css(e,"padding"+St[o],!0,i),"padding"!==n&&(a+=it.css(e,"border"+St[o]+"Width",!0,i)));return a}function L(e,t,n){var r=!0,i="width"===t?e.offsetWidth:e.offsetHeight,o=en(e),a=nt.boxSizing&&"border-box"===it.css(e,"boxSizing",!1,o);if(0>=i||null==i){if(i=tn(e,t,o),(0>i||null==i)&&(i=e.style[t]),rn.test(i))return i;r=a&&(nt.boxSizingReliable()||i===e.style[t]),i=parseFloat(i)||0}return i+D(e,t,n||(a?"border":"content"),r,o)+"px"}function H(e,t,n,r,i){return new H.prototype.init(e,t,n,r,i)}function _(){return setTimeout(function(){hn=void 0}),hn=it.now()}function q(e,t){var n,r={height:e},i=0;for(t=t?1:0;4>i;i+=2-t)n=St[i],r["margin"+n]=r["padding"+n]=e;return t&&(r.opacity=r.width=e),r}function F(e,t,n){for(var r,i=(xn[t]||[]).concat(xn["*"]),o=0,a=i.length;a>o;o++)if(r=i[o].call(n,t,e))return r}function M(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d=this,f={},p=e.style,h=e.nodeType&&jt(e),m=it._data(e,"fxshow");n.queue||(s=it._queueHooks(e,"fx"),null==s.unqueued&&(s.unqueued=0,l=s.empty.fire,s.empty.fire=function(){s.unqueued||l()}),s.unqueued++,d.always(function(){d.always(function(){s.unqueued--,it.queue(e,"fx").length||s.empty.fire()})})),1===e.nodeType&&("height"in t||"width"in t)&&(n.overflow=[p.overflow,p.overflowX,p.overflowY],u=it.css(e,"display"),c="none"===u?it._data(e,"olddisplay")||C(e.nodeName):u,"inline"===c&&"none"===it.css(e,"float")&&(nt.inlineBlockNeedsLayout&&"inline"!==C(e.nodeName)?p.zoom=1:p.display="inline-block")),n.overflow&&(p.overflow="hidden",nt.shrinkWrapBlocks()||d.always(function(){p.overflow=n.overflow[0],p.overflowX=n.overflow[1],p.overflowY=n.overflow[2]}));for(r in t)if(i=t[r],gn.exec(i)){if(delete t[r],o=o||"toggle"===i,i===(h?"hide":"show")){if("show"!==i||!m||void 0===m[r])continue;h=!0}f[r]=m&&m[r]||it.style(e,r)}else u=void 0;if(it.isEmptyObject(f))"inline"===("none"===u?C(e.nodeName):u)&&(p.display=u);else{m?"hidden"in m&&(h=m.hidden):m=it._data(e,"fxshow",{}),o&&(m.hidden=!h),h?it(e).show():d.done(function(){it(e).hide()}),d.done(function(){var t;it._removeData(e,"fxshow");for(t in f)it.style(e,t,f[t])});for(r in f)a=F(h?m[r]:0,r,d),r in m||(m[r]=a.start,h&&(a.end=a.start,a.start="width"===r||"height"===r?1:0))}}function O(e,t){var n,r,i,o,a;for(n in e)if(r=it.camelCase(n),i=t[r],o=e[n],it.isArray(o)&&(i=o[1],o=e[n]=o[0]),n!==r&&(e[r]=o,delete e[n]),a=it.cssHooks[r],a&&"expand"in a){o=a.expand(o),delete e[r];for(n in o)n in e||(e[n]=o[n],t[n]=i)}else t[r]=i}function R(e,t,n){var r,i,o=0,a=bn.length,s=it.Deferred().always(function(){delete l.elem}),l=function(){if(i)return!1;for(var t=hn||_(),n=Math.max(0,u.startTime+u.duration-t),r=n/u.duration||0,o=1-r,a=0,l=u.tweens.length;l>a;a++)u.tweens[a].run(o);return s.notifyWith(e,[u,o,n]),1>o&&l?n:(s.resolveWith(e,[u]),!1)},u=s.promise({elem:e,props:it.extend({},t),opts:it.extend(!0,{specialEasing:{}},n),originalProperties:t,originalOptions:n,startTime:hn||_(),duration:n.duration,tweens:[],createTween:function(t,n){var r=it.Tween(e,u.opts,t,n,u.opts.specialEasing[t]||u.opts.easing);return u.tweens.push(r),r},stop:function(t){var n=0,r=t?u.tweens.length:0;if(i)return this;for(i=!0;r>n;n++)u.tweens[n].run(1);return t?s.resolveWith(e,[u,t]):s.rejectWith(e,[u,t]),this}}),c=u.props;for(O(c,u.opts.specialEasing);a>o;o++)if(r=bn[o].call(u,e,c,u.opts))return r;return it.map(c,F,u),it.isFunction(u.opts.start)&&u.opts.start.call(e,u),it.fx.timer(it.extend(l,{elem:e,anim:u,queue:u.opts.queue})),u.progress(u.opts.progress).done(u.opts.done,u.opts.complete).fail(u.opts.fail).always(u.opts.always)}function B(e){return function(t,n){"string"!=typeof t&&(n=t,t="*");var r,i=0,o=t.toLowerCase().match(bt)||[];if(it.isFunction(n))for(;r=o[i++];)"+"===r.charAt(0)?(r=r.slice(1)||"*",(e[r]=e[r]||[]).unshift(n)):(e[r]=e[r]||[]).push(n)}}function P(e,t,n,r){function i(s){var l;return o[s]=!0,it.each(e[s]||[],function(e,s){var u=s(t,n,r);return"string"!=typeof u||a||o[u]?a?!(l=u):void 0:(t.dataTypes.unshift(u),i(u),!1)}),l}var o={},a=e===zn;return i(t.dataTypes[0])||!o["*"]&&i("*")}function I(e,t){var n,r,i=it.ajaxSettings.flatOptions||{};for(r in t)void 0!==t[r]&&((i[r]?e:n||(n={}))[r]=t[r]);return n&&it.extend(!0,e,n),e}function W(e,t,n){for(var r,i,o,a,s=e.contents,l=e.dataTypes;"*"===l[0];)l.shift(),void 0===i&&(i=e.mimeType||t.getResponseHeader("Content-Type"));if(i)for(a in s)if(s[a]&&s[a].test(i)){l.unshift(a);break}if(l[0]in n)o=l[0];else{for(a in n){if(!l[0]||e.converters[a+" "+l[0]]){o=a;break}r||(r=a)}o=o||r}return o?(o!==l[0]&&l.unshift(o),n[o]):void 0}function $(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s,l,u={},c=e.dataTypes.slice();if(c[1])for(a in e.converters)u[a.toLowerCase()]=e.converters[a];for(o=c.shift();o;)if(e.responseFields[o]&&(n[e.responseFields[o]]=t),!l&&r&&e.dataFilter&&(t=e.dataFilter(t,e.dataType)),l=o,o=c.shift())if("*"===o)o=l;else if("*"!==l&&l!==o){if(a=u[l+" "+o]||u["* "+o],!a)for(i in u)if(s=i.split(" "),s[1]===o&&(a=u[l+" "+s[0]]||u["* "+s[0]])){a===!0?a=u[i]:u[i]!==!0&&(o=s[0],c.unshift(s[1]));break}if(a!==!0)if(a&&e["throws"])t=a(t);else try{t=a(t)}catch(d){return{state:"parsererror",error:a?d:"No conversion from "+l+" to "+o}}}return{state:"success",data:t}}function z(e,t,n,r){var i;if(it.isArray(t))it.each(t,function(t,i){n||Gn.test(e)?r(e,i):z(e+"["+("object"==typeof i?t:"")+"]",i,n,r)});else if(n||"object"!==it.type(t))r(e,t);else for(i in t)z(e+"["+i+"]",t[i],n,r)}function X(){try{return new e.XMLHttpRequest}catch(t){}}function U(){try{return new e.ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP")}catch(t){}}function V(e){return it.isWindow(e)?e:9===e.nodeType?e.defaultView||e.parentWindow:!1}var G=[],Y=G.slice,J=G.concat,K=G.push,Q=G.indexOf,Z={},et=Z.toString,tt=Z.hasOwnProperty,nt={},rt="1.11.1",it=function(e,t){return new it.fn.init(e,t)},ot=/^[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+|[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+$/g,at=/^-ms-/,st=/-([\da-z])/gi,lt=function(e,t){return t.toUpperCase()};it.fn=it.prototype={jquery:rt,constructor:it,selector:"",length:0,toArray:function(){return Y.call(this)},get:function(e){return null!=e?0>e?this[e+this.length]:this[e]:Y.call(this)},pushStack:function(e){var t=it.merge(this.constructor(),e);return t.prevObject=this,t.context=this.context,t},each:function(e,t){return it.each(this,e,t)},map:function(e){return this.pushStack(it.map(this,function(t,n){return e.call(t,n,t)}))},slice:function(){return this.pushStack(Y.apply(this,arguments))},first:function(){return this.eq(0)},last:function(){return this.eq(-1)},eq:function(e){var t=this.length,n=+e+(0>e?t:0);return this.pushStack(n>=0&&t>n?[this[n]]:[])},end:function(){return this.prevObject||this.constructor(null)},push:K,sort:G.sort,splice:G.splice},it.extend=it.fn.extend=function(){var e,t,n,r,i,o,a=arguments[0]||{},s=1,l=arguments.length,u=!1;for("boolean"==typeof a&&(u=a,a=arguments[s]||{},s++),"object"==typeof a||it.isFunction(a)||(a={}),s===l&&(a=this,s--);l>s;s++)if(null!=(i=arguments[s]))for(r in i)e=a[r],n=i[r],a!==n&&(u&&n&&(it.isPlainObject(n)||(t=it.isArray(n)))?(t?(t=!1,o=e&&it.isArray(e)?e:[]):o=e&&it.isPlainObject(e)?e:{},a[r]=it.extend(u,o,n)):void 0!==n&&(a[r]=n));return a},it.extend({expando:"jQuery"+(rt+Math.random()).replace(/\D/g,""),isReady:!0,error:function(e){throw new Error(e)},noop:function(){},isFunction:function(e){return"function"===it.type(e)},isArray:Array.isArray||function(e){return"array"===it.type(e)},isWindow:function(e){return null!=e&&e==e.window},isNumeric:function(e){return!it.isArray(e)&&e-parseFloat(e)>=0},isEmptyObject:function(e){var t;for(t in e)return!1;return!0},isPlainObject:function(e){var t;if(!e||"object"!==it.type(e)||e.nodeType||it.isWindow(e))return!1;try{if(e.constructor&&!tt.call(e,"constructor")&&!tt.call(e.constructor.prototype,"isPrototypeOf"))return!1}catch(n){return!1}if(nt.ownLast)for(t in e)return tt.call(e,t);for(t in e);return void 0===t||tt.call(e,t)},type:function(e){return null==e?e+"":"object"==typeof e||"function"==typeof e?Z[et.call(e)]||"object":typeof e},globalEval:function(t){t&&it.trim(t)&&(e.execScript||function(t){e.eval.call(e,t)})(t)},camelCase:function(e){return e.replace(at,"ms-").replace(st,lt)},nodeName:function(e,t){return e.nodeName&&e.nodeName.toLowerCase()===t.toLowerCase()},each:function(e,t,r){var i,o=0,a=e.length,s=n(e);if(r){if(s)for(;a>o&&(i=t.apply(e[o],r),i!==!1);o++);else for(o in e)if(i=t.apply(e[o],r),i===!1)break}else if(s)for(;a>o&&(i=t.call(e[o],o,e[o]),i!==!1);o++);else for(o in e)if(i=t.call(e[o],o,e[o]),i===!1)break;return e},trim:function(e){return null==e?"":(e+"").replace(ot,"")},makeArray:function(e,t){var r=t||[];return null!=e&&(n(Object(e))?it.merge(r,"string"==typeof e?[e]:e):K.call(r,e)),r},inArray:function(e,t,n){var r;if(t){if(Q)return Q.call(t,e,n);for(r=t.length,n=n?0>n?Math.max(0,r+n):n:0;r>n;n++)if(n in t&&t[n]===e)return n}return-1},merge:function(e,t){for(var n=+t.length,r=0,i=e.length;n>r;)e[i++]=t[r++];if(n!==n)for(;void 0!==t[r];)e[i++]=t[r++];return e.length=i,e},grep:function(e,t,n){for(var r,i=[],o=0,a=e.length,s=!n;a>o;o++)r=!t(e[o],o),r!==s&&i.push(e[o]);return i},map:function(e,t,r){var i,o=0,a=e.length,s=n(e),l=[];if(s)for(;a>o;o++)i=t(e[o],o,r),null!=i&&l.push(i);else for(o in e)i=t(e[o],o,r),null!=i&&l.push(i);return J.apply([],l)},guid:1,proxy:function(e,t){var n,r,i;return"string"==typeof t&&(i=e[t],t=e,e=i),it.isFunction(e)?(n=Y.call(arguments,2),r=function(){return e.apply(t||this,n.concat(Y.call(arguments)))},r.guid=e.guid=e.guid||it.guid++,r):void 0},now:function(){return+new Date},support:nt}),it.each("Boolean Number String Function Array Date RegExp Object Error".split(" "),function(e,t){Z["[object "+t+"]"]=t.toLowerCase()});var ut=function(e){function t(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s,l,u,d,p,h,m;if((t?t.ownerDocument||t:P)!==H&&L(t),t=t||H,n=n||[],!e||"string"!=typeof e)return n;if(1!==(s=t.nodeType)&&9!==s)return[];if(q&&!r){if(i=yt.exec(e))if(a=i[1]){if(9===s){if(o=t.getElementById(a),!o||!o.parentNode)return n;if(o.id===a)return n.push(o),n}else if(t.ownerDocument&&(o=t.ownerDocument.getElementById(a))&&R(t,o)&&o.id===a)return n.push(o),n}else{if(i[2])return Z.apply(n,t.getElementsByTagName(e)),n;if((a=i[3])&&w.getElementsByClassName&&t.getElementsByClassName)return Z.apply(n,t.getElementsByClassName(a)),n}if(w.qsa&&(!F||!F.test(e))){if(p=d=B,h=t,m=9===s&&e,1===s&&"object"!==t.nodeName.toLowerCase()){for(u=C(e),(d=t.getAttribute("id"))?p=d.replace(xt,"\\$&"):t.setAttribute("id",p),p="[id='"+p+"'] ",l=u.length;l--;)u[l]=p+f(u[l]);h=bt.test(e)&&c(t.parentNode)||t,m=u.join(",")}if(m)try{return Z.apply(n,h.querySelectorAll(m)),n}catch(g){}finally{d||t.removeAttribute("id")}}}return S(e.replace(lt,"$1"),t,n,r)}function n(){function e(n,r){return t.push(n+" ")>T.cacheLength&&delete e[t.shift()],e[n+" "]=r}var t=[];return e}function r(e){return e[B]=!0,e}function i(e){var t=H.createElement("div");try{return!!e(t)}catch(n){return!1}finally{t.parentNode&&t.parentNode.removeChild(t),t=null}}function o(e,t){for(var n=e.split("|"),r=e.length;r--;)T.attrHandle[n[r]]=t}function a(e,t){var n=t&&e,r=n&&1===e.nodeType&&1===t.nodeType&&(~t.sourceIndex||G)-(~e.sourceIndex||G);if(r)return r;if(n)for(;n=n.nextSibling;)if(n===t)return-1;return e?1:-1}function s(e){return function(t){var n=t.nodeName.toLowerCase();return"input"===n&&t.type===e}}function l(e){return function(t){var n=t.nodeName.toLowerCase();return("input"===n||"button"===n)&&t.type===e}}function u(e){return r(function(t){return t=+t,r(function(n,r){for(var i,o=e([],n.length,t),a=o.length;a--;)n[i=o[a]]&&(n[i]=!(r[i]=n[i]))})})}function c(e){return e&&typeof e.getElementsByTagName!==V&&e}function d(){}function f(e){for(var t=0,n=e.length,r="";n>t;t++)r+=e[t].value;return r}function p(e,t,n){var r=t.dir,i=n&&"parentNode"===r,o=W++;return t.first?function(t,n,o){for(;t=t[r];)if(1===t.nodeType||i)return e(t,n,o)}:function(t,n,a){var s,l,u=[I,o];if(a){for(;t=t[r];)if((1===t.nodeType||i)&&e(t,n,a))return!0}else for(;t=t[r];)if(1===t.nodeType||i){if(l=t[B]||(t[B]={}),(s=l[r])&&s[0]===I&&s[1]===o)return u[2]=s[2];if(l[r]=u,u[2]=e(t,n,a))return!0}}}function h(e){return e.length>1?function(t,n,r){for(var i=e.length;i--;)if(!e[i](t,n,r))return!1;return!0}:e[0]}function m(e,n,r){for(var i=0,o=n.length;o>i;i++)t(e,n[i],r);return r}function g(e,t,n,r,i){for(var o,a=[],s=0,l=e.length,u=null!=t;l>s;s++)(o=e[s])&&(!n||n(o,r,i))&&(a.push(o),u&&t.push(s));return a}function v(e,t,n,i,o,a){return i&&!i[B]&&(i=v(i)),o&&!o[B]&&(o=v(o,a)),r(function(r,a,s,l){var u,c,d,f=[],p=[],h=a.length,v=r||m(t||"*",s.nodeType?[s]:s,[]),y=!e||!r&&t?v:g(v,f,e,s,l),b=n?o||(r?e:h||i)?[]:a:y;if(n&&n(y,b,s,l),i)for(u=g(b,p),i(u,[],s,l),c=u.length;c--;)(d=u[c])&&(b[p[c]]=!(y[p[c]]=d));if(r){if(o||e){if(o){for(u=[],c=b.length;c--;)(d=b[c])&&u.push(y[c]=d);o(null,b=[],u,l)}for(c=b.length;c--;)(d=b[c])&&(u=o?tt.call(r,d):f[c])>-1&&(r[u]=!(a[u]=d))}}else b=g(b===a?b.splice(h,b.length):b),o?o(null,a,b,l):Z.apply(a,b)})}function y(e){for(var t,n,r,i=e.length,o=T.relative[e[0].type],a=o||T.relative[" "],s=o?1:0,l=p(function(e){return e===t},a,!0),u=p(function(e){return tt.call(t,e)>-1},a,!0),c=[function(e,n,r){return!o&&(r||n!==j)||((t=n).nodeType?l(e,n,r):u(e,n,r))}];i>s;s++)if(n=T.relative[e[s].type])c=[p(h(c),n)];else{if(n=T.filter[e[s].type].apply(null,e[s].matches),n[B]){for(r=++s;i>r&&!T.relative[e[r].type];r++);return v(s>1&&h(c),s>1&&f(e.slice(0,s-1).concat({value:" "===e[s-2].type?"*":""})).replace(lt,"$1"),n,r>s&&y(e.slice(s,r)),i>r&&y(e=e.slice(r)),i>r&&f(e))}c.push(n)}return h(c)}function b(e,n){var i=n.length>0,o=e.length>0,a=function(r,a,s,l,u){var c,d,f,p=0,h="0",m=r&&[],v=[],y=j,b=r||o&&T.find.TAG("*",u),x=I+=null==y?1:Math.random()||.1,w=b.length;for(u&&(j=a!==H&&a);h!==w&&null!=(c=b[h]);h++){if(o&&c){for(d=0;f=e[d++];)if(f(c,a,s)){l.push(c);break}u&&(I=x)}i&&((c=!f&&c)&&p--,r&&m.push(c))}if(p+=h,i&&h!==p){for(d=0;f=n[d++];)f(m,v,a,s);if(r){if(p>0)for(;h--;)m[h]||v[h]||(v[h]=K.call(l));v=g(v)}Z.apply(l,v),u&&!r&&v.length>0&&p+n.length>1&&t.uniqueSort(l)}return u&&(I=x,j=y),m};return i?r(a):a}var x,w,T,E,k,C,N,S,j,A,D,L,H,_,q,F,M,O,R,B="sizzle"+-new Date,P=e.document,I=0,W=0,$=n(),z=n(),X=n(),U=function(e,t){return e===t&&(D=!0),0},V="undefined",G=1<<31,Y={}.hasOwnProperty,J=[],K=J.pop,Q=J.push,Z=J.push,et=J.slice,tt=J.indexOf||function(e){for(var t=0,n=this.length;n>t;t++)if(this[t]===e)return t;return-1},nt="checked|selected|async|autofocus|autoplay|controls|defer|disabled|hidden|ismap|loop|multiple|open|readonly|required|scoped",rt="[\\x20\\t\\r\\n\\f]",it="(?:\\\\.|[\\w-]|[^\\x00-\\xa0])+",ot=it.replace("w","w#"),at="\\["+rt+"*("+it+")(?:"+rt+"*([*^$|!~]?=)"+rt+"*(?:'((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\"|("+ot+"))|)"+rt+"*\\]",st=":("+it+")(?:\\((('((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\")|((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\()[\\]]|"+at+")*)|.*)\\)|)",lt=new RegExp("^"+rt+"+|((?:^|[^\\\\])(?:\\\\.)*)"+rt+"+$","g"),ut=new RegExp("^"+rt+"*,"+rt+"*"),ct=new RegExp("^"+rt+"*([>+~]|"+rt+")"+rt+"*"),dt=new RegExp("="+rt+"*([^\\]'\"]*?)"+rt+"*\\]","g"),ft=new RegExp(st),pt=new RegExp("^"+ot+"$"),ht={ID:new RegExp("^#("+it+")"),CLASS:new RegExp("^\\.("+it+")"),TAG:new RegExp("^("+it.replace("w","w*")+")"),ATTR:new RegExp("^"+at),PSEUDO:new RegExp("^"+st),CHILD:new RegExp("^:(only|first|last|nth|nth-last)-(child|of-type)(?:\\("+rt+"*(even|odd|(([+-]|)(\\d*)n|)"+rt+"*(?:([+-]|)"+rt+"*(\\d+)|))"+rt+"*\\)|)","i"),bool:new RegExp("^(?:"+nt+")$","i"),needsContext:new RegExp("^"+rt+"*[>+~]|:(even|odd|eq|gt|lt|nth|first|last)(?:\\("+rt+"*((?:-\\d)?\\d*)"+rt+"*\\)|)(?=[^-]|$)","i")},mt=/^(?:input|select|textarea|button)$/i,gt=/^h\d$/i,vt=/^[^{]+\{\s*\[native \w/,yt=/^(?:#([\w-]+)|(\w+)|\.([\w-]+))$/,bt=/[+~]/,xt=/'|\\/g,wt=new RegExp("\\\\([\\da-f]{1,6}"+rt+"?|("+rt+")|.)","ig"),Tt=function(e,t,n){var r="0x"+t-65536;return r!==r||n?t:0>r?String.fromCharCode(r+65536):String.fromCharCode(r>>10|55296,1023&r|56320)};try{Z.apply(J=et.call(P.childNodes),P.childNodes),J[P.childNodes.length].nodeType}catch(Et){Z={apply:J.length?function(e,t){Q.apply(e,et.call(t))}:function(e,t){for(var n=e.length,r=0;e[n++]=t[r++];);e.length=n-1}}}w=t.support={},k=t.isXML=function(e){var t=e&&(e.ownerDocument||e).documentElement;return t?"HTML"!==t.nodeName:!1},L=t.setDocument=function(e){var t,n=e?e.ownerDocument||e:P,r=n.defaultView;return n!==H&&9===n.nodeType&&n.documentElement?(H=n,_=n.documentElement,q=!k(n),r&&r!==r.top&&(r.addEventListener?r.addEventListener("unload",function(){L()},!1):r.attachEvent&&r.attachEvent("onunload",function(){L()})),w.attributes=i(function(e){return e.className="i",!e.getAttribute("className")}),w.getElementsByTagName=i(function(e){return e.appendChild(n.createComment("")),!e.getElementsByTagName("*").length}),w.getElementsByClassName=vt.test(n.getElementsByClassName)&&i(function(e){return e.innerHTML="<div class='a'></div><div class='a i'></div>",e.firstChild.className="i",2===e.getElementsByClassName("i").length}),w.getById=i(function(e){return _.appendChild(e).id=B,!n.getElementsByName||!n.getElementsByName(B).length}),w.getById?(T.find.ID=function(e,t){if(typeof t.getElementById!==V&&q){var n=t.getElementById(e);return n&&n.parentNode?[n]:[]}},T.filter.ID=function(e){var t=e.replace(wt,Tt);return function(e){return e.getAttribute("id")===t}}):(delete T.find.ID,T.filter.ID=function(e){var t=e.replace(wt,Tt);return function(e){var n=typeof e.getAttributeNode!==V&&e.getAttributeNode("id");return n&&n.value===t}}),T.find.TAG=w.getElementsByTagName?function(e,t){return typeof t.getElementsByTagName!==V?t.getElementsByTagName(e):void 0}:function(e,t){var n,r=[],i=0,o=t.getElementsByTagName(e);if("*"===e){for(;n=o[i++];)1===n.nodeType&&r.push(n);return r}return o},T.find.CLASS=w.getElementsByClassName&&function(e,t){return typeof t.getElementsByClassName!==V&&q?t.getElementsByClassName(e):void 0},M=[],F=[],(w.qsa=vt.test(n.querySelectorAll))&&(i(function(e){e.innerHTML="<select msallowclip=''><option selected=''></option></select>",e.querySelectorAll("[msallowclip^='']").length&&F.push("[*^$]="+rt+"*(?:''|\"\")"),e.querySelectorAll("[selected]").length||F.push("\\["+rt+"*(?:value|"+nt+")"),e.querySelectorAll(":checked").length||F.push(":checked")}),i(function(e){var t=n.createElement("input");t.setAttribute("type","hidden"),e.appendChild(t).setAttribute("name","D"),e.querySelectorAll("[name=d]").length&&F.push("name"+rt+"*[*^$|!~]?="),e.querySelectorAll(":enabled").length||F.push(":enabled",":disabled"),e.querySelectorAll("*,:x"),F.push(",.*:")})),(w.matchesSelector=vt.test(O=_.matches||_.webkitMatchesSelector||_.mozMatchesSelector||_.oMatchesSelector||_.msMatchesSelector))&&i(function(e){w.disconnectedMatch=O.call(e,"div"),O.call(e,"[s!='']:x"),M.push("!=",st)}),F=F.length&&new RegExp(F.join("|")),M=M.length&&new RegExp(M.join("|")),t=vt.test(_.compareDocumentPosition),R=t||vt.test(_.contains)?function(e,t){var n=9===e.nodeType?e.documentElement:e,r=t&&t.parentNode;return e===r||!(!r||1!==r.nodeType||!(n.contains?n.contains(r):e.compareDocumentPosition&&16&e.compareDocumentPosition(r)))}:function(e,t){if(t)for(;t=t.parentNode;)if(t===e)return!0;return!1},U=t?function(e,t){if(e===t)return D=!0,0;var r=!e.compareDocumentPosition-!t.compareDocumentPosition;return r?r:(r=(e.ownerDocument||e)===(t.ownerDocument||t)?e.compareDocumentPosition(t):1,1&r||!w.sortDetached&&t.compareDocumentPosition(e)===r?e===n||e.ownerDocument===P&&R(P,e)?-1:t===n||t.ownerDocument===P&&R(P,t)?1:A?tt.call(A,e)-tt.call(A,t):0:4&r?-1:1)}:function(e,t){if(e===t)return D=!0,0;var r,i=0,o=e.parentNode,s=t.parentNode,l=[e],u=[t];if(!o||!s)return e===n?-1:t===n?1:o?-1:s?1:A?tt.call(A,e)-tt.call(A,t):0;if(o===s)return a(e,t);for(r=e;r=r.parentNode;)l.unshift(r);for(r=t;r=r.parentNode;)u.unshift(r);for(;l[i]===u[i];)i++;return i?a(l[i],u[i]):l[i]===P?-1:u[i]===P?1:0},n):H},t.matches=function(e,n){return t(e,null,null,n)},t.matchesSelector=function(e,n){if((e.ownerDocument||e)!==H&&L(e),n=n.replace(dt,"='$1']"),!(!w.matchesSelector||!q||M&&M.test(n)||F&&F.test(n)))try{var r=O.call(e,n);if(r||w.disconnectedMatch||e.document&&11!==e.document.nodeType)return r}catch(i){}return t(n,H,null,[e]).length>0},t.contains=function(e,t){return(e.ownerDocument||e)!==H&&L(e),R(e,t)},t.attr=function(e,t){(e.ownerDocument||e)!==H&&L(e);var n=T.attrHandle[t.toLowerCase()],r=n&&Y.call(T.attrHandle,t.toLowerCase())?n(e,t,!q):void 0;return void 0!==r?r:w.attributes||!q?e.getAttribute(t):(r=e.getAttributeNode(t))&&r.specified?r.value:null},t.error=function(e){throw new Error("Syntax error, unrecognized expression: "+e)},t.uniqueSort=function(e){var t,n=[],r=0,i=0;if(D=!w.detectDuplicates,A=!w.sortStable&&e.slice(0),e.sort(U),D){for(;t=e[i++];)t===e[i]&&(r=n.push(i));for(;r--;)e.splice(n[r],1)}return A=null,e},E=t.getText=function(e){var t,n="",r=0,i=e.nodeType;if(i){if(1===i||9===i||11===i){if("string"==typeof e.textContent)return e.textContent;for(e=e.firstChild;e;e=e.nextSibling)n+=E(e)}else if(3===i||4===i)return e.nodeValue}else for(;t=e[r++];)n+=E(t);return n},T=t.selectors={cacheLength:50,createPseudo:r,match:ht,attrHandle:{},find:{},relative:{">":{dir:"parentNode",first:!0}," ":{dir:"parentNode"},"+":{dir:"previousSibling",first:!0},"~":{dir:"previousSibling"}},preFilter:{ATTR:function(e){return e[1]=e[1].replace(wt,Tt),e[3]=(e[3]||e[4]||e[5]||"").replace(wt,Tt),"~="===e[2]&&(e[3]=" "+e[3]+" "),e.slice(0,4)},CHILD:function(e){return e[1]=e[1].toLowerCase(),"nth"===e[1].slice(0,3)?(e[3]||t.error(e[0]),e[4]=+(e[4]?e[5]+(e[6]||1):2*("even"===e[3]||"odd"===e[3])),e[5]=+(e[7]+e[8]||"odd"===e[3])):e[3]&&t.error(e[0]),e},PSEUDO:function(e){var t,n=!e[6]&&e[2];return ht.CHILD.test(e[0])?null:(e[3]?e[2]=e[4]||e[5]||"":n&&ft.test(n)&&(t=C(n,!0))&&(t=n.indexOf(")",n.length-t)-n.length)&&(e[0]=e[0].slice(0,t),e[2]=n.slice(0,t)),e.slice(0,3))}},filter:{TAG:function(e){var t=e.replace(wt,Tt).toLowerCase();return"*"===e?function(){return!0}:function(e){return e.nodeName&&e.nodeName.toLowerCase()===t}},CLASS:function(e){var t=$[e+" "];return t||(t=new RegExp("(^|"+rt+")"+e+"("+rt+"|$)"))&&$(e,function(e){return t.test("string"==typeof e.className&&e.className||typeof e.getAttribute!==V&&e.getAttribute("class")||"")})},ATTR:function(e,n,r){return function(i){var o=t.attr(i,e);return null==o?"!="===n:n?(o+="","="===n?o===r:"!="===n?o!==r:"^="===n?r&&0===o.indexOf(r):"*="===n?r&&o.indexOf(r)>-1:"$="===n?r&&o.slice(-r.length)===r:"~="===n?(" "+o+" ").indexOf(r)>-1:"|="===n?o===r||o.slice(0,r.length+1)===r+"-":!1):!0}},CHILD:function(e,t,n,r,i){var o="nth"!==e.slice(0,3),a="last"!==e.slice(-4),s="of-type"===t;return 1===r&&0===i?function(e){return!!e.parentNode}:function(t,n,l){var u,c,d,f,p,h,m=o!==a?"nextSibling":"previousSibling",g=t.parentNode,v=s&&t.nodeName.toLowerCase(),y=!l&&!s;if(g){if(o){for(;m;){for(d=t;d=d[m];)if(s?d.nodeName.toLowerCase()===v:1===d.nodeType)return!1;h=m="only"===e&&!h&&"nextSibling"}return!0}if(h=[a?g.firstChild:g.lastChild],a&&y){for(c=g[B]||(g[B]={}),u=c[e]||[],p=u[0]===I&&u[1],f=u[0]===I&&u[2],d=p&&g.childNodes[p];d=++p&&d&&d[m]||(f=p=0)||h.pop();)if(1===d.nodeType&&++f&&d===t){c[e]=[I,p,f];break}}else if(y&&(u=(t[B]||(t[B]={}))[e])&&u[0]===I)f=u[1];else for(;(d=++p&&d&&d[m]||(f=p=0)||h.pop())&&((s?d.nodeName.toLowerCase()!==v:1!==d.nodeType)||!++f||(y&&((d[B]||(d[B]={}))[e]=[I,f]),d!==t)););return f-=i,f===r||f%r===0&&f/r>=0}}},PSEUDO:function(e,n){var i,o=T.pseudos[e]||T.setFilters[e.toLowerCase()]||t.error("unsupported pseudo: "+e);return o[B]?o(n):o.length>1?(i=[e,e,"",n],T.setFilters.hasOwnProperty(e.toLowerCase())?r(function(e,t){for(var r,i=o(e,n),a=i.length;a--;)r=tt.call(e,i[a]),e[r]=!(t[r]=i[a])}):function(e){return o(e,0,i)}):o}},pseudos:{not:r(function(e){var t=[],n=[],i=N(e.replace(lt,"$1"));return i[B]?r(function(e,t,n,r){for(var o,a=i(e,null,r,[]),s=e.length;s--;)(o=a[s])&&(e[s]=!(t[s]=o))}):function(e,r,o){return t[0]=e,i(t,null,o,n),!n.pop()}}),has:r(function(e){return function(n){return t(e,n).length>0}}),contains:r(function(e){return function(t){return(t.textContent||t.innerText||E(t)).indexOf(e)>-1}}),lang:r(function(e){return pt.test(e||"")||t.error("unsupported lang: "+e),e=e.replace(wt,Tt).toLowerCase(),function(t){var n;do if(n=q?t.lang:t.getAttribute("xml:lang")||t.getAttribute("lang"))return n=n.toLowerCase(),n===e||0===n.indexOf(e+"-");while((t=t.parentNode)&&1===t.nodeType);return!1}}),target:function(t){var n=e.location&&e.location.hash;return n&&n.slice(1)===t.id},root:function(e){return e===_},focus:function(e){return e===H.activeElement&&(!H.hasFocus||H.hasFocus())&&!!(e.type||e.href||~e.tabIndex)},enabled:function(e){return e.disabled===!1},disabled:function(e){return e.disabled===!0},checked:function(e){var t=e.nodeName.toLowerCase();return"input"===t&&!!e.checked||"option"===t&&!!e.selected},selected:function(e){return e.parentNode&&e.parentNode.selectedIndex,e.selected===!0},empty:function(e){for(e=e.firstChild;e;e=e.nextSibling)if(e.nodeType<6)return!1;return!0},parent:function(e){return!T.pseudos.empty(e)},header:function(e){return gt.test(e.nodeName)},input:function(e){return mt.test(e.nodeName)},button:function(e){var t=e.nodeName.toLowerCase();return"input"===t&&"button"===e.type||"button"===t},text:function(e){var t;return"input"===e.nodeName.toLowerCase()&&"text"===e.type&&(null==(t=e.getAttribute("type"))||"text"===t.toLowerCase())},first:u(function(){return[0]}),last:u(function(e,t){return[t-1]}),eq:u(function(e,t,n){return[0>n?n+t:n]}),even:u(function(e,t){for(var n=0;t>n;n+=2)e.push(n);return e}),odd:u(function(e,t){for(var n=1;t>n;n+=2)e.push(n);return e}),lt:u(function(e,t,n){for(var r=0>n?n+t:n;--r>=0;)e.push(r);return e}),gt:u(function(e,t,n){for(var r=0>n?n+t:n;++r<t;)e.push(r);return e})}},T.pseudos.nth=T.pseudos.eq;for(x in{radio:!0,checkbox:!0,file:!0,password:!0,image:!0})T.pseudos[x]=s(x);for(x in{submit:!0,reset:!0})T.pseudos[x]=l(x);return d.prototype=T.filters=T.pseudos,T.setFilters=new d,C=t.tokenize=function(e,n){var r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c=z[e+" "];if(c)return n?0:c.slice(0);for(s=e,l=[],u=T.preFilter;s;){(!r||(i=ut.exec(s)))&&(i&&(s=s.slice(i[0].length)||s),l.push(o=[])),r=!1,(i=ct.exec(s))&&(r=i.shift(),o.push({value:r,type:i[0].replace(lt," ")}),s=s.slice(r.length));for(a in T.filter)!(i=ht[a].exec(s))||u[a]&&!(i=u[a](i))||(r=i.shift(),o.push({value:r,type:a,matches:i}),s=s.slice(r.length));if(!r)break}return n?s.length:s?t.error(e):z(e,l).slice(0)},N=t.compile=function(e,t){var n,r=[],i=[],o=X[e+" "];if(!o){for(t||(t=C(e)),n=t.length;n--;)o=y(t[n]),o[B]?r.push(o):i.push(o);o=X(e,b(i,r)),o.selector=e}return o},S=t.select=function(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s,l,u="function"==typeof e&&e,d=!r&&C(e=u.selector||e);if(n=n||[],1===d.length){if(o=d[0]=d[0].slice(0),o.length>2&&"ID"===(a=o[0]).type&&w.getById&&9===t.nodeType&&q&&T.relative[o[1].type]){if(t=(T.find.ID(a.matches[0].replace(wt,Tt),t)||[])[0],!t)return n;u&&(t=t.parentNode),e=e.slice(o.shift().value.length)}for(i=ht.needsContext.test(e)?0:o.length;i--&&(a=o[i],!T.relative[s=a.type]);)if((l=T.find[s])&&(r=l(a.matches[0].replace(wt,Tt),bt.test(o[0].type)&&c(t.parentNode)||t))){if(o.splice(i,1),e=r.length&&f(o),!e)return Z.apply(n,r),n;
+break}}return(u||N(e,d))(r,t,!q,n,bt.test(e)&&c(t.parentNode)||t),n},w.sortStable=B.split("").sort(U).join("")===B,w.detectDuplicates=!!D,L(),w.sortDetached=i(function(e){return 1&e.compareDocumentPosition(H.createElement("div"))}),i(function(e){return e.innerHTML="<a href='#'></a>","#"===e.firstChild.getAttribute("href")})||o("type|href|height|width",function(e,t,n){return n?void 0:e.getAttribute(t,"type"===t.toLowerCase()?1:2)}),w.attributes&&i(function(e){return e.innerHTML="<input/>",e.firstChild.setAttribute("value",""),""===e.firstChild.getAttribute("value")})||o("value",function(e,t,n){return n||"input"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase()?void 0:e.defaultValue}),i(function(e){return null==e.getAttribute("disabled")})||o(nt,function(e,t,n){var r;return n?void 0:e[t]===!0?t.toLowerCase():(r=e.getAttributeNode(t))&&r.specified?r.value:null}),t}(e);it.find=ut,it.expr=ut.selectors,it.expr[":"]=it.expr.pseudos,it.unique=ut.uniqueSort,it.text=ut.getText,it.isXMLDoc=ut.isXML,it.contains=ut.contains;var ct=it.expr.match.needsContext,dt=/^<(\w+)\s*\/?>(?:<\/\1>|)$/,ft=/^.[^:#\[\.,]*$/;it.filter=function(e,t,n){var r=t[0];return n&&(e=":not("+e+")"),1===t.length&&1===r.nodeType?it.find.matchesSelector(r,e)?[r]:[]:it.find.matches(e,it.grep(t,function(e){return 1===e.nodeType}))},it.fn.extend({find:function(e){var t,n=[],r=this,i=r.length;if("string"!=typeof e)return this.pushStack(it(e).filter(function(){for(t=0;i>t;t++)if(it.contains(r[t],this))return!0}));for(t=0;i>t;t++)it.find(e,r[t],n);return n=this.pushStack(i>1?it.unique(n):n),n.selector=this.selector?this.selector+" "+e:e,n},filter:function(e){return this.pushStack(r(this,e||[],!1))},not:function(e){return this.pushStack(r(this,e||[],!0))},is:function(e){return!!r(this,"string"==typeof e&&ct.test(e)?it(e):e||[],!1).length}});var pt,ht=e.document,mt=/^(?:\s*(<[\w\W]+>)[^>]*|#([\w-]*))$/,gt=it.fn.init=function(e,t){var n,r;if(!e)return this;if("string"==typeof e){if(n="<"===e.charAt(0)&&">"===e.charAt(e.length-1)&&e.length>=3?[null,e,null]:mt.exec(e),!n||!n[1]&&t)return!t||t.jquery?(t||pt).find(e):this.constructor(t).find(e);if(n[1]){if(t=t instanceof it?t[0]:t,it.merge(this,it.parseHTML(n[1],t&&t.nodeType?t.ownerDocument||t:ht,!0)),dt.test(n[1])&&it.isPlainObject(t))for(n in t)it.isFunction(this[n])?this[n](t[n]):this.attr(n,t[n]);return this}if(r=ht.getElementById(n[2]),r&&r.parentNode){if(r.id!==n[2])return pt.find(e);this.length=1,this[0]=r}return this.context=ht,this.selector=e,this}return e.nodeType?(this.context=this[0]=e,this.length=1,this):it.isFunction(e)?"undefined"!=typeof pt.ready?pt.ready(e):e(it):(void 0!==e.selector&&(this.selector=e.selector,this.context=e.context),it.makeArray(e,this))};gt.prototype=it.fn,pt=it(ht);var vt=/^(?:parents|prev(?:Until|All))/,yt={children:!0,contents:!0,next:!0,prev:!0};it.extend({dir:function(e,t,n){for(var r=[],i=e[t];i&&9!==i.nodeType&&(void 0===n||1!==i.nodeType||!it(i).is(n));)1===i.nodeType&&r.push(i),i=i[t];return r},sibling:function(e,t){for(var n=[];e;e=e.nextSibling)1===e.nodeType&&e!==t&&n.push(e);return n}}),it.fn.extend({has:function(e){var t,n=it(e,this),r=n.length;return this.filter(function(){for(t=0;r>t;t++)if(it.contains(this,n[t]))return!0})},closest:function(e,t){for(var n,r=0,i=this.length,o=[],a=ct.test(e)||"string"!=typeof e?it(e,t||this.context):0;i>r;r++)for(n=this[r];n&&n!==t;n=n.parentNode)if(n.nodeType<11&&(a?a.index(n)>-1:1===n.nodeType&&it.find.matchesSelector(n,e))){o.push(n);break}return this.pushStack(o.length>1?it.unique(o):o)},index:function(e){return e?"string"==typeof e?it.inArray(this[0],it(e)):it.inArray(e.jquery?e[0]:e,this):this[0]&&this[0].parentNode?this.first().prevAll().length:-1},add:function(e,t){return this.pushStack(it.unique(it.merge(this.get(),it(e,t))))},addBack:function(e){return this.add(null==e?this.prevObject:this.prevObject.filter(e))}}),it.each({parent:function(e){var t=e.parentNode;return t&&11!==t.nodeType?t:null},parents:function(e){return it.dir(e,"parentNode")},parentsUntil:function(e,t,n){return it.dir(e,"parentNode",n)},next:function(e){return i(e,"nextSibling")},prev:function(e){return i(e,"previousSibling")},nextAll:function(e){return it.dir(e,"nextSibling")},prevAll:function(e){return it.dir(e,"previousSibling")},nextUntil:function(e,t,n){return it.dir(e,"nextSibling",n)},prevUntil:function(e,t,n){return it.dir(e,"previousSibling",n)},siblings:function(e){return it.sibling((e.parentNode||{}).firstChild,e)},children:function(e){return it.sibling(e.firstChild)},contents:function(e){return it.nodeName(e,"iframe")?e.contentDocument||e.contentWindow.document:it.merge([],e.childNodes)}},function(e,t){it.fn[e]=function(n,r){var i=it.map(this,t,n);return"Until"!==e.slice(-5)&&(r=n),r&&"string"==typeof r&&(i=it.filter(r,i)),this.length>1&&(yt[e]||(i=it.unique(i)),vt.test(e)&&(i=i.reverse())),this.pushStack(i)}});var bt=/\S+/g,xt={};it.Callbacks=function(e){e="string"==typeof e?xt[e]||o(e):it.extend({},e);var t,n,r,i,a,s,l=[],u=!e.once&&[],c=function(o){for(n=e.memory&&o,r=!0,a=s||0,s=0,i=l.length,t=!0;l&&i>a;a++)if(l[a].apply(o[0],o[1])===!1&&e.stopOnFalse){n=!1;break}t=!1,l&&(u?u.length&&c(u.shift()):n?l=[]:d.disable())},d={add:function(){if(l){var r=l.length;!function o(t){it.each(t,function(t,n){var r=it.type(n);"function"===r?e.unique&&d.has(n)||l.push(n):n&&n.length&&"string"!==r&&o(n)})}(arguments),t?i=l.length:n&&(s=r,c(n))}return this},remove:function(){return l&&it.each(arguments,function(e,n){for(var r;(r=it.inArray(n,l,r))>-1;)l.splice(r,1),t&&(i>=r&&i--,a>=r&&a--)}),this},has:function(e){return e?it.inArray(e,l)>-1:!(!l||!l.length)},empty:function(){return l=[],i=0,this},disable:function(){return l=u=n=void 0,this},disabled:function(){return!l},lock:function(){return u=void 0,n||d.disable(),this},locked:function(){return!u},fireWith:function(e,n){return!l||r&&!u||(n=n||[],n=[e,n.slice?n.slice():n],t?u.push(n):c(n)),this},fire:function(){return d.fireWith(this,arguments),this},fired:function(){return!!r}};return d},it.extend({Deferred:function(e){var t=[["resolve","done",it.Callbacks("once memory"),"resolved"],["reject","fail",it.Callbacks("once memory"),"rejected"],["notify","progress",it.Callbacks("memory")]],n="pending",r={state:function(){return n},always:function(){return i.done(arguments).fail(arguments),this},then:function(){var e=arguments;return it.Deferred(function(n){it.each(t,function(t,o){var a=it.isFunction(e[t])&&e[t];i[o[1]](function(){var e=a&&a.apply(this,arguments);e&&it.isFunction(e.promise)?e.promise().done(n.resolve).fail(n.reject).progress(n.notify):n[o[0]+"With"](this===r?n.promise():this,a?[e]:arguments)})}),e=null}).promise()},promise:function(e){return null!=e?it.extend(e,r):r}},i={};return r.pipe=r.then,it.each(t,function(e,o){var a=o[2],s=o[3];r[o[1]]=a.add,s&&a.add(function(){n=s},t[1^e][2].disable,t[2][2].lock),i[o[0]]=function(){return i[o[0]+"With"](this===i?r:this,arguments),this},i[o[0]+"With"]=a.fireWith}),r.promise(i),e&&e.call(i,i),i},when:function(e){var t,n,r,i=0,o=Y.call(arguments),a=o.length,s=1!==a||e&&it.isFunction(e.promise)?a:0,l=1===s?e:it.Deferred(),u=function(e,n,r){return function(i){n[e]=this,r[e]=arguments.length>1?Y.call(arguments):i,r===t?l.notifyWith(n,r):--s||l.resolveWith(n,r)}};if(a>1)for(t=new Array(a),n=new Array(a),r=new Array(a);a>i;i++)o[i]&&it.isFunction(o[i].promise)?o[i].promise().done(u(i,r,o)).fail(l.reject).progress(u(i,n,t)):--s;return s||l.resolveWith(r,o),l.promise()}});var wt;it.fn.ready=function(e){return it.ready.promise().done(e),this},it.extend({isReady:!1,readyWait:1,holdReady:function(e){e?it.readyWait++:it.ready(!0)},ready:function(e){if(e===!0?!--it.readyWait:!it.isReady){if(!ht.body)return setTimeout(it.ready);it.isReady=!0,e!==!0&&--it.readyWait>0||(wt.resolveWith(ht,[it]),it.fn.triggerHandler&&(it(ht).triggerHandler("ready"),it(ht).off("ready")))}}}),it.ready.promise=function(t){if(!wt)if(wt=it.Deferred(),"complete"===ht.readyState)setTimeout(it.ready);else if(ht.addEventListener)ht.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",s,!1),e.addEventListener("load",s,!1);else{ht.attachEvent("onreadystatechange",s),e.attachEvent("onload",s);var n=!1;try{n=null==e.frameElement&&ht.documentElement}catch(r){}n&&n.doScroll&&!function i(){if(!it.isReady){try{n.doScroll("left")}catch(e){return setTimeout(i,50)}a(),it.ready()}}()}return wt.promise(t)};var Tt,Et="undefined";for(Tt in it(nt))break;nt.ownLast="0"!==Tt,nt.inlineBlockNeedsLayout=!1,it(function(){var e,t,n,r;n=ht.getElementsByTagName("body")[0],n&&n.style&&(t=ht.createElement("div"),r=ht.createElement("div"),r.style.cssText="position:absolute;border:0;width:0;height:0;top:0;left:-9999px",n.appendChild(r).appendChild(t),typeof t.style.zoom!==Et&&(t.style.cssText="display:inline;margin:0;border:0;padding:1px;width:1px;zoom:1",nt.inlineBlockNeedsLayout=e=3===t.offsetWidth,e&&(n.style.zoom=1)),n.removeChild(r))}),function(){var e=ht.createElement("div");if(null==nt.deleteExpando){nt.deleteExpando=!0;try{delete e.test}catch(t){nt.deleteExpando=!1}}e=null}(),it.acceptData=function(e){var t=it.noData[(e.nodeName+" ").toLowerCase()],n=+e.nodeType||1;return 1!==n&&9!==n?!1:!t||t!==!0&&e.getAttribute("classid")===t};var kt=/^(?:\{[\w\W]*\}|\[[\w\W]*\])$/,Ct=/([A-Z])/g;it.extend({cache:{},noData:{"applet ":!0,"embed ":!0,"object ":"clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000"},hasData:function(e){return e=e.nodeType?it.cache[e[it.expando]]:e[it.expando],!!e&&!u(e)},data:function(e,t,n){return c(e,t,n)},removeData:function(e,t){return d(e,t)},_data:function(e,t,n){return c(e,t,n,!0)},_removeData:function(e,t){return d(e,t,!0)}}),it.fn.extend({data:function(e,t){var n,r,i,o=this[0],a=o&&o.attributes;if(void 0===e){if(this.length&&(i=it.data(o),1===o.nodeType&&!it._data(o,"parsedAttrs"))){for(n=a.length;n--;)a[n]&&(r=a[n].name,0===r.indexOf("data-")&&(r=it.camelCase(r.slice(5)),l(o,r,i[r])));it._data(o,"parsedAttrs",!0)}return i}return"object"==typeof e?this.each(function(){it.data(this,e)}):arguments.length>1?this.each(function(){it.data(this,e,t)}):o?l(o,e,it.data(o,e)):void 0},removeData:function(e){return this.each(function(){it.removeData(this,e)})}}),it.extend({queue:function(e,t,n){var r;return e?(t=(t||"fx")+"queue",r=it._data(e,t),n&&(!r||it.isArray(n)?r=it._data(e,t,it.makeArray(n)):r.push(n)),r||[]):void 0},dequeue:function(e,t){t=t||"fx";var n=it.queue(e,t),r=n.length,i=n.shift(),o=it._queueHooks(e,t),a=function(){it.dequeue(e,t)};"inprogress"===i&&(i=n.shift(),r--),i&&("fx"===t&&n.unshift("inprogress"),delete o.stop,i.call(e,a,o)),!r&&o&&o.empty.fire()},_queueHooks:function(e,t){var n=t+"queueHooks";return it._data(e,n)||it._data(e,n,{empty:it.Callbacks("once memory").add(function(){it._removeData(e,t+"queue"),it._removeData(e,n)})})}}),it.fn.extend({queue:function(e,t){var n=2;return"string"!=typeof e&&(t=e,e="fx",n--),arguments.length<n?it.queue(this[0],e):void 0===t?this:this.each(function(){var n=it.queue(this,e,t);it._queueHooks(this,e),"fx"===e&&"inprogress"!==n[0]&&it.dequeue(this,e)})},dequeue:function(e){return this.each(function(){it.dequeue(this,e)})},clearQueue:function(e){return this.queue(e||"fx",[])},promise:function(e,t){var n,r=1,i=it.Deferred(),o=this,a=this.length,s=function(){--r||i.resolveWith(o,[o])};for("string"!=typeof e&&(t=e,e=void 0),e=e||"fx";a--;)n=it._data(o[a],e+"queueHooks"),n&&n.empty&&(r++,n.empty.add(s));return s(),i.promise(t)}});var Nt=/[+-]?(?:\d*\.|)\d+(?:[eE][+-]?\d+|)/.source,St=["Top","Right","Bottom","Left"],jt=function(e,t){return e=t||e,"none"===it.css(e,"display")||!it.contains(e.ownerDocument,e)},At=it.access=function(e,t,n,r,i,o,a){var s=0,l=e.length,u=null==n;if("object"===it.type(n)){i=!0;for(s in n)it.access(e,t,s,n[s],!0,o,a)}else if(void 0!==r&&(i=!0,it.isFunction(r)||(a=!0),u&&(a?(t.call(e,r),t=null):(u=t,t=function(e,t,n){return u.call(it(e),n)})),t))for(;l>s;s++)t(e[s],n,a?r:r.call(e[s],s,t(e[s],n)));return i?e:u?t.call(e):l?t(e[0],n):o},Dt=/^(?:checkbox|radio)$/i;!function(){var e=ht.createElement("input"),t=ht.createElement("div"),n=ht.createDocumentFragment();if(t.innerHTML="  <link/><table></table><a href='/a'>a</a><input type='checkbox'/>",nt.leadingWhitespace=3===t.firstChild.nodeType,nt.tbody=!t.getElementsByTagName("tbody").length,nt.htmlSerialize=!!t.getElementsByTagName("link").length,nt.html5Clone="<:nav></:nav>"!==ht.createElement("nav").cloneNode(!0).outerHTML,e.type="checkbox",e.checked=!0,n.appendChild(e),nt.appendChecked=e.checked,t.innerHTML="<textarea>x</textarea>",nt.noCloneChecked=!!t.cloneNode(!0).lastChild.defaultValue,n.appendChild(t),t.innerHTML="<input type='radio' checked='checked' name='t'/>",nt.checkClone=t.cloneNode(!0).cloneNode(!0).lastChild.checked,nt.noCloneEvent=!0,t.attachEvent&&(t.attachEvent("onclick",function(){nt.noCloneEvent=!1}),t.cloneNode(!0).click()),null==nt.deleteExpando){nt.deleteExpando=!0;try{delete t.test}catch(r){nt.deleteExpando=!1}}}(),function(){var t,n,r=ht.createElement("div");for(t in{submit:!0,change:!0,focusin:!0})n="on"+t,(nt[t+"Bubbles"]=n in e)||(r.setAttribute(n,"t"),nt[t+"Bubbles"]=r.attributes[n].expando===!1);r=null}();var Lt=/^(?:input|select|textarea)$/i,Ht=/^key/,_t=/^(?:mouse|pointer|contextmenu)|click/,qt=/^(?:focusinfocus|focusoutblur)$/,Ft=/^([^.]*)(?:\.(.+)|)$/;it.event={global:{},add:function(e,t,n,r,i){var o,a,s,l,u,c,d,f,p,h,m,g=it._data(e);if(g){for(n.handler&&(l=n,n=l.handler,i=l.selector),n.guid||(n.guid=it.guid++),(a=g.events)||(a=g.events={}),(c=g.handle)||(c=g.handle=function(e){return typeof it===Et||e&&it.event.triggered===e.type?void 0:it.event.dispatch.apply(c.elem,arguments)},c.elem=e),t=(t||"").match(bt)||[""],s=t.length;s--;)o=Ft.exec(t[s])||[],p=m=o[1],h=(o[2]||"").split(".").sort(),p&&(u=it.event.special[p]||{},p=(i?u.delegateType:u.bindType)||p,u=it.event.special[p]||{},d=it.extend({type:p,origType:m,data:r,handler:n,guid:n.guid,selector:i,needsContext:i&&it.expr.match.needsContext.test(i),namespace:h.join(".")},l),(f=a[p])||(f=a[p]=[],f.delegateCount=0,u.setup&&u.setup.call(e,r,h,c)!==!1||(e.addEventListener?e.addEventListener(p,c,!1):e.attachEvent&&e.attachEvent("on"+p,c))),u.add&&(u.add.call(e,d),d.handler.guid||(d.handler.guid=n.guid)),i?f.splice(f.delegateCount++,0,d):f.push(d),it.event.global[p]=!0);e=null}},remove:function(e,t,n,r,i){var o,a,s,l,u,c,d,f,p,h,m,g=it.hasData(e)&&it._data(e);if(g&&(c=g.events)){for(t=(t||"").match(bt)||[""],u=t.length;u--;)if(s=Ft.exec(t[u])||[],p=m=s[1],h=(s[2]||"").split(".").sort(),p){for(d=it.event.special[p]||{},p=(r?d.delegateType:d.bindType)||p,f=c[p]||[],s=s[2]&&new RegExp("(^|\\.)"+h.join("\\.(?:.*\\.|)")+"(\\.|$)"),l=o=f.length;o--;)a=f[o],!i&&m!==a.origType||n&&n.guid!==a.guid||s&&!s.test(a.namespace)||r&&r!==a.selector&&("**"!==r||!a.selector)||(f.splice(o,1),a.selector&&f.delegateCount--,d.remove&&d.remove.call(e,a));l&&!f.length&&(d.teardown&&d.teardown.call(e,h,g.handle)!==!1||it.removeEvent(e,p,g.handle),delete c[p])}else for(p in c)it.event.remove(e,p+t[u],n,r,!0);it.isEmptyObject(c)&&(delete g.handle,it._removeData(e,"events"))}},trigger:function(t,n,r,i){var o,a,s,l,u,c,d,f=[r||ht],p=tt.call(t,"type")?t.type:t,h=tt.call(t,"namespace")?t.namespace.split("."):[];if(s=c=r=r||ht,3!==r.nodeType&&8!==r.nodeType&&!qt.test(p+it.event.triggered)&&(p.indexOf(".")>=0&&(h=p.split("."),p=h.shift(),h.sort()),a=p.indexOf(":")<0&&"on"+p,t=t[it.expando]?t:new it.Event(p,"object"==typeof t&&t),t.isTrigger=i?2:3,t.namespace=h.join("."),t.namespace_re=t.namespace?new RegExp("(^|\\.)"+h.join("\\.(?:.*\\.|)")+"(\\.|$)"):null,t.result=void 0,t.target||(t.target=r),n=null==n?[t]:it.makeArray(n,[t]),u=it.event.special[p]||{},i||!u.trigger||u.trigger.apply(r,n)!==!1)){if(!i&&!u.noBubble&&!it.isWindow(r)){for(l=u.delegateType||p,qt.test(l+p)||(s=s.parentNode);s;s=s.parentNode)f.push(s),c=s;c===(r.ownerDocument||ht)&&f.push(c.defaultView||c.parentWindow||e)}for(d=0;(s=f[d++])&&!t.isPropagationStopped();)t.type=d>1?l:u.bindType||p,o=(it._data(s,"events")||{})[t.type]&&it._data(s,"handle"),o&&o.apply(s,n),o=a&&s[a],o&&o.apply&&it.acceptData(s)&&(t.result=o.apply(s,n),t.result===!1&&t.preventDefault());if(t.type=p,!i&&!t.isDefaultPrevented()&&(!u._default||u._default.apply(f.pop(),n)===!1)&&it.acceptData(r)&&a&&r[p]&&!it.isWindow(r)){c=r[a],c&&(r[a]=null),it.event.triggered=p;try{r[p]()}catch(m){}it.event.triggered=void 0,c&&(r[a]=c)}return t.result}},dispatch:function(e){e=it.event.fix(e);var t,n,r,i,o,a=[],s=Y.call(arguments),l=(it._data(this,"events")||{})[e.type]||[],u=it.event.special[e.type]||{};if(s[0]=e,e.delegateTarget=this,!u.preDispatch||u.preDispatch.call(this,e)!==!1){for(a=it.event.handlers.call(this,e,l),t=0;(i=a[t++])&&!e.isPropagationStopped();)for(e.currentTarget=i.elem,o=0;(r=i.handlers[o++])&&!e.isImmediatePropagationStopped();)(!e.namespace_re||e.namespace_re.test(r.namespace))&&(e.handleObj=r,e.data=r.data,n=((it.event.special[r.origType]||{}).handle||r.handler).apply(i.elem,s),void 0!==n&&(e.result=n)===!1&&(e.preventDefault(),e.stopPropagation()));return u.postDispatch&&u.postDispatch.call(this,e),e.result}},handlers:function(e,t){var n,r,i,o,a=[],s=t.delegateCount,l=e.target;if(s&&l.nodeType&&(!e.button||"click"!==e.type))for(;l!=this;l=l.parentNode||this)if(1===l.nodeType&&(l.disabled!==!0||"click"!==e.type)){for(i=[],o=0;s>o;o++)r=t[o],n=r.selector+" ",void 0===i[n]&&(i[n]=r.needsContext?it(n,this).index(l)>=0:it.find(n,this,null,[l]).length),i[n]&&i.push(r);i.length&&a.push({elem:l,handlers:i})}return s<t.length&&a.push({elem:this,handlers:t.slice(s)}),a},fix:function(e){if(e[it.expando])return e;var t,n,r,i=e.type,o=e,a=this.fixHooks[i];for(a||(this.fixHooks[i]=a=_t.test(i)?this.mouseHooks:Ht.test(i)?this.keyHooks:{}),r=a.props?this.props.concat(a.props):this.props,e=new it.Event(o),t=r.length;t--;)n=r[t],e[n]=o[n];return e.target||(e.target=o.srcElement||ht),3===e.target.nodeType&&(e.target=e.target.parentNode),e.metaKey=!!e.metaKey,a.filter?a.filter(e,o):e},props:"altKey bubbles cancelable ctrlKey currentTarget eventPhase metaKey relatedTarget shiftKey target timeStamp view which".split(" "),fixHooks:{},keyHooks:{props:"char charCode key keyCode".split(" "),filter:function(e,t){return null==e.which&&(e.which=null!=t.charCode?t.charCode:t.keyCode),e}},mouseHooks:{props:"button buttons clientX clientY fromElement offsetX offsetY pageX pageY screenX screenY toElement".split(" "),filter:function(e,t){var n,r,i,o=t.button,a=t.fromElement;return null==e.pageX&&null!=t.clientX&&(r=e.target.ownerDocument||ht,i=r.documentElement,n=r.body,e.pageX=t.clientX+(i&&i.scrollLeft||n&&n.scrollLeft||0)-(i&&i.clientLeft||n&&n.clientLeft||0),e.pageY=t.clientY+(i&&i.scrollTop||n&&n.scrollTop||0)-(i&&i.clientTop||n&&n.clientTop||0)),!e.relatedTarget&&a&&(e.relatedTarget=a===e.target?t.toElement:a),e.which||void 0===o||(e.which=1&o?1:2&o?3:4&o?2:0),e}},special:{load:{noBubble:!0},focus:{trigger:function(){if(this!==h()&&this.focus)try{return this.focus(),!1}catch(e){}},delegateType:"focusin"},blur:{trigger:function(){return this===h()&&this.blur?(this.blur(),!1):void 0},delegateType:"focusout"},click:{trigger:function(){return it.nodeName(this,"input")&&"checkbox"===this.type&&this.click?(this.click(),!1):void 0},_default:function(e){return it.nodeName(e.target,"a")}},beforeunload:{postDispatch:function(e){void 0!==e.result&&e.originalEvent&&(e.originalEvent.returnValue=e.result)}}},simulate:function(e,t,n,r){var i=it.extend(new it.Event,n,{type:e,isSimulated:!0,originalEvent:{}});r?it.event.trigger(i,null,t):it.event.dispatch.call(t,i),i.isDefaultPrevented()&&n.preventDefault()}},it.removeEvent=ht.removeEventListener?function(e,t,n){e.removeEventListener&&e.removeEventListener(t,n,!1)}:function(e,t,n){var r="on"+t;e.detachEvent&&(typeof e[r]===Et&&(e[r]=null),e.detachEvent(r,n))},it.Event=function(e,t){return this instanceof it.Event?(e&&e.type?(this.originalEvent=e,this.type=e.type,this.isDefaultPrevented=e.defaultPrevented||void 0===e.defaultPrevented&&e.returnValue===!1?f:p):this.type=e,t&&it.extend(this,t),this.timeStamp=e&&e.timeStamp||it.now(),void(this[it.expando]=!0)):new it.Event(e,t)},it.Event.prototype={isDefaultPrevented:p,isPropagationStopped:p,isImmediatePropagationStopped:p,preventDefault:function(){var e=this.originalEvent;this.isDefaultPrevented=f,e&&(e.preventDefault?e.preventDefault():e.returnValue=!1)},stopPropagation:function(){var e=this.originalEvent;this.isPropagationStopped=f,e&&(e.stopPropagation&&e.stopPropagation(),e.cancelBubble=!0)},stopImmediatePropagation:function(){var e=this.originalEvent;this.isImmediatePropagationStopped=f,e&&e.stopImmediatePropagation&&e.stopImmediatePropagation(),this.stopPropagation()}},it.each({mouseenter:"mouseover",mouseleave:"mouseout",pointerenter:"pointerover",pointerleave:"pointerout"},function(e,t){it.event.special[e]={delegateType:t,bindType:t,handle:function(e){var n,r=this,i=e.relatedTarget,o=e.handleObj;return(!i||i!==r&&!it.contains(r,i))&&(e.type=o.origType,n=o.handler.apply(this,arguments),e.type=t),n}}}),nt.submitBubbles||(it.event.special.submit={setup:function(){return it.nodeName(this,"form")?!1:void it.event.add(this,"click._submit keypress._submit",function(e){var t=e.target,n=it.nodeName(t,"input")||it.nodeName(t,"button")?t.form:void 0;n&&!it._data(n,"submitBubbles")&&(it.event.add(n,"submit._submit",function(e){e._submit_bubble=!0}),it._data(n,"submitBubbles",!0))})},postDispatch:function(e){e._submit_bubble&&(delete e._submit_bubble,this.parentNode&&!e.isTrigger&&it.event.simulate("submit",this.parentNode,e,!0))},teardown:function(){return it.nodeName(this,"form")?!1:void it.event.remove(this,"._submit")}}),nt.changeBubbles||(it.event.special.change={setup:function(){return Lt.test(this.nodeName)?(("checkbox"===this.type||"radio"===this.type)&&(it.event.add(this,"propertychange._change",function(e){"checked"===e.originalEvent.propertyName&&(this._just_changed=!0)}),it.event.add(this,"click._change",function(e){this._just_changed&&!e.isTrigger&&(this._just_changed=!1),it.event.simulate("change",this,e,!0)})),!1):void it.event.add(this,"beforeactivate._change",function(e){var t=e.target;Lt.test(t.nodeName)&&!it._data(t,"changeBubbles")&&(it.event.add(t,"change._change",function(e){!this.parentNode||e.isSimulated||e.isTrigger||it.event.simulate("change",this.parentNode,e,!0)}),it._data(t,"changeBubbles",!0))})},handle:function(e){var t=e.target;return this!==t||e.isSimulated||e.isTrigger||"radio"!==t.type&&"checkbox"!==t.type?e.handleObj.handler.apply(this,arguments):void 0},teardown:function(){return it.event.remove(this,"._change"),!Lt.test(this.nodeName)}}),nt.focusinBubbles||it.each({focus:"focusin",blur:"focusout"},function(e,t){var n=function(e){it.event.simulate(t,e.target,it.event.fix(e),!0)};it.event.special[t]={setup:function(){var r=this.ownerDocument||this,i=it._data(r,t);i||r.addEventListener(e,n,!0),it._data(r,t,(i||0)+1)},teardown:function(){var r=this.ownerDocument||this,i=it._data(r,t)-1;i?it._data(r,t,i):(r.removeEventListener(e,n,!0),it._removeData(r,t))}}}),it.fn.extend({on:function(e,t,n,r,i){var o,a;if("object"==typeof e){"string"!=typeof t&&(n=n||t,t=void 0);for(o in e)this.on(o,t,n,e[o],i);return this}if(null==n&&null==r?(r=t,n=t=void 0):null==r&&("string"==typeof t?(r=n,n=void 0):(r=n,n=t,t=void 0)),r===!1)r=p;else if(!r)return this;return 1===i&&(a=r,r=function(e){return it().off(e),a.apply(this,arguments)},r.guid=a.guid||(a.guid=it.guid++)),this.each(function(){it.event.add(this,e,r,n,t)})},one:function(e,t,n,r){return this.on(e,t,n,r,1)},off:function(e,t,n){var r,i;if(e&&e.preventDefault&&e.handleObj)return r=e.handleObj,it(e.delegateTarget).off(r.namespace?r.origType+"."+r.namespace:r.origType,r.selector,r.handler),this;if("object"==typeof e){for(i in e)this.off(i,t,e[i]);return this}return(t===!1||"function"==typeof t)&&(n=t,t=void 0),n===!1&&(n=p),this.each(function(){it.event.remove(this,e,n,t)})},trigger:function(e,t){return this.each(function(){it.event.trigger(e,t,this)})},triggerHandler:function(e,t){var n=this[0];return n?it.event.trigger(e,t,n,!0):void 0}});var Mt="abbr|article|aside|audio|bdi|canvas|data|datalist|details|figcaption|figure|footer|header|hgroup|mark|meter|nav|output|progress|section|summary|time|video",Ot=/ jQuery\d+="(?:null|\d+)"/g,Rt=new RegExp("<(?:"+Mt+")[\\s/>]","i"),Bt=/^\s+/,Pt=/<(?!area|br|col|embed|hr|img|input|link|meta|param)(([\w:]+)[^>]*)\/>/gi,It=/<([\w:]+)/,Wt=/<tbody/i,$t=/<|&#?\w+;/,zt=/<(?:script|style|link)/i,Xt=/checked\s*(?:[^=]|=\s*.checked.)/i,Ut=/^$|\/(?:java|ecma)script/i,Vt=/^true\/(.*)/,Gt=/^\s*<!(?:\[CDATA\[|--)|(?:\]\]|--)>\s*$/g,Yt={option:[1,"<select multiple='multiple'>","</select>"],legend:[1,"<fieldset>","</fieldset>"],area:[1,"<map>","</map>"],param:[1,"<object>","</object>"],thead:[1,"<table>","</table>"],tr:[2,"<table><tbody>","</tbody></table>"],col:[2,"<table><tbody></tbody><colgroup>","</colgroup></table>"],td:[3,"<table><tbody><tr>","</tr></tbody></table>"],_default:nt.htmlSerialize?[0,"",""]:[1,"X<div>","</div>"]},Jt=m(ht),Kt=Jt.appendChild(ht.createElement("div"));Yt.optgroup=Yt.option,Yt.tbody=Yt.tfoot=Yt.colgroup=Yt.caption=Yt.thead,Yt.th=Yt.td,it.extend({clone:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s,l=it.contains(e.ownerDocument,e);if(nt.html5Clone||it.isXMLDoc(e)||!Rt.test("<"+e.nodeName+">")?o=e.cloneNode(!0):(Kt.innerHTML=e.outerHTML,Kt.removeChild(o=Kt.firstChild)),!(nt.noCloneEvent&&nt.noCloneChecked||1!==e.nodeType&&11!==e.nodeType||it.isXMLDoc(e)))for(r=g(o),s=g(e),a=0;null!=(i=s[a]);++a)r[a]&&E(i,r[a]);if(t)if(n)for(s=s||g(e),r=r||g(o),a=0;null!=(i=s[a]);a++)T(i,r[a]);else T(e,o);return r=g(o,"script"),r.length>0&&w(r,!l&&g(e,"script")),r=s=i=null,o},buildFragment:function(e,t,n,r){for(var i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d=e.length,f=m(t),p=[],h=0;d>h;h++)if(o=e[h],o||0===o)if("object"===it.type(o))it.merge(p,o.nodeType?[o]:o);else if($t.test(o)){for(s=s||f.appendChild(t.createElement("div")),l=(It.exec(o)||["",""])[1].toLowerCase(),c=Yt[l]||Yt._default,s.innerHTML=c[1]+o.replace(Pt,"<$1></$2>")+c[2],i=c[0];i--;)s=s.lastChild;if(!nt.leadingWhitespace&&Bt.test(o)&&p.push(t.createTextNode(Bt.exec(o)[0])),!nt.tbody)for(o="table"!==l||Wt.test(o)?"<table>"!==c[1]||Wt.test(o)?0:s:s.firstChild,i=o&&o.childNodes.length;i--;)it.nodeName(u=o.childNodes[i],"tbody")&&!u.childNodes.length&&o.removeChild(u);for(it.merge(p,s.childNodes),s.textContent="";s.firstChild;)s.removeChild(s.firstChild);s=f.lastChild}else p.push(t.createTextNode(o));for(s&&f.removeChild(s),nt.appendChecked||it.grep(g(p,"input"),v),h=0;o=p[h++];)if((!r||-1===it.inArray(o,r))&&(a=it.contains(o.ownerDocument,o),s=g(f.appendChild(o),"script"),a&&w(s),n))for(i=0;o=s[i++];)Ut.test(o.type||"")&&n.push(o);return s=null,f},cleanData:function(e,t){for(var n,r,i,o,a=0,s=it.expando,l=it.cache,u=nt.deleteExpando,c=it.event.special;null!=(n=e[a]);a++)if((t||it.acceptData(n))&&(i=n[s],o=i&&l[i])){if(o.events)for(r in o.events)c[r]?it.event.remove(n,r):it.removeEvent(n,r,o.handle);l[i]&&(delete l[i],u?delete n[s]:typeof n.removeAttribute!==Et?n.removeAttribute(s):n[s]=null,G.push(i))}}}),it.fn.extend({text:function(e){return At(this,function(e){return void 0===e?it.text(this):this.empty().append((this[0]&&this[0].ownerDocument||ht).createTextNode(e))},null,e,arguments.length)},append:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,function(e){if(1===this.nodeType||11===this.nodeType||9===this.nodeType){var t=y(this,e);t.appendChild(e)}})},prepend:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,function(e){if(1===this.nodeType||11===this.nodeType||9===this.nodeType){var t=y(this,e);t.insertBefore(e,t.firstChild)}})},before:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,function(e){this.parentNode&&this.parentNode.insertBefore(e,this)})},after:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,function(e){this.parentNode&&this.parentNode.insertBefore(e,this.nextSibling)})},remove:function(e,t){for(var n,r=e?it.filter(e,this):this,i=0;null!=(n=r[i]);i++)t||1!==n.nodeType||it.cleanData(g(n)),n.parentNode&&(t&&it.contains(n.ownerDocument,n)&&w(g(n,"script")),n.parentNode.removeChild(n));return this},empty:function(){for(var e,t=0;null!=(e=this[t]);t++){for(1===e.nodeType&&it.cleanData(g(e,!1));e.firstChild;)e.removeChild(e.firstChild);e.options&&it.nodeName(e,"select")&&(e.options.length=0)}return this},clone:function(e,t){return e=null==e?!1:e,t=null==t?e:t,this.map(function(){return it.clone(this,e,t)})},html:function(e){return At(this,function(e){var t=this[0]||{},n=0,r=this.length;if(void 0===e)return 1===t.nodeType?t.innerHTML.replace(Ot,""):void 0;if(!("string"!=typeof e||zt.test(e)||!nt.htmlSerialize&&Rt.test(e)||!nt.leadingWhitespace&&Bt.test(e)||Yt[(It.exec(e)||["",""])[1].toLowerCase()])){e=e.replace(Pt,"<$1></$2>");try{for(;r>n;n++)t=this[n]||{},1===t.nodeType&&(it.cleanData(g(t,!1)),t.innerHTML=e);t=0}catch(i){}}t&&this.empty().append(e)},null,e,arguments.length)},replaceWith:function(){var e=arguments[0];return this.domManip(arguments,function(t){e=this.parentNode,it.cleanData(g(this)),e&&e.replaceChild(t,this)}),e&&(e.length||e.nodeType)?this:this.remove()},detach:function(e){return this.remove(e,!0)},domManip:function(e,t){e=J.apply([],e);var n,r,i,o,a,s,l=0,u=this.length,c=this,d=u-1,f=e[0],p=it.isFunction(f);if(p||u>1&&"string"==typeof f&&!nt.checkClone&&Xt.test(f))return this.each(function(n){var r=c.eq(n);p&&(e[0]=f.call(this,n,r.html())),r.domManip(e,t)});if(u&&(s=it.buildFragment(e,this[0].ownerDocument,!1,this),n=s.firstChild,1===s.childNodes.length&&(s=n),n)){for(o=it.map(g(s,"script"),b),i=o.length;u>l;l++)r=s,l!==d&&(r=it.clone(r,!0,!0),i&&it.merge(o,g(r,"script"))),t.call(this[l],r,l);if(i)for(a=o[o.length-1].ownerDocument,it.map(o,x),l=0;i>l;l++)r=o[l],Ut.test(r.type||"")&&!it._data(r,"globalEval")&&it.contains(a,r)&&(r.src?it._evalUrl&&it._evalUrl(r.src):it.globalEval((r.text||r.textContent||r.innerHTML||"").replace(Gt,"")));s=n=null}return this}}),it.each({appendTo:"append",prependTo:"prepend",insertBefore:"before",insertAfter:"after",replaceAll:"replaceWith"},function(e,t){it.fn[e]=function(e){for(var n,r=0,i=[],o=it(e),a=o.length-1;a>=r;r++)n=r===a?this:this.clone(!0),it(o[r])[t](n),K.apply(i,n.get());return this.pushStack(i)}});var Qt,Zt={};!function(){var e;nt.shrinkWrapBlocks=function(){if(null!=e)return e;e=!1;var t,n,r;return n=ht.getElementsByTagName("body")[0],n&&n.style?(t=ht.createElement("div"),r=ht.createElement("div"),r.style.cssText="position:absolute;border:0;width:0;height:0;top:0;left:-9999px",n.appendChild(r).appendChild(t),typeof t.style.zoom!==Et&&(t.style.cssText="-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;-moz-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box;display:block;margin:0;border:0;padding:1px;width:1px;zoom:1",t.appendChild(ht.createElement("div")).style.width="5px",e=3!==t.offsetWidth),n.removeChild(r),e):void 0}}();var en,tn,nn=/^margin/,rn=new RegExp("^("+Nt+")(?!px)[a-z%]+$","i"),on=/^(top|right|bottom|left)$/;e.getComputedStyle?(en=function(e){return e.ownerDocument.defaultView.getComputedStyle(e,null)},tn=function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s=e.style;return n=n||en(e),a=n?n.getPropertyValue(t)||n[t]:void 0,n&&(""!==a||it.contains(e.ownerDocument,e)||(a=it.style(e,t)),rn.test(a)&&nn.test(t)&&(r=s.width,i=s.minWidth,o=s.maxWidth,s.minWidth=s.maxWidth=s.width=a,a=n.width,s.width=r,s.minWidth=i,s.maxWidth=o)),void 0===a?a:a+""}):ht.documentElement.currentStyle&&(en=function(e){return e.currentStyle},tn=function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s=e.style;return n=n||en(e),a=n?n[t]:void 0,null==a&&s&&s[t]&&(a=s[t]),rn.test(a)&&!on.test(t)&&(r=s.left,i=e.runtimeStyle,o=i&&i.left,o&&(i.left=e.currentStyle.left),s.left="fontSize"===t?"1em":a,a=s.pixelLeft+"px",s.left=r,o&&(i.left=o)),void 0===a?a:a+""||"auto"}),function(){function t(){var t,n,r,i;n=ht.getElementsByTagName("body")[0],n&&n.style&&(t=ht.createElement("div"),r=ht.createElement("div"),r.style.cssText="position:absolute;border:0;width:0;height:0;top:0;left:-9999px",n.appendChild(r).appendChild(t),t.style.cssText="-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;display:block;margin-top:1%;top:1%;border:1px;padding:1px;width:4px;position:absolute",o=a=!1,l=!0,e.getComputedStyle&&(o="1%"!==(e.getComputedStyle(t,null)||{}).top,a="4px"===(e.getComputedStyle(t,null)||{width:"4px"}).width,i=t.appendChild(ht.createElement("div")),i.style.cssText=t.style.cssText="-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;-moz-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box;display:block;margin:0;border:0;padding:0",i.style.marginRight=i.style.width="0",t.style.width="1px",l=!parseFloat((e.getComputedStyle(i,null)||{}).marginRight)),t.innerHTML="<table><tr><td></td><td>t</td></tr></table>",i=t.getElementsByTagName("td"),i[0].style.cssText="margin:0;border:0;padding:0;display:none",s=0===i[0].offsetHeight,s&&(i[0].style.display="",i[1].style.display="none",s=0===i[0].offsetHeight),n.removeChild(r))}var n,r,i,o,a,s,l;n=ht.createElement("div"),n.innerHTML="  <link/><table></table><a href='/a'>a</a><input type='checkbox'/>",i=n.getElementsByTagName("a")[0],r=i&&i.style,r&&(r.cssText="float:left;opacity:.5",nt.opacity="0.5"===r.opacity,nt.cssFloat=!!r.cssFloat,n.style.backgroundClip="content-box",n.cloneNode(!0).style.backgroundClip="",nt.clearCloneStyle="content-box"===n.style.backgroundClip,nt.boxSizing=""===r.boxSizing||""===r.MozBoxSizing||""===r.WebkitBoxSizing,it.extend(nt,{reliableHiddenOffsets:function(){return null==s&&t(),s
+},boxSizingReliable:function(){return null==a&&t(),a},pixelPosition:function(){return null==o&&t(),o},reliableMarginRight:function(){return null==l&&t(),l}}))}(),it.swap=function(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a={};for(o in t)a[o]=e.style[o],e.style[o]=t[o];i=n.apply(e,r||[]);for(o in t)e.style[o]=a[o];return i};var an=/alpha\([^)]*\)/i,sn=/opacity\s*=\s*([^)]*)/,ln=/^(none|table(?!-c[ea]).+)/,un=new RegExp("^("+Nt+")(.*)$","i"),cn=new RegExp("^([+-])=("+Nt+")","i"),dn={position:"absolute",visibility:"hidden",display:"block"},fn={letterSpacing:"0",fontWeight:"400"},pn=["Webkit","O","Moz","ms"];it.extend({cssHooks:{opacity:{get:function(e,t){if(t){var n=tn(e,"opacity");return""===n?"1":n}}}},cssNumber:{columnCount:!0,fillOpacity:!0,flexGrow:!0,flexShrink:!0,fontWeight:!0,lineHeight:!0,opacity:!0,order:!0,orphans:!0,widows:!0,zIndex:!0,zoom:!0},cssProps:{"float":nt.cssFloat?"cssFloat":"styleFloat"},style:function(e,t,n,r){if(e&&3!==e.nodeType&&8!==e.nodeType&&e.style){var i,o,a,s=it.camelCase(t),l=e.style;if(t=it.cssProps[s]||(it.cssProps[s]=S(l,s)),a=it.cssHooks[t]||it.cssHooks[s],void 0===n)return a&&"get"in a&&void 0!==(i=a.get(e,!1,r))?i:l[t];if(o=typeof n,"string"===o&&(i=cn.exec(n))&&(n=(i[1]+1)*i[2]+parseFloat(it.css(e,t)),o="number"),null!=n&&n===n&&("number"!==o||it.cssNumber[s]||(n+="px"),nt.clearCloneStyle||""!==n||0!==t.indexOf("background")||(l[t]="inherit"),!(a&&"set"in a&&void 0===(n=a.set(e,n,r)))))try{l[t]=n}catch(u){}}},css:function(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s=it.camelCase(t);return t=it.cssProps[s]||(it.cssProps[s]=S(e.style,s)),a=it.cssHooks[t]||it.cssHooks[s],a&&"get"in a&&(o=a.get(e,!0,n)),void 0===o&&(o=tn(e,t,r)),"normal"===o&&t in fn&&(o=fn[t]),""===n||n?(i=parseFloat(o),n===!0||it.isNumeric(i)?i||0:o):o}}),it.each(["height","width"],function(e,t){it.cssHooks[t]={get:function(e,n,r){return n?ln.test(it.css(e,"display"))&&0===e.offsetWidth?it.swap(e,dn,function(){return L(e,t,r)}):L(e,t,r):void 0},set:function(e,n,r){var i=r&&en(e);return A(e,n,r?D(e,t,r,nt.boxSizing&&"border-box"===it.css(e,"boxSizing",!1,i),i):0)}}}),nt.opacity||(it.cssHooks.opacity={get:function(e,t){return sn.test((t&&e.currentStyle?e.currentStyle.filter:e.style.filter)||"")?.01*parseFloat(RegExp.$1)+"":t?"1":""},set:function(e,t){var n=e.style,r=e.currentStyle,i=it.isNumeric(t)?"alpha(opacity="+100*t+")":"",o=r&&r.filter||n.filter||"";n.zoom=1,(t>=1||""===t)&&""===it.trim(o.replace(an,""))&&n.removeAttribute&&(n.removeAttribute("filter"),""===t||r&&!r.filter)||(n.filter=an.test(o)?o.replace(an,i):o+" "+i)}}),it.cssHooks.marginRight=N(nt.reliableMarginRight,function(e,t){return t?it.swap(e,{display:"inline-block"},tn,[e,"marginRight"]):void 0}),it.each({margin:"",padding:"",border:"Width"},function(e,t){it.cssHooks[e+t]={expand:function(n){for(var r=0,i={},o="string"==typeof n?n.split(" "):[n];4>r;r++)i[e+St[r]+t]=o[r]||o[r-2]||o[0];return i}},nn.test(e)||(it.cssHooks[e+t].set=A)}),it.fn.extend({css:function(e,t){return At(this,function(e,t,n){var r,i,o={},a=0;if(it.isArray(t)){for(r=en(e),i=t.length;i>a;a++)o[t[a]]=it.css(e,t[a],!1,r);return o}return void 0!==n?it.style(e,t,n):it.css(e,t)},e,t,arguments.length>1)},show:function(){return j(this,!0)},hide:function(){return j(this)},toggle:function(e){return"boolean"==typeof e?e?this.show():this.hide():this.each(function(){jt(this)?it(this).show():it(this).hide()})}}),it.Tween=H,H.prototype={constructor:H,init:function(e,t,n,r,i,o){this.elem=e,this.prop=n,this.easing=i||"swing",this.options=t,this.start=this.now=this.cur(),this.end=r,this.unit=o||(it.cssNumber[n]?"":"px")},cur:function(){var e=H.propHooks[this.prop];return e&&e.get?e.get(this):H.propHooks._default.get(this)},run:function(e){var t,n=H.propHooks[this.prop];return this.pos=t=this.options.duration?it.easing[this.easing](e,this.options.duration*e,0,1,this.options.duration):e,this.now=(this.end-this.start)*t+this.start,this.options.step&&this.options.step.call(this.elem,this.now,this),n&&n.set?n.set(this):H.propHooks._default.set(this),this}},H.prototype.init.prototype=H.prototype,H.propHooks={_default:{get:function(e){var t;return null==e.elem[e.prop]||e.elem.style&&null!=e.elem.style[e.prop]?(t=it.css(e.elem,e.prop,""),t&&"auto"!==t?t:0):e.elem[e.prop]},set:function(e){it.fx.step[e.prop]?it.fx.step[e.prop](e):e.elem.style&&(null!=e.elem.style[it.cssProps[e.prop]]||it.cssHooks[e.prop])?it.style(e.elem,e.prop,e.now+e.unit):e.elem[e.prop]=e.now}}},H.propHooks.scrollTop=H.propHooks.scrollLeft={set:function(e){e.elem.nodeType&&e.elem.parentNode&&(e.elem[e.prop]=e.now)}},it.easing={linear:function(e){return e},swing:function(e){return.5-Math.cos(e*Math.PI)/2}},it.fx=H.prototype.init,it.fx.step={};var hn,mn,gn=/^(?:toggle|show|hide)$/,vn=new RegExp("^(?:([+-])=|)("+Nt+")([a-z%]*)$","i"),yn=/queueHooks$/,bn=[M],xn={"*":[function(e,t){var n=this.createTween(e,t),r=n.cur(),i=vn.exec(t),o=i&&i[3]||(it.cssNumber[e]?"":"px"),a=(it.cssNumber[e]||"px"!==o&&+r)&&vn.exec(it.css(n.elem,e)),s=1,l=20;if(a&&a[3]!==o){o=o||a[3],i=i||[],a=+r||1;do s=s||".5",a/=s,it.style(n.elem,e,a+o);while(s!==(s=n.cur()/r)&&1!==s&&--l)}return i&&(a=n.start=+a||+r||0,n.unit=o,n.end=i[1]?a+(i[1]+1)*i[2]:+i[2]),n}]};it.Animation=it.extend(R,{tweener:function(e,t){it.isFunction(e)?(t=e,e=["*"]):e=e.split(" ");for(var n,r=0,i=e.length;i>r;r++)n=e[r],xn[n]=xn[n]||[],xn[n].unshift(t)},prefilter:function(e,t){t?bn.unshift(e):bn.push(e)}}),it.speed=function(e,t,n){var r=e&&"object"==typeof e?it.extend({},e):{complete:n||!n&&t||it.isFunction(e)&&e,duration:e,easing:n&&t||t&&!it.isFunction(t)&&t};return r.duration=it.fx.off?0:"number"==typeof r.duration?r.duration:r.duration in it.fx.speeds?it.fx.speeds[r.duration]:it.fx.speeds._default,(null==r.queue||r.queue===!0)&&(r.queue="fx"),r.old=r.complete,r.complete=function(){it.isFunction(r.old)&&r.old.call(this),r.queue&&it.dequeue(this,r.queue)},r},it.fn.extend({fadeTo:function(e,t,n,r){return this.filter(jt).css("opacity",0).show().end().animate({opacity:t},e,n,r)},animate:function(e,t,n,r){var i=it.isEmptyObject(e),o=it.speed(t,n,r),a=function(){var t=R(this,it.extend({},e),o);(i||it._data(this,"finish"))&&t.stop(!0)};return a.finish=a,i||o.queue===!1?this.each(a):this.queue(o.queue,a)},stop:function(e,t,n){var r=function(e){var t=e.stop;delete e.stop,t(n)};return"string"!=typeof e&&(n=t,t=e,e=void 0),t&&e!==!1&&this.queue(e||"fx",[]),this.each(function(){var t=!0,i=null!=e&&e+"queueHooks",o=it.timers,a=it._data(this);if(i)a[i]&&a[i].stop&&r(a[i]);else for(i in a)a[i]&&a[i].stop&&yn.test(i)&&r(a[i]);for(i=o.length;i--;)o[i].elem!==this||null!=e&&o[i].queue!==e||(o[i].anim.stop(n),t=!1,o.splice(i,1));(t||!n)&&it.dequeue(this,e)})},finish:function(e){return e!==!1&&(e=e||"fx"),this.each(function(){var t,n=it._data(this),r=n[e+"queue"],i=n[e+"queueHooks"],o=it.timers,a=r?r.length:0;for(n.finish=!0,it.queue(this,e,[]),i&&i.stop&&i.stop.call(this,!0),t=o.length;t--;)o[t].elem===this&&o[t].queue===e&&(o[t].anim.stop(!0),o.splice(t,1));for(t=0;a>t;t++)r[t]&&r[t].finish&&r[t].finish.call(this);delete n.finish})}}),it.each(["toggle","show","hide"],function(e,t){var n=it.fn[t];it.fn[t]=function(e,r,i){return null==e||"boolean"==typeof e?n.apply(this,arguments):this.animate(q(t,!0),e,r,i)}}),it.each({slideDown:q("show"),slideUp:q("hide"),slideToggle:q("toggle"),fadeIn:{opacity:"show"},fadeOut:{opacity:"hide"},fadeToggle:{opacity:"toggle"}},function(e,t){it.fn[e]=function(e,n,r){return this.animate(t,e,n,r)}}),it.timers=[],it.fx.tick=function(){var e,t=it.timers,n=0;for(hn=it.now();n<t.length;n++)e=t[n],e()||t[n]!==e||t.splice(n--,1);t.length||it.fx.stop(),hn=void 0},it.fx.timer=function(e){it.timers.push(e),e()?it.fx.start():it.timers.pop()},it.fx.interval=13,it.fx.start=function(){mn||(mn=setInterval(it.fx.tick,it.fx.interval))},it.fx.stop=function(){clearInterval(mn),mn=null},it.fx.speeds={slow:600,fast:200,_default:400},it.fn.delay=function(e,t){return e=it.fx?it.fx.speeds[e]||e:e,t=t||"fx",this.queue(t,function(t,n){var r=setTimeout(t,e);n.stop=function(){clearTimeout(r)}})},function(){var e,t,n,r,i;t=ht.createElement("div"),t.setAttribute("className","t"),t.innerHTML="  <link/><table></table><a href='/a'>a</a><input type='checkbox'/>",r=t.getElementsByTagName("a")[0],n=ht.createElement("select"),i=n.appendChild(ht.createElement("option")),e=t.getElementsByTagName("input")[0],r.style.cssText="top:1px",nt.getSetAttribute="t"!==t.className,nt.style=/top/.test(r.getAttribute("style")),nt.hrefNormalized="/a"===r.getAttribute("href"),nt.checkOn=!!e.value,nt.optSelected=i.selected,nt.enctype=!!ht.createElement("form").enctype,n.disabled=!0,nt.optDisabled=!i.disabled,e=ht.createElement("input"),e.setAttribute("value",""),nt.input=""===e.getAttribute("value"),e.value="t",e.setAttribute("type","radio"),nt.radioValue="t"===e.value}();var wn=/\r/g;it.fn.extend({val:function(e){var t,n,r,i=this[0];{if(arguments.length)return r=it.isFunction(e),this.each(function(n){var i;1===this.nodeType&&(i=r?e.call(this,n,it(this).val()):e,null==i?i="":"number"==typeof i?i+="":it.isArray(i)&&(i=it.map(i,function(e){return null==e?"":e+""})),t=it.valHooks[this.type]||it.valHooks[this.nodeName.toLowerCase()],t&&"set"in t&&void 0!==t.set(this,i,"value")||(this.value=i))});if(i)return t=it.valHooks[i.type]||it.valHooks[i.nodeName.toLowerCase()],t&&"get"in t&&void 0!==(n=t.get(i,"value"))?n:(n=i.value,"string"==typeof n?n.replace(wn,""):null==n?"":n)}}}),it.extend({valHooks:{option:{get:function(e){var t=it.find.attr(e,"value");return null!=t?t:it.trim(it.text(e))}},select:{get:function(e){for(var t,n,r=e.options,i=e.selectedIndex,o="select-one"===e.type||0>i,a=o?null:[],s=o?i+1:r.length,l=0>i?s:o?i:0;s>l;l++)if(n=r[l],!(!n.selected&&l!==i||(nt.optDisabled?n.disabled:null!==n.getAttribute("disabled"))||n.parentNode.disabled&&it.nodeName(n.parentNode,"optgroup"))){if(t=it(n).val(),o)return t;a.push(t)}return a},set:function(e,t){for(var n,r,i=e.options,o=it.makeArray(t),a=i.length;a--;)if(r=i[a],it.inArray(it.valHooks.option.get(r),o)>=0)try{r.selected=n=!0}catch(s){r.scrollHeight}else r.selected=!1;return n||(e.selectedIndex=-1),i}}}}),it.each(["radio","checkbox"],function(){it.valHooks[this]={set:function(e,t){return it.isArray(t)?e.checked=it.inArray(it(e).val(),t)>=0:void 0}},nt.checkOn||(it.valHooks[this].get=function(e){return null===e.getAttribute("value")?"on":e.value})});var Tn,En,kn=it.expr.attrHandle,Cn=/^(?:checked|selected)$/i,Nn=nt.getSetAttribute,Sn=nt.input;it.fn.extend({attr:function(e,t){return At(this,it.attr,e,t,arguments.length>1)},removeAttr:function(e){return this.each(function(){it.removeAttr(this,e)})}}),it.extend({attr:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o=e.nodeType;if(e&&3!==o&&8!==o&&2!==o)return typeof e.getAttribute===Et?it.prop(e,t,n):(1===o&&it.isXMLDoc(e)||(t=t.toLowerCase(),r=it.attrHooks[t]||(it.expr.match.bool.test(t)?En:Tn)),void 0===n?r&&"get"in r&&null!==(i=r.get(e,t))?i:(i=it.find.attr(e,t),null==i?void 0:i):null!==n?r&&"set"in r&&void 0!==(i=r.set(e,n,t))?i:(e.setAttribute(t,n+""),n):void it.removeAttr(e,t))},removeAttr:function(e,t){var n,r,i=0,o=t&&t.match(bt);if(o&&1===e.nodeType)for(;n=o[i++];)r=it.propFix[n]||n,it.expr.match.bool.test(n)?Sn&&Nn||!Cn.test(n)?e[r]=!1:e[it.camelCase("default-"+n)]=e[r]=!1:it.attr(e,n,""),e.removeAttribute(Nn?n:r)},attrHooks:{type:{set:function(e,t){if(!nt.radioValue&&"radio"===t&&it.nodeName(e,"input")){var n=e.value;return e.setAttribute("type",t),n&&(e.value=n),t}}}}}),En={set:function(e,t,n){return t===!1?it.removeAttr(e,n):Sn&&Nn||!Cn.test(n)?e.setAttribute(!Nn&&it.propFix[n]||n,n):e[it.camelCase("default-"+n)]=e[n]=!0,n}},it.each(it.expr.match.bool.source.match(/\w+/g),function(e,t){var n=kn[t]||it.find.attr;kn[t]=Sn&&Nn||!Cn.test(t)?function(e,t,r){var i,o;return r||(o=kn[t],kn[t]=i,i=null!=n(e,t,r)?t.toLowerCase():null,kn[t]=o),i}:function(e,t,n){return n?void 0:e[it.camelCase("default-"+t)]?t.toLowerCase():null}}),Sn&&Nn||(it.attrHooks.value={set:function(e,t,n){return it.nodeName(e,"input")?void(e.defaultValue=t):Tn&&Tn.set(e,t,n)}}),Nn||(Tn={set:function(e,t,n){var r=e.getAttributeNode(n);return r||e.setAttributeNode(r=e.ownerDocument.createAttribute(n)),r.value=t+="","value"===n||t===e.getAttribute(n)?t:void 0}},kn.id=kn.name=kn.coords=function(e,t,n){var r;return n?void 0:(r=e.getAttributeNode(t))&&""!==r.value?r.value:null},it.valHooks.button={get:function(e,t){var n=e.getAttributeNode(t);return n&&n.specified?n.value:void 0},set:Tn.set},it.attrHooks.contenteditable={set:function(e,t,n){Tn.set(e,""===t?!1:t,n)}},it.each(["width","height"],function(e,t){it.attrHooks[t]={set:function(e,n){return""===n?(e.setAttribute(t,"auto"),n):void 0}}})),nt.style||(it.attrHooks.style={get:function(e){return e.style.cssText||void 0},set:function(e,t){return e.style.cssText=t+""}});var jn=/^(?:input|select|textarea|button|object)$/i,An=/^(?:a|area)$/i;it.fn.extend({prop:function(e,t){return At(this,it.prop,e,t,arguments.length>1)},removeProp:function(e){return e=it.propFix[e]||e,this.each(function(){try{this[e]=void 0,delete this[e]}catch(t){}})}}),it.extend({propFix:{"for":"htmlFor","class":"className"},prop:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a=e.nodeType;if(e&&3!==a&&8!==a&&2!==a)return o=1!==a||!it.isXMLDoc(e),o&&(t=it.propFix[t]||t,i=it.propHooks[t]),void 0!==n?i&&"set"in i&&void 0!==(r=i.set(e,n,t))?r:e[t]=n:i&&"get"in i&&null!==(r=i.get(e,t))?r:e[t]},propHooks:{tabIndex:{get:function(e){var t=it.find.attr(e,"tabindex");return t?parseInt(t,10):jn.test(e.nodeName)||An.test(e.nodeName)&&e.href?0:-1}}}}),nt.hrefNormalized||it.each(["href","src"],function(e,t){it.propHooks[t]={get:function(e){return e.getAttribute(t,4)}}}),nt.optSelected||(it.propHooks.selected={get:function(e){var t=e.parentNode;return t&&(t.selectedIndex,t.parentNode&&t.parentNode.selectedIndex),null}}),it.each(["tabIndex","readOnly","maxLength","cellSpacing","cellPadding","rowSpan","colSpan","useMap","frameBorder","contentEditable"],function(){it.propFix[this.toLowerCase()]=this}),nt.enctype||(it.propFix.enctype="encoding");var Dn=/[\t\r\n\f]/g;it.fn.extend({addClass:function(e){var t,n,r,i,o,a,s=0,l=this.length,u="string"==typeof e&&e;if(it.isFunction(e))return this.each(function(t){it(this).addClass(e.call(this,t,this.className))});if(u)for(t=(e||"").match(bt)||[];l>s;s++)if(n=this[s],r=1===n.nodeType&&(n.className?(" "+n.className+" ").replace(Dn," "):" ")){for(o=0;i=t[o++];)r.indexOf(" "+i+" ")<0&&(r+=i+" ");a=it.trim(r),n.className!==a&&(n.className=a)}return this},removeClass:function(e){var t,n,r,i,o,a,s=0,l=this.length,u=0===arguments.length||"string"==typeof e&&e;if(it.isFunction(e))return this.each(function(t){it(this).removeClass(e.call(this,t,this.className))});if(u)for(t=(e||"").match(bt)||[];l>s;s++)if(n=this[s],r=1===n.nodeType&&(n.className?(" "+n.className+" ").replace(Dn," "):"")){for(o=0;i=t[o++];)for(;r.indexOf(" "+i+" ")>=0;)r=r.replace(" "+i+" "," ");a=e?it.trim(r):"",n.className!==a&&(n.className=a)}return this},toggleClass:function(e,t){var n=typeof e;return"boolean"==typeof t&&"string"===n?t?this.addClass(e):this.removeClass(e):this.each(it.isFunction(e)?function(n){it(this).toggleClass(e.call(this,n,this.className,t),t)}:function(){if("string"===n)for(var t,r=0,i=it(this),o=e.match(bt)||[];t=o[r++];)i.hasClass(t)?i.removeClass(t):i.addClass(t);else(n===Et||"boolean"===n)&&(this.className&&it._data(this,"__className__",this.className),this.className=this.className||e===!1?"":it._data(this,"__className__")||"")})},hasClass:function(e){for(var t=" "+e+" ",n=0,r=this.length;r>n;n++)if(1===this[n].nodeType&&(" "+this[n].className+" ").replace(Dn," ").indexOf(t)>=0)return!0;return!1}}),it.each("blur focus focusin focusout load resize scroll unload click dblclick mousedown mouseup mousemove mouseover mouseout mouseenter mouseleave change select submit keydown keypress keyup error contextmenu".split(" "),function(e,t){it.fn[t]=function(e,n){return arguments.length>0?this.on(t,null,e,n):this.trigger(t)}}),it.fn.extend({hover:function(e,t){return this.mouseenter(e).mouseleave(t||e)},bind:function(e,t,n){return this.on(e,null,t,n)},unbind:function(e,t){return this.off(e,null,t)},delegate:function(e,t,n,r){return this.on(t,e,n,r)},undelegate:function(e,t,n){return 1===arguments.length?this.off(e,"**"):this.off(t,e||"**",n)}});var Ln=it.now(),Hn=/\?/,_n=/(,)|(\[|{)|(}|])|"(?:[^"\\\r\n]|\\["\\\/bfnrt]|\\u[\da-fA-F]{4})*"\s*:?|true|false|null|-?(?!0\d)\d+(?:\.\d+|)(?:[eE][+-]?\d+|)/g;it.parseJSON=function(t){if(e.JSON&&e.JSON.parse)return e.JSON.parse(t+"");var n,r=null,i=it.trim(t+"");return i&&!it.trim(i.replace(_n,function(e,t,i,o){return n&&t&&(r=0),0===r?e:(n=i||t,r+=!o-!i,"")}))?Function("return "+i)():it.error("Invalid JSON: "+t)},it.parseXML=function(t){var n,r;if(!t||"string"!=typeof t)return null;try{e.DOMParser?(r=new DOMParser,n=r.parseFromString(t,"text/xml")):(n=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLDOM"),n.async="false",n.loadXML(t))}catch(i){n=void 0}return n&&n.documentElement&&!n.getElementsByTagName("parsererror").length||it.error("Invalid XML: "+t),n};var qn,Fn,Mn=/#.*$/,On=/([?&])_=[^&]*/,Rn=/^(.*?):[ \t]*([^\r\n]*)\r?$/gm,Bn=/^(?:about|app|app-storage|.+-extension|file|res|widget):$/,Pn=/^(?:GET|HEAD)$/,In=/^\/\//,Wn=/^([\w.+-]+:)(?:\/\/(?:[^\/?#]*@|)([^\/?#:]*)(?::(\d+)|)|)/,$n={},zn={},Xn="*/".concat("*");try{Fn=location.href}catch(Un){Fn=ht.createElement("a"),Fn.href="",Fn=Fn.href}qn=Wn.exec(Fn.toLowerCase())||[],it.extend({active:0,lastModified:{},etag:{},ajaxSettings:{url:Fn,type:"GET",isLocal:Bn.test(qn[1]),global:!0,processData:!0,async:!0,contentType:"application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8",accepts:{"*":Xn,text:"text/plain",html:"text/html",xml:"application/xml, text/xml",json:"application/json, text/javascript"},contents:{xml:/xml/,html:/html/,json:/json/},responseFields:{xml:"responseXML",text:"responseText",json:"responseJSON"},converters:{"* text":String,"text html":!0,"text json":it.parseJSON,"text xml":it.parseXML},flatOptions:{url:!0,context:!0}},ajaxSetup:function(e,t){return t?I(I(e,it.ajaxSettings),t):I(it.ajaxSettings,e)},ajaxPrefilter:B($n),ajaxTransport:B(zn),ajax:function(e,t){function n(e,t,n,r){var i,c,v,y,x,T=t;2!==b&&(b=2,s&&clearTimeout(s),u=void 0,a=r||"",w.readyState=e>0?4:0,i=e>=200&&300>e||304===e,n&&(y=W(d,w,n)),y=$(d,y,w,i),i?(d.ifModified&&(x=w.getResponseHeader("Last-Modified"),x&&(it.lastModified[o]=x),x=w.getResponseHeader("etag"),x&&(it.etag[o]=x)),204===e||"HEAD"===d.type?T="nocontent":304===e?T="notmodified":(T=y.state,c=y.data,v=y.error,i=!v)):(v=T,(e||!T)&&(T="error",0>e&&(e=0))),w.status=e,w.statusText=(t||T)+"",i?h.resolveWith(f,[c,T,w]):h.rejectWith(f,[w,T,v]),w.statusCode(g),g=void 0,l&&p.trigger(i?"ajaxSuccess":"ajaxError",[w,d,i?c:v]),m.fireWith(f,[w,T]),l&&(p.trigger("ajaxComplete",[w,d]),--it.active||it.event.trigger("ajaxStop")))}"object"==typeof e&&(t=e,e=void 0),t=t||{};var r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d=it.ajaxSetup({},t),f=d.context||d,p=d.context&&(f.nodeType||f.jquery)?it(f):it.event,h=it.Deferred(),m=it.Callbacks("once memory"),g=d.statusCode||{},v={},y={},b=0,x="canceled",w={readyState:0,getResponseHeader:function(e){var t;if(2===b){if(!c)for(c={};t=Rn.exec(a);)c[t[1].toLowerCase()]=t[2];t=c[e.toLowerCase()]}return null==t?null:t},getAllResponseHeaders:function(){return 2===b?a:null},setRequestHeader:function(e,t){var n=e.toLowerCase();return b||(e=y[n]=y[n]||e,v[e]=t),this},overrideMimeType:function(e){return b||(d.mimeType=e),this},statusCode:function(e){var t;if(e)if(2>b)for(t in e)g[t]=[g[t],e[t]];else w.always(e[w.status]);return this},abort:function(e){var t=e||x;return u&&u.abort(t),n(0,t),this}};if(h.promise(w).complete=m.add,w.success=w.done,w.error=w.fail,d.url=((e||d.url||Fn)+"").replace(Mn,"").replace(In,qn[1]+"//"),d.type=t.method||t.type||d.method||d.type,d.dataTypes=it.trim(d.dataType||"*").toLowerCase().match(bt)||[""],null==d.crossDomain&&(r=Wn.exec(d.url.toLowerCase()),d.crossDomain=!(!r||r[1]===qn[1]&&r[2]===qn[2]&&(r[3]||("http:"===r[1]?"80":"443"))===(qn[3]||("http:"===qn[1]?"80":"443")))),d.data&&d.processData&&"string"!=typeof d.data&&(d.data=it.param(d.data,d.traditional)),P($n,d,t,w),2===b)return w;l=d.global,l&&0===it.active++&&it.event.trigger("ajaxStart"),d.type=d.type.toUpperCase(),d.hasContent=!Pn.test(d.type),o=d.url,d.hasContent||(d.data&&(o=d.url+=(Hn.test(o)?"&":"?")+d.data,delete d.data),d.cache===!1&&(d.url=On.test(o)?o.replace(On,"$1_="+Ln++):o+(Hn.test(o)?"&":"?")+"_="+Ln++)),d.ifModified&&(it.lastModified[o]&&w.setRequestHeader("If-Modified-Since",it.lastModified[o]),it.etag[o]&&w.setRequestHeader("If-None-Match",it.etag[o])),(d.data&&d.hasContent&&d.contentType!==!1||t.contentType)&&w.setRequestHeader("Content-Type",d.contentType),w.setRequestHeader("Accept",d.dataTypes[0]&&d.accepts[d.dataTypes[0]]?d.accepts[d.dataTypes[0]]+("*"!==d.dataTypes[0]?", "+Xn+"; q=0.01":""):d.accepts["*"]);for(i in d.headers)w.setRequestHeader(i,d.headers[i]);if(d.beforeSend&&(d.beforeSend.call(f,w,d)===!1||2===b))return w.abort();x="abort";for(i in{success:1,error:1,complete:1})w[i](d[i]);if(u=P(zn,d,t,w)){w.readyState=1,l&&p.trigger("ajaxSend",[w,d]),d.async&&d.timeout>0&&(s=setTimeout(function(){w.abort("timeout")},d.timeout));try{b=1,u.send(v,n)}catch(T){if(!(2>b))throw T;n(-1,T)}}else n(-1,"No Transport");return w},getJSON:function(e,t,n){return it.get(e,t,n,"json")},getScript:function(e,t){return it.get(e,void 0,t,"script")}}),it.each(["get","post"],function(e,t){it[t]=function(e,n,r,i){return it.isFunction(n)&&(i=i||r,r=n,n=void 0),it.ajax({url:e,type:t,dataType:i,data:n,success:r})}}),it.each(["ajaxStart","ajaxStop","ajaxComplete","ajaxError","ajaxSuccess","ajaxSend"],function(e,t){it.fn[t]=function(e){return this.on(t,e)}}),it._evalUrl=function(e){return it.ajax({url:e,type:"GET",dataType:"script",async:!1,global:!1,"throws":!0})},it.fn.extend({wrapAll:function(e){if(it.isFunction(e))return this.each(function(t){it(this).wrapAll(e.call(this,t))});if(this[0]){var t=it(e,this[0].ownerDocument).eq(0).clone(!0);this[0].parentNode&&t.insertBefore(this[0]),t.map(function(){for(var e=this;e.firstChild&&1===e.firstChild.nodeType;)e=e.firstChild;return e}).append(this)}return this},wrapInner:function(e){return this.each(it.isFunction(e)?function(t){it(this).wrapInner(e.call(this,t))}:function(){var t=it(this),n=t.contents();n.length?n.wrapAll(e):t.append(e)})},wrap:function(e){var t=it.isFunction(e);return this.each(function(n){it(this).wrapAll(t?e.call(this,n):e)})},unwrap:function(){return this.parent().each(function(){it.nodeName(this,"body")||it(this).replaceWith(this.childNodes)}).end()}}),it.expr.filters.hidden=function(e){return e.offsetWidth<=0&&e.offsetHeight<=0||!nt.reliableHiddenOffsets()&&"none"===(e.style&&e.style.display||it.css(e,"display"))},it.expr.filters.visible=function(e){return!it.expr.filters.hidden(e)};var Vn=/%20/g,Gn=/\[\]$/,Yn=/\r?\n/g,Jn=/^(?:submit|button|image|reset|file)$/i,Kn=/^(?:input|select|textarea|keygen)/i;it.param=function(e,t){var n,r=[],i=function(e,t){t=it.isFunction(t)?t():null==t?"":t,r[r.length]=encodeURIComponent(e)+"="+encodeURIComponent(t)};if(void 0===t&&(t=it.ajaxSettings&&it.ajaxSettings.traditional),it.isArray(e)||e.jquery&&!it.isPlainObject(e))it.each(e,function(){i(this.name,this.value)});else for(n in e)z(n,e[n],t,i);return r.join("&").replace(Vn,"+")},it.fn.extend({serialize:function(){return it.param(this.serializeArray())},serializeArray:function(){return this.map(function(){var e=it.prop(this,"elements");return e?it.makeArray(e):this}).filter(function(){var e=this.type;return this.name&&!it(this).is(":disabled")&&Kn.test(this.nodeName)&&!Jn.test(e)&&(this.checked||!Dt.test(e))}).map(function(e,t){var n=it(this).val();return null==n?null:it.isArray(n)?it.map(n,function(e){return{name:t.name,value:e.replace(Yn,"\r\n")}}):{name:t.name,value:n.replace(Yn,"\r\n")}}).get()}}),it.ajaxSettings.xhr=void 0!==e.ActiveXObject?function(){return!this.isLocal&&/^(get|post|head|put|delete|options)$/i.test(this.type)&&X()||U()}:X;var Qn=0,Zn={},er=it.ajaxSettings.xhr();e.ActiveXObject&&it(e).on("unload",function(){for(var e in Zn)Zn[e](void 0,!0)}),nt.cors=!!er&&"withCredentials"in er,er=nt.ajax=!!er,er&&it.ajaxTransport(function(e){if(!e.crossDomain||nt.cors){var t;return{send:function(n,r){var i,o=e.xhr(),a=++Qn;if(o.open(e.type,e.url,e.async,e.username,e.password),e.xhrFields)for(i in e.xhrFields)o[i]=e.xhrFields[i];e.mimeType&&o.overrideMimeType&&o.overrideMimeType(e.mimeType),e.crossDomain||n["X-Requested-With"]||(n["X-Requested-With"]="XMLHttpRequest");for(i in n)void 0!==n[i]&&o.setRequestHeader(i,n[i]+"");o.send(e.hasContent&&e.data||null),t=function(n,i){var s,l,u;if(t&&(i||4===o.readyState))if(delete Zn[a],t=void 0,o.onreadystatechange=it.noop,i)4!==o.readyState&&o.abort();else{u={},s=o.status,"string"==typeof o.responseText&&(u.text=o.responseText);try{l=o.statusText}catch(c){l=""}s||!e.isLocal||e.crossDomain?1223===s&&(s=204):s=u.text?200:404}u&&r(s,l,u,o.getAllResponseHeaders())},e.async?4===o.readyState?setTimeout(t):o.onreadystatechange=Zn[a]=t:t()},abort:function(){t&&t(void 0,!0)}}}}),it.ajaxSetup({accepts:{script:"text/javascript, application/javascript, application/ecmascript, application/x-ecmascript"},contents:{script:/(?:java|ecma)script/},converters:{"text script":function(e){return it.globalEval(e),e}}}),it.ajaxPrefilter("script",function(e){void 0===e.cache&&(e.cache=!1),e.crossDomain&&(e.type="GET",e.global=!1)}),it.ajaxTransport("script",function(e){if(e.crossDomain){var t,n=ht.head||it("head")[0]||ht.documentElement;return{send:function(r,i){t=ht.createElement("script"),t.async=!0,e.scriptCharset&&(t.charset=e.scriptCharset),t.src=e.url,t.onload=t.onreadystatechange=function(e,n){(n||!t.readyState||/loaded|complete/.test(t.readyState))&&(t.onload=t.onreadystatechange=null,t.parentNode&&t.parentNode.removeChild(t),t=null,n||i(200,"success"))},n.insertBefore(t,n.firstChild)},abort:function(){t&&t.onload(void 0,!0)}}}});var tr=[],nr=/(=)\?(?=&|$)|\?\?/;it.ajaxSetup({jsonp:"callback",jsonpCallback:function(){var e=tr.pop()||it.expando+"_"+Ln++;return this[e]=!0,e}}),it.ajaxPrefilter("json jsonp",function(t,n,r){var i,o,a,s=t.jsonp!==!1&&(nr.test(t.url)?"url":"string"==typeof t.data&&!(t.contentType||"").indexOf("application/x-www-form-urlencoded")&&nr.test(t.data)&&"data");return s||"jsonp"===t.dataTypes[0]?(i=t.jsonpCallback=it.isFunction(t.jsonpCallback)?t.jsonpCallback():t.jsonpCallback,s?t[s]=t[s].replace(nr,"$1"+i):t.jsonp!==!1&&(t.url+=(Hn.test(t.url)?"&":"?")+t.jsonp+"="+i),t.converters["script json"]=function(){return a||it.error(i+" was not called"),a[0]},t.dataTypes[0]="json",o=e[i],e[i]=function(){a=arguments},r.always(function(){e[i]=o,t[i]&&(t.jsonpCallback=n.jsonpCallback,tr.push(i)),a&&it.isFunction(o)&&o(a[0]),a=o=void 0}),"script"):void 0}),it.parseHTML=function(e,t,n){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return null;"boolean"==typeof t&&(n=t,t=!1),t=t||ht;var r=dt.exec(e),i=!n&&[];return r?[t.createElement(r[1])]:(r=it.buildFragment([e],t,i),i&&i.length&&it(i).remove(),it.merge([],r.childNodes))};var rr=it.fn.load;it.fn.load=function(e,t,n){if("string"!=typeof e&&rr)return rr.apply(this,arguments);var r,i,o,a=this,s=e.indexOf(" ");return s>=0&&(r=it.trim(e.slice(s,e.length)),e=e.slice(0,s)),it.isFunction(t)?(n=t,t=void 0):t&&"object"==typeof t&&(o="POST"),a.length>0&&it.ajax({url:e,type:o,dataType:"html",data:t}).done(function(e){i=arguments,a.html(r?it("<div>").append(it.parseHTML(e)).find(r):e)}).complete(n&&function(e,t){a.each(n,i||[e.responseText,t,e])}),this},it.expr.filters.animated=function(e){return it.grep(it.timers,function(t){return e===t.elem}).length};var ir=e.document.documentElement;it.offset={setOffset:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c=it.css(e,"position"),d=it(e),f={};"static"===c&&(e.style.position="relative"),s=d.offset(),o=it.css(e,"top"),l=it.css(e,"left"),u=("absolute"===c||"fixed"===c)&&it.inArray("auto",[o,l])>-1,u?(r=d.position(),a=r.top,i=r.left):(a=parseFloat(o)||0,i=parseFloat(l)||0),it.isFunction(t)&&(t=t.call(e,n,s)),null!=t.top&&(f.top=t.top-s.top+a),null!=t.left&&(f.left=t.left-s.left+i),"using"in t?t.using.call(e,f):d.css(f)}},it.fn.extend({offset:function(e){if(arguments.length)return void 0===e?this:this.each(function(t){it.offset.setOffset(this,e,t)});var t,n,r={top:0,left:0},i=this[0],o=i&&i.ownerDocument;if(o)return t=o.documentElement,it.contains(t,i)?(typeof i.getBoundingClientRect!==Et&&(r=i.getBoundingClientRect()),n=V(o),{top:r.top+(n.pageYOffset||t.scrollTop)-(t.clientTop||0),left:r.left+(n.pageXOffset||t.scrollLeft)-(t.clientLeft||0)}):r},position:function(){if(this[0]){var e,t,n={top:0,left:0},r=this[0];return"fixed"===it.css(r,"position")?t=r.getBoundingClientRect():(e=this.offsetParent(),t=this.offset(),it.nodeName(e[0],"html")||(n=e.offset()),n.top+=it.css(e[0],"borderTopWidth",!0),n.left+=it.css(e[0],"borderLeftWidth",!0)),{top:t.top-n.top-it.css(r,"marginTop",!0),left:t.left-n.left-it.css(r,"marginLeft",!0)}}},offsetParent:function(){return this.map(function(){for(var e=this.offsetParent||ir;e&&!it.nodeName(e,"html")&&"static"===it.css(e,"position");)e=e.offsetParent;return e||ir})}}),it.each({scrollLeft:"pageXOffset",scrollTop:"pageYOffset"},function(e,t){var n=/Y/.test(t);it.fn[e]=function(r){return At(this,function(e,r,i){var o=V(e);return void 0===i?o?t in o?o[t]:o.document.documentElement[r]:e[r]:void(o?o.scrollTo(n?it(o).scrollLeft():i,n?i:it(o).scrollTop()):e[r]=i)},e,r,arguments.length,null)}}),it.each(["top","left"],function(e,t){it.cssHooks[t]=N(nt.pixelPosition,function(e,n){return n?(n=tn(e,t),rn.test(n)?it(e).position()[t]+"px":n):void 0})}),it.each({Height:"height",Width:"width"},function(e,t){it.each({padding:"inner"+e,content:t,"":"outer"+e},function(n,r){it.fn[r]=function(r,i){var o=arguments.length&&(n||"boolean"!=typeof r),a=n||(r===!0||i===!0?"margin":"border");return At(this,function(t,n,r){var i;return it.isWindow(t)?t.document.documentElement["client"+e]:9===t.nodeType?(i=t.documentElement,Math.max(t.body["scroll"+e],i["scroll"+e],t.body["offset"+e],i["offset"+e],i["client"+e])):void 0===r?it.css(t,n,a):it.style(t,n,r,a)},t,o?r:void 0,o,null)}})}),it.fn.size=function(){return this.length},it.fn.andSelf=it.fn.addBack,"function"==typeof define&&define.amd&&define("jquery",[],function(){return it});var or=e.jQuery,ar=e.$;return it.noConflict=function(t){return e.$===it&&(e.$=ar),t&&e.jQuery===it&&(e.jQuery=or),it},typeof t===Et&&(e.jQuery=e.$=it),it}),function(e,t){e.rails!==t&&e.error("jquery-ujs has already been loaded!");var n,r=e(document);e.rails=n={linkClickSelector:"a[data-confirm], a[data-method], a[data-remote], a[data-disable-with], a[data-disable]",buttonClickSelector:"button[data-remote], button[data-confirm]",inputChangeSelector:"select[data-remote], input[data-remote], textarea[data-remote]",formSubmitSelector:"form",formInputClickSelector:"form input[type=submit], form input[type=image], form button[type=submit], form button:not([type])",disableSelector:"input[data-disable-with]:enabled, button[data-disable-with]:enabled, textarea[data-disable-with]:enabled, input[data-disable]:enabled, button[data-disable]:enabled, textarea[data-disable]:enabled",enableSelector:"input[data-disable-with]:disabled, button[data-disable-with]:disabled, textarea[data-disable-with]:disabled, input[data-disable]:disabled, button[data-disable]:disabled, textarea[data-disable]:disabled",requiredInputSelector:"input[name][required]:not([disabled]),textarea[name][required]:not([disabled])",fileInputSelector:"input[type=file]",linkDisableSelector:"a[data-disable-with], a[data-disable]",buttonDisableSelector:"button[data-remote][data-disable-with], button[data-remote][data-disable]",CSRFProtection:function(t){var n=e('meta[name="csrf-token"]').attr("content");n&&t.setRequestHeader("X-CSRF-Token",n)},refreshCSRFTokens:function(){var t=e("meta[name=csrf-token]").attr("content"),n=e("meta[name=csrf-param]").attr("content");e('form input[name="'+n+'"]').val(t)},fire:function(t,n,r){var i=e.Event(n);return t.trigger(i,r),i.result!==!1},confirm:function(e){return confirm(e)},ajax:function(t){return e.ajax(t)},href:function(e){return e.attr("href")},handleRemote:function(r){var i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d;if(n.fire(r,"ajax:before")){if(s=r.data("cross-domain"),l=s===t?null:s,u=r.data("with-credentials")||null,c=r.data("type")||e.ajaxSettings&&e.ajaxSettings.dataType,r.is("form")){i=r.attr("method"),o=r.attr("action"),a=r.serializeArray();var f=r.data("ujs:submit-button");f&&(a.push(f),r.data("ujs:submit-button",null))}else r.is(n.inputChangeSelector)?(i=r.data("method"),o=r.data("url"),a=r.serialize(),r.data("params")&&(a=a+"&"+r.data("params"))):r.is(n.buttonClickSelector)?(i=r.data("method")||"get",o=r.data("url"),a=r.serialize(),r.data("params")&&(a=a+"&"+r.data("params"))):(i=r.data("method"),o=n.href(r),a=r.data("params")||null);return d={type:i||"GET",data:a,dataType:c,beforeSend:function(e,i){return i.dataType===t&&e.setRequestHeader("accept","*/*;q=0.5, "+i.accepts.script),n.fire(r,"ajax:beforeSend",[e,i])?void r.trigger("ajax:send",e):!1
+},success:function(e,t,n){r.trigger("ajax:success",[e,t,n])},complete:function(e,t){r.trigger("ajax:complete",[e,t])},error:function(e,t,n){r.trigger("ajax:error",[e,t,n])},crossDomain:l},u&&(d.xhrFields={withCredentials:u}),o&&(d.url=o),n.ajax(d)}return!1},handleMethod:function(r){var i=n.href(r),o=r.data("method"),a=r.attr("target"),s=e("meta[name=csrf-token]").attr("content"),l=e("meta[name=csrf-param]").attr("content"),u=e('<form method="post" action="'+i+'"></form>'),c='<input name="_method" value="'+o+'" type="hidden" />';l!==t&&s!==t&&(c+='<input name="'+l+'" value="'+s+'" type="hidden" />'),a&&u.attr("target",a),u.hide().append(c).appendTo("body"),u.submit()},formElements:function(t,n){return t.is("form")?e(t[0].elements).filter(n):t.find(n)},disableFormElements:function(t){n.formElements(t,n.disableSelector).each(function(){n.disableFormElement(e(this))})},disableFormElement:function(e){var n,r;n=e.is("button")?"html":"val",r=e.data("disable-with"),e.data("ujs:enable-with",e[n]()),r!==t&&e[n](r),e.prop("disabled",!0)},enableFormElements:function(t){n.formElements(t,n.enableSelector).each(function(){n.enableFormElement(e(this))})},enableFormElement:function(e){var t=e.is("button")?"html":"val";e.data("ujs:enable-with")&&e[t](e.data("ujs:enable-with")),e.prop("disabled",!1)},allowAction:function(e){var t,r=e.data("confirm"),i=!1;return r?(n.fire(e,"confirm")&&(i=n.confirm(r),t=n.fire(e,"confirm:complete",[i])),i&&t):!0},blankInputs:function(t,n,r){var i,o,a=e(),s=n||"input,textarea",l=t.find(s);return l.each(function(){if(i=e(this),o=i.is("input[type=checkbox],input[type=radio]")?i.is(":checked"):i.val(),!o==!r){if(i.is("input[type=radio]")&&l.filter('input[type=radio]:checked[name="'+i.attr("name")+'"]').length)return!0;a=a.add(i)}}),a.length?a:!1},nonBlankInputs:function(e,t){return n.blankInputs(e,t,!0)},stopEverything:function(t){return e(t.target).trigger("ujs:everythingStopped"),t.stopImmediatePropagation(),!1},disableElement:function(e){var r=e.data("disable-with");e.data("ujs:enable-with",e.html()),r!==t&&e.html(r),e.bind("click.railsDisable",function(e){return n.stopEverything(e)})},enableElement:function(e){e.data("ujs:enable-with")!==t&&(e.html(e.data("ujs:enable-with")),e.removeData("ujs:enable-with")),e.unbind("click.railsDisable")}},n.fire(r,"rails:attachBindings")&&(e.ajaxPrefilter(function(e,t,r){e.crossDomain||n.CSRFProtection(r)}),r.delegate(n.linkDisableSelector,"ajax:complete",function(){n.enableElement(e(this))}),r.delegate(n.buttonDisableSelector,"ajax:complete",function(){n.enableFormElement(e(this))}),r.delegate(n.linkClickSelector,"click.rails",function(r){var i=e(this),o=i.data("method"),a=i.data("params"),s=r.metaKey||r.ctrlKey;if(!n.allowAction(i))return n.stopEverything(r);if(!s&&i.is(n.linkDisableSelector)&&n.disableElement(i),i.data("remote")!==t){if(s&&(!o||"GET"===o)&&!a)return!0;var l=n.handleRemote(i);return l===!1?n.enableElement(i):l.error(function(){n.enableElement(i)}),!1}return i.data("method")?(n.handleMethod(i),!1):void 0}),r.delegate(n.buttonClickSelector,"click.rails",function(t){var r=e(this);if(!n.allowAction(r))return n.stopEverything(t);r.is(n.buttonDisableSelector)&&n.disableFormElement(r);var i=n.handleRemote(r);return i===!1?n.enableFormElement(r):i.error(function(){n.enableFormElement(r)}),!1}),r.delegate(n.inputChangeSelector,"change.rails",function(t){var r=e(this);return n.allowAction(r)?(n.handleRemote(r),!1):n.stopEverything(t)}),r.delegate(n.formSubmitSelector,"submit.rails",function(r){var i,o,a=e(this),s=a.data("remote")!==t;if(!n.allowAction(a))return n.stopEverything(r);if(a.attr("novalidate")==t&&(i=n.blankInputs(a,n.requiredInputSelector),i&&n.fire(a,"ajax:aborted:required",[i])))return n.stopEverything(r);if(s){if(o=n.nonBlankInputs(a,n.fileInputSelector)){setTimeout(function(){n.disableFormElements(a)},13);var l=n.fire(a,"ajax:aborted:file",[o]);return l||setTimeout(function(){n.enableFormElements(a)},13),l}return n.handleRemote(a),!1}setTimeout(function(){n.disableFormElements(a)},13)}),r.delegate(n.formInputClickSelector,"click.rails",function(t){var r=e(this);if(!n.allowAction(r))return n.stopEverything(t);var i=r.attr("name"),o=i?{name:i,value:r.val()}:null;r.closest("form").data("ujs:submit-button",o)}),r.delegate(n.formSubmitSelector,"ajax:send.rails",function(t){this==t.target&&n.disableFormElements(e(this))}),r.delegate(n.formSubmitSelector,"ajax:complete.rails",function(t){this==t.target&&n.enableFormElements(e(this))}),e(function(){n.refreshCSRFTokens()}))}(jQuery),function(){var e,t,n,r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d,f,p,h,m,g,v,y,b,x,w,T,E,k,C,N,S,j,A,D,L,H,_,q,F,M,O,R,B,P,I,W,$,z,X,U,V,G,Y=[].indexOf||function(e){for(var t=0,n=this.length;n>t;t++)if(t in this&&this[t]===e)return t;return-1},J={}.hasOwnProperty,K=function(e,t){function n(){this.constructor=e}for(var r in t)J.call(t,r)&&(e[r]=t[r]);return n.prototype=t.prototype,e.prototype=new n,e.__super__=t.prototype,e},Q=[].slice;j={},d=10,$=!1,m=null,S=null,q=null,h=null,V=null,b=function(e){var t;return e=new n(e),B(),c(),F(e),$&&(t=z(e.absolute))?(x(t),w(e)):w(e,W)},z=function(e){var t;return t=j[e],t&&!t.transitionCacheDisabled?t:void 0},g=function(e){return null==e&&(e=!0),$=e},w=function(e,t){return null==t&&(t=function(){return function(){}}(this)),X("page:fetch",{url:e.absolute}),null!=V&&V.abort(),V=new XMLHttpRequest,V.open("GET",e.withoutHashForIE10compatibility(),!0),V.setRequestHeader("Accept","text/html, application/xhtml+xml, application/xml"),V.setRequestHeader("X-XHR-Referer",q),V.onload=function(){var n;return X("page:receive"),(n=H())?(f.apply(null,y(n)),M(),t(),X("page:load")):document.location.href=e.absolute},V.onloadend=function(){return V=null},V.onerror=function(){return document.location.href=e.absolute},V.send()},x=function(e){return null!=V&&V.abort(),f(e.title,e.body),_(e),X("page:restore")},c=function(){var e;return e=new n(m.url),j[e.absolute]={url:e.relative,body:document.body,title:document.title,positionY:window.pageYOffset,positionX:window.pageXOffset,cachedAt:(new Date).getTime(),transitionCacheDisabled:null!=document.querySelector("[data-no-transition-cache]")},p(d)},D=function(e){return null==e&&(e=d),/^[\d]+$/.test(e)?d=parseInt(e):void 0},p=function(e){var t,n,r,i,o,a;for(r=Object.keys(j),t=r.map(function(e){return j[e].cachedAt}).sort(function(e,t){return t-e}),a=[],i=0,o=r.length;o>i;i++)n=r[i],j[n].cachedAt<=t[e]&&(X("page:expire",j[n]),a.push(delete j[n]));return a},f=function(t,n,r,i){return document.title=t,document.documentElement.replaceChild(n,document.body),null!=r&&e.update(r),i&&v(),m=window.history.state,X("page:change"),X("page:update")},v=function(){var e,t,n,r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d;for(o=Array.prototype.slice.call(document.body.querySelectorAll('script:not([data-turbolinks-eval="false"])')),a=0,l=o.length;l>a;a++)if(i=o[a],""===(c=i.type)||"text/javascript"===c){for(t=document.createElement("script"),d=i.attributes,s=0,u=d.length;u>s;s++)e=d[s],t.setAttribute(e.name,e.value);t.appendChild(document.createTextNode(i.innerHTML)),r=i.parentNode,n=i.nextSibling,r.removeChild(i),r.insertBefore(t,n)}},P=function(e){return e.innerHTML=e.innerHTML.replace(/<noscript[\S\s]*?<\/noscript>/gi,""),e},F=function(e){return(e=new n(e)).absolute!==q?window.history.pushState({turbolinks:!0,url:e.absolute},"",e.absolute):void 0},M=function(){var e,t;return(e=V.getResponseHeader("X-XHR-Redirected-To"))?(e=new n(e),t=e.hasNoHash()?document.location.hash:"",window.history.replaceState(m,"",e.href+t)):void 0},B=function(){return q=document.location.href},R=function(){return window.history.replaceState({turbolinks:!0,url:document.location.href},"",document.location.href)},O=function(){return m=window.history.state},_=function(e){return window.scrollTo(e.positionX,e.positionY)},W=function(){return document.location.hash?document.location.href=document.location.href:window.scrollTo(0,0)},L=function(e){var t,n;return t=(null!=(n=document.cookie.match(new RegExp(e+"=(\\w+)")))?n[1].toUpperCase():void 0)||"",document.cookie=e+"=; expires=Thu, 01-Jan-70 00:00:01 GMT; path=/",t},X=function(e,t){var n;return n=document.createEvent("Events"),t&&(n.data=t),n.initEvent(e,!0,!0),document.dispatchEvent(n)},A=function(){return!X("page:before-change")},H=function(){var e,t,n,r,i,o;return t=function(){var e;return 400<=(e=V.status)&&600>e},o=function(){return V.getResponseHeader("Content-Type").match(/^(?:text\/html|application\/xhtml\+xml|application\/xml)(?:;|$)/)},r=function(e){var t,n,r,i,o;for(i=e.head.childNodes,o=[],n=0,r=i.length;r>n;n++)t=i[n],null!=("function"==typeof t.getAttribute?t.getAttribute("data-turbolinks-track"):void 0)&&o.push(t.getAttribute("src")||t.getAttribute("href"));return o},e=function(e){var t;return S||(S=r(document)),t=r(e),t.length!==S.length||i(t,S).length!==S.length},i=function(e,t){var n,r,i,o,a;for(e.length>t.length&&(o=[t,e],e=o[0],t=o[1]),a=[],r=0,i=e.length;i>r;r++)n=e[r],Y.call(t,n)>=0&&a.push(n);return a},!t()&&o()&&(n=h(V.responseText),n&&!e(n))?n:void 0},y=function(t){var n;return n=t.querySelector("title"),[null!=n?n.textContent:void 0,P(t.body),e.get(t).token,"runScripts"]},e={get:function(e){var t;return null==e&&(e=document),{node:t=e.querySelector('meta[name="csrf-token"]'),token:null!=t&&"function"==typeof t.getAttribute?t.getAttribute("content"):void 0}},update:function(e){var t;return t=this.get(),null!=t.token&&null!=e&&t.token!==e?t.node.setAttribute("content",e):void 0}},i=function(){var e,t,n,r,i,o;t=function(e){return(new DOMParser).parseFromString(e,"text/html")},e=function(e){var t;return t=document.implementation.createHTMLDocument(""),t.documentElement.innerHTML=e,t},n=function(e){var t;return t=document.implementation.createHTMLDocument(""),t.open("replace"),t.write(e),t.close(),t};try{if(window.DOMParser)return i=t("<html><body><p>test"),t}catch(a){return r=a,i=e("<html><body><p>test"),e}finally{if(1!==(null!=i&&null!=(o=i.body)?o.childNodes.length:void 0))return n}},n=function(){function e(t){return this.original=null!=t?t:document.location.href,this.original.constructor===e?this.original:void this._parse()}return e.prototype.withoutHash=function(){return this.href.replace(this.hash,"")},e.prototype.withoutHashForIE10compatibility=function(){return this.withoutHash()},e.prototype.hasNoHash=function(){return 0===this.hash.length},e.prototype._parse=function(){var e;return(null!=this.link?this.link:this.link=document.createElement("a")).href=this.original,e=this.link,this.href=e.href,this.protocol=e.protocol,this.host=e.host,this.hostname=e.hostname,this.port=e.port,this.pathname=e.pathname,this.search=e.search,this.hash=e.hash,this.origin=[this.protocol,"//",this.hostname].join(""),0!==this.port.length&&(this.origin+=":"+this.port),this.relative=[this.pathname,this.search,this.hash].join(""),this.absolute=this.href},e}(),r=function(e){function t(e){return this.link=e,this.link.constructor===t?this.link:(this.original=this.link.href,void t.__super__.constructor.apply(this,arguments))}return K(t,e),t.HTML_EXTENSIONS=["html"],t.allowExtensions=function(){var e,n,r,i;for(n=1<=arguments.length?Q.call(arguments,0):[],r=0,i=n.length;i>r;r++)e=n[r],t.HTML_EXTENSIONS.push(e);return t.HTML_EXTENSIONS},t.prototype.shouldIgnore=function(){return this._crossOrigin()||this._anchored()||this._nonHtml()||this._optOut()||this._target()},t.prototype._crossOrigin=function(){return this.origin!==(new n).origin},t.prototype._anchored=function(){var e;return(this.hash&&this.withoutHash())===(e=new n).withoutHash()||this.href===e.href+"#"},t.prototype._nonHtml=function(){return this.pathname.match(/\.[a-z]+$/g)&&!this.pathname.match(new RegExp("\\.(?:"+t.HTML_EXTENSIONS.join("|")+")?$","g"))},t.prototype._optOut=function(){var e,t;for(t=this.link;!e&&t!==document;)e=null!=t.getAttribute("data-no-turbolink"),t=t.parentNode;return e},t.prototype._target=function(){return 0!==this.link.target.length},t}(n),t=function(){function e(e){this.event=e,this.event.defaultPrevented||(this._extractLink(),this._validForTurbolinks()&&(A()||U(this.link.href),this.event.preventDefault()))}return e.installHandlerLast=function(t){return t.defaultPrevented?void 0:(document.removeEventListener("click",e.handle,!1),document.addEventListener("click",e.handle,!1))},e.handle=function(t){return new e(t)},e.prototype._extractLink=function(){var e;for(e=this.event.target;e.parentNode&&"A"!==e.nodeName;)e=e.parentNode;return"A"===e.nodeName&&0!==e.href.length?this.link=new r(e):void 0},e.prototype._validForTurbolinks=function(){return null!=this.link&&!(this.link.shouldIgnore()||this._nonStandardClick())},e.prototype._nonStandardClick=function(){return this.event.which>1||this.event.metaKey||this.event.ctrlKey||this.event.shiftKey||this.event.altKey},e}(),u=function(e){return setTimeout(e,500)},k=function(){return document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function(){return X("page:change"),X("page:update")},!0)},N=function(){return"undefined"!=typeof jQuery?jQuery(document).on("ajaxSuccess",function(e,t){return jQuery.trim(t.responseText)?X("page:update"):void 0}):void 0},C=function(e){var t,r;return(null!=(r=e.state)?r.turbolinks:void 0)?(t=j[new n(e.state.url).absolute])?(c(),x(t)):U(e.target.location.href):void 0},E=function(){return R(),O(),h=i(),document.addEventListener("click",t.installHandlerLast,!0),u(function(){return window.addEventListener("popstate",C,!1)})},T=void 0!==window.history.state||navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox\/2[6|7]/),s=window.history&&window.history.pushState&&window.history.replaceState&&T,o=!navigator.userAgent.match(/CriOS\//),I="GET"===(G=L("request_method"))||""===G,l=s&&o&&I,a=document.addEventListener&&document.createEvent,a&&(k(),N()),l?(U=b,E()):U=function(e){return document.location.href=e},this.Turbolinks={visit:U,pagesCached:D,enableTransitionCache:g,allowLinkExtensions:r.allowExtensions,supported:l}}.call(this),function(){}.call(this);
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/gzip/application-a71b3024f80aea3181c09774ca17e712.js.gz b/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/gzip/application-a71b3024f80aea3181c09774ca17e712.js.gz
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f62c656dc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/gzip/application-a71b3024f80aea3181c09774ca17e712.js.gz
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/gzip/foo.zoo b/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/gzip/foo.zoo
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1826a7660e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/gzip/foo.zoo
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+!function(e,t){"object"==typeof module&&"object"==typeof module.exports?module.exports=e.document?t(e,!0):function(e){if(!e.document)throw new Error("jQuery requires a window with a document");return t(e)}:t(e)}("undefined"!=typeof window?window:this,function(e,t){function n(e){var t=e.length,n=it.type(e);return"function"===n||it.isWindow(e)?!1:1===e.nodeType&&t?!0:"array"===n||0===t||"number"==typeof t&&t>0&&t-1 in e}function r(e,t,n){if(it.isFunction(t))return it.grep(e,function(e,r){return!!t.call(e,r,e)!==n});if(t.nodeType)return it.grep(e,function(e){return e===t!==n});if("string"==typeof t){if(ft.test(t))return it.filter(t,e,n);t=it.filter(t,e)}return it.grep(e,function(e){return it.inArray(e,t)>=0!==n})}function i(e,t){do e=e[t];while(e&&1!==e.nodeType);return e}function o(e){var t=xt[e]={};return it.each(e.match(bt)||[],function(e,n){t[n]=!0}),t}function a(){ht.addEventListener?(ht.removeEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",s,!1),e.removeEventListener("load",s,!1)):(ht.detachEvent("onreadystatechange",s),e.detachEvent("onload",s))}function s(){(ht.addEventListener||"load"===event.type||"complete"===ht.readyState)&&(a(),it.ready())}function l(e,t,n){if(void 0===n&&1===e.nodeType){var r="data-"+t.replace(Ct,"-$1").toLowerCase();if(n=e.getAttribute(r),"string"==typeof n){try{n="true"===n?!0:"false"===n?!1:"null"===n?null:+n+""===n?+n:kt.test(n)?it.parseJSON(n):n}catch(i){}it.data(e,t,n)}else n=void 0}return n}function u(e){var t;for(t in e)if(("data"!==t||!it.isEmptyObject(e[t]))&&"toJSON"!==t)return!1;return!0}function c(e,t,n,r){if(it.acceptData(e)){var i,o,a=it.expando,s=e.nodeType,l=s?it.cache:e,u=s?e[a]:e[a]&&a;if(u&&l[u]&&(r||l[u].data)||void 0!==n||"string"!=typeof t)return u||(u=s?e[a]=G.pop()||it.guid++:a),l[u]||(l[u]=s?{}:{toJSON:it.noop}),("object"==typeof t||"function"==typeof t)&&(r?l[u]=it.extend(l[u],t):l[u].data=it.extend(l[u].data,t)),o=l[u],r||(o.data||(o.data={}),o=o.data),void 0!==n&&(o[it.camelCase(t)]=n),"string"==typeof t?(i=o[t],null==i&&(i=o[it.camelCase(t)])):i=o,i}}function d(e,t,n){if(it.acceptData(e)){var r,i,o=e.nodeType,a=o?it.cache:e,s=o?e[it.expando]:it.expando;if(a[s]){if(t&&(r=n?a[s]:a[s].data)){it.isArray(t)?t=t.concat(it.map(t,it.camelCase)):t in r?t=[t]:(t=it.camelCase(t),t=t in r?[t]:t.split(" ")),i=t.length;for(;i--;)delete r[t[i]];if(n?!u(r):!it.isEmptyObject(r))return}(n||(delete a[s].data,u(a[s])))&&(o?it.cleanData([e],!0):nt.deleteExpando||a!=a.window?delete a[s]:a[s]=null)}}}function f(){return!0}function p(){return!1}function h(){try{return ht.activeElement}catch(e){}}function m(e){var t=Mt.split("|"),n=e.createDocumentFragment();if(n.createElement)for(;t.length;)n.createElement(t.pop());return n}function g(e,t){var n,r,i=0,o=typeof e.getElementsByTagName!==Et?e.getElementsByTagName(t||"*"):typeof e.querySelectorAll!==Et?e.querySelectorAll(t||"*"):void 0;if(!o)for(o=[],n=e.childNodes||e;null!=(r=n[i]);i++)!t||it.nodeName(r,t)?o.push(r):it.merge(o,g(r,t));return void 0===t||t&&it.nodeName(e,t)?it.merge([e],o):o}function v(e){Dt.test(e.type)&&(e.defaultChecked=e.checked)}function y(e,t){return it.nodeName(e,"table")&&it.nodeName(11!==t.nodeType?t:t.firstChild,"tr")?e.getElementsByTagName("tbody")[0]||e.appendChild(e.ownerDocument.createElement("tbody")):e}function b(e){return e.type=(null!==it.find.attr(e,"type"))+"/"+e.type,e}function x(e){var t=Vt.exec(e.type);return t?e.type=t[1]:e.removeAttribute("type"),e}function w(e,t){for(var n,r=0;null!=(n=e[r]);r++)it._data(n,"globalEval",!t||it._data(t[r],"globalEval"))}function T(e,t){if(1===t.nodeType&&it.hasData(e)){var n,r,i,o=it._data(e),a=it._data(t,o),s=o.events;if(s){delete a.handle,a.events={};for(n in s)for(r=0,i=s[n].length;i>r;r++)it.event.add(t,n,s[n][r])}a.data&&(a.data=it.extend({},a.data))}}function E(e,t){var n,r,i;if(1===t.nodeType){if(n=t.nodeName.toLowerCase(),!nt.noCloneEvent&&t[it.expando]){i=it._data(t);for(r in i.events)it.removeEvent(t,r,i.handle);t.removeAttribute(it.expando)}"script"===n&&t.text!==e.text?(b(t).text=e.text,x(t)):"object"===n?(t.parentNode&&(t.outerHTML=e.outerHTML),nt.html5Clone&&e.innerHTML&&!it.trim(t.innerHTML)&&(t.innerHTML=e.innerHTML)):"input"===n&&Dt.test(e.type)?(t.defaultChecked=t.checked=e.checked,t.value!==e.value&&(t.value=e.value)):"option"===n?t.defaultSelected=t.selected=e.defaultSelected:("input"===n||"textarea"===n)&&(t.defaultValue=e.defaultValue)}}function k(t,n){var r,i=it(n.createElement(t)).appendTo(n.body),o=e.getDefaultComputedStyle&&(r=e.getDefaultComputedStyle(i[0]))?r.display:it.css(i[0],"display");return i.detach(),o}function C(e){var t=ht,n=Zt[e];return n||(n=k(e,t),"none"!==n&&n||(Qt=(Qt||it("<iframe frameborder='0' width='0' height='0'/>")).appendTo(t.documentElement),t=(Qt[0].contentWindow||Qt[0].contentDocument).document,t.write(),t.close(),n=k(e,t),Qt.detach()),Zt[e]=n),n}function N(e,t){return{get:function(){var n=e();if(null!=n)return n?void delete this.get:(this.get=t).apply(this,arguments)}}}function S(e,t){if(t in e)return t;for(var n=t.charAt(0).toUpperCase()+t.slice(1),r=t,i=pn.length;i--;)if(t=pn[i]+n,t in e)return t;return r}function j(e,t){for(var n,r,i,o=[],a=0,s=e.length;s>a;a++)r=e[a],r.style&&(o[a]=it._data(r,"olddisplay"),n=r.style.display,t?(o[a]||"none"!==n||(r.style.display=""),""===r.style.display&&jt(r)&&(o[a]=it._data(r,"olddisplay",C(r.nodeName)))):(i=jt(r),(n&&"none"!==n||!i)&&it._data(r,"olddisplay",i?n:it.css(r,"display"))));for(a=0;s>a;a++)r=e[a],r.style&&(t&&"none"!==r.style.display&&""!==r.style.display||(r.style.display=t?o[a]||"":"none"));return e}function A(e,t,n){var r=un.exec(t);return r?Math.max(0,r[1]-(n||0))+(r[2]||"px"):t}function D(e,t,n,r,i){for(var o=n===(r?"border":"content")?4:"width"===t?1:0,a=0;4>o;o+=2)"margin"===n&&(a+=it.css(e,n+St[o],!0,i)),r?("content"===n&&(a-=it.css(e,"padding"+St[o],!0,i)),"margin"!==n&&(a-=it.css(e,"border"+St[o]+"Width",!0,i))):(a+=it.css(e,"padding"+St[o],!0,i),"padding"!==n&&(a+=it.css(e,"border"+St[o]+"Width",!0,i)));return a}function L(e,t,n){var r=!0,i="width"===t?e.offsetWidth:e.offsetHeight,o=en(e),a=nt.boxSizing&&"border-box"===it.css(e,"boxSizing",!1,o);if(0>=i||null==i){if(i=tn(e,t,o),(0>i||null==i)&&(i=e.style[t]),rn.test(i))return i;r=a&&(nt.boxSizingReliable()||i===e.style[t]),i=parseFloat(i)||0}return i+D(e,t,n||(a?"border":"content"),r,o)+"px"}function H(e,t,n,r,i){return new H.prototype.init(e,t,n,r,i)}function _(){return setTimeout(function(){hn=void 0}),hn=it.now()}function q(e,t){var n,r={height:e},i=0;for(t=t?1:0;4>i;i+=2-t)n=St[i],r["margin"+n]=r["padding"+n]=e;return t&&(r.opacity=r.width=e),r}function F(e,t,n){for(var r,i=(xn[t]||[]).concat(xn["*"]),o=0,a=i.length;a>o;o++)if(r=i[o].call(n,t,e))return r}function M(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d=this,f={},p=e.style,h=e.nodeType&&jt(e),m=it._data(e,"fxshow");n.queue||(s=it._queueHooks(e,"fx"),null==s.unqueued&&(s.unqueued=0,l=s.empty.fire,s.empty.fire=function(){s.unqueued||l()}),s.unqueued++,d.always(function(){d.always(function(){s.unqueued--,it.queue(e,"fx").length||s.empty.fire()})})),1===e.nodeType&&("height"in t||"width"in t)&&(n.overflow=[p.overflow,p.overflowX,p.overflowY],u=it.css(e,"display"),c="none"===u?it._data(e,"olddisplay")||C(e.nodeName):u,"inline"===c&&"none"===it.css(e,"float")&&(nt.inlineBlockNeedsLayout&&"inline"!==C(e.nodeName)?p.zoom=1:p.display="inline-block")),n.overflow&&(p.overflow="hidden",nt.shrinkWrapBlocks()||d.always(function(){p.overflow=n.overflow[0],p.overflowX=n.overflow[1],p.overflowY=n.overflow[2]}));for(r in t)if(i=t[r],gn.exec(i)){if(delete t[r],o=o||"toggle"===i,i===(h?"hide":"show")){if("show"!==i||!m||void 0===m[r])continue;h=!0}f[r]=m&&m[r]||it.style(e,r)}else u=void 0;if(it.isEmptyObject(f))"inline"===("none"===u?C(e.nodeName):u)&&(p.display=u);else{m?"hidden"in m&&(h=m.hidden):m=it._data(e,"fxshow",{}),o&&(m.hidden=!h),h?it(e).show():d.done(function(){it(e).hide()}),d.done(function(){var t;it._removeData(e,"fxshow");for(t in f)it.style(e,t,f[t])});for(r in f)a=F(h?m[r]:0,r,d),r in m||(m[r]=a.start,h&&(a.end=a.start,a.start="width"===r||"height"===r?1:0))}}function O(e,t){var n,r,i,o,a;for(n in e)if(r=it.camelCase(n),i=t[r],o=e[n],it.isArray(o)&&(i=o[1],o=e[n]=o[0]),n!==r&&(e[r]=o,delete e[n]),a=it.cssHooks[r],a&&"expand"in a){o=a.expand(o),delete e[r];for(n in o)n in e||(e[n]=o[n],t[n]=i)}else t[r]=i}function R(e,t,n){var r,i,o=0,a=bn.length,s=it.Deferred().always(function(){delete l.elem}),l=function(){if(i)return!1;for(var t=hn||_(),n=Math.max(0,u.startTime+u.duration-t),r=n/u.duration||0,o=1-r,a=0,l=u.tweens.length;l>a;a++)u.tweens[a].run(o);return s.notifyWith(e,[u,o,n]),1>o&&l?n:(s.resolveWith(e,[u]),!1)},u=s.promise({elem:e,props:it.extend({},t),opts:it.extend(!0,{specialEasing:{}},n),originalProperties:t,originalOptions:n,startTime:hn||_(),duration:n.duration,tweens:[],createTween:function(t,n){var r=it.Tween(e,u.opts,t,n,u.opts.specialEasing[t]||u.opts.easing);return u.tweens.push(r),r},stop:function(t){var n=0,r=t?u.tweens.length:0;if(i)return this;for(i=!0;r>n;n++)u.tweens[n].run(1);return t?s.resolveWith(e,[u,t]):s.rejectWith(e,[u,t]),this}}),c=u.props;for(O(c,u.opts.specialEasing);a>o;o++)if(r=bn[o].call(u,e,c,u.opts))return r;return it.map(c,F,u),it.isFunction(u.opts.start)&&u.opts.start.call(e,u),it.fx.timer(it.extend(l,{elem:e,anim:u,queue:u.opts.queue})),u.progress(u.opts.progress).done(u.opts.done,u.opts.complete).fail(u.opts.fail).always(u.opts.always)}function B(e){return function(t,n){"string"!=typeof t&&(n=t,t="*");var r,i=0,o=t.toLowerCase().match(bt)||[];if(it.isFunction(n))for(;r=o[i++];)"+"===r.charAt(0)?(r=r.slice(1)||"*",(e[r]=e[r]||[]).unshift(n)):(e[r]=e[r]||[]).push(n)}}function P(e,t,n,r){function i(s){var l;return o[s]=!0,it.each(e[s]||[],function(e,s){var u=s(t,n,r);return"string"!=typeof u||a||o[u]?a?!(l=u):void 0:(t.dataTypes.unshift(u),i(u),!1)}),l}var o={},a=e===zn;return i(t.dataTypes[0])||!o["*"]&&i("*")}function I(e,t){var n,r,i=it.ajaxSettings.flatOptions||{};for(r in t)void 0!==t[r]&&((i[r]?e:n||(n={}))[r]=t[r]);return n&&it.extend(!0,e,n),e}function W(e,t,n){for(var r,i,o,a,s=e.contents,l=e.dataTypes;"*"===l[0];)l.shift(),void 0===i&&(i=e.mimeType||t.getResponseHeader("Content-Type"));if(i)for(a in s)if(s[a]&&s[a].test(i)){l.unshift(a);break}if(l[0]in n)o=l[0];else{for(a in n){if(!l[0]||e.converters[a+" "+l[0]]){o=a;break}r||(r=a)}o=o||r}return o?(o!==l[0]&&l.unshift(o),n[o]):void 0}function $(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s,l,u={},c=e.dataTypes.slice();if(c[1])for(a in e.converters)u[a.toLowerCase()]=e.converters[a];for(o=c.shift();o;)if(e.responseFields[o]&&(n[e.responseFields[o]]=t),!l&&r&&e.dataFilter&&(t=e.dataFilter(t,e.dataType)),l=o,o=c.shift())if("*"===o)o=l;else if("*"!==l&&l!==o){if(a=u[l+" "+o]||u["* "+o],!a)for(i in u)if(s=i.split(" "),s[1]===o&&(a=u[l+" "+s[0]]||u["* "+s[0]])){a===!0?a=u[i]:u[i]!==!0&&(o=s[0],c.unshift(s[1]));break}if(a!==!0)if(a&&e["throws"])t=a(t);else try{t=a(t)}catch(d){return{state:"parsererror",error:a?d:"No conversion from "+l+" to "+o}}}return{state:"success",data:t}}function z(e,t,n,r){var i;if(it.isArray(t))it.each(t,function(t,i){n||Gn.test(e)?r(e,i):z(e+"["+("object"==typeof i?t:"")+"]",i,n,r)});else if(n||"object"!==it.type(t))r(e,t);else for(i in t)z(e+"["+i+"]",t[i],n,r)}function X(){try{return new e.XMLHttpRequest}catch(t){}}function U(){try{return new e.ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP")}catch(t){}}function V(e){return it.isWindow(e)?e:9===e.nodeType?e.defaultView||e.parentWindow:!1}var G=[],Y=G.slice,J=G.concat,K=G.push,Q=G.indexOf,Z={},et=Z.toString,tt=Z.hasOwnProperty,nt={},rt="1.11.1",it=function(e,t){return new it.fn.init(e,t)},ot=/^[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+|[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+$/g,at=/^-ms-/,st=/-([\da-z])/gi,lt=function(e,t){return t.toUpperCase()};it.fn=it.prototype={jquery:rt,constructor:it,selector:"",length:0,toArray:function(){return Y.call(this)},get:function(e){return null!=e?0>e?this[e+this.length]:this[e]:Y.call(this)},pushStack:function(e){var t=it.merge(this.constructor(),e);return t.prevObject=this,t.context=this.context,t},each:function(e,t){return it.each(this,e,t)},map:function(e){return this.pushStack(it.map(this,function(t,n){return e.call(t,n,t)}))},slice:function(){return this.pushStack(Y.apply(this,arguments))},first:function(){return this.eq(0)},last:function(){return this.eq(-1)},eq:function(e){var t=this.length,n=+e+(0>e?t:0);return this.pushStack(n>=0&&t>n?[this[n]]:[])},end:function(){return this.prevObject||this.constructor(null)},push:K,sort:G.sort,splice:G.splice},it.extend=it.fn.extend=function(){var e,t,n,r,i,o,a=arguments[0]||{},s=1,l=arguments.length,u=!1;for("boolean"==typeof a&&(u=a,a=arguments[s]||{},s++),"object"==typeof a||it.isFunction(a)||(a={}),s===l&&(a=this,s--);l>s;s++)if(null!=(i=arguments[s]))for(r in i)e=a[r],n=i[r],a!==n&&(u&&n&&(it.isPlainObject(n)||(t=it.isArray(n)))?(t?(t=!1,o=e&&it.isArray(e)?e:[]):o=e&&it.isPlainObject(e)?e:{},a[r]=it.extend(u,o,n)):void 0!==n&&(a[r]=n));return a},it.extend({expando:"jQuery"+(rt+Math.random()).replace(/\D/g,""),isReady:!0,error:function(e){throw new Error(e)},noop:function(){},isFunction:function(e){return"function"===it.type(e)},isArray:Array.isArray||function(e){return"array"===it.type(e)},isWindow:function(e){return null!=e&&e==e.window},isNumeric:function(e){return!it.isArray(e)&&e-parseFloat(e)>=0},isEmptyObject:function(e){var t;for(t in e)return!1;return!0},isPlainObject:function(e){var t;if(!e||"object"!==it.type(e)||e.nodeType||it.isWindow(e))return!1;try{if(e.constructor&&!tt.call(e,"constructor")&&!tt.call(e.constructor.prototype,"isPrototypeOf"))return!1}catch(n){return!1}if(nt.ownLast)for(t in e)return tt.call(e,t);for(t in e);return void 0===t||tt.call(e,t)},type:function(e){return null==e?e+"":"object"==typeof e||"function"==typeof e?Z[et.call(e)]||"object":typeof e},globalEval:function(t){t&&it.trim(t)&&(e.execScript||function(t){e.eval.call(e,t)})(t)},camelCase:function(e){return e.replace(at,"ms-").replace(st,lt)},nodeName:function(e,t){return e.nodeName&&e.nodeName.toLowerCase()===t.toLowerCase()},each:function(e,t,r){var i,o=0,a=e.length,s=n(e);if(r){if(s)for(;a>o&&(i=t.apply(e[o],r),i!==!1);o++);else for(o in e)if(i=t.apply(e[o],r),i===!1)break}else if(s)for(;a>o&&(i=t.call(e[o],o,e[o]),i!==!1);o++);else for(o in e)if(i=t.call(e[o],o,e[o]),i===!1)break;return e},trim:function(e){return null==e?"":(e+"").replace(ot,"")},makeArray:function(e,t){var r=t||[];return null!=e&&(n(Object(e))?it.merge(r,"string"==typeof e?[e]:e):K.call(r,e)),r},inArray:function(e,t,n){var r;if(t){if(Q)return Q.call(t,e,n);for(r=t.length,n=n?0>n?Math.max(0,r+n):n:0;r>n;n++)if(n in t&&t[n]===e)return n}return-1},merge:function(e,t){for(var n=+t.length,r=0,i=e.length;n>r;)e[i++]=t[r++];if(n!==n)for(;void 0!==t[r];)e[i++]=t[r++];return e.length=i,e},grep:function(e,t,n){for(var r,i=[],o=0,a=e.length,s=!n;a>o;o++)r=!t(e[o],o),r!==s&&i.push(e[o]);return i},map:function(e,t,r){var i,o=0,a=e.length,s=n(e),l=[];if(s)for(;a>o;o++)i=t(e[o],o,r),null!=i&&l.push(i);else for(o in e)i=t(e[o],o,r),null!=i&&l.push(i);return J.apply([],l)},guid:1,proxy:function(e,t){var n,r,i;return"string"==typeof t&&(i=e[t],t=e,e=i),it.isFunction(e)?(n=Y.call(arguments,2),r=function(){return e.apply(t||this,n.concat(Y.call(arguments)))},r.guid=e.guid=e.guid||it.guid++,r):void 0},now:function(){return+new Date},support:nt}),it.each("Boolean Number String Function Array Date RegExp Object Error".split(" "),function(e,t){Z["[object "+t+"]"]=t.toLowerCase()});var ut=function(e){function t(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s,l,u,d,p,h,m;if((t?t.ownerDocument||t:P)!==H&&L(t),t=t||H,n=n||[],!e||"string"!=typeof e)return n;if(1!==(s=t.nodeType)&&9!==s)return[];if(q&&!r){if(i=yt.exec(e))if(a=i[1]){if(9===s){if(o=t.getElementById(a),!o||!o.parentNode)return n;if(o.id===a)return n.push(o),n}else if(t.ownerDocument&&(o=t.ownerDocument.getElementById(a))&&R(t,o)&&o.id===a)return n.push(o),n}else{if(i[2])return Z.apply(n,t.getElementsByTagName(e)),n;if((a=i[3])&&w.getElementsByClassName&&t.getElementsByClassName)return Z.apply(n,t.getElementsByClassName(a)),n}if(w.qsa&&(!F||!F.test(e))){if(p=d=B,h=t,m=9===s&&e,1===s&&"object"!==t.nodeName.toLowerCase()){for(u=C(e),(d=t.getAttribute("id"))?p=d.replace(xt,"\\$&"):t.setAttribute("id",p),p="[id='"+p+"'] ",l=u.length;l--;)u[l]=p+f(u[l]);h=bt.test(e)&&c(t.parentNode)||t,m=u.join(",")}if(m)try{return Z.apply(n,h.querySelectorAll(m)),n}catch(g){}finally{d||t.removeAttribute("id")}}}return S(e.replace(lt,"$1"),t,n,r)}function n(){function e(n,r){return t.push(n+" ")>T.cacheLength&&delete e[t.shift()],e[n+" "]=r}var t=[];return e}function r(e){return e[B]=!0,e}function i(e){var t=H.createElement("div");try{return!!e(t)}catch(n){return!1}finally{t.parentNode&&t.parentNode.removeChild(t),t=null}}function o(e,t){for(var n=e.split("|"),r=e.length;r--;)T.attrHandle[n[r]]=t}function a(e,t){var n=t&&e,r=n&&1===e.nodeType&&1===t.nodeType&&(~t.sourceIndex||G)-(~e.sourceIndex||G);if(r)return r;if(n)for(;n=n.nextSibling;)if(n===t)return-1;return e?1:-1}function s(e){return function(t){var n=t.nodeName.toLowerCase();return"input"===n&&t.type===e}}function l(e){return function(t){var n=t.nodeName.toLowerCase();return("input"===n||"button"===n)&&t.type===e}}function u(e){return r(function(t){return t=+t,r(function(n,r){for(var i,o=e([],n.length,t),a=o.length;a--;)n[i=o[a]]&&(n[i]=!(r[i]=n[i]))})})}function c(e){return e&&typeof e.getElementsByTagName!==V&&e}function d(){}function f(e){for(var t=0,n=e.length,r="";n>t;t++)r+=e[t].value;return r}function p(e,t,n){var r=t.dir,i=n&&"parentNode"===r,o=W++;return t.first?function(t,n,o){for(;t=t[r];)if(1===t.nodeType||i)return e(t,n,o)}:function(t,n,a){var s,l,u=[I,o];if(a){for(;t=t[r];)if((1===t.nodeType||i)&&e(t,n,a))return!0}else for(;t=t[r];)if(1===t.nodeType||i){if(l=t[B]||(t[B]={}),(s=l[r])&&s[0]===I&&s[1]===o)return u[2]=s[2];if(l[r]=u,u[2]=e(t,n,a))return!0}}}function h(e){return e.length>1?function(t,n,r){for(var i=e.length;i--;)if(!e[i](t,n,r))return!1;return!0}:e[0]}function m(e,n,r){for(var i=0,o=n.length;o>i;i++)t(e,n[i],r);return r}function g(e,t,n,r,i){for(var o,a=[],s=0,l=e.length,u=null!=t;l>s;s++)(o=e[s])&&(!n||n(o,r,i))&&(a.push(o),u&&t.push(s));return a}function v(e,t,n,i,o,a){return i&&!i[B]&&(i=v(i)),o&&!o[B]&&(o=v(o,a)),r(function(r,a,s,l){var u,c,d,f=[],p=[],h=a.length,v=r||m(t||"*",s.nodeType?[s]:s,[]),y=!e||!r&&t?v:g(v,f,e,s,l),b=n?o||(r?e:h||i)?[]:a:y;if(n&&n(y,b,s,l),i)for(u=g(b,p),i(u,[],s,l),c=u.length;c--;)(d=u[c])&&(b[p[c]]=!(y[p[c]]=d));if(r){if(o||e){if(o){for(u=[],c=b.length;c--;)(d=b[c])&&u.push(y[c]=d);o(null,b=[],u,l)}for(c=b.length;c--;)(d=b[c])&&(u=o?tt.call(r,d):f[c])>-1&&(r[u]=!(a[u]=d))}}else b=g(b===a?b.splice(h,b.length):b),o?o(null,a,b,l):Z.apply(a,b)})}function y(e){for(var t,n,r,i=e.length,o=T.relative[e[0].type],a=o||T.relative[" "],s=o?1:0,l=p(function(e){return e===t},a,!0),u=p(function(e){return tt.call(t,e)>-1},a,!0),c=[function(e,n,r){return!o&&(r||n!==j)||((t=n).nodeType?l(e,n,r):u(e,n,r))}];i>s;s++)if(n=T.relative[e[s].type])c=[p(h(c),n)];else{if(n=T.filter[e[s].type].apply(null,e[s].matches),n[B]){for(r=++s;i>r&&!T.relative[e[r].type];r++);return v(s>1&&h(c),s>1&&f(e.slice(0,s-1).concat({value:" "===e[s-2].type?"*":""})).replace(lt,"$1"),n,r>s&&y(e.slice(s,r)),i>r&&y(e=e.slice(r)),i>r&&f(e))}c.push(n)}return h(c)}function b(e,n){var i=n.length>0,o=e.length>0,a=function(r,a,s,l,u){var c,d,f,p=0,h="0",m=r&&[],v=[],y=j,b=r||o&&T.find.TAG("*",u),x=I+=null==y?1:Math.random()||.1,w=b.length;for(u&&(j=a!==H&&a);h!==w&&null!=(c=b[h]);h++){if(o&&c){for(d=0;f=e[d++];)if(f(c,a,s)){l.push(c);break}u&&(I=x)}i&&((c=!f&&c)&&p--,r&&m.push(c))}if(p+=h,i&&h!==p){for(d=0;f=n[d++];)f(m,v,a,s);if(r){if(p>0)for(;h--;)m[h]||v[h]||(v[h]=K.call(l));v=g(v)}Z.apply(l,v),u&&!r&&v.length>0&&p+n.length>1&&t.uniqueSort(l)}return u&&(I=x,j=y),m};return i?r(a):a}var x,w,T,E,k,C,N,S,j,A,D,L,H,_,q,F,M,O,R,B="sizzle"+-new Date,P=e.document,I=0,W=0,$=n(),z=n(),X=n(),U=function(e,t){return e===t&&(D=!0),0},V="undefined",G=1<<31,Y={}.hasOwnProperty,J=[],K=J.pop,Q=J.push,Z=J.push,et=J.slice,tt=J.indexOf||function(e){for(var t=0,n=this.length;n>t;t++)if(this[t]===e)return t;return-1},nt="checked|selected|async|autofocus|autoplay|controls|defer|disabled|hidden|ismap|loop|multiple|open|readonly|required|scoped",rt="[\\x20\\t\\r\\n\\f]",it="(?:\\\\.|[\\w-]|[^\\x00-\\xa0])+",ot=it.replace("w","w#"),at="\\["+rt+"*("+it+")(?:"+rt+"*([*^$|!~]?=)"+rt+"*(?:'((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\"|("+ot+"))|)"+rt+"*\\]",st=":("+it+")(?:\\((('((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\")|((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\()[\\]]|"+at+")*)|.*)\\)|)",lt=new RegExp("^"+rt+"+|((?:^|[^\\\\])(?:\\\\.)*)"+rt+"+$","g"),ut=new RegExp("^"+rt+"*,"+rt+"*"),ct=new RegExp("^"+rt+"*([>+~]|"+rt+")"+rt+"*"),dt=new RegExp("="+rt+"*([^\\]'\"]*?)"+rt+"*\\]","g"),ft=new RegExp(st),pt=new RegExp("^"+ot+"$"),ht={ID:new RegExp("^#("+it+")"),CLASS:new RegExp("^\\.("+it+")"),TAG:new RegExp("^("+it.replace("w","w*")+")"),ATTR:new RegExp("^"+at),PSEUDO:new RegExp("^"+st),CHILD:new RegExp("^:(only|first|last|nth|nth-last)-(child|of-type)(?:\\("+rt+"*(even|odd|(([+-]|)(\\d*)n|)"+rt+"*(?:([+-]|)"+rt+"*(\\d+)|))"+rt+"*\\)|)","i"),bool:new RegExp("^(?:"+nt+")$","i"),needsContext:new RegExp("^"+rt+"*[>+~]|:(even|odd|eq|gt|lt|nth|first|last)(?:\\("+rt+"*((?:-\\d)?\\d*)"+rt+"*\\)|)(?=[^-]|$)","i")},mt=/^(?:input|select|textarea|button)$/i,gt=/^h\d$/i,vt=/^[^{]+\{\s*\[native \w/,yt=/^(?:#([\w-]+)|(\w+)|\.([\w-]+))$/,bt=/[+~]/,xt=/'|\\/g,wt=new RegExp("\\\\([\\da-f]{1,6}"+rt+"?|("+rt+")|.)","ig"),Tt=function(e,t,n){var r="0x"+t-65536;return r!==r||n?t:0>r?String.fromCharCode(r+65536):String.fromCharCode(r>>10|55296,1023&r|56320)};try{Z.apply(J=et.call(P.childNodes),P.childNodes),J[P.childNodes.length].nodeType}catch(Et){Z={apply:J.length?function(e,t){Q.apply(e,et.call(t))}:function(e,t){for(var n=e.length,r=0;e[n++]=t[r++];);e.length=n-1}}}w=t.support={},k=t.isXML=function(e){var t=e&&(e.ownerDocument||e).documentElement;return t?"HTML"!==t.nodeName:!1},L=t.setDocument=function(e){var t,n=e?e.ownerDocument||e:P,r=n.defaultView;return n!==H&&9===n.nodeType&&n.documentElement?(H=n,_=n.documentElement,q=!k(n),r&&r!==r.top&&(r.addEventListener?r.addEventListener("unload",function(){L()},!1):r.attachEvent&&r.attachEvent("onunload",function(){L()})),w.attributes=i(function(e){return e.className="i",!e.getAttribute("className")}),w.getElementsByTagName=i(function(e){return e.appendChild(n.createComment("")),!e.getElementsByTagName("*").length}),w.getElementsByClassName=vt.test(n.getElementsByClassName)&&i(function(e){return e.innerHTML="<div class='a'></div><div class='a i'></div>",e.firstChild.className="i",2===e.getElementsByClassName("i").length}),w.getById=i(function(e){return _.appendChild(e).id=B,!n.getElementsByName||!n.getElementsByName(B).length}),w.getById?(T.find.ID=function(e,t){if(typeof t.getElementById!==V&&q){var n=t.getElementById(e);return n&&n.parentNode?[n]:[]}},T.filter.ID=function(e){var t=e.replace(wt,Tt);return function(e){return e.getAttribute("id")===t}}):(delete T.find.ID,T.filter.ID=function(e){var t=e.replace(wt,Tt);return function(e){var n=typeof e.getAttributeNode!==V&&e.getAttributeNode("id");return n&&n.value===t}}),T.find.TAG=w.getElementsByTagName?function(e,t){return typeof t.getElementsByTagName!==V?t.getElementsByTagName(e):void 0}:function(e,t){var n,r=[],i=0,o=t.getElementsByTagName(e);if("*"===e){for(;n=o[i++];)1===n.nodeType&&r.push(n);return r}return o},T.find.CLASS=w.getElementsByClassName&&function(e,t){return typeof t.getElementsByClassName!==V&&q?t.getElementsByClassName(e):void 0},M=[],F=[],(w.qsa=vt.test(n.querySelectorAll))&&(i(function(e){e.innerHTML="<select msallowclip=''><option selected=''></option></select>",e.querySelectorAll("[msallowclip^='']").length&&F.push("[*^$]="+rt+"*(?:''|\"\")"),e.querySelectorAll("[selected]").length||F.push("\\["+rt+"*(?:value|"+nt+")"),e.querySelectorAll(":checked").length||F.push(":checked")}),i(function(e){var t=n.createElement("input");t.setAttribute("type","hidden"),e.appendChild(t).setAttribute("name","D"),e.querySelectorAll("[name=d]").length&&F.push("name"+rt+"*[*^$|!~]?="),e.querySelectorAll(":enabled").length||F.push(":enabled",":disabled"),e.querySelectorAll("*,:x"),F.push(",.*:")})),(w.matchesSelector=vt.test(O=_.matches||_.webkitMatchesSelector||_.mozMatchesSelector||_.oMatchesSelector||_.msMatchesSelector))&&i(function(e){w.disconnectedMatch=O.call(e,"div"),O.call(e,"[s!='']:x"),M.push("!=",st)}),F=F.length&&new RegExp(F.join("|")),M=M.length&&new RegExp(M.join("|")),t=vt.test(_.compareDocumentPosition),R=t||vt.test(_.contains)?function(e,t){var n=9===e.nodeType?e.documentElement:e,r=t&&t.parentNode;return e===r||!(!r||1!==r.nodeType||!(n.contains?n.contains(r):e.compareDocumentPosition&&16&e.compareDocumentPosition(r)))}:function(e,t){if(t)for(;t=t.parentNode;)if(t===e)return!0;return!1},U=t?function(e,t){if(e===t)return D=!0,0;var r=!e.compareDocumentPosition-!t.compareDocumentPosition;return r?r:(r=(e.ownerDocument||e)===(t.ownerDocument||t)?e.compareDocumentPosition(t):1,1&r||!w.sortDetached&&t.compareDocumentPosition(e)===r?e===n||e.ownerDocument===P&&R(P,e)?-1:t===n||t.ownerDocument===P&&R(P,t)?1:A?tt.call(A,e)-tt.call(A,t):0:4&r?-1:1)}:function(e,t){if(e===t)return D=!0,0;var r,i=0,o=e.parentNode,s=t.parentNode,l=[e],u=[t];if(!o||!s)return e===n?-1:t===n?1:o?-1:s?1:A?tt.call(A,e)-tt.call(A,t):0;if(o===s)return a(e,t);for(r=e;r=r.parentNode;)l.unshift(r);for(r=t;r=r.parentNode;)u.unshift(r);for(;l[i]===u[i];)i++;return i?a(l[i],u[i]):l[i]===P?-1:u[i]===P?1:0},n):H},t.matches=function(e,n){return t(e,null,null,n)},t.matchesSelector=function(e,n){if((e.ownerDocument||e)!==H&&L(e),n=n.replace(dt,"='$1']"),!(!w.matchesSelector||!q||M&&M.test(n)||F&&F.test(n)))try{var r=O.call(e,n);if(r||w.disconnectedMatch||e.document&&11!==e.document.nodeType)return r}catch(i){}return t(n,H,null,[e]).length>0},t.contains=function(e,t){return(e.ownerDocument||e)!==H&&L(e),R(e,t)},t.attr=function(e,t){(e.ownerDocument||e)!==H&&L(e);var n=T.attrHandle[t.toLowerCase()],r=n&&Y.call(T.attrHandle,t.toLowerCase())?n(e,t,!q):void 0;return void 0!==r?r:w.attributes||!q?e.getAttribute(t):(r=e.getAttributeNode(t))&&r.specified?r.value:null},t.error=function(e){throw new Error("Syntax error, unrecognized expression: "+e)},t.uniqueSort=function(e){var t,n=[],r=0,i=0;if(D=!w.detectDuplicates,A=!w.sortStable&&e.slice(0),e.sort(U),D){for(;t=e[i++];)t===e[i]&&(r=n.push(i));for(;r--;)e.splice(n[r],1)}return A=null,e},E=t.getText=function(e){var t,n="",r=0,i=e.nodeType;if(i){if(1===i||9===i||11===i){if("string"==typeof e.textContent)return e.textContent;for(e=e.firstChild;e;e=e.nextSibling)n+=E(e)}else if(3===i||4===i)return e.nodeValue}else for(;t=e[r++];)n+=E(t);return n},T=t.selectors={cacheLength:50,createPseudo:r,match:ht,attrHandle:{},find:{},relative:{">":{dir:"parentNode",first:!0}," ":{dir:"parentNode"},"+":{dir:"previousSibling",first:!0},"~":{dir:"previousSibling"}},preFilter:{ATTR:function(e){return e[1]=e[1].replace(wt,Tt),e[3]=(e[3]||e[4]||e[5]||"").replace(wt,Tt),"~="===e[2]&&(e[3]=" "+e[3]+" "),e.slice(0,4)},CHILD:function(e){return e[1]=e[1].toLowerCase(),"nth"===e[1].slice(0,3)?(e[3]||t.error(e[0]),e[4]=+(e[4]?e[5]+(e[6]||1):2*("even"===e[3]||"odd"===e[3])),e[5]=+(e[7]+e[8]||"odd"===e[3])):e[3]&&t.error(e[0]),e},PSEUDO:function(e){var t,n=!e[6]&&e[2];return ht.CHILD.test(e[0])?null:(e[3]?e[2]=e[4]||e[5]||"":n&&ft.test(n)&&(t=C(n,!0))&&(t=n.indexOf(")",n.length-t)-n.length)&&(e[0]=e[0].slice(0,t),e[2]=n.slice(0,t)),e.slice(0,3))}},filter:{TAG:function(e){var t=e.replace(wt,Tt).toLowerCase();return"*"===e?function(){return!0}:function(e){return e.nodeName&&e.nodeName.toLowerCase()===t}},CLASS:function(e){var t=$[e+" "];return t||(t=new RegExp("(^|"+rt+")"+e+"("+rt+"|$)"))&&$(e,function(e){return t.test("string"==typeof e.className&&e.className||typeof e.getAttribute!==V&&e.getAttribute("class")||"")})},ATTR:function(e,n,r){return function(i){var o=t.attr(i,e);return null==o?"!="===n:n?(o+="","="===n?o===r:"!="===n?o!==r:"^="===n?r&&0===o.indexOf(r):"*="===n?r&&o.indexOf(r)>-1:"$="===n?r&&o.slice(-r.length)===r:"~="===n?(" "+o+" ").indexOf(r)>-1:"|="===n?o===r||o.slice(0,r.length+1)===r+"-":!1):!0}},CHILD:function(e,t,n,r,i){var o="nth"!==e.slice(0,3),a="last"!==e.slice(-4),s="of-type"===t;return 1===r&&0===i?function(e){return!!e.parentNode}:function(t,n,l){var u,c,d,f,p,h,m=o!==a?"nextSibling":"previousSibling",g=t.parentNode,v=s&&t.nodeName.toLowerCase(),y=!l&&!s;if(g){if(o){for(;m;){for(d=t;d=d[m];)if(s?d.nodeName.toLowerCase()===v:1===d.nodeType)return!1;h=m="only"===e&&!h&&"nextSibling"}return!0}if(h=[a?g.firstChild:g.lastChild],a&&y){for(c=g[B]||(g[B]={}),u=c[e]||[],p=u[0]===I&&u[1],f=u[0]===I&&u[2],d=p&&g.childNodes[p];d=++p&&d&&d[m]||(f=p=0)||h.pop();)if(1===d.nodeType&&++f&&d===t){c[e]=[I,p,f];break}}else if(y&&(u=(t[B]||(t[B]={}))[e])&&u[0]===I)f=u[1];else for(;(d=++p&&d&&d[m]||(f=p=0)||h.pop())&&((s?d.nodeName.toLowerCase()!==v:1!==d.nodeType)||!++f||(y&&((d[B]||(d[B]={}))[e]=[I,f]),d!==t)););return f-=i,f===r||f%r===0&&f/r>=0}}},PSEUDO:function(e,n){var i,o=T.pseudos[e]||T.setFilters[e.toLowerCase()]||t.error("unsupported pseudo: "+e);return o[B]?o(n):o.length>1?(i=[e,e,"",n],T.setFilters.hasOwnProperty(e.toLowerCase())?r(function(e,t){for(var r,i=o(e,n),a=i.length;a--;)r=tt.call(e,i[a]),e[r]=!(t[r]=i[a])}):function(e){return o(e,0,i)}):o}},pseudos:{not:r(function(e){var t=[],n=[],i=N(e.replace(lt,"$1"));return i[B]?r(function(e,t,n,r){for(var o,a=i(e,null,r,[]),s=e.length;s--;)(o=a[s])&&(e[s]=!(t[s]=o))}):function(e,r,o){return t[0]=e,i(t,null,o,n),!n.pop()}}),has:r(function(e){return function(n){return t(e,n).length>0}}),contains:r(function(e){return function(t){return(t.textContent||t.innerText||E(t)).indexOf(e)>-1}}),lang:r(function(e){return pt.test(e||"")||t.error("unsupported lang: "+e),e=e.replace(wt,Tt).toLowerCase(),function(t){var n;do if(n=q?t.lang:t.getAttribute("xml:lang")||t.getAttribute("lang"))return n=n.toLowerCase(),n===e||0===n.indexOf(e+"-");while((t=t.parentNode)&&1===t.nodeType);return!1}}),target:function(t){var n=e.location&&e.location.hash;return n&&n.slice(1)===t.id},root:function(e){return e===_},focus:function(e){return e===H.activeElement&&(!H.hasFocus||H.hasFocus())&&!!(e.type||e.href||~e.tabIndex)},enabled:function(e){return e.disabled===!1},disabled:function(e){return e.disabled===!0},checked:function(e){var t=e.nodeName.toLowerCase();return"input"===t&&!!e.checked||"option"===t&&!!e.selected},selected:function(e){return e.parentNode&&e.parentNode.selectedIndex,e.selected===!0},empty:function(e){for(e=e.firstChild;e;e=e.nextSibling)if(e.nodeType<6)return!1;return!0},parent:function(e){return!T.pseudos.empty(e)},header:function(e){return gt.test(e.nodeName)},input:function(e){return mt.test(e.nodeName)},button:function(e){var t=e.nodeName.toLowerCase();return"input"===t&&"button"===e.type||"button"===t},text:function(e){var t;return"input"===e.nodeName.toLowerCase()&&"text"===e.type&&(null==(t=e.getAttribute("type"))||"text"===t.toLowerCase())},first:u(function(){return[0]}),last:u(function(e,t){return[t-1]}),eq:u(function(e,t,n){return[0>n?n+t:n]}),even:u(function(e,t){for(var n=0;t>n;n+=2)e.push(n);return e}),odd:u(function(e,t){for(var n=1;t>n;n+=2)e.push(n);return e}),lt:u(function(e,t,n){for(var r=0>n?n+t:n;--r>=0;)e.push(r);return e}),gt:u(function(e,t,n){for(var r=0>n?n+t:n;++r<t;)e.push(r);return e})}},T.pseudos.nth=T.pseudos.eq;for(x in{radio:!0,checkbox:!0,file:!0,password:!0,image:!0})T.pseudos[x]=s(x);for(x in{submit:!0,reset:!0})T.pseudos[x]=l(x);return d.prototype=T.filters=T.pseudos,T.setFilters=new d,C=t.tokenize=function(e,n){var r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c=z[e+" "];if(c)return n?0:c.slice(0);for(s=e,l=[],u=T.preFilter;s;){(!r||(i=ut.exec(s)))&&(i&&(s=s.slice(i[0].length)||s),l.push(o=[])),r=!1,(i=ct.exec(s))&&(r=i.shift(),o.push({value:r,type:i[0].replace(lt," ")}),s=s.slice(r.length));for(a in T.filter)!(i=ht[a].exec(s))||u[a]&&!(i=u[a](i))||(r=i.shift(),o.push({value:r,type:a,matches:i}),s=s.slice(r.length));if(!r)break}return n?s.length:s?t.error(e):z(e,l).slice(0)},N=t.compile=function(e,t){var n,r=[],i=[],o=X[e+" "];if(!o){for(t||(t=C(e)),n=t.length;n--;)o=y(t[n]),o[B]?r.push(o):i.push(o);o=X(e,b(i,r)),o.selector=e}return o},S=t.select=function(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s,l,u="function"==typeof e&&e,d=!r&&C(e=u.selector||e);if(n=n||[],1===d.length){if(o=d[0]=d[0].slice(0),o.length>2&&"ID"===(a=o[0]).type&&w.getById&&9===t.nodeType&&q&&T.relative[o[1].type]){if(t=(T.find.ID(a.matches[0].replace(wt,Tt),t)||[])[0],!t)return n;u&&(t=t.parentNode),e=e.slice(o.shift().value.length)}for(i=ht.needsContext.test(e)?0:o.length;i--&&(a=o[i],!T.relative[s=a.type]);)if((l=T.find[s])&&(r=l(a.matches[0].replace(wt,Tt),bt.test(o[0].type)&&c(t.parentNode)||t))){if(o.splice(i,1),e=r.length&&f(o),!e)return Z.apply(n,r),n;
+break}}return(u||N(e,d))(r,t,!q,n,bt.test(e)&&c(t.parentNode)||t),n},w.sortStable=B.split("").sort(U).join("")===B,w.detectDuplicates=!!D,L(),w.sortDetached=i(function(e){return 1&e.compareDocumentPosition(H.createElement("div"))}),i(function(e){return e.innerHTML="<a href='#'></a>","#"===e.firstChild.getAttribute("href")})||o("type|href|height|width",function(e,t,n){return n?void 0:e.getAttribute(t,"type"===t.toLowerCase()?1:2)}),w.attributes&&i(function(e){return e.innerHTML="<input/>",e.firstChild.setAttribute("value",""),""===e.firstChild.getAttribute("value")})||o("value",function(e,t,n){return n||"input"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase()?void 0:e.defaultValue}),i(function(e){return null==e.getAttribute("disabled")})||o(nt,function(e,t,n){var r;return n?void 0:e[t]===!0?t.toLowerCase():(r=e.getAttributeNode(t))&&r.specified?r.value:null}),t}(e);it.find=ut,it.expr=ut.selectors,it.expr[":"]=it.expr.pseudos,it.unique=ut.uniqueSort,it.text=ut.getText,it.isXMLDoc=ut.isXML,it.contains=ut.contains;var ct=it.expr.match.needsContext,dt=/^<(\w+)\s*\/?>(?:<\/\1>|)$/,ft=/^.[^:#\[\.,]*$/;it.filter=function(e,t,n){var r=t[0];return n&&(e=":not("+e+")"),1===t.length&&1===r.nodeType?it.find.matchesSelector(r,e)?[r]:[]:it.find.matches(e,it.grep(t,function(e){return 1===e.nodeType}))},it.fn.extend({find:function(e){var t,n=[],r=this,i=r.length;if("string"!=typeof e)return this.pushStack(it(e).filter(function(){for(t=0;i>t;t++)if(it.contains(r[t],this))return!0}));for(t=0;i>t;t++)it.find(e,r[t],n);return n=this.pushStack(i>1?it.unique(n):n),n.selector=this.selector?this.selector+" "+e:e,n},filter:function(e){return this.pushStack(r(this,e||[],!1))},not:function(e){return this.pushStack(r(this,e||[],!0))},is:function(e){return!!r(this,"string"==typeof e&&ct.test(e)?it(e):e||[],!1).length}});var pt,ht=e.document,mt=/^(?:\s*(<[\w\W]+>)[^>]*|#([\w-]*))$/,gt=it.fn.init=function(e,t){var n,r;if(!e)return this;if("string"==typeof e){if(n="<"===e.charAt(0)&&">"===e.charAt(e.length-1)&&e.length>=3?[null,e,null]:mt.exec(e),!n||!n[1]&&t)return!t||t.jquery?(t||pt).find(e):this.constructor(t).find(e);if(n[1]){if(t=t instanceof it?t[0]:t,it.merge(this,it.parseHTML(n[1],t&&t.nodeType?t.ownerDocument||t:ht,!0)),dt.test(n[1])&&it.isPlainObject(t))for(n in t)it.isFunction(this[n])?this[n](t[n]):this.attr(n,t[n]);return this}if(r=ht.getElementById(n[2]),r&&r.parentNode){if(r.id!==n[2])return pt.find(e);this.length=1,this[0]=r}return this.context=ht,this.selector=e,this}return e.nodeType?(this.context=this[0]=e,this.length=1,this):it.isFunction(e)?"undefined"!=typeof pt.ready?pt.ready(e):e(it):(void 0!==e.selector&&(this.selector=e.selector,this.context=e.context),it.makeArray(e,this))};gt.prototype=it.fn,pt=it(ht);var vt=/^(?:parents|prev(?:Until|All))/,yt={children:!0,contents:!0,next:!0,prev:!0};it.extend({dir:function(e,t,n){for(var r=[],i=e[t];i&&9!==i.nodeType&&(void 0===n||1!==i.nodeType||!it(i).is(n));)1===i.nodeType&&r.push(i),i=i[t];return r},sibling:function(e,t){for(var n=[];e;e=e.nextSibling)1===e.nodeType&&e!==t&&n.push(e);return n}}),it.fn.extend({has:function(e){var t,n=it(e,this),r=n.length;return this.filter(function(){for(t=0;r>t;t++)if(it.contains(this,n[t]))return!0})},closest:function(e,t){for(var n,r=0,i=this.length,o=[],a=ct.test(e)||"string"!=typeof e?it(e,t||this.context):0;i>r;r++)for(n=this[r];n&&n!==t;n=n.parentNode)if(n.nodeType<11&&(a?a.index(n)>-1:1===n.nodeType&&it.find.matchesSelector(n,e))){o.push(n);break}return this.pushStack(o.length>1?it.unique(o):o)},index:function(e){return e?"string"==typeof e?it.inArray(this[0],it(e)):it.inArray(e.jquery?e[0]:e,this):this[0]&&this[0].parentNode?this.first().prevAll().length:-1},add:function(e,t){return this.pushStack(it.unique(it.merge(this.get(),it(e,t))))},addBack:function(e){return this.add(null==e?this.prevObject:this.prevObject.filter(e))}}),it.each({parent:function(e){var t=e.parentNode;return t&&11!==t.nodeType?t:null},parents:function(e){return it.dir(e,"parentNode")},parentsUntil:function(e,t,n){return it.dir(e,"parentNode",n)},next:function(e){return i(e,"nextSibling")},prev:function(e){return i(e,"previousSibling")},nextAll:function(e){return it.dir(e,"nextSibling")},prevAll:function(e){return it.dir(e,"previousSibling")},nextUntil:function(e,t,n){return it.dir(e,"nextSibling",n)},prevUntil:function(e,t,n){return it.dir(e,"previousSibling",n)},siblings:function(e){return it.sibling((e.parentNode||{}).firstChild,e)},children:function(e){return it.sibling(e.firstChild)},contents:function(e){return it.nodeName(e,"iframe")?e.contentDocument||e.contentWindow.document:it.merge([],e.childNodes)}},function(e,t){it.fn[e]=function(n,r){var i=it.map(this,t,n);return"Until"!==e.slice(-5)&&(r=n),r&&"string"==typeof r&&(i=it.filter(r,i)),this.length>1&&(yt[e]||(i=it.unique(i)),vt.test(e)&&(i=i.reverse())),this.pushStack(i)}});var bt=/\S+/g,xt={};it.Callbacks=function(e){e="string"==typeof e?xt[e]||o(e):it.extend({},e);var t,n,r,i,a,s,l=[],u=!e.once&&[],c=function(o){for(n=e.memory&&o,r=!0,a=s||0,s=0,i=l.length,t=!0;l&&i>a;a++)if(l[a].apply(o[0],o[1])===!1&&e.stopOnFalse){n=!1;break}t=!1,l&&(u?u.length&&c(u.shift()):n?l=[]:d.disable())},d={add:function(){if(l){var r=l.length;!function o(t){it.each(t,function(t,n){var r=it.type(n);"function"===r?e.unique&&d.has(n)||l.push(n):n&&n.length&&"string"!==r&&o(n)})}(arguments),t?i=l.length:n&&(s=r,c(n))}return this},remove:function(){return l&&it.each(arguments,function(e,n){for(var r;(r=it.inArray(n,l,r))>-1;)l.splice(r,1),t&&(i>=r&&i--,a>=r&&a--)}),this},has:function(e){return e?it.inArray(e,l)>-1:!(!l||!l.length)},empty:function(){return l=[],i=0,this},disable:function(){return l=u=n=void 0,this},disabled:function(){return!l},lock:function(){return u=void 0,n||d.disable(),this},locked:function(){return!u},fireWith:function(e,n){return!l||r&&!u||(n=n||[],n=[e,n.slice?n.slice():n],t?u.push(n):c(n)),this},fire:function(){return d.fireWith(this,arguments),this},fired:function(){return!!r}};return d},it.extend({Deferred:function(e){var t=[["resolve","done",it.Callbacks("once memory"),"resolved"],["reject","fail",it.Callbacks("once memory"),"rejected"],["notify","progress",it.Callbacks("memory")]],n="pending",r={state:function(){return n},always:function(){return i.done(arguments).fail(arguments),this},then:function(){var e=arguments;return it.Deferred(function(n){it.each(t,function(t,o){var a=it.isFunction(e[t])&&e[t];i[o[1]](function(){var e=a&&a.apply(this,arguments);e&&it.isFunction(e.promise)?e.promise().done(n.resolve).fail(n.reject).progress(n.notify):n[o[0]+"With"](this===r?n.promise():this,a?[e]:arguments)})}),e=null}).promise()},promise:function(e){return null!=e?it.extend(e,r):r}},i={};return r.pipe=r.then,it.each(t,function(e,o){var a=o[2],s=o[3];r[o[1]]=a.add,s&&a.add(function(){n=s},t[1^e][2].disable,t[2][2].lock),i[o[0]]=function(){return i[o[0]+"With"](this===i?r:this,arguments),this},i[o[0]+"With"]=a.fireWith}),r.promise(i),e&&e.call(i,i),i},when:function(e){var t,n,r,i=0,o=Y.call(arguments),a=o.length,s=1!==a||e&&it.isFunction(e.promise)?a:0,l=1===s?e:it.Deferred(),u=function(e,n,r){return function(i){n[e]=this,r[e]=arguments.length>1?Y.call(arguments):i,r===t?l.notifyWith(n,r):--s||l.resolveWith(n,r)}};if(a>1)for(t=new Array(a),n=new Array(a),r=new Array(a);a>i;i++)o[i]&&it.isFunction(o[i].promise)?o[i].promise().done(u(i,r,o)).fail(l.reject).progress(u(i,n,t)):--s;return s||l.resolveWith(r,o),l.promise()}});var wt;it.fn.ready=function(e){return it.ready.promise().done(e),this},it.extend({isReady:!1,readyWait:1,holdReady:function(e){e?it.readyWait++:it.ready(!0)},ready:function(e){if(e===!0?!--it.readyWait:!it.isReady){if(!ht.body)return setTimeout(it.ready);it.isReady=!0,e!==!0&&--it.readyWait>0||(wt.resolveWith(ht,[it]),it.fn.triggerHandler&&(it(ht).triggerHandler("ready"),it(ht).off("ready")))}}}),it.ready.promise=function(t){if(!wt)if(wt=it.Deferred(),"complete"===ht.readyState)setTimeout(it.ready);else if(ht.addEventListener)ht.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",s,!1),e.addEventListener("load",s,!1);else{ht.attachEvent("onreadystatechange",s),e.attachEvent("onload",s);var n=!1;try{n=null==e.frameElement&&ht.documentElement}catch(r){}n&&n.doScroll&&!function i(){if(!it.isReady){try{n.doScroll("left")}catch(e){return setTimeout(i,50)}a(),it.ready()}}()}return wt.promise(t)};var Tt,Et="undefined";for(Tt in it(nt))break;nt.ownLast="0"!==Tt,nt.inlineBlockNeedsLayout=!1,it(function(){var e,t,n,r;n=ht.getElementsByTagName("body")[0],n&&n.style&&(t=ht.createElement("div"),r=ht.createElement("div"),r.style.cssText="position:absolute;border:0;width:0;height:0;top:0;left:-9999px",n.appendChild(r).appendChild(t),typeof t.style.zoom!==Et&&(t.style.cssText="display:inline;margin:0;border:0;padding:1px;width:1px;zoom:1",nt.inlineBlockNeedsLayout=e=3===t.offsetWidth,e&&(n.style.zoom=1)),n.removeChild(r))}),function(){var e=ht.createElement("div");if(null==nt.deleteExpando){nt.deleteExpando=!0;try{delete e.test}catch(t){nt.deleteExpando=!1}}e=null}(),it.acceptData=function(e){var t=it.noData[(e.nodeName+" ").toLowerCase()],n=+e.nodeType||1;return 1!==n&&9!==n?!1:!t||t!==!0&&e.getAttribute("classid")===t};var kt=/^(?:\{[\w\W]*\}|\[[\w\W]*\])$/,Ct=/([A-Z])/g;it.extend({cache:{},noData:{"applet ":!0,"embed ":!0,"object ":"clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000"},hasData:function(e){return e=e.nodeType?it.cache[e[it.expando]]:e[it.expando],!!e&&!u(e)},data:function(e,t,n){return c(e,t,n)},removeData:function(e,t){return d(e,t)},_data:function(e,t,n){return c(e,t,n,!0)},_removeData:function(e,t){return d(e,t,!0)}}),it.fn.extend({data:function(e,t){var n,r,i,o=this[0],a=o&&o.attributes;if(void 0===e){if(this.length&&(i=it.data(o),1===o.nodeType&&!it._data(o,"parsedAttrs"))){for(n=a.length;n--;)a[n]&&(r=a[n].name,0===r.indexOf("data-")&&(r=it.camelCase(r.slice(5)),l(o,r,i[r])));it._data(o,"parsedAttrs",!0)}return i}return"object"==typeof e?this.each(function(){it.data(this,e)}):arguments.length>1?this.each(function(){it.data(this,e,t)}):o?l(o,e,it.data(o,e)):void 0},removeData:function(e){return this.each(function(){it.removeData(this,e)})}}),it.extend({queue:function(e,t,n){var r;return e?(t=(t||"fx")+"queue",r=it._data(e,t),n&&(!r||it.isArray(n)?r=it._data(e,t,it.makeArray(n)):r.push(n)),r||[]):void 0},dequeue:function(e,t){t=t||"fx";var n=it.queue(e,t),r=n.length,i=n.shift(),o=it._queueHooks(e,t),a=function(){it.dequeue(e,t)};"inprogress"===i&&(i=n.shift(),r--),i&&("fx"===t&&n.unshift("inprogress"),delete o.stop,i.call(e,a,o)),!r&&o&&o.empty.fire()},_queueHooks:function(e,t){var n=t+"queueHooks";return it._data(e,n)||it._data(e,n,{empty:it.Callbacks("once memory").add(function(){it._removeData(e,t+"queue"),it._removeData(e,n)})})}}),it.fn.extend({queue:function(e,t){var n=2;return"string"!=typeof e&&(t=e,e="fx",n--),arguments.length<n?it.queue(this[0],e):void 0===t?this:this.each(function(){var n=it.queue(this,e,t);it._queueHooks(this,e),"fx"===e&&"inprogress"!==n[0]&&it.dequeue(this,e)})},dequeue:function(e){return this.each(function(){it.dequeue(this,e)})},clearQueue:function(e){return this.queue(e||"fx",[])},promise:function(e,t){var n,r=1,i=it.Deferred(),o=this,a=this.length,s=function(){--r||i.resolveWith(o,[o])};for("string"!=typeof e&&(t=e,e=void 0),e=e||"fx";a--;)n=it._data(o[a],e+"queueHooks"),n&&n.empty&&(r++,n.empty.add(s));return s(),i.promise(t)}});var Nt=/[+-]?(?:\d*\.|)\d+(?:[eE][+-]?\d+|)/.source,St=["Top","Right","Bottom","Left"],jt=function(e,t){return e=t||e,"none"===it.css(e,"display")||!it.contains(e.ownerDocument,e)},At=it.access=function(e,t,n,r,i,o,a){var s=0,l=e.length,u=null==n;if("object"===it.type(n)){i=!0;for(s in n)it.access(e,t,s,n[s],!0,o,a)}else if(void 0!==r&&(i=!0,it.isFunction(r)||(a=!0),u&&(a?(t.call(e,r),t=null):(u=t,t=function(e,t,n){return u.call(it(e),n)})),t))for(;l>s;s++)t(e[s],n,a?r:r.call(e[s],s,t(e[s],n)));return i?e:u?t.call(e):l?t(e[0],n):o},Dt=/^(?:checkbox|radio)$/i;!function(){var e=ht.createElement("input"),t=ht.createElement("div"),n=ht.createDocumentFragment();if(t.innerHTML="  <link/><table></table><a href='/a'>a</a><input type='checkbox'/>",nt.leadingWhitespace=3===t.firstChild.nodeType,nt.tbody=!t.getElementsByTagName("tbody").length,nt.htmlSerialize=!!t.getElementsByTagName("link").length,nt.html5Clone="<:nav></:nav>"!==ht.createElement("nav").cloneNode(!0).outerHTML,e.type="checkbox",e.checked=!0,n.appendChild(e),nt.appendChecked=e.checked,t.innerHTML="<textarea>x</textarea>",nt.noCloneChecked=!!t.cloneNode(!0).lastChild.defaultValue,n.appendChild(t),t.innerHTML="<input type='radio' checked='checked' name='t'/>",nt.checkClone=t.cloneNode(!0).cloneNode(!0).lastChild.checked,nt.noCloneEvent=!0,t.attachEvent&&(t.attachEvent("onclick",function(){nt.noCloneEvent=!1}),t.cloneNode(!0).click()),null==nt.deleteExpando){nt.deleteExpando=!0;try{delete t.test}catch(r){nt.deleteExpando=!1}}}(),function(){var t,n,r=ht.createElement("div");for(t in{submit:!0,change:!0,focusin:!0})n="on"+t,(nt[t+"Bubbles"]=n in e)||(r.setAttribute(n,"t"),nt[t+"Bubbles"]=r.attributes[n].expando===!1);r=null}();var Lt=/^(?:input|select|textarea)$/i,Ht=/^key/,_t=/^(?:mouse|pointer|contextmenu)|click/,qt=/^(?:focusinfocus|focusoutblur)$/,Ft=/^([^.]*)(?:\.(.+)|)$/;it.event={global:{},add:function(e,t,n,r,i){var o,a,s,l,u,c,d,f,p,h,m,g=it._data(e);if(g){for(n.handler&&(l=n,n=l.handler,i=l.selector),n.guid||(n.guid=it.guid++),(a=g.events)||(a=g.events={}),(c=g.handle)||(c=g.handle=function(e){return typeof it===Et||e&&it.event.triggered===e.type?void 0:it.event.dispatch.apply(c.elem,arguments)},c.elem=e),t=(t||"").match(bt)||[""],s=t.length;s--;)o=Ft.exec(t[s])||[],p=m=o[1],h=(o[2]||"").split(".").sort(),p&&(u=it.event.special[p]||{},p=(i?u.delegateType:u.bindType)||p,u=it.event.special[p]||{},d=it.extend({type:p,origType:m,data:r,handler:n,guid:n.guid,selector:i,needsContext:i&&it.expr.match.needsContext.test(i),namespace:h.join(".")},l),(f=a[p])||(f=a[p]=[],f.delegateCount=0,u.setup&&u.setup.call(e,r,h,c)!==!1||(e.addEventListener?e.addEventListener(p,c,!1):e.attachEvent&&e.attachEvent("on"+p,c))),u.add&&(u.add.call(e,d),d.handler.guid||(d.handler.guid=n.guid)),i?f.splice(f.delegateCount++,0,d):f.push(d),it.event.global[p]=!0);e=null}},remove:function(e,t,n,r,i){var o,a,s,l,u,c,d,f,p,h,m,g=it.hasData(e)&&it._data(e);if(g&&(c=g.events)){for(t=(t||"").match(bt)||[""],u=t.length;u--;)if(s=Ft.exec(t[u])||[],p=m=s[1],h=(s[2]||"").split(".").sort(),p){for(d=it.event.special[p]||{},p=(r?d.delegateType:d.bindType)||p,f=c[p]||[],s=s[2]&&new RegExp("(^|\\.)"+h.join("\\.(?:.*\\.|)")+"(\\.|$)"),l=o=f.length;o--;)a=f[o],!i&&m!==a.origType||n&&n.guid!==a.guid||s&&!s.test(a.namespace)||r&&r!==a.selector&&("**"!==r||!a.selector)||(f.splice(o,1),a.selector&&f.delegateCount--,d.remove&&d.remove.call(e,a));l&&!f.length&&(d.teardown&&d.teardown.call(e,h,g.handle)!==!1||it.removeEvent(e,p,g.handle),delete c[p])}else for(p in c)it.event.remove(e,p+t[u],n,r,!0);it.isEmptyObject(c)&&(delete g.handle,it._removeData(e,"events"))}},trigger:function(t,n,r,i){var o,a,s,l,u,c,d,f=[r||ht],p=tt.call(t,"type")?t.type:t,h=tt.call(t,"namespace")?t.namespace.split("."):[];if(s=c=r=r||ht,3!==r.nodeType&&8!==r.nodeType&&!qt.test(p+it.event.triggered)&&(p.indexOf(".")>=0&&(h=p.split("."),p=h.shift(),h.sort()),a=p.indexOf(":")<0&&"on"+p,t=t[it.expando]?t:new it.Event(p,"object"==typeof t&&t),t.isTrigger=i?2:3,t.namespace=h.join("."),t.namespace_re=t.namespace?new RegExp("(^|\\.)"+h.join("\\.(?:.*\\.|)")+"(\\.|$)"):null,t.result=void 0,t.target||(t.target=r),n=null==n?[t]:it.makeArray(n,[t]),u=it.event.special[p]||{},i||!u.trigger||u.trigger.apply(r,n)!==!1)){if(!i&&!u.noBubble&&!it.isWindow(r)){for(l=u.delegateType||p,qt.test(l+p)||(s=s.parentNode);s;s=s.parentNode)f.push(s),c=s;c===(r.ownerDocument||ht)&&f.push(c.defaultView||c.parentWindow||e)}for(d=0;(s=f[d++])&&!t.isPropagationStopped();)t.type=d>1?l:u.bindType||p,o=(it._data(s,"events")||{})[t.type]&&it._data(s,"handle"),o&&o.apply(s,n),o=a&&s[a],o&&o.apply&&it.acceptData(s)&&(t.result=o.apply(s,n),t.result===!1&&t.preventDefault());if(t.type=p,!i&&!t.isDefaultPrevented()&&(!u._default||u._default.apply(f.pop(),n)===!1)&&it.acceptData(r)&&a&&r[p]&&!it.isWindow(r)){c=r[a],c&&(r[a]=null),it.event.triggered=p;try{r[p]()}catch(m){}it.event.triggered=void 0,c&&(r[a]=c)}return t.result}},dispatch:function(e){e=it.event.fix(e);var t,n,r,i,o,a=[],s=Y.call(arguments),l=(it._data(this,"events")||{})[e.type]||[],u=it.event.special[e.type]||{};if(s[0]=e,e.delegateTarget=this,!u.preDispatch||u.preDispatch.call(this,e)!==!1){for(a=it.event.handlers.call(this,e,l),t=0;(i=a[t++])&&!e.isPropagationStopped();)for(e.currentTarget=i.elem,o=0;(r=i.handlers[o++])&&!e.isImmediatePropagationStopped();)(!e.namespace_re||e.namespace_re.test(r.namespace))&&(e.handleObj=r,e.data=r.data,n=((it.event.special[r.origType]||{}).handle||r.handler).apply(i.elem,s),void 0!==n&&(e.result=n)===!1&&(e.preventDefault(),e.stopPropagation()));return u.postDispatch&&u.postDispatch.call(this,e),e.result}},handlers:function(e,t){var n,r,i,o,a=[],s=t.delegateCount,l=e.target;if(s&&l.nodeType&&(!e.button||"click"!==e.type))for(;l!=this;l=l.parentNode||this)if(1===l.nodeType&&(l.disabled!==!0||"click"!==e.type)){for(i=[],o=0;s>o;o++)r=t[o],n=r.selector+" ",void 0===i[n]&&(i[n]=r.needsContext?it(n,this).index(l)>=0:it.find(n,this,null,[l]).length),i[n]&&i.push(r);i.length&&a.push({elem:l,handlers:i})}return s<t.length&&a.push({elem:this,handlers:t.slice(s)}),a},fix:function(e){if(e[it.expando])return e;var t,n,r,i=e.type,o=e,a=this.fixHooks[i];for(a||(this.fixHooks[i]=a=_t.test(i)?this.mouseHooks:Ht.test(i)?this.keyHooks:{}),r=a.props?this.props.concat(a.props):this.props,e=new it.Event(o),t=r.length;t--;)n=r[t],e[n]=o[n];return e.target||(e.target=o.srcElement||ht),3===e.target.nodeType&&(e.target=e.target.parentNode),e.metaKey=!!e.metaKey,a.filter?a.filter(e,o):e},props:"altKey bubbles cancelable ctrlKey currentTarget eventPhase metaKey relatedTarget shiftKey target timeStamp view which".split(" "),fixHooks:{},keyHooks:{props:"char charCode key keyCode".split(" "),filter:function(e,t){return null==e.which&&(e.which=null!=t.charCode?t.charCode:t.keyCode),e}},mouseHooks:{props:"button buttons clientX clientY fromElement offsetX offsetY pageX pageY screenX screenY toElement".split(" "),filter:function(e,t){var n,r,i,o=t.button,a=t.fromElement;return null==e.pageX&&null!=t.clientX&&(r=e.target.ownerDocument||ht,i=r.documentElement,n=r.body,e.pageX=t.clientX+(i&&i.scrollLeft||n&&n.scrollLeft||0)-(i&&i.clientLeft||n&&n.clientLeft||0),e.pageY=t.clientY+(i&&i.scrollTop||n&&n.scrollTop||0)-(i&&i.clientTop||n&&n.clientTop||0)),!e.relatedTarget&&a&&(e.relatedTarget=a===e.target?t.toElement:a),e.which||void 0===o||(e.which=1&o?1:2&o?3:4&o?2:0),e}},special:{load:{noBubble:!0},focus:{trigger:function(){if(this!==h()&&this.focus)try{return this.focus(),!1}catch(e){}},delegateType:"focusin"},blur:{trigger:function(){return this===h()&&this.blur?(this.blur(),!1):void 0},delegateType:"focusout"},click:{trigger:function(){return it.nodeName(this,"input")&&"checkbox"===this.type&&this.click?(this.click(),!1):void 0},_default:function(e){return it.nodeName(e.target,"a")}},beforeunload:{postDispatch:function(e){void 0!==e.result&&e.originalEvent&&(e.originalEvent.returnValue=e.result)}}},simulate:function(e,t,n,r){var i=it.extend(new it.Event,n,{type:e,isSimulated:!0,originalEvent:{}});r?it.event.trigger(i,null,t):it.event.dispatch.call(t,i),i.isDefaultPrevented()&&n.preventDefault()}},it.removeEvent=ht.removeEventListener?function(e,t,n){e.removeEventListener&&e.removeEventListener(t,n,!1)}:function(e,t,n){var r="on"+t;e.detachEvent&&(typeof e[r]===Et&&(e[r]=null),e.detachEvent(r,n))},it.Event=function(e,t){return this instanceof it.Event?(e&&e.type?(this.originalEvent=e,this.type=e.type,this.isDefaultPrevented=e.defaultPrevented||void 0===e.defaultPrevented&&e.returnValue===!1?f:p):this.type=e,t&&it.extend(this,t),this.timeStamp=e&&e.timeStamp||it.now(),void(this[it.expando]=!0)):new it.Event(e,t)},it.Event.prototype={isDefaultPrevented:p,isPropagationStopped:p,isImmediatePropagationStopped:p,preventDefault:function(){var e=this.originalEvent;this.isDefaultPrevented=f,e&&(e.preventDefault?e.preventDefault():e.returnValue=!1)},stopPropagation:function(){var e=this.originalEvent;this.isPropagationStopped=f,e&&(e.stopPropagation&&e.stopPropagation(),e.cancelBubble=!0)},stopImmediatePropagation:function(){var e=this.originalEvent;this.isImmediatePropagationStopped=f,e&&e.stopImmediatePropagation&&e.stopImmediatePropagation(),this.stopPropagation()}},it.each({mouseenter:"mouseover",mouseleave:"mouseout",pointerenter:"pointerover",pointerleave:"pointerout"},function(e,t){it.event.special[e]={delegateType:t,bindType:t,handle:function(e){var n,r=this,i=e.relatedTarget,o=e.handleObj;return(!i||i!==r&&!it.contains(r,i))&&(e.type=o.origType,n=o.handler.apply(this,arguments),e.type=t),n}}}),nt.submitBubbles||(it.event.special.submit={setup:function(){return it.nodeName(this,"form")?!1:void it.event.add(this,"click._submit keypress._submit",function(e){var t=e.target,n=it.nodeName(t,"input")||it.nodeName(t,"button")?t.form:void 0;n&&!it._data(n,"submitBubbles")&&(it.event.add(n,"submit._submit",function(e){e._submit_bubble=!0}),it._data(n,"submitBubbles",!0))})},postDispatch:function(e){e._submit_bubble&&(delete e._submit_bubble,this.parentNode&&!e.isTrigger&&it.event.simulate("submit",this.parentNode,e,!0))},teardown:function(){return it.nodeName(this,"form")?!1:void it.event.remove(this,"._submit")}}),nt.changeBubbles||(it.event.special.change={setup:function(){return Lt.test(this.nodeName)?(("checkbox"===this.type||"radio"===this.type)&&(it.event.add(this,"propertychange._change",function(e){"checked"===e.originalEvent.propertyName&&(this._just_changed=!0)}),it.event.add(this,"click._change",function(e){this._just_changed&&!e.isTrigger&&(this._just_changed=!1),it.event.simulate("change",this,e,!0)})),!1):void it.event.add(this,"beforeactivate._change",function(e){var t=e.target;Lt.test(t.nodeName)&&!it._data(t,"changeBubbles")&&(it.event.add(t,"change._change",function(e){!this.parentNode||e.isSimulated||e.isTrigger||it.event.simulate("change",this.parentNode,e,!0)}),it._data(t,"changeBubbles",!0))})},handle:function(e){var t=e.target;return this!==t||e.isSimulated||e.isTrigger||"radio"!==t.type&&"checkbox"!==t.type?e.handleObj.handler.apply(this,arguments):void 0},teardown:function(){return it.event.remove(this,"._change"),!Lt.test(this.nodeName)}}),nt.focusinBubbles||it.each({focus:"focusin",blur:"focusout"},function(e,t){var n=function(e){it.event.simulate(t,e.target,it.event.fix(e),!0)};it.event.special[t]={setup:function(){var r=this.ownerDocument||this,i=it._data(r,t);i||r.addEventListener(e,n,!0),it._data(r,t,(i||0)+1)},teardown:function(){var r=this.ownerDocument||this,i=it._data(r,t)-1;i?it._data(r,t,i):(r.removeEventListener(e,n,!0),it._removeData(r,t))}}}),it.fn.extend({on:function(e,t,n,r,i){var o,a;if("object"==typeof e){"string"!=typeof t&&(n=n||t,t=void 0);for(o in e)this.on(o,t,n,e[o],i);return this}if(null==n&&null==r?(r=t,n=t=void 0):null==r&&("string"==typeof t?(r=n,n=void 0):(r=n,n=t,t=void 0)),r===!1)r=p;else if(!r)return this;return 1===i&&(a=r,r=function(e){return it().off(e),a.apply(this,arguments)},r.guid=a.guid||(a.guid=it.guid++)),this.each(function(){it.event.add(this,e,r,n,t)})},one:function(e,t,n,r){return this.on(e,t,n,r,1)},off:function(e,t,n){var r,i;if(e&&e.preventDefault&&e.handleObj)return r=e.handleObj,it(e.delegateTarget).off(r.namespace?r.origType+"."+r.namespace:r.origType,r.selector,r.handler),this;if("object"==typeof e){for(i in e)this.off(i,t,e[i]);return this}return(t===!1||"function"==typeof t)&&(n=t,t=void 0),n===!1&&(n=p),this.each(function(){it.event.remove(this,e,n,t)})},trigger:function(e,t){return this.each(function(){it.event.trigger(e,t,this)})},triggerHandler:function(e,t){var n=this[0];return n?it.event.trigger(e,t,n,!0):void 0}});var Mt="abbr|article|aside|audio|bdi|canvas|data|datalist|details|figcaption|figure|footer|header|hgroup|mark|meter|nav|output|progress|section|summary|time|video",Ot=/ jQuery\d+="(?:null|\d+)"/g,Rt=new RegExp("<(?:"+Mt+")[\\s/>]","i"),Bt=/^\s+/,Pt=/<(?!area|br|col|embed|hr|img|input|link|meta|param)(([\w:]+)[^>]*)\/>/gi,It=/<([\w:]+)/,Wt=/<tbody/i,$t=/<|&#?\w+;/,zt=/<(?:script|style|link)/i,Xt=/checked\s*(?:[^=]|=\s*.checked.)/i,Ut=/^$|\/(?:java|ecma)script/i,Vt=/^true\/(.*)/,Gt=/^\s*<!(?:\[CDATA\[|--)|(?:\]\]|--)>\s*$/g,Yt={option:[1,"<select multiple='multiple'>","</select>"],legend:[1,"<fieldset>","</fieldset>"],area:[1,"<map>","</map>"],param:[1,"<object>","</object>"],thead:[1,"<table>","</table>"],tr:[2,"<table><tbody>","</tbody></table>"],col:[2,"<table><tbody></tbody><colgroup>","</colgroup></table>"],td:[3,"<table><tbody><tr>","</tr></tbody></table>"],_default:nt.htmlSerialize?[0,"",""]:[1,"X<div>","</div>"]},Jt=m(ht),Kt=Jt.appendChild(ht.createElement("div"));Yt.optgroup=Yt.option,Yt.tbody=Yt.tfoot=Yt.colgroup=Yt.caption=Yt.thead,Yt.th=Yt.td,it.extend({clone:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s,l=it.contains(e.ownerDocument,e);if(nt.html5Clone||it.isXMLDoc(e)||!Rt.test("<"+e.nodeName+">")?o=e.cloneNode(!0):(Kt.innerHTML=e.outerHTML,Kt.removeChild(o=Kt.firstChild)),!(nt.noCloneEvent&&nt.noCloneChecked||1!==e.nodeType&&11!==e.nodeType||it.isXMLDoc(e)))for(r=g(o),s=g(e),a=0;null!=(i=s[a]);++a)r[a]&&E(i,r[a]);if(t)if(n)for(s=s||g(e),r=r||g(o),a=0;null!=(i=s[a]);a++)T(i,r[a]);else T(e,o);return r=g(o,"script"),r.length>0&&w(r,!l&&g(e,"script")),r=s=i=null,o},buildFragment:function(e,t,n,r){for(var i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d=e.length,f=m(t),p=[],h=0;d>h;h++)if(o=e[h],o||0===o)if("object"===it.type(o))it.merge(p,o.nodeType?[o]:o);else if($t.test(o)){for(s=s||f.appendChild(t.createElement("div")),l=(It.exec(o)||["",""])[1].toLowerCase(),c=Yt[l]||Yt._default,s.innerHTML=c[1]+o.replace(Pt,"<$1></$2>")+c[2],i=c[0];i--;)s=s.lastChild;if(!nt.leadingWhitespace&&Bt.test(o)&&p.push(t.createTextNode(Bt.exec(o)[0])),!nt.tbody)for(o="table"!==l||Wt.test(o)?"<table>"!==c[1]||Wt.test(o)?0:s:s.firstChild,i=o&&o.childNodes.length;i--;)it.nodeName(u=o.childNodes[i],"tbody")&&!u.childNodes.length&&o.removeChild(u);for(it.merge(p,s.childNodes),s.textContent="";s.firstChild;)s.removeChild(s.firstChild);s=f.lastChild}else p.push(t.createTextNode(o));for(s&&f.removeChild(s),nt.appendChecked||it.grep(g(p,"input"),v),h=0;o=p[h++];)if((!r||-1===it.inArray(o,r))&&(a=it.contains(o.ownerDocument,o),s=g(f.appendChild(o),"script"),a&&w(s),n))for(i=0;o=s[i++];)Ut.test(o.type||"")&&n.push(o);return s=null,f},cleanData:function(e,t){for(var n,r,i,o,a=0,s=it.expando,l=it.cache,u=nt.deleteExpando,c=it.event.special;null!=(n=e[a]);a++)if((t||it.acceptData(n))&&(i=n[s],o=i&&l[i])){if(o.events)for(r in o.events)c[r]?it.event.remove(n,r):it.removeEvent(n,r,o.handle);l[i]&&(delete l[i],u?delete n[s]:typeof n.removeAttribute!==Et?n.removeAttribute(s):n[s]=null,G.push(i))}}}),it.fn.extend({text:function(e){return At(this,function(e){return void 0===e?it.text(this):this.empty().append((this[0]&&this[0].ownerDocument||ht).createTextNode(e))},null,e,arguments.length)},append:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,function(e){if(1===this.nodeType||11===this.nodeType||9===this.nodeType){var t=y(this,e);t.appendChild(e)}})},prepend:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,function(e){if(1===this.nodeType||11===this.nodeType||9===this.nodeType){var t=y(this,e);t.insertBefore(e,t.firstChild)}})},before:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,function(e){this.parentNode&&this.parentNode.insertBefore(e,this)})},after:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,function(e){this.parentNode&&this.parentNode.insertBefore(e,this.nextSibling)})},remove:function(e,t){for(var n,r=e?it.filter(e,this):this,i=0;null!=(n=r[i]);i++)t||1!==n.nodeType||it.cleanData(g(n)),n.parentNode&&(t&&it.contains(n.ownerDocument,n)&&w(g(n,"script")),n.parentNode.removeChild(n));return this},empty:function(){for(var e,t=0;null!=(e=this[t]);t++){for(1===e.nodeType&&it.cleanData(g(e,!1));e.firstChild;)e.removeChild(e.firstChild);e.options&&it.nodeName(e,"select")&&(e.options.length=0)}return this},clone:function(e,t){return e=null==e?!1:e,t=null==t?e:t,this.map(function(){return it.clone(this,e,t)})},html:function(e){return At(this,function(e){var t=this[0]||{},n=0,r=this.length;if(void 0===e)return 1===t.nodeType?t.innerHTML.replace(Ot,""):void 0;if(!("string"!=typeof e||zt.test(e)||!nt.htmlSerialize&&Rt.test(e)||!nt.leadingWhitespace&&Bt.test(e)||Yt[(It.exec(e)||["",""])[1].toLowerCase()])){e=e.replace(Pt,"<$1></$2>");try{for(;r>n;n++)t=this[n]||{},1===t.nodeType&&(it.cleanData(g(t,!1)),t.innerHTML=e);t=0}catch(i){}}t&&this.empty().append(e)},null,e,arguments.length)},replaceWith:function(){var e=arguments[0];return this.domManip(arguments,function(t){e=this.parentNode,it.cleanData(g(this)),e&&e.replaceChild(t,this)}),e&&(e.length||e.nodeType)?this:this.remove()},detach:function(e){return this.remove(e,!0)},domManip:function(e,t){e=J.apply([],e);var n,r,i,o,a,s,l=0,u=this.length,c=this,d=u-1,f=e[0],p=it.isFunction(f);if(p||u>1&&"string"==typeof f&&!nt.checkClone&&Xt.test(f))return this.each(function(n){var r=c.eq(n);p&&(e[0]=f.call(this,n,r.html())),r.domManip(e,t)});if(u&&(s=it.buildFragment(e,this[0].ownerDocument,!1,this),n=s.firstChild,1===s.childNodes.length&&(s=n),n)){for(o=it.map(g(s,"script"),b),i=o.length;u>l;l++)r=s,l!==d&&(r=it.clone(r,!0,!0),i&&it.merge(o,g(r,"script"))),t.call(this[l],r,l);if(i)for(a=o[o.length-1].ownerDocument,it.map(o,x),l=0;i>l;l++)r=o[l],Ut.test(r.type||"")&&!it._data(r,"globalEval")&&it.contains(a,r)&&(r.src?it._evalUrl&&it._evalUrl(r.src):it.globalEval((r.text||r.textContent||r.innerHTML||"").replace(Gt,"")));s=n=null}return this}}),it.each({appendTo:"append",prependTo:"prepend",insertBefore:"before",insertAfter:"after",replaceAll:"replaceWith"},function(e,t){it.fn[e]=function(e){for(var n,r=0,i=[],o=it(e),a=o.length-1;a>=r;r++)n=r===a?this:this.clone(!0),it(o[r])[t](n),K.apply(i,n.get());return this.pushStack(i)}});var Qt,Zt={};!function(){var e;nt.shrinkWrapBlocks=function(){if(null!=e)return e;e=!1;var t,n,r;return n=ht.getElementsByTagName("body")[0],n&&n.style?(t=ht.createElement("div"),r=ht.createElement("div"),r.style.cssText="position:absolute;border:0;width:0;height:0;top:0;left:-9999px",n.appendChild(r).appendChild(t),typeof t.style.zoom!==Et&&(t.style.cssText="-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;-moz-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box;display:block;margin:0;border:0;padding:1px;width:1px;zoom:1",t.appendChild(ht.createElement("div")).style.width="5px",e=3!==t.offsetWidth),n.removeChild(r),e):void 0}}();var en,tn,nn=/^margin/,rn=new RegExp("^("+Nt+")(?!px)[a-z%]+$","i"),on=/^(top|right|bottom|left)$/;e.getComputedStyle?(en=function(e){return e.ownerDocument.defaultView.getComputedStyle(e,null)},tn=function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s=e.style;return n=n||en(e),a=n?n.getPropertyValue(t)||n[t]:void 0,n&&(""!==a||it.contains(e.ownerDocument,e)||(a=it.style(e,t)),rn.test(a)&&nn.test(t)&&(r=s.width,i=s.minWidth,o=s.maxWidth,s.minWidth=s.maxWidth=s.width=a,a=n.width,s.width=r,s.minWidth=i,s.maxWidth=o)),void 0===a?a:a+""}):ht.documentElement.currentStyle&&(en=function(e){return e.currentStyle},tn=function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s=e.style;return n=n||en(e),a=n?n[t]:void 0,null==a&&s&&s[t]&&(a=s[t]),rn.test(a)&&!on.test(t)&&(r=s.left,i=e.runtimeStyle,o=i&&i.left,o&&(i.left=e.currentStyle.left),s.left="fontSize"===t?"1em":a,a=s.pixelLeft+"px",s.left=r,o&&(i.left=o)),void 0===a?a:a+""||"auto"}),function(){function t(){var t,n,r,i;n=ht.getElementsByTagName("body")[0],n&&n.style&&(t=ht.createElement("div"),r=ht.createElement("div"),r.style.cssText="position:absolute;border:0;width:0;height:0;top:0;left:-9999px",n.appendChild(r).appendChild(t),t.style.cssText="-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;display:block;margin-top:1%;top:1%;border:1px;padding:1px;width:4px;position:absolute",o=a=!1,l=!0,e.getComputedStyle&&(o="1%"!==(e.getComputedStyle(t,null)||{}).top,a="4px"===(e.getComputedStyle(t,null)||{width:"4px"}).width,i=t.appendChild(ht.createElement("div")),i.style.cssText=t.style.cssText="-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;-moz-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box;display:block;margin:0;border:0;padding:0",i.style.marginRight=i.style.width="0",t.style.width="1px",l=!parseFloat((e.getComputedStyle(i,null)||{}).marginRight)),t.innerHTML="<table><tr><td></td><td>t</td></tr></table>",i=t.getElementsByTagName("td"),i[0].style.cssText="margin:0;border:0;padding:0;display:none",s=0===i[0].offsetHeight,s&&(i[0].style.display="",i[1].style.display="none",s=0===i[0].offsetHeight),n.removeChild(r))}var n,r,i,o,a,s,l;n=ht.createElement("div"),n.innerHTML="  <link/><table></table><a href='/a'>a</a><input type='checkbox'/>",i=n.getElementsByTagName("a")[0],r=i&&i.style,r&&(r.cssText="float:left;opacity:.5",nt.opacity="0.5"===r.opacity,nt.cssFloat=!!r.cssFloat,n.style.backgroundClip="content-box",n.cloneNode(!0).style.backgroundClip="",nt.clearCloneStyle="content-box"===n.style.backgroundClip,nt.boxSizing=""===r.boxSizing||""===r.MozBoxSizing||""===r.WebkitBoxSizing,it.extend(nt,{reliableHiddenOffsets:function(){return null==s&&t(),s
+},boxSizingReliable:function(){return null==a&&t(),a},pixelPosition:function(){return null==o&&t(),o},reliableMarginRight:function(){return null==l&&t(),l}}))}(),it.swap=function(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a={};for(o in t)a[o]=e.style[o],e.style[o]=t[o];i=n.apply(e,r||[]);for(o in t)e.style[o]=a[o];return i};var an=/alpha\([^)]*\)/i,sn=/opacity\s*=\s*([^)]*)/,ln=/^(none|table(?!-c[ea]).+)/,un=new RegExp("^("+Nt+")(.*)$","i"),cn=new RegExp("^([+-])=("+Nt+")","i"),dn={position:"absolute",visibility:"hidden",display:"block"},fn={letterSpacing:"0",fontWeight:"400"},pn=["Webkit","O","Moz","ms"];it.extend({cssHooks:{opacity:{get:function(e,t){if(t){var n=tn(e,"opacity");return""===n?"1":n}}}},cssNumber:{columnCount:!0,fillOpacity:!0,flexGrow:!0,flexShrink:!0,fontWeight:!0,lineHeight:!0,opacity:!0,order:!0,orphans:!0,widows:!0,zIndex:!0,zoom:!0},cssProps:{"float":nt.cssFloat?"cssFloat":"styleFloat"},style:function(e,t,n,r){if(e&&3!==e.nodeType&&8!==e.nodeType&&e.style){var i,o,a,s=it.camelCase(t),l=e.style;if(t=it.cssProps[s]||(it.cssProps[s]=S(l,s)),a=it.cssHooks[t]||it.cssHooks[s],void 0===n)return a&&"get"in a&&void 0!==(i=a.get(e,!1,r))?i:l[t];if(o=typeof n,"string"===o&&(i=cn.exec(n))&&(n=(i[1]+1)*i[2]+parseFloat(it.css(e,t)),o="number"),null!=n&&n===n&&("number"!==o||it.cssNumber[s]||(n+="px"),nt.clearCloneStyle||""!==n||0!==t.indexOf("background")||(l[t]="inherit"),!(a&&"set"in a&&void 0===(n=a.set(e,n,r)))))try{l[t]=n}catch(u){}}},css:function(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s=it.camelCase(t);return t=it.cssProps[s]||(it.cssProps[s]=S(e.style,s)),a=it.cssHooks[t]||it.cssHooks[s],a&&"get"in a&&(o=a.get(e,!0,n)),void 0===o&&(o=tn(e,t,r)),"normal"===o&&t in fn&&(o=fn[t]),""===n||n?(i=parseFloat(o),n===!0||it.isNumeric(i)?i||0:o):o}}),it.each(["height","width"],function(e,t){it.cssHooks[t]={get:function(e,n,r){return n?ln.test(it.css(e,"display"))&&0===e.offsetWidth?it.swap(e,dn,function(){return L(e,t,r)}):L(e,t,r):void 0},set:function(e,n,r){var i=r&&en(e);return A(e,n,r?D(e,t,r,nt.boxSizing&&"border-box"===it.css(e,"boxSizing",!1,i),i):0)}}}),nt.opacity||(it.cssHooks.opacity={get:function(e,t){return sn.test((t&&e.currentStyle?e.currentStyle.filter:e.style.filter)||"")?.01*parseFloat(RegExp.$1)+"":t?"1":""},set:function(e,t){var n=e.style,r=e.currentStyle,i=it.isNumeric(t)?"alpha(opacity="+100*t+")":"",o=r&&r.filter||n.filter||"";n.zoom=1,(t>=1||""===t)&&""===it.trim(o.replace(an,""))&&n.removeAttribute&&(n.removeAttribute("filter"),""===t||r&&!r.filter)||(n.filter=an.test(o)?o.replace(an,i):o+" "+i)}}),it.cssHooks.marginRight=N(nt.reliableMarginRight,function(e,t){return t?it.swap(e,{display:"inline-block"},tn,[e,"marginRight"]):void 0}),it.each({margin:"",padding:"",border:"Width"},function(e,t){it.cssHooks[e+t]={expand:function(n){for(var r=0,i={},o="string"==typeof n?n.split(" "):[n];4>r;r++)i[e+St[r]+t]=o[r]||o[r-2]||o[0];return i}},nn.test(e)||(it.cssHooks[e+t].set=A)}),it.fn.extend({css:function(e,t){return At(this,function(e,t,n){var r,i,o={},a=0;if(it.isArray(t)){for(r=en(e),i=t.length;i>a;a++)o[t[a]]=it.css(e,t[a],!1,r);return o}return void 0!==n?it.style(e,t,n):it.css(e,t)},e,t,arguments.length>1)},show:function(){return j(this,!0)},hide:function(){return j(this)},toggle:function(e){return"boolean"==typeof e?e?this.show():this.hide():this.each(function(){jt(this)?it(this).show():it(this).hide()})}}),it.Tween=H,H.prototype={constructor:H,init:function(e,t,n,r,i,o){this.elem=e,this.prop=n,this.easing=i||"swing",this.options=t,this.start=this.now=this.cur(),this.end=r,this.unit=o||(it.cssNumber[n]?"":"px")},cur:function(){var e=H.propHooks[this.prop];return e&&e.get?e.get(this):H.propHooks._default.get(this)},run:function(e){var t,n=H.propHooks[this.prop];return this.pos=t=this.options.duration?it.easing[this.easing](e,this.options.duration*e,0,1,this.options.duration):e,this.now=(this.end-this.start)*t+this.start,this.options.step&&this.options.step.call(this.elem,this.now,this),n&&n.set?n.set(this):H.propHooks._default.set(this),this}},H.prototype.init.prototype=H.prototype,H.propHooks={_default:{get:function(e){var t;return null==e.elem[e.prop]||e.elem.style&&null!=e.elem.style[e.prop]?(t=it.css(e.elem,e.prop,""),t&&"auto"!==t?t:0):e.elem[e.prop]},set:function(e){it.fx.step[e.prop]?it.fx.step[e.prop](e):e.elem.style&&(null!=e.elem.style[it.cssProps[e.prop]]||it.cssHooks[e.prop])?it.style(e.elem,e.prop,e.now+e.unit):e.elem[e.prop]=e.now}}},H.propHooks.scrollTop=H.propHooks.scrollLeft={set:function(e){e.elem.nodeType&&e.elem.parentNode&&(e.elem[e.prop]=e.now)}},it.easing={linear:function(e){return e},swing:function(e){return.5-Math.cos(e*Math.PI)/2}},it.fx=H.prototype.init,it.fx.step={};var hn,mn,gn=/^(?:toggle|show|hide)$/,vn=new RegExp("^(?:([+-])=|)("+Nt+")([a-z%]*)$","i"),yn=/queueHooks$/,bn=[M],xn={"*":[function(e,t){var n=this.createTween(e,t),r=n.cur(),i=vn.exec(t),o=i&&i[3]||(it.cssNumber[e]?"":"px"),a=(it.cssNumber[e]||"px"!==o&&+r)&&vn.exec(it.css(n.elem,e)),s=1,l=20;if(a&&a[3]!==o){o=o||a[3],i=i||[],a=+r||1;do s=s||".5",a/=s,it.style(n.elem,e,a+o);while(s!==(s=n.cur()/r)&&1!==s&&--l)}return i&&(a=n.start=+a||+r||0,n.unit=o,n.end=i[1]?a+(i[1]+1)*i[2]:+i[2]),n}]};it.Animation=it.extend(R,{tweener:function(e,t){it.isFunction(e)?(t=e,e=["*"]):e=e.split(" ");for(var n,r=0,i=e.length;i>r;r++)n=e[r],xn[n]=xn[n]||[],xn[n].unshift(t)},prefilter:function(e,t){t?bn.unshift(e):bn.push(e)}}),it.speed=function(e,t,n){var r=e&&"object"==typeof e?it.extend({},e):{complete:n||!n&&t||it.isFunction(e)&&e,duration:e,easing:n&&t||t&&!it.isFunction(t)&&t};return r.duration=it.fx.off?0:"number"==typeof r.duration?r.duration:r.duration in it.fx.speeds?it.fx.speeds[r.duration]:it.fx.speeds._default,(null==r.queue||r.queue===!0)&&(r.queue="fx"),r.old=r.complete,r.complete=function(){it.isFunction(r.old)&&r.old.call(this),r.queue&&it.dequeue(this,r.queue)},r},it.fn.extend({fadeTo:function(e,t,n,r){return this.filter(jt).css("opacity",0).show().end().animate({opacity:t},e,n,r)},animate:function(e,t,n,r){var i=it.isEmptyObject(e),o=it.speed(t,n,r),a=function(){var t=R(this,it.extend({},e),o);(i||it._data(this,"finish"))&&t.stop(!0)};return a.finish=a,i||o.queue===!1?this.each(a):this.queue(o.queue,a)},stop:function(e,t,n){var r=function(e){var t=e.stop;delete e.stop,t(n)};return"string"!=typeof e&&(n=t,t=e,e=void 0),t&&e!==!1&&this.queue(e||"fx",[]),this.each(function(){var t=!0,i=null!=e&&e+"queueHooks",o=it.timers,a=it._data(this);if(i)a[i]&&a[i].stop&&r(a[i]);else for(i in a)a[i]&&a[i].stop&&yn.test(i)&&r(a[i]);for(i=o.length;i--;)o[i].elem!==this||null!=e&&o[i].queue!==e||(o[i].anim.stop(n),t=!1,o.splice(i,1));(t||!n)&&it.dequeue(this,e)})},finish:function(e){return e!==!1&&(e=e||"fx"),this.each(function(){var t,n=it._data(this),r=n[e+"queue"],i=n[e+"queueHooks"],o=it.timers,a=r?r.length:0;for(n.finish=!0,it.queue(this,e,[]),i&&i.stop&&i.stop.call(this,!0),t=o.length;t--;)o[t].elem===this&&o[t].queue===e&&(o[t].anim.stop(!0),o.splice(t,1));for(t=0;a>t;t++)r[t]&&r[t].finish&&r[t].finish.call(this);delete n.finish})}}),it.each(["toggle","show","hide"],function(e,t){var n=it.fn[t];it.fn[t]=function(e,r,i){return null==e||"boolean"==typeof e?n.apply(this,arguments):this.animate(q(t,!0),e,r,i)}}),it.each({slideDown:q("show"),slideUp:q("hide"),slideToggle:q("toggle"),fadeIn:{opacity:"show"},fadeOut:{opacity:"hide"},fadeToggle:{opacity:"toggle"}},function(e,t){it.fn[e]=function(e,n,r){return this.animate(t,e,n,r)}}),it.timers=[],it.fx.tick=function(){var e,t=it.timers,n=0;for(hn=it.now();n<t.length;n++)e=t[n],e()||t[n]!==e||t.splice(n--,1);t.length||it.fx.stop(),hn=void 0},it.fx.timer=function(e){it.timers.push(e),e()?it.fx.start():it.timers.pop()},it.fx.interval=13,it.fx.start=function(){mn||(mn=setInterval(it.fx.tick,it.fx.interval))},it.fx.stop=function(){clearInterval(mn),mn=null},it.fx.speeds={slow:600,fast:200,_default:400},it.fn.delay=function(e,t){return e=it.fx?it.fx.speeds[e]||e:e,t=t||"fx",this.queue(t,function(t,n){var r=setTimeout(t,e);n.stop=function(){clearTimeout(r)}})},function(){var e,t,n,r,i;t=ht.createElement("div"),t.setAttribute("className","t"),t.innerHTML="  <link/><table></table><a href='/a'>a</a><input type='checkbox'/>",r=t.getElementsByTagName("a")[0],n=ht.createElement("select"),i=n.appendChild(ht.createElement("option")),e=t.getElementsByTagName("input")[0],r.style.cssText="top:1px",nt.getSetAttribute="t"!==t.className,nt.style=/top/.test(r.getAttribute("style")),nt.hrefNormalized="/a"===r.getAttribute("href"),nt.checkOn=!!e.value,nt.optSelected=i.selected,nt.enctype=!!ht.createElement("form").enctype,n.disabled=!0,nt.optDisabled=!i.disabled,e=ht.createElement("input"),e.setAttribute("value",""),nt.input=""===e.getAttribute("value"),e.value="t",e.setAttribute("type","radio"),nt.radioValue="t"===e.value}();var wn=/\r/g;it.fn.extend({val:function(e){var t,n,r,i=this[0];{if(arguments.length)return r=it.isFunction(e),this.each(function(n){var i;1===this.nodeType&&(i=r?e.call(this,n,it(this).val()):e,null==i?i="":"number"==typeof i?i+="":it.isArray(i)&&(i=it.map(i,function(e){return null==e?"":e+""})),t=it.valHooks[this.type]||it.valHooks[this.nodeName.toLowerCase()],t&&"set"in t&&void 0!==t.set(this,i,"value")||(this.value=i))});if(i)return t=it.valHooks[i.type]||it.valHooks[i.nodeName.toLowerCase()],t&&"get"in t&&void 0!==(n=t.get(i,"value"))?n:(n=i.value,"string"==typeof n?n.replace(wn,""):null==n?"":n)}}}),it.extend({valHooks:{option:{get:function(e){var t=it.find.attr(e,"value");return null!=t?t:it.trim(it.text(e))}},select:{get:function(e){for(var t,n,r=e.options,i=e.selectedIndex,o="select-one"===e.type||0>i,a=o?null:[],s=o?i+1:r.length,l=0>i?s:o?i:0;s>l;l++)if(n=r[l],!(!n.selected&&l!==i||(nt.optDisabled?n.disabled:null!==n.getAttribute("disabled"))||n.parentNode.disabled&&it.nodeName(n.parentNode,"optgroup"))){if(t=it(n).val(),o)return t;a.push(t)}return a},set:function(e,t){for(var n,r,i=e.options,o=it.makeArray(t),a=i.length;a--;)if(r=i[a],it.inArray(it.valHooks.option.get(r),o)>=0)try{r.selected=n=!0}catch(s){r.scrollHeight}else r.selected=!1;return n||(e.selectedIndex=-1),i}}}}),it.each(["radio","checkbox"],function(){it.valHooks[this]={set:function(e,t){return it.isArray(t)?e.checked=it.inArray(it(e).val(),t)>=0:void 0}},nt.checkOn||(it.valHooks[this].get=function(e){return null===e.getAttribute("value")?"on":e.value})});var Tn,En,kn=it.expr.attrHandle,Cn=/^(?:checked|selected)$/i,Nn=nt.getSetAttribute,Sn=nt.input;it.fn.extend({attr:function(e,t){return At(this,it.attr,e,t,arguments.length>1)},removeAttr:function(e){return this.each(function(){it.removeAttr(this,e)})}}),it.extend({attr:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o=e.nodeType;if(e&&3!==o&&8!==o&&2!==o)return typeof e.getAttribute===Et?it.prop(e,t,n):(1===o&&it.isXMLDoc(e)||(t=t.toLowerCase(),r=it.attrHooks[t]||(it.expr.match.bool.test(t)?En:Tn)),void 0===n?r&&"get"in r&&null!==(i=r.get(e,t))?i:(i=it.find.attr(e,t),null==i?void 0:i):null!==n?r&&"set"in r&&void 0!==(i=r.set(e,n,t))?i:(e.setAttribute(t,n+""),n):void it.removeAttr(e,t))},removeAttr:function(e,t){var n,r,i=0,o=t&&t.match(bt);if(o&&1===e.nodeType)for(;n=o[i++];)r=it.propFix[n]||n,it.expr.match.bool.test(n)?Sn&&Nn||!Cn.test(n)?e[r]=!1:e[it.camelCase("default-"+n)]=e[r]=!1:it.attr(e,n,""),e.removeAttribute(Nn?n:r)},attrHooks:{type:{set:function(e,t){if(!nt.radioValue&&"radio"===t&&it.nodeName(e,"input")){var n=e.value;return e.setAttribute("type",t),n&&(e.value=n),t}}}}}),En={set:function(e,t,n){return t===!1?it.removeAttr(e,n):Sn&&Nn||!Cn.test(n)?e.setAttribute(!Nn&&it.propFix[n]||n,n):e[it.camelCase("default-"+n)]=e[n]=!0,n}},it.each(it.expr.match.bool.source.match(/\w+/g),function(e,t){var n=kn[t]||it.find.attr;kn[t]=Sn&&Nn||!Cn.test(t)?function(e,t,r){var i,o;return r||(o=kn[t],kn[t]=i,i=null!=n(e,t,r)?t.toLowerCase():null,kn[t]=o),i}:function(e,t,n){return n?void 0:e[it.camelCase("default-"+t)]?t.toLowerCase():null}}),Sn&&Nn||(it.attrHooks.value={set:function(e,t,n){return it.nodeName(e,"input")?void(e.defaultValue=t):Tn&&Tn.set(e,t,n)}}),Nn||(Tn={set:function(e,t,n){var r=e.getAttributeNode(n);return r||e.setAttributeNode(r=e.ownerDocument.createAttribute(n)),r.value=t+="","value"===n||t===e.getAttribute(n)?t:void 0}},kn.id=kn.name=kn.coords=function(e,t,n){var r;return n?void 0:(r=e.getAttributeNode(t))&&""!==r.value?r.value:null},it.valHooks.button={get:function(e,t){var n=e.getAttributeNode(t);return n&&n.specified?n.value:void 0},set:Tn.set},it.attrHooks.contenteditable={set:function(e,t,n){Tn.set(e,""===t?!1:t,n)}},it.each(["width","height"],function(e,t){it.attrHooks[t]={set:function(e,n){return""===n?(e.setAttribute(t,"auto"),n):void 0}}})),nt.style||(it.attrHooks.style={get:function(e){return e.style.cssText||void 0},set:function(e,t){return e.style.cssText=t+""}});var jn=/^(?:input|select|textarea|button|object)$/i,An=/^(?:a|area)$/i;it.fn.extend({prop:function(e,t){return At(this,it.prop,e,t,arguments.length>1)},removeProp:function(e){return e=it.propFix[e]||e,this.each(function(){try{this[e]=void 0,delete this[e]}catch(t){}})}}),it.extend({propFix:{"for":"htmlFor","class":"className"},prop:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a=e.nodeType;if(e&&3!==a&&8!==a&&2!==a)return o=1!==a||!it.isXMLDoc(e),o&&(t=it.propFix[t]||t,i=it.propHooks[t]),void 0!==n?i&&"set"in i&&void 0!==(r=i.set(e,n,t))?r:e[t]=n:i&&"get"in i&&null!==(r=i.get(e,t))?r:e[t]},propHooks:{tabIndex:{get:function(e){var t=it.find.attr(e,"tabindex");return t?parseInt(t,10):jn.test(e.nodeName)||An.test(e.nodeName)&&e.href?0:-1}}}}),nt.hrefNormalized||it.each(["href","src"],function(e,t){it.propHooks[t]={get:function(e){return e.getAttribute(t,4)}}}),nt.optSelected||(it.propHooks.selected={get:function(e){var t=e.parentNode;return t&&(t.selectedIndex,t.parentNode&&t.parentNode.selectedIndex),null}}),it.each(["tabIndex","readOnly","maxLength","cellSpacing","cellPadding","rowSpan","colSpan","useMap","frameBorder","contentEditable"],function(){it.propFix[this.toLowerCase()]=this}),nt.enctype||(it.propFix.enctype="encoding");var Dn=/[\t\r\n\f]/g;it.fn.extend({addClass:function(e){var t,n,r,i,o,a,s=0,l=this.length,u="string"==typeof e&&e;if(it.isFunction(e))return this.each(function(t){it(this).addClass(e.call(this,t,this.className))});if(u)for(t=(e||"").match(bt)||[];l>s;s++)if(n=this[s],r=1===n.nodeType&&(n.className?(" "+n.className+" ").replace(Dn," "):" ")){for(o=0;i=t[o++];)r.indexOf(" "+i+" ")<0&&(r+=i+" ");a=it.trim(r),n.className!==a&&(n.className=a)}return this},removeClass:function(e){var t,n,r,i,o,a,s=0,l=this.length,u=0===arguments.length||"string"==typeof e&&e;if(it.isFunction(e))return this.each(function(t){it(this).removeClass(e.call(this,t,this.className))});if(u)for(t=(e||"").match(bt)||[];l>s;s++)if(n=this[s],r=1===n.nodeType&&(n.className?(" "+n.className+" ").replace(Dn," "):"")){for(o=0;i=t[o++];)for(;r.indexOf(" "+i+" ")>=0;)r=r.replace(" "+i+" "," ");a=e?it.trim(r):"",n.className!==a&&(n.className=a)}return this},toggleClass:function(e,t){var n=typeof e;return"boolean"==typeof t&&"string"===n?t?this.addClass(e):this.removeClass(e):this.each(it.isFunction(e)?function(n){it(this).toggleClass(e.call(this,n,this.className,t),t)}:function(){if("string"===n)for(var t,r=0,i=it(this),o=e.match(bt)||[];t=o[r++];)i.hasClass(t)?i.removeClass(t):i.addClass(t);else(n===Et||"boolean"===n)&&(this.className&&it._data(this,"__className__",this.className),this.className=this.className||e===!1?"":it._data(this,"__className__")||"")})},hasClass:function(e){for(var t=" "+e+" ",n=0,r=this.length;r>n;n++)if(1===this[n].nodeType&&(" "+this[n].className+" ").replace(Dn," ").indexOf(t)>=0)return!0;return!1}}),it.each("blur focus focusin focusout load resize scroll unload click dblclick mousedown mouseup mousemove mouseover mouseout mouseenter mouseleave change select submit keydown keypress keyup error contextmenu".split(" "),function(e,t){it.fn[t]=function(e,n){return arguments.length>0?this.on(t,null,e,n):this.trigger(t)}}),it.fn.extend({hover:function(e,t){return this.mouseenter(e).mouseleave(t||e)},bind:function(e,t,n){return this.on(e,null,t,n)},unbind:function(e,t){return this.off(e,null,t)},delegate:function(e,t,n,r){return this.on(t,e,n,r)},undelegate:function(e,t,n){return 1===arguments.length?this.off(e,"**"):this.off(t,e||"**",n)}});var Ln=it.now(),Hn=/\?/,_n=/(,)|(\[|{)|(}|])|"(?:[^"\\\r\n]|\\["\\\/bfnrt]|\\u[\da-fA-F]{4})*"\s*:?|true|false|null|-?(?!0\d)\d+(?:\.\d+|)(?:[eE][+-]?\d+|)/g;it.parseJSON=function(t){if(e.JSON&&e.JSON.parse)return e.JSON.parse(t+"");var n,r=null,i=it.trim(t+"");return i&&!it.trim(i.replace(_n,function(e,t,i,o){return n&&t&&(r=0),0===r?e:(n=i||t,r+=!o-!i,"")}))?Function("return "+i)():it.error("Invalid JSON: "+t)},it.parseXML=function(t){var n,r;if(!t||"string"!=typeof t)return null;try{e.DOMParser?(r=new DOMParser,n=r.parseFromString(t,"text/xml")):(n=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLDOM"),n.async="false",n.loadXML(t))}catch(i){n=void 0}return n&&n.documentElement&&!n.getElementsByTagName("parsererror").length||it.error("Invalid XML: "+t),n};var qn,Fn,Mn=/#.*$/,On=/([?&])_=[^&]*/,Rn=/^(.*?):[ \t]*([^\r\n]*)\r?$/gm,Bn=/^(?:about|app|app-storage|.+-extension|file|res|widget):$/,Pn=/^(?:GET|HEAD)$/,In=/^\/\//,Wn=/^([\w.+-]+:)(?:\/\/(?:[^\/?#]*@|)([^\/?#:]*)(?::(\d+)|)|)/,$n={},zn={},Xn="*/".concat("*");try{Fn=location.href}catch(Un){Fn=ht.createElement("a"),Fn.href="",Fn=Fn.href}qn=Wn.exec(Fn.toLowerCase())||[],it.extend({active:0,lastModified:{},etag:{},ajaxSettings:{url:Fn,type:"GET",isLocal:Bn.test(qn[1]),global:!0,processData:!0,async:!0,contentType:"application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8",accepts:{"*":Xn,text:"text/plain",html:"text/html",xml:"application/xml, text/xml",json:"application/json, text/javascript"},contents:{xml:/xml/,html:/html/,json:/json/},responseFields:{xml:"responseXML",text:"responseText",json:"responseJSON"},converters:{"* text":String,"text html":!0,"text json":it.parseJSON,"text xml":it.parseXML},flatOptions:{url:!0,context:!0}},ajaxSetup:function(e,t){return t?I(I(e,it.ajaxSettings),t):I(it.ajaxSettings,e)},ajaxPrefilter:B($n),ajaxTransport:B(zn),ajax:function(e,t){function n(e,t,n,r){var i,c,v,y,x,T=t;2!==b&&(b=2,s&&clearTimeout(s),u=void 0,a=r||"",w.readyState=e>0?4:0,i=e>=200&&300>e||304===e,n&&(y=W(d,w,n)),y=$(d,y,w,i),i?(d.ifModified&&(x=w.getResponseHeader("Last-Modified"),x&&(it.lastModified[o]=x),x=w.getResponseHeader("etag"),x&&(it.etag[o]=x)),204===e||"HEAD"===d.type?T="nocontent":304===e?T="notmodified":(T=y.state,c=y.data,v=y.error,i=!v)):(v=T,(e||!T)&&(T="error",0>e&&(e=0))),w.status=e,w.statusText=(t||T)+"",i?h.resolveWith(f,[c,T,w]):h.rejectWith(f,[w,T,v]),w.statusCode(g),g=void 0,l&&p.trigger(i?"ajaxSuccess":"ajaxError",[w,d,i?c:v]),m.fireWith(f,[w,T]),l&&(p.trigger("ajaxComplete",[w,d]),--it.active||it.event.trigger("ajaxStop")))}"object"==typeof e&&(t=e,e=void 0),t=t||{};var r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d=it.ajaxSetup({},t),f=d.context||d,p=d.context&&(f.nodeType||f.jquery)?it(f):it.event,h=it.Deferred(),m=it.Callbacks("once memory"),g=d.statusCode||{},v={},y={},b=0,x="canceled",w={readyState:0,getResponseHeader:function(e){var t;if(2===b){if(!c)for(c={};t=Rn.exec(a);)c[t[1].toLowerCase()]=t[2];t=c[e.toLowerCase()]}return null==t?null:t},getAllResponseHeaders:function(){return 2===b?a:null},setRequestHeader:function(e,t){var n=e.toLowerCase();return b||(e=y[n]=y[n]||e,v[e]=t),this},overrideMimeType:function(e){return b||(d.mimeType=e),this},statusCode:function(e){var t;if(e)if(2>b)for(t in e)g[t]=[g[t],e[t]];else w.always(e[w.status]);return this},abort:function(e){var t=e||x;return u&&u.abort(t),n(0,t),this}};if(h.promise(w).complete=m.add,w.success=w.done,w.error=w.fail,d.url=((e||d.url||Fn)+"").replace(Mn,"").replace(In,qn[1]+"//"),d.type=t.method||t.type||d.method||d.type,d.dataTypes=it.trim(d.dataType||"*").toLowerCase().match(bt)||[""],null==d.crossDomain&&(r=Wn.exec(d.url.toLowerCase()),d.crossDomain=!(!r||r[1]===qn[1]&&r[2]===qn[2]&&(r[3]||("http:"===r[1]?"80":"443"))===(qn[3]||("http:"===qn[1]?"80":"443")))),d.data&&d.processData&&"string"!=typeof d.data&&(d.data=it.param(d.data,d.traditional)),P($n,d,t,w),2===b)return w;l=d.global,l&&0===it.active++&&it.event.trigger("ajaxStart"),d.type=d.type.toUpperCase(),d.hasContent=!Pn.test(d.type),o=d.url,d.hasContent||(d.data&&(o=d.url+=(Hn.test(o)?"&":"?")+d.data,delete d.data),d.cache===!1&&(d.url=On.test(o)?o.replace(On,"$1_="+Ln++):o+(Hn.test(o)?"&":"?")+"_="+Ln++)),d.ifModified&&(it.lastModified[o]&&w.setRequestHeader("If-Modified-Since",it.lastModified[o]),it.etag[o]&&w.setRequestHeader("If-None-Match",it.etag[o])),(d.data&&d.hasContent&&d.contentType!==!1||t.contentType)&&w.setRequestHeader("Content-Type",d.contentType),w.setRequestHeader("Accept",d.dataTypes[0]&&d.accepts[d.dataTypes[0]]?d.accepts[d.dataTypes[0]]+("*"!==d.dataTypes[0]?", "+Xn+"; q=0.01":""):d.accepts["*"]);for(i in d.headers)w.setRequestHeader(i,d.headers[i]);if(d.beforeSend&&(d.beforeSend.call(f,w,d)===!1||2===b))return w.abort();x="abort";for(i in{success:1,error:1,complete:1})w[i](d[i]);if(u=P(zn,d,t,w)){w.readyState=1,l&&p.trigger("ajaxSend",[w,d]),d.async&&d.timeout>0&&(s=setTimeout(function(){w.abort("timeout")},d.timeout));try{b=1,u.send(v,n)}catch(T){if(!(2>b))throw T;n(-1,T)}}else n(-1,"No Transport");return w},getJSON:function(e,t,n){return it.get(e,t,n,"json")},getScript:function(e,t){return it.get(e,void 0,t,"script")}}),it.each(["get","post"],function(e,t){it[t]=function(e,n,r,i){return it.isFunction(n)&&(i=i||r,r=n,n=void 0),it.ajax({url:e,type:t,dataType:i,data:n,success:r})}}),it.each(["ajaxStart","ajaxStop","ajaxComplete","ajaxError","ajaxSuccess","ajaxSend"],function(e,t){it.fn[t]=function(e){return this.on(t,e)}}),it._evalUrl=function(e){return it.ajax({url:e,type:"GET",dataType:"script",async:!1,global:!1,"throws":!0})},it.fn.extend({wrapAll:function(e){if(it.isFunction(e))return this.each(function(t){it(this).wrapAll(e.call(this,t))});if(this[0]){var t=it(e,this[0].ownerDocument).eq(0).clone(!0);this[0].parentNode&&t.insertBefore(this[0]),t.map(function(){for(var e=this;e.firstChild&&1===e.firstChild.nodeType;)e=e.firstChild;return e}).append(this)}return this},wrapInner:function(e){return this.each(it.isFunction(e)?function(t){it(this).wrapInner(e.call(this,t))}:function(){var t=it(this),n=t.contents();n.length?n.wrapAll(e):t.append(e)})},wrap:function(e){var t=it.isFunction(e);return this.each(function(n){it(this).wrapAll(t?e.call(this,n):e)})},unwrap:function(){return this.parent().each(function(){it.nodeName(this,"body")||it(this).replaceWith(this.childNodes)}).end()}}),it.expr.filters.hidden=function(e){return e.offsetWidth<=0&&e.offsetHeight<=0||!nt.reliableHiddenOffsets()&&"none"===(e.style&&e.style.display||it.css(e,"display"))},it.expr.filters.visible=function(e){return!it.expr.filters.hidden(e)};var Vn=/%20/g,Gn=/\[\]$/,Yn=/\r?\n/g,Jn=/^(?:submit|button|image|reset|file)$/i,Kn=/^(?:input|select|textarea|keygen)/i;it.param=function(e,t){var n,r=[],i=function(e,t){t=it.isFunction(t)?t():null==t?"":t,r[r.length]=encodeURIComponent(e)+"="+encodeURIComponent(t)};if(void 0===t&&(t=it.ajaxSettings&&it.ajaxSettings.traditional),it.isArray(e)||e.jquery&&!it.isPlainObject(e))it.each(e,function(){i(this.name,this.value)});else for(n in e)z(n,e[n],t,i);return r.join("&").replace(Vn,"+")},it.fn.extend({serialize:function(){return it.param(this.serializeArray())},serializeArray:function(){return this.map(function(){var e=it.prop(this,"elements");return e?it.makeArray(e):this}).filter(function(){var e=this.type;return this.name&&!it(this).is(":disabled")&&Kn.test(this.nodeName)&&!Jn.test(e)&&(this.checked||!Dt.test(e))}).map(function(e,t){var n=it(this).val();return null==n?null:it.isArray(n)?it.map(n,function(e){return{name:t.name,value:e.replace(Yn,"\r\n")}}):{name:t.name,value:n.replace(Yn,"\r\n")}}).get()}}),it.ajaxSettings.xhr=void 0!==e.ActiveXObject?function(){return!this.isLocal&&/^(get|post|head|put|delete|options)$/i.test(this.type)&&X()||U()}:X;var Qn=0,Zn={},er=it.ajaxSettings.xhr();e.ActiveXObject&&it(e).on("unload",function(){for(var e in Zn)Zn[e](void 0,!0)}),nt.cors=!!er&&"withCredentials"in er,er=nt.ajax=!!er,er&&it.ajaxTransport(function(e){if(!e.crossDomain||nt.cors){var t;return{send:function(n,r){var i,o=e.xhr(),a=++Qn;if(o.open(e.type,e.url,e.async,e.username,e.password),e.xhrFields)for(i in e.xhrFields)o[i]=e.xhrFields[i];e.mimeType&&o.overrideMimeType&&o.overrideMimeType(e.mimeType),e.crossDomain||n["X-Requested-With"]||(n["X-Requested-With"]="XMLHttpRequest");for(i in n)void 0!==n[i]&&o.setRequestHeader(i,n[i]+"");o.send(e.hasContent&&e.data||null),t=function(n,i){var s,l,u;if(t&&(i||4===o.readyState))if(delete Zn[a],t=void 0,o.onreadystatechange=it.noop,i)4!==o.readyState&&o.abort();else{u={},s=o.status,"string"==typeof o.responseText&&(u.text=o.responseText);try{l=o.statusText}catch(c){l=""}s||!e.isLocal||e.crossDomain?1223===s&&(s=204):s=u.text?200:404}u&&r(s,l,u,o.getAllResponseHeaders())},e.async?4===o.readyState?setTimeout(t):o.onreadystatechange=Zn[a]=t:t()},abort:function(){t&&t(void 0,!0)}}}}),it.ajaxSetup({accepts:{script:"text/javascript, application/javascript, application/ecmascript, application/x-ecmascript"},contents:{script:/(?:java|ecma)script/},converters:{"text script":function(e){return it.globalEval(e),e}}}),it.ajaxPrefilter("script",function(e){void 0===e.cache&&(e.cache=!1),e.crossDomain&&(e.type="GET",e.global=!1)}),it.ajaxTransport("script",function(e){if(e.crossDomain){var t,n=ht.head||it("head")[0]||ht.documentElement;return{send:function(r,i){t=ht.createElement("script"),t.async=!0,e.scriptCharset&&(t.charset=e.scriptCharset),t.src=e.url,t.onload=t.onreadystatechange=function(e,n){(n||!t.readyState||/loaded|complete/.test(t.readyState))&&(t.onload=t.onreadystatechange=null,t.parentNode&&t.parentNode.removeChild(t),t=null,n||i(200,"success"))},n.insertBefore(t,n.firstChild)},abort:function(){t&&t.onload(void 0,!0)}}}});var tr=[],nr=/(=)\?(?=&|$)|\?\?/;it.ajaxSetup({jsonp:"callback",jsonpCallback:function(){var e=tr.pop()||it.expando+"_"+Ln++;return this[e]=!0,e}}),it.ajaxPrefilter("json jsonp",function(t,n,r){var i,o,a,s=t.jsonp!==!1&&(nr.test(t.url)?"url":"string"==typeof t.data&&!(t.contentType||"").indexOf("application/x-www-form-urlencoded")&&nr.test(t.data)&&"data");return s||"jsonp"===t.dataTypes[0]?(i=t.jsonpCallback=it.isFunction(t.jsonpCallback)?t.jsonpCallback():t.jsonpCallback,s?t[s]=t[s].replace(nr,"$1"+i):t.jsonp!==!1&&(t.url+=(Hn.test(t.url)?"&":"?")+t.jsonp+"="+i),t.converters["script json"]=function(){return a||it.error(i+" was not called"),a[0]},t.dataTypes[0]="json",o=e[i],e[i]=function(){a=arguments},r.always(function(){e[i]=o,t[i]&&(t.jsonpCallback=n.jsonpCallback,tr.push(i)),a&&it.isFunction(o)&&o(a[0]),a=o=void 0}),"script"):void 0}),it.parseHTML=function(e,t,n){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return null;"boolean"==typeof t&&(n=t,t=!1),t=t||ht;var r=dt.exec(e),i=!n&&[];return r?[t.createElement(r[1])]:(r=it.buildFragment([e],t,i),i&&i.length&&it(i).remove(),it.merge([],r.childNodes))};var rr=it.fn.load;it.fn.load=function(e,t,n){if("string"!=typeof e&&rr)return rr.apply(this,arguments);var r,i,o,a=this,s=e.indexOf(" ");return s>=0&&(r=it.trim(e.slice(s,e.length)),e=e.slice(0,s)),it.isFunction(t)?(n=t,t=void 0):t&&"object"==typeof t&&(o="POST"),a.length>0&&it.ajax({url:e,type:o,dataType:"html",data:t}).done(function(e){i=arguments,a.html(r?it("<div>").append(it.parseHTML(e)).find(r):e)}).complete(n&&function(e,t){a.each(n,i||[e.responseText,t,e])}),this},it.expr.filters.animated=function(e){return it.grep(it.timers,function(t){return e===t.elem}).length};var ir=e.document.documentElement;it.offset={setOffset:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c=it.css(e,"position"),d=it(e),f={};"static"===c&&(e.style.position="relative"),s=d.offset(),o=it.css(e,"top"),l=it.css(e,"left"),u=("absolute"===c||"fixed"===c)&&it.inArray("auto",[o,l])>-1,u?(r=d.position(),a=r.top,i=r.left):(a=parseFloat(o)||0,i=parseFloat(l)||0),it.isFunction(t)&&(t=t.call(e,n,s)),null!=t.top&&(f.top=t.top-s.top+a),null!=t.left&&(f.left=t.left-s.left+i),"using"in t?t.using.call(e,f):d.css(f)}},it.fn.extend({offset:function(e){if(arguments.length)return void 0===e?this:this.each(function(t){it.offset.setOffset(this,e,t)});var t,n,r={top:0,left:0},i=this[0],o=i&&i.ownerDocument;if(o)return t=o.documentElement,it.contains(t,i)?(typeof i.getBoundingClientRect!==Et&&(r=i.getBoundingClientRect()),n=V(o),{top:r.top+(n.pageYOffset||t.scrollTop)-(t.clientTop||0),left:r.left+(n.pageXOffset||t.scrollLeft)-(t.clientLeft||0)}):r},position:function(){if(this[0]){var e,t,n={top:0,left:0},r=this[0];return"fixed"===it.css(r,"position")?t=r.getBoundingClientRect():(e=this.offsetParent(),t=this.offset(),it.nodeName(e[0],"html")||(n=e.offset()),n.top+=it.css(e[0],"borderTopWidth",!0),n.left+=it.css(e[0],"borderLeftWidth",!0)),{top:t.top-n.top-it.css(r,"marginTop",!0),left:t.left-n.left-it.css(r,"marginLeft",!0)}}},offsetParent:function(){return this.map(function(){for(var e=this.offsetParent||ir;e&&!it.nodeName(e,"html")&&"static"===it.css(e,"position");)e=e.offsetParent;return e||ir})}}),it.each({scrollLeft:"pageXOffset",scrollTop:"pageYOffset"},function(e,t){var n=/Y/.test(t);it.fn[e]=function(r){return At(this,function(e,r,i){var o=V(e);return void 0===i?o?t in o?o[t]:o.document.documentElement[r]:e[r]:void(o?o.scrollTo(n?it(o).scrollLeft():i,n?i:it(o).scrollTop()):e[r]=i)},e,r,arguments.length,null)}}),it.each(["top","left"],function(e,t){it.cssHooks[t]=N(nt.pixelPosition,function(e,n){return n?(n=tn(e,t),rn.test(n)?it(e).position()[t]+"px":n):void 0})}),it.each({Height:"height",Width:"width"},function(e,t){it.each({padding:"inner"+e,content:t,"":"outer"+e},function(n,r){it.fn[r]=function(r,i){var o=arguments.length&&(n||"boolean"!=typeof r),a=n||(r===!0||i===!0?"margin":"border");return At(this,function(t,n,r){var i;return it.isWindow(t)?t.document.documentElement["client"+e]:9===t.nodeType?(i=t.documentElement,Math.max(t.body["scroll"+e],i["scroll"+e],t.body["offset"+e],i["offset"+e],i["client"+e])):void 0===r?it.css(t,n,a):it.style(t,n,r,a)},t,o?r:void 0,o,null)}})}),it.fn.size=function(){return this.length},it.fn.andSelf=it.fn.addBack,"function"==typeof define&&define.amd&&define("jquery",[],function(){return it});var or=e.jQuery,ar=e.$;return it.noConflict=function(t){return e.$===it&&(e.$=ar),t&&e.jQuery===it&&(e.jQuery=or),it},typeof t===Et&&(e.jQuery=e.$=it),it}),function(e,t){e.rails!==t&&e.error("jquery-ujs has already been loaded!");var n,r=e(document);e.rails=n={linkClickSelector:"a[data-confirm], a[data-method], a[data-remote], a[data-disable-with], a[data-disable]",buttonClickSelector:"button[data-remote], button[data-confirm]",inputChangeSelector:"select[data-remote], input[data-remote], textarea[data-remote]",formSubmitSelector:"form",formInputClickSelector:"form input[type=submit], form input[type=image], form button[type=submit], form button:not([type])",disableSelector:"input[data-disable-with]:enabled, button[data-disable-with]:enabled, textarea[data-disable-with]:enabled, input[data-disable]:enabled, button[data-disable]:enabled, textarea[data-disable]:enabled",enableSelector:"input[data-disable-with]:disabled, button[data-disable-with]:disabled, textarea[data-disable-with]:disabled, input[data-disable]:disabled, button[data-disable]:disabled, textarea[data-disable]:disabled",requiredInputSelector:"input[name][required]:not([disabled]),textarea[name][required]:not([disabled])",fileInputSelector:"input[type=file]",linkDisableSelector:"a[data-disable-with], a[data-disable]",buttonDisableSelector:"button[data-remote][data-disable-with], button[data-remote][data-disable]",CSRFProtection:function(t){var n=e('meta[name="csrf-token"]').attr("content");n&&t.setRequestHeader("X-CSRF-Token",n)},refreshCSRFTokens:function(){var t=e("meta[name=csrf-token]").attr("content"),n=e("meta[name=csrf-param]").attr("content");e('form input[name="'+n+'"]').val(t)},fire:function(t,n,r){var i=e.Event(n);return t.trigger(i,r),i.result!==!1},confirm:function(e){return confirm(e)},ajax:function(t){return e.ajax(t)},href:function(e){return e.attr("href")},handleRemote:function(r){var i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d;if(n.fire(r,"ajax:before")){if(s=r.data("cross-domain"),l=s===t?null:s,u=r.data("with-credentials")||null,c=r.data("type")||e.ajaxSettings&&e.ajaxSettings.dataType,r.is("form")){i=r.attr("method"),o=r.attr("action"),a=r.serializeArray();var f=r.data("ujs:submit-button");f&&(a.push(f),r.data("ujs:submit-button",null))}else r.is(n.inputChangeSelector)?(i=r.data("method"),o=r.data("url"),a=r.serialize(),r.data("params")&&(a=a+"&"+r.data("params"))):r.is(n.buttonClickSelector)?(i=r.data("method")||"get",o=r.data("url"),a=r.serialize(),r.data("params")&&(a=a+"&"+r.data("params"))):(i=r.data("method"),o=n.href(r),a=r.data("params")||null);return d={type:i||"GET",data:a,dataType:c,beforeSend:function(e,i){return i.dataType===t&&e.setRequestHeader("accept","*/*;q=0.5, "+i.accepts.script),n.fire(r,"ajax:beforeSend",[e,i])?void r.trigger("ajax:send",e):!1
+},success:function(e,t,n){r.trigger("ajax:success",[e,t,n])},complete:function(e,t){r.trigger("ajax:complete",[e,t])},error:function(e,t,n){r.trigger("ajax:error",[e,t,n])},crossDomain:l},u&&(d.xhrFields={withCredentials:u}),o&&(d.url=o),n.ajax(d)}return!1},handleMethod:function(r){var i=n.href(r),o=r.data("method"),a=r.attr("target"),s=e("meta[name=csrf-token]").attr("content"),l=e("meta[name=csrf-param]").attr("content"),u=e('<form method="post" action="'+i+'"></form>'),c='<input name="_method" value="'+o+'" type="hidden" />';l!==t&&s!==t&&(c+='<input name="'+l+'" value="'+s+'" type="hidden" />'),a&&u.attr("target",a),u.hide().append(c).appendTo("body"),u.submit()},formElements:function(t,n){return t.is("form")?e(t[0].elements).filter(n):t.find(n)},disableFormElements:function(t){n.formElements(t,n.disableSelector).each(function(){n.disableFormElement(e(this))})},disableFormElement:function(e){var n,r;n=e.is("button")?"html":"val",r=e.data("disable-with"),e.data("ujs:enable-with",e[n]()),r!==t&&e[n](r),e.prop("disabled",!0)},enableFormElements:function(t){n.formElements(t,n.enableSelector).each(function(){n.enableFormElement(e(this))})},enableFormElement:function(e){var t=e.is("button")?"html":"val";e.data("ujs:enable-with")&&e[t](e.data("ujs:enable-with")),e.prop("disabled",!1)},allowAction:function(e){var t,r=e.data("confirm"),i=!1;return r?(n.fire(e,"confirm")&&(i=n.confirm(r),t=n.fire(e,"confirm:complete",[i])),i&&t):!0},blankInputs:function(t,n,r){var i,o,a=e(),s=n||"input,textarea",l=t.find(s);return l.each(function(){if(i=e(this),o=i.is("input[type=checkbox],input[type=radio]")?i.is(":checked"):i.val(),!o==!r){if(i.is("input[type=radio]")&&l.filter('input[type=radio]:checked[name="'+i.attr("name")+'"]').length)return!0;a=a.add(i)}}),a.length?a:!1},nonBlankInputs:function(e,t){return n.blankInputs(e,t,!0)},stopEverything:function(t){return e(t.target).trigger("ujs:everythingStopped"),t.stopImmediatePropagation(),!1},disableElement:function(e){var r=e.data("disable-with");e.data("ujs:enable-with",e.html()),r!==t&&e.html(r),e.bind("click.railsDisable",function(e){return n.stopEverything(e)})},enableElement:function(e){e.data("ujs:enable-with")!==t&&(e.html(e.data("ujs:enable-with")),e.removeData("ujs:enable-with")),e.unbind("click.railsDisable")}},n.fire(r,"rails:attachBindings")&&(e.ajaxPrefilter(function(e,t,r){e.crossDomain||n.CSRFProtection(r)}),r.delegate(n.linkDisableSelector,"ajax:complete",function(){n.enableElement(e(this))}),r.delegate(n.buttonDisableSelector,"ajax:complete",function(){n.enableFormElement(e(this))}),r.delegate(n.linkClickSelector,"click.rails",function(r){var i=e(this),o=i.data("method"),a=i.data("params"),s=r.metaKey||r.ctrlKey;if(!n.allowAction(i))return n.stopEverything(r);if(!s&&i.is(n.linkDisableSelector)&&n.disableElement(i),i.data("remote")!==t){if(s&&(!o||"GET"===o)&&!a)return!0;var l=n.handleRemote(i);return l===!1?n.enableElement(i):l.error(function(){n.enableElement(i)}),!1}return i.data("method")?(n.handleMethod(i),!1):void 0}),r.delegate(n.buttonClickSelector,"click.rails",function(t){var r=e(this);if(!n.allowAction(r))return n.stopEverything(t);r.is(n.buttonDisableSelector)&&n.disableFormElement(r);var i=n.handleRemote(r);return i===!1?n.enableFormElement(r):i.error(function(){n.enableFormElement(r)}),!1}),r.delegate(n.inputChangeSelector,"change.rails",function(t){var r=e(this);return n.allowAction(r)?(n.handleRemote(r),!1):n.stopEverything(t)}),r.delegate(n.formSubmitSelector,"submit.rails",function(r){var i,o,a=e(this),s=a.data("remote")!==t;if(!n.allowAction(a))return n.stopEverything(r);if(a.attr("novalidate")==t&&(i=n.blankInputs(a,n.requiredInputSelector),i&&n.fire(a,"ajax:aborted:required",[i])))return n.stopEverything(r);if(s){if(o=n.nonBlankInputs(a,n.fileInputSelector)){setTimeout(function(){n.disableFormElements(a)},13);var l=n.fire(a,"ajax:aborted:file",[o]);return l||setTimeout(function(){n.enableFormElements(a)},13),l}return n.handleRemote(a),!1}setTimeout(function(){n.disableFormElements(a)},13)}),r.delegate(n.formInputClickSelector,"click.rails",function(t){var r=e(this);if(!n.allowAction(r))return n.stopEverything(t);var i=r.attr("name"),o=i?{name:i,value:r.val()}:null;r.closest("form").data("ujs:submit-button",o)}),r.delegate(n.formSubmitSelector,"ajax:send.rails",function(t){this==t.target&&n.disableFormElements(e(this))}),r.delegate(n.formSubmitSelector,"ajax:complete.rails",function(t){this==t.target&&n.enableFormElements(e(this))}),e(function(){n.refreshCSRFTokens()}))}(jQuery),function(){var e,t,n,r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d,f,p,h,m,g,v,y,b,x,w,T,E,k,C,N,S,j,A,D,L,H,_,q,F,M,O,R,B,P,I,W,$,z,X,U,V,G,Y=[].indexOf||function(e){for(var t=0,n=this.length;n>t;t++)if(t in this&&this[t]===e)return t;return-1},J={}.hasOwnProperty,K=function(e,t){function n(){this.constructor=e}for(var r in t)J.call(t,r)&&(e[r]=t[r]);return n.prototype=t.prototype,e.prototype=new n,e.__super__=t.prototype,e},Q=[].slice;j={},d=10,$=!1,m=null,S=null,q=null,h=null,V=null,b=function(e){var t;return e=new n(e),B(),c(),F(e),$&&(t=z(e.absolute))?(x(t),w(e)):w(e,W)},z=function(e){var t;return t=j[e],t&&!t.transitionCacheDisabled?t:void 0},g=function(e){return null==e&&(e=!0),$=e},w=function(e,t){return null==t&&(t=function(){return function(){}}(this)),X("page:fetch",{url:e.absolute}),null!=V&&V.abort(),V=new XMLHttpRequest,V.open("GET",e.withoutHashForIE10compatibility(),!0),V.setRequestHeader("Accept","text/html, application/xhtml+xml, application/xml"),V.setRequestHeader("X-XHR-Referer",q),V.onload=function(){var n;return X("page:receive"),(n=H())?(f.apply(null,y(n)),M(),t(),X("page:load")):document.location.href=e.absolute},V.onloadend=function(){return V=null},V.onerror=function(){return document.location.href=e.absolute},V.send()},x=function(e){return null!=V&&V.abort(),f(e.title,e.body),_(e),X("page:restore")},c=function(){var e;return e=new n(m.url),j[e.absolute]={url:e.relative,body:document.body,title:document.title,positionY:window.pageYOffset,positionX:window.pageXOffset,cachedAt:(new Date).getTime(),transitionCacheDisabled:null!=document.querySelector("[data-no-transition-cache]")},p(d)},D=function(e){return null==e&&(e=d),/^[\d]+$/.test(e)?d=parseInt(e):void 0},p=function(e){var t,n,r,i,o,a;for(r=Object.keys(j),t=r.map(function(e){return j[e].cachedAt}).sort(function(e,t){return t-e}),a=[],i=0,o=r.length;o>i;i++)n=r[i],j[n].cachedAt<=t[e]&&(X("page:expire",j[n]),a.push(delete j[n]));return a},f=function(t,n,r,i){return document.title=t,document.documentElement.replaceChild(n,document.body),null!=r&&e.update(r),i&&v(),m=window.history.state,X("page:change"),X("page:update")},v=function(){var e,t,n,r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d;for(o=Array.prototype.slice.call(document.body.querySelectorAll('script:not([data-turbolinks-eval="false"])')),a=0,l=o.length;l>a;a++)if(i=o[a],""===(c=i.type)||"text/javascript"===c){for(t=document.createElement("script"),d=i.attributes,s=0,u=d.length;u>s;s++)e=d[s],t.setAttribute(e.name,e.value);t.appendChild(document.createTextNode(i.innerHTML)),r=i.parentNode,n=i.nextSibling,r.removeChild(i),r.insertBefore(t,n)}},P=function(e){return e.innerHTML=e.innerHTML.replace(/<noscript[\S\s]*?<\/noscript>/gi,""),e},F=function(e){return(e=new n(e)).absolute!==q?window.history.pushState({turbolinks:!0,url:e.absolute},"",e.absolute):void 0},M=function(){var e,t;return(e=V.getResponseHeader("X-XHR-Redirected-To"))?(e=new n(e),t=e.hasNoHash()?document.location.hash:"",window.history.replaceState(m,"",e.href+t)):void 0},B=function(){return q=document.location.href},R=function(){return window.history.replaceState({turbolinks:!0,url:document.location.href},"",document.location.href)},O=function(){return m=window.history.state},_=function(e){return window.scrollTo(e.positionX,e.positionY)},W=function(){return document.location.hash?document.location.href=document.location.href:window.scrollTo(0,0)},L=function(e){var t,n;return t=(null!=(n=document.cookie.match(new RegExp(e+"=(\\w+)")))?n[1].toUpperCase():void 0)||"",document.cookie=e+"=; expires=Thu, 01-Jan-70 00:00:01 GMT; path=/",t},X=function(e,t){var n;return n=document.createEvent("Events"),t&&(n.data=t),n.initEvent(e,!0,!0),document.dispatchEvent(n)},A=function(){return!X("page:before-change")},H=function(){var e,t,n,r,i,o;return t=function(){var e;return 400<=(e=V.status)&&600>e},o=function(){return V.getResponseHeader("Content-Type").match(/^(?:text\/html|application\/xhtml\+xml|application\/xml)(?:;|$)/)},r=function(e){var t,n,r,i,o;for(i=e.head.childNodes,o=[],n=0,r=i.length;r>n;n++)t=i[n],null!=("function"==typeof t.getAttribute?t.getAttribute("data-turbolinks-track"):void 0)&&o.push(t.getAttribute("src")||t.getAttribute("href"));return o},e=function(e){var t;return S||(S=r(document)),t=r(e),t.length!==S.length||i(t,S).length!==S.length},i=function(e,t){var n,r,i,o,a;for(e.length>t.length&&(o=[t,e],e=o[0],t=o[1]),a=[],r=0,i=e.length;i>r;r++)n=e[r],Y.call(t,n)>=0&&a.push(n);return a},!t()&&o()&&(n=h(V.responseText),n&&!e(n))?n:void 0},y=function(t){var n;return n=t.querySelector("title"),[null!=n?n.textContent:void 0,P(t.body),e.get(t).token,"runScripts"]},e={get:function(e){var t;return null==e&&(e=document),{node:t=e.querySelector('meta[name="csrf-token"]'),token:null!=t&&"function"==typeof t.getAttribute?t.getAttribute("content"):void 0}},update:function(e){var t;return t=this.get(),null!=t.token&&null!=e&&t.token!==e?t.node.setAttribute("content",e):void 0}},i=function(){var e,t,n,r,i,o;t=function(e){return(new DOMParser).parseFromString(e,"text/html")},e=function(e){var t;return t=document.implementation.createHTMLDocument(""),t.documentElement.innerHTML=e,t},n=function(e){var t;return t=document.implementation.createHTMLDocument(""),t.open("replace"),t.write(e),t.close(),t};try{if(window.DOMParser)return i=t("<html><body><p>test"),t}catch(a){return r=a,i=e("<html><body><p>test"),e}finally{if(1!==(null!=i&&null!=(o=i.body)?o.childNodes.length:void 0))return n}},n=function(){function e(t){return this.original=null!=t?t:document.location.href,this.original.constructor===e?this.original:void this._parse()}return e.prototype.withoutHash=function(){return this.href.replace(this.hash,"")},e.prototype.withoutHashForIE10compatibility=function(){return this.withoutHash()},e.prototype.hasNoHash=function(){return 0===this.hash.length},e.prototype._parse=function(){var e;return(null!=this.link?this.link:this.link=document.createElement("a")).href=this.original,e=this.link,this.href=e.href,this.protocol=e.protocol,this.host=e.host,this.hostname=e.hostname,this.port=e.port,this.pathname=e.pathname,this.search=e.search,this.hash=e.hash,this.origin=[this.protocol,"//",this.hostname].join(""),0!==this.port.length&&(this.origin+=":"+this.port),this.relative=[this.pathname,this.search,this.hash].join(""),this.absolute=this.href},e}(),r=function(e){function t(e){return this.link=e,this.link.constructor===t?this.link:(this.original=this.link.href,void t.__super__.constructor.apply(this,arguments))}return K(t,e),t.HTML_EXTENSIONS=["html"],t.allowExtensions=function(){var e,n,r,i;for(n=1<=arguments.length?Q.call(arguments,0):[],r=0,i=n.length;i>r;r++)e=n[r],t.HTML_EXTENSIONS.push(e);return t.HTML_EXTENSIONS},t.prototype.shouldIgnore=function(){return this._crossOrigin()||this._anchored()||this._nonHtml()||this._optOut()||this._target()},t.prototype._crossOrigin=function(){return this.origin!==(new n).origin},t.prototype._anchored=function(){var e;return(this.hash&&this.withoutHash())===(e=new n).withoutHash()||this.href===e.href+"#"},t.prototype._nonHtml=function(){return this.pathname.match(/\.[a-z]+$/g)&&!this.pathname.match(new RegExp("\\.(?:"+t.HTML_EXTENSIONS.join("|")+")?$","g"))},t.prototype._optOut=function(){var e,t;for(t=this.link;!e&&t!==document;)e=null!=t.getAttribute("data-no-turbolink"),t=t.parentNode;return e},t.prototype._target=function(){return 0!==this.link.target.length},t}(n),t=function(){function e(e){this.event=e,this.event.defaultPrevented||(this._extractLink(),this._validForTurbolinks()&&(A()||U(this.link.href),this.event.preventDefault()))}return e.installHandlerLast=function(t){return t.defaultPrevented?void 0:(document.removeEventListener("click",e.handle,!1),document.addEventListener("click",e.handle,!1))},e.handle=function(t){return new e(t)},e.prototype._extractLink=function(){var e;for(e=this.event.target;e.parentNode&&"A"!==e.nodeName;)e=e.parentNode;return"A"===e.nodeName&&0!==e.href.length?this.link=new r(e):void 0},e.prototype._validForTurbolinks=function(){return null!=this.link&&!(this.link.shouldIgnore()||this._nonStandardClick())},e.prototype._nonStandardClick=function(){return this.event.which>1||this.event.metaKey||this.event.ctrlKey||this.event.shiftKey||this.event.altKey},e}(),u=function(e){return setTimeout(e,500)},k=function(){return document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function(){return X("page:change"),X("page:update")},!0)},N=function(){return"undefined"!=typeof jQuery?jQuery(document).on("ajaxSuccess",function(e,t){return jQuery.trim(t.responseText)?X("page:update"):void 0}):void 0},C=function(e){var t,r;return(null!=(r=e.state)?r.turbolinks:void 0)?(t=j[new n(e.state.url).absolute])?(c(),x(t)):U(e.target.location.href):void 0},E=function(){return R(),O(),h=i(),document.addEventListener("click",t.installHandlerLast,!0),u(function(){return window.addEventListener("popstate",C,!1)})},T=void 0!==window.history.state||navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox\/2[6|7]/),s=window.history&&window.history.pushState&&window.history.replaceState&&T,o=!navigator.userAgent.match(/CriOS\//),I="GET"===(G=L("request_method"))||""===G,l=s&&o&&I,a=document.addEventListener&&document.createEvent,a&&(k(),N()),l?(U=b,E()):U=function(e){return document.location.href=e},this.Turbolinks={visit:U,pagesCached:D,enableTransitionCache:g,allowLinkExtensions:r.allowExtensions,supported:l}}.call(this),function(){}.call(this);
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/gzip/foo.zoo.gz b/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/gzip/foo.zoo.gz
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f62c656dc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/gzip/foo.zoo.gz
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/other-index.html b/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/other-index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0820dfcb6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/other-index.html
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/other-index.html
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/edit.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/edit.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index ae82dfa4fc..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/edit.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Edit world!
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/new.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/new.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 96c8f1b88b..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/new.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-New world!
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/using_invalid_resource_with_template.xml.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/using_invalid_resource_with_template.xml.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index bf5869ed22..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/using_invalid_resource_with_template.xml.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<content>I should not be displayed</content>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/using_options_with_template.xml.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/using_options_with_template.xml.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index b313017913..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/using_options_with_template.xml.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<customer-name><%= @customer.name %></customer-name>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/using_resource.js.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/using_resource.js.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 4417680bce..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/using_resource.js.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-alert("Hi");
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/using_resource_with_block.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/using_resource_with_block.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6769dd60bd..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/using_resource_with_block.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Hello world!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/symlink_parent/symlinked_layout.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/symlink_parent/symlinked_layout.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index bda57d0fae..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/symlink_parent/symlinked_layout.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-This is my layout
-
-<%= yield %>
-
-End.
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_changing_priority.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_changing_priority.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3225efc49a..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_changing_priority.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-HTML
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_changing_priority.json.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_changing_priority.json.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7fa41dce66..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_changing_priority.json.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-JSON
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_counter.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_counter.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index fd245bfc70..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_counter.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= counter_counter %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index d8220afeda..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Hello: <%= customer.name rescue "Anonymous" %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer_counter.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer_counter.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3435979dba..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer_counter.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= customer_counter.name %><%= customer_counter_counter %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer_counter_with_as.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer_counter_with_as.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1241eb604d..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer_counter_with_as.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= client.name %><%= client_counter %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer_greeting.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer_greeting.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6acbcb20c4..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer_greeting.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= greeting %>: <%= customer_greeting.name %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer_with_var.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer_with_var.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 00047dd20e..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer_with_var.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= customer.name %> <%= customer.name %> <%= customer.name %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_directory/_partial_with_locales.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_directory/_partial_with_locales.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1cc8d41475..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_directory/_partial_with_locales.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Hello <%= name %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_first_json_partial.json.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_first_json_partial.json.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 790ee896db..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_first_json_partial.json.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= render :partial => "test/second_json_partial" %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_form.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_form.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 01107f1cb2..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_form.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= form.label :title %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_hash_greeting.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_hash_greeting.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index fc54a36f2a..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_hash_greeting.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= greeting %>: <%= hash_greeting[:first_name] %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_hash_object.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_hash_object.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 34a92c6a56..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_hash_object.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-<%= hash_object[:first_name] %>
-<%= hash_object[:first_name].reverse %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_hello.builder b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_hello.builder
deleted file mode 100644
index ef52f632d1..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_hello.builder
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-xm.hello
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_labelling_form.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_labelling_form.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1b95763165..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_labelling_form.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= labelling_form.label :title %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_layout_for_partial.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_layout_for_partial.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 666efadbb6..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_layout_for_partial.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-Before (<%= name %>)
-<%= yield %>
-After
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_for_use_in_layout.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_for_use_in_layout.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3a03a64e31..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_for_use_in_layout.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Inside from partial (<%= name %>)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_html_erb.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_html_erb.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 4b54875782..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_html_erb.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= "partial.html.erb" %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_name_local_variable.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_name_local_variable.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index cc3a91c89f..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_name_local_variable.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= partial_name_local_variable %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_only.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_only.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index a44b3eed40..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_only.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-only partial
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_only_html.html b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_only_html.html
deleted file mode 100644
index d2d630bd40..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_only_html.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-only html partial
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_with_partial.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_with_partial.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index ee0d5037b6..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_with_partial.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-<%= render 'test/partial' %>
-partial with partial
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_person.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_person.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index b2e5688956..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_person.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-Second: <%= name %>
-Third: <%= @name %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_raise_indentation.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_raise_indentation.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index f9a93728fe..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_raise_indentation.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-<p>First paragraph</p>
-<p>Second paragraph</p>
-<p>Third paragraph</p>
-<p>Fourth paragraph</p>
-<p>Fifth paragraph</p>
-<p>Sixth paragraph</p>
-<p>Seventh paragraph</p>
-<p>Eight paragraph</p>
-<p>Ninth paragraph</p>
-<p>Tenth paragraph</p>
-<%= raise "error here!" %>
-<p>Eleventh paragraph</p>
-<p>Twelfth paragraph</p>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_second_json_partial.json.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_second_json_partial.json.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5ebb7f1afd..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_second_json_partial.json.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Third level
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/action_talk_to_layout.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/action_talk_to_layout.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 36e896daa8..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/action_talk_to_layout.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-<% @title = "Talking to the layout" -%>
-Action was here!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/calling_partial_with_layout.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/calling_partial_with_layout.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index ac44bc0d81..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/calling_partial_with_layout.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= render(:layout => "layout_for_partial", :partial => "partial_for_use_in_layout", :locals => { :name => "David" }) %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/capturing.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/capturing.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1addaa40d9..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/capturing.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-<% days = capture do %>
-  Dreamy days
-<% end %>
-<%= days %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/change_priority.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/change_priority.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5618977d05..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/change_priority.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-<%= render :partial => "test/json_change_priority", formats: :json %>
-HTML Template, but <%= render :partial => "test/changing_priority" %> partial
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/content_for.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/content_for.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1fb829f54c..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/content_for.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<% content_for :title do -%>Putting stuff in the title!<% end -%>Great stuff!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/content_for_concatenated.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/content_for_concatenated.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index e65f629574..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/content_for_concatenated.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-<% content_for :title, "Putting stuff "
-   content_for :title, "in the title!" -%>
-Great stuff!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/content_for_with_parameter.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/content_for_with_parameter.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index aeb6f73ce0..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/content_for_with_parameter.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-<% content_for :title, "Putting stuff in the title!" -%>
-Great stuff!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/formatted_html_erb.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/formatted_html_erb.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1c64efabd8..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/formatted_html_erb.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-formatted html erb
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/greeting.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/greeting.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 62fb0293f0..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/greeting.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<p>This is grand!</p>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/greeting.xml.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/greeting.xml.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 62fb0293f0..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/greeting.xml.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<p>This is grand!</p>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello,world.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello,world.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index bc8fa5e0ca..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello,world.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Hello w*rld!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello.builder b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello.builder
deleted file mode 100644
index a471553941..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello.builder
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-xml.html do
-  xml.p "Hello #{@name}"
-  xml << render(:file => "test/greeting")
-end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello_world_container.builder b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello_world_container.builder
deleted file mode 100644
index e48d75c405..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello_world_container.builder
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-xml.test do
-  render :partial => 'hello', :locals => { :xm => xml }
-end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello_world_from_rxml.builder b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello_world_from_rxml.builder
deleted file mode 100644
index 619a97ba96..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello_world_from_rxml.builder
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-xml.html do
-  xml.p "Hello"
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello_world_with_layout_false.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello_world_with_layout_false.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6769dd60bd..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello_world_with_layout_false.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Hello world!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/html_template.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/html_template.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1bbc2b7f09..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/html_template.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= render :partial => "test/first_json_partial", formats: :json %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hyphen-ated.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hyphen-ated.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index cd0875583a..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hyphen-ated.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Hello world!
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/list.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/list.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 0a4bda58ee..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/list.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= @test_unchanged = 'goodbye' %><%= render :partial => 'customer', :collection => @customers %><%= @test_unchanged %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/non_erb_block_content_for.builder b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/non_erb_block_content_for.builder
deleted file mode 100644
index d539a425a4..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/non_erb_block_content_for.builder
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-content_for :title do
-  'Putting stuff in the title!'
-end
-xml << "Great stuff!"
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/potential_conflicts.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/potential_conflicts.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index a5e964e359..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/potential_conflicts.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-First: <%= @name %>
-<%= render :partial => "person", :locals => { :name => "Stephan" } -%>
-Fourth: <%= @name %>
-Fifth: <%= name %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/proper_block_detection.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/proper_block_detection.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index b55efbb25d..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/proper_block_detection.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= @todo %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_file_from_template.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_file_from_template.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index fde9f4bb64..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_file_from_template.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= render :file => @path %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_file_with_locals_and_default.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_file_with_locals_and_default.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 9b4900acc5..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_file_with_locals_and_default.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= secret ||= 'one' %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_implicit_html_template_from_xhr_request.da.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_implicit_html_template_from_xhr_request.da.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 0740b2d07c..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_implicit_html_template_from_xhr_request.da.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Hey HTML!
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_implicit_html_template_from_xhr_request.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_implicit_html_template_from_xhr_request.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 4a11845cfe..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_implicit_html_template_from_xhr_request.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Hello HTML!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_implicit_js_template_without_layout.js.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_implicit_js_template_without_layout.js.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 892ae5eca2..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_implicit_js_template_without_layout.js.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-alert('hello');
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_partial_inside_directory.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_partial_inside_directory.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1461b95186..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_partial_inside_directory.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= render partial: 'test/_directory/partial_with_locales', locals: {'name' => 'Jane'} %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_to_string_test.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_to_string_test.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6e267e8634..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_to_string_test.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-The value of foo is: ::<%= @foo %>::
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_two_partials.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_two_partials.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3db6025860..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_two_partials.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-<%= render :partial => 'partial', :locals => {'first' => '1'} %>
-<%= render :partial => 'partial', :locals => {'second' => '2'} %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/using_layout_around_block.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/using_layout_around_block.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3d6661df9a..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/using_layout_around_block.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= render(:layout => "layout_for_partial", :locals => { :name => "David" }) do %>Inside from block<% end %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_html_partial.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_html_partial.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index d84d909d64..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_html_partial.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<strong><%= render :partial => "partial_only_html" %></strong>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_partial.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_partial.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7502364cf5..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_partial.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<strong><%= render :partial => "partial_only" %></strong>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_partial.text.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_partial.text.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5f068ebf27..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_partial.text.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-**<%= render :partial => "partial_only" %>**
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_xml_template.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_xml_template.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index e54a7cd001..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_xml_template.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= render :template => "test/greeting", :formats => :xml %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/bar.html b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/bar.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..67fc57079b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/bar.html
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/bar.html
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/bar/index.html b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/bar/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d5bb8f898d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/bar/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/bar/index.html
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/foo/other-index.html b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/foo/other-index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..51c90c26ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/foo/other-index.html
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/foo/other-index.html
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/gzip/application-a71b3024f80aea3181c09774ca17e712.js b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/gzip/application-a71b3024f80aea3181c09774ca17e712.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1826a7660e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/gzip/application-a71b3024f80aea3181c09774ca17e712.js
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+!function(e,t){"object"==typeof module&&"object"==typeof module.exports?module.exports=e.document?t(e,!0):function(e){if(!e.document)throw new Error("jQuery requires a window with a document");return t(e)}:t(e)}("undefined"!=typeof window?window:this,function(e,t){function n(e){var t=e.length,n=it.type(e);return"function"===n||it.isWindow(e)?!1:1===e.nodeType&&t?!0:"array"===n||0===t||"number"==typeof t&&t>0&&t-1 in e}function r(e,t,n){if(it.isFunction(t))return it.grep(e,function(e,r){return!!t.call(e,r,e)!==n});if(t.nodeType)return it.grep(e,function(e){return e===t!==n});if("string"==typeof t){if(ft.test(t))return it.filter(t,e,n);t=it.filter(t,e)}return it.grep(e,function(e){return it.inArray(e,t)>=0!==n})}function i(e,t){do e=e[t];while(e&&1!==e.nodeType);return e}function o(e){var t=xt[e]={};return it.each(e.match(bt)||[],function(e,n){t[n]=!0}),t}function a(){ht.addEventListener?(ht.removeEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",s,!1),e.removeEventListener("load",s,!1)):(ht.detachEvent("onreadystatechange",s),e.detachEvent("onload",s))}function s(){(ht.addEventListener||"load"===event.type||"complete"===ht.readyState)&&(a(),it.ready())}function l(e,t,n){if(void 0===n&&1===e.nodeType){var r="data-"+t.replace(Ct,"-$1").toLowerCase();if(n=e.getAttribute(r),"string"==typeof n){try{n="true"===n?!0:"false"===n?!1:"null"===n?null:+n+""===n?+n:kt.test(n)?it.parseJSON(n):n}catch(i){}it.data(e,t,n)}else n=void 0}return n}function u(e){var t;for(t in e)if(("data"!==t||!it.isEmptyObject(e[t]))&&"toJSON"!==t)return!1;return!0}function c(e,t,n,r){if(it.acceptData(e)){var i,o,a=it.expando,s=e.nodeType,l=s?it.cache:e,u=s?e[a]:e[a]&&a;if(u&&l[u]&&(r||l[u].data)||void 0!==n||"string"!=typeof t)return u||(u=s?e[a]=G.pop()||it.guid++:a),l[u]||(l[u]=s?{}:{toJSON:it.noop}),("object"==typeof t||"function"==typeof t)&&(r?l[u]=it.extend(l[u],t):l[u].data=it.extend(l[u].data,t)),o=l[u],r||(o.data||(o.data={}),o=o.data),void 0!==n&&(o[it.camelCase(t)]=n),"string"==typeof t?(i=o[t],null==i&&(i=o[it.camelCase(t)])):i=o,i}}function d(e,t,n){if(it.acceptData(e)){var r,i,o=e.nodeType,a=o?it.cache:e,s=o?e[it.expando]:it.expando;if(a[s]){if(t&&(r=n?a[s]:a[s].data)){it.isArray(t)?t=t.concat(it.map(t,it.camelCase)):t in r?t=[t]:(t=it.camelCase(t),t=t in r?[t]:t.split(" ")),i=t.length;for(;i--;)delete r[t[i]];if(n?!u(r):!it.isEmptyObject(r))return}(n||(delete a[s].data,u(a[s])))&&(o?it.cleanData([e],!0):nt.deleteExpando||a!=a.window?delete a[s]:a[s]=null)}}}function f(){return!0}function p(){return!1}function h(){try{return ht.activeElement}catch(e){}}function m(e){var t=Mt.split("|"),n=e.createDocumentFragment();if(n.createElement)for(;t.length;)n.createElement(t.pop());return n}function g(e,t){var n,r,i=0,o=typeof e.getElementsByTagName!==Et?e.getElementsByTagName(t||"*"):typeof e.querySelectorAll!==Et?e.querySelectorAll(t||"*"):void 0;if(!o)for(o=[],n=e.childNodes||e;null!=(r=n[i]);i++)!t||it.nodeName(r,t)?o.push(r):it.merge(o,g(r,t));return void 0===t||t&&it.nodeName(e,t)?it.merge([e],o):o}function v(e){Dt.test(e.type)&&(e.defaultChecked=e.checked)}function y(e,t){return it.nodeName(e,"table")&&it.nodeName(11!==t.nodeType?t:t.firstChild,"tr")?e.getElementsByTagName("tbody")[0]||e.appendChild(e.ownerDocument.createElement("tbody")):e}function b(e){return e.type=(null!==it.find.attr(e,"type"))+"/"+e.type,e}function x(e){var t=Vt.exec(e.type);return t?e.type=t[1]:e.removeAttribute("type"),e}function w(e,t){for(var n,r=0;null!=(n=e[r]);r++)it._data(n,"globalEval",!t||it._data(t[r],"globalEval"))}function T(e,t){if(1===t.nodeType&&it.hasData(e)){var n,r,i,o=it._data(e),a=it._data(t,o),s=o.events;if(s){delete a.handle,a.events={};for(n in s)for(r=0,i=s[n].length;i>r;r++)it.event.add(t,n,s[n][r])}a.data&&(a.data=it.extend({},a.data))}}function E(e,t){var n,r,i;if(1===t.nodeType){if(n=t.nodeName.toLowerCase(),!nt.noCloneEvent&&t[it.expando]){i=it._data(t);for(r in i.events)it.removeEvent(t,r,i.handle);t.removeAttribute(it.expando)}"script"===n&&t.text!==e.text?(b(t).text=e.text,x(t)):"object"===n?(t.parentNode&&(t.outerHTML=e.outerHTML),nt.html5Clone&&e.innerHTML&&!it.trim(t.innerHTML)&&(t.innerHTML=e.innerHTML)):"input"===n&&Dt.test(e.type)?(t.defaultChecked=t.checked=e.checked,t.value!==e.value&&(t.value=e.value)):"option"===n?t.defaultSelected=t.selected=e.defaultSelected:("input"===n||"textarea"===n)&&(t.defaultValue=e.defaultValue)}}function k(t,n){var r,i=it(n.createElement(t)).appendTo(n.body),o=e.getDefaultComputedStyle&&(r=e.getDefaultComputedStyle(i[0]))?r.display:it.css(i[0],"display");return i.detach(),o}function C(e){var t=ht,n=Zt[e];return n||(n=k(e,t),"none"!==n&&n||(Qt=(Qt||it("<iframe frameborder='0' width='0' height='0'/>")).appendTo(t.documentElement),t=(Qt[0].contentWindow||Qt[0].contentDocument).document,t.write(),t.close(),n=k(e,t),Qt.detach()),Zt[e]=n),n}function N(e,t){return{get:function(){var n=e();if(null!=n)return n?void delete this.get:(this.get=t).apply(this,arguments)}}}function S(e,t){if(t in e)return t;for(var n=t.charAt(0).toUpperCase()+t.slice(1),r=t,i=pn.length;i--;)if(t=pn[i]+n,t in e)return t;return r}function j(e,t){for(var n,r,i,o=[],a=0,s=e.length;s>a;a++)r=e[a],r.style&&(o[a]=it._data(r,"olddisplay"),n=r.style.display,t?(o[a]||"none"!==n||(r.style.display=""),""===r.style.display&&jt(r)&&(o[a]=it._data(r,"olddisplay",C(r.nodeName)))):(i=jt(r),(n&&"none"!==n||!i)&&it._data(r,"olddisplay",i?n:it.css(r,"display"))));for(a=0;s>a;a++)r=e[a],r.style&&(t&&"none"!==r.style.display&&""!==r.style.display||(r.style.display=t?o[a]||"":"none"));return e}function A(e,t,n){var r=un.exec(t);return r?Math.max(0,r[1]-(n||0))+(r[2]||"px"):t}function D(e,t,n,r,i){for(var o=n===(r?"border":"content")?4:"width"===t?1:0,a=0;4>o;o+=2)"margin"===n&&(a+=it.css(e,n+St[o],!0,i)),r?("content"===n&&(a-=it.css(e,"padding"+St[o],!0,i)),"margin"!==n&&(a-=it.css(e,"border"+St[o]+"Width",!0,i))):(a+=it.css(e,"padding"+St[o],!0,i),"padding"!==n&&(a+=it.css(e,"border"+St[o]+"Width",!0,i)));return a}function L(e,t,n){var r=!0,i="width"===t?e.offsetWidth:e.offsetHeight,o=en(e),a=nt.boxSizing&&"border-box"===it.css(e,"boxSizing",!1,o);if(0>=i||null==i){if(i=tn(e,t,o),(0>i||null==i)&&(i=e.style[t]),rn.test(i))return i;r=a&&(nt.boxSizingReliable()||i===e.style[t]),i=parseFloat(i)||0}return i+D(e,t,n||(a?"border":"content"),r,o)+"px"}function H(e,t,n,r,i){return new H.prototype.init(e,t,n,r,i)}function _(){return setTimeout(function(){hn=void 0}),hn=it.now()}function q(e,t){var n,r={height:e},i=0;for(t=t?1:0;4>i;i+=2-t)n=St[i],r["margin"+n]=r["padding"+n]=e;return t&&(r.opacity=r.width=e),r}function F(e,t,n){for(var r,i=(xn[t]||[]).concat(xn["*"]),o=0,a=i.length;a>o;o++)if(r=i[o].call(n,t,e))return r}function M(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d=this,f={},p=e.style,h=e.nodeType&&jt(e),m=it._data(e,"fxshow");n.queue||(s=it._queueHooks(e,"fx"),null==s.unqueued&&(s.unqueued=0,l=s.empty.fire,s.empty.fire=function(){s.unqueued||l()}),s.unqueued++,d.always(function(){d.always(function(){s.unqueued--,it.queue(e,"fx").length||s.empty.fire()})})),1===e.nodeType&&("height"in t||"width"in t)&&(n.overflow=[p.overflow,p.overflowX,p.overflowY],u=it.css(e,"display"),c="none"===u?it._data(e,"olddisplay")||C(e.nodeName):u,"inline"===c&&"none"===it.css(e,"float")&&(nt.inlineBlockNeedsLayout&&"inline"!==C(e.nodeName)?p.zoom=1:p.display="inline-block")),n.overflow&&(p.overflow="hidden",nt.shrinkWrapBlocks()||d.always(function(){p.overflow=n.overflow[0],p.overflowX=n.overflow[1],p.overflowY=n.overflow[2]}));for(r in t)if(i=t[r],gn.exec(i)){if(delete t[r],o=o||"toggle"===i,i===(h?"hide":"show")){if("show"!==i||!m||void 0===m[r])continue;h=!0}f[r]=m&&m[r]||it.style(e,r)}else u=void 0;if(it.isEmptyObject(f))"inline"===("none"===u?C(e.nodeName):u)&&(p.display=u);else{m?"hidden"in m&&(h=m.hidden):m=it._data(e,"fxshow",{}),o&&(m.hidden=!h),h?it(e).show():d.done(function(){it(e).hide()}),d.done(function(){var t;it._removeData(e,"fxshow");for(t in f)it.style(e,t,f[t])});for(r in f)a=F(h?m[r]:0,r,d),r in m||(m[r]=a.start,h&&(a.end=a.start,a.start="width"===r||"height"===r?1:0))}}function O(e,t){var n,r,i,o,a;for(n in e)if(r=it.camelCase(n),i=t[r],o=e[n],it.isArray(o)&&(i=o[1],o=e[n]=o[0]),n!==r&&(e[r]=o,delete e[n]),a=it.cssHooks[r],a&&"expand"in a){o=a.expand(o),delete e[r];for(n in o)n in e||(e[n]=o[n],t[n]=i)}else t[r]=i}function R(e,t,n){var r,i,o=0,a=bn.length,s=it.Deferred().always(function(){delete l.elem}),l=function(){if(i)return!1;for(var t=hn||_(),n=Math.max(0,u.startTime+u.duration-t),r=n/u.duration||0,o=1-r,a=0,l=u.tweens.length;l>a;a++)u.tweens[a].run(o);return s.notifyWith(e,[u,o,n]),1>o&&l?n:(s.resolveWith(e,[u]),!1)},u=s.promise({elem:e,props:it.extend({},t),opts:it.extend(!0,{specialEasing:{}},n),originalProperties:t,originalOptions:n,startTime:hn||_(),duration:n.duration,tweens:[],createTween:function(t,n){var r=it.Tween(e,u.opts,t,n,u.opts.specialEasing[t]||u.opts.easing);return u.tweens.push(r),r},stop:function(t){var n=0,r=t?u.tweens.length:0;if(i)return this;for(i=!0;r>n;n++)u.tweens[n].run(1);return t?s.resolveWith(e,[u,t]):s.rejectWith(e,[u,t]),this}}),c=u.props;for(O(c,u.opts.specialEasing);a>o;o++)if(r=bn[o].call(u,e,c,u.opts))return r;return it.map(c,F,u),it.isFunction(u.opts.start)&&u.opts.start.call(e,u),it.fx.timer(it.extend(l,{elem:e,anim:u,queue:u.opts.queue})),u.progress(u.opts.progress).done(u.opts.done,u.opts.complete).fail(u.opts.fail).always(u.opts.always)}function B(e){return function(t,n){"string"!=typeof t&&(n=t,t="*");var r,i=0,o=t.toLowerCase().match(bt)||[];if(it.isFunction(n))for(;r=o[i++];)"+"===r.charAt(0)?(r=r.slice(1)||"*",(e[r]=e[r]||[]).unshift(n)):(e[r]=e[r]||[]).push(n)}}function P(e,t,n,r){function i(s){var l;return o[s]=!0,it.each(e[s]||[],function(e,s){var u=s(t,n,r);return"string"!=typeof u||a||o[u]?a?!(l=u):void 0:(t.dataTypes.unshift(u),i(u),!1)}),l}var o={},a=e===zn;return i(t.dataTypes[0])||!o["*"]&&i("*")}function I(e,t){var n,r,i=it.ajaxSettings.flatOptions||{};for(r in t)void 0!==t[r]&&((i[r]?e:n||(n={}))[r]=t[r]);return n&&it.extend(!0,e,n),e}function W(e,t,n){for(var r,i,o,a,s=e.contents,l=e.dataTypes;"*"===l[0];)l.shift(),void 0===i&&(i=e.mimeType||t.getResponseHeader("Content-Type"));if(i)for(a in s)if(s[a]&&s[a].test(i)){l.unshift(a);break}if(l[0]in n)o=l[0];else{for(a in n){if(!l[0]||e.converters[a+" "+l[0]]){o=a;break}r||(r=a)}o=o||r}return o?(o!==l[0]&&l.unshift(o),n[o]):void 0}function $(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s,l,u={},c=e.dataTypes.slice();if(c[1])for(a in e.converters)u[a.toLowerCase()]=e.converters[a];for(o=c.shift();o;)if(e.responseFields[o]&&(n[e.responseFields[o]]=t),!l&&r&&e.dataFilter&&(t=e.dataFilter(t,e.dataType)),l=o,o=c.shift())if("*"===o)o=l;else if("*"!==l&&l!==o){if(a=u[l+" "+o]||u["* "+o],!a)for(i in u)if(s=i.split(" "),s[1]===o&&(a=u[l+" "+s[0]]||u["* "+s[0]])){a===!0?a=u[i]:u[i]!==!0&&(o=s[0],c.unshift(s[1]));break}if(a!==!0)if(a&&e["throws"])t=a(t);else try{t=a(t)}catch(d){return{state:"parsererror",error:a?d:"No conversion from "+l+" to "+o}}}return{state:"success",data:t}}function z(e,t,n,r){var i;if(it.isArray(t))it.each(t,function(t,i){n||Gn.test(e)?r(e,i):z(e+"["+("object"==typeof i?t:"")+"]",i,n,r)});else if(n||"object"!==it.type(t))r(e,t);else for(i in t)z(e+"["+i+"]",t[i],n,r)}function X(){try{return new e.XMLHttpRequest}catch(t){}}function U(){try{return new e.ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP")}catch(t){}}function V(e){return it.isWindow(e)?e:9===e.nodeType?e.defaultView||e.parentWindow:!1}var G=[],Y=G.slice,J=G.concat,K=G.push,Q=G.indexOf,Z={},et=Z.toString,tt=Z.hasOwnProperty,nt={},rt="1.11.1",it=function(e,t){return new it.fn.init(e,t)},ot=/^[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+|[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+$/g,at=/^-ms-/,st=/-([\da-z])/gi,lt=function(e,t){return t.toUpperCase()};it.fn=it.prototype={jquery:rt,constructor:it,selector:"",length:0,toArray:function(){return Y.call(this)},get:function(e){return null!=e?0>e?this[e+this.length]:this[e]:Y.call(this)},pushStack:function(e){var t=it.merge(this.constructor(),e);return t.prevObject=this,t.context=this.context,t},each:function(e,t){return it.each(this,e,t)},map:function(e){return this.pushStack(it.map(this,function(t,n){return e.call(t,n,t)}))},slice:function(){return this.pushStack(Y.apply(this,arguments))},first:function(){return this.eq(0)},last:function(){return this.eq(-1)},eq:function(e){var t=this.length,n=+e+(0>e?t:0);return this.pushStack(n>=0&&t>n?[this[n]]:[])},end:function(){return this.prevObject||this.constructor(null)},push:K,sort:G.sort,splice:G.splice},it.extend=it.fn.extend=function(){var e,t,n,r,i,o,a=arguments[0]||{},s=1,l=arguments.length,u=!1;for("boolean"==typeof a&&(u=a,a=arguments[s]||{},s++),"object"==typeof a||it.isFunction(a)||(a={}),s===l&&(a=this,s--);l>s;s++)if(null!=(i=arguments[s]))for(r in i)e=a[r],n=i[r],a!==n&&(u&&n&&(it.isPlainObject(n)||(t=it.isArray(n)))?(t?(t=!1,o=e&&it.isArray(e)?e:[]):o=e&&it.isPlainObject(e)?e:{},a[r]=it.extend(u,o,n)):void 0!==n&&(a[r]=n));return a},it.extend({expando:"jQuery"+(rt+Math.random()).replace(/\D/g,""),isReady:!0,error:function(e){throw new Error(e)},noop:function(){},isFunction:function(e){return"function"===it.type(e)},isArray:Array.isArray||function(e){return"array"===it.type(e)},isWindow:function(e){return null!=e&&e==e.window},isNumeric:function(e){return!it.isArray(e)&&e-parseFloat(e)>=0},isEmptyObject:function(e){var t;for(t in e)return!1;return!0},isPlainObject:function(e){var t;if(!e||"object"!==it.type(e)||e.nodeType||it.isWindow(e))return!1;try{if(e.constructor&&!tt.call(e,"constructor")&&!tt.call(e.constructor.prototype,"isPrototypeOf"))return!1}catch(n){return!1}if(nt.ownLast)for(t in e)return tt.call(e,t);for(t in e);return void 0===t||tt.call(e,t)},type:function(e){return null==e?e+"":"object"==typeof e||"function"==typeof e?Z[et.call(e)]||"object":typeof e},globalEval:function(t){t&&it.trim(t)&&(e.execScript||function(t){e.eval.call(e,t)})(t)},camelCase:function(e){return e.replace(at,"ms-").replace(st,lt)},nodeName:function(e,t){return e.nodeName&&e.nodeName.toLowerCase()===t.toLowerCase()},each:function(e,t,r){var i,o=0,a=e.length,s=n(e);if(r){if(s)for(;a>o&&(i=t.apply(e[o],r),i!==!1);o++);else for(o in e)if(i=t.apply(e[o],r),i===!1)break}else if(s)for(;a>o&&(i=t.call(e[o],o,e[o]),i!==!1);o++);else for(o in e)if(i=t.call(e[o],o,e[o]),i===!1)break;return e},trim:function(e){return null==e?"":(e+"").replace(ot,"")},makeArray:function(e,t){var r=t||[];return null!=e&&(n(Object(e))?it.merge(r,"string"==typeof e?[e]:e):K.call(r,e)),r},inArray:function(e,t,n){var r;if(t){if(Q)return Q.call(t,e,n);for(r=t.length,n=n?0>n?Math.max(0,r+n):n:0;r>n;n++)if(n in t&&t[n]===e)return n}return-1},merge:function(e,t){for(var n=+t.length,r=0,i=e.length;n>r;)e[i++]=t[r++];if(n!==n)for(;void 0!==t[r];)e[i++]=t[r++];return e.length=i,e},grep:function(e,t,n){for(var r,i=[],o=0,a=e.length,s=!n;a>o;o++)r=!t(e[o],o),r!==s&&i.push(e[o]);return i},map:function(e,t,r){var i,o=0,a=e.length,s=n(e),l=[];if(s)for(;a>o;o++)i=t(e[o],o,r),null!=i&&l.push(i);else for(o in e)i=t(e[o],o,r),null!=i&&l.push(i);return J.apply([],l)},guid:1,proxy:function(e,t){var n,r,i;return"string"==typeof t&&(i=e[t],t=e,e=i),it.isFunction(e)?(n=Y.call(arguments,2),r=function(){return e.apply(t||this,n.concat(Y.call(arguments)))},r.guid=e.guid=e.guid||it.guid++,r):void 0},now:function(){return+new Date},support:nt}),it.each("Boolean Number String Function Array Date RegExp Object Error".split(" "),function(e,t){Z["[object "+t+"]"]=t.toLowerCase()});var ut=function(e){function t(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s,l,u,d,p,h,m;if((t?t.ownerDocument||t:P)!==H&&L(t),t=t||H,n=n||[],!e||"string"!=typeof e)return n;if(1!==(s=t.nodeType)&&9!==s)return[];if(q&&!r){if(i=yt.exec(e))if(a=i[1]){if(9===s){if(o=t.getElementById(a),!o||!o.parentNode)return n;if(o.id===a)return n.push(o),n}else if(t.ownerDocument&&(o=t.ownerDocument.getElementById(a))&&R(t,o)&&o.id===a)return n.push(o),n}else{if(i[2])return Z.apply(n,t.getElementsByTagName(e)),n;if((a=i[3])&&w.getElementsByClassName&&t.getElementsByClassName)return Z.apply(n,t.getElementsByClassName(a)),n}if(w.qsa&&(!F||!F.test(e))){if(p=d=B,h=t,m=9===s&&e,1===s&&"object"!==t.nodeName.toLowerCase()){for(u=C(e),(d=t.getAttribute("id"))?p=d.replace(xt,"\\$&"):t.setAttribute("id",p),p="[id='"+p+"'] ",l=u.length;l--;)u[l]=p+f(u[l]);h=bt.test(e)&&c(t.parentNode)||t,m=u.join(",")}if(m)try{return Z.apply(n,h.querySelectorAll(m)),n}catch(g){}finally{d||t.removeAttribute("id")}}}return S(e.replace(lt,"$1"),t,n,r)}function n(){function e(n,r){return t.push(n+" ")>T.cacheLength&&delete e[t.shift()],e[n+" "]=r}var t=[];return e}function r(e){return e[B]=!0,e}function i(e){var t=H.createElement("div");try{return!!e(t)}catch(n){return!1}finally{t.parentNode&&t.parentNode.removeChild(t),t=null}}function o(e,t){for(var n=e.split("|"),r=e.length;r--;)T.attrHandle[n[r]]=t}function a(e,t){var n=t&&e,r=n&&1===e.nodeType&&1===t.nodeType&&(~t.sourceIndex||G)-(~e.sourceIndex||G);if(r)return r;if(n)for(;n=n.nextSibling;)if(n===t)return-1;return e?1:-1}function s(e){return function(t){var n=t.nodeName.toLowerCase();return"input"===n&&t.type===e}}function l(e){return function(t){var n=t.nodeName.toLowerCase();return("input"===n||"button"===n)&&t.type===e}}function u(e){return r(function(t){return t=+t,r(function(n,r){for(var i,o=e([],n.length,t),a=o.length;a--;)n[i=o[a]]&&(n[i]=!(r[i]=n[i]))})})}function c(e){return e&&typeof e.getElementsByTagName!==V&&e}function d(){}function f(e){for(var t=0,n=e.length,r="";n>t;t++)r+=e[t].value;return r}function p(e,t,n){var r=t.dir,i=n&&"parentNode"===r,o=W++;return t.first?function(t,n,o){for(;t=t[r];)if(1===t.nodeType||i)return e(t,n,o)}:function(t,n,a){var s,l,u=[I,o];if(a){for(;t=t[r];)if((1===t.nodeType||i)&&e(t,n,a))return!0}else for(;t=t[r];)if(1===t.nodeType||i){if(l=t[B]||(t[B]={}),(s=l[r])&&s[0]===I&&s[1]===o)return u[2]=s[2];if(l[r]=u,u[2]=e(t,n,a))return!0}}}function h(e){return e.length>1?function(t,n,r){for(var i=e.length;i--;)if(!e[i](t,n,r))return!1;return!0}:e[0]}function m(e,n,r){for(var i=0,o=n.length;o>i;i++)t(e,n[i],r);return r}function g(e,t,n,r,i){for(var o,a=[],s=0,l=e.length,u=null!=t;l>s;s++)(o=e[s])&&(!n||n(o,r,i))&&(a.push(o),u&&t.push(s));return a}function v(e,t,n,i,o,a){return i&&!i[B]&&(i=v(i)),o&&!o[B]&&(o=v(o,a)),r(function(r,a,s,l){var u,c,d,f=[],p=[],h=a.length,v=r||m(t||"*",s.nodeType?[s]:s,[]),y=!e||!r&&t?v:g(v,f,e,s,l),b=n?o||(r?e:h||i)?[]:a:y;if(n&&n(y,b,s,l),i)for(u=g(b,p),i(u,[],s,l),c=u.length;c--;)(d=u[c])&&(b[p[c]]=!(y[p[c]]=d));if(r){if(o||e){if(o){for(u=[],c=b.length;c--;)(d=b[c])&&u.push(y[c]=d);o(null,b=[],u,l)}for(c=b.length;c--;)(d=b[c])&&(u=o?tt.call(r,d):f[c])>-1&&(r[u]=!(a[u]=d))}}else b=g(b===a?b.splice(h,b.length):b),o?o(null,a,b,l):Z.apply(a,b)})}function y(e){for(var t,n,r,i=e.length,o=T.relative[e[0].type],a=o||T.relative[" "],s=o?1:0,l=p(function(e){return e===t},a,!0),u=p(function(e){return tt.call(t,e)>-1},a,!0),c=[function(e,n,r){return!o&&(r||n!==j)||((t=n).nodeType?l(e,n,r):u(e,n,r))}];i>s;s++)if(n=T.relative[e[s].type])c=[p(h(c),n)];else{if(n=T.filter[e[s].type].apply(null,e[s].matches),n[B]){for(r=++s;i>r&&!T.relative[e[r].type];r++);return v(s>1&&h(c),s>1&&f(e.slice(0,s-1).concat({value:" "===e[s-2].type?"*":""})).replace(lt,"$1"),n,r>s&&y(e.slice(s,r)),i>r&&y(e=e.slice(r)),i>r&&f(e))}c.push(n)}return h(c)}function b(e,n){var i=n.length>0,o=e.length>0,a=function(r,a,s,l,u){var c,d,f,p=0,h="0",m=r&&[],v=[],y=j,b=r||o&&T.find.TAG("*",u),x=I+=null==y?1:Math.random()||.1,w=b.length;for(u&&(j=a!==H&&a);h!==w&&null!=(c=b[h]);h++){if(o&&c){for(d=0;f=e[d++];)if(f(c,a,s)){l.push(c);break}u&&(I=x)}i&&((c=!f&&c)&&p--,r&&m.push(c))}if(p+=h,i&&h!==p){for(d=0;f=n[d++];)f(m,v,a,s);if(r){if(p>0)for(;h--;)m[h]||v[h]||(v[h]=K.call(l));v=g(v)}Z.apply(l,v),u&&!r&&v.length>0&&p+n.length>1&&t.uniqueSort(l)}return u&&(I=x,j=y),m};return i?r(a):a}var x,w,T,E,k,C,N,S,j,A,D,L,H,_,q,F,M,O,R,B="sizzle"+-new Date,P=e.document,I=0,W=0,$=n(),z=n(),X=n(),U=function(e,t){return e===t&&(D=!0),0},V="undefined",G=1<<31,Y={}.hasOwnProperty,J=[],K=J.pop,Q=J.push,Z=J.push,et=J.slice,tt=J.indexOf||function(e){for(var t=0,n=this.length;n>t;t++)if(this[t]===e)return t;return-1},nt="checked|selected|async|autofocus|autoplay|controls|defer|disabled|hidden|ismap|loop|multiple|open|readonly|required|scoped",rt="[\\x20\\t\\r\\n\\f]",it="(?:\\\\.|[\\w-]|[^\\x00-\\xa0])+",ot=it.replace("w","w#"),at="\\["+rt+"*("+it+")(?:"+rt+"*([*^$|!~]?=)"+rt+"*(?:'((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\"|("+ot+"))|)"+rt+"*\\]",st=":("+it+")(?:\\((('((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\")|((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\()[\\]]|"+at+")*)|.*)\\)|)",lt=new RegExp("^"+rt+"+|((?:^|[^\\\\])(?:\\\\.)*)"+rt+"+$","g"),ut=new RegExp("^"+rt+"*,"+rt+"*"),ct=new RegExp("^"+rt+"*([>+~]|"+rt+")"+rt+"*"),dt=new RegExp("="+rt+"*([^\\]'\"]*?)"+rt+"*\\]","g"),ft=new RegExp(st),pt=new RegExp("^"+ot+"$"),ht={ID:new RegExp("^#("+it+")"),CLASS:new RegExp("^\\.("+it+")"),TAG:new RegExp("^("+it.replace("w","w*")+")"),ATTR:new RegExp("^"+at),PSEUDO:new RegExp("^"+st),CHILD:new RegExp("^:(only|first|last|nth|nth-last)-(child|of-type)(?:\\("+rt+"*(even|odd|(([+-]|)(\\d*)n|)"+rt+"*(?:([+-]|)"+rt+"*(\\d+)|))"+rt+"*\\)|)","i"),bool:new RegExp("^(?:"+nt+")$","i"),needsContext:new RegExp("^"+rt+"*[>+~]|:(even|odd|eq|gt|lt|nth|first|last)(?:\\("+rt+"*((?:-\\d)?\\d*)"+rt+"*\\)|)(?=[^-]|$)","i")},mt=/^(?:input|select|textarea|button)$/i,gt=/^h\d$/i,vt=/^[^{]+\{\s*\[native \w/,yt=/^(?:#([\w-]+)|(\w+)|\.([\w-]+))$/,bt=/[+~]/,xt=/'|\\/g,wt=new RegExp("\\\\([\\da-f]{1,6}"+rt+"?|("+rt+")|.)","ig"),Tt=function(e,t,n){var r="0x"+t-65536;return r!==r||n?t:0>r?String.fromCharCode(r+65536):String.fromCharCode(r>>10|55296,1023&r|56320)};try{Z.apply(J=et.call(P.childNodes),P.childNodes),J[P.childNodes.length].nodeType}catch(Et){Z={apply:J.length?function(e,t){Q.apply(e,et.call(t))}:function(e,t){for(var n=e.length,r=0;e[n++]=t[r++];);e.length=n-1}}}w=t.support={},k=t.isXML=function(e){var t=e&&(e.ownerDocument||e).documentElement;return t?"HTML"!==t.nodeName:!1},L=t.setDocument=function(e){var t,n=e?e.ownerDocument||e:P,r=n.defaultView;return n!==H&&9===n.nodeType&&n.documentElement?(H=n,_=n.documentElement,q=!k(n),r&&r!==r.top&&(r.addEventListener?r.addEventListener("unload",function(){L()},!1):r.attachEvent&&r.attachEvent("onunload",function(){L()})),w.attributes=i(function(e){return e.className="i",!e.getAttribute("className")}),w.getElementsByTagName=i(function(e){return e.appendChild(n.createComment("")),!e.getElementsByTagName("*").length}),w.getElementsByClassName=vt.test(n.getElementsByClassName)&&i(function(e){return e.innerHTML="<div class='a'></div><div class='a i'></div>",e.firstChild.className="i",2===e.getElementsByClassName("i").length}),w.getById=i(function(e){return _.appendChild(e).id=B,!n.getElementsByName||!n.getElementsByName(B).length}),w.getById?(T.find.ID=function(e,t){if(typeof t.getElementById!==V&&q){var n=t.getElementById(e);return n&&n.parentNode?[n]:[]}},T.filter.ID=function(e){var t=e.replace(wt,Tt);return function(e){return e.getAttribute("id")===t}}):(delete T.find.ID,T.filter.ID=function(e){var t=e.replace(wt,Tt);return function(e){var n=typeof e.getAttributeNode!==V&&e.getAttributeNode("id");return n&&n.value===t}}),T.find.TAG=w.getElementsByTagName?function(e,t){return typeof t.getElementsByTagName!==V?t.getElementsByTagName(e):void 0}:function(e,t){var n,r=[],i=0,o=t.getElementsByTagName(e);if("*"===e){for(;n=o[i++];)1===n.nodeType&&r.push(n);return r}return o},T.find.CLASS=w.getElementsByClassName&&function(e,t){return typeof t.getElementsByClassName!==V&&q?t.getElementsByClassName(e):void 0},M=[],F=[],(w.qsa=vt.test(n.querySelectorAll))&&(i(function(e){e.innerHTML="<select msallowclip=''><option selected=''></option></select>",e.querySelectorAll("[msallowclip^='']").length&&F.push("[*^$]="+rt+"*(?:''|\"\")"),e.querySelectorAll("[selected]").length||F.push("\\["+rt+"*(?:value|"+nt+")"),e.querySelectorAll(":checked").length||F.push(":checked")}),i(function(e){var t=n.createElement("input");t.setAttribute("type","hidden"),e.appendChild(t).setAttribute("name","D"),e.querySelectorAll("[name=d]").length&&F.push("name"+rt+"*[*^$|!~]?="),e.querySelectorAll(":enabled").length||F.push(":enabled",":disabled"),e.querySelectorAll("*,:x"),F.push(",.*:")})),(w.matchesSelector=vt.test(O=_.matches||_.webkitMatchesSelector||_.mozMatchesSelector||_.oMatchesSelector||_.msMatchesSelector))&&i(function(e){w.disconnectedMatch=O.call(e,"div"),O.call(e,"[s!='']:x"),M.push("!=",st)}),F=F.length&&new RegExp(F.join("|")),M=M.length&&new RegExp(M.join("|")),t=vt.test(_.compareDocumentPosition),R=t||vt.test(_.contains)?function(e,t){var n=9===e.nodeType?e.documentElement:e,r=t&&t.parentNode;return e===r||!(!r||1!==r.nodeType||!(n.contains?n.contains(r):e.compareDocumentPosition&&16&e.compareDocumentPosition(r)))}:function(e,t){if(t)for(;t=t.parentNode;)if(t===e)return!0;return!1},U=t?function(e,t){if(e===t)return D=!0,0;var r=!e.compareDocumentPosition-!t.compareDocumentPosition;return r?r:(r=(e.ownerDocument||e)===(t.ownerDocument||t)?e.compareDocumentPosition(t):1,1&r||!w.sortDetached&&t.compareDocumentPosition(e)===r?e===n||e.ownerDocument===P&&R(P,e)?-1:t===n||t.ownerDocument===P&&R(P,t)?1:A?tt.call(A,e)-tt.call(A,t):0:4&r?-1:1)}:function(e,t){if(e===t)return D=!0,0;var r,i=0,o=e.parentNode,s=t.parentNode,l=[e],u=[t];if(!o||!s)return e===n?-1:t===n?1:o?-1:s?1:A?tt.call(A,e)-tt.call(A,t):0;if(o===s)return a(e,t);for(r=e;r=r.parentNode;)l.unshift(r);for(r=t;r=r.parentNode;)u.unshift(r);for(;l[i]===u[i];)i++;return i?a(l[i],u[i]):l[i]===P?-1:u[i]===P?1:0},n):H},t.matches=function(e,n){return t(e,null,null,n)},t.matchesSelector=function(e,n){if((e.ownerDocument||e)!==H&&L(e),n=n.replace(dt,"='$1']"),!(!w.matchesSelector||!q||M&&M.test(n)||F&&F.test(n)))try{var r=O.call(e,n);if(r||w.disconnectedMatch||e.document&&11!==e.document.nodeType)return r}catch(i){}return t(n,H,null,[e]).length>0},t.contains=function(e,t){return(e.ownerDocument||e)!==H&&L(e),R(e,t)},t.attr=function(e,t){(e.ownerDocument||e)!==H&&L(e);var n=T.attrHandle[t.toLowerCase()],r=n&&Y.call(T.attrHandle,t.toLowerCase())?n(e,t,!q):void 0;return void 0!==r?r:w.attributes||!q?e.getAttribute(t):(r=e.getAttributeNode(t))&&r.specified?r.value:null},t.error=function(e){throw new Error("Syntax error, unrecognized expression: "+e)},t.uniqueSort=function(e){var t,n=[],r=0,i=0;if(D=!w.detectDuplicates,A=!w.sortStable&&e.slice(0),e.sort(U),D){for(;t=e[i++];)t===e[i]&&(r=n.push(i));for(;r--;)e.splice(n[r],1)}return A=null,e},E=t.getText=function(e){var t,n="",r=0,i=e.nodeType;if(i){if(1===i||9===i||11===i){if("string"==typeof e.textContent)return e.textContent;for(e=e.firstChild;e;e=e.nextSibling)n+=E(e)}else if(3===i||4===i)return e.nodeValue}else for(;t=e[r++];)n+=E(t);return n},T=t.selectors={cacheLength:50,createPseudo:r,match:ht,attrHandle:{},find:{},relative:{">":{dir:"parentNode",first:!0}," ":{dir:"parentNode"},"+":{dir:"previousSibling",first:!0},"~":{dir:"previousSibling"}},preFilter:{ATTR:function(e){return e[1]=e[1].replace(wt,Tt),e[3]=(e[3]||e[4]||e[5]||"").replace(wt,Tt),"~="===e[2]&&(e[3]=" "+e[3]+" "),e.slice(0,4)},CHILD:function(e){return e[1]=e[1].toLowerCase(),"nth"===e[1].slice(0,3)?(e[3]||t.error(e[0]),e[4]=+(e[4]?e[5]+(e[6]||1):2*("even"===e[3]||"odd"===e[3])),e[5]=+(e[7]+e[8]||"odd"===e[3])):e[3]&&t.error(e[0]),e},PSEUDO:function(e){var t,n=!e[6]&&e[2];return ht.CHILD.test(e[0])?null:(e[3]?e[2]=e[4]||e[5]||"":n&&ft.test(n)&&(t=C(n,!0))&&(t=n.indexOf(")",n.length-t)-n.length)&&(e[0]=e[0].slice(0,t),e[2]=n.slice(0,t)),e.slice(0,3))}},filter:{TAG:function(e){var t=e.replace(wt,Tt).toLowerCase();return"*"===e?function(){return!0}:function(e){return e.nodeName&&e.nodeName.toLowerCase()===t}},CLASS:function(e){var t=$[e+" "];return t||(t=new RegExp("(^|"+rt+")"+e+"("+rt+"|$)"))&&$(e,function(e){return t.test("string"==typeof e.className&&e.className||typeof e.getAttribute!==V&&e.getAttribute("class")||"")})},ATTR:function(e,n,r){return function(i){var o=t.attr(i,e);return null==o?"!="===n:n?(o+="","="===n?o===r:"!="===n?o!==r:"^="===n?r&&0===o.indexOf(r):"*="===n?r&&o.indexOf(r)>-1:"$="===n?r&&o.slice(-r.length)===r:"~="===n?(" "+o+" ").indexOf(r)>-1:"|="===n?o===r||o.slice(0,r.length+1)===r+"-":!1):!0}},CHILD:function(e,t,n,r,i){var o="nth"!==e.slice(0,3),a="last"!==e.slice(-4),s="of-type"===t;return 1===r&&0===i?function(e){return!!e.parentNode}:function(t,n,l){var u,c,d,f,p,h,m=o!==a?"nextSibling":"previousSibling",g=t.parentNode,v=s&&t.nodeName.toLowerCase(),y=!l&&!s;if(g){if(o){for(;m;){for(d=t;d=d[m];)if(s?d.nodeName.toLowerCase()===v:1===d.nodeType)return!1;h=m="only"===e&&!h&&"nextSibling"}return!0}if(h=[a?g.firstChild:g.lastChild],a&&y){for(c=g[B]||(g[B]={}),u=c[e]||[],p=u[0]===I&&u[1],f=u[0]===I&&u[2],d=p&&g.childNodes[p];d=++p&&d&&d[m]||(f=p=0)||h.pop();)if(1===d.nodeType&&++f&&d===t){c[e]=[I,p,f];break}}else if(y&&(u=(t[B]||(t[B]={}))[e])&&u[0]===I)f=u[1];else for(;(d=++p&&d&&d[m]||(f=p=0)||h.pop())&&((s?d.nodeName.toLowerCase()!==v:1!==d.nodeType)||!++f||(y&&((d[B]||(d[B]={}))[e]=[I,f]),d!==t)););return f-=i,f===r||f%r===0&&f/r>=0}}},PSEUDO:function(e,n){var i,o=T.pseudos[e]||T.setFilters[e.toLowerCase()]||t.error("unsupported pseudo: "+e);return o[B]?o(n):o.length>1?(i=[e,e,"",n],T.setFilters.hasOwnProperty(e.toLowerCase())?r(function(e,t){for(var r,i=o(e,n),a=i.length;a--;)r=tt.call(e,i[a]),e[r]=!(t[r]=i[a])}):function(e){return o(e,0,i)}):o}},pseudos:{not:r(function(e){var t=[],n=[],i=N(e.replace(lt,"$1"));return i[B]?r(function(e,t,n,r){for(var o,a=i(e,null,r,[]),s=e.length;s--;)(o=a[s])&&(e[s]=!(t[s]=o))}):function(e,r,o){return t[0]=e,i(t,null,o,n),!n.pop()}}),has:r(function(e){return function(n){return t(e,n).length>0}}),contains:r(function(e){return function(t){return(t.textContent||t.innerText||E(t)).indexOf(e)>-1}}),lang:r(function(e){return pt.test(e||"")||t.error("unsupported lang: "+e),e=e.replace(wt,Tt).toLowerCase(),function(t){var n;do if(n=q?t.lang:t.getAttribute("xml:lang")||t.getAttribute("lang"))return n=n.toLowerCase(),n===e||0===n.indexOf(e+"-");while((t=t.parentNode)&&1===t.nodeType);return!1}}),target:function(t){var n=e.location&&e.location.hash;return n&&n.slice(1)===t.id},root:function(e){return e===_},focus:function(e){return e===H.activeElement&&(!H.hasFocus||H.hasFocus())&&!!(e.type||e.href||~e.tabIndex)},enabled:function(e){return e.disabled===!1},disabled:function(e){return e.disabled===!0},checked:function(e){var t=e.nodeName.toLowerCase();return"input"===t&&!!e.checked||"option"===t&&!!e.selected},selected:function(e){return e.parentNode&&e.parentNode.selectedIndex,e.selected===!0},empty:function(e){for(e=e.firstChild;e;e=e.nextSibling)if(e.nodeType<6)return!1;return!0},parent:function(e){return!T.pseudos.empty(e)},header:function(e){return gt.test(e.nodeName)},input:function(e){return mt.test(e.nodeName)},button:function(e){var t=e.nodeName.toLowerCase();return"input"===t&&"button"===e.type||"button"===t},text:function(e){var t;return"input"===e.nodeName.toLowerCase()&&"text"===e.type&&(null==(t=e.getAttribute("type"))||"text"===t.toLowerCase())},first:u(function(){return[0]}),last:u(function(e,t){return[t-1]}),eq:u(function(e,t,n){return[0>n?n+t:n]}),even:u(function(e,t){for(var n=0;t>n;n+=2)e.push(n);return e}),odd:u(function(e,t){for(var n=1;t>n;n+=2)e.push(n);return e}),lt:u(function(e,t,n){for(var r=0>n?n+t:n;--r>=0;)e.push(r);return e}),gt:u(function(e,t,n){for(var r=0>n?n+t:n;++r<t;)e.push(r);return e})}},T.pseudos.nth=T.pseudos.eq;for(x in{radio:!0,checkbox:!0,file:!0,password:!0,image:!0})T.pseudos[x]=s(x);for(x in{submit:!0,reset:!0})T.pseudos[x]=l(x);return d.prototype=T.filters=T.pseudos,T.setFilters=new d,C=t.tokenize=function(e,n){var r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c=z[e+" "];if(c)return n?0:c.slice(0);for(s=e,l=[],u=T.preFilter;s;){(!r||(i=ut.exec(s)))&&(i&&(s=s.slice(i[0].length)||s),l.push(o=[])),r=!1,(i=ct.exec(s))&&(r=i.shift(),o.push({value:r,type:i[0].replace(lt," ")}),s=s.slice(r.length));for(a in T.filter)!(i=ht[a].exec(s))||u[a]&&!(i=u[a](i))||(r=i.shift(),o.push({value:r,type:a,matches:i}),s=s.slice(r.length));if(!r)break}return n?s.length:s?t.error(e):z(e,l).slice(0)},N=t.compile=function(e,t){var n,r=[],i=[],o=X[e+" "];if(!o){for(t||(t=C(e)),n=t.length;n--;)o=y(t[n]),o[B]?r.push(o):i.push(o);o=X(e,b(i,r)),o.selector=e}return o},S=t.select=function(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s,l,u="function"==typeof e&&e,d=!r&&C(e=u.selector||e);if(n=n||[],1===d.length){if(o=d[0]=d[0].slice(0),o.length>2&&"ID"===(a=o[0]).type&&w.getById&&9===t.nodeType&&q&&T.relative[o[1].type]){if(t=(T.find.ID(a.matches[0].replace(wt,Tt),t)||[])[0],!t)return n;u&&(t=t.parentNode),e=e.slice(o.shift().value.length)}for(i=ht.needsContext.test(e)?0:o.length;i--&&(a=o[i],!T.relative[s=a.type]);)if((l=T.find[s])&&(r=l(a.matches[0].replace(wt,Tt),bt.test(o[0].type)&&c(t.parentNode)||t))){if(o.splice(i,1),e=r.length&&f(o),!e)return Z.apply(n,r),n;
+break}}return(u||N(e,d))(r,t,!q,n,bt.test(e)&&c(t.parentNode)||t),n},w.sortStable=B.split("").sort(U).join("")===B,w.detectDuplicates=!!D,L(),w.sortDetached=i(function(e){return 1&e.compareDocumentPosition(H.createElement("div"))}),i(function(e){return e.innerHTML="<a href='#'></a>","#"===e.firstChild.getAttribute("href")})||o("type|href|height|width",function(e,t,n){return n?void 0:e.getAttribute(t,"type"===t.toLowerCase()?1:2)}),w.attributes&&i(function(e){return e.innerHTML="<input/>",e.firstChild.setAttribute("value",""),""===e.firstChild.getAttribute("value")})||o("value",function(e,t,n){return n||"input"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase()?void 0:e.defaultValue}),i(function(e){return null==e.getAttribute("disabled")})||o(nt,function(e,t,n){var r;return n?void 0:e[t]===!0?t.toLowerCase():(r=e.getAttributeNode(t))&&r.specified?r.value:null}),t}(e);it.find=ut,it.expr=ut.selectors,it.expr[":"]=it.expr.pseudos,it.unique=ut.uniqueSort,it.text=ut.getText,it.isXMLDoc=ut.isXML,it.contains=ut.contains;var ct=it.expr.match.needsContext,dt=/^<(\w+)\s*\/?>(?:<\/\1>|)$/,ft=/^.[^:#\[\.,]*$/;it.filter=function(e,t,n){var r=t[0];return n&&(e=":not("+e+")"),1===t.length&&1===r.nodeType?it.find.matchesSelector(r,e)?[r]:[]:it.find.matches(e,it.grep(t,function(e){return 1===e.nodeType}))},it.fn.extend({find:function(e){var t,n=[],r=this,i=r.length;if("string"!=typeof e)return this.pushStack(it(e).filter(function(){for(t=0;i>t;t++)if(it.contains(r[t],this))return!0}));for(t=0;i>t;t++)it.find(e,r[t],n);return n=this.pushStack(i>1?it.unique(n):n),n.selector=this.selector?this.selector+" "+e:e,n},filter:function(e){return this.pushStack(r(this,e||[],!1))},not:function(e){return this.pushStack(r(this,e||[],!0))},is:function(e){return!!r(this,"string"==typeof e&&ct.test(e)?it(e):e||[],!1).length}});var pt,ht=e.document,mt=/^(?:\s*(<[\w\W]+>)[^>]*|#([\w-]*))$/,gt=it.fn.init=function(e,t){var n,r;if(!e)return this;if("string"==typeof e){if(n="<"===e.charAt(0)&&">"===e.charAt(e.length-1)&&e.length>=3?[null,e,null]:mt.exec(e),!n||!n[1]&&t)return!t||t.jquery?(t||pt).find(e):this.constructor(t).find(e);if(n[1]){if(t=t instanceof it?t[0]:t,it.merge(this,it.parseHTML(n[1],t&&t.nodeType?t.ownerDocument||t:ht,!0)),dt.test(n[1])&&it.isPlainObject(t))for(n in t)it.isFunction(this[n])?this[n](t[n]):this.attr(n,t[n]);return this}if(r=ht.getElementById(n[2]),r&&r.parentNode){if(r.id!==n[2])return pt.find(e);this.length=1,this[0]=r}return this.context=ht,this.selector=e,this}return e.nodeType?(this.context=this[0]=e,this.length=1,this):it.isFunction(e)?"undefined"!=typeof pt.ready?pt.ready(e):e(it):(void 0!==e.selector&&(this.selector=e.selector,this.context=e.context),it.makeArray(e,this))};gt.prototype=it.fn,pt=it(ht);var vt=/^(?:parents|prev(?:Until|All))/,yt={children:!0,contents:!0,next:!0,prev:!0};it.extend({dir:function(e,t,n){for(var r=[],i=e[t];i&&9!==i.nodeType&&(void 0===n||1!==i.nodeType||!it(i).is(n));)1===i.nodeType&&r.push(i),i=i[t];return r},sibling:function(e,t){for(var n=[];e;e=e.nextSibling)1===e.nodeType&&e!==t&&n.push(e);return n}}),it.fn.extend({has:function(e){var t,n=it(e,this),r=n.length;return this.filter(function(){for(t=0;r>t;t++)if(it.contains(this,n[t]))return!0})},closest:function(e,t){for(var n,r=0,i=this.length,o=[],a=ct.test(e)||"string"!=typeof e?it(e,t||this.context):0;i>r;r++)for(n=this[r];n&&n!==t;n=n.parentNode)if(n.nodeType<11&&(a?a.index(n)>-1:1===n.nodeType&&it.find.matchesSelector(n,e))){o.push(n);break}return this.pushStack(o.length>1?it.unique(o):o)},index:function(e){return e?"string"==typeof e?it.inArray(this[0],it(e)):it.inArray(e.jquery?e[0]:e,this):this[0]&&this[0].parentNode?this.first().prevAll().length:-1},add:function(e,t){return this.pushStack(it.unique(it.merge(this.get(),it(e,t))))},addBack:function(e){return this.add(null==e?this.prevObject:this.prevObject.filter(e))}}),it.each({parent:function(e){var t=e.parentNode;return t&&11!==t.nodeType?t:null},parents:function(e){return it.dir(e,"parentNode")},parentsUntil:function(e,t,n){return it.dir(e,"parentNode",n)},next:function(e){return i(e,"nextSibling")},prev:function(e){return i(e,"previousSibling")},nextAll:function(e){return it.dir(e,"nextSibling")},prevAll:function(e){return it.dir(e,"previousSibling")},nextUntil:function(e,t,n){return it.dir(e,"nextSibling",n)},prevUntil:function(e,t,n){return it.dir(e,"previousSibling",n)},siblings:function(e){return it.sibling((e.parentNode||{}).firstChild,e)},children:function(e){return it.sibling(e.firstChild)},contents:function(e){return it.nodeName(e,"iframe")?e.contentDocument||e.contentWindow.document:it.merge([],e.childNodes)}},function(e,t){it.fn[e]=function(n,r){var i=it.map(this,t,n);return"Until"!==e.slice(-5)&&(r=n),r&&"string"==typeof r&&(i=it.filter(r,i)),this.length>1&&(yt[e]||(i=it.unique(i)),vt.test(e)&&(i=i.reverse())),this.pushStack(i)}});var bt=/\S+/g,xt={};it.Callbacks=function(e){e="string"==typeof e?xt[e]||o(e):it.extend({},e);var t,n,r,i,a,s,l=[],u=!e.once&&[],c=function(o){for(n=e.memory&&o,r=!0,a=s||0,s=0,i=l.length,t=!0;l&&i>a;a++)if(l[a].apply(o[0],o[1])===!1&&e.stopOnFalse){n=!1;break}t=!1,l&&(u?u.length&&c(u.shift()):n?l=[]:d.disable())},d={add:function(){if(l){var r=l.length;!function o(t){it.each(t,function(t,n){var r=it.type(n);"function"===r?e.unique&&d.has(n)||l.push(n):n&&n.length&&"string"!==r&&o(n)})}(arguments),t?i=l.length:n&&(s=r,c(n))}return this},remove:function(){return l&&it.each(arguments,function(e,n){for(var r;(r=it.inArray(n,l,r))>-1;)l.splice(r,1),t&&(i>=r&&i--,a>=r&&a--)}),this},has:function(e){return e?it.inArray(e,l)>-1:!(!l||!l.length)},empty:function(){return l=[],i=0,this},disable:function(){return l=u=n=void 0,this},disabled:function(){return!l},lock:function(){return u=void 0,n||d.disable(),this},locked:function(){return!u},fireWith:function(e,n){return!l||r&&!u||(n=n||[],n=[e,n.slice?n.slice():n],t?u.push(n):c(n)),this},fire:function(){return d.fireWith(this,arguments),this},fired:function(){return!!r}};return d},it.extend({Deferred:function(e){var t=[["resolve","done",it.Callbacks("once memory"),"resolved"],["reject","fail",it.Callbacks("once memory"),"rejected"],["notify","progress",it.Callbacks("memory")]],n="pending",r={state:function(){return n},always:function(){return i.done(arguments).fail(arguments),this},then:function(){var e=arguments;return it.Deferred(function(n){it.each(t,function(t,o){var a=it.isFunction(e[t])&&e[t];i[o[1]](function(){var e=a&&a.apply(this,arguments);e&&it.isFunction(e.promise)?e.promise().done(n.resolve).fail(n.reject).progress(n.notify):n[o[0]+"With"](this===r?n.promise():this,a?[e]:arguments)})}),e=null}).promise()},promise:function(e){return null!=e?it.extend(e,r):r}},i={};return r.pipe=r.then,it.each(t,function(e,o){var a=o[2],s=o[3];r[o[1]]=a.add,s&&a.add(function(){n=s},t[1^e][2].disable,t[2][2].lock),i[o[0]]=function(){return i[o[0]+"With"](this===i?r:this,arguments),this},i[o[0]+"With"]=a.fireWith}),r.promise(i),e&&e.call(i,i),i},when:function(e){var t,n,r,i=0,o=Y.call(arguments),a=o.length,s=1!==a||e&&it.isFunction(e.promise)?a:0,l=1===s?e:it.Deferred(),u=function(e,n,r){return function(i){n[e]=this,r[e]=arguments.length>1?Y.call(arguments):i,r===t?l.notifyWith(n,r):--s||l.resolveWith(n,r)}};if(a>1)for(t=new Array(a),n=new Array(a),r=new Array(a);a>i;i++)o[i]&&it.isFunction(o[i].promise)?o[i].promise().done(u(i,r,o)).fail(l.reject).progress(u(i,n,t)):--s;return s||l.resolveWith(r,o),l.promise()}});var wt;it.fn.ready=function(e){return it.ready.promise().done(e),this},it.extend({isReady:!1,readyWait:1,holdReady:function(e){e?it.readyWait++:it.ready(!0)},ready:function(e){if(e===!0?!--it.readyWait:!it.isReady){if(!ht.body)return setTimeout(it.ready);it.isReady=!0,e!==!0&&--it.readyWait>0||(wt.resolveWith(ht,[it]),it.fn.triggerHandler&&(it(ht).triggerHandler("ready"),it(ht).off("ready")))}}}),it.ready.promise=function(t){if(!wt)if(wt=it.Deferred(),"complete"===ht.readyState)setTimeout(it.ready);else if(ht.addEventListener)ht.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",s,!1),e.addEventListener("load",s,!1);else{ht.attachEvent("onreadystatechange",s),e.attachEvent("onload",s);var n=!1;try{n=null==e.frameElement&&ht.documentElement}catch(r){}n&&n.doScroll&&!function i(){if(!it.isReady){try{n.doScroll("left")}catch(e){return setTimeout(i,50)}a(),it.ready()}}()}return wt.promise(t)};var Tt,Et="undefined";for(Tt in it(nt))break;nt.ownLast="0"!==Tt,nt.inlineBlockNeedsLayout=!1,it(function(){var e,t,n,r;n=ht.getElementsByTagName("body")[0],n&&n.style&&(t=ht.createElement("div"),r=ht.createElement("div"),r.style.cssText="position:absolute;border:0;width:0;height:0;top:0;left:-9999px",n.appendChild(r).appendChild(t),typeof t.style.zoom!==Et&&(t.style.cssText="display:inline;margin:0;border:0;padding:1px;width:1px;zoom:1",nt.inlineBlockNeedsLayout=e=3===t.offsetWidth,e&&(n.style.zoom=1)),n.removeChild(r))}),function(){var e=ht.createElement("div");if(null==nt.deleteExpando){nt.deleteExpando=!0;try{delete e.test}catch(t){nt.deleteExpando=!1}}e=null}(),it.acceptData=function(e){var t=it.noData[(e.nodeName+" ").toLowerCase()],n=+e.nodeType||1;return 1!==n&&9!==n?!1:!t||t!==!0&&e.getAttribute("classid")===t};var kt=/^(?:\{[\w\W]*\}|\[[\w\W]*\])$/,Ct=/([A-Z])/g;it.extend({cache:{},noData:{"applet ":!0,"embed ":!0,"object ":"clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000"},hasData:function(e){return e=e.nodeType?it.cache[e[it.expando]]:e[it.expando],!!e&&!u(e)},data:function(e,t,n){return c(e,t,n)},removeData:function(e,t){return d(e,t)},_data:function(e,t,n){return c(e,t,n,!0)},_removeData:function(e,t){return d(e,t,!0)}}),it.fn.extend({data:function(e,t){var n,r,i,o=this[0],a=o&&o.attributes;if(void 0===e){if(this.length&&(i=it.data(o),1===o.nodeType&&!it._data(o,"parsedAttrs"))){for(n=a.length;n--;)a[n]&&(r=a[n].name,0===r.indexOf("data-")&&(r=it.camelCase(r.slice(5)),l(o,r,i[r])));it._data(o,"parsedAttrs",!0)}return i}return"object"==typeof e?this.each(function(){it.data(this,e)}):arguments.length>1?this.each(function(){it.data(this,e,t)}):o?l(o,e,it.data(o,e)):void 0},removeData:function(e){return this.each(function(){it.removeData(this,e)})}}),it.extend({queue:function(e,t,n){var r;return e?(t=(t||"fx")+"queue",r=it._data(e,t),n&&(!r||it.isArray(n)?r=it._data(e,t,it.makeArray(n)):r.push(n)),r||[]):void 0},dequeue:function(e,t){t=t||"fx";var n=it.queue(e,t),r=n.length,i=n.shift(),o=it._queueHooks(e,t),a=function(){it.dequeue(e,t)};"inprogress"===i&&(i=n.shift(),r--),i&&("fx"===t&&n.unshift("inprogress"),delete o.stop,i.call(e,a,o)),!r&&o&&o.empty.fire()},_queueHooks:function(e,t){var n=t+"queueHooks";return it._data(e,n)||it._data(e,n,{empty:it.Callbacks("once memory").add(function(){it._removeData(e,t+"queue"),it._removeData(e,n)})})}}),it.fn.extend({queue:function(e,t){var n=2;return"string"!=typeof e&&(t=e,e="fx",n--),arguments.length<n?it.queue(this[0],e):void 0===t?this:this.each(function(){var n=it.queue(this,e,t);it._queueHooks(this,e),"fx"===e&&"inprogress"!==n[0]&&it.dequeue(this,e)})},dequeue:function(e){return this.each(function(){it.dequeue(this,e)})},clearQueue:function(e){return this.queue(e||"fx",[])},promise:function(e,t){var n,r=1,i=it.Deferred(),o=this,a=this.length,s=function(){--r||i.resolveWith(o,[o])};for("string"!=typeof e&&(t=e,e=void 0),e=e||"fx";a--;)n=it._data(o[a],e+"queueHooks"),n&&n.empty&&(r++,n.empty.add(s));return s(),i.promise(t)}});var Nt=/[+-]?(?:\d*\.|)\d+(?:[eE][+-]?\d+|)/.source,St=["Top","Right","Bottom","Left"],jt=function(e,t){return e=t||e,"none"===it.css(e,"display")||!it.contains(e.ownerDocument,e)},At=it.access=function(e,t,n,r,i,o,a){var s=0,l=e.length,u=null==n;if("object"===it.type(n)){i=!0;for(s in n)it.access(e,t,s,n[s],!0,o,a)}else if(void 0!==r&&(i=!0,it.isFunction(r)||(a=!0),u&&(a?(t.call(e,r),t=null):(u=t,t=function(e,t,n){return u.call(it(e),n)})),t))for(;l>s;s++)t(e[s],n,a?r:r.call(e[s],s,t(e[s],n)));return i?e:u?t.call(e):l?t(e[0],n):o},Dt=/^(?:checkbox|radio)$/i;!function(){var e=ht.createElement("input"),t=ht.createElement("div"),n=ht.createDocumentFragment();if(t.innerHTML="  <link/><table></table><a href='/a'>a</a><input type='checkbox'/>",nt.leadingWhitespace=3===t.firstChild.nodeType,nt.tbody=!t.getElementsByTagName("tbody").length,nt.htmlSerialize=!!t.getElementsByTagName("link").length,nt.html5Clone="<:nav></:nav>"!==ht.createElement("nav").cloneNode(!0).outerHTML,e.type="checkbox",e.checked=!0,n.appendChild(e),nt.appendChecked=e.checked,t.innerHTML="<textarea>x</textarea>",nt.noCloneChecked=!!t.cloneNode(!0).lastChild.defaultValue,n.appendChild(t),t.innerHTML="<input type='radio' checked='checked' name='t'/>",nt.checkClone=t.cloneNode(!0).cloneNode(!0).lastChild.checked,nt.noCloneEvent=!0,t.attachEvent&&(t.attachEvent("onclick",function(){nt.noCloneEvent=!1}),t.cloneNode(!0).click()),null==nt.deleteExpando){nt.deleteExpando=!0;try{delete t.test}catch(r){nt.deleteExpando=!1}}}(),function(){var t,n,r=ht.createElement("div");for(t in{submit:!0,change:!0,focusin:!0})n="on"+t,(nt[t+"Bubbles"]=n in e)||(r.setAttribute(n,"t"),nt[t+"Bubbles"]=r.attributes[n].expando===!1);r=null}();var Lt=/^(?:input|select|textarea)$/i,Ht=/^key/,_t=/^(?:mouse|pointer|contextmenu)|click/,qt=/^(?:focusinfocus|focusoutblur)$/,Ft=/^([^.]*)(?:\.(.+)|)$/;it.event={global:{},add:function(e,t,n,r,i){var o,a,s,l,u,c,d,f,p,h,m,g=it._data(e);if(g){for(n.handler&&(l=n,n=l.handler,i=l.selector),n.guid||(n.guid=it.guid++),(a=g.events)||(a=g.events={}),(c=g.handle)||(c=g.handle=function(e){return typeof it===Et||e&&it.event.triggered===e.type?void 0:it.event.dispatch.apply(c.elem,arguments)},c.elem=e),t=(t||"").match(bt)||[""],s=t.length;s--;)o=Ft.exec(t[s])||[],p=m=o[1],h=(o[2]||"").split(".").sort(),p&&(u=it.event.special[p]||{},p=(i?u.delegateType:u.bindType)||p,u=it.event.special[p]||{},d=it.extend({type:p,origType:m,data:r,handler:n,guid:n.guid,selector:i,needsContext:i&&it.expr.match.needsContext.test(i),namespace:h.join(".")},l),(f=a[p])||(f=a[p]=[],f.delegateCount=0,u.setup&&u.setup.call(e,r,h,c)!==!1||(e.addEventListener?e.addEventListener(p,c,!1):e.attachEvent&&e.attachEvent("on"+p,c))),u.add&&(u.add.call(e,d),d.handler.guid||(d.handler.guid=n.guid)),i?f.splice(f.delegateCount++,0,d):f.push(d),it.event.global[p]=!0);e=null}},remove:function(e,t,n,r,i){var o,a,s,l,u,c,d,f,p,h,m,g=it.hasData(e)&&it._data(e);if(g&&(c=g.events)){for(t=(t||"").match(bt)||[""],u=t.length;u--;)if(s=Ft.exec(t[u])||[],p=m=s[1],h=(s[2]||"").split(".").sort(),p){for(d=it.event.special[p]||{},p=(r?d.delegateType:d.bindType)||p,f=c[p]||[],s=s[2]&&new RegExp("(^|\\.)"+h.join("\\.(?:.*\\.|)")+"(\\.|$)"),l=o=f.length;o--;)a=f[o],!i&&m!==a.origType||n&&n.guid!==a.guid||s&&!s.test(a.namespace)||r&&r!==a.selector&&("**"!==r||!a.selector)||(f.splice(o,1),a.selector&&f.delegateCount--,d.remove&&d.remove.call(e,a));l&&!f.length&&(d.teardown&&d.teardown.call(e,h,g.handle)!==!1||it.removeEvent(e,p,g.handle),delete c[p])}else for(p in c)it.event.remove(e,p+t[u],n,r,!0);it.isEmptyObject(c)&&(delete g.handle,it._removeData(e,"events"))}},trigger:function(t,n,r,i){var o,a,s,l,u,c,d,f=[r||ht],p=tt.call(t,"type")?t.type:t,h=tt.call(t,"namespace")?t.namespace.split("."):[];if(s=c=r=r||ht,3!==r.nodeType&&8!==r.nodeType&&!qt.test(p+it.event.triggered)&&(p.indexOf(".")>=0&&(h=p.split("."),p=h.shift(),h.sort()),a=p.indexOf(":")<0&&"on"+p,t=t[it.expando]?t:new it.Event(p,"object"==typeof t&&t),t.isTrigger=i?2:3,t.namespace=h.join("."),t.namespace_re=t.namespace?new RegExp("(^|\\.)"+h.join("\\.(?:.*\\.|)")+"(\\.|$)"):null,t.result=void 0,t.target||(t.target=r),n=null==n?[t]:it.makeArray(n,[t]),u=it.event.special[p]||{},i||!u.trigger||u.trigger.apply(r,n)!==!1)){if(!i&&!u.noBubble&&!it.isWindow(r)){for(l=u.delegateType||p,qt.test(l+p)||(s=s.parentNode);s;s=s.parentNode)f.push(s),c=s;c===(r.ownerDocument||ht)&&f.push(c.defaultView||c.parentWindow||e)}for(d=0;(s=f[d++])&&!t.isPropagationStopped();)t.type=d>1?l:u.bindType||p,o=(it._data(s,"events")||{})[t.type]&&it._data(s,"handle"),o&&o.apply(s,n),o=a&&s[a],o&&o.apply&&it.acceptData(s)&&(t.result=o.apply(s,n),t.result===!1&&t.preventDefault());if(t.type=p,!i&&!t.isDefaultPrevented()&&(!u._default||u._default.apply(f.pop(),n)===!1)&&it.acceptData(r)&&a&&r[p]&&!it.isWindow(r)){c=r[a],c&&(r[a]=null),it.event.triggered=p;try{r[p]()}catch(m){}it.event.triggered=void 0,c&&(r[a]=c)}return t.result}},dispatch:function(e){e=it.event.fix(e);var t,n,r,i,o,a=[],s=Y.call(arguments),l=(it._data(this,"events")||{})[e.type]||[],u=it.event.special[e.type]||{};if(s[0]=e,e.delegateTarget=this,!u.preDispatch||u.preDispatch.call(this,e)!==!1){for(a=it.event.handlers.call(this,e,l),t=0;(i=a[t++])&&!e.isPropagationStopped();)for(e.currentTarget=i.elem,o=0;(r=i.handlers[o++])&&!e.isImmediatePropagationStopped();)(!e.namespace_re||e.namespace_re.test(r.namespace))&&(e.handleObj=r,e.data=r.data,n=((it.event.special[r.origType]||{}).handle||r.handler).apply(i.elem,s),void 0!==n&&(e.result=n)===!1&&(e.preventDefault(),e.stopPropagation()));return u.postDispatch&&u.postDispatch.call(this,e),e.result}},handlers:function(e,t){var n,r,i,o,a=[],s=t.delegateCount,l=e.target;if(s&&l.nodeType&&(!e.button||"click"!==e.type))for(;l!=this;l=l.parentNode||this)if(1===l.nodeType&&(l.disabled!==!0||"click"!==e.type)){for(i=[],o=0;s>o;o++)r=t[o],n=r.selector+" ",void 0===i[n]&&(i[n]=r.needsContext?it(n,this).index(l)>=0:it.find(n,this,null,[l]).length),i[n]&&i.push(r);i.length&&a.push({elem:l,handlers:i})}return s<t.length&&a.push({elem:this,handlers:t.slice(s)}),a},fix:function(e){if(e[it.expando])return e;var t,n,r,i=e.type,o=e,a=this.fixHooks[i];for(a||(this.fixHooks[i]=a=_t.test(i)?this.mouseHooks:Ht.test(i)?this.keyHooks:{}),r=a.props?this.props.concat(a.props):this.props,e=new it.Event(o),t=r.length;t--;)n=r[t],e[n]=o[n];return e.target||(e.target=o.srcElement||ht),3===e.target.nodeType&&(e.target=e.target.parentNode),e.metaKey=!!e.metaKey,a.filter?a.filter(e,o):e},props:"altKey bubbles cancelable ctrlKey currentTarget eventPhase metaKey relatedTarget shiftKey target timeStamp view which".split(" "),fixHooks:{},keyHooks:{props:"char charCode key keyCode".split(" "),filter:function(e,t){return null==e.which&&(e.which=null!=t.charCode?t.charCode:t.keyCode),e}},mouseHooks:{props:"button buttons clientX clientY fromElement offsetX offsetY pageX pageY screenX screenY toElement".split(" "),filter:function(e,t){var n,r,i,o=t.button,a=t.fromElement;return null==e.pageX&&null!=t.clientX&&(r=e.target.ownerDocument||ht,i=r.documentElement,n=r.body,e.pageX=t.clientX+(i&&i.scrollLeft||n&&n.scrollLeft||0)-(i&&i.clientLeft||n&&n.clientLeft||0),e.pageY=t.clientY+(i&&i.scrollTop||n&&n.scrollTop||0)-(i&&i.clientTop||n&&n.clientTop||0)),!e.relatedTarget&&a&&(e.relatedTarget=a===e.target?t.toElement:a),e.which||void 0===o||(e.which=1&o?1:2&o?3:4&o?2:0),e}},special:{load:{noBubble:!0},focus:{trigger:function(){if(this!==h()&&this.focus)try{return this.focus(),!1}catch(e){}},delegateType:"focusin"},blur:{trigger:function(){return this===h()&&this.blur?(this.blur(),!1):void 0},delegateType:"focusout"},click:{trigger:function(){return it.nodeName(this,"input")&&"checkbox"===this.type&&this.click?(this.click(),!1):void 0},_default:function(e){return it.nodeName(e.target,"a")}},beforeunload:{postDispatch:function(e){void 0!==e.result&&e.originalEvent&&(e.originalEvent.returnValue=e.result)}}},simulate:function(e,t,n,r){var i=it.extend(new it.Event,n,{type:e,isSimulated:!0,originalEvent:{}});r?it.event.trigger(i,null,t):it.event.dispatch.call(t,i),i.isDefaultPrevented()&&n.preventDefault()}},it.removeEvent=ht.removeEventListener?function(e,t,n){e.removeEventListener&&e.removeEventListener(t,n,!1)}:function(e,t,n){var r="on"+t;e.detachEvent&&(typeof e[r]===Et&&(e[r]=null),e.detachEvent(r,n))},it.Event=function(e,t){return this instanceof it.Event?(e&&e.type?(this.originalEvent=e,this.type=e.type,this.isDefaultPrevented=e.defaultPrevented||void 0===e.defaultPrevented&&e.returnValue===!1?f:p):this.type=e,t&&it.extend(this,t),this.timeStamp=e&&e.timeStamp||it.now(),void(this[it.expando]=!0)):new it.Event(e,t)},it.Event.prototype={isDefaultPrevented:p,isPropagationStopped:p,isImmediatePropagationStopped:p,preventDefault:function(){var e=this.originalEvent;this.isDefaultPrevented=f,e&&(e.preventDefault?e.preventDefault():e.returnValue=!1)},stopPropagation:function(){var e=this.originalEvent;this.isPropagationStopped=f,e&&(e.stopPropagation&&e.stopPropagation(),e.cancelBubble=!0)},stopImmediatePropagation:function(){var e=this.originalEvent;this.isImmediatePropagationStopped=f,e&&e.stopImmediatePropagation&&e.stopImmediatePropagation(),this.stopPropagation()}},it.each({mouseenter:"mouseover",mouseleave:"mouseout",pointerenter:"pointerover",pointerleave:"pointerout"},function(e,t){it.event.special[e]={delegateType:t,bindType:t,handle:function(e){var n,r=this,i=e.relatedTarget,o=e.handleObj;return(!i||i!==r&&!it.contains(r,i))&&(e.type=o.origType,n=o.handler.apply(this,arguments),e.type=t),n}}}),nt.submitBubbles||(it.event.special.submit={setup:function(){return it.nodeName(this,"form")?!1:void it.event.add(this,"click._submit keypress._submit",function(e){var t=e.target,n=it.nodeName(t,"input")||it.nodeName(t,"button")?t.form:void 0;n&&!it._data(n,"submitBubbles")&&(it.event.add(n,"submit._submit",function(e){e._submit_bubble=!0}),it._data(n,"submitBubbles",!0))})},postDispatch:function(e){e._submit_bubble&&(delete e._submit_bubble,this.parentNode&&!e.isTrigger&&it.event.simulate("submit",this.parentNode,e,!0))},teardown:function(){return it.nodeName(this,"form")?!1:void it.event.remove(this,"._submit")}}),nt.changeBubbles||(it.event.special.change={setup:function(){return Lt.test(this.nodeName)?(("checkbox"===this.type||"radio"===this.type)&&(it.event.add(this,"propertychange._change",function(e){"checked"===e.originalEvent.propertyName&&(this._just_changed=!0)}),it.event.add(this,"click._change",function(e){this._just_changed&&!e.isTrigger&&(this._just_changed=!1),it.event.simulate("change",this,e,!0)})),!1):void it.event.add(this,"beforeactivate._change",function(e){var t=e.target;Lt.test(t.nodeName)&&!it._data(t,"changeBubbles")&&(it.event.add(t,"change._change",function(e){!this.parentNode||e.isSimulated||e.isTrigger||it.event.simulate("change",this.parentNode,e,!0)}),it._data(t,"changeBubbles",!0))})},handle:function(e){var t=e.target;return this!==t||e.isSimulated||e.isTrigger||"radio"!==t.type&&"checkbox"!==t.type?e.handleObj.handler.apply(this,arguments):void 0},teardown:function(){return it.event.remove(this,"._change"),!Lt.test(this.nodeName)}}),nt.focusinBubbles||it.each({focus:"focusin",blur:"focusout"},function(e,t){var n=function(e){it.event.simulate(t,e.target,it.event.fix(e),!0)};it.event.special[t]={setup:function(){var r=this.ownerDocument||this,i=it._data(r,t);i||r.addEventListener(e,n,!0),it._data(r,t,(i||0)+1)},teardown:function(){var r=this.ownerDocument||this,i=it._data(r,t)-1;i?it._data(r,t,i):(r.removeEventListener(e,n,!0),it._removeData(r,t))}}}),it.fn.extend({on:function(e,t,n,r,i){var o,a;if("object"==typeof e){"string"!=typeof t&&(n=n||t,t=void 0);for(o in e)this.on(o,t,n,e[o],i);return this}if(null==n&&null==r?(r=t,n=t=void 0):null==r&&("string"==typeof t?(r=n,n=void 0):(r=n,n=t,t=void 0)),r===!1)r=p;else if(!r)return this;return 1===i&&(a=r,r=function(e){return it().off(e),a.apply(this,arguments)},r.guid=a.guid||(a.guid=it.guid++)),this.each(function(){it.event.add(this,e,r,n,t)})},one:function(e,t,n,r){return this.on(e,t,n,r,1)},off:function(e,t,n){var r,i;if(e&&e.preventDefault&&e.handleObj)return r=e.handleObj,it(e.delegateTarget).off(r.namespace?r.origType+"."+r.namespace:r.origType,r.selector,r.handler),this;if("object"==typeof e){for(i in e)this.off(i,t,e[i]);return this}return(t===!1||"function"==typeof t)&&(n=t,t=void 0),n===!1&&(n=p),this.each(function(){it.event.remove(this,e,n,t)})},trigger:function(e,t){return this.each(function(){it.event.trigger(e,t,this)})},triggerHandler:function(e,t){var n=this[0];return n?it.event.trigger(e,t,n,!0):void 0}});var Mt="abbr|article|aside|audio|bdi|canvas|data|datalist|details|figcaption|figure|footer|header|hgroup|mark|meter|nav|output|progress|section|summary|time|video",Ot=/ jQuery\d+="(?:null|\d+)"/g,Rt=new RegExp("<(?:"+Mt+")[\\s/>]","i"),Bt=/^\s+/,Pt=/<(?!area|br|col|embed|hr|img|input|link|meta|param)(([\w:]+)[^>]*)\/>/gi,It=/<([\w:]+)/,Wt=/<tbody/i,$t=/<|&#?\w+;/,zt=/<(?:script|style|link)/i,Xt=/checked\s*(?:[^=]|=\s*.checked.)/i,Ut=/^$|\/(?:java|ecma)script/i,Vt=/^true\/(.*)/,Gt=/^\s*<!(?:\[CDATA\[|--)|(?:\]\]|--)>\s*$/g,Yt={option:[1,"<select multiple='multiple'>","</select>"],legend:[1,"<fieldset>","</fieldset>"],area:[1,"<map>","</map>"],param:[1,"<object>","</object>"],thead:[1,"<table>","</table>"],tr:[2,"<table><tbody>","</tbody></table>"],col:[2,"<table><tbody></tbody><colgroup>","</colgroup></table>"],td:[3,"<table><tbody><tr>","</tr></tbody></table>"],_default:nt.htmlSerialize?[0,"",""]:[1,"X<div>","</div>"]},Jt=m(ht),Kt=Jt.appendChild(ht.createElement("div"));Yt.optgroup=Yt.option,Yt.tbody=Yt.tfoot=Yt.colgroup=Yt.caption=Yt.thead,Yt.th=Yt.td,it.extend({clone:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s,l=it.contains(e.ownerDocument,e);if(nt.html5Clone||it.isXMLDoc(e)||!Rt.test("<"+e.nodeName+">")?o=e.cloneNode(!0):(Kt.innerHTML=e.outerHTML,Kt.removeChild(o=Kt.firstChild)),!(nt.noCloneEvent&&nt.noCloneChecked||1!==e.nodeType&&11!==e.nodeType||it.isXMLDoc(e)))for(r=g(o),s=g(e),a=0;null!=(i=s[a]);++a)r[a]&&E(i,r[a]);if(t)if(n)for(s=s||g(e),r=r||g(o),a=0;null!=(i=s[a]);a++)T(i,r[a]);else T(e,o);return r=g(o,"script"),r.length>0&&w(r,!l&&g(e,"script")),r=s=i=null,o},buildFragment:function(e,t,n,r){for(var i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d=e.length,f=m(t),p=[],h=0;d>h;h++)if(o=e[h],o||0===o)if("object"===it.type(o))it.merge(p,o.nodeType?[o]:o);else if($t.test(o)){for(s=s||f.appendChild(t.createElement("div")),l=(It.exec(o)||["",""])[1].toLowerCase(),c=Yt[l]||Yt._default,s.innerHTML=c[1]+o.replace(Pt,"<$1></$2>")+c[2],i=c[0];i--;)s=s.lastChild;if(!nt.leadingWhitespace&&Bt.test(o)&&p.push(t.createTextNode(Bt.exec(o)[0])),!nt.tbody)for(o="table"!==l||Wt.test(o)?"<table>"!==c[1]||Wt.test(o)?0:s:s.firstChild,i=o&&o.childNodes.length;i--;)it.nodeName(u=o.childNodes[i],"tbody")&&!u.childNodes.length&&o.removeChild(u);for(it.merge(p,s.childNodes),s.textContent="";s.firstChild;)s.removeChild(s.firstChild);s=f.lastChild}else p.push(t.createTextNode(o));for(s&&f.removeChild(s),nt.appendChecked||it.grep(g(p,"input"),v),h=0;o=p[h++];)if((!r||-1===it.inArray(o,r))&&(a=it.contains(o.ownerDocument,o),s=g(f.appendChild(o),"script"),a&&w(s),n))for(i=0;o=s[i++];)Ut.test(o.type||"")&&n.push(o);return s=null,f},cleanData:function(e,t){for(var n,r,i,o,a=0,s=it.expando,l=it.cache,u=nt.deleteExpando,c=it.event.special;null!=(n=e[a]);a++)if((t||it.acceptData(n))&&(i=n[s],o=i&&l[i])){if(o.events)for(r in o.events)c[r]?it.event.remove(n,r):it.removeEvent(n,r,o.handle);l[i]&&(delete l[i],u?delete n[s]:typeof n.removeAttribute!==Et?n.removeAttribute(s):n[s]=null,G.push(i))}}}),it.fn.extend({text:function(e){return At(this,function(e){return void 0===e?it.text(this):this.empty().append((this[0]&&this[0].ownerDocument||ht).createTextNode(e))},null,e,arguments.length)},append:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,function(e){if(1===this.nodeType||11===this.nodeType||9===this.nodeType){var t=y(this,e);t.appendChild(e)}})},prepend:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,function(e){if(1===this.nodeType||11===this.nodeType||9===this.nodeType){var t=y(this,e);t.insertBefore(e,t.firstChild)}})},before:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,function(e){this.parentNode&&this.parentNode.insertBefore(e,this)})},after:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,function(e){this.parentNode&&this.parentNode.insertBefore(e,this.nextSibling)})},remove:function(e,t){for(var n,r=e?it.filter(e,this):this,i=0;null!=(n=r[i]);i++)t||1!==n.nodeType||it.cleanData(g(n)),n.parentNode&&(t&&it.contains(n.ownerDocument,n)&&w(g(n,"script")),n.parentNode.removeChild(n));return this},empty:function(){for(var e,t=0;null!=(e=this[t]);t++){for(1===e.nodeType&&it.cleanData(g(e,!1));e.firstChild;)e.removeChild(e.firstChild);e.options&&it.nodeName(e,"select")&&(e.options.length=0)}return this},clone:function(e,t){return e=null==e?!1:e,t=null==t?e:t,this.map(function(){return it.clone(this,e,t)})},html:function(e){return At(this,function(e){var t=this[0]||{},n=0,r=this.length;if(void 0===e)return 1===t.nodeType?t.innerHTML.replace(Ot,""):void 0;if(!("string"!=typeof e||zt.test(e)||!nt.htmlSerialize&&Rt.test(e)||!nt.leadingWhitespace&&Bt.test(e)||Yt[(It.exec(e)||["",""])[1].toLowerCase()])){e=e.replace(Pt,"<$1></$2>");try{for(;r>n;n++)t=this[n]||{},1===t.nodeType&&(it.cleanData(g(t,!1)),t.innerHTML=e);t=0}catch(i){}}t&&this.empty().append(e)},null,e,arguments.length)},replaceWith:function(){var e=arguments[0];return this.domManip(arguments,function(t){e=this.parentNode,it.cleanData(g(this)),e&&e.replaceChild(t,this)}),e&&(e.length||e.nodeType)?this:this.remove()},detach:function(e){return this.remove(e,!0)},domManip:function(e,t){e=J.apply([],e);var n,r,i,o,a,s,l=0,u=this.length,c=this,d=u-1,f=e[0],p=it.isFunction(f);if(p||u>1&&"string"==typeof f&&!nt.checkClone&&Xt.test(f))return this.each(function(n){var r=c.eq(n);p&&(e[0]=f.call(this,n,r.html())),r.domManip(e,t)});if(u&&(s=it.buildFragment(e,this[0].ownerDocument,!1,this),n=s.firstChild,1===s.childNodes.length&&(s=n),n)){for(o=it.map(g(s,"script"),b),i=o.length;u>l;l++)r=s,l!==d&&(r=it.clone(r,!0,!0),i&&it.merge(o,g(r,"script"))),t.call(this[l],r,l);if(i)for(a=o[o.length-1].ownerDocument,it.map(o,x),l=0;i>l;l++)r=o[l],Ut.test(r.type||"")&&!it._data(r,"globalEval")&&it.contains(a,r)&&(r.src?it._evalUrl&&it._evalUrl(r.src):it.globalEval((r.text||r.textContent||r.innerHTML||"").replace(Gt,"")));s=n=null}return this}}),it.each({appendTo:"append",prependTo:"prepend",insertBefore:"before",insertAfter:"after",replaceAll:"replaceWith"},function(e,t){it.fn[e]=function(e){for(var n,r=0,i=[],o=it(e),a=o.length-1;a>=r;r++)n=r===a?this:this.clone(!0),it(o[r])[t](n),K.apply(i,n.get());return this.pushStack(i)}});var Qt,Zt={};!function(){var e;nt.shrinkWrapBlocks=function(){if(null!=e)return e;e=!1;var t,n,r;return n=ht.getElementsByTagName("body")[0],n&&n.style?(t=ht.createElement("div"),r=ht.createElement("div"),r.style.cssText="position:absolute;border:0;width:0;height:0;top:0;left:-9999px",n.appendChild(r).appendChild(t),typeof t.style.zoom!==Et&&(t.style.cssText="-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;-moz-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box;display:block;margin:0;border:0;padding:1px;width:1px;zoom:1",t.appendChild(ht.createElement("div")).style.width="5px",e=3!==t.offsetWidth),n.removeChild(r),e):void 0}}();var en,tn,nn=/^margin/,rn=new RegExp("^("+Nt+")(?!px)[a-z%]+$","i"),on=/^(top|right|bottom|left)$/;e.getComputedStyle?(en=function(e){return e.ownerDocument.defaultView.getComputedStyle(e,null)},tn=function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s=e.style;return n=n||en(e),a=n?n.getPropertyValue(t)||n[t]:void 0,n&&(""!==a||it.contains(e.ownerDocument,e)||(a=it.style(e,t)),rn.test(a)&&nn.test(t)&&(r=s.width,i=s.minWidth,o=s.maxWidth,s.minWidth=s.maxWidth=s.width=a,a=n.width,s.width=r,s.minWidth=i,s.maxWidth=o)),void 0===a?a:a+""}):ht.documentElement.currentStyle&&(en=function(e){return e.currentStyle},tn=function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s=e.style;return n=n||en(e),a=n?n[t]:void 0,null==a&&s&&s[t]&&(a=s[t]),rn.test(a)&&!on.test(t)&&(r=s.left,i=e.runtimeStyle,o=i&&i.left,o&&(i.left=e.currentStyle.left),s.left="fontSize"===t?"1em":a,a=s.pixelLeft+"px",s.left=r,o&&(i.left=o)),void 0===a?a:a+""||"auto"}),function(){function t(){var t,n,r,i;n=ht.getElementsByTagName("body")[0],n&&n.style&&(t=ht.createElement("div"),r=ht.createElement("div"),r.style.cssText="position:absolute;border:0;width:0;height:0;top:0;left:-9999px",n.appendChild(r).appendChild(t),t.style.cssText="-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;display:block;margin-top:1%;top:1%;border:1px;padding:1px;width:4px;position:absolute",o=a=!1,l=!0,e.getComputedStyle&&(o="1%"!==(e.getComputedStyle(t,null)||{}).top,a="4px"===(e.getComputedStyle(t,null)||{width:"4px"}).width,i=t.appendChild(ht.createElement("div")),i.style.cssText=t.style.cssText="-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;-moz-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box;display:block;margin:0;border:0;padding:0",i.style.marginRight=i.style.width="0",t.style.width="1px",l=!parseFloat((e.getComputedStyle(i,null)||{}).marginRight)),t.innerHTML="<table><tr><td></td><td>t</td></tr></table>",i=t.getElementsByTagName("td"),i[0].style.cssText="margin:0;border:0;padding:0;display:none",s=0===i[0].offsetHeight,s&&(i[0].style.display="",i[1].style.display="none",s=0===i[0].offsetHeight),n.removeChild(r))}var n,r,i,o,a,s,l;n=ht.createElement("div"),n.innerHTML="  <link/><table></table><a href='/a'>a</a><input type='checkbox'/>",i=n.getElementsByTagName("a")[0],r=i&&i.style,r&&(r.cssText="float:left;opacity:.5",nt.opacity="0.5"===r.opacity,nt.cssFloat=!!r.cssFloat,n.style.backgroundClip="content-box",n.cloneNode(!0).style.backgroundClip="",nt.clearCloneStyle="content-box"===n.style.backgroundClip,nt.boxSizing=""===r.boxSizing||""===r.MozBoxSizing||""===r.WebkitBoxSizing,it.extend(nt,{reliableHiddenOffsets:function(){return null==s&&t(),s
+},boxSizingReliable:function(){return null==a&&t(),a},pixelPosition:function(){return null==o&&t(),o},reliableMarginRight:function(){return null==l&&t(),l}}))}(),it.swap=function(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a={};for(o in t)a[o]=e.style[o],e.style[o]=t[o];i=n.apply(e,r||[]);for(o in t)e.style[o]=a[o];return i};var an=/alpha\([^)]*\)/i,sn=/opacity\s*=\s*([^)]*)/,ln=/^(none|table(?!-c[ea]).+)/,un=new RegExp("^("+Nt+")(.*)$","i"),cn=new RegExp("^([+-])=("+Nt+")","i"),dn={position:"absolute",visibility:"hidden",display:"block"},fn={letterSpacing:"0",fontWeight:"400"},pn=["Webkit","O","Moz","ms"];it.extend({cssHooks:{opacity:{get:function(e,t){if(t){var n=tn(e,"opacity");return""===n?"1":n}}}},cssNumber:{columnCount:!0,fillOpacity:!0,flexGrow:!0,flexShrink:!0,fontWeight:!0,lineHeight:!0,opacity:!0,order:!0,orphans:!0,widows:!0,zIndex:!0,zoom:!0},cssProps:{"float":nt.cssFloat?"cssFloat":"styleFloat"},style:function(e,t,n,r){if(e&&3!==e.nodeType&&8!==e.nodeType&&e.style){var i,o,a,s=it.camelCase(t),l=e.style;if(t=it.cssProps[s]||(it.cssProps[s]=S(l,s)),a=it.cssHooks[t]||it.cssHooks[s],void 0===n)return a&&"get"in a&&void 0!==(i=a.get(e,!1,r))?i:l[t];if(o=typeof n,"string"===o&&(i=cn.exec(n))&&(n=(i[1]+1)*i[2]+parseFloat(it.css(e,t)),o="number"),null!=n&&n===n&&("number"!==o||it.cssNumber[s]||(n+="px"),nt.clearCloneStyle||""!==n||0!==t.indexOf("background")||(l[t]="inherit"),!(a&&"set"in a&&void 0===(n=a.set(e,n,r)))))try{l[t]=n}catch(u){}}},css:function(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s=it.camelCase(t);return t=it.cssProps[s]||(it.cssProps[s]=S(e.style,s)),a=it.cssHooks[t]||it.cssHooks[s],a&&"get"in a&&(o=a.get(e,!0,n)),void 0===o&&(o=tn(e,t,r)),"normal"===o&&t in fn&&(o=fn[t]),""===n||n?(i=parseFloat(o),n===!0||it.isNumeric(i)?i||0:o):o}}),it.each(["height","width"],function(e,t){it.cssHooks[t]={get:function(e,n,r){return n?ln.test(it.css(e,"display"))&&0===e.offsetWidth?it.swap(e,dn,function(){return L(e,t,r)}):L(e,t,r):void 0},set:function(e,n,r){var i=r&&en(e);return A(e,n,r?D(e,t,r,nt.boxSizing&&"border-box"===it.css(e,"boxSizing",!1,i),i):0)}}}),nt.opacity||(it.cssHooks.opacity={get:function(e,t){return sn.test((t&&e.currentStyle?e.currentStyle.filter:e.style.filter)||"")?.01*parseFloat(RegExp.$1)+"":t?"1":""},set:function(e,t){var n=e.style,r=e.currentStyle,i=it.isNumeric(t)?"alpha(opacity="+100*t+")":"",o=r&&r.filter||n.filter||"";n.zoom=1,(t>=1||""===t)&&""===it.trim(o.replace(an,""))&&n.removeAttribute&&(n.removeAttribute("filter"),""===t||r&&!r.filter)||(n.filter=an.test(o)?o.replace(an,i):o+" "+i)}}),it.cssHooks.marginRight=N(nt.reliableMarginRight,function(e,t){return t?it.swap(e,{display:"inline-block"},tn,[e,"marginRight"]):void 0}),it.each({margin:"",padding:"",border:"Width"},function(e,t){it.cssHooks[e+t]={expand:function(n){for(var r=0,i={},o="string"==typeof n?n.split(" "):[n];4>r;r++)i[e+St[r]+t]=o[r]||o[r-2]||o[0];return i}},nn.test(e)||(it.cssHooks[e+t].set=A)}),it.fn.extend({css:function(e,t){return At(this,function(e,t,n){var r,i,o={},a=0;if(it.isArray(t)){for(r=en(e),i=t.length;i>a;a++)o[t[a]]=it.css(e,t[a],!1,r);return o}return void 0!==n?it.style(e,t,n):it.css(e,t)},e,t,arguments.length>1)},show:function(){return j(this,!0)},hide:function(){return j(this)},toggle:function(e){return"boolean"==typeof e?e?this.show():this.hide():this.each(function(){jt(this)?it(this).show():it(this).hide()})}}),it.Tween=H,H.prototype={constructor:H,init:function(e,t,n,r,i,o){this.elem=e,this.prop=n,this.easing=i||"swing",this.options=t,this.start=this.now=this.cur(),this.end=r,this.unit=o||(it.cssNumber[n]?"":"px")},cur:function(){var e=H.propHooks[this.prop];return e&&e.get?e.get(this):H.propHooks._default.get(this)},run:function(e){var t,n=H.propHooks[this.prop];return this.pos=t=this.options.duration?it.easing[this.easing](e,this.options.duration*e,0,1,this.options.duration):e,this.now=(this.end-this.start)*t+this.start,this.options.step&&this.options.step.call(this.elem,this.now,this),n&&n.set?n.set(this):H.propHooks._default.set(this),this}},H.prototype.init.prototype=H.prototype,H.propHooks={_default:{get:function(e){var t;return null==e.elem[e.prop]||e.elem.style&&null!=e.elem.style[e.prop]?(t=it.css(e.elem,e.prop,""),t&&"auto"!==t?t:0):e.elem[e.prop]},set:function(e){it.fx.step[e.prop]?it.fx.step[e.prop](e):e.elem.style&&(null!=e.elem.style[it.cssProps[e.prop]]||it.cssHooks[e.prop])?it.style(e.elem,e.prop,e.now+e.unit):e.elem[e.prop]=e.now}}},H.propHooks.scrollTop=H.propHooks.scrollLeft={set:function(e){e.elem.nodeType&&e.elem.parentNode&&(e.elem[e.prop]=e.now)}},it.easing={linear:function(e){return e},swing:function(e){return.5-Math.cos(e*Math.PI)/2}},it.fx=H.prototype.init,it.fx.step={};var hn,mn,gn=/^(?:toggle|show|hide)$/,vn=new RegExp("^(?:([+-])=|)("+Nt+")([a-z%]*)$","i"),yn=/queueHooks$/,bn=[M],xn={"*":[function(e,t){var n=this.createTween(e,t),r=n.cur(),i=vn.exec(t),o=i&&i[3]||(it.cssNumber[e]?"":"px"),a=(it.cssNumber[e]||"px"!==o&&+r)&&vn.exec(it.css(n.elem,e)),s=1,l=20;if(a&&a[3]!==o){o=o||a[3],i=i||[],a=+r||1;do s=s||".5",a/=s,it.style(n.elem,e,a+o);while(s!==(s=n.cur()/r)&&1!==s&&--l)}return i&&(a=n.start=+a||+r||0,n.unit=o,n.end=i[1]?a+(i[1]+1)*i[2]:+i[2]),n}]};it.Animation=it.extend(R,{tweener:function(e,t){it.isFunction(e)?(t=e,e=["*"]):e=e.split(" ");for(var n,r=0,i=e.length;i>r;r++)n=e[r],xn[n]=xn[n]||[],xn[n].unshift(t)},prefilter:function(e,t){t?bn.unshift(e):bn.push(e)}}),it.speed=function(e,t,n){var r=e&&"object"==typeof e?it.extend({},e):{complete:n||!n&&t||it.isFunction(e)&&e,duration:e,easing:n&&t||t&&!it.isFunction(t)&&t};return r.duration=it.fx.off?0:"number"==typeof r.duration?r.duration:r.duration in it.fx.speeds?it.fx.speeds[r.duration]:it.fx.speeds._default,(null==r.queue||r.queue===!0)&&(r.queue="fx"),r.old=r.complete,r.complete=function(){it.isFunction(r.old)&&r.old.call(this),r.queue&&it.dequeue(this,r.queue)},r},it.fn.extend({fadeTo:function(e,t,n,r){return this.filter(jt).css("opacity",0).show().end().animate({opacity:t},e,n,r)},animate:function(e,t,n,r){var i=it.isEmptyObject(e),o=it.speed(t,n,r),a=function(){var t=R(this,it.extend({},e),o);(i||it._data(this,"finish"))&&t.stop(!0)};return a.finish=a,i||o.queue===!1?this.each(a):this.queue(o.queue,a)},stop:function(e,t,n){var r=function(e){var t=e.stop;delete e.stop,t(n)};return"string"!=typeof e&&(n=t,t=e,e=void 0),t&&e!==!1&&this.queue(e||"fx",[]),this.each(function(){var t=!0,i=null!=e&&e+"queueHooks",o=it.timers,a=it._data(this);if(i)a[i]&&a[i].stop&&r(a[i]);else for(i in a)a[i]&&a[i].stop&&yn.test(i)&&r(a[i]);for(i=o.length;i--;)o[i].elem!==this||null!=e&&o[i].queue!==e||(o[i].anim.stop(n),t=!1,o.splice(i,1));(t||!n)&&it.dequeue(this,e)})},finish:function(e){return e!==!1&&(e=e||"fx"),this.each(function(){var t,n=it._data(this),r=n[e+"queue"],i=n[e+"queueHooks"],o=it.timers,a=r?r.length:0;for(n.finish=!0,it.queue(this,e,[]),i&&i.stop&&i.stop.call(this,!0),t=o.length;t--;)o[t].elem===this&&o[t].queue===e&&(o[t].anim.stop(!0),o.splice(t,1));for(t=0;a>t;t++)r[t]&&r[t].finish&&r[t].finish.call(this);delete n.finish})}}),it.each(["toggle","show","hide"],function(e,t){var n=it.fn[t];it.fn[t]=function(e,r,i){return null==e||"boolean"==typeof e?n.apply(this,arguments):this.animate(q(t,!0),e,r,i)}}),it.each({slideDown:q("show"),slideUp:q("hide"),slideToggle:q("toggle"),fadeIn:{opacity:"show"},fadeOut:{opacity:"hide"},fadeToggle:{opacity:"toggle"}},function(e,t){it.fn[e]=function(e,n,r){return this.animate(t,e,n,r)}}),it.timers=[],it.fx.tick=function(){var e,t=it.timers,n=0;for(hn=it.now();n<t.length;n++)e=t[n],e()||t[n]!==e||t.splice(n--,1);t.length||it.fx.stop(),hn=void 0},it.fx.timer=function(e){it.timers.push(e),e()?it.fx.start():it.timers.pop()},it.fx.interval=13,it.fx.start=function(){mn||(mn=setInterval(it.fx.tick,it.fx.interval))},it.fx.stop=function(){clearInterval(mn),mn=null},it.fx.speeds={slow:600,fast:200,_default:400},it.fn.delay=function(e,t){return e=it.fx?it.fx.speeds[e]||e:e,t=t||"fx",this.queue(t,function(t,n){var r=setTimeout(t,e);n.stop=function(){clearTimeout(r)}})},function(){var e,t,n,r,i;t=ht.createElement("div"),t.setAttribute("className","t"),t.innerHTML="  <link/><table></table><a href='/a'>a</a><input type='checkbox'/>",r=t.getElementsByTagName("a")[0],n=ht.createElement("select"),i=n.appendChild(ht.createElement("option")),e=t.getElementsByTagName("input")[0],r.style.cssText="top:1px",nt.getSetAttribute="t"!==t.className,nt.style=/top/.test(r.getAttribute("style")),nt.hrefNormalized="/a"===r.getAttribute("href"),nt.checkOn=!!e.value,nt.optSelected=i.selected,nt.enctype=!!ht.createElement("form").enctype,n.disabled=!0,nt.optDisabled=!i.disabled,e=ht.createElement("input"),e.setAttribute("value",""),nt.input=""===e.getAttribute("value"),e.value="t",e.setAttribute("type","radio"),nt.radioValue="t"===e.value}();var wn=/\r/g;it.fn.extend({val:function(e){var t,n,r,i=this[0];{if(arguments.length)return r=it.isFunction(e),this.each(function(n){var i;1===this.nodeType&&(i=r?e.call(this,n,it(this).val()):e,null==i?i="":"number"==typeof i?i+="":it.isArray(i)&&(i=it.map(i,function(e){return null==e?"":e+""})),t=it.valHooks[this.type]||it.valHooks[this.nodeName.toLowerCase()],t&&"set"in t&&void 0!==t.set(this,i,"value")||(this.value=i))});if(i)return t=it.valHooks[i.type]||it.valHooks[i.nodeName.toLowerCase()],t&&"get"in t&&void 0!==(n=t.get(i,"value"))?n:(n=i.value,"string"==typeof n?n.replace(wn,""):null==n?"":n)}}}),it.extend({valHooks:{option:{get:function(e){var t=it.find.attr(e,"value");return null!=t?t:it.trim(it.text(e))}},select:{get:function(e){for(var t,n,r=e.options,i=e.selectedIndex,o="select-one"===e.type||0>i,a=o?null:[],s=o?i+1:r.length,l=0>i?s:o?i:0;s>l;l++)if(n=r[l],!(!n.selected&&l!==i||(nt.optDisabled?n.disabled:null!==n.getAttribute("disabled"))||n.parentNode.disabled&&it.nodeName(n.parentNode,"optgroup"))){if(t=it(n).val(),o)return t;a.push(t)}return a},set:function(e,t){for(var n,r,i=e.options,o=it.makeArray(t),a=i.length;a--;)if(r=i[a],it.inArray(it.valHooks.option.get(r),o)>=0)try{r.selected=n=!0}catch(s){r.scrollHeight}else r.selected=!1;return n||(e.selectedIndex=-1),i}}}}),it.each(["radio","checkbox"],function(){it.valHooks[this]={set:function(e,t){return it.isArray(t)?e.checked=it.inArray(it(e).val(),t)>=0:void 0}},nt.checkOn||(it.valHooks[this].get=function(e){return null===e.getAttribute("value")?"on":e.value})});var Tn,En,kn=it.expr.attrHandle,Cn=/^(?:checked|selected)$/i,Nn=nt.getSetAttribute,Sn=nt.input;it.fn.extend({attr:function(e,t){return At(this,it.attr,e,t,arguments.length>1)},removeAttr:function(e){return this.each(function(){it.removeAttr(this,e)})}}),it.extend({attr:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o=e.nodeType;if(e&&3!==o&&8!==o&&2!==o)return typeof e.getAttribute===Et?it.prop(e,t,n):(1===o&&it.isXMLDoc(e)||(t=t.toLowerCase(),r=it.attrHooks[t]||(it.expr.match.bool.test(t)?En:Tn)),void 0===n?r&&"get"in r&&null!==(i=r.get(e,t))?i:(i=it.find.attr(e,t),null==i?void 0:i):null!==n?r&&"set"in r&&void 0!==(i=r.set(e,n,t))?i:(e.setAttribute(t,n+""),n):void it.removeAttr(e,t))},removeAttr:function(e,t){var n,r,i=0,o=t&&t.match(bt);if(o&&1===e.nodeType)for(;n=o[i++];)r=it.propFix[n]||n,it.expr.match.bool.test(n)?Sn&&Nn||!Cn.test(n)?e[r]=!1:e[it.camelCase("default-"+n)]=e[r]=!1:it.attr(e,n,""),e.removeAttribute(Nn?n:r)},attrHooks:{type:{set:function(e,t){if(!nt.radioValue&&"radio"===t&&it.nodeName(e,"input")){var n=e.value;return e.setAttribute("type",t),n&&(e.value=n),t}}}}}),En={set:function(e,t,n){return t===!1?it.removeAttr(e,n):Sn&&Nn||!Cn.test(n)?e.setAttribute(!Nn&&it.propFix[n]||n,n):e[it.camelCase("default-"+n)]=e[n]=!0,n}},it.each(it.expr.match.bool.source.match(/\w+/g),function(e,t){var n=kn[t]||it.find.attr;kn[t]=Sn&&Nn||!Cn.test(t)?function(e,t,r){var i,o;return r||(o=kn[t],kn[t]=i,i=null!=n(e,t,r)?t.toLowerCase():null,kn[t]=o),i}:function(e,t,n){return n?void 0:e[it.camelCase("default-"+t)]?t.toLowerCase():null}}),Sn&&Nn||(it.attrHooks.value={set:function(e,t,n){return it.nodeName(e,"input")?void(e.defaultValue=t):Tn&&Tn.set(e,t,n)}}),Nn||(Tn={set:function(e,t,n){var r=e.getAttributeNode(n);return r||e.setAttributeNode(r=e.ownerDocument.createAttribute(n)),r.value=t+="","value"===n||t===e.getAttribute(n)?t:void 0}},kn.id=kn.name=kn.coords=function(e,t,n){var r;return n?void 0:(r=e.getAttributeNode(t))&&""!==r.value?r.value:null},it.valHooks.button={get:function(e,t){var n=e.getAttributeNode(t);return n&&n.specified?n.value:void 0},set:Tn.set},it.attrHooks.contenteditable={set:function(e,t,n){Tn.set(e,""===t?!1:t,n)}},it.each(["width","height"],function(e,t){it.attrHooks[t]={set:function(e,n){return""===n?(e.setAttribute(t,"auto"),n):void 0}}})),nt.style||(it.attrHooks.style={get:function(e){return e.style.cssText||void 0},set:function(e,t){return e.style.cssText=t+""}});var jn=/^(?:input|select|textarea|button|object)$/i,An=/^(?:a|area)$/i;it.fn.extend({prop:function(e,t){return At(this,it.prop,e,t,arguments.length>1)},removeProp:function(e){return e=it.propFix[e]||e,this.each(function(){try{this[e]=void 0,delete this[e]}catch(t){}})}}),it.extend({propFix:{"for":"htmlFor","class":"className"},prop:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a=e.nodeType;if(e&&3!==a&&8!==a&&2!==a)return o=1!==a||!it.isXMLDoc(e),o&&(t=it.propFix[t]||t,i=it.propHooks[t]),void 0!==n?i&&"set"in i&&void 0!==(r=i.set(e,n,t))?r:e[t]=n:i&&"get"in i&&null!==(r=i.get(e,t))?r:e[t]},propHooks:{tabIndex:{get:function(e){var t=it.find.attr(e,"tabindex");return t?parseInt(t,10):jn.test(e.nodeName)||An.test(e.nodeName)&&e.href?0:-1}}}}),nt.hrefNormalized||it.each(["href","src"],function(e,t){it.propHooks[t]={get:function(e){return e.getAttribute(t,4)}}}),nt.optSelected||(it.propHooks.selected={get:function(e){var t=e.parentNode;return t&&(t.selectedIndex,t.parentNode&&t.parentNode.selectedIndex),null}}),it.each(["tabIndex","readOnly","maxLength","cellSpacing","cellPadding","rowSpan","colSpan","useMap","frameBorder","contentEditable"],function(){it.propFix[this.toLowerCase()]=this}),nt.enctype||(it.propFix.enctype="encoding");var Dn=/[\t\r\n\f]/g;it.fn.extend({addClass:function(e){var t,n,r,i,o,a,s=0,l=this.length,u="string"==typeof e&&e;if(it.isFunction(e))return this.each(function(t){it(this).addClass(e.call(this,t,this.className))});if(u)for(t=(e||"").match(bt)||[];l>s;s++)if(n=this[s],r=1===n.nodeType&&(n.className?(" "+n.className+" ").replace(Dn," "):" ")){for(o=0;i=t[o++];)r.indexOf(" "+i+" ")<0&&(r+=i+" ");a=it.trim(r),n.className!==a&&(n.className=a)}return this},removeClass:function(e){var t,n,r,i,o,a,s=0,l=this.length,u=0===arguments.length||"string"==typeof e&&e;if(it.isFunction(e))return this.each(function(t){it(this).removeClass(e.call(this,t,this.className))});if(u)for(t=(e||"").match(bt)||[];l>s;s++)if(n=this[s],r=1===n.nodeType&&(n.className?(" "+n.className+" ").replace(Dn," "):"")){for(o=0;i=t[o++];)for(;r.indexOf(" "+i+" ")>=0;)r=r.replace(" "+i+" "," ");a=e?it.trim(r):"",n.className!==a&&(n.className=a)}return this},toggleClass:function(e,t){var n=typeof e;return"boolean"==typeof t&&"string"===n?t?this.addClass(e):this.removeClass(e):this.each(it.isFunction(e)?function(n){it(this).toggleClass(e.call(this,n,this.className,t),t)}:function(){if("string"===n)for(var t,r=0,i=it(this),o=e.match(bt)||[];t=o[r++];)i.hasClass(t)?i.removeClass(t):i.addClass(t);else(n===Et||"boolean"===n)&&(this.className&&it._data(this,"__className__",this.className),this.className=this.className||e===!1?"":it._data(this,"__className__")||"")})},hasClass:function(e){for(var t=" "+e+" ",n=0,r=this.length;r>n;n++)if(1===this[n].nodeType&&(" "+this[n].className+" ").replace(Dn," ").indexOf(t)>=0)return!0;return!1}}),it.each("blur focus focusin focusout load resize scroll unload click dblclick mousedown mouseup mousemove mouseover mouseout mouseenter mouseleave change select submit keydown keypress keyup error contextmenu".split(" "),function(e,t){it.fn[t]=function(e,n){return arguments.length>0?this.on(t,null,e,n):this.trigger(t)}}),it.fn.extend({hover:function(e,t){return this.mouseenter(e).mouseleave(t||e)},bind:function(e,t,n){return this.on(e,null,t,n)},unbind:function(e,t){return this.off(e,null,t)},delegate:function(e,t,n,r){return this.on(t,e,n,r)},undelegate:function(e,t,n){return 1===arguments.length?this.off(e,"**"):this.off(t,e||"**",n)}});var Ln=it.now(),Hn=/\?/,_n=/(,)|(\[|{)|(}|])|"(?:[^"\\\r\n]|\\["\\\/bfnrt]|\\u[\da-fA-F]{4})*"\s*:?|true|false|null|-?(?!0\d)\d+(?:\.\d+|)(?:[eE][+-]?\d+|)/g;it.parseJSON=function(t){if(e.JSON&&e.JSON.parse)return e.JSON.parse(t+"");var n,r=null,i=it.trim(t+"");return i&&!it.trim(i.replace(_n,function(e,t,i,o){return n&&t&&(r=0),0===r?e:(n=i||t,r+=!o-!i,"")}))?Function("return "+i)():it.error("Invalid JSON: "+t)},it.parseXML=function(t){var n,r;if(!t||"string"!=typeof t)return null;try{e.DOMParser?(r=new DOMParser,n=r.parseFromString(t,"text/xml")):(n=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLDOM"),n.async="false",n.loadXML(t))}catch(i){n=void 0}return n&&n.documentElement&&!n.getElementsByTagName("parsererror").length||it.error("Invalid XML: "+t),n};var qn,Fn,Mn=/#.*$/,On=/([?&])_=[^&]*/,Rn=/^(.*?):[ \t]*([^\r\n]*)\r?$/gm,Bn=/^(?:about|app|app-storage|.+-extension|file|res|widget):$/,Pn=/^(?:GET|HEAD)$/,In=/^\/\//,Wn=/^([\w.+-]+:)(?:\/\/(?:[^\/?#]*@|)([^\/?#:]*)(?::(\d+)|)|)/,$n={},zn={},Xn="*/".concat("*");try{Fn=location.href}catch(Un){Fn=ht.createElement("a"),Fn.href="",Fn=Fn.href}qn=Wn.exec(Fn.toLowerCase())||[],it.extend({active:0,lastModified:{},etag:{},ajaxSettings:{url:Fn,type:"GET",isLocal:Bn.test(qn[1]),global:!0,processData:!0,async:!0,contentType:"application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8",accepts:{"*":Xn,text:"text/plain",html:"text/html",xml:"application/xml, text/xml",json:"application/json, text/javascript"},contents:{xml:/xml/,html:/html/,json:/json/},responseFields:{xml:"responseXML",text:"responseText",json:"responseJSON"},converters:{"* text":String,"text html":!0,"text json":it.parseJSON,"text xml":it.parseXML},flatOptions:{url:!0,context:!0}},ajaxSetup:function(e,t){return t?I(I(e,it.ajaxSettings),t):I(it.ajaxSettings,e)},ajaxPrefilter:B($n),ajaxTransport:B(zn),ajax:function(e,t){function n(e,t,n,r){var i,c,v,y,x,T=t;2!==b&&(b=2,s&&clearTimeout(s),u=void 0,a=r||"",w.readyState=e>0?4:0,i=e>=200&&300>e||304===e,n&&(y=W(d,w,n)),y=$(d,y,w,i),i?(d.ifModified&&(x=w.getResponseHeader("Last-Modified"),x&&(it.lastModified[o]=x),x=w.getResponseHeader("etag"),x&&(it.etag[o]=x)),204===e||"HEAD"===d.type?T="nocontent":304===e?T="notmodified":(T=y.state,c=y.data,v=y.error,i=!v)):(v=T,(e||!T)&&(T="error",0>e&&(e=0))),w.status=e,w.statusText=(t||T)+"",i?h.resolveWith(f,[c,T,w]):h.rejectWith(f,[w,T,v]),w.statusCode(g),g=void 0,l&&p.trigger(i?"ajaxSuccess":"ajaxError",[w,d,i?c:v]),m.fireWith(f,[w,T]),l&&(p.trigger("ajaxComplete",[w,d]),--it.active||it.event.trigger("ajaxStop")))}"object"==typeof e&&(t=e,e=void 0),t=t||{};var r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d=it.ajaxSetup({},t),f=d.context||d,p=d.context&&(f.nodeType||f.jquery)?it(f):it.event,h=it.Deferred(),m=it.Callbacks("once memory"),g=d.statusCode||{},v={},y={},b=0,x="canceled",w={readyState:0,getResponseHeader:function(e){var t;if(2===b){if(!c)for(c={};t=Rn.exec(a);)c[t[1].toLowerCase()]=t[2];t=c[e.toLowerCase()]}return null==t?null:t},getAllResponseHeaders:function(){return 2===b?a:null},setRequestHeader:function(e,t){var n=e.toLowerCase();return b||(e=y[n]=y[n]||e,v[e]=t),this},overrideMimeType:function(e){return b||(d.mimeType=e),this},statusCode:function(e){var t;if(e)if(2>b)for(t in e)g[t]=[g[t],e[t]];else w.always(e[w.status]);return this},abort:function(e){var t=e||x;return u&&u.abort(t),n(0,t),this}};if(h.promise(w).complete=m.add,w.success=w.done,w.error=w.fail,d.url=((e||d.url||Fn)+"").replace(Mn,"").replace(In,qn[1]+"//"),d.type=t.method||t.type||d.method||d.type,d.dataTypes=it.trim(d.dataType||"*").toLowerCase().match(bt)||[""],null==d.crossDomain&&(r=Wn.exec(d.url.toLowerCase()),d.crossDomain=!(!r||r[1]===qn[1]&&r[2]===qn[2]&&(r[3]||("http:"===r[1]?"80":"443"))===(qn[3]||("http:"===qn[1]?"80":"443")))),d.data&&d.processData&&"string"!=typeof d.data&&(d.data=it.param(d.data,d.traditional)),P($n,d,t,w),2===b)return w;l=d.global,l&&0===it.active++&&it.event.trigger("ajaxStart"),d.type=d.type.toUpperCase(),d.hasContent=!Pn.test(d.type),o=d.url,d.hasContent||(d.data&&(o=d.url+=(Hn.test(o)?"&":"?")+d.data,delete d.data),d.cache===!1&&(d.url=On.test(o)?o.replace(On,"$1_="+Ln++):o+(Hn.test(o)?"&":"?")+"_="+Ln++)),d.ifModified&&(it.lastModified[o]&&w.setRequestHeader("If-Modified-Since",it.lastModified[o]),it.etag[o]&&w.setRequestHeader("If-None-Match",it.etag[o])),(d.data&&d.hasContent&&d.contentType!==!1||t.contentType)&&w.setRequestHeader("Content-Type",d.contentType),w.setRequestHeader("Accept",d.dataTypes[0]&&d.accepts[d.dataTypes[0]]?d.accepts[d.dataTypes[0]]+("*"!==d.dataTypes[0]?", "+Xn+"; q=0.01":""):d.accepts["*"]);for(i in d.headers)w.setRequestHeader(i,d.headers[i]);if(d.beforeSend&&(d.beforeSend.call(f,w,d)===!1||2===b))return w.abort();x="abort";for(i in{success:1,error:1,complete:1})w[i](d[i]);if(u=P(zn,d,t,w)){w.readyState=1,l&&p.trigger("ajaxSend",[w,d]),d.async&&d.timeout>0&&(s=setTimeout(function(){w.abort("timeout")},d.timeout));try{b=1,u.send(v,n)}catch(T){if(!(2>b))throw T;n(-1,T)}}else n(-1,"No Transport");return w},getJSON:function(e,t,n){return it.get(e,t,n,"json")},getScript:function(e,t){return it.get(e,void 0,t,"script")}}),it.each(["get","post"],function(e,t){it[t]=function(e,n,r,i){return it.isFunction(n)&&(i=i||r,r=n,n=void 0),it.ajax({url:e,type:t,dataType:i,data:n,success:r})}}),it.each(["ajaxStart","ajaxStop","ajaxComplete","ajaxError","ajaxSuccess","ajaxSend"],function(e,t){it.fn[t]=function(e){return this.on(t,e)}}),it._evalUrl=function(e){return it.ajax({url:e,type:"GET",dataType:"script",async:!1,global:!1,"throws":!0})},it.fn.extend({wrapAll:function(e){if(it.isFunction(e))return this.each(function(t){it(this).wrapAll(e.call(this,t))});if(this[0]){var t=it(e,this[0].ownerDocument).eq(0).clone(!0);this[0].parentNode&&t.insertBefore(this[0]),t.map(function(){for(var e=this;e.firstChild&&1===e.firstChild.nodeType;)e=e.firstChild;return e}).append(this)}return this},wrapInner:function(e){return this.each(it.isFunction(e)?function(t){it(this).wrapInner(e.call(this,t))}:function(){var t=it(this),n=t.contents();n.length?n.wrapAll(e):t.append(e)})},wrap:function(e){var t=it.isFunction(e);return this.each(function(n){it(this).wrapAll(t?e.call(this,n):e)})},unwrap:function(){return this.parent().each(function(){it.nodeName(this,"body")||it(this).replaceWith(this.childNodes)}).end()}}),it.expr.filters.hidden=function(e){return e.offsetWidth<=0&&e.offsetHeight<=0||!nt.reliableHiddenOffsets()&&"none"===(e.style&&e.style.display||it.css(e,"display"))},it.expr.filters.visible=function(e){return!it.expr.filters.hidden(e)};var Vn=/%20/g,Gn=/\[\]$/,Yn=/\r?\n/g,Jn=/^(?:submit|button|image|reset|file)$/i,Kn=/^(?:input|select|textarea|keygen)/i;it.param=function(e,t){var n,r=[],i=function(e,t){t=it.isFunction(t)?t():null==t?"":t,r[r.length]=encodeURIComponent(e)+"="+encodeURIComponent(t)};if(void 0===t&&(t=it.ajaxSettings&&it.ajaxSettings.traditional),it.isArray(e)||e.jquery&&!it.isPlainObject(e))it.each(e,function(){i(this.name,this.value)});else for(n in e)z(n,e[n],t,i);return r.join("&").replace(Vn,"+")},it.fn.extend({serialize:function(){return it.param(this.serializeArray())},serializeArray:function(){return this.map(function(){var e=it.prop(this,"elements");return e?it.makeArray(e):this}).filter(function(){var e=this.type;return this.name&&!it(this).is(":disabled")&&Kn.test(this.nodeName)&&!Jn.test(e)&&(this.checked||!Dt.test(e))}).map(function(e,t){var n=it(this).val();return null==n?null:it.isArray(n)?it.map(n,function(e){return{name:t.name,value:e.replace(Yn,"\r\n")}}):{name:t.name,value:n.replace(Yn,"\r\n")}}).get()}}),it.ajaxSettings.xhr=void 0!==e.ActiveXObject?function(){return!this.isLocal&&/^(get|post|head|put|delete|options)$/i.test(this.type)&&X()||U()}:X;var Qn=0,Zn={},er=it.ajaxSettings.xhr();e.ActiveXObject&&it(e).on("unload",function(){for(var e in Zn)Zn[e](void 0,!0)}),nt.cors=!!er&&"withCredentials"in er,er=nt.ajax=!!er,er&&it.ajaxTransport(function(e){if(!e.crossDomain||nt.cors){var t;return{send:function(n,r){var i,o=e.xhr(),a=++Qn;if(o.open(e.type,e.url,e.async,e.username,e.password),e.xhrFields)for(i in e.xhrFields)o[i]=e.xhrFields[i];e.mimeType&&o.overrideMimeType&&o.overrideMimeType(e.mimeType),e.crossDomain||n["X-Requested-With"]||(n["X-Requested-With"]="XMLHttpRequest");for(i in n)void 0!==n[i]&&o.setRequestHeader(i,n[i]+"");o.send(e.hasContent&&e.data||null),t=function(n,i){var s,l,u;if(t&&(i||4===o.readyState))if(delete Zn[a],t=void 0,o.onreadystatechange=it.noop,i)4!==o.readyState&&o.abort();else{u={},s=o.status,"string"==typeof o.responseText&&(u.text=o.responseText);try{l=o.statusText}catch(c){l=""}s||!e.isLocal||e.crossDomain?1223===s&&(s=204):s=u.text?200:404}u&&r(s,l,u,o.getAllResponseHeaders())},e.async?4===o.readyState?setTimeout(t):o.onreadystatechange=Zn[a]=t:t()},abort:function(){t&&t(void 0,!0)}}}}),it.ajaxSetup({accepts:{script:"text/javascript, application/javascript, application/ecmascript, application/x-ecmascript"},contents:{script:/(?:java|ecma)script/},converters:{"text script":function(e){return it.globalEval(e),e}}}),it.ajaxPrefilter("script",function(e){void 0===e.cache&&(e.cache=!1),e.crossDomain&&(e.type="GET",e.global=!1)}),it.ajaxTransport("script",function(e){if(e.crossDomain){var t,n=ht.head||it("head")[0]||ht.documentElement;return{send:function(r,i){t=ht.createElement("script"),t.async=!0,e.scriptCharset&&(t.charset=e.scriptCharset),t.src=e.url,t.onload=t.onreadystatechange=function(e,n){(n||!t.readyState||/loaded|complete/.test(t.readyState))&&(t.onload=t.onreadystatechange=null,t.parentNode&&t.parentNode.removeChild(t),t=null,n||i(200,"success"))},n.insertBefore(t,n.firstChild)},abort:function(){t&&t.onload(void 0,!0)}}}});var tr=[],nr=/(=)\?(?=&|$)|\?\?/;it.ajaxSetup({jsonp:"callback",jsonpCallback:function(){var e=tr.pop()||it.expando+"_"+Ln++;return this[e]=!0,e}}),it.ajaxPrefilter("json jsonp",function(t,n,r){var i,o,a,s=t.jsonp!==!1&&(nr.test(t.url)?"url":"string"==typeof t.data&&!(t.contentType||"").indexOf("application/x-www-form-urlencoded")&&nr.test(t.data)&&"data");return s||"jsonp"===t.dataTypes[0]?(i=t.jsonpCallback=it.isFunction(t.jsonpCallback)?t.jsonpCallback():t.jsonpCallback,s?t[s]=t[s].replace(nr,"$1"+i):t.jsonp!==!1&&(t.url+=(Hn.test(t.url)?"&":"?")+t.jsonp+"="+i),t.converters["script json"]=function(){return a||it.error(i+" was not called"),a[0]},t.dataTypes[0]="json",o=e[i],e[i]=function(){a=arguments},r.always(function(){e[i]=o,t[i]&&(t.jsonpCallback=n.jsonpCallback,tr.push(i)),a&&it.isFunction(o)&&o(a[0]),a=o=void 0}),"script"):void 0}),it.parseHTML=function(e,t,n){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return null;"boolean"==typeof t&&(n=t,t=!1),t=t||ht;var r=dt.exec(e),i=!n&&[];return r?[t.createElement(r[1])]:(r=it.buildFragment([e],t,i),i&&i.length&&it(i).remove(),it.merge([],r.childNodes))};var rr=it.fn.load;it.fn.load=function(e,t,n){if("string"!=typeof e&&rr)return rr.apply(this,arguments);var r,i,o,a=this,s=e.indexOf(" ");return s>=0&&(r=it.trim(e.slice(s,e.length)),e=e.slice(0,s)),it.isFunction(t)?(n=t,t=void 0):t&&"object"==typeof t&&(o="POST"),a.length>0&&it.ajax({url:e,type:o,dataType:"html",data:t}).done(function(e){i=arguments,a.html(r?it("<div>").append(it.parseHTML(e)).find(r):e)}).complete(n&&function(e,t){a.each(n,i||[e.responseText,t,e])}),this},it.expr.filters.animated=function(e){return it.grep(it.timers,function(t){return e===t.elem}).length};var ir=e.document.documentElement;it.offset={setOffset:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c=it.css(e,"position"),d=it(e),f={};"static"===c&&(e.style.position="relative"),s=d.offset(),o=it.css(e,"top"),l=it.css(e,"left"),u=("absolute"===c||"fixed"===c)&&it.inArray("auto",[o,l])>-1,u?(r=d.position(),a=r.top,i=r.left):(a=parseFloat(o)||0,i=parseFloat(l)||0),it.isFunction(t)&&(t=t.call(e,n,s)),null!=t.top&&(f.top=t.top-s.top+a),null!=t.left&&(f.left=t.left-s.left+i),"using"in t?t.using.call(e,f):d.css(f)}},it.fn.extend({offset:function(e){if(arguments.length)return void 0===e?this:this.each(function(t){it.offset.setOffset(this,e,t)});var t,n,r={top:0,left:0},i=this[0],o=i&&i.ownerDocument;if(o)return t=o.documentElement,it.contains(t,i)?(typeof i.getBoundingClientRect!==Et&&(r=i.getBoundingClientRect()),n=V(o),{top:r.top+(n.pageYOffset||t.scrollTop)-(t.clientTop||0),left:r.left+(n.pageXOffset||t.scrollLeft)-(t.clientLeft||0)}):r},position:function(){if(this[0]){var e,t,n={top:0,left:0},r=this[0];return"fixed"===it.css(r,"position")?t=r.getBoundingClientRect():(e=this.offsetParent(),t=this.offset(),it.nodeName(e[0],"html")||(n=e.offset()),n.top+=it.css(e[0],"borderTopWidth",!0),n.left+=it.css(e[0],"borderLeftWidth",!0)),{top:t.top-n.top-it.css(r,"marginTop",!0),left:t.left-n.left-it.css(r,"marginLeft",!0)}}},offsetParent:function(){return this.map(function(){for(var e=this.offsetParent||ir;e&&!it.nodeName(e,"html")&&"static"===it.css(e,"position");)e=e.offsetParent;return e||ir})}}),it.each({scrollLeft:"pageXOffset",scrollTop:"pageYOffset"},function(e,t){var n=/Y/.test(t);it.fn[e]=function(r){return At(this,function(e,r,i){var o=V(e);return void 0===i?o?t in o?o[t]:o.document.documentElement[r]:e[r]:void(o?o.scrollTo(n?it(o).scrollLeft():i,n?i:it(o).scrollTop()):e[r]=i)},e,r,arguments.length,null)}}),it.each(["top","left"],function(e,t){it.cssHooks[t]=N(nt.pixelPosition,function(e,n){return n?(n=tn(e,t),rn.test(n)?it(e).position()[t]+"px":n):void 0})}),it.each({Height:"height",Width:"width"},function(e,t){it.each({padding:"inner"+e,content:t,"":"outer"+e},function(n,r){it.fn[r]=function(r,i){var o=arguments.length&&(n||"boolean"!=typeof r),a=n||(r===!0||i===!0?"margin":"border");return At(this,function(t,n,r){var i;return it.isWindow(t)?t.document.documentElement["client"+e]:9===t.nodeType?(i=t.documentElement,Math.max(t.body["scroll"+e],i["scroll"+e],t.body["offset"+e],i["offset"+e],i["client"+e])):void 0===r?it.css(t,n,a):it.style(t,n,r,a)},t,o?r:void 0,o,null)}})}),it.fn.size=function(){return this.length},it.fn.andSelf=it.fn.addBack,"function"==typeof define&&define.amd&&define("jquery",[],function(){return it});var or=e.jQuery,ar=e.$;return it.noConflict=function(t){return e.$===it&&(e.$=ar),t&&e.jQuery===it&&(e.jQuery=or),it},typeof t===Et&&(e.jQuery=e.$=it),it}),function(e,t){e.rails!==t&&e.error("jquery-ujs has already been loaded!");var n,r=e(document);e.rails=n={linkClickSelector:"a[data-confirm], a[data-method], a[data-remote], a[data-disable-with], a[data-disable]",buttonClickSelector:"button[data-remote], button[data-confirm]",inputChangeSelector:"select[data-remote], input[data-remote], textarea[data-remote]",formSubmitSelector:"form",formInputClickSelector:"form input[type=submit], form input[type=image], form button[type=submit], form button:not([type])",disableSelector:"input[data-disable-with]:enabled, button[data-disable-with]:enabled, textarea[data-disable-with]:enabled, input[data-disable]:enabled, button[data-disable]:enabled, textarea[data-disable]:enabled",enableSelector:"input[data-disable-with]:disabled, button[data-disable-with]:disabled, textarea[data-disable-with]:disabled, input[data-disable]:disabled, button[data-disable]:disabled, textarea[data-disable]:disabled",requiredInputSelector:"input[name][required]:not([disabled]),textarea[name][required]:not([disabled])",fileInputSelector:"input[type=file]",linkDisableSelector:"a[data-disable-with], a[data-disable]",buttonDisableSelector:"button[data-remote][data-disable-with], button[data-remote][data-disable]",CSRFProtection:function(t){var n=e('meta[name="csrf-token"]').attr("content");n&&t.setRequestHeader("X-CSRF-Token",n)},refreshCSRFTokens:function(){var t=e("meta[name=csrf-token]").attr("content"),n=e("meta[name=csrf-param]").attr("content");e('form input[name="'+n+'"]').val(t)},fire:function(t,n,r){var i=e.Event(n);return t.trigger(i,r),i.result!==!1},confirm:function(e){return confirm(e)},ajax:function(t){return e.ajax(t)},href:function(e){return e.attr("href")},handleRemote:function(r){var i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d;if(n.fire(r,"ajax:before")){if(s=r.data("cross-domain"),l=s===t?null:s,u=r.data("with-credentials")||null,c=r.data("type")||e.ajaxSettings&&e.ajaxSettings.dataType,r.is("form")){i=r.attr("method"),o=r.attr("action"),a=r.serializeArray();var f=r.data("ujs:submit-button");f&&(a.push(f),r.data("ujs:submit-button",null))}else r.is(n.inputChangeSelector)?(i=r.data("method"),o=r.data("url"),a=r.serialize(),r.data("params")&&(a=a+"&"+r.data("params"))):r.is(n.buttonClickSelector)?(i=r.data("method")||"get",o=r.data("url"),a=r.serialize(),r.data("params")&&(a=a+"&"+r.data("params"))):(i=r.data("method"),o=n.href(r),a=r.data("params")||null);return d={type:i||"GET",data:a,dataType:c,beforeSend:function(e,i){return i.dataType===t&&e.setRequestHeader("accept","*/*;q=0.5, "+i.accepts.script),n.fire(r,"ajax:beforeSend",[e,i])?void r.trigger("ajax:send",e):!1
+},success:function(e,t,n){r.trigger("ajax:success",[e,t,n])},complete:function(e,t){r.trigger("ajax:complete",[e,t])},error:function(e,t,n){r.trigger("ajax:error",[e,t,n])},crossDomain:l},u&&(d.xhrFields={withCredentials:u}),o&&(d.url=o),n.ajax(d)}return!1},handleMethod:function(r){var i=n.href(r),o=r.data("method"),a=r.attr("target"),s=e("meta[name=csrf-token]").attr("content"),l=e("meta[name=csrf-param]").attr("content"),u=e('<form method="post" action="'+i+'"></form>'),c='<input name="_method" value="'+o+'" type="hidden" />';l!==t&&s!==t&&(c+='<input name="'+l+'" value="'+s+'" type="hidden" />'),a&&u.attr("target",a),u.hide().append(c).appendTo("body"),u.submit()},formElements:function(t,n){return t.is("form")?e(t[0].elements).filter(n):t.find(n)},disableFormElements:function(t){n.formElements(t,n.disableSelector).each(function(){n.disableFormElement(e(this))})},disableFormElement:function(e){var n,r;n=e.is("button")?"html":"val",r=e.data("disable-with"),e.data("ujs:enable-with",e[n]()),r!==t&&e[n](r),e.prop("disabled",!0)},enableFormElements:function(t){n.formElements(t,n.enableSelector).each(function(){n.enableFormElement(e(this))})},enableFormElement:function(e){var t=e.is("button")?"html":"val";e.data("ujs:enable-with")&&e[t](e.data("ujs:enable-with")),e.prop("disabled",!1)},allowAction:function(e){var t,r=e.data("confirm"),i=!1;return r?(n.fire(e,"confirm")&&(i=n.confirm(r),t=n.fire(e,"confirm:complete",[i])),i&&t):!0},blankInputs:function(t,n,r){var i,o,a=e(),s=n||"input,textarea",l=t.find(s);return l.each(function(){if(i=e(this),o=i.is("input[type=checkbox],input[type=radio]")?i.is(":checked"):i.val(),!o==!r){if(i.is("input[type=radio]")&&l.filter('input[type=radio]:checked[name="'+i.attr("name")+'"]').length)return!0;a=a.add(i)}}),a.length?a:!1},nonBlankInputs:function(e,t){return n.blankInputs(e,t,!0)},stopEverything:function(t){return e(t.target).trigger("ujs:everythingStopped"),t.stopImmediatePropagation(),!1},disableElement:function(e){var r=e.data("disable-with");e.data("ujs:enable-with",e.html()),r!==t&&e.html(r),e.bind("click.railsDisable",function(e){return n.stopEverything(e)})},enableElement:function(e){e.data("ujs:enable-with")!==t&&(e.html(e.data("ujs:enable-with")),e.removeData("ujs:enable-with")),e.unbind("click.railsDisable")}},n.fire(r,"rails:attachBindings")&&(e.ajaxPrefilter(function(e,t,r){e.crossDomain||n.CSRFProtection(r)}),r.delegate(n.linkDisableSelector,"ajax:complete",function(){n.enableElement(e(this))}),r.delegate(n.buttonDisableSelector,"ajax:complete",function(){n.enableFormElement(e(this))}),r.delegate(n.linkClickSelector,"click.rails",function(r){var i=e(this),o=i.data("method"),a=i.data("params"),s=r.metaKey||r.ctrlKey;if(!n.allowAction(i))return n.stopEverything(r);if(!s&&i.is(n.linkDisableSelector)&&n.disableElement(i),i.data("remote")!==t){if(s&&(!o||"GET"===o)&&!a)return!0;var l=n.handleRemote(i);return l===!1?n.enableElement(i):l.error(function(){n.enableElement(i)}),!1}return i.data("method")?(n.handleMethod(i),!1):void 0}),r.delegate(n.buttonClickSelector,"click.rails",function(t){var r=e(this);if(!n.allowAction(r))return n.stopEverything(t);r.is(n.buttonDisableSelector)&&n.disableFormElement(r);var i=n.handleRemote(r);return i===!1?n.enableFormElement(r):i.error(function(){n.enableFormElement(r)}),!1}),r.delegate(n.inputChangeSelector,"change.rails",function(t){var r=e(this);return n.allowAction(r)?(n.handleRemote(r),!1):n.stopEverything(t)}),r.delegate(n.formSubmitSelector,"submit.rails",function(r){var i,o,a=e(this),s=a.data("remote")!==t;if(!n.allowAction(a))return n.stopEverything(r);if(a.attr("novalidate")==t&&(i=n.blankInputs(a,n.requiredInputSelector),i&&n.fire(a,"ajax:aborted:required",[i])))return n.stopEverything(r);if(s){if(o=n.nonBlankInputs(a,n.fileInputSelector)){setTimeout(function(){n.disableFormElements(a)},13);var l=n.fire(a,"ajax:aborted:file",[o]);return l||setTimeout(function(){n.enableFormElements(a)},13),l}return n.handleRemote(a),!1}setTimeout(function(){n.disableFormElements(a)},13)}),r.delegate(n.formInputClickSelector,"click.rails",function(t){var r=e(this);if(!n.allowAction(r))return n.stopEverything(t);var i=r.attr("name"),o=i?{name:i,value:r.val()}:null;r.closest("form").data("ujs:submit-button",o)}),r.delegate(n.formSubmitSelector,"ajax:send.rails",function(t){this==t.target&&n.disableFormElements(e(this))}),r.delegate(n.formSubmitSelector,"ajax:complete.rails",function(t){this==t.target&&n.enableFormElements(e(this))}),e(function(){n.refreshCSRFTokens()}))}(jQuery),function(){var e,t,n,r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d,f,p,h,m,g,v,y,b,x,w,T,E,k,C,N,S,j,A,D,L,H,_,q,F,M,O,R,B,P,I,W,$,z,X,U,V,G,Y=[].indexOf||function(e){for(var t=0,n=this.length;n>t;t++)if(t in this&&this[t]===e)return t;return-1},J={}.hasOwnProperty,K=function(e,t){function n(){this.constructor=e}for(var r in t)J.call(t,r)&&(e[r]=t[r]);return n.prototype=t.prototype,e.prototype=new n,e.__super__=t.prototype,e},Q=[].slice;j={},d=10,$=!1,m=null,S=null,q=null,h=null,V=null,b=function(e){var t;return e=new n(e),B(),c(),F(e),$&&(t=z(e.absolute))?(x(t),w(e)):w(e,W)},z=function(e){var t;return t=j[e],t&&!t.transitionCacheDisabled?t:void 0},g=function(e){return null==e&&(e=!0),$=e},w=function(e,t){return null==t&&(t=function(){return function(){}}(this)),X("page:fetch",{url:e.absolute}),null!=V&&V.abort(),V=new XMLHttpRequest,V.open("GET",e.withoutHashForIE10compatibility(),!0),V.setRequestHeader("Accept","text/html, application/xhtml+xml, application/xml"),V.setRequestHeader("X-XHR-Referer",q),V.onload=function(){var n;return X("page:receive"),(n=H())?(f.apply(null,y(n)),M(),t(),X("page:load")):document.location.href=e.absolute},V.onloadend=function(){return V=null},V.onerror=function(){return document.location.href=e.absolute},V.send()},x=function(e){return null!=V&&V.abort(),f(e.title,e.body),_(e),X("page:restore")},c=function(){var e;return e=new n(m.url),j[e.absolute]={url:e.relative,body:document.body,title:document.title,positionY:window.pageYOffset,positionX:window.pageXOffset,cachedAt:(new Date).getTime(),transitionCacheDisabled:null!=document.querySelector("[data-no-transition-cache]")},p(d)},D=function(e){return null==e&&(e=d),/^[\d]+$/.test(e)?d=parseInt(e):void 0},p=function(e){var t,n,r,i,o,a;for(r=Object.keys(j),t=r.map(function(e){return j[e].cachedAt}).sort(function(e,t){return t-e}),a=[],i=0,o=r.length;o>i;i++)n=r[i],j[n].cachedAt<=t[e]&&(X("page:expire",j[n]),a.push(delete j[n]));return a},f=function(t,n,r,i){return document.title=t,document.documentElement.replaceChild(n,document.body),null!=r&&e.update(r),i&&v(),m=window.history.state,X("page:change"),X("page:update")},v=function(){var e,t,n,r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d;for(o=Array.prototype.slice.call(document.body.querySelectorAll('script:not([data-turbolinks-eval="false"])')),a=0,l=o.length;l>a;a++)if(i=o[a],""===(c=i.type)||"text/javascript"===c){for(t=document.createElement("script"),d=i.attributes,s=0,u=d.length;u>s;s++)e=d[s],t.setAttribute(e.name,e.value);t.appendChild(document.createTextNode(i.innerHTML)),r=i.parentNode,n=i.nextSibling,r.removeChild(i),r.insertBefore(t,n)}},P=function(e){return e.innerHTML=e.innerHTML.replace(/<noscript[\S\s]*?<\/noscript>/gi,""),e},F=function(e){return(e=new n(e)).absolute!==q?window.history.pushState({turbolinks:!0,url:e.absolute},"",e.absolute):void 0},M=function(){var e,t;return(e=V.getResponseHeader("X-XHR-Redirected-To"))?(e=new n(e),t=e.hasNoHash()?document.location.hash:"",window.history.replaceState(m,"",e.href+t)):void 0},B=function(){return q=document.location.href},R=function(){return window.history.replaceState({turbolinks:!0,url:document.location.href},"",document.location.href)},O=function(){return m=window.history.state},_=function(e){return window.scrollTo(e.positionX,e.positionY)},W=function(){return document.location.hash?document.location.href=document.location.href:window.scrollTo(0,0)},L=function(e){var t,n;return t=(null!=(n=document.cookie.match(new RegExp(e+"=(\\w+)")))?n[1].toUpperCase():void 0)||"",document.cookie=e+"=; expires=Thu, 01-Jan-70 00:00:01 GMT; path=/",t},X=function(e,t){var n;return n=document.createEvent("Events"),t&&(n.data=t),n.initEvent(e,!0,!0),document.dispatchEvent(n)},A=function(){return!X("page:before-change")},H=function(){var e,t,n,r,i,o;return t=function(){var e;return 400<=(e=V.status)&&600>e},o=function(){return V.getResponseHeader("Content-Type").match(/^(?:text\/html|application\/xhtml\+xml|application\/xml)(?:;|$)/)},r=function(e){var t,n,r,i,o;for(i=e.head.childNodes,o=[],n=0,r=i.length;r>n;n++)t=i[n],null!=("function"==typeof t.getAttribute?t.getAttribute("data-turbolinks-track"):void 0)&&o.push(t.getAttribute("src")||t.getAttribute("href"));return o},e=function(e){var t;return S||(S=r(document)),t=r(e),t.length!==S.length||i(t,S).length!==S.length},i=function(e,t){var n,r,i,o,a;for(e.length>t.length&&(o=[t,e],e=o[0],t=o[1]),a=[],r=0,i=e.length;i>r;r++)n=e[r],Y.call(t,n)>=0&&a.push(n);return a},!t()&&o()&&(n=h(V.responseText),n&&!e(n))?n:void 0},y=function(t){var n;return n=t.querySelector("title"),[null!=n?n.textContent:void 0,P(t.body),e.get(t).token,"runScripts"]},e={get:function(e){var t;return null==e&&(e=document),{node:t=e.querySelector('meta[name="csrf-token"]'),token:null!=t&&"function"==typeof t.getAttribute?t.getAttribute("content"):void 0}},update:function(e){var t;return t=this.get(),null!=t.token&&null!=e&&t.token!==e?t.node.setAttribute("content",e):void 0}},i=function(){var e,t,n,r,i,o;t=function(e){return(new DOMParser).parseFromString(e,"text/html")},e=function(e){var t;return t=document.implementation.createHTMLDocument(""),t.documentElement.innerHTML=e,t},n=function(e){var t;return t=document.implementation.createHTMLDocument(""),t.open("replace"),t.write(e),t.close(),t};try{if(window.DOMParser)return i=t("<html><body><p>test"),t}catch(a){return r=a,i=e("<html><body><p>test"),e}finally{if(1!==(null!=i&&null!=(o=i.body)?o.childNodes.length:void 0))return n}},n=function(){function e(t){return this.original=null!=t?t:document.location.href,this.original.constructor===e?this.original:void this._parse()}return e.prototype.withoutHash=function(){return this.href.replace(this.hash,"")},e.prototype.withoutHashForIE10compatibility=function(){return this.withoutHash()},e.prototype.hasNoHash=function(){return 0===this.hash.length},e.prototype._parse=function(){var e;return(null!=this.link?this.link:this.link=document.createElement("a")).href=this.original,e=this.link,this.href=e.href,this.protocol=e.protocol,this.host=e.host,this.hostname=e.hostname,this.port=e.port,this.pathname=e.pathname,this.search=e.search,this.hash=e.hash,this.origin=[this.protocol,"//",this.hostname].join(""),0!==this.port.length&&(this.origin+=":"+this.port),this.relative=[this.pathname,this.search,this.hash].join(""),this.absolute=this.href},e}(),r=function(e){function t(e){return this.link=e,this.link.constructor===t?this.link:(this.original=this.link.href,void t.__super__.constructor.apply(this,arguments))}return K(t,e),t.HTML_EXTENSIONS=["html"],t.allowExtensions=function(){var e,n,r,i;for(n=1<=arguments.length?Q.call(arguments,0):[],r=0,i=n.length;i>r;r++)e=n[r],t.HTML_EXTENSIONS.push(e);return t.HTML_EXTENSIONS},t.prototype.shouldIgnore=function(){return this._crossOrigin()||this._anchored()||this._nonHtml()||this._optOut()||this._target()},t.prototype._crossOrigin=function(){return this.origin!==(new n).origin},t.prototype._anchored=function(){var e;return(this.hash&&this.withoutHash())===(e=new n).withoutHash()||this.href===e.href+"#"},t.prototype._nonHtml=function(){return this.pathname.match(/\.[a-z]+$/g)&&!this.pathname.match(new RegExp("\\.(?:"+t.HTML_EXTENSIONS.join("|")+")?$","g"))},t.prototype._optOut=function(){var e,t;for(t=this.link;!e&&t!==document;)e=null!=t.getAttribute("data-no-turbolink"),t=t.parentNode;return e},t.prototype._target=function(){return 0!==this.link.target.length},t}(n),t=function(){function e(e){this.event=e,this.event.defaultPrevented||(this._extractLink(),this._validForTurbolinks()&&(A()||U(this.link.href),this.event.preventDefault()))}return e.installHandlerLast=function(t){return t.defaultPrevented?void 0:(document.removeEventListener("click",e.handle,!1),document.addEventListener("click",e.handle,!1))},e.handle=function(t){return new e(t)},e.prototype._extractLink=function(){var e;for(e=this.event.target;e.parentNode&&"A"!==e.nodeName;)e=e.parentNode;return"A"===e.nodeName&&0!==e.href.length?this.link=new r(e):void 0},e.prototype._validForTurbolinks=function(){return null!=this.link&&!(this.link.shouldIgnore()||this._nonStandardClick())},e.prototype._nonStandardClick=function(){return this.event.which>1||this.event.metaKey||this.event.ctrlKey||this.event.shiftKey||this.event.altKey},e}(),u=function(e){return setTimeout(e,500)},k=function(){return document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function(){return X("page:change"),X("page:update")},!0)},N=function(){return"undefined"!=typeof jQuery?jQuery(document).on("ajaxSuccess",function(e,t){return jQuery.trim(t.responseText)?X("page:update"):void 0}):void 0},C=function(e){var t,r;return(null!=(r=e.state)?r.turbolinks:void 0)?(t=j[new n(e.state.url).absolute])?(c(),x(t)):U(e.target.location.href):void 0},E=function(){return R(),O(),h=i(),document.addEventListener("click",t.installHandlerLast,!0),u(function(){return window.addEventListener("popstate",C,!1)})},T=void 0!==window.history.state||navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox\/2[6|7]/),s=window.history&&window.history.pushState&&window.history.replaceState&&T,o=!navigator.userAgent.match(/CriOS\//),I="GET"===(G=L("request_method"))||""===G,l=s&&o&&I,a=document.addEventListener&&document.createEvent,a&&(k(),N()),l?(U=b,E()):U=function(e){return document.location.href=e},this.Turbolinks={visit:U,pagesCached:D,enableTransitionCache:g,allowLinkExtensions:r.allowExtensions,supported:l}}.call(this),function(){}.call(this);
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/gzip/application-a71b3024f80aea3181c09774ca17e712.js.gz b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/gzip/application-a71b3024f80aea3181c09774ca17e712.js.gz
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f62c656dc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/gzip/application-a71b3024f80aea3181c09774ca17e712.js.gz
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/gzip/foo.zoo b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/gzip/foo.zoo
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1826a7660e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/gzip/foo.zoo
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+!function(e,t){"object"==typeof module&&"object"==typeof module.exports?module.exports=e.document?t(e,!0):function(e){if(!e.document)throw new Error("jQuery requires a window with a document");return t(e)}:t(e)}("undefined"!=typeof window?window:this,function(e,t){function n(e){var t=e.length,n=it.type(e);return"function"===n||it.isWindow(e)?!1:1===e.nodeType&&t?!0:"array"===n||0===t||"number"==typeof t&&t>0&&t-1 in e}function r(e,t,n){if(it.isFunction(t))return it.grep(e,function(e,r){return!!t.call(e,r,e)!==n});if(t.nodeType)return it.grep(e,function(e){return e===t!==n});if("string"==typeof t){if(ft.test(t))return it.filter(t,e,n);t=it.filter(t,e)}return it.grep(e,function(e){return it.inArray(e,t)>=0!==n})}function i(e,t){do e=e[t];while(e&&1!==e.nodeType);return e}function o(e){var t=xt[e]={};return it.each(e.match(bt)||[],function(e,n){t[n]=!0}),t}function a(){ht.addEventListener?(ht.removeEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",s,!1),e.removeEventListener("load",s,!1)):(ht.detachEvent("onreadystatechange",s),e.detachEvent("onload",s))}function s(){(ht.addEventListener||"load"===event.type||"complete"===ht.readyState)&&(a(),it.ready())}function l(e,t,n){if(void 0===n&&1===e.nodeType){var r="data-"+t.replace(Ct,"-$1").toLowerCase();if(n=e.getAttribute(r),"string"==typeof n){try{n="true"===n?!0:"false"===n?!1:"null"===n?null:+n+""===n?+n:kt.test(n)?it.parseJSON(n):n}catch(i){}it.data(e,t,n)}else n=void 0}return n}function u(e){var t;for(t in e)if(("data"!==t||!it.isEmptyObject(e[t]))&&"toJSON"!==t)return!1;return!0}function c(e,t,n,r){if(it.acceptData(e)){var i,o,a=it.expando,s=e.nodeType,l=s?it.cache:e,u=s?e[a]:e[a]&&a;if(u&&l[u]&&(r||l[u].data)||void 0!==n||"string"!=typeof t)return u||(u=s?e[a]=G.pop()||it.guid++:a),l[u]||(l[u]=s?{}:{toJSON:it.noop}),("object"==typeof t||"function"==typeof t)&&(r?l[u]=it.extend(l[u],t):l[u].data=it.extend(l[u].data,t)),o=l[u],r||(o.data||(o.data={}),o=o.data),void 0!==n&&(o[it.camelCase(t)]=n),"string"==typeof t?(i=o[t],null==i&&(i=o[it.camelCase(t)])):i=o,i}}function d(e,t,n){if(it.acceptData(e)){var r,i,o=e.nodeType,a=o?it.cache:e,s=o?e[it.expando]:it.expando;if(a[s]){if(t&&(r=n?a[s]:a[s].data)){it.isArray(t)?t=t.concat(it.map(t,it.camelCase)):t in r?t=[t]:(t=it.camelCase(t),t=t in r?[t]:t.split(" ")),i=t.length;for(;i--;)delete r[t[i]];if(n?!u(r):!it.isEmptyObject(r))return}(n||(delete a[s].data,u(a[s])))&&(o?it.cleanData([e],!0):nt.deleteExpando||a!=a.window?delete a[s]:a[s]=null)}}}function f(){return!0}function p(){return!1}function h(){try{return ht.activeElement}catch(e){}}function m(e){var t=Mt.split("|"),n=e.createDocumentFragment();if(n.createElement)for(;t.length;)n.createElement(t.pop());return n}function g(e,t){var n,r,i=0,o=typeof e.getElementsByTagName!==Et?e.getElementsByTagName(t||"*"):typeof e.querySelectorAll!==Et?e.querySelectorAll(t||"*"):void 0;if(!o)for(o=[],n=e.childNodes||e;null!=(r=n[i]);i++)!t||it.nodeName(r,t)?o.push(r):it.merge(o,g(r,t));return void 0===t||t&&it.nodeName(e,t)?it.merge([e],o):o}function v(e){Dt.test(e.type)&&(e.defaultChecked=e.checked)}function y(e,t){return it.nodeName(e,"table")&&it.nodeName(11!==t.nodeType?t:t.firstChild,"tr")?e.getElementsByTagName("tbody")[0]||e.appendChild(e.ownerDocument.createElement("tbody")):e}function b(e){return e.type=(null!==it.find.attr(e,"type"))+"/"+e.type,e}function x(e){var t=Vt.exec(e.type);return t?e.type=t[1]:e.removeAttribute("type"),e}function w(e,t){for(var n,r=0;null!=(n=e[r]);r++)it._data(n,"globalEval",!t||it._data(t[r],"globalEval"))}function T(e,t){if(1===t.nodeType&&it.hasData(e)){var n,r,i,o=it._data(e),a=it._data(t,o),s=o.events;if(s){delete a.handle,a.events={};for(n in s)for(r=0,i=s[n].length;i>r;r++)it.event.add(t,n,s[n][r])}a.data&&(a.data=it.extend({},a.data))}}function E(e,t){var n,r,i;if(1===t.nodeType){if(n=t.nodeName.toLowerCase(),!nt.noCloneEvent&&t[it.expando]){i=it._data(t);for(r in i.events)it.removeEvent(t,r,i.handle);t.removeAttribute(it.expando)}"script"===n&&t.text!==e.text?(b(t).text=e.text,x(t)):"object"===n?(t.parentNode&&(t.outerHTML=e.outerHTML),nt.html5Clone&&e.innerHTML&&!it.trim(t.innerHTML)&&(t.innerHTML=e.innerHTML)):"input"===n&&Dt.test(e.type)?(t.defaultChecked=t.checked=e.checked,t.value!==e.value&&(t.value=e.value)):"option"===n?t.defaultSelected=t.selected=e.defaultSelected:("input"===n||"textarea"===n)&&(t.defaultValue=e.defaultValue)}}function k(t,n){var r,i=it(n.createElement(t)).appendTo(n.body),o=e.getDefaultComputedStyle&&(r=e.getDefaultComputedStyle(i[0]))?r.display:it.css(i[0],"display");return i.detach(),o}function C(e){var t=ht,n=Zt[e];return n||(n=k(e,t),"none"!==n&&n||(Qt=(Qt||it("<iframe frameborder='0' width='0' height='0'/>")).appendTo(t.documentElement),t=(Qt[0].contentWindow||Qt[0].contentDocument).document,t.write(),t.close(),n=k(e,t),Qt.detach()),Zt[e]=n),n}function N(e,t){return{get:function(){var n=e();if(null!=n)return n?void delete this.get:(this.get=t).apply(this,arguments)}}}function S(e,t){if(t in e)return t;for(var n=t.charAt(0).toUpperCase()+t.slice(1),r=t,i=pn.length;i--;)if(t=pn[i]+n,t in e)return t;return r}function j(e,t){for(var n,r,i,o=[],a=0,s=e.length;s>a;a++)r=e[a],r.style&&(o[a]=it._data(r,"olddisplay"),n=r.style.display,t?(o[a]||"none"!==n||(r.style.display=""),""===r.style.display&&jt(r)&&(o[a]=it._data(r,"olddisplay",C(r.nodeName)))):(i=jt(r),(n&&"none"!==n||!i)&&it._data(r,"olddisplay",i?n:it.css(r,"display"))));for(a=0;s>a;a++)r=e[a],r.style&&(t&&"none"!==r.style.display&&""!==r.style.display||(r.style.display=t?o[a]||"":"none"));return e}function A(e,t,n){var r=un.exec(t);return r?Math.max(0,r[1]-(n||0))+(r[2]||"px"):t}function D(e,t,n,r,i){for(var o=n===(r?"border":"content")?4:"width"===t?1:0,a=0;4>o;o+=2)"margin"===n&&(a+=it.css(e,n+St[o],!0,i)),r?("content"===n&&(a-=it.css(e,"padding"+St[o],!0,i)),"margin"!==n&&(a-=it.css(e,"border"+St[o]+"Width",!0,i))):(a+=it.css(e,"padding"+St[o],!0,i),"padding"!==n&&(a+=it.css(e,"border"+St[o]+"Width",!0,i)));return a}function L(e,t,n){var r=!0,i="width"===t?e.offsetWidth:e.offsetHeight,o=en(e),a=nt.boxSizing&&"border-box"===it.css(e,"boxSizing",!1,o);if(0>=i||null==i){if(i=tn(e,t,o),(0>i||null==i)&&(i=e.style[t]),rn.test(i))return i;r=a&&(nt.boxSizingReliable()||i===e.style[t]),i=parseFloat(i)||0}return i+D(e,t,n||(a?"border":"content"),r,o)+"px"}function H(e,t,n,r,i){return new H.prototype.init(e,t,n,r,i)}function _(){return setTimeout(function(){hn=void 0}),hn=it.now()}function q(e,t){var n,r={height:e},i=0;for(t=t?1:0;4>i;i+=2-t)n=St[i],r["margin"+n]=r["padding"+n]=e;return t&&(r.opacity=r.width=e),r}function F(e,t,n){for(var r,i=(xn[t]||[]).concat(xn["*"]),o=0,a=i.length;a>o;o++)if(r=i[o].call(n,t,e))return r}function M(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d=this,f={},p=e.style,h=e.nodeType&&jt(e),m=it._data(e,"fxshow");n.queue||(s=it._queueHooks(e,"fx"),null==s.unqueued&&(s.unqueued=0,l=s.empty.fire,s.empty.fire=function(){s.unqueued||l()}),s.unqueued++,d.always(function(){d.always(function(){s.unqueued--,it.queue(e,"fx").length||s.empty.fire()})})),1===e.nodeType&&("height"in t||"width"in t)&&(n.overflow=[p.overflow,p.overflowX,p.overflowY],u=it.css(e,"display"),c="none"===u?it._data(e,"olddisplay")||C(e.nodeName):u,"inline"===c&&"none"===it.css(e,"float")&&(nt.inlineBlockNeedsLayout&&"inline"!==C(e.nodeName)?p.zoom=1:p.display="inline-block")),n.overflow&&(p.overflow="hidden",nt.shrinkWrapBlocks()||d.always(function(){p.overflow=n.overflow[0],p.overflowX=n.overflow[1],p.overflowY=n.overflow[2]}));for(r in t)if(i=t[r],gn.exec(i)){if(delete t[r],o=o||"toggle"===i,i===(h?"hide":"show")){if("show"!==i||!m||void 0===m[r])continue;h=!0}f[r]=m&&m[r]||it.style(e,r)}else u=void 0;if(it.isEmptyObject(f))"inline"===("none"===u?C(e.nodeName):u)&&(p.display=u);else{m?"hidden"in m&&(h=m.hidden):m=it._data(e,"fxshow",{}),o&&(m.hidden=!h),h?it(e).show():d.done(function(){it(e).hide()}),d.done(function(){var t;it._removeData(e,"fxshow");for(t in f)it.style(e,t,f[t])});for(r in f)a=F(h?m[r]:0,r,d),r in m||(m[r]=a.start,h&&(a.end=a.start,a.start="width"===r||"height"===r?1:0))}}function O(e,t){var n,r,i,o,a;for(n in e)if(r=it.camelCase(n),i=t[r],o=e[n],it.isArray(o)&&(i=o[1],o=e[n]=o[0]),n!==r&&(e[r]=o,delete e[n]),a=it.cssHooks[r],a&&"expand"in a){o=a.expand(o),delete e[r];for(n in o)n in e||(e[n]=o[n],t[n]=i)}else t[r]=i}function R(e,t,n){var r,i,o=0,a=bn.length,s=it.Deferred().always(function(){delete l.elem}),l=function(){if(i)return!1;for(var t=hn||_(),n=Math.max(0,u.startTime+u.duration-t),r=n/u.duration||0,o=1-r,a=0,l=u.tweens.length;l>a;a++)u.tweens[a].run(o);return s.notifyWith(e,[u,o,n]),1>o&&l?n:(s.resolveWith(e,[u]),!1)},u=s.promise({elem:e,props:it.extend({},t),opts:it.extend(!0,{specialEasing:{}},n),originalProperties:t,originalOptions:n,startTime:hn||_(),duration:n.duration,tweens:[],createTween:function(t,n){var r=it.Tween(e,u.opts,t,n,u.opts.specialEasing[t]||u.opts.easing);return u.tweens.push(r),r},stop:function(t){var n=0,r=t?u.tweens.length:0;if(i)return this;for(i=!0;r>n;n++)u.tweens[n].run(1);return t?s.resolveWith(e,[u,t]):s.rejectWith(e,[u,t]),this}}),c=u.props;for(O(c,u.opts.specialEasing);a>o;o++)if(r=bn[o].call(u,e,c,u.opts))return r;return it.map(c,F,u),it.isFunction(u.opts.start)&&u.opts.start.call(e,u),it.fx.timer(it.extend(l,{elem:e,anim:u,queue:u.opts.queue})),u.progress(u.opts.progress).done(u.opts.done,u.opts.complete).fail(u.opts.fail).always(u.opts.always)}function B(e){return function(t,n){"string"!=typeof t&&(n=t,t="*");var r,i=0,o=t.toLowerCase().match(bt)||[];if(it.isFunction(n))for(;r=o[i++];)"+"===r.charAt(0)?(r=r.slice(1)||"*",(e[r]=e[r]||[]).unshift(n)):(e[r]=e[r]||[]).push(n)}}function P(e,t,n,r){function i(s){var l;return o[s]=!0,it.each(e[s]||[],function(e,s){var u=s(t,n,r);return"string"!=typeof u||a||o[u]?a?!(l=u):void 0:(t.dataTypes.unshift(u),i(u),!1)}),l}var o={},a=e===zn;return i(t.dataTypes[0])||!o["*"]&&i("*")}function I(e,t){var n,r,i=it.ajaxSettings.flatOptions||{};for(r in t)void 0!==t[r]&&((i[r]?e:n||(n={}))[r]=t[r]);return n&&it.extend(!0,e,n),e}function W(e,t,n){for(var r,i,o,a,s=e.contents,l=e.dataTypes;"*"===l[0];)l.shift(),void 0===i&&(i=e.mimeType||t.getResponseHeader("Content-Type"));if(i)for(a in s)if(s[a]&&s[a].test(i)){l.unshift(a);break}if(l[0]in n)o=l[0];else{for(a in n){if(!l[0]||e.converters[a+" "+l[0]]){o=a;break}r||(r=a)}o=o||r}return o?(o!==l[0]&&l.unshift(o),n[o]):void 0}function $(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s,l,u={},c=e.dataTypes.slice();if(c[1])for(a in e.converters)u[a.toLowerCase()]=e.converters[a];for(o=c.shift();o;)if(e.responseFields[o]&&(n[e.responseFields[o]]=t),!l&&r&&e.dataFilter&&(t=e.dataFilter(t,e.dataType)),l=o,o=c.shift())if("*"===o)o=l;else if("*"!==l&&l!==o){if(a=u[l+" "+o]||u["* "+o],!a)for(i in u)if(s=i.split(" "),s[1]===o&&(a=u[l+" "+s[0]]||u["* "+s[0]])){a===!0?a=u[i]:u[i]!==!0&&(o=s[0],c.unshift(s[1]));break}if(a!==!0)if(a&&e["throws"])t=a(t);else try{t=a(t)}catch(d){return{state:"parsererror",error:a?d:"No conversion from "+l+" to "+o}}}return{state:"success",data:t}}function z(e,t,n,r){var i;if(it.isArray(t))it.each(t,function(t,i){n||Gn.test(e)?r(e,i):z(e+"["+("object"==typeof i?t:"")+"]",i,n,r)});else if(n||"object"!==it.type(t))r(e,t);else for(i in t)z(e+"["+i+"]",t[i],n,r)}function X(){try{return new e.XMLHttpRequest}catch(t){}}function U(){try{return new e.ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP")}catch(t){}}function V(e){return it.isWindow(e)?e:9===e.nodeType?e.defaultView||e.parentWindow:!1}var G=[],Y=G.slice,J=G.concat,K=G.push,Q=G.indexOf,Z={},et=Z.toString,tt=Z.hasOwnProperty,nt={},rt="1.11.1",it=function(e,t){return new it.fn.init(e,t)},ot=/^[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+|[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+$/g,at=/^-ms-/,st=/-([\da-z])/gi,lt=function(e,t){return t.toUpperCase()};it.fn=it.prototype={jquery:rt,constructor:it,selector:"",length:0,toArray:function(){return Y.call(this)},get:function(e){return null!=e?0>e?this[e+this.length]:this[e]:Y.call(this)},pushStack:function(e){var t=it.merge(this.constructor(),e);return t.prevObject=this,t.context=this.context,t},each:function(e,t){return it.each(this,e,t)},map:function(e){return this.pushStack(it.map(this,function(t,n){return e.call(t,n,t)}))},slice:function(){return this.pushStack(Y.apply(this,arguments))},first:function(){return this.eq(0)},last:function(){return this.eq(-1)},eq:function(e){var t=this.length,n=+e+(0>e?t:0);return this.pushStack(n>=0&&t>n?[this[n]]:[])},end:function(){return this.prevObject||this.constructor(null)},push:K,sort:G.sort,splice:G.splice},it.extend=it.fn.extend=function(){var e,t,n,r,i,o,a=arguments[0]||{},s=1,l=arguments.length,u=!1;for("boolean"==typeof a&&(u=a,a=arguments[s]||{},s++),"object"==typeof a||it.isFunction(a)||(a={}),s===l&&(a=this,s--);l>s;s++)if(null!=(i=arguments[s]))for(r in i)e=a[r],n=i[r],a!==n&&(u&&n&&(it.isPlainObject(n)||(t=it.isArray(n)))?(t?(t=!1,o=e&&it.isArray(e)?e:[]):o=e&&it.isPlainObject(e)?e:{},a[r]=it.extend(u,o,n)):void 0!==n&&(a[r]=n));return a},it.extend({expando:"jQuery"+(rt+Math.random()).replace(/\D/g,""),isReady:!0,error:function(e){throw new Error(e)},noop:function(){},isFunction:function(e){return"function"===it.type(e)},isArray:Array.isArray||function(e){return"array"===it.type(e)},isWindow:function(e){return null!=e&&e==e.window},isNumeric:function(e){return!it.isArray(e)&&e-parseFloat(e)>=0},isEmptyObject:function(e){var t;for(t in e)return!1;return!0},isPlainObject:function(e){var t;if(!e||"object"!==it.type(e)||e.nodeType||it.isWindow(e))return!1;try{if(e.constructor&&!tt.call(e,"constructor")&&!tt.call(e.constructor.prototype,"isPrototypeOf"))return!1}catch(n){return!1}if(nt.ownLast)for(t in e)return tt.call(e,t);for(t in e);return void 0===t||tt.call(e,t)},type:function(e){return null==e?e+"":"object"==typeof e||"function"==typeof e?Z[et.call(e)]||"object":typeof e},globalEval:function(t){t&&it.trim(t)&&(e.execScript||function(t){e.eval.call(e,t)})(t)},camelCase:function(e){return e.replace(at,"ms-").replace(st,lt)},nodeName:function(e,t){return e.nodeName&&e.nodeName.toLowerCase()===t.toLowerCase()},each:function(e,t,r){var i,o=0,a=e.length,s=n(e);if(r){if(s)for(;a>o&&(i=t.apply(e[o],r),i!==!1);o++);else for(o in e)if(i=t.apply(e[o],r),i===!1)break}else if(s)for(;a>o&&(i=t.call(e[o],o,e[o]),i!==!1);o++);else for(o in e)if(i=t.call(e[o],o,e[o]),i===!1)break;return e},trim:function(e){return null==e?"":(e+"").replace(ot,"")},makeArray:function(e,t){var r=t||[];return null!=e&&(n(Object(e))?it.merge(r,"string"==typeof e?[e]:e):K.call(r,e)),r},inArray:function(e,t,n){var r;if(t){if(Q)return Q.call(t,e,n);for(r=t.length,n=n?0>n?Math.max(0,r+n):n:0;r>n;n++)if(n in t&&t[n]===e)return n}return-1},merge:function(e,t){for(var n=+t.length,r=0,i=e.length;n>r;)e[i++]=t[r++];if(n!==n)for(;void 0!==t[r];)e[i++]=t[r++];return e.length=i,e},grep:function(e,t,n){for(var r,i=[],o=0,a=e.length,s=!n;a>o;o++)r=!t(e[o],o),r!==s&&i.push(e[o]);return i},map:function(e,t,r){var i,o=0,a=e.length,s=n(e),l=[];if(s)for(;a>o;o++)i=t(e[o],o,r),null!=i&&l.push(i);else for(o in e)i=t(e[o],o,r),null!=i&&l.push(i);return J.apply([],l)},guid:1,proxy:function(e,t){var n,r,i;return"string"==typeof t&&(i=e[t],t=e,e=i),it.isFunction(e)?(n=Y.call(arguments,2),r=function(){return e.apply(t||this,n.concat(Y.call(arguments)))},r.guid=e.guid=e.guid||it.guid++,r):void 0},now:function(){return+new Date},support:nt}),it.each("Boolean Number String Function Array Date RegExp Object Error".split(" "),function(e,t){Z["[object "+t+"]"]=t.toLowerCase()});var ut=function(e){function t(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s,l,u,d,p,h,m;if((t?t.ownerDocument||t:P)!==H&&L(t),t=t||H,n=n||[],!e||"string"!=typeof e)return n;if(1!==(s=t.nodeType)&&9!==s)return[];if(q&&!r){if(i=yt.exec(e))if(a=i[1]){if(9===s){if(o=t.getElementById(a),!o||!o.parentNode)return n;if(o.id===a)return n.push(o),n}else if(t.ownerDocument&&(o=t.ownerDocument.getElementById(a))&&R(t,o)&&o.id===a)return n.push(o),n}else{if(i[2])return Z.apply(n,t.getElementsByTagName(e)),n;if((a=i[3])&&w.getElementsByClassName&&t.getElementsByClassName)return Z.apply(n,t.getElementsByClassName(a)),n}if(w.qsa&&(!F||!F.test(e))){if(p=d=B,h=t,m=9===s&&e,1===s&&"object"!==t.nodeName.toLowerCase()){for(u=C(e),(d=t.getAttribute("id"))?p=d.replace(xt,"\\$&"):t.setAttribute("id",p),p="[id='"+p+"'] ",l=u.length;l--;)u[l]=p+f(u[l]);h=bt.test(e)&&c(t.parentNode)||t,m=u.join(",")}if(m)try{return Z.apply(n,h.querySelectorAll(m)),n}catch(g){}finally{d||t.removeAttribute("id")}}}return S(e.replace(lt,"$1"),t,n,r)}function n(){function e(n,r){return t.push(n+" ")>T.cacheLength&&delete e[t.shift()],e[n+" "]=r}var t=[];return e}function r(e){return e[B]=!0,e}function i(e){var t=H.createElement("div");try{return!!e(t)}catch(n){return!1}finally{t.parentNode&&t.parentNode.removeChild(t),t=null}}function o(e,t){for(var n=e.split("|"),r=e.length;r--;)T.attrHandle[n[r]]=t}function a(e,t){var n=t&&e,r=n&&1===e.nodeType&&1===t.nodeType&&(~t.sourceIndex||G)-(~e.sourceIndex||G);if(r)return r;if(n)for(;n=n.nextSibling;)if(n===t)return-1;return e?1:-1}function s(e){return function(t){var n=t.nodeName.toLowerCase();return"input"===n&&t.type===e}}function l(e){return function(t){var n=t.nodeName.toLowerCase();return("input"===n||"button"===n)&&t.type===e}}function u(e){return r(function(t){return t=+t,r(function(n,r){for(var i,o=e([],n.length,t),a=o.length;a--;)n[i=o[a]]&&(n[i]=!(r[i]=n[i]))})})}function c(e){return e&&typeof e.getElementsByTagName!==V&&e}function d(){}function f(e){for(var t=0,n=e.length,r="";n>t;t++)r+=e[t].value;return r}function p(e,t,n){var r=t.dir,i=n&&"parentNode"===r,o=W++;return t.first?function(t,n,o){for(;t=t[r];)if(1===t.nodeType||i)return e(t,n,o)}:function(t,n,a){var s,l,u=[I,o];if(a){for(;t=t[r];)if((1===t.nodeType||i)&&e(t,n,a))return!0}else for(;t=t[r];)if(1===t.nodeType||i){if(l=t[B]||(t[B]={}),(s=l[r])&&s[0]===I&&s[1]===o)return u[2]=s[2];if(l[r]=u,u[2]=e(t,n,a))return!0}}}function h(e){return e.length>1?function(t,n,r){for(var i=e.length;i--;)if(!e[i](t,n,r))return!1;return!0}:e[0]}function m(e,n,r){for(var i=0,o=n.length;o>i;i++)t(e,n[i],r);return r}function g(e,t,n,r,i){for(var o,a=[],s=0,l=e.length,u=null!=t;l>s;s++)(o=e[s])&&(!n||n(o,r,i))&&(a.push(o),u&&t.push(s));return a}function v(e,t,n,i,o,a){return i&&!i[B]&&(i=v(i)),o&&!o[B]&&(o=v(o,a)),r(function(r,a,s,l){var u,c,d,f=[],p=[],h=a.length,v=r||m(t||"*",s.nodeType?[s]:s,[]),y=!e||!r&&t?v:g(v,f,e,s,l),b=n?o||(r?e:h||i)?[]:a:y;if(n&&n(y,b,s,l),i)for(u=g(b,p),i(u,[],s,l),c=u.length;c--;)(d=u[c])&&(b[p[c]]=!(y[p[c]]=d));if(r){if(o||e){if(o){for(u=[],c=b.length;c--;)(d=b[c])&&u.push(y[c]=d);o(null,b=[],u,l)}for(c=b.length;c--;)(d=b[c])&&(u=o?tt.call(r,d):f[c])>-1&&(r[u]=!(a[u]=d))}}else b=g(b===a?b.splice(h,b.length):b),o?o(null,a,b,l):Z.apply(a,b)})}function y(e){for(var t,n,r,i=e.length,o=T.relative[e[0].type],a=o||T.relative[" "],s=o?1:0,l=p(function(e){return e===t},a,!0),u=p(function(e){return tt.call(t,e)>-1},a,!0),c=[function(e,n,r){return!o&&(r||n!==j)||((t=n).nodeType?l(e,n,r):u(e,n,r))}];i>s;s++)if(n=T.relative[e[s].type])c=[p(h(c),n)];else{if(n=T.filter[e[s].type].apply(null,e[s].matches),n[B]){for(r=++s;i>r&&!T.relative[e[r].type];r++);return v(s>1&&h(c),s>1&&f(e.slice(0,s-1).concat({value:" "===e[s-2].type?"*":""})).replace(lt,"$1"),n,r>s&&y(e.slice(s,r)),i>r&&y(e=e.slice(r)),i>r&&f(e))}c.push(n)}return h(c)}function b(e,n){var i=n.length>0,o=e.length>0,a=function(r,a,s,l,u){var c,d,f,p=0,h="0",m=r&&[],v=[],y=j,b=r||o&&T.find.TAG("*",u),x=I+=null==y?1:Math.random()||.1,w=b.length;for(u&&(j=a!==H&&a);h!==w&&null!=(c=b[h]);h++){if(o&&c){for(d=0;f=e[d++];)if(f(c,a,s)){l.push(c);break}u&&(I=x)}i&&((c=!f&&c)&&p--,r&&m.push(c))}if(p+=h,i&&h!==p){for(d=0;f=n[d++];)f(m,v,a,s);if(r){if(p>0)for(;h--;)m[h]||v[h]||(v[h]=K.call(l));v=g(v)}Z.apply(l,v),u&&!r&&v.length>0&&p+n.length>1&&t.uniqueSort(l)}return u&&(I=x,j=y),m};return i?r(a):a}var x,w,T,E,k,C,N,S,j,A,D,L,H,_,q,F,M,O,R,B="sizzle"+-new Date,P=e.document,I=0,W=0,$=n(),z=n(),X=n(),U=function(e,t){return e===t&&(D=!0),0},V="undefined",G=1<<31,Y={}.hasOwnProperty,J=[],K=J.pop,Q=J.push,Z=J.push,et=J.slice,tt=J.indexOf||function(e){for(var t=0,n=this.length;n>t;t++)if(this[t]===e)return t;return-1},nt="checked|selected|async|autofocus|autoplay|controls|defer|disabled|hidden|ismap|loop|multiple|open|readonly|required|scoped",rt="[\\x20\\t\\r\\n\\f]",it="(?:\\\\.|[\\w-]|[^\\x00-\\xa0])+",ot=it.replace("w","w#"),at="\\["+rt+"*("+it+")(?:"+rt+"*([*^$|!~]?=)"+rt+"*(?:'((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\"|("+ot+"))|)"+rt+"*\\]",st=":("+it+")(?:\\((('((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\")|((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\()[\\]]|"+at+")*)|.*)\\)|)",lt=new RegExp("^"+rt+"+|((?:^|[^\\\\])(?:\\\\.)*)"+rt+"+$","g"),ut=new RegExp("^"+rt+"*,"+rt+"*"),ct=new RegExp("^"+rt+"*([>+~]|"+rt+")"+rt+"*"),dt=new RegExp("="+rt+"*([^\\]'\"]*?)"+rt+"*\\]","g"),ft=new RegExp(st),pt=new RegExp("^"+ot+"$"),ht={ID:new RegExp("^#("+it+")"),CLASS:new RegExp("^\\.("+it+")"),TAG:new RegExp("^("+it.replace("w","w*")+")"),ATTR:new RegExp("^"+at),PSEUDO:new RegExp("^"+st),CHILD:new RegExp("^:(only|first|last|nth|nth-last)-(child|of-type)(?:\\("+rt+"*(even|odd|(([+-]|)(\\d*)n|)"+rt+"*(?:([+-]|)"+rt+"*(\\d+)|))"+rt+"*\\)|)","i"),bool:new RegExp("^(?:"+nt+")$","i"),needsContext:new RegExp("^"+rt+"*[>+~]|:(even|odd|eq|gt|lt|nth|first|last)(?:\\("+rt+"*((?:-\\d)?\\d*)"+rt+"*\\)|)(?=[^-]|$)","i")},mt=/^(?:input|select|textarea|button)$/i,gt=/^h\d$/i,vt=/^[^{]+\{\s*\[native \w/,yt=/^(?:#([\w-]+)|(\w+)|\.([\w-]+))$/,bt=/[+~]/,xt=/'|\\/g,wt=new RegExp("\\\\([\\da-f]{1,6}"+rt+"?|("+rt+")|.)","ig"),Tt=function(e,t,n){var r="0x"+t-65536;return r!==r||n?t:0>r?String.fromCharCode(r+65536):String.fromCharCode(r>>10|55296,1023&r|56320)};try{Z.apply(J=et.call(P.childNodes),P.childNodes),J[P.childNodes.length].nodeType}catch(Et){Z={apply:J.length?function(e,t){Q.apply(e,et.call(t))}:function(e,t){for(var n=e.length,r=0;e[n++]=t[r++];);e.length=n-1}}}w=t.support={},k=t.isXML=function(e){var t=e&&(e.ownerDocument||e).documentElement;return t?"HTML"!==t.nodeName:!1},L=t.setDocument=function(e){var t,n=e?e.ownerDocument||e:P,r=n.defaultView;return n!==H&&9===n.nodeType&&n.documentElement?(H=n,_=n.documentElement,q=!k(n),r&&r!==r.top&&(r.addEventListener?r.addEventListener("unload",function(){L()},!1):r.attachEvent&&r.attachEvent("onunload",function(){L()})),w.attributes=i(function(e){return e.className="i",!e.getAttribute("className")}),w.getElementsByTagName=i(function(e){return e.appendChild(n.createComment("")),!e.getElementsByTagName("*").length}),w.getElementsByClassName=vt.test(n.getElementsByClassName)&&i(function(e){return e.innerHTML="<div class='a'></div><div class='a i'></div>",e.firstChild.className="i",2===e.getElementsByClassName("i").length}),w.getById=i(function(e){return _.appendChild(e).id=B,!n.getElementsByName||!n.getElementsByName(B).length}),w.getById?(T.find.ID=function(e,t){if(typeof t.getElementById!==V&&q){var n=t.getElementById(e);return n&&n.parentNode?[n]:[]}},T.filter.ID=function(e){var t=e.replace(wt,Tt);return function(e){return e.getAttribute("id")===t}}):(delete T.find.ID,T.filter.ID=function(e){var t=e.replace(wt,Tt);return function(e){var n=typeof e.getAttributeNode!==V&&e.getAttributeNode("id");return n&&n.value===t}}),T.find.TAG=w.getElementsByTagName?function(e,t){return typeof t.getElementsByTagName!==V?t.getElementsByTagName(e):void 0}:function(e,t){var n,r=[],i=0,o=t.getElementsByTagName(e);if("*"===e){for(;n=o[i++];)1===n.nodeType&&r.push(n);return r}return o},T.find.CLASS=w.getElementsByClassName&&function(e,t){return typeof t.getElementsByClassName!==V&&q?t.getElementsByClassName(e):void 0},M=[],F=[],(w.qsa=vt.test(n.querySelectorAll))&&(i(function(e){e.innerHTML="<select msallowclip=''><option selected=''></option></select>",e.querySelectorAll("[msallowclip^='']").length&&F.push("[*^$]="+rt+"*(?:''|\"\")"),e.querySelectorAll("[selected]").length||F.push("\\["+rt+"*(?:value|"+nt+")"),e.querySelectorAll(":checked").length||F.push(":checked")}),i(function(e){var t=n.createElement("input");t.setAttribute("type","hidden"),e.appendChild(t).setAttribute("name","D"),e.querySelectorAll("[name=d]").length&&F.push("name"+rt+"*[*^$|!~]?="),e.querySelectorAll(":enabled").length||F.push(":enabled",":disabled"),e.querySelectorAll("*,:x"),F.push(",.*:")})),(w.matchesSelector=vt.test(O=_.matches||_.webkitMatchesSelector||_.mozMatchesSelector||_.oMatchesSelector||_.msMatchesSelector))&&i(function(e){w.disconnectedMatch=O.call(e,"div"),O.call(e,"[s!='']:x"),M.push("!=",st)}),F=F.length&&new RegExp(F.join("|")),M=M.length&&new RegExp(M.join("|")),t=vt.test(_.compareDocumentPosition),R=t||vt.test(_.contains)?function(e,t){var n=9===e.nodeType?e.documentElement:e,r=t&&t.parentNode;return e===r||!(!r||1!==r.nodeType||!(n.contains?n.contains(r):e.compareDocumentPosition&&16&e.compareDocumentPosition(r)))}:function(e,t){if(t)for(;t=t.parentNode;)if(t===e)return!0;return!1},U=t?function(e,t){if(e===t)return D=!0,0;var r=!e.compareDocumentPosition-!t.compareDocumentPosition;return r?r:(r=(e.ownerDocument||e)===(t.ownerDocument||t)?e.compareDocumentPosition(t):1,1&r||!w.sortDetached&&t.compareDocumentPosition(e)===r?e===n||e.ownerDocument===P&&R(P,e)?-1:t===n||t.ownerDocument===P&&R(P,t)?1:A?tt.call(A,e)-tt.call(A,t):0:4&r?-1:1)}:function(e,t){if(e===t)return D=!0,0;var r,i=0,o=e.parentNode,s=t.parentNode,l=[e],u=[t];if(!o||!s)return e===n?-1:t===n?1:o?-1:s?1:A?tt.call(A,e)-tt.call(A,t):0;if(o===s)return a(e,t);for(r=e;r=r.parentNode;)l.unshift(r);for(r=t;r=r.parentNode;)u.unshift(r);for(;l[i]===u[i];)i++;return i?a(l[i],u[i]):l[i]===P?-1:u[i]===P?1:0},n):H},t.matches=function(e,n){return t(e,null,null,n)},t.matchesSelector=function(e,n){if((e.ownerDocument||e)!==H&&L(e),n=n.replace(dt,"='$1']"),!(!w.matchesSelector||!q||M&&M.test(n)||F&&F.test(n)))try{var r=O.call(e,n);if(r||w.disconnectedMatch||e.document&&11!==e.document.nodeType)return r}catch(i){}return t(n,H,null,[e]).length>0},t.contains=function(e,t){return(e.ownerDocument||e)!==H&&L(e),R(e,t)},t.attr=function(e,t){(e.ownerDocument||e)!==H&&L(e);var n=T.attrHandle[t.toLowerCase()],r=n&&Y.call(T.attrHandle,t.toLowerCase())?n(e,t,!q):void 0;return void 0!==r?r:w.attributes||!q?e.getAttribute(t):(r=e.getAttributeNode(t))&&r.specified?r.value:null},t.error=function(e){throw new Error("Syntax error, unrecognized expression: "+e)},t.uniqueSort=function(e){var t,n=[],r=0,i=0;if(D=!w.detectDuplicates,A=!w.sortStable&&e.slice(0),e.sort(U),D){for(;t=e[i++];)t===e[i]&&(r=n.push(i));for(;r--;)e.splice(n[r],1)}return A=null,e},E=t.getText=function(e){var t,n="",r=0,i=e.nodeType;if(i){if(1===i||9===i||11===i){if("string"==typeof e.textContent)return e.textContent;for(e=e.firstChild;e;e=e.nextSibling)n+=E(e)}else if(3===i||4===i)return e.nodeValue}else for(;t=e[r++];)n+=E(t);return n},T=t.selectors={cacheLength:50,createPseudo:r,match:ht,attrHandle:{},find:{},relative:{">":{dir:"parentNode",first:!0}," ":{dir:"parentNode"},"+":{dir:"previousSibling",first:!0},"~":{dir:"previousSibling"}},preFilter:{ATTR:function(e){return e[1]=e[1].replace(wt,Tt),e[3]=(e[3]||e[4]||e[5]||"").replace(wt,Tt),"~="===e[2]&&(e[3]=" "+e[3]+" "),e.slice(0,4)},CHILD:function(e){return e[1]=e[1].toLowerCase(),"nth"===e[1].slice(0,3)?(e[3]||t.error(e[0]),e[4]=+(e[4]?e[5]+(e[6]||1):2*("even"===e[3]||"odd"===e[3])),e[5]=+(e[7]+e[8]||"odd"===e[3])):e[3]&&t.error(e[0]),e},PSEUDO:function(e){var t,n=!e[6]&&e[2];return ht.CHILD.test(e[0])?null:(e[3]?e[2]=e[4]||e[5]||"":n&&ft.test(n)&&(t=C(n,!0))&&(t=n.indexOf(")",n.length-t)-n.length)&&(e[0]=e[0].slice(0,t),e[2]=n.slice(0,t)),e.slice(0,3))}},filter:{TAG:function(e){var t=e.replace(wt,Tt).toLowerCase();return"*"===e?function(){return!0}:function(e){return e.nodeName&&e.nodeName.toLowerCase()===t}},CLASS:function(e){var t=$[e+" "];return t||(t=new RegExp("(^|"+rt+")"+e+"("+rt+"|$)"))&&$(e,function(e){return t.test("string"==typeof e.className&&e.className||typeof e.getAttribute!==V&&e.getAttribute("class")||"")})},ATTR:function(e,n,r){return function(i){var o=t.attr(i,e);return null==o?"!="===n:n?(o+="","="===n?o===r:"!="===n?o!==r:"^="===n?r&&0===o.indexOf(r):"*="===n?r&&o.indexOf(r)>-1:"$="===n?r&&o.slice(-r.length)===r:"~="===n?(" "+o+" ").indexOf(r)>-1:"|="===n?o===r||o.slice(0,r.length+1)===r+"-":!1):!0}},CHILD:function(e,t,n,r,i){var o="nth"!==e.slice(0,3),a="last"!==e.slice(-4),s="of-type"===t;return 1===r&&0===i?function(e){return!!e.parentNode}:function(t,n,l){var u,c,d,f,p,h,m=o!==a?"nextSibling":"previousSibling",g=t.parentNode,v=s&&t.nodeName.toLowerCase(),y=!l&&!s;if(g){if(o){for(;m;){for(d=t;d=d[m];)if(s?d.nodeName.toLowerCase()===v:1===d.nodeType)return!1;h=m="only"===e&&!h&&"nextSibling"}return!0}if(h=[a?g.firstChild:g.lastChild],a&&y){for(c=g[B]||(g[B]={}),u=c[e]||[],p=u[0]===I&&u[1],f=u[0]===I&&u[2],d=p&&g.childNodes[p];d=++p&&d&&d[m]||(f=p=0)||h.pop();)if(1===d.nodeType&&++f&&d===t){c[e]=[I,p,f];break}}else if(y&&(u=(t[B]||(t[B]={}))[e])&&u[0]===I)f=u[1];else for(;(d=++p&&d&&d[m]||(f=p=0)||h.pop())&&((s?d.nodeName.toLowerCase()!==v:1!==d.nodeType)||!++f||(y&&((d[B]||(d[B]={}))[e]=[I,f]),d!==t)););return f-=i,f===r||f%r===0&&f/r>=0}}},PSEUDO:function(e,n){var i,o=T.pseudos[e]||T.setFilters[e.toLowerCase()]||t.error("unsupported pseudo: "+e);return o[B]?o(n):o.length>1?(i=[e,e,"",n],T.setFilters.hasOwnProperty(e.toLowerCase())?r(function(e,t){for(var r,i=o(e,n),a=i.length;a--;)r=tt.call(e,i[a]),e[r]=!(t[r]=i[a])}):function(e){return o(e,0,i)}):o}},pseudos:{not:r(function(e){var t=[],n=[],i=N(e.replace(lt,"$1"));return i[B]?r(function(e,t,n,r){for(var o,a=i(e,null,r,[]),s=e.length;s--;)(o=a[s])&&(e[s]=!(t[s]=o))}):function(e,r,o){return t[0]=e,i(t,null,o,n),!n.pop()}}),has:r(function(e){return function(n){return t(e,n).length>0}}),contains:r(function(e){return function(t){return(t.textContent||t.innerText||E(t)).indexOf(e)>-1}}),lang:r(function(e){return pt.test(e||"")||t.error("unsupported lang: "+e),e=e.replace(wt,Tt).toLowerCase(),function(t){var n;do if(n=q?t.lang:t.getAttribute("xml:lang")||t.getAttribute("lang"))return n=n.toLowerCase(),n===e||0===n.indexOf(e+"-");while((t=t.parentNode)&&1===t.nodeType);return!1}}),target:function(t){var n=e.location&&e.location.hash;return n&&n.slice(1)===t.id},root:function(e){return e===_},focus:function(e){return e===H.activeElement&&(!H.hasFocus||H.hasFocus())&&!!(e.type||e.href||~e.tabIndex)},enabled:function(e){return e.disabled===!1},disabled:function(e){return e.disabled===!0},checked:function(e){var t=e.nodeName.toLowerCase();return"input"===t&&!!e.checked||"option"===t&&!!e.selected},selected:function(e){return e.parentNode&&e.parentNode.selectedIndex,e.selected===!0},empty:function(e){for(e=e.firstChild;e;e=e.nextSibling)if(e.nodeType<6)return!1;return!0},parent:function(e){return!T.pseudos.empty(e)},header:function(e){return gt.test(e.nodeName)},input:function(e){return mt.test(e.nodeName)},button:function(e){var t=e.nodeName.toLowerCase();return"input"===t&&"button"===e.type||"button"===t},text:function(e){var t;return"input"===e.nodeName.toLowerCase()&&"text"===e.type&&(null==(t=e.getAttribute("type"))||"text"===t.toLowerCase())},first:u(function(){return[0]}),last:u(function(e,t){return[t-1]}),eq:u(function(e,t,n){return[0>n?n+t:n]}),even:u(function(e,t){for(var n=0;t>n;n+=2)e.push(n);return e}),odd:u(function(e,t){for(var n=1;t>n;n+=2)e.push(n);return e}),lt:u(function(e,t,n){for(var r=0>n?n+t:n;--r>=0;)e.push(r);return e}),gt:u(function(e,t,n){for(var r=0>n?n+t:n;++r<t;)e.push(r);return e})}},T.pseudos.nth=T.pseudos.eq;for(x in{radio:!0,checkbox:!0,file:!0,password:!0,image:!0})T.pseudos[x]=s(x);for(x in{submit:!0,reset:!0})T.pseudos[x]=l(x);return d.prototype=T.filters=T.pseudos,T.setFilters=new d,C=t.tokenize=function(e,n){var r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c=z[e+" "];if(c)return n?0:c.slice(0);for(s=e,l=[],u=T.preFilter;s;){(!r||(i=ut.exec(s)))&&(i&&(s=s.slice(i[0].length)||s),l.push(o=[])),r=!1,(i=ct.exec(s))&&(r=i.shift(),o.push({value:r,type:i[0].replace(lt," ")}),s=s.slice(r.length));for(a in T.filter)!(i=ht[a].exec(s))||u[a]&&!(i=u[a](i))||(r=i.shift(),o.push({value:r,type:a,matches:i}),s=s.slice(r.length));if(!r)break}return n?s.length:s?t.error(e):z(e,l).slice(0)},N=t.compile=function(e,t){var n,r=[],i=[],o=X[e+" "];if(!o){for(t||(t=C(e)),n=t.length;n--;)o=y(t[n]),o[B]?r.push(o):i.push(o);o=X(e,b(i,r)),o.selector=e}return o},S=t.select=function(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s,l,u="function"==typeof e&&e,d=!r&&C(e=u.selector||e);if(n=n||[],1===d.length){if(o=d[0]=d[0].slice(0),o.length>2&&"ID"===(a=o[0]).type&&w.getById&&9===t.nodeType&&q&&T.relative[o[1].type]){if(t=(T.find.ID(a.matches[0].replace(wt,Tt),t)||[])[0],!t)return n;u&&(t=t.parentNode),e=e.slice(o.shift().value.length)}for(i=ht.needsContext.test(e)?0:o.length;i--&&(a=o[i],!T.relative[s=a.type]);)if((l=T.find[s])&&(r=l(a.matches[0].replace(wt,Tt),bt.test(o[0].type)&&c(t.parentNode)||t))){if(o.splice(i,1),e=r.length&&f(o),!e)return Z.apply(n,r),n;
+break}}return(u||N(e,d))(r,t,!q,n,bt.test(e)&&c(t.parentNode)||t),n},w.sortStable=B.split("").sort(U).join("")===B,w.detectDuplicates=!!D,L(),w.sortDetached=i(function(e){return 1&e.compareDocumentPosition(H.createElement("div"))}),i(function(e){return e.innerHTML="<a href='#'></a>","#"===e.firstChild.getAttribute("href")})||o("type|href|height|width",function(e,t,n){return n?void 0:e.getAttribute(t,"type"===t.toLowerCase()?1:2)}),w.attributes&&i(function(e){return e.innerHTML="<input/>",e.firstChild.setAttribute("value",""),""===e.firstChild.getAttribute("value")})||o("value",function(e,t,n){return n||"input"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase()?void 0:e.defaultValue}),i(function(e){return null==e.getAttribute("disabled")})||o(nt,function(e,t,n){var r;return n?void 0:e[t]===!0?t.toLowerCase():(r=e.getAttributeNode(t))&&r.specified?r.value:null}),t}(e);it.find=ut,it.expr=ut.selectors,it.expr[":"]=it.expr.pseudos,it.unique=ut.uniqueSort,it.text=ut.getText,it.isXMLDoc=ut.isXML,it.contains=ut.contains;var ct=it.expr.match.needsContext,dt=/^<(\w+)\s*\/?>(?:<\/\1>|)$/,ft=/^.[^:#\[\.,]*$/;it.filter=function(e,t,n){var r=t[0];return n&&(e=":not("+e+")"),1===t.length&&1===r.nodeType?it.find.matchesSelector(r,e)?[r]:[]:it.find.matches(e,it.grep(t,function(e){return 1===e.nodeType}))},it.fn.extend({find:function(e){var t,n=[],r=this,i=r.length;if("string"!=typeof e)return this.pushStack(it(e).filter(function(){for(t=0;i>t;t++)if(it.contains(r[t],this))return!0}));for(t=0;i>t;t++)it.find(e,r[t],n);return n=this.pushStack(i>1?it.unique(n):n),n.selector=this.selector?this.selector+" "+e:e,n},filter:function(e){return this.pushStack(r(this,e||[],!1))},not:function(e){return this.pushStack(r(this,e||[],!0))},is:function(e){return!!r(this,"string"==typeof e&&ct.test(e)?it(e):e||[],!1).length}});var pt,ht=e.document,mt=/^(?:\s*(<[\w\W]+>)[^>]*|#([\w-]*))$/,gt=it.fn.init=function(e,t){var n,r;if(!e)return this;if("string"==typeof e){if(n="<"===e.charAt(0)&&">"===e.charAt(e.length-1)&&e.length>=3?[null,e,null]:mt.exec(e),!n||!n[1]&&t)return!t||t.jquery?(t||pt).find(e):this.constructor(t).find(e);if(n[1]){if(t=t instanceof it?t[0]:t,it.merge(this,it.parseHTML(n[1],t&&t.nodeType?t.ownerDocument||t:ht,!0)),dt.test(n[1])&&it.isPlainObject(t))for(n in t)it.isFunction(this[n])?this[n](t[n]):this.attr(n,t[n]);return this}if(r=ht.getElementById(n[2]),r&&r.parentNode){if(r.id!==n[2])return pt.find(e);this.length=1,this[0]=r}return this.context=ht,this.selector=e,this}return e.nodeType?(this.context=this[0]=e,this.length=1,this):it.isFunction(e)?"undefined"!=typeof pt.ready?pt.ready(e):e(it):(void 0!==e.selector&&(this.selector=e.selector,this.context=e.context),it.makeArray(e,this))};gt.prototype=it.fn,pt=it(ht);var vt=/^(?:parents|prev(?:Until|All))/,yt={children:!0,contents:!0,next:!0,prev:!0};it.extend({dir:function(e,t,n){for(var r=[],i=e[t];i&&9!==i.nodeType&&(void 0===n||1!==i.nodeType||!it(i).is(n));)1===i.nodeType&&r.push(i),i=i[t];return r},sibling:function(e,t){for(var n=[];e;e=e.nextSibling)1===e.nodeType&&e!==t&&n.push(e);return n}}),it.fn.extend({has:function(e){var t,n=it(e,this),r=n.length;return this.filter(function(){for(t=0;r>t;t++)if(it.contains(this,n[t]))return!0})},closest:function(e,t){for(var n,r=0,i=this.length,o=[],a=ct.test(e)||"string"!=typeof e?it(e,t||this.context):0;i>r;r++)for(n=this[r];n&&n!==t;n=n.parentNode)if(n.nodeType<11&&(a?a.index(n)>-1:1===n.nodeType&&it.find.matchesSelector(n,e))){o.push(n);break}return this.pushStack(o.length>1?it.unique(o):o)},index:function(e){return e?"string"==typeof e?it.inArray(this[0],it(e)):it.inArray(e.jquery?e[0]:e,this):this[0]&&this[0].parentNode?this.first().prevAll().length:-1},add:function(e,t){return this.pushStack(it.unique(it.merge(this.get(),it(e,t))))},addBack:function(e){return this.add(null==e?this.prevObject:this.prevObject.filter(e))}}),it.each({parent:function(e){var t=e.parentNode;return t&&11!==t.nodeType?t:null},parents:function(e){return it.dir(e,"parentNode")},parentsUntil:function(e,t,n){return it.dir(e,"parentNode",n)},next:function(e){return i(e,"nextSibling")},prev:function(e){return i(e,"previousSibling")},nextAll:function(e){return it.dir(e,"nextSibling")},prevAll:function(e){return it.dir(e,"previousSibling")},nextUntil:function(e,t,n){return it.dir(e,"nextSibling",n)},prevUntil:function(e,t,n){return it.dir(e,"previousSibling",n)},siblings:function(e){return it.sibling((e.parentNode||{}).firstChild,e)},children:function(e){return it.sibling(e.firstChild)},contents:function(e){return it.nodeName(e,"iframe")?e.contentDocument||e.contentWindow.document:it.merge([],e.childNodes)}},function(e,t){it.fn[e]=function(n,r){var i=it.map(this,t,n);return"Until"!==e.slice(-5)&&(r=n),r&&"string"==typeof r&&(i=it.filter(r,i)),this.length>1&&(yt[e]||(i=it.unique(i)),vt.test(e)&&(i=i.reverse())),this.pushStack(i)}});var bt=/\S+/g,xt={};it.Callbacks=function(e){e="string"==typeof e?xt[e]||o(e):it.extend({},e);var t,n,r,i,a,s,l=[],u=!e.once&&[],c=function(o){for(n=e.memory&&o,r=!0,a=s||0,s=0,i=l.length,t=!0;l&&i>a;a++)if(l[a].apply(o[0],o[1])===!1&&e.stopOnFalse){n=!1;break}t=!1,l&&(u?u.length&&c(u.shift()):n?l=[]:d.disable())},d={add:function(){if(l){var r=l.length;!function o(t){it.each(t,function(t,n){var r=it.type(n);"function"===r?e.unique&&d.has(n)||l.push(n):n&&n.length&&"string"!==r&&o(n)})}(arguments),t?i=l.length:n&&(s=r,c(n))}return this},remove:function(){return l&&it.each(arguments,function(e,n){for(var r;(r=it.inArray(n,l,r))>-1;)l.splice(r,1),t&&(i>=r&&i--,a>=r&&a--)}),this},has:function(e){return e?it.inArray(e,l)>-1:!(!l||!l.length)},empty:function(){return l=[],i=0,this},disable:function(){return l=u=n=void 0,this},disabled:function(){return!l},lock:function(){return u=void 0,n||d.disable(),this},locked:function(){return!u},fireWith:function(e,n){return!l||r&&!u||(n=n||[],n=[e,n.slice?n.slice():n],t?u.push(n):c(n)),this},fire:function(){return d.fireWith(this,arguments),this},fired:function(){return!!r}};return d},it.extend({Deferred:function(e){var t=[["resolve","done",it.Callbacks("once memory"),"resolved"],["reject","fail",it.Callbacks("once memory"),"rejected"],["notify","progress",it.Callbacks("memory")]],n="pending",r={state:function(){return n},always:function(){return i.done(arguments).fail(arguments),this},then:function(){var e=arguments;return it.Deferred(function(n){it.each(t,function(t,o){var a=it.isFunction(e[t])&&e[t];i[o[1]](function(){var e=a&&a.apply(this,arguments);e&&it.isFunction(e.promise)?e.promise().done(n.resolve).fail(n.reject).progress(n.notify):n[o[0]+"With"](this===r?n.promise():this,a?[e]:arguments)})}),e=null}).promise()},promise:function(e){return null!=e?it.extend(e,r):r}},i={};return r.pipe=r.then,it.each(t,function(e,o){var a=o[2],s=o[3];r[o[1]]=a.add,s&&a.add(function(){n=s},t[1^e][2].disable,t[2][2].lock),i[o[0]]=function(){return i[o[0]+"With"](this===i?r:this,arguments),this},i[o[0]+"With"]=a.fireWith}),r.promise(i),e&&e.call(i,i),i},when:function(e){var t,n,r,i=0,o=Y.call(arguments),a=o.length,s=1!==a||e&&it.isFunction(e.promise)?a:0,l=1===s?e:it.Deferred(),u=function(e,n,r){return function(i){n[e]=this,r[e]=arguments.length>1?Y.call(arguments):i,r===t?l.notifyWith(n,r):--s||l.resolveWith(n,r)}};if(a>1)for(t=new Array(a),n=new Array(a),r=new Array(a);a>i;i++)o[i]&&it.isFunction(o[i].promise)?o[i].promise().done(u(i,r,o)).fail(l.reject).progress(u(i,n,t)):--s;return s||l.resolveWith(r,o),l.promise()}});var wt;it.fn.ready=function(e){return it.ready.promise().done(e),this},it.extend({isReady:!1,readyWait:1,holdReady:function(e){e?it.readyWait++:it.ready(!0)},ready:function(e){if(e===!0?!--it.readyWait:!it.isReady){if(!ht.body)return setTimeout(it.ready);it.isReady=!0,e!==!0&&--it.readyWait>0||(wt.resolveWith(ht,[it]),it.fn.triggerHandler&&(it(ht).triggerHandler("ready"),it(ht).off("ready")))}}}),it.ready.promise=function(t){if(!wt)if(wt=it.Deferred(),"complete"===ht.readyState)setTimeout(it.ready);else if(ht.addEventListener)ht.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",s,!1),e.addEventListener("load",s,!1);else{ht.attachEvent("onreadystatechange",s),e.attachEvent("onload",s);var n=!1;try{n=null==e.frameElement&&ht.documentElement}catch(r){}n&&n.doScroll&&!function i(){if(!it.isReady){try{n.doScroll("left")}catch(e){return setTimeout(i,50)}a(),it.ready()}}()}return wt.promise(t)};var Tt,Et="undefined";for(Tt in it(nt))break;nt.ownLast="0"!==Tt,nt.inlineBlockNeedsLayout=!1,it(function(){var e,t,n,r;n=ht.getElementsByTagName("body")[0],n&&n.style&&(t=ht.createElement("div"),r=ht.createElement("div"),r.style.cssText="position:absolute;border:0;width:0;height:0;top:0;left:-9999px",n.appendChild(r).appendChild(t),typeof t.style.zoom!==Et&&(t.style.cssText="display:inline;margin:0;border:0;padding:1px;width:1px;zoom:1",nt.inlineBlockNeedsLayout=e=3===t.offsetWidth,e&&(n.style.zoom=1)),n.removeChild(r))}),function(){var e=ht.createElement("div");if(null==nt.deleteExpando){nt.deleteExpando=!0;try{delete e.test}catch(t){nt.deleteExpando=!1}}e=null}(),it.acceptData=function(e){var t=it.noData[(e.nodeName+" ").toLowerCase()],n=+e.nodeType||1;return 1!==n&&9!==n?!1:!t||t!==!0&&e.getAttribute("classid")===t};var kt=/^(?:\{[\w\W]*\}|\[[\w\W]*\])$/,Ct=/([A-Z])/g;it.extend({cache:{},noData:{"applet ":!0,"embed ":!0,"object ":"clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000"},hasData:function(e){return e=e.nodeType?it.cache[e[it.expando]]:e[it.expando],!!e&&!u(e)},data:function(e,t,n){return c(e,t,n)},removeData:function(e,t){return d(e,t)},_data:function(e,t,n){return c(e,t,n,!0)},_removeData:function(e,t){return d(e,t,!0)}}),it.fn.extend({data:function(e,t){var n,r,i,o=this[0],a=o&&o.attributes;if(void 0===e){if(this.length&&(i=it.data(o),1===o.nodeType&&!it._data(o,"parsedAttrs"))){for(n=a.length;n--;)a[n]&&(r=a[n].name,0===r.indexOf("data-")&&(r=it.camelCase(r.slice(5)),l(o,r,i[r])));it._data(o,"parsedAttrs",!0)}return i}return"object"==typeof e?this.each(function(){it.data(this,e)}):arguments.length>1?this.each(function(){it.data(this,e,t)}):o?l(o,e,it.data(o,e)):void 0},removeData:function(e){return this.each(function(){it.removeData(this,e)})}}),it.extend({queue:function(e,t,n){var r;return e?(t=(t||"fx")+"queue",r=it._data(e,t),n&&(!r||it.isArray(n)?r=it._data(e,t,it.makeArray(n)):r.push(n)),r||[]):void 0},dequeue:function(e,t){t=t||"fx";var n=it.queue(e,t),r=n.length,i=n.shift(),o=it._queueHooks(e,t),a=function(){it.dequeue(e,t)};"inprogress"===i&&(i=n.shift(),r--),i&&("fx"===t&&n.unshift("inprogress"),delete o.stop,i.call(e,a,o)),!r&&o&&o.empty.fire()},_queueHooks:function(e,t){var n=t+"queueHooks";return it._data(e,n)||it._data(e,n,{empty:it.Callbacks("once memory").add(function(){it._removeData(e,t+"queue"),it._removeData(e,n)})})}}),it.fn.extend({queue:function(e,t){var n=2;return"string"!=typeof e&&(t=e,e="fx",n--),arguments.length<n?it.queue(this[0],e):void 0===t?this:this.each(function(){var n=it.queue(this,e,t);it._queueHooks(this,e),"fx"===e&&"inprogress"!==n[0]&&it.dequeue(this,e)})},dequeue:function(e){return this.each(function(){it.dequeue(this,e)})},clearQueue:function(e){return this.queue(e||"fx",[])},promise:function(e,t){var n,r=1,i=it.Deferred(),o=this,a=this.length,s=function(){--r||i.resolveWith(o,[o])};for("string"!=typeof e&&(t=e,e=void 0),e=e||"fx";a--;)n=it._data(o[a],e+"queueHooks"),n&&n.empty&&(r++,n.empty.add(s));return s(),i.promise(t)}});var Nt=/[+-]?(?:\d*\.|)\d+(?:[eE][+-]?\d+|)/.source,St=["Top","Right","Bottom","Left"],jt=function(e,t){return e=t||e,"none"===it.css(e,"display")||!it.contains(e.ownerDocument,e)},At=it.access=function(e,t,n,r,i,o,a){var s=0,l=e.length,u=null==n;if("object"===it.type(n)){i=!0;for(s in n)it.access(e,t,s,n[s],!0,o,a)}else if(void 0!==r&&(i=!0,it.isFunction(r)||(a=!0),u&&(a?(t.call(e,r),t=null):(u=t,t=function(e,t,n){return u.call(it(e),n)})),t))for(;l>s;s++)t(e[s],n,a?r:r.call(e[s],s,t(e[s],n)));return i?e:u?t.call(e):l?t(e[0],n):o},Dt=/^(?:checkbox|radio)$/i;!function(){var e=ht.createElement("input"),t=ht.createElement("div"),n=ht.createDocumentFragment();if(t.innerHTML="  <link/><table></table><a href='/a'>a</a><input type='checkbox'/>",nt.leadingWhitespace=3===t.firstChild.nodeType,nt.tbody=!t.getElementsByTagName("tbody").length,nt.htmlSerialize=!!t.getElementsByTagName("link").length,nt.html5Clone="<:nav></:nav>"!==ht.createElement("nav").cloneNode(!0).outerHTML,e.type="checkbox",e.checked=!0,n.appendChild(e),nt.appendChecked=e.checked,t.innerHTML="<textarea>x</textarea>",nt.noCloneChecked=!!t.cloneNode(!0).lastChild.defaultValue,n.appendChild(t),t.innerHTML="<input type='radio' checked='checked' name='t'/>",nt.checkClone=t.cloneNode(!0).cloneNode(!0).lastChild.checked,nt.noCloneEvent=!0,t.attachEvent&&(t.attachEvent("onclick",function(){nt.noCloneEvent=!1}),t.cloneNode(!0).click()),null==nt.deleteExpando){nt.deleteExpando=!0;try{delete t.test}catch(r){nt.deleteExpando=!1}}}(),function(){var t,n,r=ht.createElement("div");for(t in{submit:!0,change:!0,focusin:!0})n="on"+t,(nt[t+"Bubbles"]=n in e)||(r.setAttribute(n,"t"),nt[t+"Bubbles"]=r.attributes[n].expando===!1);r=null}();var Lt=/^(?:input|select|textarea)$/i,Ht=/^key/,_t=/^(?:mouse|pointer|contextmenu)|click/,qt=/^(?:focusinfocus|focusoutblur)$/,Ft=/^([^.]*)(?:\.(.+)|)$/;it.event={global:{},add:function(e,t,n,r,i){var o,a,s,l,u,c,d,f,p,h,m,g=it._data(e);if(g){for(n.handler&&(l=n,n=l.handler,i=l.selector),n.guid||(n.guid=it.guid++),(a=g.events)||(a=g.events={}),(c=g.handle)||(c=g.handle=function(e){return typeof it===Et||e&&it.event.triggered===e.type?void 0:it.event.dispatch.apply(c.elem,arguments)},c.elem=e),t=(t||"").match(bt)||[""],s=t.length;s--;)o=Ft.exec(t[s])||[],p=m=o[1],h=(o[2]||"").split(".").sort(),p&&(u=it.event.special[p]||{},p=(i?u.delegateType:u.bindType)||p,u=it.event.special[p]||{},d=it.extend({type:p,origType:m,data:r,handler:n,guid:n.guid,selector:i,needsContext:i&&it.expr.match.needsContext.test(i),namespace:h.join(".")},l),(f=a[p])||(f=a[p]=[],f.delegateCount=0,u.setup&&u.setup.call(e,r,h,c)!==!1||(e.addEventListener?e.addEventListener(p,c,!1):e.attachEvent&&e.attachEvent("on"+p,c))),u.add&&(u.add.call(e,d),d.handler.guid||(d.handler.guid=n.guid)),i?f.splice(f.delegateCount++,0,d):f.push(d),it.event.global[p]=!0);e=null}},remove:function(e,t,n,r,i){var o,a,s,l,u,c,d,f,p,h,m,g=it.hasData(e)&&it._data(e);if(g&&(c=g.events)){for(t=(t||"").match(bt)||[""],u=t.length;u--;)if(s=Ft.exec(t[u])||[],p=m=s[1],h=(s[2]||"").split(".").sort(),p){for(d=it.event.special[p]||{},p=(r?d.delegateType:d.bindType)||p,f=c[p]||[],s=s[2]&&new RegExp("(^|\\.)"+h.join("\\.(?:.*\\.|)")+"(\\.|$)"),l=o=f.length;o--;)a=f[o],!i&&m!==a.origType||n&&n.guid!==a.guid||s&&!s.test(a.namespace)||r&&r!==a.selector&&("**"!==r||!a.selector)||(f.splice(o,1),a.selector&&f.delegateCount--,d.remove&&d.remove.call(e,a));l&&!f.length&&(d.teardown&&d.teardown.call(e,h,g.handle)!==!1||it.removeEvent(e,p,g.handle),delete c[p])}else for(p in c)it.event.remove(e,p+t[u],n,r,!0);it.isEmptyObject(c)&&(delete g.handle,it._removeData(e,"events"))}},trigger:function(t,n,r,i){var o,a,s,l,u,c,d,f=[r||ht],p=tt.call(t,"type")?t.type:t,h=tt.call(t,"namespace")?t.namespace.split("."):[];if(s=c=r=r||ht,3!==r.nodeType&&8!==r.nodeType&&!qt.test(p+it.event.triggered)&&(p.indexOf(".")>=0&&(h=p.split("."),p=h.shift(),h.sort()),a=p.indexOf(":")<0&&"on"+p,t=t[it.expando]?t:new it.Event(p,"object"==typeof t&&t),t.isTrigger=i?2:3,t.namespace=h.join("."),t.namespace_re=t.namespace?new RegExp("(^|\\.)"+h.join("\\.(?:.*\\.|)")+"(\\.|$)"):null,t.result=void 0,t.target||(t.target=r),n=null==n?[t]:it.makeArray(n,[t]),u=it.event.special[p]||{},i||!u.trigger||u.trigger.apply(r,n)!==!1)){if(!i&&!u.noBubble&&!it.isWindow(r)){for(l=u.delegateType||p,qt.test(l+p)||(s=s.parentNode);s;s=s.parentNode)f.push(s),c=s;c===(r.ownerDocument||ht)&&f.push(c.defaultView||c.parentWindow||e)}for(d=0;(s=f[d++])&&!t.isPropagationStopped();)t.type=d>1?l:u.bindType||p,o=(it._data(s,"events")||{})[t.type]&&it._data(s,"handle"),o&&o.apply(s,n),o=a&&s[a],o&&o.apply&&it.acceptData(s)&&(t.result=o.apply(s,n),t.result===!1&&t.preventDefault());if(t.type=p,!i&&!t.isDefaultPrevented()&&(!u._default||u._default.apply(f.pop(),n)===!1)&&it.acceptData(r)&&a&&r[p]&&!it.isWindow(r)){c=r[a],c&&(r[a]=null),it.event.triggered=p;try{r[p]()}catch(m){}it.event.triggered=void 0,c&&(r[a]=c)}return t.result}},dispatch:function(e){e=it.event.fix(e);var t,n,r,i,o,a=[],s=Y.call(arguments),l=(it._data(this,"events")||{})[e.type]||[],u=it.event.special[e.type]||{};if(s[0]=e,e.delegateTarget=this,!u.preDispatch||u.preDispatch.call(this,e)!==!1){for(a=it.event.handlers.call(this,e,l),t=0;(i=a[t++])&&!e.isPropagationStopped();)for(e.currentTarget=i.elem,o=0;(r=i.handlers[o++])&&!e.isImmediatePropagationStopped();)(!e.namespace_re||e.namespace_re.test(r.namespace))&&(e.handleObj=r,e.data=r.data,n=((it.event.special[r.origType]||{}).handle||r.handler).apply(i.elem,s),void 0!==n&&(e.result=n)===!1&&(e.preventDefault(),e.stopPropagation()));return u.postDispatch&&u.postDispatch.call(this,e),e.result}},handlers:function(e,t){var n,r,i,o,a=[],s=t.delegateCount,l=e.target;if(s&&l.nodeType&&(!e.button||"click"!==e.type))for(;l!=this;l=l.parentNode||this)if(1===l.nodeType&&(l.disabled!==!0||"click"!==e.type)){for(i=[],o=0;s>o;o++)r=t[o],n=r.selector+" ",void 0===i[n]&&(i[n]=r.needsContext?it(n,this).index(l)>=0:it.find(n,this,null,[l]).length),i[n]&&i.push(r);i.length&&a.push({elem:l,handlers:i})}return s<t.length&&a.push({elem:this,handlers:t.slice(s)}),a},fix:function(e){if(e[it.expando])return e;var t,n,r,i=e.type,o=e,a=this.fixHooks[i];for(a||(this.fixHooks[i]=a=_t.test(i)?this.mouseHooks:Ht.test(i)?this.keyHooks:{}),r=a.props?this.props.concat(a.props):this.props,e=new it.Event(o),t=r.length;t--;)n=r[t],e[n]=o[n];return e.target||(e.target=o.srcElement||ht),3===e.target.nodeType&&(e.target=e.target.parentNode),e.metaKey=!!e.metaKey,a.filter?a.filter(e,o):e},props:"altKey bubbles cancelable ctrlKey currentTarget eventPhase metaKey relatedTarget shiftKey target timeStamp view which".split(" "),fixHooks:{},keyHooks:{props:"char charCode key keyCode".split(" "),filter:function(e,t){return null==e.which&&(e.which=null!=t.charCode?t.charCode:t.keyCode),e}},mouseHooks:{props:"button buttons clientX clientY fromElement offsetX offsetY pageX pageY screenX screenY toElement".split(" "),filter:function(e,t){var n,r,i,o=t.button,a=t.fromElement;return null==e.pageX&&null!=t.clientX&&(r=e.target.ownerDocument||ht,i=r.documentElement,n=r.body,e.pageX=t.clientX+(i&&i.scrollLeft||n&&n.scrollLeft||0)-(i&&i.clientLeft||n&&n.clientLeft||0),e.pageY=t.clientY+(i&&i.scrollTop||n&&n.scrollTop||0)-(i&&i.clientTop||n&&n.clientTop||0)),!e.relatedTarget&&a&&(e.relatedTarget=a===e.target?t.toElement:a),e.which||void 0===o||(e.which=1&o?1:2&o?3:4&o?2:0),e}},special:{load:{noBubble:!0},focus:{trigger:function(){if(this!==h()&&this.focus)try{return this.focus(),!1}catch(e){}},delegateType:"focusin"},blur:{trigger:function(){return this===h()&&this.blur?(this.blur(),!1):void 0},delegateType:"focusout"},click:{trigger:function(){return it.nodeName(this,"input")&&"checkbox"===this.type&&this.click?(this.click(),!1):void 0},_default:function(e){return it.nodeName(e.target,"a")}},beforeunload:{postDispatch:function(e){void 0!==e.result&&e.originalEvent&&(e.originalEvent.returnValue=e.result)}}},simulate:function(e,t,n,r){var i=it.extend(new it.Event,n,{type:e,isSimulated:!0,originalEvent:{}});r?it.event.trigger(i,null,t):it.event.dispatch.call(t,i),i.isDefaultPrevented()&&n.preventDefault()}},it.removeEvent=ht.removeEventListener?function(e,t,n){e.removeEventListener&&e.removeEventListener(t,n,!1)}:function(e,t,n){var r="on"+t;e.detachEvent&&(typeof e[r]===Et&&(e[r]=null),e.detachEvent(r,n))},it.Event=function(e,t){return this instanceof it.Event?(e&&e.type?(this.originalEvent=e,this.type=e.type,this.isDefaultPrevented=e.defaultPrevented||void 0===e.defaultPrevented&&e.returnValue===!1?f:p):this.type=e,t&&it.extend(this,t),this.timeStamp=e&&e.timeStamp||it.now(),void(this[it.expando]=!0)):new it.Event(e,t)},it.Event.prototype={isDefaultPrevented:p,isPropagationStopped:p,isImmediatePropagationStopped:p,preventDefault:function(){var e=this.originalEvent;this.isDefaultPrevented=f,e&&(e.preventDefault?e.preventDefault():e.returnValue=!1)},stopPropagation:function(){var e=this.originalEvent;this.isPropagationStopped=f,e&&(e.stopPropagation&&e.stopPropagation(),e.cancelBubble=!0)},stopImmediatePropagation:function(){var e=this.originalEvent;this.isImmediatePropagationStopped=f,e&&e.stopImmediatePropagation&&e.stopImmediatePropagation(),this.stopPropagation()}},it.each({mouseenter:"mouseover",mouseleave:"mouseout",pointerenter:"pointerover",pointerleave:"pointerout"},function(e,t){it.event.special[e]={delegateType:t,bindType:t,handle:function(e){var n,r=this,i=e.relatedTarget,o=e.handleObj;return(!i||i!==r&&!it.contains(r,i))&&(e.type=o.origType,n=o.handler.apply(this,arguments),e.type=t),n}}}),nt.submitBubbles||(it.event.special.submit={setup:function(){return it.nodeName(this,"form")?!1:void it.event.add(this,"click._submit keypress._submit",function(e){var t=e.target,n=it.nodeName(t,"input")||it.nodeName(t,"button")?t.form:void 0;n&&!it._data(n,"submitBubbles")&&(it.event.add(n,"submit._submit",function(e){e._submit_bubble=!0}),it._data(n,"submitBubbles",!0))})},postDispatch:function(e){e._submit_bubble&&(delete e._submit_bubble,this.parentNode&&!e.isTrigger&&it.event.simulate("submit",this.parentNode,e,!0))},teardown:function(){return it.nodeName(this,"form")?!1:void it.event.remove(this,"._submit")}}),nt.changeBubbles||(it.event.special.change={setup:function(){return Lt.test(this.nodeName)?(("checkbox"===this.type||"radio"===this.type)&&(it.event.add(this,"propertychange._change",function(e){"checked"===e.originalEvent.propertyName&&(this._just_changed=!0)}),it.event.add(this,"click._change",function(e){this._just_changed&&!e.isTrigger&&(this._just_changed=!1),it.event.simulate("change",this,e,!0)})),!1):void it.event.add(this,"beforeactivate._change",function(e){var t=e.target;Lt.test(t.nodeName)&&!it._data(t,"changeBubbles")&&(it.event.add(t,"change._change",function(e){!this.parentNode||e.isSimulated||e.isTrigger||it.event.simulate("change",this.parentNode,e,!0)}),it._data(t,"changeBubbles",!0))})},handle:function(e){var t=e.target;return this!==t||e.isSimulated||e.isTrigger||"radio"!==t.type&&"checkbox"!==t.type?e.handleObj.handler.apply(this,arguments):void 0},teardown:function(){return it.event.remove(this,"._change"),!Lt.test(this.nodeName)}}),nt.focusinBubbles||it.each({focus:"focusin",blur:"focusout"},function(e,t){var n=function(e){it.event.simulate(t,e.target,it.event.fix(e),!0)};it.event.special[t]={setup:function(){var r=this.ownerDocument||this,i=it._data(r,t);i||r.addEventListener(e,n,!0),it._data(r,t,(i||0)+1)},teardown:function(){var r=this.ownerDocument||this,i=it._data(r,t)-1;i?it._data(r,t,i):(r.removeEventListener(e,n,!0),it._removeData(r,t))}}}),it.fn.extend({on:function(e,t,n,r,i){var o,a;if("object"==typeof e){"string"!=typeof t&&(n=n||t,t=void 0);for(o in e)this.on(o,t,n,e[o],i);return this}if(null==n&&null==r?(r=t,n=t=void 0):null==r&&("string"==typeof t?(r=n,n=void 0):(r=n,n=t,t=void 0)),r===!1)r=p;else if(!r)return this;return 1===i&&(a=r,r=function(e){return it().off(e),a.apply(this,arguments)},r.guid=a.guid||(a.guid=it.guid++)),this.each(function(){it.event.add(this,e,r,n,t)})},one:function(e,t,n,r){return this.on(e,t,n,r,1)},off:function(e,t,n){var r,i;if(e&&e.preventDefault&&e.handleObj)return r=e.handleObj,it(e.delegateTarget).off(r.namespace?r.origType+"."+r.namespace:r.origType,r.selector,r.handler),this;if("object"==typeof e){for(i in e)this.off(i,t,e[i]);return this}return(t===!1||"function"==typeof t)&&(n=t,t=void 0),n===!1&&(n=p),this.each(function(){it.event.remove(this,e,n,t)})},trigger:function(e,t){return this.each(function(){it.event.trigger(e,t,this)})},triggerHandler:function(e,t){var n=this[0];return n?it.event.trigger(e,t,n,!0):void 0}});var Mt="abbr|article|aside|audio|bdi|canvas|data|datalist|details|figcaption|figure|footer|header|hgroup|mark|meter|nav|output|progress|section|summary|time|video",Ot=/ jQuery\d+="(?:null|\d+)"/g,Rt=new RegExp("<(?:"+Mt+")[\\s/>]","i"),Bt=/^\s+/,Pt=/<(?!area|br|col|embed|hr|img|input|link|meta|param)(([\w:]+)[^>]*)\/>/gi,It=/<([\w:]+)/,Wt=/<tbody/i,$t=/<|&#?\w+;/,zt=/<(?:script|style|link)/i,Xt=/checked\s*(?:[^=]|=\s*.checked.)/i,Ut=/^$|\/(?:java|ecma)script/i,Vt=/^true\/(.*)/,Gt=/^\s*<!(?:\[CDATA\[|--)|(?:\]\]|--)>\s*$/g,Yt={option:[1,"<select multiple='multiple'>","</select>"],legend:[1,"<fieldset>","</fieldset>"],area:[1,"<map>","</map>"],param:[1,"<object>","</object>"],thead:[1,"<table>","</table>"],tr:[2,"<table><tbody>","</tbody></table>"],col:[2,"<table><tbody></tbody><colgroup>","</colgroup></table>"],td:[3,"<table><tbody><tr>","</tr></tbody></table>"],_default:nt.htmlSerialize?[0,"",""]:[1,"X<div>","</div>"]},Jt=m(ht),Kt=Jt.appendChild(ht.createElement("div"));Yt.optgroup=Yt.option,Yt.tbody=Yt.tfoot=Yt.colgroup=Yt.caption=Yt.thead,Yt.th=Yt.td,it.extend({clone:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s,l=it.contains(e.ownerDocument,e);if(nt.html5Clone||it.isXMLDoc(e)||!Rt.test("<"+e.nodeName+">")?o=e.cloneNode(!0):(Kt.innerHTML=e.outerHTML,Kt.removeChild(o=Kt.firstChild)),!(nt.noCloneEvent&&nt.noCloneChecked||1!==e.nodeType&&11!==e.nodeType||it.isXMLDoc(e)))for(r=g(o),s=g(e),a=0;null!=(i=s[a]);++a)r[a]&&E(i,r[a]);if(t)if(n)for(s=s||g(e),r=r||g(o),a=0;null!=(i=s[a]);a++)T(i,r[a]);else T(e,o);return r=g(o,"script"),r.length>0&&w(r,!l&&g(e,"script")),r=s=i=null,o},buildFragment:function(e,t,n,r){for(var i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d=e.length,f=m(t),p=[],h=0;d>h;h++)if(o=e[h],o||0===o)if("object"===it.type(o))it.merge(p,o.nodeType?[o]:o);else if($t.test(o)){for(s=s||f.appendChild(t.createElement("div")),l=(It.exec(o)||["",""])[1].toLowerCase(),c=Yt[l]||Yt._default,s.innerHTML=c[1]+o.replace(Pt,"<$1></$2>")+c[2],i=c[0];i--;)s=s.lastChild;if(!nt.leadingWhitespace&&Bt.test(o)&&p.push(t.createTextNode(Bt.exec(o)[0])),!nt.tbody)for(o="table"!==l||Wt.test(o)?"<table>"!==c[1]||Wt.test(o)?0:s:s.firstChild,i=o&&o.childNodes.length;i--;)it.nodeName(u=o.childNodes[i],"tbody")&&!u.childNodes.length&&o.removeChild(u);for(it.merge(p,s.childNodes),s.textContent="";s.firstChild;)s.removeChild(s.firstChild);s=f.lastChild}else p.push(t.createTextNode(o));for(s&&f.removeChild(s),nt.appendChecked||it.grep(g(p,"input"),v),h=0;o=p[h++];)if((!r||-1===it.inArray(o,r))&&(a=it.contains(o.ownerDocument,o),s=g(f.appendChild(o),"script"),a&&w(s),n))for(i=0;o=s[i++];)Ut.test(o.type||"")&&n.push(o);return s=null,f},cleanData:function(e,t){for(var n,r,i,o,a=0,s=it.expando,l=it.cache,u=nt.deleteExpando,c=it.event.special;null!=(n=e[a]);a++)if((t||it.acceptData(n))&&(i=n[s],o=i&&l[i])){if(o.events)for(r in o.events)c[r]?it.event.remove(n,r):it.removeEvent(n,r,o.handle);l[i]&&(delete l[i],u?delete n[s]:typeof n.removeAttribute!==Et?n.removeAttribute(s):n[s]=null,G.push(i))}}}),it.fn.extend({text:function(e){return At(this,function(e){return void 0===e?it.text(this):this.empty().append((this[0]&&this[0].ownerDocument||ht).createTextNode(e))},null,e,arguments.length)},append:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,function(e){if(1===this.nodeType||11===this.nodeType||9===this.nodeType){var t=y(this,e);t.appendChild(e)}})},prepend:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,function(e){if(1===this.nodeType||11===this.nodeType||9===this.nodeType){var t=y(this,e);t.insertBefore(e,t.firstChild)}})},before:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,function(e){this.parentNode&&this.parentNode.insertBefore(e,this)})},after:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,function(e){this.parentNode&&this.parentNode.insertBefore(e,this.nextSibling)})},remove:function(e,t){for(var n,r=e?it.filter(e,this):this,i=0;null!=(n=r[i]);i++)t||1!==n.nodeType||it.cleanData(g(n)),n.parentNode&&(t&&it.contains(n.ownerDocument,n)&&w(g(n,"script")),n.parentNode.removeChild(n));return this},empty:function(){for(var e,t=0;null!=(e=this[t]);t++){for(1===e.nodeType&&it.cleanData(g(e,!1));e.firstChild;)e.removeChild(e.firstChild);e.options&&it.nodeName(e,"select")&&(e.options.length=0)}return this},clone:function(e,t){return e=null==e?!1:e,t=null==t?e:t,this.map(function(){return it.clone(this,e,t)})},html:function(e){return At(this,function(e){var t=this[0]||{},n=0,r=this.length;if(void 0===e)return 1===t.nodeType?t.innerHTML.replace(Ot,""):void 0;if(!("string"!=typeof e||zt.test(e)||!nt.htmlSerialize&&Rt.test(e)||!nt.leadingWhitespace&&Bt.test(e)||Yt[(It.exec(e)||["",""])[1].toLowerCase()])){e=e.replace(Pt,"<$1></$2>");try{for(;r>n;n++)t=this[n]||{},1===t.nodeType&&(it.cleanData(g(t,!1)),t.innerHTML=e);t=0}catch(i){}}t&&this.empty().append(e)},null,e,arguments.length)},replaceWith:function(){var e=arguments[0];return this.domManip(arguments,function(t){e=this.parentNode,it.cleanData(g(this)),e&&e.replaceChild(t,this)}),e&&(e.length||e.nodeType)?this:this.remove()},detach:function(e){return this.remove(e,!0)},domManip:function(e,t){e=J.apply([],e);var n,r,i,o,a,s,l=0,u=this.length,c=this,d=u-1,f=e[0],p=it.isFunction(f);if(p||u>1&&"string"==typeof f&&!nt.checkClone&&Xt.test(f))return this.each(function(n){var r=c.eq(n);p&&(e[0]=f.call(this,n,r.html())),r.domManip(e,t)});if(u&&(s=it.buildFragment(e,this[0].ownerDocument,!1,this),n=s.firstChild,1===s.childNodes.length&&(s=n),n)){for(o=it.map(g(s,"script"),b),i=o.length;u>l;l++)r=s,l!==d&&(r=it.clone(r,!0,!0),i&&it.merge(o,g(r,"script"))),t.call(this[l],r,l);if(i)for(a=o[o.length-1].ownerDocument,it.map(o,x),l=0;i>l;l++)r=o[l],Ut.test(r.type||"")&&!it._data(r,"globalEval")&&it.contains(a,r)&&(r.src?it._evalUrl&&it._evalUrl(r.src):it.globalEval((r.text||r.textContent||r.innerHTML||"").replace(Gt,"")));s=n=null}return this}}),it.each({appendTo:"append",prependTo:"prepend",insertBefore:"before",insertAfter:"after",replaceAll:"replaceWith"},function(e,t){it.fn[e]=function(e){for(var n,r=0,i=[],o=it(e),a=o.length-1;a>=r;r++)n=r===a?this:this.clone(!0),it(o[r])[t](n),K.apply(i,n.get());return this.pushStack(i)}});var Qt,Zt={};!function(){var e;nt.shrinkWrapBlocks=function(){if(null!=e)return e;e=!1;var t,n,r;return n=ht.getElementsByTagName("body")[0],n&&n.style?(t=ht.createElement("div"),r=ht.createElement("div"),r.style.cssText="position:absolute;border:0;width:0;height:0;top:0;left:-9999px",n.appendChild(r).appendChild(t),typeof t.style.zoom!==Et&&(t.style.cssText="-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;-moz-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box;display:block;margin:0;border:0;padding:1px;width:1px;zoom:1",t.appendChild(ht.createElement("div")).style.width="5px",e=3!==t.offsetWidth),n.removeChild(r),e):void 0}}();var en,tn,nn=/^margin/,rn=new RegExp("^("+Nt+")(?!px)[a-z%]+$","i"),on=/^(top|right|bottom|left)$/;e.getComputedStyle?(en=function(e){return e.ownerDocument.defaultView.getComputedStyle(e,null)},tn=function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s=e.style;return n=n||en(e),a=n?n.getPropertyValue(t)||n[t]:void 0,n&&(""!==a||it.contains(e.ownerDocument,e)||(a=it.style(e,t)),rn.test(a)&&nn.test(t)&&(r=s.width,i=s.minWidth,o=s.maxWidth,s.minWidth=s.maxWidth=s.width=a,a=n.width,s.width=r,s.minWidth=i,s.maxWidth=o)),void 0===a?a:a+""}):ht.documentElement.currentStyle&&(en=function(e){return e.currentStyle},tn=function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s=e.style;return n=n||en(e),a=n?n[t]:void 0,null==a&&s&&s[t]&&(a=s[t]),rn.test(a)&&!on.test(t)&&(r=s.left,i=e.runtimeStyle,o=i&&i.left,o&&(i.left=e.currentStyle.left),s.left="fontSize"===t?"1em":a,a=s.pixelLeft+"px",s.left=r,o&&(i.left=o)),void 0===a?a:a+""||"auto"}),function(){function t(){var t,n,r,i;n=ht.getElementsByTagName("body")[0],n&&n.style&&(t=ht.createElement("div"),r=ht.createElement("div"),r.style.cssText="position:absolute;border:0;width:0;height:0;top:0;left:-9999px",n.appendChild(r).appendChild(t),t.style.cssText="-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;display:block;margin-top:1%;top:1%;border:1px;padding:1px;width:4px;position:absolute",o=a=!1,l=!0,e.getComputedStyle&&(o="1%"!==(e.getComputedStyle(t,null)||{}).top,a="4px"===(e.getComputedStyle(t,null)||{width:"4px"}).width,i=t.appendChild(ht.createElement("div")),i.style.cssText=t.style.cssText="-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;-moz-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box;display:block;margin:0;border:0;padding:0",i.style.marginRight=i.style.width="0",t.style.width="1px",l=!parseFloat((e.getComputedStyle(i,null)||{}).marginRight)),t.innerHTML="<table><tr><td></td><td>t</td></tr></table>",i=t.getElementsByTagName("td"),i[0].style.cssText="margin:0;border:0;padding:0;display:none",s=0===i[0].offsetHeight,s&&(i[0].style.display="",i[1].style.display="none",s=0===i[0].offsetHeight),n.removeChild(r))}var n,r,i,o,a,s,l;n=ht.createElement("div"),n.innerHTML="  <link/><table></table><a href='/a'>a</a><input type='checkbox'/>",i=n.getElementsByTagName("a")[0],r=i&&i.style,r&&(r.cssText="float:left;opacity:.5",nt.opacity="0.5"===r.opacity,nt.cssFloat=!!r.cssFloat,n.style.backgroundClip="content-box",n.cloneNode(!0).style.backgroundClip="",nt.clearCloneStyle="content-box"===n.style.backgroundClip,nt.boxSizing=""===r.boxSizing||""===r.MozBoxSizing||""===r.WebkitBoxSizing,it.extend(nt,{reliableHiddenOffsets:function(){return null==s&&t(),s
+},boxSizingReliable:function(){return null==a&&t(),a},pixelPosition:function(){return null==o&&t(),o},reliableMarginRight:function(){return null==l&&t(),l}}))}(),it.swap=function(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a={};for(o in t)a[o]=e.style[o],e.style[o]=t[o];i=n.apply(e,r||[]);for(o in t)e.style[o]=a[o];return i};var an=/alpha\([^)]*\)/i,sn=/opacity\s*=\s*([^)]*)/,ln=/^(none|table(?!-c[ea]).+)/,un=new RegExp("^("+Nt+")(.*)$","i"),cn=new RegExp("^([+-])=("+Nt+")","i"),dn={position:"absolute",visibility:"hidden",display:"block"},fn={letterSpacing:"0",fontWeight:"400"},pn=["Webkit","O","Moz","ms"];it.extend({cssHooks:{opacity:{get:function(e,t){if(t){var n=tn(e,"opacity");return""===n?"1":n}}}},cssNumber:{columnCount:!0,fillOpacity:!0,flexGrow:!0,flexShrink:!0,fontWeight:!0,lineHeight:!0,opacity:!0,order:!0,orphans:!0,widows:!0,zIndex:!0,zoom:!0},cssProps:{"float":nt.cssFloat?"cssFloat":"styleFloat"},style:function(e,t,n,r){if(e&&3!==e.nodeType&&8!==e.nodeType&&e.style){var i,o,a,s=it.camelCase(t),l=e.style;if(t=it.cssProps[s]||(it.cssProps[s]=S(l,s)),a=it.cssHooks[t]||it.cssHooks[s],void 0===n)return a&&"get"in a&&void 0!==(i=a.get(e,!1,r))?i:l[t];if(o=typeof n,"string"===o&&(i=cn.exec(n))&&(n=(i[1]+1)*i[2]+parseFloat(it.css(e,t)),o="number"),null!=n&&n===n&&("number"!==o||it.cssNumber[s]||(n+="px"),nt.clearCloneStyle||""!==n||0!==t.indexOf("background")||(l[t]="inherit"),!(a&&"set"in a&&void 0===(n=a.set(e,n,r)))))try{l[t]=n}catch(u){}}},css:function(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s=it.camelCase(t);return t=it.cssProps[s]||(it.cssProps[s]=S(e.style,s)),a=it.cssHooks[t]||it.cssHooks[s],a&&"get"in a&&(o=a.get(e,!0,n)),void 0===o&&(o=tn(e,t,r)),"normal"===o&&t in fn&&(o=fn[t]),""===n||n?(i=parseFloat(o),n===!0||it.isNumeric(i)?i||0:o):o}}),it.each(["height","width"],function(e,t){it.cssHooks[t]={get:function(e,n,r){return n?ln.test(it.css(e,"display"))&&0===e.offsetWidth?it.swap(e,dn,function(){return L(e,t,r)}):L(e,t,r):void 0},set:function(e,n,r){var i=r&&en(e);return A(e,n,r?D(e,t,r,nt.boxSizing&&"border-box"===it.css(e,"boxSizing",!1,i),i):0)}}}),nt.opacity||(it.cssHooks.opacity={get:function(e,t){return sn.test((t&&e.currentStyle?e.currentStyle.filter:e.style.filter)||"")?.01*parseFloat(RegExp.$1)+"":t?"1":""},set:function(e,t){var n=e.style,r=e.currentStyle,i=it.isNumeric(t)?"alpha(opacity="+100*t+")":"",o=r&&r.filter||n.filter||"";n.zoom=1,(t>=1||""===t)&&""===it.trim(o.replace(an,""))&&n.removeAttribute&&(n.removeAttribute("filter"),""===t||r&&!r.filter)||(n.filter=an.test(o)?o.replace(an,i):o+" "+i)}}),it.cssHooks.marginRight=N(nt.reliableMarginRight,function(e,t){return t?it.swap(e,{display:"inline-block"},tn,[e,"marginRight"]):void 0}),it.each({margin:"",padding:"",border:"Width"},function(e,t){it.cssHooks[e+t]={expand:function(n){for(var r=0,i={},o="string"==typeof n?n.split(" "):[n];4>r;r++)i[e+St[r]+t]=o[r]||o[r-2]||o[0];return i}},nn.test(e)||(it.cssHooks[e+t].set=A)}),it.fn.extend({css:function(e,t){return At(this,function(e,t,n){var r,i,o={},a=0;if(it.isArray(t)){for(r=en(e),i=t.length;i>a;a++)o[t[a]]=it.css(e,t[a],!1,r);return o}return void 0!==n?it.style(e,t,n):it.css(e,t)},e,t,arguments.length>1)},show:function(){return j(this,!0)},hide:function(){return j(this)},toggle:function(e){return"boolean"==typeof e?e?this.show():this.hide():this.each(function(){jt(this)?it(this).show():it(this).hide()})}}),it.Tween=H,H.prototype={constructor:H,init:function(e,t,n,r,i,o){this.elem=e,this.prop=n,this.easing=i||"swing",this.options=t,this.start=this.now=this.cur(),this.end=r,this.unit=o||(it.cssNumber[n]?"":"px")},cur:function(){var e=H.propHooks[this.prop];return e&&e.get?e.get(this):H.propHooks._default.get(this)},run:function(e){var t,n=H.propHooks[this.prop];return this.pos=t=this.options.duration?it.easing[this.easing](e,this.options.duration*e,0,1,this.options.duration):e,this.now=(this.end-this.start)*t+this.start,this.options.step&&this.options.step.call(this.elem,this.now,this),n&&n.set?n.set(this):H.propHooks._default.set(this),this}},H.prototype.init.prototype=H.prototype,H.propHooks={_default:{get:function(e){var t;return null==e.elem[e.prop]||e.elem.style&&null!=e.elem.style[e.prop]?(t=it.css(e.elem,e.prop,""),t&&"auto"!==t?t:0):e.elem[e.prop]},set:function(e){it.fx.step[e.prop]?it.fx.step[e.prop](e):e.elem.style&&(null!=e.elem.style[it.cssProps[e.prop]]||it.cssHooks[e.prop])?it.style(e.elem,e.prop,e.now+e.unit):e.elem[e.prop]=e.now}}},H.propHooks.scrollTop=H.propHooks.scrollLeft={set:function(e){e.elem.nodeType&&e.elem.parentNode&&(e.elem[e.prop]=e.now)}},it.easing={linear:function(e){return e},swing:function(e){return.5-Math.cos(e*Math.PI)/2}},it.fx=H.prototype.init,it.fx.step={};var hn,mn,gn=/^(?:toggle|show|hide)$/,vn=new RegExp("^(?:([+-])=|)("+Nt+")([a-z%]*)$","i"),yn=/queueHooks$/,bn=[M],xn={"*":[function(e,t){var n=this.createTween(e,t),r=n.cur(),i=vn.exec(t),o=i&&i[3]||(it.cssNumber[e]?"":"px"),a=(it.cssNumber[e]||"px"!==o&&+r)&&vn.exec(it.css(n.elem,e)),s=1,l=20;if(a&&a[3]!==o){o=o||a[3],i=i||[],a=+r||1;do s=s||".5",a/=s,it.style(n.elem,e,a+o);while(s!==(s=n.cur()/r)&&1!==s&&--l)}return i&&(a=n.start=+a||+r||0,n.unit=o,n.end=i[1]?a+(i[1]+1)*i[2]:+i[2]),n}]};it.Animation=it.extend(R,{tweener:function(e,t){it.isFunction(e)?(t=e,e=["*"]):e=e.split(" ");for(var n,r=0,i=e.length;i>r;r++)n=e[r],xn[n]=xn[n]||[],xn[n].unshift(t)},prefilter:function(e,t){t?bn.unshift(e):bn.push(e)}}),it.speed=function(e,t,n){var r=e&&"object"==typeof e?it.extend({},e):{complete:n||!n&&t||it.isFunction(e)&&e,duration:e,easing:n&&t||t&&!it.isFunction(t)&&t};return r.duration=it.fx.off?0:"number"==typeof r.duration?r.duration:r.duration in it.fx.speeds?it.fx.speeds[r.duration]:it.fx.speeds._default,(null==r.queue||r.queue===!0)&&(r.queue="fx"),r.old=r.complete,r.complete=function(){it.isFunction(r.old)&&r.old.call(this),r.queue&&it.dequeue(this,r.queue)},r},it.fn.extend({fadeTo:function(e,t,n,r){return this.filter(jt).css("opacity",0).show().end().animate({opacity:t},e,n,r)},animate:function(e,t,n,r){var i=it.isEmptyObject(e),o=it.speed(t,n,r),a=function(){var t=R(this,it.extend({},e),o);(i||it._data(this,"finish"))&&t.stop(!0)};return a.finish=a,i||o.queue===!1?this.each(a):this.queue(o.queue,a)},stop:function(e,t,n){var r=function(e){var t=e.stop;delete e.stop,t(n)};return"string"!=typeof e&&(n=t,t=e,e=void 0),t&&e!==!1&&this.queue(e||"fx",[]),this.each(function(){var t=!0,i=null!=e&&e+"queueHooks",o=it.timers,a=it._data(this);if(i)a[i]&&a[i].stop&&r(a[i]);else for(i in a)a[i]&&a[i].stop&&yn.test(i)&&r(a[i]);for(i=o.length;i--;)o[i].elem!==this||null!=e&&o[i].queue!==e||(o[i].anim.stop(n),t=!1,o.splice(i,1));(t||!n)&&it.dequeue(this,e)})},finish:function(e){return e!==!1&&(e=e||"fx"),this.each(function(){var t,n=it._data(this),r=n[e+"queue"],i=n[e+"queueHooks"],o=it.timers,a=r?r.length:0;for(n.finish=!0,it.queue(this,e,[]),i&&i.stop&&i.stop.call(this,!0),t=o.length;t--;)o[t].elem===this&&o[t].queue===e&&(o[t].anim.stop(!0),o.splice(t,1));for(t=0;a>t;t++)r[t]&&r[t].finish&&r[t].finish.call(this);delete n.finish})}}),it.each(["toggle","show","hide"],function(e,t){var n=it.fn[t];it.fn[t]=function(e,r,i){return null==e||"boolean"==typeof e?n.apply(this,arguments):this.animate(q(t,!0),e,r,i)}}),it.each({slideDown:q("show"),slideUp:q("hide"),slideToggle:q("toggle"),fadeIn:{opacity:"show"},fadeOut:{opacity:"hide"},fadeToggle:{opacity:"toggle"}},function(e,t){it.fn[e]=function(e,n,r){return this.animate(t,e,n,r)}}),it.timers=[],it.fx.tick=function(){var e,t=it.timers,n=0;for(hn=it.now();n<t.length;n++)e=t[n],e()||t[n]!==e||t.splice(n--,1);t.length||it.fx.stop(),hn=void 0},it.fx.timer=function(e){it.timers.push(e),e()?it.fx.start():it.timers.pop()},it.fx.interval=13,it.fx.start=function(){mn||(mn=setInterval(it.fx.tick,it.fx.interval))},it.fx.stop=function(){clearInterval(mn),mn=null},it.fx.speeds={slow:600,fast:200,_default:400},it.fn.delay=function(e,t){return e=it.fx?it.fx.speeds[e]||e:e,t=t||"fx",this.queue(t,function(t,n){var r=setTimeout(t,e);n.stop=function(){clearTimeout(r)}})},function(){var e,t,n,r,i;t=ht.createElement("div"),t.setAttribute("className","t"),t.innerHTML="  <link/><table></table><a href='/a'>a</a><input type='checkbox'/>",r=t.getElementsByTagName("a")[0],n=ht.createElement("select"),i=n.appendChild(ht.createElement("option")),e=t.getElementsByTagName("input")[0],r.style.cssText="top:1px",nt.getSetAttribute="t"!==t.className,nt.style=/top/.test(r.getAttribute("style")),nt.hrefNormalized="/a"===r.getAttribute("href"),nt.checkOn=!!e.value,nt.optSelected=i.selected,nt.enctype=!!ht.createElement("form").enctype,n.disabled=!0,nt.optDisabled=!i.disabled,e=ht.createElement("input"),e.setAttribute("value",""),nt.input=""===e.getAttribute("value"),e.value="t",e.setAttribute("type","radio"),nt.radioValue="t"===e.value}();var wn=/\r/g;it.fn.extend({val:function(e){var t,n,r,i=this[0];{if(arguments.length)return r=it.isFunction(e),this.each(function(n){var i;1===this.nodeType&&(i=r?e.call(this,n,it(this).val()):e,null==i?i="":"number"==typeof i?i+="":it.isArray(i)&&(i=it.map(i,function(e){return null==e?"":e+""})),t=it.valHooks[this.type]||it.valHooks[this.nodeName.toLowerCase()],t&&"set"in t&&void 0!==t.set(this,i,"value")||(this.value=i))});if(i)return t=it.valHooks[i.type]||it.valHooks[i.nodeName.toLowerCase()],t&&"get"in t&&void 0!==(n=t.get(i,"value"))?n:(n=i.value,"string"==typeof n?n.replace(wn,""):null==n?"":n)}}}),it.extend({valHooks:{option:{get:function(e){var t=it.find.attr(e,"value");return null!=t?t:it.trim(it.text(e))}},select:{get:function(e){for(var t,n,r=e.options,i=e.selectedIndex,o="select-one"===e.type||0>i,a=o?null:[],s=o?i+1:r.length,l=0>i?s:o?i:0;s>l;l++)if(n=r[l],!(!n.selected&&l!==i||(nt.optDisabled?n.disabled:null!==n.getAttribute("disabled"))||n.parentNode.disabled&&it.nodeName(n.parentNode,"optgroup"))){if(t=it(n).val(),o)return t;a.push(t)}return a},set:function(e,t){for(var n,r,i=e.options,o=it.makeArray(t),a=i.length;a--;)if(r=i[a],it.inArray(it.valHooks.option.get(r),o)>=0)try{r.selected=n=!0}catch(s){r.scrollHeight}else r.selected=!1;return n||(e.selectedIndex=-1),i}}}}),it.each(["radio","checkbox"],function(){it.valHooks[this]={set:function(e,t){return it.isArray(t)?e.checked=it.inArray(it(e).val(),t)>=0:void 0}},nt.checkOn||(it.valHooks[this].get=function(e){return null===e.getAttribute("value")?"on":e.value})});var Tn,En,kn=it.expr.attrHandle,Cn=/^(?:checked|selected)$/i,Nn=nt.getSetAttribute,Sn=nt.input;it.fn.extend({attr:function(e,t){return At(this,it.attr,e,t,arguments.length>1)},removeAttr:function(e){return this.each(function(){it.removeAttr(this,e)})}}),it.extend({attr:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o=e.nodeType;if(e&&3!==o&&8!==o&&2!==o)return typeof e.getAttribute===Et?it.prop(e,t,n):(1===o&&it.isXMLDoc(e)||(t=t.toLowerCase(),r=it.attrHooks[t]||(it.expr.match.bool.test(t)?En:Tn)),void 0===n?r&&"get"in r&&null!==(i=r.get(e,t))?i:(i=it.find.attr(e,t),null==i?void 0:i):null!==n?r&&"set"in r&&void 0!==(i=r.set(e,n,t))?i:(e.setAttribute(t,n+""),n):void it.removeAttr(e,t))},removeAttr:function(e,t){var n,r,i=0,o=t&&t.match(bt);if(o&&1===e.nodeType)for(;n=o[i++];)r=it.propFix[n]||n,it.expr.match.bool.test(n)?Sn&&Nn||!Cn.test(n)?e[r]=!1:e[it.camelCase("default-"+n)]=e[r]=!1:it.attr(e,n,""),e.removeAttribute(Nn?n:r)},attrHooks:{type:{set:function(e,t){if(!nt.radioValue&&"radio"===t&&it.nodeName(e,"input")){var n=e.value;return e.setAttribute("type",t),n&&(e.value=n),t}}}}}),En={set:function(e,t,n){return t===!1?it.removeAttr(e,n):Sn&&Nn||!Cn.test(n)?e.setAttribute(!Nn&&it.propFix[n]||n,n):e[it.camelCase("default-"+n)]=e[n]=!0,n}},it.each(it.expr.match.bool.source.match(/\w+/g),function(e,t){var n=kn[t]||it.find.attr;kn[t]=Sn&&Nn||!Cn.test(t)?function(e,t,r){var i,o;return r||(o=kn[t],kn[t]=i,i=null!=n(e,t,r)?t.toLowerCase():null,kn[t]=o),i}:function(e,t,n){return n?void 0:e[it.camelCase("default-"+t)]?t.toLowerCase():null}}),Sn&&Nn||(it.attrHooks.value={set:function(e,t,n){return it.nodeName(e,"input")?void(e.defaultValue=t):Tn&&Tn.set(e,t,n)}}),Nn||(Tn={set:function(e,t,n){var r=e.getAttributeNode(n);return r||e.setAttributeNode(r=e.ownerDocument.createAttribute(n)),r.value=t+="","value"===n||t===e.getAttribute(n)?t:void 0}},kn.id=kn.name=kn.coords=function(e,t,n){var r;return n?void 0:(r=e.getAttributeNode(t))&&""!==r.value?r.value:null},it.valHooks.button={get:function(e,t){var n=e.getAttributeNode(t);return n&&n.specified?n.value:void 0},set:Tn.set},it.attrHooks.contenteditable={set:function(e,t,n){Tn.set(e,""===t?!1:t,n)}},it.each(["width","height"],function(e,t){it.attrHooks[t]={set:function(e,n){return""===n?(e.setAttribute(t,"auto"),n):void 0}}})),nt.style||(it.attrHooks.style={get:function(e){return e.style.cssText||void 0},set:function(e,t){return e.style.cssText=t+""}});var jn=/^(?:input|select|textarea|button|object)$/i,An=/^(?:a|area)$/i;it.fn.extend({prop:function(e,t){return At(this,it.prop,e,t,arguments.length>1)},removeProp:function(e){return e=it.propFix[e]||e,this.each(function(){try{this[e]=void 0,delete this[e]}catch(t){}})}}),it.extend({propFix:{"for":"htmlFor","class":"className"},prop:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a=e.nodeType;if(e&&3!==a&&8!==a&&2!==a)return o=1!==a||!it.isXMLDoc(e),o&&(t=it.propFix[t]||t,i=it.propHooks[t]),void 0!==n?i&&"set"in i&&void 0!==(r=i.set(e,n,t))?r:e[t]=n:i&&"get"in i&&null!==(r=i.get(e,t))?r:e[t]},propHooks:{tabIndex:{get:function(e){var t=it.find.attr(e,"tabindex");return t?parseInt(t,10):jn.test(e.nodeName)||An.test(e.nodeName)&&e.href?0:-1}}}}),nt.hrefNormalized||it.each(["href","src"],function(e,t){it.propHooks[t]={get:function(e){return e.getAttribute(t,4)}}}),nt.optSelected||(it.propHooks.selected={get:function(e){var t=e.parentNode;return t&&(t.selectedIndex,t.parentNode&&t.parentNode.selectedIndex),null}}),it.each(["tabIndex","readOnly","maxLength","cellSpacing","cellPadding","rowSpan","colSpan","useMap","frameBorder","contentEditable"],function(){it.propFix[this.toLowerCase()]=this}),nt.enctype||(it.propFix.enctype="encoding");var Dn=/[\t\r\n\f]/g;it.fn.extend({addClass:function(e){var t,n,r,i,o,a,s=0,l=this.length,u="string"==typeof e&&e;if(it.isFunction(e))return this.each(function(t){it(this).addClass(e.call(this,t,this.className))});if(u)for(t=(e||"").match(bt)||[];l>s;s++)if(n=this[s],r=1===n.nodeType&&(n.className?(" "+n.className+" ").replace(Dn," "):" ")){for(o=0;i=t[o++];)r.indexOf(" "+i+" ")<0&&(r+=i+" ");a=it.trim(r),n.className!==a&&(n.className=a)}return this},removeClass:function(e){var t,n,r,i,o,a,s=0,l=this.length,u=0===arguments.length||"string"==typeof e&&e;if(it.isFunction(e))return this.each(function(t){it(this).removeClass(e.call(this,t,this.className))});if(u)for(t=(e||"").match(bt)||[];l>s;s++)if(n=this[s],r=1===n.nodeType&&(n.className?(" "+n.className+" ").replace(Dn," "):"")){for(o=0;i=t[o++];)for(;r.indexOf(" "+i+" ")>=0;)r=r.replace(" "+i+" "," ");a=e?it.trim(r):"",n.className!==a&&(n.className=a)}return this},toggleClass:function(e,t){var n=typeof e;return"boolean"==typeof t&&"string"===n?t?this.addClass(e):this.removeClass(e):this.each(it.isFunction(e)?function(n){it(this).toggleClass(e.call(this,n,this.className,t),t)}:function(){if("string"===n)for(var t,r=0,i=it(this),o=e.match(bt)||[];t=o[r++];)i.hasClass(t)?i.removeClass(t):i.addClass(t);else(n===Et||"boolean"===n)&&(this.className&&it._data(this,"__className__",this.className),this.className=this.className||e===!1?"":it._data(this,"__className__")||"")})},hasClass:function(e){for(var t=" "+e+" ",n=0,r=this.length;r>n;n++)if(1===this[n].nodeType&&(" "+this[n].className+" ").replace(Dn," ").indexOf(t)>=0)return!0;return!1}}),it.each("blur focus focusin focusout load resize scroll unload click dblclick mousedown mouseup mousemove mouseover mouseout mouseenter mouseleave change select submit keydown keypress keyup error contextmenu".split(" "),function(e,t){it.fn[t]=function(e,n){return arguments.length>0?this.on(t,null,e,n):this.trigger(t)}}),it.fn.extend({hover:function(e,t){return this.mouseenter(e).mouseleave(t||e)},bind:function(e,t,n){return this.on(e,null,t,n)},unbind:function(e,t){return this.off(e,null,t)},delegate:function(e,t,n,r){return this.on(t,e,n,r)},undelegate:function(e,t,n){return 1===arguments.length?this.off(e,"**"):this.off(t,e||"**",n)}});var Ln=it.now(),Hn=/\?/,_n=/(,)|(\[|{)|(}|])|"(?:[^"\\\r\n]|\\["\\\/bfnrt]|\\u[\da-fA-F]{4})*"\s*:?|true|false|null|-?(?!0\d)\d+(?:\.\d+|)(?:[eE][+-]?\d+|)/g;it.parseJSON=function(t){if(e.JSON&&e.JSON.parse)return e.JSON.parse(t+"");var n,r=null,i=it.trim(t+"");return i&&!it.trim(i.replace(_n,function(e,t,i,o){return n&&t&&(r=0),0===r?e:(n=i||t,r+=!o-!i,"")}))?Function("return "+i)():it.error("Invalid JSON: "+t)},it.parseXML=function(t){var n,r;if(!t||"string"!=typeof t)return null;try{e.DOMParser?(r=new DOMParser,n=r.parseFromString(t,"text/xml")):(n=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLDOM"),n.async="false",n.loadXML(t))}catch(i){n=void 0}return n&&n.documentElement&&!n.getElementsByTagName("parsererror").length||it.error("Invalid XML: "+t),n};var qn,Fn,Mn=/#.*$/,On=/([?&])_=[^&]*/,Rn=/^(.*?):[ \t]*([^\r\n]*)\r?$/gm,Bn=/^(?:about|app|app-storage|.+-extension|file|res|widget):$/,Pn=/^(?:GET|HEAD)$/,In=/^\/\//,Wn=/^([\w.+-]+:)(?:\/\/(?:[^\/?#]*@|)([^\/?#:]*)(?::(\d+)|)|)/,$n={},zn={},Xn="*/".concat("*");try{Fn=location.href}catch(Un){Fn=ht.createElement("a"),Fn.href="",Fn=Fn.href}qn=Wn.exec(Fn.toLowerCase())||[],it.extend({active:0,lastModified:{},etag:{},ajaxSettings:{url:Fn,type:"GET",isLocal:Bn.test(qn[1]),global:!0,processData:!0,async:!0,contentType:"application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8",accepts:{"*":Xn,text:"text/plain",html:"text/html",xml:"application/xml, text/xml",json:"application/json, text/javascript"},contents:{xml:/xml/,html:/html/,json:/json/},responseFields:{xml:"responseXML",text:"responseText",json:"responseJSON"},converters:{"* text":String,"text html":!0,"text json":it.parseJSON,"text xml":it.parseXML},flatOptions:{url:!0,context:!0}},ajaxSetup:function(e,t){return t?I(I(e,it.ajaxSettings),t):I(it.ajaxSettings,e)},ajaxPrefilter:B($n),ajaxTransport:B(zn),ajax:function(e,t){function n(e,t,n,r){var i,c,v,y,x,T=t;2!==b&&(b=2,s&&clearTimeout(s),u=void 0,a=r||"",w.readyState=e>0?4:0,i=e>=200&&300>e||304===e,n&&(y=W(d,w,n)),y=$(d,y,w,i),i?(d.ifModified&&(x=w.getResponseHeader("Last-Modified"),x&&(it.lastModified[o]=x),x=w.getResponseHeader("etag"),x&&(it.etag[o]=x)),204===e||"HEAD"===d.type?T="nocontent":304===e?T="notmodified":(T=y.state,c=y.data,v=y.error,i=!v)):(v=T,(e||!T)&&(T="error",0>e&&(e=0))),w.status=e,w.statusText=(t||T)+"",i?h.resolveWith(f,[c,T,w]):h.rejectWith(f,[w,T,v]),w.statusCode(g),g=void 0,l&&p.trigger(i?"ajaxSuccess":"ajaxError",[w,d,i?c:v]),m.fireWith(f,[w,T]),l&&(p.trigger("ajaxComplete",[w,d]),--it.active||it.event.trigger("ajaxStop")))}"object"==typeof e&&(t=e,e=void 0),t=t||{};var r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d=it.ajaxSetup({},t),f=d.context||d,p=d.context&&(f.nodeType||f.jquery)?it(f):it.event,h=it.Deferred(),m=it.Callbacks("once memory"),g=d.statusCode||{},v={},y={},b=0,x="canceled",w={readyState:0,getResponseHeader:function(e){var t;if(2===b){if(!c)for(c={};t=Rn.exec(a);)c[t[1].toLowerCase()]=t[2];t=c[e.toLowerCase()]}return null==t?null:t},getAllResponseHeaders:function(){return 2===b?a:null},setRequestHeader:function(e,t){var n=e.toLowerCase();return b||(e=y[n]=y[n]||e,v[e]=t),this},overrideMimeType:function(e){return b||(d.mimeType=e),this},statusCode:function(e){var t;if(e)if(2>b)for(t in e)g[t]=[g[t],e[t]];else w.always(e[w.status]);return this},abort:function(e){var t=e||x;return u&&u.abort(t),n(0,t),this}};if(h.promise(w).complete=m.add,w.success=w.done,w.error=w.fail,d.url=((e||d.url||Fn)+"").replace(Mn,"").replace(In,qn[1]+"//"),d.type=t.method||t.type||d.method||d.type,d.dataTypes=it.trim(d.dataType||"*").toLowerCase().match(bt)||[""],null==d.crossDomain&&(r=Wn.exec(d.url.toLowerCase()),d.crossDomain=!(!r||r[1]===qn[1]&&r[2]===qn[2]&&(r[3]||("http:"===r[1]?"80":"443"))===(qn[3]||("http:"===qn[1]?"80":"443")))),d.data&&d.processData&&"string"!=typeof d.data&&(d.data=it.param(d.data,d.traditional)),P($n,d,t,w),2===b)return w;l=d.global,l&&0===it.active++&&it.event.trigger("ajaxStart"),d.type=d.type.toUpperCase(),d.hasContent=!Pn.test(d.type),o=d.url,d.hasContent||(d.data&&(o=d.url+=(Hn.test(o)?"&":"?")+d.data,delete d.data),d.cache===!1&&(d.url=On.test(o)?o.replace(On,"$1_="+Ln++):o+(Hn.test(o)?"&":"?")+"_="+Ln++)),d.ifModified&&(it.lastModified[o]&&w.setRequestHeader("If-Modified-Since",it.lastModified[o]),it.etag[o]&&w.setRequestHeader("If-None-Match",it.etag[o])),(d.data&&d.hasContent&&d.contentType!==!1||t.contentType)&&w.setRequestHeader("Content-Type",d.contentType),w.setRequestHeader("Accept",d.dataTypes[0]&&d.accepts[d.dataTypes[0]]?d.accepts[d.dataTypes[0]]+("*"!==d.dataTypes[0]?", "+Xn+"; q=0.01":""):d.accepts["*"]);for(i in d.headers)w.setRequestHeader(i,d.headers[i]);if(d.beforeSend&&(d.beforeSend.call(f,w,d)===!1||2===b))return w.abort();x="abort";for(i in{success:1,error:1,complete:1})w[i](d[i]);if(u=P(zn,d,t,w)){w.readyState=1,l&&p.trigger("ajaxSend",[w,d]),d.async&&d.timeout>0&&(s=setTimeout(function(){w.abort("timeout")},d.timeout));try{b=1,u.send(v,n)}catch(T){if(!(2>b))throw T;n(-1,T)}}else n(-1,"No Transport");return w},getJSON:function(e,t,n){return it.get(e,t,n,"json")},getScript:function(e,t){return it.get(e,void 0,t,"script")}}),it.each(["get","post"],function(e,t){it[t]=function(e,n,r,i){return it.isFunction(n)&&(i=i||r,r=n,n=void 0),it.ajax({url:e,type:t,dataType:i,data:n,success:r})}}),it.each(["ajaxStart","ajaxStop","ajaxComplete","ajaxError","ajaxSuccess","ajaxSend"],function(e,t){it.fn[t]=function(e){return this.on(t,e)}}),it._evalUrl=function(e){return it.ajax({url:e,type:"GET",dataType:"script",async:!1,global:!1,"throws":!0})},it.fn.extend({wrapAll:function(e){if(it.isFunction(e))return this.each(function(t){it(this).wrapAll(e.call(this,t))});if(this[0]){var t=it(e,this[0].ownerDocument).eq(0).clone(!0);this[0].parentNode&&t.insertBefore(this[0]),t.map(function(){for(var e=this;e.firstChild&&1===e.firstChild.nodeType;)e=e.firstChild;return e}).append(this)}return this},wrapInner:function(e){return this.each(it.isFunction(e)?function(t){it(this).wrapInner(e.call(this,t))}:function(){var t=it(this),n=t.contents();n.length?n.wrapAll(e):t.append(e)})},wrap:function(e){var t=it.isFunction(e);return this.each(function(n){it(this).wrapAll(t?e.call(this,n):e)})},unwrap:function(){return this.parent().each(function(){it.nodeName(this,"body")||it(this).replaceWith(this.childNodes)}).end()}}),it.expr.filters.hidden=function(e){return e.offsetWidth<=0&&e.offsetHeight<=0||!nt.reliableHiddenOffsets()&&"none"===(e.style&&e.style.display||it.css(e,"display"))},it.expr.filters.visible=function(e){return!it.expr.filters.hidden(e)};var Vn=/%20/g,Gn=/\[\]$/,Yn=/\r?\n/g,Jn=/^(?:submit|button|image|reset|file)$/i,Kn=/^(?:input|select|textarea|keygen)/i;it.param=function(e,t){var n,r=[],i=function(e,t){t=it.isFunction(t)?t():null==t?"":t,r[r.length]=encodeURIComponent(e)+"="+encodeURIComponent(t)};if(void 0===t&&(t=it.ajaxSettings&&it.ajaxSettings.traditional),it.isArray(e)||e.jquery&&!it.isPlainObject(e))it.each(e,function(){i(this.name,this.value)});else for(n in e)z(n,e[n],t,i);return r.join("&").replace(Vn,"+")},it.fn.extend({serialize:function(){return it.param(this.serializeArray())},serializeArray:function(){return this.map(function(){var e=it.prop(this,"elements");return e?it.makeArray(e):this}).filter(function(){var e=this.type;return this.name&&!it(this).is(":disabled")&&Kn.test(this.nodeName)&&!Jn.test(e)&&(this.checked||!Dt.test(e))}).map(function(e,t){var n=it(this).val();return null==n?null:it.isArray(n)?it.map(n,function(e){return{name:t.name,value:e.replace(Yn,"\r\n")}}):{name:t.name,value:n.replace(Yn,"\r\n")}}).get()}}),it.ajaxSettings.xhr=void 0!==e.ActiveXObject?function(){return!this.isLocal&&/^(get|post|head|put|delete|options)$/i.test(this.type)&&X()||U()}:X;var Qn=0,Zn={},er=it.ajaxSettings.xhr();e.ActiveXObject&&it(e).on("unload",function(){for(var e in Zn)Zn[e](void 0,!0)}),nt.cors=!!er&&"withCredentials"in er,er=nt.ajax=!!er,er&&it.ajaxTransport(function(e){if(!e.crossDomain||nt.cors){var t;return{send:function(n,r){var i,o=e.xhr(),a=++Qn;if(o.open(e.type,e.url,e.async,e.username,e.password),e.xhrFields)for(i in e.xhrFields)o[i]=e.xhrFields[i];e.mimeType&&o.overrideMimeType&&o.overrideMimeType(e.mimeType),e.crossDomain||n["X-Requested-With"]||(n["X-Requested-With"]="XMLHttpRequest");for(i in n)void 0!==n[i]&&o.setRequestHeader(i,n[i]+"");o.send(e.hasContent&&e.data||null),t=function(n,i){var s,l,u;if(t&&(i||4===o.readyState))if(delete Zn[a],t=void 0,o.onreadystatechange=it.noop,i)4!==o.readyState&&o.abort();else{u={},s=o.status,"string"==typeof o.responseText&&(u.text=o.responseText);try{l=o.statusText}catch(c){l=""}s||!e.isLocal||e.crossDomain?1223===s&&(s=204):s=u.text?200:404}u&&r(s,l,u,o.getAllResponseHeaders())},e.async?4===o.readyState?setTimeout(t):o.onreadystatechange=Zn[a]=t:t()},abort:function(){t&&t(void 0,!0)}}}}),it.ajaxSetup({accepts:{script:"text/javascript, application/javascript, application/ecmascript, application/x-ecmascript"},contents:{script:/(?:java|ecma)script/},converters:{"text script":function(e){return it.globalEval(e),e}}}),it.ajaxPrefilter("script",function(e){void 0===e.cache&&(e.cache=!1),e.crossDomain&&(e.type="GET",e.global=!1)}),it.ajaxTransport("script",function(e){if(e.crossDomain){var t,n=ht.head||it("head")[0]||ht.documentElement;return{send:function(r,i){t=ht.createElement("script"),t.async=!0,e.scriptCharset&&(t.charset=e.scriptCharset),t.src=e.url,t.onload=t.onreadystatechange=function(e,n){(n||!t.readyState||/loaded|complete/.test(t.readyState))&&(t.onload=t.onreadystatechange=null,t.parentNode&&t.parentNode.removeChild(t),t=null,n||i(200,"success"))},n.insertBefore(t,n.firstChild)},abort:function(){t&&t.onload(void 0,!0)}}}});var tr=[],nr=/(=)\?(?=&|$)|\?\?/;it.ajaxSetup({jsonp:"callback",jsonpCallback:function(){var e=tr.pop()||it.expando+"_"+Ln++;return this[e]=!0,e}}),it.ajaxPrefilter("json jsonp",function(t,n,r){var i,o,a,s=t.jsonp!==!1&&(nr.test(t.url)?"url":"string"==typeof t.data&&!(t.contentType||"").indexOf("application/x-www-form-urlencoded")&&nr.test(t.data)&&"data");return s||"jsonp"===t.dataTypes[0]?(i=t.jsonpCallback=it.isFunction(t.jsonpCallback)?t.jsonpCallback():t.jsonpCallback,s?t[s]=t[s].replace(nr,"$1"+i):t.jsonp!==!1&&(t.url+=(Hn.test(t.url)?"&":"?")+t.jsonp+"="+i),t.converters["script json"]=function(){return a||it.error(i+" was not called"),a[0]},t.dataTypes[0]="json",o=e[i],e[i]=function(){a=arguments},r.always(function(){e[i]=o,t[i]&&(t.jsonpCallback=n.jsonpCallback,tr.push(i)),a&&it.isFunction(o)&&o(a[0]),a=o=void 0}),"script"):void 0}),it.parseHTML=function(e,t,n){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return null;"boolean"==typeof t&&(n=t,t=!1),t=t||ht;var r=dt.exec(e),i=!n&&[];return r?[t.createElement(r[1])]:(r=it.buildFragment([e],t,i),i&&i.length&&it(i).remove(),it.merge([],r.childNodes))};var rr=it.fn.load;it.fn.load=function(e,t,n){if("string"!=typeof e&&rr)return rr.apply(this,arguments);var r,i,o,a=this,s=e.indexOf(" ");return s>=0&&(r=it.trim(e.slice(s,e.length)),e=e.slice(0,s)),it.isFunction(t)?(n=t,t=void 0):t&&"object"==typeof t&&(o="POST"),a.length>0&&it.ajax({url:e,type:o,dataType:"html",data:t}).done(function(e){i=arguments,a.html(r?it("<div>").append(it.parseHTML(e)).find(r):e)}).complete(n&&function(e,t){a.each(n,i||[e.responseText,t,e])}),this},it.expr.filters.animated=function(e){return it.grep(it.timers,function(t){return e===t.elem}).length};var ir=e.document.documentElement;it.offset={setOffset:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c=it.css(e,"position"),d=it(e),f={};"static"===c&&(e.style.position="relative"),s=d.offset(),o=it.css(e,"top"),l=it.css(e,"left"),u=("absolute"===c||"fixed"===c)&&it.inArray("auto",[o,l])>-1,u?(r=d.position(),a=r.top,i=r.left):(a=parseFloat(o)||0,i=parseFloat(l)||0),it.isFunction(t)&&(t=t.call(e,n,s)),null!=t.top&&(f.top=t.top-s.top+a),null!=t.left&&(f.left=t.left-s.left+i),"using"in t?t.using.call(e,f):d.css(f)}},it.fn.extend({offset:function(e){if(arguments.length)return void 0===e?this:this.each(function(t){it.offset.setOffset(this,e,t)});var t,n,r={top:0,left:0},i=this[0],o=i&&i.ownerDocument;if(o)return t=o.documentElement,it.contains(t,i)?(typeof i.getBoundingClientRect!==Et&&(r=i.getBoundingClientRect()),n=V(o),{top:r.top+(n.pageYOffset||t.scrollTop)-(t.clientTop||0),left:r.left+(n.pageXOffset||t.scrollLeft)-(t.clientLeft||0)}):r},position:function(){if(this[0]){var e,t,n={top:0,left:0},r=this[0];return"fixed"===it.css(r,"position")?t=r.getBoundingClientRect():(e=this.offsetParent(),t=this.offset(),it.nodeName(e[0],"html")||(n=e.offset()),n.top+=it.css(e[0],"borderTopWidth",!0),n.left+=it.css(e[0],"borderLeftWidth",!0)),{top:t.top-n.top-it.css(r,"marginTop",!0),left:t.left-n.left-it.css(r,"marginLeft",!0)}}},offsetParent:function(){return this.map(function(){for(var e=this.offsetParent||ir;e&&!it.nodeName(e,"html")&&"static"===it.css(e,"position");)e=e.offsetParent;return e||ir})}}),it.each({scrollLeft:"pageXOffset",scrollTop:"pageYOffset"},function(e,t){var n=/Y/.test(t);it.fn[e]=function(r){return At(this,function(e,r,i){var o=V(e);return void 0===i?o?t in o?o[t]:o.document.documentElement[r]:e[r]:void(o?o.scrollTo(n?it(o).scrollLeft():i,n?i:it(o).scrollTop()):e[r]=i)},e,r,arguments.length,null)}}),it.each(["top","left"],function(e,t){it.cssHooks[t]=N(nt.pixelPosition,function(e,n){return n?(n=tn(e,t),rn.test(n)?it(e).position()[t]+"px":n):void 0})}),it.each({Height:"height",Width:"width"},function(e,t){it.each({padding:"inner"+e,content:t,"":"outer"+e},function(n,r){it.fn[r]=function(r,i){var o=arguments.length&&(n||"boolean"!=typeof r),a=n||(r===!0||i===!0?"margin":"border");return At(this,function(t,n,r){var i;return it.isWindow(t)?t.document.documentElement["client"+e]:9===t.nodeType?(i=t.documentElement,Math.max(t.body["scroll"+e],i["scroll"+e],t.body["offset"+e],i["offset"+e],i["client"+e])):void 0===r?it.css(t,n,a):it.style(t,n,r,a)},t,o?r:void 0,o,null)}})}),it.fn.size=function(){return this.length},it.fn.andSelf=it.fn.addBack,"function"==typeof define&&define.amd&&define("jquery",[],function(){return it});var or=e.jQuery,ar=e.$;return it.noConflict=function(t){return e.$===it&&(e.$=ar),t&&e.jQuery===it&&(e.jQuery=or),it},typeof t===Et&&(e.jQuery=e.$=it),it}),function(e,t){e.rails!==t&&e.error("jquery-ujs has already been loaded!");var n,r=e(document);e.rails=n={linkClickSelector:"a[data-confirm], a[data-method], a[data-remote], a[data-disable-with], a[data-disable]",buttonClickSelector:"button[data-remote], button[data-confirm]",inputChangeSelector:"select[data-remote], input[data-remote], textarea[data-remote]",formSubmitSelector:"form",formInputClickSelector:"form input[type=submit], form input[type=image], form button[type=submit], form button:not([type])",disableSelector:"input[data-disable-with]:enabled, button[data-disable-with]:enabled, textarea[data-disable-with]:enabled, input[data-disable]:enabled, button[data-disable]:enabled, textarea[data-disable]:enabled",enableSelector:"input[data-disable-with]:disabled, button[data-disable-with]:disabled, textarea[data-disable-with]:disabled, input[data-disable]:disabled, button[data-disable]:disabled, textarea[data-disable]:disabled",requiredInputSelector:"input[name][required]:not([disabled]),textarea[name][required]:not([disabled])",fileInputSelector:"input[type=file]",linkDisableSelector:"a[data-disable-with], a[data-disable]",buttonDisableSelector:"button[data-remote][data-disable-with], button[data-remote][data-disable]",CSRFProtection:function(t){var n=e('meta[name="csrf-token"]').attr("content");n&&t.setRequestHeader("X-CSRF-Token",n)},refreshCSRFTokens:function(){var t=e("meta[name=csrf-token]").attr("content"),n=e("meta[name=csrf-param]").attr("content");e('form input[name="'+n+'"]').val(t)},fire:function(t,n,r){var i=e.Event(n);return t.trigger(i,r),i.result!==!1},confirm:function(e){return confirm(e)},ajax:function(t){return e.ajax(t)},href:function(e){return e.attr("href")},handleRemote:function(r){var i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d;if(n.fire(r,"ajax:before")){if(s=r.data("cross-domain"),l=s===t?null:s,u=r.data("with-credentials")||null,c=r.data("type")||e.ajaxSettings&&e.ajaxSettings.dataType,r.is("form")){i=r.attr("method"),o=r.attr("action"),a=r.serializeArray();var f=r.data("ujs:submit-button");f&&(a.push(f),r.data("ujs:submit-button",null))}else r.is(n.inputChangeSelector)?(i=r.data("method"),o=r.data("url"),a=r.serialize(),r.data("params")&&(a=a+"&"+r.data("params"))):r.is(n.buttonClickSelector)?(i=r.data("method")||"get",o=r.data("url"),a=r.serialize(),r.data("params")&&(a=a+"&"+r.data("params"))):(i=r.data("method"),o=n.href(r),a=r.data("params")||null);return d={type:i||"GET",data:a,dataType:c,beforeSend:function(e,i){return i.dataType===t&&e.setRequestHeader("accept","*/*;q=0.5, "+i.accepts.script),n.fire(r,"ajax:beforeSend",[e,i])?void r.trigger("ajax:send",e):!1
+},success:function(e,t,n){r.trigger("ajax:success",[e,t,n])},complete:function(e,t){r.trigger("ajax:complete",[e,t])},error:function(e,t,n){r.trigger("ajax:error",[e,t,n])},crossDomain:l},u&&(d.xhrFields={withCredentials:u}),o&&(d.url=o),n.ajax(d)}return!1},handleMethod:function(r){var i=n.href(r),o=r.data("method"),a=r.attr("target"),s=e("meta[name=csrf-token]").attr("content"),l=e("meta[name=csrf-param]").attr("content"),u=e('<form method="post" action="'+i+'"></form>'),c='<input name="_method" value="'+o+'" type="hidden" />';l!==t&&s!==t&&(c+='<input name="'+l+'" value="'+s+'" type="hidden" />'),a&&u.attr("target",a),u.hide().append(c).appendTo("body"),u.submit()},formElements:function(t,n){return t.is("form")?e(t[0].elements).filter(n):t.find(n)},disableFormElements:function(t){n.formElements(t,n.disableSelector).each(function(){n.disableFormElement(e(this))})},disableFormElement:function(e){var n,r;n=e.is("button")?"html":"val",r=e.data("disable-with"),e.data("ujs:enable-with",e[n]()),r!==t&&e[n](r),e.prop("disabled",!0)},enableFormElements:function(t){n.formElements(t,n.enableSelector).each(function(){n.enableFormElement(e(this))})},enableFormElement:function(e){var t=e.is("button")?"html":"val";e.data("ujs:enable-with")&&e[t](e.data("ujs:enable-with")),e.prop("disabled",!1)},allowAction:function(e){var t,r=e.data("confirm"),i=!1;return r?(n.fire(e,"confirm")&&(i=n.confirm(r),t=n.fire(e,"confirm:complete",[i])),i&&t):!0},blankInputs:function(t,n,r){var i,o,a=e(),s=n||"input,textarea",l=t.find(s);return l.each(function(){if(i=e(this),o=i.is("input[type=checkbox],input[type=radio]")?i.is(":checked"):i.val(),!o==!r){if(i.is("input[type=radio]")&&l.filter('input[type=radio]:checked[name="'+i.attr("name")+'"]').length)return!0;a=a.add(i)}}),a.length?a:!1},nonBlankInputs:function(e,t){return n.blankInputs(e,t,!0)},stopEverything:function(t){return e(t.target).trigger("ujs:everythingStopped"),t.stopImmediatePropagation(),!1},disableElement:function(e){var r=e.data("disable-with");e.data("ujs:enable-with",e.html()),r!==t&&e.html(r),e.bind("click.railsDisable",function(e){return n.stopEverything(e)})},enableElement:function(e){e.data("ujs:enable-with")!==t&&(e.html(e.data("ujs:enable-with")),e.removeData("ujs:enable-with")),e.unbind("click.railsDisable")}},n.fire(r,"rails:attachBindings")&&(e.ajaxPrefilter(function(e,t,r){e.crossDomain||n.CSRFProtection(r)}),r.delegate(n.linkDisableSelector,"ajax:complete",function(){n.enableElement(e(this))}),r.delegate(n.buttonDisableSelector,"ajax:complete",function(){n.enableFormElement(e(this))}),r.delegate(n.linkClickSelector,"click.rails",function(r){var i=e(this),o=i.data("method"),a=i.data("params"),s=r.metaKey||r.ctrlKey;if(!n.allowAction(i))return n.stopEverything(r);if(!s&&i.is(n.linkDisableSelector)&&n.disableElement(i),i.data("remote")!==t){if(s&&(!o||"GET"===o)&&!a)return!0;var l=n.handleRemote(i);return l===!1?n.enableElement(i):l.error(function(){n.enableElement(i)}),!1}return i.data("method")?(n.handleMethod(i),!1):void 0}),r.delegate(n.buttonClickSelector,"click.rails",function(t){var r=e(this);if(!n.allowAction(r))return n.stopEverything(t);r.is(n.buttonDisableSelector)&&n.disableFormElement(r);var i=n.handleRemote(r);return i===!1?n.enableFormElement(r):i.error(function(){n.enableFormElement(r)}),!1}),r.delegate(n.inputChangeSelector,"change.rails",function(t){var r=e(this);return n.allowAction(r)?(n.handleRemote(r),!1):n.stopEverything(t)}),r.delegate(n.formSubmitSelector,"submit.rails",function(r){var i,o,a=e(this),s=a.data("remote")!==t;if(!n.allowAction(a))return n.stopEverything(r);if(a.attr("novalidate")==t&&(i=n.blankInputs(a,n.requiredInputSelector),i&&n.fire(a,"ajax:aborted:required",[i])))return n.stopEverything(r);if(s){if(o=n.nonBlankInputs(a,n.fileInputSelector)){setTimeout(function(){n.disableFormElements(a)},13);var l=n.fire(a,"ajax:aborted:file",[o]);return l||setTimeout(function(){n.enableFormElements(a)},13),l}return n.handleRemote(a),!1}setTimeout(function(){n.disableFormElements(a)},13)}),r.delegate(n.formInputClickSelector,"click.rails",function(t){var r=e(this);if(!n.allowAction(r))return n.stopEverything(t);var i=r.attr("name"),o=i?{name:i,value:r.val()}:null;r.closest("form").data("ujs:submit-button",o)}),r.delegate(n.formSubmitSelector,"ajax:send.rails",function(t){this==t.target&&n.disableFormElements(e(this))}),r.delegate(n.formSubmitSelector,"ajax:complete.rails",function(t){this==t.target&&n.enableFormElements(e(this))}),e(function(){n.refreshCSRFTokens()}))}(jQuery),function(){var e,t,n,r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d,f,p,h,m,g,v,y,b,x,w,T,E,k,C,N,S,j,A,D,L,H,_,q,F,M,O,R,B,P,I,W,$,z,X,U,V,G,Y=[].indexOf||function(e){for(var t=0,n=this.length;n>t;t++)if(t in this&&this[t]===e)return t;return-1},J={}.hasOwnProperty,K=function(e,t){function n(){this.constructor=e}for(var r in t)J.call(t,r)&&(e[r]=t[r]);return n.prototype=t.prototype,e.prototype=new n,e.__super__=t.prototype,e},Q=[].slice;j={},d=10,$=!1,m=null,S=null,q=null,h=null,V=null,b=function(e){var t;return e=new n(e),B(),c(),F(e),$&&(t=z(e.absolute))?(x(t),w(e)):w(e,W)},z=function(e){var t;return t=j[e],t&&!t.transitionCacheDisabled?t:void 0},g=function(e){return null==e&&(e=!0),$=e},w=function(e,t){return null==t&&(t=function(){return function(){}}(this)),X("page:fetch",{url:e.absolute}),null!=V&&V.abort(),V=new XMLHttpRequest,V.open("GET",e.withoutHashForIE10compatibility(),!0),V.setRequestHeader("Accept","text/html, application/xhtml+xml, application/xml"),V.setRequestHeader("X-XHR-Referer",q),V.onload=function(){var n;return X("page:receive"),(n=H())?(f.apply(null,y(n)),M(),t(),X("page:load")):document.location.href=e.absolute},V.onloadend=function(){return V=null},V.onerror=function(){return document.location.href=e.absolute},V.send()},x=function(e){return null!=V&&V.abort(),f(e.title,e.body),_(e),X("page:restore")},c=function(){var e;return e=new n(m.url),j[e.absolute]={url:e.relative,body:document.body,title:document.title,positionY:window.pageYOffset,positionX:window.pageXOffset,cachedAt:(new Date).getTime(),transitionCacheDisabled:null!=document.querySelector("[data-no-transition-cache]")},p(d)},D=function(e){return null==e&&(e=d),/^[\d]+$/.test(e)?d=parseInt(e):void 0},p=function(e){var t,n,r,i,o,a;for(r=Object.keys(j),t=r.map(function(e){return j[e].cachedAt}).sort(function(e,t){return t-e}),a=[],i=0,o=r.length;o>i;i++)n=r[i],j[n].cachedAt<=t[e]&&(X("page:expire",j[n]),a.push(delete j[n]));return a},f=function(t,n,r,i){return document.title=t,document.documentElement.replaceChild(n,document.body),null!=r&&e.update(r),i&&v(),m=window.history.state,X("page:change"),X("page:update")},v=function(){var e,t,n,r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d;for(o=Array.prototype.slice.call(document.body.querySelectorAll('script:not([data-turbolinks-eval="false"])')),a=0,l=o.length;l>a;a++)if(i=o[a],""===(c=i.type)||"text/javascript"===c){for(t=document.createElement("script"),d=i.attributes,s=0,u=d.length;u>s;s++)e=d[s],t.setAttribute(e.name,e.value);t.appendChild(document.createTextNode(i.innerHTML)),r=i.parentNode,n=i.nextSibling,r.removeChild(i),r.insertBefore(t,n)}},P=function(e){return e.innerHTML=e.innerHTML.replace(/<noscript[\S\s]*?<\/noscript>/gi,""),e},F=function(e){return(e=new n(e)).absolute!==q?window.history.pushState({turbolinks:!0,url:e.absolute},"",e.absolute):void 0},M=function(){var e,t;return(e=V.getResponseHeader("X-XHR-Redirected-To"))?(e=new n(e),t=e.hasNoHash()?document.location.hash:"",window.history.replaceState(m,"",e.href+t)):void 0},B=function(){return q=document.location.href},R=function(){return window.history.replaceState({turbolinks:!0,url:document.location.href},"",document.location.href)},O=function(){return m=window.history.state},_=function(e){return window.scrollTo(e.positionX,e.positionY)},W=function(){return document.location.hash?document.location.href=document.location.href:window.scrollTo(0,0)},L=function(e){var t,n;return t=(null!=(n=document.cookie.match(new RegExp(e+"=(\\w+)")))?n[1].toUpperCase():void 0)||"",document.cookie=e+"=; expires=Thu, 01-Jan-70 00:00:01 GMT; path=/",t},X=function(e,t){var n;return n=document.createEvent("Events"),t&&(n.data=t),n.initEvent(e,!0,!0),document.dispatchEvent(n)},A=function(){return!X("page:before-change")},H=function(){var e,t,n,r,i,o;return t=function(){var e;return 400<=(e=V.status)&&600>e},o=function(){return V.getResponseHeader("Content-Type").match(/^(?:text\/html|application\/xhtml\+xml|application\/xml)(?:;|$)/)},r=function(e){var t,n,r,i,o;for(i=e.head.childNodes,o=[],n=0,r=i.length;r>n;n++)t=i[n],null!=("function"==typeof t.getAttribute?t.getAttribute("data-turbolinks-track"):void 0)&&o.push(t.getAttribute("src")||t.getAttribute("href"));return o},e=function(e){var t;return S||(S=r(document)),t=r(e),t.length!==S.length||i(t,S).length!==S.length},i=function(e,t){var n,r,i,o,a;for(e.length>t.length&&(o=[t,e],e=o[0],t=o[1]),a=[],r=0,i=e.length;i>r;r++)n=e[r],Y.call(t,n)>=0&&a.push(n);return a},!t()&&o()&&(n=h(V.responseText),n&&!e(n))?n:void 0},y=function(t){var n;return n=t.querySelector("title"),[null!=n?n.textContent:void 0,P(t.body),e.get(t).token,"runScripts"]},e={get:function(e){var t;return null==e&&(e=document),{node:t=e.querySelector('meta[name="csrf-token"]'),token:null!=t&&"function"==typeof t.getAttribute?t.getAttribute("content"):void 0}},update:function(e){var t;return t=this.get(),null!=t.token&&null!=e&&t.token!==e?t.node.setAttribute("content",e):void 0}},i=function(){var e,t,n,r,i,o;t=function(e){return(new DOMParser).parseFromString(e,"text/html")},e=function(e){var t;return t=document.implementation.createHTMLDocument(""),t.documentElement.innerHTML=e,t},n=function(e){var t;return t=document.implementation.createHTMLDocument(""),t.open("replace"),t.write(e),t.close(),t};try{if(window.DOMParser)return i=t("<html><body><p>test"),t}catch(a){return r=a,i=e("<html><body><p>test"),e}finally{if(1!==(null!=i&&null!=(o=i.body)?o.childNodes.length:void 0))return n}},n=function(){function e(t){return this.original=null!=t?t:document.location.href,this.original.constructor===e?this.original:void this._parse()}return e.prototype.withoutHash=function(){return this.href.replace(this.hash,"")},e.prototype.withoutHashForIE10compatibility=function(){return this.withoutHash()},e.prototype.hasNoHash=function(){return 0===this.hash.length},e.prototype._parse=function(){var e;return(null!=this.link?this.link:this.link=document.createElement("a")).href=this.original,e=this.link,this.href=e.href,this.protocol=e.protocol,this.host=e.host,this.hostname=e.hostname,this.port=e.port,this.pathname=e.pathname,this.search=e.search,this.hash=e.hash,this.origin=[this.protocol,"//",this.hostname].join(""),0!==this.port.length&&(this.origin+=":"+this.port),this.relative=[this.pathname,this.search,this.hash].join(""),this.absolute=this.href},e}(),r=function(e){function t(e){return this.link=e,this.link.constructor===t?this.link:(this.original=this.link.href,void t.__super__.constructor.apply(this,arguments))}return K(t,e),t.HTML_EXTENSIONS=["html"],t.allowExtensions=function(){var e,n,r,i;for(n=1<=arguments.length?Q.call(arguments,0):[],r=0,i=n.length;i>r;r++)e=n[r],t.HTML_EXTENSIONS.push(e);return t.HTML_EXTENSIONS},t.prototype.shouldIgnore=function(){return this._crossOrigin()||this._anchored()||this._nonHtml()||this._optOut()||this._target()},t.prototype._crossOrigin=function(){return this.origin!==(new n).origin},t.prototype._anchored=function(){var e;return(this.hash&&this.withoutHash())===(e=new n).withoutHash()||this.href===e.href+"#"},t.prototype._nonHtml=function(){return this.pathname.match(/\.[a-z]+$/g)&&!this.pathname.match(new RegExp("\\.(?:"+t.HTML_EXTENSIONS.join("|")+")?$","g"))},t.prototype._optOut=function(){var e,t;for(t=this.link;!e&&t!==document;)e=null!=t.getAttribute("data-no-turbolink"),t=t.parentNode;return e},t.prototype._target=function(){return 0!==this.link.target.length},t}(n),t=function(){function e(e){this.event=e,this.event.defaultPrevented||(this._extractLink(),this._validForTurbolinks()&&(A()||U(this.link.href),this.event.preventDefault()))}return e.installHandlerLast=function(t){return t.defaultPrevented?void 0:(document.removeEventListener("click",e.handle,!1),document.addEventListener("click",e.handle,!1))},e.handle=function(t){return new e(t)},e.prototype._extractLink=function(){var e;for(e=this.event.target;e.parentNode&&"A"!==e.nodeName;)e=e.parentNode;return"A"===e.nodeName&&0!==e.href.length?this.link=new r(e):void 0},e.prototype._validForTurbolinks=function(){return null!=this.link&&!(this.link.shouldIgnore()||this._nonStandardClick())},e.prototype._nonStandardClick=function(){return this.event.which>1||this.event.metaKey||this.event.ctrlKey||this.event.shiftKey||this.event.altKey},e}(),u=function(e){return setTimeout(e,500)},k=function(){return document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function(){return X("page:change"),X("page:update")},!0)},N=function(){return"undefined"!=typeof jQuery?jQuery(document).on("ajaxSuccess",function(e,t){return jQuery.trim(t.responseText)?X("page:update"):void 0}):void 0},C=function(e){var t,r;return(null!=(r=e.state)?r.turbolinks:void 0)?(t=j[new n(e.state.url).absolute])?(c(),x(t)):U(e.target.location.href):void 0},E=function(){return R(),O(),h=i(),document.addEventListener("click",t.installHandlerLast,!0),u(function(){return window.addEventListener("popstate",C,!1)})},T=void 0!==window.history.state||navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox\/2[6|7]/),s=window.history&&window.history.pushState&&window.history.replaceState&&T,o=!navigator.userAgent.match(/CriOS\//),I="GET"===(G=L("request_method"))||""===G,l=s&&o&&I,a=document.addEventListener&&document.createEvent,a&&(k(),N()),l?(U=b,E()):U=function(e){return document.location.href=e},this.Turbolinks={visit:U,pagesCached:D,enableTransitionCache:g,allowLinkExtensions:r.allowExtensions,supported:l}}.call(this),function(){}.call(this);
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/gzip/foo.zoo.gz b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/gzip/foo.zoo.gz
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f62c656dc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/gzip/foo.zoo.gz
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/other-index.html b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/other-index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0820dfcb6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/other-index.html
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/other-index.html
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/journey/nodes/symbol_test.rb b/actionpack/test/journey/nodes/symbol_test.rb
index d411a5018a..adf85b860c 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/journey/nodes/symbol_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/journey/nodes/symbol_test.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     module Nodes
       class TestSymbol < ActiveSupport::TestCase
         def test_default_regexp?
-          sym = Symbol.new nil
+          sym = Symbol.new "foo"
           assert sym.default_regexp?
 
           sym.regexp = nil
diff --git a/actionpack/test/journey/path/pattern_test.rb b/actionpack/test/journey/path/pattern_test.rb
index ce02104181..72858f5eda 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/journey/path/pattern_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/journey/path/pattern_test.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
   module Journey
     module Path
       class TestPattern < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+        SEPARATORS = ["/", ".", "?"].join
+
         x = /.+/
         {
           '/:controller(/:action)'       => %r{\A/(#{x})(?:/([^/.?]+))?\Z},
@@ -16,14 +18,15 @@ module ActionDispatch
           '/:controller(.:format)'       => %r{\A/(#{x})(?:\.([^/.?]+))?\Z},
           '/:controller/*foo'            => %r{\A/(#{x})/(.+)\Z},
           '/:controller/*foo/bar'        => %r{\A/(#{x})/(.+)/bar\Z},
+          '/:foo|*bar'                   => %r{\A/(?:([^/.?]+)|(.+))\Z},
         }.each do |path, expected|
           define_method(:"test_to_regexp_#{path}") do
-            strexp = Router::Strexp.new(
+            path = Pattern.build(
               path,
               { :controller => /.+/ },
-              ["/", ".", "?"]
+              SEPARATORS,
+              true
             )
-            path = Pattern.new strexp
             assert_equal(expected, path.to_regexp)
           end
         end
@@ -39,15 +42,15 @@ module ActionDispatch
           '/:controller(.:format)'       => %r{\A/(#{x})(?:\.([^/.?]+))?},
           '/:controller/*foo'            => %r{\A/(#{x})/(.+)},
           '/:controller/*foo/bar'        => %r{\A/(#{x})/(.+)/bar},
+          '/:foo|*bar'                   => %r{\A/(?:([^/.?]+)|(.+))},
         }.each do |path, expected|
           define_method(:"test_to_non_anchored_regexp_#{path}") do
-            strexp = Router::Strexp.new(
+            path = Pattern.build(
               path,
               { :controller => /.+/ },
-              ["/", ".", "?"],
+              SEPARATORS,
               false
             )
-            path = Pattern.new strexp
             assert_equal(expected, path.to_regexp)
           end
         end
@@ -65,31 +68,27 @@ module ActionDispatch
           '/:controller/*foo/bar'        => %w{ controller foo },
         }.each do |path, expected|
           define_method(:"test_names_#{path}") do
-            strexp = Router::Strexp.new(
+            path = Pattern.build(
               path,
               { :controller => /.+/ },
-              ["/", ".", "?"]
+              SEPARATORS,
+              true
             )
-            path = Pattern.new strexp
             assert_equal(expected, path.names)
           end
         end
 
-        def test_to_raise_exception_with_bad_expression
-          assert_raise(ArgumentError, "Bad expression: []") { Pattern.new [] }
-        end
-
         def test_to_regexp_with_extended_group
-          strexp = Router::Strexp.new(
+          path = Pattern.build(
             '/page/:name',
             { :name => /
               #ROFL
               (tender|love
               #MAO
               )/x },
-            ["/", ".", "?"]
+            SEPARATORS,
+            true
           )
-          path = Pattern.new strexp
           assert_match(path, '/page/tender')
           assert_match(path, '/page/love')
           assert_no_match(path, '/page/loving')
@@ -101,29 +100,29 @@ module ActionDispatch
             ['/:foo(/:bar)', %w{ bar }],
             ['/:foo(/:bar)/:lol(/:baz)', %w{ bar baz }],
           ].each do |pattern, list|
-            path = Pattern.new pattern
+            path = Pattern.from_string pattern
             assert_equal list.sort, path.optional_names.sort
           end
         end
 
         def test_to_regexp_match_non_optional
-          strexp = Router::Strexp.new(
+          path = Pattern.build(
             '/:name',
             { :name => /\d+/ },
-            ["/", ".", "?"]
+            SEPARATORS,
+            true
           )
-          path = Pattern.new strexp
           assert_match(path, '/123')
           assert_no_match(path, '/')
         end
 
         def test_to_regexp_with_group
-          strexp = Router::Strexp.new(
+          path = Pattern.build(
             '/page/:name',
             { :name => /(tender|love)/ },
-            ["/", ".", "?"]
+            SEPARATORS,
+            true
           )
-          path = Pattern.new strexp
           assert_match(path, '/page/tender')
           assert_match(path, '/page/love')
           assert_no_match(path, '/page/loving')
@@ -131,15 +130,13 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         def test_ast_sets_regular_expressions
           requirements = { :name => /(tender|love)/, :value => /./ }
-          strexp = Router::Strexp.new(
+          path = Pattern.build(
             '/page/:name/:value',
             requirements,
-            ["/", ".", "?"]
+            SEPARATORS,
+            true
           )
 
-          assert_equal requirements, strexp.requirements
-
-          path = Pattern.new strexp
           nodes = path.ast.grep(Nodes::Symbol)
           assert_equal 2, nodes.length
           nodes.each do |node|
@@ -148,24 +145,24 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def test_match_data_with_group
-          strexp = Router::Strexp.new(
+          path = Pattern.build(
             '/page/:name',
             { :name => /(tender|love)/ },
-            ["/", ".", "?"]
+            SEPARATORS,
+            true
           )
-          path = Pattern.new strexp
           match = path.match '/page/tender'
           assert_equal 'tender', match[1]
           assert_equal 2, match.length
         end
 
         def test_match_data_with_multi_group
-          strexp = Router::Strexp.new(
+          path = Pattern.build(
             '/page/:name/:id',
             { :name => /t(((ender|love)))()/ },
-            ["/", ".", "?"]
+            SEPARATORS,
+            true
           )
-          path = Pattern.new strexp
           match = path.match '/page/tender/10'
           assert_equal 'tender', match[1]
           assert_equal '10', match[2]
@@ -175,50 +172,49 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         def test_star_with_custom_re
           z = /\d+/
-          strexp = Router::Strexp.new(
+          path = Pattern.build(
             '/page/*foo',
             { :foo => z },
-            ["/", ".", "?"]
+            SEPARATORS,
+            true
           )
-          path = Pattern.new strexp
           assert_equal(%r{\A/page/(#{z})\Z}, path.to_regexp)
         end
 
         def test_insensitive_regexp_with_group
-          strexp = Router::Strexp.new(
+          path = Pattern.build(
             '/page/:name/aaron',
             { :name => /(tender|love)/i },
-            ["/", ".", "?"]
+            SEPARATORS,
+            true
           )
-          path = Pattern.new strexp
           assert_match(path, '/page/TENDER/aaron')
           assert_match(path, '/page/loVE/aaron')
           assert_no_match(path, '/page/loVE/AAron')
         end
 
         def test_to_regexp_with_strexp
-          strexp = Router::Strexp.new('/:controller', { }, ["/", ".", "?"])
-          path = Pattern.new strexp
+          path = Pattern.build('/:controller', { }, SEPARATORS, true)
           x = %r{\A/([^/.?]+)\Z}
 
           assert_equal(x.source, path.source)
         end
 
         def test_to_regexp_defaults
-          path = Pattern.new '/:controller(/:action(/:id))'
+          path = Pattern.from_string '/:controller(/:action(/:id))'
           expected = %r{\A/([^/.?]+)(?:/([^/.?]+)(?:/([^/.?]+))?)?\Z}
           assert_equal expected, path.to_regexp
         end
 
         def test_failed_match
-          path = Pattern.new '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
+          path = Pattern.from_string '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
           uri = 'content'
 
           assert_not path =~ uri
         end
 
         def test_match_controller
-          path = Pattern.new '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
+          path = Pattern.from_string '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
           uri = '/content'
 
           match = path =~ uri
@@ -230,7 +226,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def test_match_controller_action
-          path = Pattern.new '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
+          path = Pattern.from_string '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
           uri = '/content/list'
 
           match = path =~ uri
@@ -242,7 +238,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def test_match_controller_action_id
-          path = Pattern.new '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
+          path = Pattern.from_string '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
           uri = '/content/list/10'
 
           match = path =~ uri
@@ -254,7 +250,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def test_match_literal
-          path = Path::Pattern.new "/books(/:action(.:format))"
+          path = Path::Pattern.from_string "/books(/:action(.:format))"
 
           uri = '/books'
           match = path =~ uri
@@ -264,7 +260,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def test_match_literal_with_action
-          path = Path::Pattern.new "/books(/:action(.:format))"
+          path = Path::Pattern.from_string "/books(/:action(.:format))"
 
           uri = '/books/list'
           match = path =~ uri
@@ -274,7 +270,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def test_match_literal_with_action_and_format
-          path = Path::Pattern.new "/books(/:action(.:format))"
+          path = Path::Pattern.from_string "/books(/:action(.:format))"
 
           uri = '/books/list.rss'
           match = path =~ uri
diff --git a/actionpack/test/journey/route/definition/scanner_test.rb b/actionpack/test/journey/route/definition/scanner_test.rb
index 624e6df51a..7a510f1e07 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/journey/route/definition/scanner_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/journey/route/definition/scanner_test.rb
@@ -11,12 +11,25 @@ module ActionDispatch
         # /page/:id(/:action)(.:format)
         def test_tokens
           [
-            ['/',      [[:SLASH, '/']]],
-            ['*omg',   [[:STAR, '*omg']]],
-            ['/page',  [[:SLASH, '/'], [:LITERAL, 'page']]],
-            ['/~page', [[:SLASH, '/'], [:LITERAL, '~page']]],
-            ['/pa-ge', [[:SLASH, '/'], [:LITERAL, 'pa-ge']]],
-            ['/:page', [[:SLASH, '/'], [:SYMBOL, ':page']]],
+            ['/',       [[:SLASH, '/']]],
+            ['*omg',    [[:STAR, '*omg']]],
+            ['/page',   [[:SLASH, '/'], [:LITERAL, 'page']]],
+            ['/page!',  [[:SLASH, '/'], [:LITERAL, 'page!']]],
+            ['/page$',  [[:SLASH, '/'], [:LITERAL, 'page$']]],
+            ['/page&',  [[:SLASH, '/'], [:LITERAL, 'page&']]],
+            ["/page'",  [[:SLASH, '/'], [:LITERAL, "page'"]]],
+            ['/page*',  [[:SLASH, '/'], [:LITERAL, 'page*']]],
+            ['/page+',  [[:SLASH, '/'], [:LITERAL, 'page+']]],
+            ['/page,',  [[:SLASH, '/'], [:LITERAL, 'page,']]],
+            ['/page;',  [[:SLASH, '/'], [:LITERAL, 'page;']]],
+            ['/page=',  [[:SLASH, '/'], [:LITERAL, 'page=']]],
+            ['/page@',  [[:SLASH, '/'], [:LITERAL, 'page@']]],
+            ['/page\:', [[:SLASH, '/'], [:LITERAL, 'page:']]],
+            ['/page\(', [[:SLASH, '/'], [:LITERAL, 'page(']]],
+            ['/page\)', [[:SLASH, '/'], [:LITERAL, 'page)']]],
+            ['/~page',  [[:SLASH, '/'], [:LITERAL, '~page']]],
+            ['/pa-ge',  [[:SLASH, '/'], [:LITERAL, 'pa-ge']]],
+            ['/:page',  [[:SLASH, '/'], [:SYMBOL, ':page']]],
             ['/(:page)', [
                           [:SLASH, '/'],
                           [:LPAREN, '('],
diff --git a/actionpack/test/journey/route_test.rb b/actionpack/test/journey/route_test.rb
index cbe6284714..22c3b8113d 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/journey/route_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/journey/route_test.rb
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
     class TestRoute < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       def test_initialize
         app      = Object.new
-        path     = Path::Pattern.new '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
+        path     = Path::Pattern.from_string '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
         defaults = {}
-        route    = Route.new("name", app, path, {}, defaults)
+        route    = Route.build("name", app, path, {}, [], defaults)
 
         assert_equal app, route.app
         assert_equal path, route.path
@@ -16,32 +16,39 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       def test_route_adds_itself_as_memo
         app      = Object.new
-        path     = Path::Pattern.new '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
+        path     = Path::Pattern.from_string '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
         defaults = {}
-        route    = Route.new("name", app, path, {}, defaults)
+        route    = Route.build("name", app, path, {}, [], defaults)
 
         route.ast.grep(Nodes::Terminal).each do |node|
           assert_equal route, node.memo
         end
       end
 
+      def test_path_requirements_override_defaults
+        path    = Path::Pattern.build(':name', { name: /love/ }, '/', true)
+        defaults  = { name: 'tender' }
+        route     = Route.build('name', nil, path, {}, [], defaults)
+        assert_equal(/love/, route.requirements[:name])
+      end
+
       def test_ip_address
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new '/messages/:id(.:format)'
-        route = Route.new("name", nil, path, {:ip => '192.168.1.1'},
+        path  = Path::Pattern.from_string '/messages/:id(.:format)'
+        route = Route.build("name", nil, path, {:ip => '192.168.1.1'}, [],
                           { :controller => 'foo', :action => 'bar' })
         assert_equal '192.168.1.1', route.ip
       end
 
       def test_default_ip
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new '/messages/:id(.:format)'
-        route = Route.new("name", nil, path, {},
+        path  = Path::Pattern.from_string '/messages/:id(.:format)'
+        route = Route.build("name", nil, path, {}, [],
                           { :controller => 'foo', :action => 'bar' })
         assert_equal(//, route.ip)
       end
 
       def test_format_with_star
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new '/:controller/*extra'
-        route = Route.new("name", nil, path, {},
+        path  = Path::Pattern.from_string '/:controller/*extra'
+        route = Route.build("name", nil, path, {}, [],
                           { :controller => 'foo', :action => 'bar' })
         assert_equal '/foo/himom', route.format({
           :controller => 'foo',
@@ -50,8 +57,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def test_connects_all_match
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
-        route = Route.new("name", nil, path, {:action => 'bar'}, { :controller => 'foo' })
+        path  = Path::Pattern.from_string '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
+        route = Route.build("name", nil, path, {:action => 'bar'}, [], { :controller => 'foo' })
 
         assert_equal '/foo/bar/10', route.format({
           :controller => 'foo',
@@ -61,35 +68,35 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def test_extras_are_not_included_if_optional
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new '/page/:id(/:action)'
-        route = Route.new("name", nil, path, { }, { :action => 'show' })
+        path  = Path::Pattern.from_string '/page/:id(/:action)'
+        route = Route.build("name", nil, path, { }, [], { :action => 'show' })
 
         assert_equal '/page/10', route.format({ :id => 10 })
       end
 
       def test_extras_are_not_included_if_optional_with_parameter
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new '(/sections/:section)/pages/:id'
-        route = Route.new("name", nil, path, { }, { :action => 'show' })
+        path  = Path::Pattern.from_string '(/sections/:section)/pages/:id'
+        route = Route.build("name", nil, path, { }, [], { :action => 'show' })
 
         assert_equal '/pages/10', route.format({:id => 10})
       end
 
       def test_extras_are_not_included_if_optional_parameter_is_nil
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new '(/sections/:section)/pages/:id'
-        route = Route.new("name", nil, path, { }, { :action => 'show' })
+        path  = Path::Pattern.from_string '(/sections/:section)/pages/:id'
+        route = Route.build("name", nil, path, { }, [], { :action => 'show' })
 
         assert_equal '/pages/10', route.format({:id => 10, :section => nil})
       end
 
       def test_score
-        constraints = {:required_defaults => [:controller, :action]}
+        constraints = {}
         defaults = {:controller=>"pages", :action=>"show"}
 
-        path = Path::Pattern.new "/page/:id(/:action)(.:format)"
-        specific = Route.new "name", nil, path, constraints, defaults
+        path = Path::Pattern.from_string "/page/:id(/:action)(.:format)"
+        specific = Route.build "name", nil, path, constraints, [:controller, :action], defaults
 
-        path = Path::Pattern.new "/:controller(/:action(/:id))(.:format)"
-        generic = Route.new "name", nil, path, constraints
+        path = Path::Pattern.from_string "/:controller(/:action(/:id))(.:format)"
+        generic = Route.build "name", nil, path, constraints, [], {}
 
         knowledge = {:id=>20, :controller=>"pages", :action=>"show"}
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/journey/router/strexp_test.rb b/actionpack/test/journey/router/strexp_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7ccdfb7b4d..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/journey/router/strexp_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-module ActionDispatch
-  module Journey
-    class Router
-      class TestStrexp < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-        def test_many_names
-          exp = Strexp.new(
-            "/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))",
-            {:controller=>/.+?/},
-            ["/", ".", "?"],
-            true)
-
-          assert_equal ["controller", "action", "id", "format"], exp.names
-        end
-
-        def test_names
-          {
-            "/bar(.:format)"    => %w{ format },
-            ":format"           => %w{ format },
-            ":format-"          => %w{ format },
-            ":format0"          => %w{ format0 },
-            ":format1,:format2" => %w{ format1 format2 },
-          }.each do |string, expected|
-            exp = Strexp.new(string, {}, ["/", ".", "?"])
-            assert_equal expected, exp.names
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/journey/router/utils_test.rb b/actionpack/test/journey/router/utils_test.rb
index 93348f4647..2b505f081e 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/journey/router/utils_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/journey/router/utils_test.rb
@@ -5,17 +5,25 @@ module ActionDispatch
     class Router
       class TestUtils < ActiveSupport::TestCase
         def test_path_escape
-          assert_equal "a/b%20c+d", Utils.escape_path("a/b c+d")
+          assert_equal "a/b%20c+d%25", Utils.escape_path("a/b c+d%")
+        end
+
+        def test_segment_escape
+          assert_equal "a%2Fb%20c+d%25", Utils.escape_segment("a/b c+d%")
         end
 
         def test_fragment_escape
-          assert_equal "a/b%20c+d?e", Utils.escape_fragment("a/b c+d?e")
+          assert_equal "a/b%20c+d%25?e", Utils.escape_fragment("a/b c+d%?e")
         end
 
         def test_uri_unescape
           assert_equal "a/b c+d", Utils.unescape_uri("a%2Fb%20c+d")
         end
 
+        def test_uri_unescape_with_utf8_string
+          assert_equal "Šašinková", Utils.unescape_uri("%C5%A0a%C5%A1inkov%C3%A1".force_encoding(Encoding::US_ASCII))
+        end
+
         def test_normalize_path_not_greedy
           assert_equal "/foo%20bar%20baz", Utils.normalize_path("/foo%20bar%20baz")
         end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/journey/router_test.rb b/actionpack/test/journey/router_test.rb
index a286f77633..15d51e5d6c 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/journey/router_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/journey/router_test.rb
@@ -1,249 +1,150 @@
-# encoding: UTF-8
 require 'abstract_unit'
 
 module ActionDispatch
   module Journey
     class TestRouter < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-      # TODO : clean up routing tests so we don't need this hack
-      class StubDispatcher < Routing::RouteSet::Dispatcher; end
-
-      attr_reader :routes
+      attr_reader :routes, :mapper
 
       def setup
-        @app       = StubDispatcher.new
-        @routes    = Routes.new
-        @router    = Router.new(@routes, {})
-        @formatter = Formatter.new(@routes)
-      end
-
-      def test_request_class_reader
-        klass = Object.new
-        router = Router.new(routes, :request_class => klass)
-        assert_equal klass, router.request_class
-      end
-
-      class FakeRequestFeeler < Struct.new(:env, :called)
-        def new env
-          self.env = env
-          self
-        end
-
-        def hello
-          self.called = true
-          'world'
-        end
-
-        def path_info; env['PATH_INFO']; end
-        def request_method; env['REQUEST_METHOD']; end
-        def ip; env['REMOTE_ADDR']; end
+        @app       = Routing::RouteSet::Dispatcher.new({})
+        @route_set  = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+        @routes = @route_set.router.routes
+        @router = @route_set.router
+        @formatter = @route_set.formatter
+        @mapper = ActionDispatch::Routing::Mapper.new @route_set
       end
 
       def test_dashes
-        router = Router.new(routes, {})
-
-        exp = Router::Strexp.new '/foo-bar-baz', {}, ['/.?']
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new exp
-
-        routes.add_route nil, path, {}, {:id => nil}, {}
+        mapper.get '/foo-bar-baz', to: 'foo#bar'
 
         env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/foo-bar-baz'
         called = false
-        router.recognize(env) do |r, _, params|
+        @router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
           called = true
         end
         assert called
       end
 
       def test_unicode
-        router = Router.new(routes, {})
+        mapper.get '/��', to: 'foo#bar'
 
         #match the escaped version of /��
-        exp = Router::Strexp.new '/%E3%81%BB%E3%81%92', {}, ['/.?']
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new exp
-
-        routes.add_route nil, path, {}, {:id => nil}, {}
-
         env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/%E3%81%BB%E3%81%92'
         called = false
-        router.recognize(env) do |r, _, params|
+        @router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
           called = true
         end
         assert called
       end
 
-      def test_request_class_and_requirements_success
-        klass  = FakeRequestFeeler.new nil
-        router = Router.new(routes, {:request_class => klass })
-
-        requirements = { :hello => /world/ }
-
-        exp = Router::Strexp.new '/foo(/:id)', {}, ['/.?']
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new exp
-
-        routes.add_route nil, path, requirements, {:id => nil}, {}
-
-        env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/foo/10'
-        router.recognize(env) do |r, _, params|
-          assert_equal({:id => '10'}, params)
-        end
-
-        assert klass.called, 'hello should have been called'
-        assert_equal env.env, klass.env
-      end
-
-      def test_request_class_and_requirements_fail
-        klass  = FakeRequestFeeler.new nil
-        router = Router.new(routes, {:request_class => klass })
-
-        requirements = { :hello => /mom/ }
-
-        exp = Router::Strexp.new '/foo(/:id)', {}, ['/.?']
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new exp
-
-        router.routes.add_route nil, path, requirements, {:id => nil}, {}
-
-        env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/foo/10'
-        router.recognize(env) do |r, _, params|
-          flunk 'route should not be found'
-        end
-
-        assert klass.called, 'hello should have been called'
-        assert_equal env.env, klass.env
-      end
-
-      class CustomPathRequest < Router::NullReq
-        def path_info
-          env['custom.path_info']
-        end
-      end
-
-      def test_request_class_overrides_path_info
-        router = Router.new(routes, {:request_class => CustomPathRequest })
-
-        exp = Router::Strexp.new '/bar', {}, ['/.?']
-        path = Path::Pattern.new exp
-
-        routes.add_route nil, path, {}, {}, {}
-
-        env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/foo', 'custom.path_info' => '/bar'
-
-        recognized = false
-        router.recognize(env) do |r, _, params|
-          recognized = true
-        end
-
-        assert recognized, "route should have been recognized"
-      end
-
       def test_regexp_first_precedence
-        add_routes @router, [
-          Router::Strexp.new("/whois/:domain", {:domain => /\w+\.[\w\.]+/}, ['/', '.', '?']),
-          Router::Strexp.new("/whois/:id(.:format)", {}, ['/', '.', '?'])
-        ]
+        mapper.get "/whois/:domain", :domain => /\w+\.[\w\.]+/, to: "foo#bar"
+        mapper.get "/whois/:id(.:format)", to: "foo#baz"
 
         env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/whois/example.com'
 
         list = []
-        @router.recognize(env) do |r, _, params|
+        @router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
           list << r
         end
         assert_equal 2, list.length
 
         r = list.first
 
-        assert_equal '/whois/:domain', r.path.spec.to_s
+        assert_equal '/whois/:domain(.:format)', r.path.spec.to_s
       end
 
       def test_required_parts_verified_are_anchored
-        add_routes @router, [
-          Router::Strexp.new("/foo/:id", { :id => /\d/ }, ['/', '.', '?'], false)
-        ]
+        mapper.get "/foo/:id", :id => /\d/, anchor: false, to: "foo#bar"
 
         assert_raises(ActionController::UrlGenerationError) do
-          @formatter.generate(:path_info, nil, { :id => '10' }, { })
+          @formatter.generate(nil, { :controller => "foo", :action => "bar", :id => '10' }, { })
         end
       end
 
       def test_required_parts_are_verified_when_building
-        add_routes @router, [
-          Router::Strexp.new("/foo/:id", { :id => /\d+/ }, ['/', '.', '?'], false)
-        ]
+        mapper.get "/foo/:id", :id => /\d+/, anchor: false, to: "foo#bar"
 
-        path, _ = @formatter.generate(:path_info, nil, { :id => '10' }, { })
+        path, _ = @formatter.generate(nil, { :controller => "foo", :action => "bar", :id => '10' }, { })
         assert_equal '/foo/10', path
 
         assert_raises(ActionController::UrlGenerationError) do
-          @formatter.generate(:path_info, nil, { :id => 'aa' }, { })
+          @formatter.generate(nil, { :id => 'aa' }, { })
         end
       end
 
       def test_only_required_parts_are_verified
-        add_routes @router, [
-          Router::Strexp.new("/foo(/:id)", {:id => /\d/}, ['/', '.', '?'], false)
-        ]
+        mapper.get "/foo(/:id)", :id => /\d/, :to => "foo#bar"
 
-        path, _ = @formatter.generate(:path_info, nil, { :id => '10' }, { })
+        path, _ = @formatter.generate(nil, { :controller => "foo", :action => "bar", :id => '10' }, { })
         assert_equal '/foo/10', path
 
-        path, _ = @formatter.generate(:path_info, nil, { }, { })
+        path, _ = @formatter.generate(nil, { :controller => "foo", :action => "bar" }, { })
         assert_equal '/foo', path
 
-        path, _ = @formatter.generate(:path_info, nil, { :id => 'aa' }, { })
+        path, _ = @formatter.generate(nil, { :controller => "foo", :action => "bar", :id => 'aa' }, { })
         assert_equal '/foo/aa', path
       end
 
       def test_knows_what_parts_are_missing_from_named_route
         route_name = "gorby_thunderhorse"
-        pattern = Router::Strexp.new("/foo/:id", { :id => /\d+/ }, ['/', '.', '?'], false)
-        path = Path::Pattern.new pattern
-        @router.routes.add_route nil, path, {}, {}, route_name
+        mapper = ActionDispatch::Routing::Mapper.new @route_set
+        mapper.get "/foo/:id", :as => route_name, :id => /\d+/, :to => "foo#bar"
 
         error = assert_raises(ActionController::UrlGenerationError) do
-          @formatter.generate(:path_info, route_name, { }, { })
+          @formatter.generate(route_name, { }, { })
         end
 
         assert_match(/missing required keys: \[:id\]/, error.message)
       end
 
+      def test_does_not_include_missing_keys_message
+        route_name = "gorby_thunderhorse"
+
+        error = assert_raises(ActionController::UrlGenerationError) do
+          @formatter.generate(route_name, { }, { })
+        end
+
+        assert_no_match(/missing required keys: \[\]/, error.message)
+      end
+
       def test_X_Cascade
-        add_routes @router, [ "/messages(.:format)" ]
-        resp = @router.call({ 'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'GET', 'PATH_INFO' => '/lol' })
+        mapper.get "/messages(.:format)", to: "foo#bar"
+        resp = @router.serve(rails_env({ 'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'GET', 'PATH_INFO' => '/lol' }))
         assert_equal ['Not Found'], resp.last
         assert_equal 'pass', resp[1]['X-Cascade']
         assert_equal 404, resp.first
       end
 
       def test_clear_trailing_slash_from_script_name_on_root_unanchored_routes
-        strexp = Router::Strexp.new("/", {}, ['/', '.', '?'], false)
-        path   = Path::Pattern.new strexp
+        route_set = Routing::RouteSet.new
+        mapper = Routing::Mapper.new route_set
+
         app    = lambda { |env| [200, {}, ['success!']] }
-        @router.routes.add_route(app, path, {}, {}, {})
+        mapper.get '/weblog', :to => app
 
         env  = rack_env('SCRIPT_NAME' => '', 'PATH_INFO' => '/weblog')
-        resp = @router.call(env)
+        resp = route_set.call env
         assert_equal ['success!'], resp.last
         assert_equal '', env['SCRIPT_NAME']
       end
 
       def test_defaults_merge_correctly
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new '/foo(/:id)'
-        @router.routes.add_route nil, path, {}, {:id => nil}, {}
+        mapper.get '/foo(/:id)', to: "foo#bar", id: nil
 
         env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/foo/10'
-        @router.recognize(env) do |r, _, params|
-          assert_equal({:id => '10'}, params)
+        @router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
+          assert_equal({:id => '10', :controller => "foo", :action => "bar"}, params)
         end
 
         env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/foo'
-        @router.recognize(env) do |r, _, params|
-          assert_equal({:id => nil}, params)
+        @router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
+          assert_equal({:id => nil, :controller => "foo", :action => "bar"}, params)
         end
       end
 
       def test_recognize_with_unbound_regexp
-        add_routes @router, [
-          Router::Strexp.new("/foo", { }, ['/', '.', '?'], false)
-        ]
+        mapper.get "/foo", anchor: false, to: "foo#bar"
 
         env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/foo/bar'
 
@@ -254,9 +155,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def test_bound_regexp_keeps_path_info
-        add_routes @router, [
-          Router::Strexp.new("/foo", { }, ['/', '.', '?'], true)
-        ]
+        mapper.get "/foo", to: "foo#bar"
 
         env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/foo'
 
@@ -269,12 +168,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def test_path_not_found
-        add_routes @router, [
+        [
           "/messages(.:format)",
           "/messages/new(.:format)",
           "/messages/:id/edit(.:format)",
           "/messages/:id(.:format)"
-        ]
+        ].each do |path|
+          mapper.get path, to: "foo#bar"
+        end
         env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/messages/unknown/path'
         yielded = false
 
@@ -285,62 +186,54 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def test_required_part_in_recall
-        add_routes @router, [ "/messages/:a/:b" ]
+        mapper.get "/messages/:a/:b", to: "foo#bar"
 
-        path, _ = @formatter.generate(:path_info, nil, { :a => 'a' }, { :b => 'b' })
+        path, _ = @formatter.generate(nil, { :controller => "foo", :action => "bar", :a => 'a' }, { :b => 'b' })
         assert_equal "/messages/a/b", path
       end
 
       def test_splat_in_recall
-        add_routes @router, [ "/*path" ]
+        mapper.get "/*path", to: "foo#bar"
 
-        path, _ = @formatter.generate(:path_info, nil, { }, { :path => 'b' })
+        path, _ = @formatter.generate(nil, { :controller => "foo", :action => "bar" }, { :path => 'b' })
         assert_equal "/b", path
       end
 
       def test_recall_should_be_used_when_scoring
-        add_routes @router, [
-          "/messages/:action(/:id(.:format))",
-          "/messages/:id(.:format)"
-        ]
+        mapper.get "/messages/:action(/:id(.:format))", to: 'foo#bar'
+        mapper.get "/messages/:id(.:format)", to: 'bar#baz'
 
-        path, _ = @formatter.generate(:path_info, nil, { :id => 10 }, { :action => 'index' })
+        path, _ = @formatter.generate(nil, { :controller => "foo", :id => 10 }, { :action => 'index' })
         assert_equal "/messages/index/10", path
       end
 
       def test_nil_path_parts_are_ignored
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new "/:controller(/:action(.:format))"
-        @router.routes.add_route @app, path, {}, {}, {}
+        mapper.get "/:controller(/:action(.:format))", to: "tasks#lol"
 
         params = { :controller => "tasks", :format => nil }
         extras = { :action => 'lol' }
 
-        path, _ = @formatter.generate(:path_info, nil, params, extras)
+        path, _ = @formatter.generate(nil, params, extras)
         assert_equal '/tasks', path
       end
 
       def test_generate_slash
         params = [ [:controller, "tasks"],
                    [:action, "show"] ]
-        str = Router::Strexp.new("/", Hash[params], ['/', '.', '?'], true)
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new str
+        mapper.get "/", Hash[params]
 
-        @router.routes.add_route @app, path, {}, {}, {}
-
-        path, _ = @formatter.generate(:path_info, nil, Hash[params], {})
+        path, _ = @formatter.generate(nil, Hash[params], {})
         assert_equal '/', path
       end
 
       def test_generate_calls_param_proc
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new '/:controller(/:action)'
-        @router.routes.add_route @app, path, {}, {}, {}
+        mapper.get '/:controller(/:action)', to: "foo#bar"
 
         parameterized = []
         params = [ [:controller, "tasks"],
                    [:action, "show"] ]
 
         @formatter.generate(
-          :path_info,
           nil,
           Hash[params],
           {},
@@ -350,31 +243,38 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def test_generate_id
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new '/:controller(/:action)'
-        @router.routes.add_route @app, path, {}, {}, {}
+        mapper.get '/:controller(/:action)', to: 'foo#bar'
 
         path, params = @formatter.generate(
-          :path_info, nil, {:id=>1, :controller=>"tasks", :action=>"show"}, {})
+          nil, {:id=>1, :controller=>"tasks", :action=>"show"}, {})
         assert_equal '/tasks/show', path
         assert_equal({:id => 1}, params)
       end
 
       def test_generate_escapes
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new '/:controller(/:action)'
-        @router.routes.add_route @app, path, {}, {}, {}
+        mapper.get '/:controller(/:action)', to: "foo#bar"
 
-        path, _ = @formatter.generate(:path_info,
-          nil, { :controller        => "tasks",
+        path, _ = @formatter.generate(nil,
+          { :controller        => "tasks",
                  :action            => "a/b c+d",
         }, {})
-        assert_equal '/tasks/a/b%20c+d', path
+        assert_equal '/tasks/a%2Fb%20c+d', path
+      end
+
+      def test_generate_escapes_with_namespaced_controller
+        mapper.get '/:controller(/:action)', to: "foo#bar"
+
+        path, _ = @formatter.generate(
+          nil, { :controller        => "admin/tasks",
+                 :action            => "a/b c+d",
+        }, {})
+        assert_equal '/admin/tasks/a%2Fb%20c+d', path
       end
 
       def test_generate_extra_params
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new '/:controller(/:action)'
-        @router.routes.add_route @app, path, {}, {}, {}
+        mapper.get '/:controller(/:action)', to: "foo#bar"
 
-        path, params = @formatter.generate(:path_info,
+        path, params = @formatter.generate(
           nil, { :id                => 1,
                  :controller        => "tasks",
                  :action            => "show",
@@ -384,11 +284,36 @@ module ActionDispatch
         assert_equal({:id => 1, :relative_url_root => nil}, params)
       end
 
+      def test_generate_missing_keys_no_matches_different_format_keys
+        mapper.get '/:controller/:action/:name', to: "foo#bar"
+        primarty_parameters = {
+          :id                => 1,
+          :controller        => "tasks",
+          :action            => "show",
+          :relative_url_root => nil
+        }
+        redirection_parameters = {
+          'action'=>'show',
+        }
+        missing_key = 'name'
+        missing_parameters ={
+          missing_key => "task_1"
+        }
+        request_parameters = primarty_parameters.merge(redirection_parameters).merge(missing_parameters)
+
+        message = "No route matches #{Hash[request_parameters.sort_by{|k,v|k.to_s}].inspect} missing required keys: #{[missing_key.to_sym].inspect}"
+
+        error = assert_raises(ActionController::UrlGenerationError) do
+          @formatter.generate(
+            nil, request_parameters, request_parameters)
+        end
+        assert_equal message, error.message
+      end
+
       def test_generate_uses_recall_if_needed
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new '/:controller(/:action(/:id))'
-        @router.routes.add_route @app, path, {}, {}, {}
+        mapper.get '/:controller(/:action(/:id))', to: "foo#bar"
 
-        path, params = @formatter.generate(:path_info,
+        path, params = @formatter.generate(
           nil,
           {:controller =>"tasks", :id => 10},
           {:action     =>"index"})
@@ -397,10 +322,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def test_generate_with_name
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new '/:controller(/:action)'
-        @router.routes.add_route @app, path, {}, {}, {}
+        mapper.get '/:controller(/:action)', to: 'foo#bar', as: 'tasks'
 
-        path, params = @formatter.generate(:path_info,
+        path, params = @formatter.generate(
           "tasks",
           {:controller=>"tasks"},
           {:controller=>"tasks", :action=>"index"})
@@ -414,16 +338,15 @@ module ActionDispatch
         '/content/show/10'  => { :controller => 'content', :action => 'show', :id => "10" },
       }.each do |request_path, expected|
         define_method("test_recognize_#{expected.keys.map(&:to_s).join('_')}") do
-          path  = Path::Pattern.new "/:controller(/:action(/:id))"
-          app   = Object.new
-          route = @router.routes.add_route(app, path, {}, {}, {})
+          mapper.get "/:controller(/:action(/:id))", to: 'foo#bar'
+          route = @routes.first
 
           env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => request_path
           called   = false
 
-          @router.recognize(env) do |r, _, params|
+          @router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
             assert_equal route, r
-            assert_equal(expected, params)
+            assert_equal({ :action => "bar" }.merge(expected), params)
             called = true
           end
 
@@ -436,16 +359,15 @@ module ActionDispatch
         :splat   => ['/segment/a/b%20c+d', { :segment => 'segment', :splat => 'a/b c+d' }]
       }.each do |name, (request_path, expected)|
         define_method("test_recognize_#{name}") do
-          path  = Path::Pattern.new '/:segment/*splat'
-          app   = Object.new
-          route = @router.routes.add_route(app, path, {}, {}, {})
+          mapper.get '/:segment/*splat', to: 'foo#bar'
 
           env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => request_path
           called   = false
+          route = @routes.first
 
-          @router.recognize(env) do |r, _, params|
+          @router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
             assert_equal route, r
-            assert_equal(expected, params)
+            assert_equal(expected.merge(:controller=>"foo", :action=>"bar"), params)
             called = true
           end
 
@@ -454,14 +376,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def test_namespaced_controller
-        strexp = Router::Strexp.new(
-          "/:controller(/:action(/:id))",
-          { :controller => /.+?/ },
-          ["/", ".", "?"]
-        )
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new strexp
-        app   = Object.new
-        route = @router.routes.add_route(app, path, {}, {}, {})
+        mapper.get "/:controller(/:action(/:id))", { :controller => /.+?/ }
+        route = @routes.first
 
         env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/admin/users/show/10'
         called   = false
@@ -471,7 +387,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
           :id         => '10'
         }
 
-        @router.recognize(env) do |r, _, params|
+        @router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
           assert_equal route, r
           assert_equal(expected, params)
           called = true
@@ -480,14 +396,13 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def test_recognize_literal
-        path   = Path::Pattern.new "/books(/:action(.:format))"
-        app    = Object.new
-        route  = @router.routes.add_route(app, path, {}, {:controller => 'books'})
+        mapper.get "/books(/:action(.:format))", controller: "books"
+        route = @routes.first
 
         env    = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/books/list.rss'
         expected = { :controller => 'books', :action => 'list', :format => 'rss' }
         called = false
-        @router.recognize(env) do |r, _, params|
+        @router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
           assert_equal route, r
           assert_equal(expected, params)
           called = true
@@ -496,63 +411,94 @@ module ActionDispatch
         assert called
       end
 
+      def test_recognize_head_route
+        mapper.match "/books(/:action(.:format))", via: 'head', to: 'foo#bar'
+
+        env = rails_env(
+          'PATH_INFO' => '/books/list.rss',
+          'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'HEAD'
+        )
+
+        called = false
+        @router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
+          called = true
+        end
+
+        assert called
+      end
+
       def test_recognize_head_request_as_get_route
-        path   = Path::Pattern.new "/books(/:action(.:format))"
-        app    = Object.new
-        conditions = {
-          :request_method => 'GET'
-        }
-        @router.routes.add_route(app, path, conditions, {})
+        mapper.get "/books(/:action(.:format))", to: 'foo#bar'
 
         env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/books/list.rss',
                         "REQUEST_METHOD"    => "HEAD"
 
         called = false
-        @router.recognize(env) do |r, _, params|
+        @router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
           called = true
         end
 
         assert called
       end
 
-      def test_recognize_cares_about_verbs
-        path   = Path::Pattern.new "/books(/:action(.:format))"
-        app    = Object.new
-        conditions = {
-          :request_method => 'GET'
-        }
-        @router.routes.add_route(app, path, conditions, {})
+      def test_recognize_cares_about_get_verbs
+        mapper.match "/books(/:action(.:format))", to: "foo#bar", via: :get
 
-        conditions = conditions.dup
-        conditions[:request_method] = 'POST'
+        env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/books/list.rss',
+                        "REQUEST_METHOD" => "POST"
 
-        post = @router.routes.add_route(app, path, conditions, {})
+        called = false
+        @router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
+          called = true
+        end
+
+        assert_not called
+      end
+
+      def test_recognize_cares_about_post_verbs
+        mapper.match "/books(/:action(.:format))", to: "foo#bar", via: :post
 
         env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/books/list.rss',
-                        "REQUEST_METHOD"    => "POST"
+                        "REQUEST_METHOD" => "POST"
 
         called = false
-        @router.recognize(env) do |r, _, params|
-          assert_equal post, r
+        @router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
           called = true
         end
 
         assert called
       end
 
-      private
+      def test_multi_verb_recognition
+        mapper.match "/books(/:action(.:format))", to: "foo#bar", via: [:post, :get]
 
-      def add_routes router, paths
-        paths.each do |path|
-          path  = Path::Pattern.new path
-          router.routes.add_route @app, path, {}, {}, {}
+        %w( POST GET ).each do |verb|
+          env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/books/list.rss',
+            "REQUEST_METHOD" => verb
+
+          called = false
+          @router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
+            called = true
+          end
+
+          assert called
         end
+
+        env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/books/list.rss',
+          "REQUEST_METHOD" => 'PUT'
+
+        called = false
+        @router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
+          called = true
+        end
+
+        assert_not called
       end
 
-      RailsEnv = Struct.new(:env)
+      private
 
-      def rails_env env
-        RailsEnv.new rack_env env
+      def rails_env env, klass = ActionDispatch::Request
+        klass.new(rack_env(env))
       end
 
       def rack_env env
diff --git a/actionpack/test/journey/routes_test.rb b/actionpack/test/journey/routes_test.rb
index 25e0321d31..f8293dfc5f 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/journey/routes_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/journey/routes_test.rb
@@ -3,50 +3,57 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 module ActionDispatch
   module Journey
     class TestRoutes < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-      def test_clear
-        routes = Routes.new
-        exp    = Router::Strexp.new '/foo(/:id)', {}, ['/.?']
-        path   = Path::Pattern.new exp
-        requirements = { :hello => /world/ }
+      attr_reader :routes, :mapper
+
+      def setup
+        @route_set  = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+        @routes = @route_set.router.routes
+        @router = @route_set.router
+        @mapper = ActionDispatch::Routing::Mapper.new @route_set
+        super
+      end
 
-        routes.add_route nil, path, requirements, {:id => nil}, {}
+      def test_clear
+        mapper.get "/foo(/:id)", to: "foo#bar", as: 'aaron'
+        assert_not_predicate routes, :empty?
         assert_equal 1, routes.length
 
         routes.clear
+        assert routes.empty?
         assert_equal 0, routes.length
       end
 
       def test_ast
-        routes = Routes.new
-        path   = Path::Pattern.new '/hello'
-
-        routes.add_route nil, path, {}, {}, {}
+        mapper.get "/foo(/:id)", to: "foo#bar", as: 'aaron'
         ast = routes.ast
-        routes.add_route nil, path, {}, {}, {}
+        mapper.get "/foo(/:id)", to: "foo#bar", as: 'gorby'
         assert_not_equal ast, routes.ast
       end
 
       def test_simulator_changes
-        routes = Routes.new
-        path   = Path::Pattern.new '/hello'
-
-        routes.add_route nil, path, {}, {}, {}
+        mapper.get "/foo(/:id)", to: "foo#bar", as: 'aaron'
         sim = routes.simulator
-        routes.add_route nil, path, {}, {}, {}
+        mapper.get "/foo(/:id)", to: "foo#bar", as: 'gorby'
         assert_not_equal sim, routes.simulator
       end
 
-      def test_first_name_wins
-        #def add_route app, path, conditions, defaults, name = nil
-        routes = Routes.new
+      def test_partition_route
+        mapper.get "/foo(/:id)", to: "foo#bar", as: 'aaron'
+
+        assert_equal 1, @routes.anchored_routes.length
+        assert_predicate @routes.custom_routes, :empty?
 
-        one   = Path::Pattern.new '/hello'
-        two   = Path::Pattern.new '/aaron'
+        mapper.get "/hello/:who", to: "foo#bar", as: 'bar', who: /\d/
 
-        routes.add_route nil, one, {}, {}, 'aaron'
-        routes.add_route nil, two, {}, {}, 'aaron'
+        assert_equal 1, @routes.custom_routes.length
+        assert_equal 1, @routes.anchored_routes.length
+      end
 
-        assert_equal '/hello', routes.named_routes['aaron'].path.spec.to_s
+      def test_first_name_wins
+        mapper.get "/hello", to: "foo#bar", as: 'aaron'
+        assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+          mapper.get "/aaron", to: "foo#bar", as: 'aaron'
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/lib/controller/fake_models.rb b/actionpack/test/lib/controller/fake_models.rb
index b8b51d86c2..ce9522d12a 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/lib/controller/fake_models.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/lib/controller/fake_models.rb
@@ -28,30 +28,6 @@ class Customer < Struct.new(:name, :id)
   end
 end
 
-class ValidatedCustomer < Customer
-  def errors
-    if name =~ /Sikachu/i
-      []
-    else
-      [{:name => "is invalid"}]
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-module Quiz
-  class Question < Struct.new(:name, :id)
-    extend ActiveModel::Naming
-    include ActiveModel::Conversion
-
-    def persisted?
-      id.present?
-    end
-  end
-
-  class Store < Question
-  end
-end
-
 class Post < Struct.new(:title, :author_name, :body, :secret, :persisted, :written_on, :cost)
   extend ActiveModel::Naming
   include ActiveModel::Conversion
@@ -95,24 +71,3 @@ class Comment
 
   attr_accessor :body
 end
-
-module Blog
-  def self.use_relative_model_naming?
-    true
-  end
-
-  class Post < Struct.new(:title, :id)
-    extend ActiveModel::Naming
-    include ActiveModel::Conversion
-
-    def persisted?
-      id.present?
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class RenderJsonTestException < Exception
-  def as_json(options = nil)
-    { :error => self.class.name, :message => self.to_s }
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionview/CHANGELOG.md b/actionview/CHANGELOG.md
index 28508a5dfa..0981d47d7a 100644
--- a/actionview/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/actionview/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1 +1,234 @@
-Please check [4-1-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-1-stable/actionview/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+*   Respect value of `:object` if `:object` is false when rendering.
+
+    Fixes #22260.
+
+    *Yuichiro Kaneko*
+
+*   Generate `week_field` input values using a 1-based index and not a 0-based index
+    as per the W3 spec: http://www.w3.org/TR/html-markup/datatypes.html#form.data.week
+
+    *Christoph Geschwind*
+
+*   Allow `host` option in `javascript_include_tag` and `stylesheet_link_tag` helpers
+
+    *Grzegorz Witek*
+
+*   Restrict `url_for :back` to valid, non-JavaScript URLs. GH#14444
+
+    *Damien Burke*
+
+*   Allow `date_select` helper selected option to accept hash like the default options.
+
+    *Lecky Lao*
+
+*   Collection input propagates input's `id` to the label's `for` attribute when
+    using html options as the last element of collection.
+
+    *Vasiliy Ermolovich*
+
+*   Add a `hidden_field` on the `collection_radio_buttons` to avoid raising a error
+    when the only input on the form is the `collection_radio_buttons`.
+
+    *Mauro George*
+
+*   `url_for` does not modify its arguments when generating polymorphic URLs.
+
+    *Bernerd Schaefer*
+
+*   `number_to_currency` and `number_with_delimiter` now accept custom `delimiter_pattern` option 
+     to handle placement of delimiter, to support currency formats like INR 
+     
+     Example: 
+        
+        number_to_currency(1230000, delimiter_pattern: /(\d+?)(?=(\d\d)+(\d)(?!\d))/, unit: '₹', format: "%u %n")
+        # => '₹ 12,30,000.00' 
+        
+    *Vipul A M*
+    
+*   Make `disable_with` the default behavior for submit tags. Disables the
+    button on submit to prevent double submits.
+
+    *Justin Schiff*
+
+*   Add a break_sequence option to word_wrap so you can specify a custom break.
+
+    *Mauricio Gomez*
+
+*   Add wildcard matching to explicit dependencies.
+
+    Turns:
+
+    ```erb
+    <% # Template Dependency: recordings/threads/events/subscribers_changed %>
+    <% # Template Dependency: recordings/threads/events/completed %>
+    <% # Template Dependency: recordings/threads/events/uncompleted %>
+    ```
+
+    Into:
+
+    ```erb
+    <% # Template Dependency: recordings/threads/events/* %>
+    ```
+
+    *Kasper Timm Hansen*
+
+*   Allow defining explicit collection caching using a `# Template Collection: ...`
+    directive inside templates.
+
+    *Dov Murik*
+
+*   Asset helpers raise `ArgumentError` when `nil` is passed as a source.
+
+    *Anton Kolomiychuk*
+
+*   Always attach the template digest to the cache key for collection caching
+    even when `virtual_path` is not available from the view context.
+    Which could happen if the rendering was done directly in the controller
+    and not in a template.
+
+    Fixes #20535
+
+    *Roque Pinel*
+
+*   Improve detection of partial templates eligible for collection caching,
+    now allowing multi-line comments at the beginning of the template file.
+
+    *Dov Murik*
+
+*   Raise an ArgumentError when a false value for `include_blank` is passed to a
+    required select field (to comply with the HTML5 spec).
+
+    *Grey Baker*
+
+*   Do not put partial name to `local_assigns` when rendering without
+    an object or a collection.
+
+    *Henrik Nygren*
+
+*   Remove `:rescue_format` option for `translate` helper since it's no longer
+    supported by I18n.
+
+    *Bernard Potocki*
+
+*   `translate` should handle `raise` flag correctly in case of both main and default
+    translation is missing.
+
+    Fixes #19967
+
+    *Bernard Potocki*
+
+*   Load the `default_form_builder` from the controller on initialization, which overrides
+    the global config if it is present.
+
+    *Kevin McPhillips*
+
+*   Accept lambda as `child_index` option in `fields_for` method.
+
+    *Karol Galanciak*
+
+*   `translate` allows `default: [[]]` again for a default value of `[]`.
+
+    Fixes #19640.
+
+    *Adam Prescott*
+
+*   `translate` should accept nils as members of the `:default`
+    parameter without raising a translation missing error.
+
+    Fixes #19419
+
+    *Justin Coyne*
+
+*   `number_to_percentage` does not crash with `Float::NAN` or `Float::INFINITY`
+    as input when `precision: 0` is used.
+
+    Fixes #19227.
+
+    *Yves Senn*
+
+*   Fixed the translation helper method to accept different default values types
+    besides String.
+
+    *Ulisses Almeida*
+
+*   Collection rendering automatically caches and fetches multiple partials.
+
+    Collections rendered as:
+
+    ```ruby
+    <%= render @notifications %>
+    <%= render partial: 'notifications/notification', collection: @notifications, as: :notification %>
+    ```
+
+    will now read several partials from cache at once, if the template starts with a cache call:
+
+    ```ruby
+    # notifications/_notification.html.erb
+    <% cache notification do %>
+      <%# ... %>
+    <% end %>
+    ```
+
+    *Kasper Timm Hansen*
+
+*   Fixed a dependency tracker bug that caused template dependencies not
+    count layouts as dependencies for partials.
+
+    *Juho Leinonen*
+
+*   Extracted `ActionView::Helpers::RecordTagHelper` to external gem
+    (`record_tag_helper`) and added removal notices.
+
+    *Todd Bealmear*
+
+*   Allow to pass a string value to `size` option in `image_tag` and `video_tag`.
+
+    This makes the behavior more consistent with `width` or `height` options.
+
+    *Mehdi Lahmam*
+
+*   Partial template name does no more have to be a valid Ruby identifier.
+
+    There used to be a naming rule that the partial name should start with
+    underscore, and should be followed by any combination of letters, numbers
+    and underscores.
+    But now we can give our partials any name starting with underscore, such as
+    _�.html.erb.
+
+    *Akira Matsuda*
+
+*   Change the default template handler from `ERB` to `Raw`.
+
+    Files without a template handler in their extension will be rendered using the raw
+    handler instead of ERB.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Remove deprecated `AbstractController::Base::parent_prefixes`.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Default translations that have a lower precedence than a html safe default,
+    but are not themselves safe, should not be marked as html_safe.
+
+    *Justin Coyne*
+
+*   Make possible to use blocks with short version of `render "partial"` helper.
+
+    *Nikolay Shebanov*
+
+*   Add a `hidden_field` on the `file_field` to avoid raising an error when the only
+    input on the form is the `file_field`.
+
+    *Mauro George*
+
+*   Add an explicit error message, in `ActionView::PartialRenderer` for partial
+    `rendering`, when the value of option `as` has invalid characters.
+
+    *Angelo Capilleri*
+
+*   Allow entries without a link tag in `AtomFeedHelper`.
+
+    *Daniel Gomez de Souza*
+
+Please check [4-2-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/actionview/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/actionview/MIT-LICENSE b/actionview/MIT-LICENSE
index d58dd9ed9b..3ec7a617cf 100644
--- a/actionview/MIT-LICENSE
+++ b/actionview/MIT-LICENSE
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright (c) 2004-2014 David Heinemeier Hansson
+Copyright (c) 2004-2015 David Heinemeier Hansson
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
diff --git a/actionview/README.rdoc b/actionview/README.rdoc
index 35f805346c..7a3e5e31d0 100644
--- a/actionview/README.rdoc
+++ b/actionview/README.rdoc
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ used to inline short Ruby snippets inside HTML), and XML Builder.
 
 The latest version of Action View can be installed with RubyGems:
 
-  % [sudo] gem install actionview
+  $ gem install actionview
 
 Source code can be downloaded as part of the Rails project on GitHub
 
@@ -29,6 +29,10 @@ API documentation is at
 
 * http://api.rubyonrails.org
 
-Bug reports and feature requests can be filed with the rest for the Ruby on Rails project here:
+Bug reports can be filed for the Ruby on Rails project here:
 
 * https://github.com/rails/rails/issues
+
+Feature requests should be discussed on the rails-core mailing list here:
+
+* https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/rubyonrails-core
diff --git a/actionview/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc b/actionview/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc
index 104b3e288d..6c4e5e983a 100644
--- a/actionview/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc
+++ b/actionview/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ The easiest way to run the unit tests is through Rake. The default task runs
 the entire test suite for all classes. For more information, checkout the
 full array of rake tasks with "rake -T"
 
-Rake can be found at http://rake.rubyforge.org
+Rake can be found at http://docs.seattlerb.org/rake/.
 
 == Running by hand
 
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ which can be further narrowed down to one test:
 == Dependency on Active Record and database setup
 
 Test cases in the test/activerecord/ directory depend on having
-activerecord and sqlite installed. If Active Record is not in
-actionview/../activerecord directory, or the sqlite rubygem is not installed,
+activerecord and sqlite3 installed. If Active Record is not in
+actionview/../activerecord directory, or the sqlite3 rubygem is not installed,
 these tests are skipped.
 
 Other tests are runnable from a fresh copy of actionview without any configuration.
diff --git a/actionview/Rakefile b/actionview/Rakefile
index d56fe9ea76..93be50721d 100644
--- a/actionview/Rakefile
+++ b/actionview/Rakefile
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 require 'rake/testtask'
-require 'rubygems/package_task'
 
 desc "Default Task"
 task :default => :test
@@ -18,9 +17,10 @@ namespace :test do
 
   Rake::TestTask.new(:template) do |t|
     t.libs << 'test'
-    t.test_files = Dir.glob('test/template/**/*_test.rb').sort
+    t.test_files = Dir.glob('test/template/**/*_test.rb')
     t.warning = true
     t.verbose = true
+    t.ruby_opts = ["--dev"] if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
   end
 
   namespace :integration do
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ namespace :test do
       t.test_files = Dir.glob("test/activerecord/*_test.rb")
       t.warning = true
       t.verbose = true
+      t.ruby_opts = ["--dev"] if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
     end
 
     desc 'ActionPack Integration Tests'
@@ -38,43 +39,13 @@ namespace :test do
       t.test_files = Dir.glob("test/actionpack/**/*_test.rb")
       t.warning = true
       t.verbose = true
+      t.ruby_opts = ["--dev"] if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
     end
   end
 end
 
-spec = eval(File.read('actionview.gemspec'))
-
-Gem::PackageTask.new(spec) do |p|
-  p.gem_spec = spec
-end
-
-desc "Release to rubygems"
-task :release => :package do
-  require 'rake/gemcutter'
-  Rake::Gemcutter::Tasks.new(spec).define
-  Rake::Task['gem:push'].invoke
-end
-
 task :lines do
-  lines, codelines, total_lines, total_codelines = 0, 0, 0, 0
-
-  FileList["lib/**/*.rb"].each do |file_name|
-    next if file_name =~ /vendor/
-    File.open(file_name, 'r') do |f|
-      while line = f.gets
-        lines += 1
-        next if line =~ /^\s*$/
-        next if line =~ /^\s*#/
-        codelines += 1
-      end
-    end
-    puts "L: #{sprintf("%4d", lines)}, LOC #{sprintf("%4d", codelines)} | #{file_name}"
-
-    total_lines     += lines
-    total_codelines += codelines
-
-    lines, codelines = 0, 0
-  end
-
-  puts "Total: Lines #{total_lines}, LOC #{total_codelines}"
+  load File.expand_path('..', File.dirname(__FILE__)) + '/tools/line_statistics'
+  files = FileList["lib/**/*.rb"]
+  CodeTools::LineStatistics.new(files).print_loc
 end
diff --git a/actionview/actionview.gemspec b/actionview/actionview.gemspec
index e45dd04225..612e94021d 100644
--- a/actionview/actionview.gemspec
+++ b/actionview/actionview.gemspec
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.summary     = 'Rendering framework putting the V in MVC (part of Rails).'
   s.description = 'Simple, battle-tested conventions and helpers for building web pages.'
 
-  s.required_ruby_version = '>= 1.9.3'
+  s.required_ruby_version = '>= 2.2.2'
 
   s.license     = 'MIT'
 
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
 
   s.add_dependency 'builder',       '~> 3.1'
   s.add_dependency 'erubis',        '~> 2.7.0'
+  s.add_dependency 'rails-html-sanitizer', '~> 1.0', '>= 1.0.2'
+  s.add_dependency 'rails-dom-testing', '~> 1.0', '>= 1.0.5'
 
   s.add_development_dependency 'actionpack',  version
   s.add_development_dependency 'activemodel', version
diff --git a/actionview/bin/test b/actionview/bin/test
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..404cabba51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/bin/test
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+COMPONENT_ROOT = File.expand_path("../../", __FILE__)
+require File.expand_path("../tools/test", COMPONENT_ROOT)
+exit Minitest.run(ARGV)
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view.rb
index 50712e0830..c3bbac27fd 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #--
-# Copyright (c) 2004-2014 David Heinemeier Hansson
+# Copyright (c) 2004-2015 David Heinemeier Hansson
 #
 # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 # a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
@@ -86,7 +86,6 @@ module ActionView
     super
     ActionView::Helpers.eager_load!
     ActionView::Template.eager_load!
-    HTML.eager_load!
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/base.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/base.rb
index 455ce531ae..ad1cb1a4be 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/base.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/base.rb
@@ -10,8 +10,10 @@ require 'action_view/lookup_context'
 module ActionView #:nodoc:
   # = Action View Base
   #
-  # Action View templates can be written in several ways. If the template file has a <tt>.erb</tt> extension then it uses a mixture of ERB
-  # (included in Ruby) and HTML. If the template file has a <tt>.builder</tt> extension then Jim Weirich's Builder::XmlMarkup library is used.
+  # Action View templates can be written in several ways.
+  # If the template file has a <tt>.erb</tt> extension, then it uses the erubis[https://rubygems.org/gems/erubis]
+  # template system which can embed Ruby into an HTML document.
+  # If the template file has a <tt>.builder</tt> extension, then Jim Weirich's Builder::XmlMarkup library is used.
   #
   # == ERB
   #
@@ -31,7 +33,9 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
   #
   # If you absolutely must write from within a function use +concat+.
   #
-  # <%- and -%> suppress leading and trailing whitespace, including the trailing newline, and can be used interchangeably with <% and %>.
+  # When on a line that only contains whitespaces except for the tag, <% %> suppress leading and trailing whitespace,
+  # including the trailing newline. <% %> and <%- -%> are the same.
+  # Note however that <%= %> and <%= -%> are different: only the latter removes trailing whitespaces.
   #
   # === Using sub templates
   #
@@ -66,14 +70,13 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
   #   Headline: <%= headline %>
   #   First name: <%= person.first_name %>
   #
-  # If you need to find out whether a certain local variable has been assigned a value in a particular render call,
-  # you need to use the following pattern:
+  # The local variables passed to sub templates can be accessed as a hash using the <tt>local_assigns</tt> hash. This lets you access the
+  # variables as:
   #
-  #   <% if local_assigns.has_key? :headline %>
-  #     Headline: <%= headline %>
-  #   <% end %>
+  #   Headline: <%= local_assigns[:headline] %>
   #
-  # Testing using <tt>defined? headline</tt> will not work. This is an implementation restriction.
+  # This is useful in cases where you aren't sure if the local variable has been assigned. Alternatively, you could also use
+  # <tt>defined? headline</tt> to first check if the variable has been assigned before using it.
   #
   # === Template caching
   #
@@ -131,7 +134,8 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
   #     end
   #   end
   #
-  # More builder documentation can be found at http://builder.rubyforge.org.
+  # For more information on Builder please consult the {source
+  # code}[https://github.com/jimweirich/builder].
   class Base
     include Helpers, ::ERB::Util, Context
 
@@ -157,6 +161,10 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
     cattr_accessor :raise_on_missing_translations
     @@raise_on_missing_translations = false
 
+    # Specify whether submit_tag should automatically disable on click
+    cattr_accessor :automatically_disable_submit_tag
+    @@automatically_disable_submit_tag = true
+
     class_attribute :_routes
     class_attribute :logger
 
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/buffers.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/buffers.rb
index 361a0dccbe..be5d86b1dc 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/buffers.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/buffers.rb
@@ -13,10 +13,11 @@ module ActionView
     end
     alias :append= :<<
 
-    def safe_concat(value)
-      return self if value.nil?
-      super(value.to_s)
+    def safe_expr_append=(val)
+      return self if val.nil?
+      safe_concat val.to_s
     end
+
     alias :safe_append= :safe_concat
   end
 
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/dependency_tracker.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/dependency_tracker.rb
index 0ccf2515c5..5a4c3ea3fe 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/dependency_tracker.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/dependency_tracker.rb
@@ -1,16 +1,18 @@
-require 'thread_safe'
+require 'concurrent/map'
+require 'action_view/path_set'
 
 module ActionView
   class DependencyTracker # :nodoc:
-    @trackers = ThreadSafe::Cache.new
+    @trackers = Concurrent::Map.new
 
-    def self.find_dependencies(name, template)
+    def self.find_dependencies(name, template, view_paths = nil)
       tracker = @trackers[template.handler]
+      return [] unless tracker.present?
 
-      if tracker.present?
-        tracker.call(name, template)
+      if tracker.respond_to?(:supports_view_paths?) && tracker.supports_view_paths?
+        tracker.call(name, template, view_paths)
       else
-        []
+        tracker.call(name, template)
       end
     end
 
@@ -53,6 +55,12 @@ module ActionView
         \s*                          # followed by optional spaces
       /x
 
+      # Part of any hash containing the :layout key
+      LAYOUT_HASH_KEY = /
+        (?:\blayout:|:layout\s*=>)   # layout key in either old or new style hash syntax
+        \s*                          # followed by optional spaces
+      /x
+
       # Matches:
       #   partial: "comments/comment", collection: @all_comments => "comments/comment"
       #   (object: @single_comment, partial: "comments/comment") => "comments/comment"
@@ -65,17 +73,27 @@ module ActionView
       #    topics          => "topics/topic"
       #   (message.topics) => "topics/topic"
       RENDER_ARGUMENTS = /\A
-        (?:\s*\(?\s*)                             # optional opening paren surrounded by spaces
-        (?:.*?#{PARTIAL_HASH_KEY})?               # optional hash, up to the partial key declaration
-        (?:#{STRING}|#{VARIABLE_OR_METHOD_CHAIN}) # finally, the dependency name of interest
+        (?:\s*\(?\s*)                                  # optional opening paren surrounded by spaces
+        (?:.*?#{PARTIAL_HASH_KEY}|#{LAYOUT_HASH_KEY})? # optional hash, up to the partial or layout key declaration
+        (?:#{STRING}|#{VARIABLE_OR_METHOD_CHAIN})      # finally, the dependency name of interest
       /xm
 
-      def self.call(name, template)
-        new(name, template).dependencies
+      LAYOUT_DEPENDENCY = /\A
+        (?:\s*\(?\s*)                                  # optional opening paren surrounded by spaces
+        (?:.*?#{LAYOUT_HASH_KEY})                      # check if the line has layout key declaration
+        (?:#{STRING}|#{VARIABLE_OR_METHOD_CHAIN})      # finally, the dependency name of interest
+      /xm
+
+      def self.supports_view_paths? # :nodoc:
+        true
+      end
+
+      def self.call(name, template, view_paths = nil)
+        new(name, template, view_paths).dependencies
       end
 
-      def initialize(name, template)
-        @name, @template = name, template
+      def initialize(name, template, view_paths = nil)
+        @name, @template, @view_paths = name, template, view_paths
       end
 
       def dependencies
@@ -85,8 +103,8 @@ module ActionView
       attr_reader :name, :template
       private :name, :template
 
-      private
 
+      private
         def source
           template.source
         end
@@ -100,15 +118,20 @@ module ActionView
           render_calls = source.split(/\brender\b/).drop(1)
 
           render_calls.each do |arguments|
-            arguments.scan(RENDER_ARGUMENTS) do
-              add_dynamic_dependency(render_dependencies, Regexp.last_match[:dynamic])
-              add_static_dependency(render_dependencies, Regexp.last_match[:static])
-            end
+            add_dependencies(render_dependencies, arguments, LAYOUT_DEPENDENCY)
+            add_dependencies(render_dependencies, arguments, RENDER_ARGUMENTS)
           end
 
           render_dependencies.uniq
         end
 
+        def add_dependencies(render_dependencies, arguments, pattern)
+          arguments.scan(pattern) do
+            add_dynamic_dependency(render_dependencies, Regexp.last_match[:dynamic])
+            add_static_dependency(render_dependencies, Regexp.last_match[:static])
+          end
+        end
+
         def add_dynamic_dependency(dependencies, dependency)
           if dependency
             dependencies << "#{dependency.pluralize}/#{dependency.singularize}"
@@ -125,8 +148,22 @@ module ActionView
           end
         end
 
+        def resolve_directories(wildcard_dependencies)
+          return [] unless @view_paths
+
+          wildcard_dependencies.each_with_object([]) do |query, templates|
+            @view_paths.find_all_with_query(query).each do |template|
+              templates << "#{File.dirname(query)}/#{File.basename(template).split('.').first}"
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
         def explicit_dependencies
-          source.scan(EXPLICIT_DEPENDENCY).flatten.uniq
+          dependencies = source.scan(EXPLICIT_DEPENDENCY).flatten.uniq
+
+          wildcards, explicits = dependencies.partition { |dependency| dependency[-1] == '*' }
+
+          (explicits + resolve_directories(wildcards)).uniq
         end
     end
 
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/digestor.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/digestor.rb
index 5570e2a8dc..6f2f9ca53c 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/digestor.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/digestor.rb
@@ -1,80 +1,91 @@
-require 'thread_safe'
+require 'concurrent/map'
 require 'action_view/dependency_tracker'
 require 'monitor'
 
 module ActionView
   class Digestor
     cattr_reader(:cache)
-    @@cache          = ThreadSafe::Cache.new
+    @@cache          = Concurrent::Map.new
     @@digest_monitor = Monitor.new
 
+    class PerRequestDigestCacheExpiry < Struct.new(:app) # :nodoc:
+      def call(env)
+        ActionView::Digestor.cache.clear
+        app.call(env)
+      end
+    end
+
     class << self
-      def digest(name, format, finder, options = {})
-        details_key = finder.details_key.hash
-        dependencies = Array.wrap(options[:dependencies])
-        cache_key = ([name, details_key, format] + dependencies).join('.')
+      # Supported options:
+      #
+      # * <tt>name</tt>   - Template name
+      # * <tt>finder</tt>  - An instance of <tt>ActionView::LookupContext</tt>
+      # * <tt>dependencies</tt>  - An array of dependent views
+      # * <tt>partial</tt>  - Specifies whether the template is a partial
+      def digest(options)
+        options.assert_valid_keys(:name, :finder, :dependencies, :partial)
+
+        cache_key = ([ options[:name], options[:finder].details_key.hash ].compact + Array.wrap(options[:dependencies])).join('.')
 
         # this is a correctly done double-checked locking idiom
-        # (ThreadSafe::Cache's lookups have volatile semantics)
+        # (Concurrent::Map's lookups have volatile semantics)
         @@cache[cache_key] || @@digest_monitor.synchronize do
           @@cache.fetch(cache_key) do # re-check under lock
-            compute_and_store_digest(cache_key, name, format, finder, options)
+            compute_and_store_digest(cache_key, options)
           end
         end
       end
 
       private
-      def compute_and_store_digest(cache_key, name, format, finder, options) # called under @@digest_monitor lock
-        klass = if options[:partial] || name.include?("/_")
-          # Prevent re-entry or else recursive templates will blow the stack.
-          # There is no need to worry about other threads seeing the +false+ value,
-          # as they will then have to wait for this thread to let go of the @@digest_monitor lock.
-          pre_stored = @@cache.put_if_absent(cache_key, false).nil? # put_if_absent returns nil on insertion
-          PartialDigestor
-        else
-          Digestor
-        end
+        def compute_and_store_digest(cache_key, options) # called under @@digest_monitor lock
+          klass = if options[:partial] || options[:name].include?("/_")
+            # Prevent re-entry or else recursive templates will blow the stack.
+            # There is no need to worry about other threads seeing the +false+ value,
+            # as they will then have to wait for this thread to let go of the @@digest_monitor lock.
+            pre_stored = @@cache.put_if_absent(cache_key, false).nil? # put_if_absent returns nil on insertion
+            PartialDigestor
+          else
+            Digestor
+          end
 
-        digest = klass.new(name, format, finder, options).digest
-        # Store the actual digest if config.cache_template_loading is true
-        @@cache[cache_key] = stored_digest = digest if ActionView::Resolver.caching?
-        digest
-      ensure
-        # something went wrong or ActionView::Resolver.caching? is false, make sure not to corrupt the @@cache
-        @@cache.delete_pair(cache_key, false) if pre_stored && !stored_digest 
-      end
+          @@cache[cache_key] = stored_digest = klass.new(options).digest
+        ensure
+          # something went wrong or ActionView::Resolver.caching? is false, make sure not to corrupt the @@cache
+          @@cache.delete_pair(cache_key, false) if pre_stored && !stored_digest
+        end
     end
 
-    attr_reader :name, :format, :finder, :options
+    attr_reader :name, :finder, :options
 
-    def initialize(name, format, finder, options={})
-      @name, @format, @finder, @options = name, format, finder, options
+    def initialize(options)
+      @name, @finder = options.values_at(:name, :finder)
+      @options = options.except(:name, :finder)
     end
 
     def digest
       Digest::MD5.hexdigest("#{source}-#{dependency_digest}").tap do |digest|
-        logger.try :info, "Cache digest for #{name}.#{format}: #{digest}"
+        logger.try :debug, "  Cache digest for #{template.inspect}: #{digest}"
       end
     rescue ActionView::MissingTemplate
-      logger.try :error, "Couldn't find template for digesting: #{name}.#{format}"
+      logger.try :error, "  Couldn't find template for digesting: #{name}"
       ''
     end
 
     def dependencies
-      DependencyTracker.find_dependencies(name, template)
+      DependencyTracker.find_dependencies(name, template, finder.view_paths)
     rescue ActionView::MissingTemplate
-      [] # File doesn't exist, so no dependencies
+      logger.try :error, "  '#{name}' file doesn't exist, so no dependencies"
+      []
     end
 
     def nested_dependencies
       dependencies.collect do |dependency|
-        dependencies = PartialDigestor.new(dependency, format, finder).nested_dependencies
+        dependencies = PartialDigestor.new(name: dependency, finder: finder).nested_dependencies
         dependencies.any? ? { dependency => dependencies } : dependency
       end
     end
 
     private
-
       def logger
         ActionView::Base.logger
       end
@@ -88,7 +99,7 @@ module ActionView
       end
 
       def template
-        @template ||= finder.find(logical_name, [], partial?, formats: [ format ])
+        @template ||= finder.disable_cache { finder.find(logical_name, [], partial?) }
       end
 
       def source
@@ -97,7 +108,7 @@ module ActionView
 
       def dependency_digest
         template_digests = dependencies.collect do |template_name|
-          Digestor.digest(template_name, format, finder, partial: true)
+          Digestor.digest(name: template_name, finder: finder, partial: true)
         end
 
         (template_digests + injected_dependencies).join("-")
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/gem_version.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/gem_version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4f45f5b8c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/gem_version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module ActionView
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded Action View as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
+  def self.gem_version
+    Gem::Version.new VERSION::STRING
+  end
+
+  module VERSION
+    MAJOR = 5
+    MINOR = 0
+    TINY  = 0
+    PRE   = "alpha"
+
+    STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE].compact.join(".")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helper.rb
index aa49f1edc1..91e934cd64 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helper.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ module ActionView
   # = Action View Asset Tag Helpers
   module Helpers #:nodoc:
     # This module provides methods for generating HTML that links views to assets such
-    # as images, javascripts, stylesheets, and feeds. These methods do not verify
+    # as images, JavaScripts, stylesheets, and feeds. These methods do not verify
     # the assets exist before linking to them:
     #
     #   image_tag("rails.png")
@@ -55,12 +55,12 @@ module ActionView
       #   # => <script src="http://www.example.com/xmlhr.js"></script>
       def javascript_include_tag(*sources)
         options = sources.extract_options!.stringify_keys
-        path_options = options.extract!('protocol', 'extname').symbolize_keys
+        path_options = options.extract!('protocol', 'extname', 'host').symbolize_keys
         sources.uniq.map { |source|
           tag_options = {
             "src" => path_to_javascript(source, path_options)
           }.merge!(options)
-          content_tag(:script, "", tag_options)
+          content_tag("script".freeze, "", tag_options)
         }.join("\n").html_safe
       end
 
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ module ActionView
       #   #    <link href="/css/stylish.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
       def stylesheet_link_tag(*sources)
         options = sources.extract_options!.stringify_keys
-        path_options = options.extract!('protocol').symbolize_keys
+        path_options = options.extract!('protocol', 'host').symbolize_keys
 
         sources.uniq.map { |source|
           tag_options = {
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ module ActionView
       #   auto_discovery_link_tag(:rss, {controller: "news", action: "feed"})
       #   # => <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS" href="http://www.currenthost.com/news/feed" />
       #   auto_discovery_link_tag(:rss, "http://www.example.com/feed.rss", {title: "Example RSS"})
-      #   # => <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Example RSS" href="http://www.example.com/feed" />
+      #   # => <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Example RSS" href="http://www.example.com/feed.rss" />
       def auto_discovery_link_tag(type = :rss, url_options = {}, tag_options = {})
         if !(type == :rss || type == :atom) && tag_options[:type].blank?
           raise ArgumentError.new("You should pass :type tag_option key explicitly, because you have passed #{type} type other than :rss or :atom.")
@@ -136,28 +136,35 @@ module ActionView
         tag(
           "link",
           "rel"   => tag_options[:rel] || "alternate",
-          "type"  => tag_options[:type] || Mime::Type.lookup_by_extension(type.to_s).to_s,
+          "type"  => tag_options[:type] || Mime[type].to_s,
           "title" => tag_options[:title] || type.to_s.upcase,
           "href"  => url_options.is_a?(Hash) ? url_for(url_options.merge(:only_path => false)) : url_options
         )
       end
 
-      # Returns a link loading a favicon file. You may specify a different file
-      # in the first argument. The helper accepts an additional options hash where
-      # you can override "rel" and "type".
+      # Returns a link tag for a favicon managed by the asset pipeline.
       #
-      # ==== Options
+      # If a page has no link like the one generated by this helper, browsers
+      # ask for <tt>/favicon.ico</tt> automatically, and cache the file if the
+      # request succeeds. If the favicon changes it is hard to get it updated.
       #
-      # * <tt>:rel</tt>   - Specify the relation of this link, defaults to 'shortcut icon'
-      # * <tt>:type</tt>  - Override the auto-generated mime type, defaults to 'image/vnd.microsoft.icon'
+      # To have better control applications may let the asset pipeline manage
+      # their favicon storing the file under <tt>app/assets/images</tt>, and
+      # using this helper to generate its corresponding link tag.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
+      # The helper gets the name of the favicon file as first argument, which
+      # defaults to "favicon.ico", and also supports +:rel+ and +:type+ options
+      # to override their defaults, "shortcut icon" and "image/x-icon"
+      # respectively:
+      #
+      #   favicon_link_tag
+      #   # => <link href="/assets/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" />
       #
       #   favicon_link_tag 'myicon.ico'
-      #   # => <link href="/assets/myicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" />
+      #   # => <link href="/assets/myicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" />
       #
-      # Mobile Safari looks for a different <link> tag, pointing to an image that
-      # will be used if you add the page to the home screen of an iPod Touch, iPhone, or iPad.
+      # Mobile Safari looks for a different link tag, pointing to an image that
+      # will be used if you add the page to the home screen of an iOS device.
       # The following call would generate such a tag:
       #
       #   favicon_link_tag 'mb-icon.png', rel: 'apple-touch-icon', type: 'image/png'
@@ -165,7 +172,7 @@ module ActionView
       def favicon_link_tag(source='favicon.ico', options={})
         tag('link', {
           :rel  => 'shortcut icon',
-          :type => 'image/vnd.microsoft.icon',
+          :type => 'image/x-icon',
           :href => path_to_image(source)
         }.merge!(options.symbolize_keys))
       end
@@ -198,8 +205,11 @@ module ActionView
       #   # => <img alt="Icon" height="32" src="/icons/icon.gif" width="32" />
       #   image_tag("/icons/icon.gif", class: "menu_icon")
       #   # => <img alt="Icon" class="menu_icon" src="/icons/icon.gif" />
+      #   image_tag("/icons/icon.gif", data: { title: 'Rails Application' })
+      #   # => <img data-title="Rails Application" src="/icons/icon.gif" />
       def image_tag(source, options={})
         options = options.symbolize_keys
+        check_for_image_tag_errors(options)
 
         src = options[:src] = path_to_image(source)
 
@@ -211,7 +221,7 @@ module ActionView
         tag("img", options)
       end
 
-      # Returns a string suitable for an html image tag alt attribute.
+      # Returns a string suitable for an HTML image tag alt attribute.
       # The +src+ argument is meant to be an image file path.
       # The method removes the basename of the file path and the digest,
       # if any. It also removes hyphens and underscores from file names and
@@ -229,10 +239,10 @@ module ActionView
       #   image_alt('underscored_file_name.png')
       #   # => Underscored file name
       def image_alt(src)
-        File.basename(src, '.*').sub(/-[[:xdigit:]]{32}\z/, '').tr('-_', ' ').capitalize
+        File.basename(src, '.*'.freeze).sub(/-[[:xdigit:]]{32}\z/, ''.freeze).tr('-_'.freeze, ' '.freeze).capitalize
       end
 
-      # Returns an html video tag for the +sources+. If +sources+ is a string,
+      # Returns an HTML video tag for the +sources+. If +sources+ is a string,
       # a single video tag will be returned. If +sources+ is an array, a video
       # tag with nested source tags for each source will be returned. The
       # +sources+ can be full paths or files that exists in your public videos
@@ -251,19 +261,19 @@ module ActionView
       # ==== Examples
       #
       #   video_tag("trailer")
-      #   # => <video src="/videos/trailer" />
+      #   # => <video src="/videos/trailer"></video>
       #   video_tag("trailer.ogg")
-      #   # => <video src="/videos/trailer.ogg" />
+      #   # => <video src="/videos/trailer.ogg"></video>
       #   video_tag("trailer.ogg", controls: true, autobuffer: true)
-      #   # => <video autobuffer="autobuffer" controls="controls" src="/videos/trailer.ogg" />
+      #   # => <video autobuffer="autobuffer" controls="controls" src="/videos/trailer.ogg" ></video>
       #   video_tag("trailer.m4v", size: "16x10", poster: "screenshot.png")
-      #   # => <video src="/videos/trailer.m4v" width="16" height="10" poster="/assets/screenshot.png" />
+      #   # => <video src="/videos/trailer.m4v" width="16" height="10" poster="/assets/screenshot.png"></video>
       #   video_tag("/trailers/hd.avi", size: "16x16")
-      #   # => <video src="/trailers/hd.avi" width="16" height="16" />
+      #   # => <video src="/trailers/hd.avi" width="16" height="16"></video>
       #   video_tag("/trailers/hd.avi", size: "16")
-      #   # => <video height="16" src="/trailers/hd.avi" width="16" />
+      #   # => <video height="16" src="/trailers/hd.avi" width="16"></video>
       #   video_tag("/trailers/hd.avi", height: '32', width: '32')
-      #   # => <video height="32" src="/trailers/hd.avi" width="32" />
+      #   # => <video height="32" src="/trailers/hd.avi" width="32"></video>
       #   video_tag("trailer.ogg", "trailer.flv")
       #   # => <video><source src="/videos/trailer.ogg" /><source src="/videos/trailer.flv" /></video>
       #   video_tag(["trailer.ogg", "trailer.flv"])
@@ -282,11 +292,11 @@ module ActionView
       # your public audios directory.
       #
       #   audio_tag("sound")
-      #   # => <audio src="/audios/sound" />
+      #   # => <audio src="/audios/sound"></audio>
       #   audio_tag("sound.wav")
-      #   # => <audio src="/audios/sound.wav" />
+      #   # => <audio src="/audios/sound.wav"></audio>
       #   audio_tag("sound.wav", autoplay: true, controls: true)
-      #   # => <audio autoplay="autoplay" controls="controls" src="/audios/sound.wav" />
+      #   # => <audio autoplay="autoplay" controls="controls" src="/audios/sound.wav"></audio>
       #   audio_tag("sound.wav", "sound.mid")
       #   # => <audio><source src="/audios/sound.wav" /><source src="/audios/sound.mid" /></audio>
       def audio_tag(*sources)
@@ -311,12 +321,19 @@ module ActionView
         end
 
         def extract_dimensions(size)
+          size = size.to_s
           if size =~ %r{\A\d+x\d+\z}
             size.split('x')
           elsif size =~ %r{\A\d+\z}
             [size, size]
           end
         end
+
+        def check_for_image_tag_errors(options)
+          if options[:size] && (options[:height] || options[:width])
+            raise ArgumentError, "Cannot pass a :size option with a :height or :width option"
+          end
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_url_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_url_helper.rb
index c830ab23e3..717b326740 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_url_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_url_helper.rb
@@ -31,26 +31,33 @@ module ActionView
     #   stylesheet_link_tag("application")
     #   # => <link href="http://assets.example.com/assets/application.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
     #
-    # Browsers typically open at most two simultaneous connections to a single
-    # host, which means your assets often have to wait for other assets to finish
-    # downloading. You can alleviate this by using a <tt>%d</tt> wildcard in the
-    # +asset_host+. For example, "assets%d.example.com". If that wildcard is
-    # present Rails distributes asset requests among the corresponding four hosts
-    # "assets0.example.com", ..., "assets3.example.com". With this trick browsers
-    # will open eight simultaneous connections rather than two.
+    # Browsers open a limited number of simultaneous connections to a single
+    # host. The exact number varies by browser and version. This limit may cause
+    # some asset downloads to wait for previous assets to finish before they can
+    # begin. You can use the <tt>%d</tt> wildcard in the +asset_host+ to
+    # distribute the requests over four hosts. For example,
+    # <tt>assets%d.example.com<tt> will spread the asset requests over
+    # "assets0.example.com", ..., "assets3.example.com".
     #
     #   image_tag("rails.png")
     #   # => <img alt="Rails" src="http://assets0.example.com/assets/rails.png" />
     #   stylesheet_link_tag("application")
     #   # => <link href="http://assets2.example.com/assets/application.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
     #
-    # To do this, you can either setup four actual hosts, or you can use wildcard
-    # DNS to CNAME the wildcard to a single asset host. You can read more about
-    # setting up your DNS CNAME records from your ISP.
+    # This may improve the asset loading performance of your application.
+    # It is also possible the combination of additional connection overhead
+    # (DNS, SSL) and the overall browser connection limits may result in this
+    # solution being slower. You should be sure to measure your actual
+    # performance across targeted browsers both before and after this change.
+    #
+    # To implement the corresponding hosts you can either setup four actual
+    # hosts or use wildcard DNS to CNAME the wildcard to a single asset host.
+    # You can read more about setting up your DNS CNAME records from your ISP.
     #
     # Note: This is purely a browser performance optimization and is not meant
     # for server load balancing. See http://www.die.net/musings/page_load_time/
-    # for background.
+    # for background and http://www.browserscope.org/?category=network for
+    # connection limit data.
     #
     # Alternatively, you can exert more control over the asset host by setting
     # +asset_host+ to a proc like this:
@@ -88,9 +95,12 @@ module ActionView
     # still sending assets for plain HTTP requests from asset hosts. If you don't
     # have SSL certificates for each of the asset hosts this technique allows you
     # to avoid warnings in the client about mixed media.
+    # Note that the request parameter might not be supplied, e.g. when the assets
+    # are precompiled via a Rake task. Make sure to use a Proc instead of a lambda,
+    # since a Proc allows missing parameters and sets them to nil.
     #
     #   config.action_controller.asset_host = Proc.new { |source, request|
-    #     if request.ssl?
+    #     if request && request.ssl?
     #       "#{request.protocol}#{request.host_with_port}"
     #     else
     #       "#{request.protocol}assets.example.com"
@@ -113,16 +123,18 @@ module ActionView
       #
       # All other asset *_path helpers delegate through this method.
       #
-      #   asset_path "application.js"                     # => /application.js
-      #   asset_path "application", type: :javascript     # => /javascripts/application.js
-      #   asset_path "application", type: :stylesheet     # => /stylesheets/application.css
+      #   asset_path "application.js"                     # => /assets/application.js
+      #   asset_path "application", type: :javascript     # => /assets/application.js
+      #   asset_path "application", type: :stylesheet     # => /assets/application.css
       #   asset_path "http://www.example.com/js/xmlhr.js" # => http://www.example.com/js/xmlhr.js
       def asset_path(source, options = {})
+        raise ArgumentError, "nil is not a valid asset source" if source.nil?
+
         source = source.to_s
         return "" unless source.present?
         return source if source =~ URI_REGEXP
 
-        tail, source = source[/([\?#].+)$/], source.sub(/([\?#].+)$/, '')
+        tail, source = source[/([\?#].+)$/], source.sub(/([\?#].+)$/, ''.freeze)
 
         if extname = compute_asset_extname(source, options)
           source = "#{source}#{extname}"
@@ -134,11 +146,11 @@ module ActionView
 
         relative_url_root = defined?(config.relative_url_root) && config.relative_url_root
         if relative_url_root
-          source = "#{relative_url_root}#{source}" unless source.starts_with?("#{relative_url_root}/")
+          source = File.join(relative_url_root, source) unless source.starts_with?("#{relative_url_root}/")
         end
 
         if host = compute_asset_host(source, options)
-          source = "#{host}#{source}"
+          source = File.join(host, source)
         end
 
         "#{source}#{tail}"
@@ -147,7 +159,14 @@ module ActionView
 
       # Computes the full URL to an asset in the public directory. This
       # will use +asset_path+ internally, so most of their behaviors
-      # will be the same.
+      # will be the same. If :host options is set, it overwrites global
+      # +config.action_controller.asset_host+ setting.
+      #
+      # All other options provided are forwarded to +asset_path+ call.
+      #
+      #   asset_url "application.js"                                 # => http://example.com/assets/application.js
+      #   asset_url "application.js", host: "http://cdn.example.com" # => http://cdn.example.com/assets/application.js
+      #
       def asset_url(source, options = {})
         path_to_asset(source, options.merge(:protocol => :request))
       end
@@ -191,8 +210,8 @@ module ActionView
       # (proc or otherwise).
       def compute_asset_host(source = "", options = {})
         request = self.request if respond_to?(:request)
-        host = config.asset_host if defined? config.asset_host
-        host ||= request.base_url if request && options[:protocol] == :request
+        host = options[:host]
+        host ||= config.asset_host if defined? config.asset_host
 
         if host.respond_to?(:call)
           arity = host.respond_to?(:arity) ? host.arity : host.method(:call).arity
@@ -203,6 +222,7 @@ module ActionView
           host = host % (Zlib.crc32(source) % 4)
         end
 
+        host ||= request.base_url if request && options[:protocol] == :request
         return unless host
 
         if host =~ URI_REGEXP
@@ -220,13 +240,13 @@ module ActionView
         end
       end
 
-      # Computes the path to a javascript asset in the public javascripts directory.
+      # Computes the path to a JavaScript asset in the public javascripts directory.
       # If the +source+ filename has no extension, .js will be appended (except for explicit URIs)
       # Full paths from the document root will be passed through.
-      # Used internally by javascript_include_tag to build the script path.
+      # Used internally by +javascript_include_tag+ to build the script path.
       #
-      #   javascript_path "xmlhr"                              # => /javascripts/xmlhr.js
-      #   javascript_path "dir/xmlhr.js"                       # => /javascripts/dir/xmlhr.js
+      #   javascript_path "xmlhr"                              # => /assets/xmlhr.js
+      #   javascript_path "dir/xmlhr.js"                       # => /assets/dir/xmlhr.js
       #   javascript_path "/dir/xmlhr"                         # => /dir/xmlhr.js
       #   javascript_path "http://www.example.com/js/xmlhr"    # => http://www.example.com/js/xmlhr
       #   javascript_path "http://www.example.com/js/xmlhr.js" # => http://www.example.com/js/xmlhr.js
@@ -235,20 +255,25 @@ module ActionView
       end
       alias_method :path_to_javascript, :javascript_path # aliased to avoid conflicts with a javascript_path named route
 
-      # Computes the full URL to a javascript asset in the public javascripts directory.
+      # Computes the full URL to a JavaScript asset in the public javascripts directory.
       # This will use +javascript_path+ internally, so most of their behaviors will be the same.
+      # Since +javascript_url+ is based on +asset_url+ method you can set :host options. If :host
+      # options is set, it overwrites global +config.action_controller.asset_host+ setting.
+      #
+      #   javascript_url "js/xmlhr.js", host: "http://stage.example.com" # => http://stage.example.com/assets/dir/xmlhr.js
+      #
       def javascript_url(source, options = {})
         url_to_asset(source, {type: :javascript}.merge!(options))
       end
       alias_method :url_to_javascript, :javascript_url # aliased to avoid conflicts with a javascript_url named route
 
       # Computes the path to a stylesheet asset in the public stylesheets directory.
-      # If the +source+ filename has no extension, <tt>.css</tt> will be appended (except for explicit URIs).
+      # If the +source+ filename has no extension, .css will be appended (except for explicit URIs).
       # Full paths from the document root will be passed through.
       # Used internally by +stylesheet_link_tag+ to build the stylesheet path.
       #
-      #   stylesheet_path "style"                                  # => /stylesheets/style.css
-      #   stylesheet_path "dir/style.css"                          # => /stylesheets/dir/style.css
+      #   stylesheet_path "style"                                  # => /assets/style.css
+      #   stylesheet_path "dir/style.css"                          # => /assets/dir/style.css
       #   stylesheet_path "/dir/style.css"                         # => /dir/style.css
       #   stylesheet_path "http://www.example.com/css/style"       # => http://www.example.com/css/style
       #   stylesheet_path "http://www.example.com/css/style.css"   # => http://www.example.com/css/style.css
@@ -259,6 +284,11 @@ module ActionView
 
       # Computes the full URL to a stylesheet asset in the public stylesheets directory.
       # This will use +stylesheet_path+ internally, so most of their behaviors will be the same.
+      # Since +stylesheet_url+ is based on +asset_url+ method you can set :host options. If :host
+      # options is set, it overwrites global +config.action_controller.asset_host+ setting.
+      #
+      #   stylesheet_url "css/style.css", host: "http://stage.example.com" # => http://stage.example.com/css/style.css
+      #
       def stylesheet_url(source, options = {})
         url_to_asset(source, {type: :stylesheet}.merge!(options))
       end
@@ -284,6 +314,11 @@ module ActionView
 
       # Computes the full URL to an image asset.
       # This will use +image_path+ internally, so most of their behaviors will be the same.
+      # Since +image_url+ is based on +asset_url+ method you can set :host options. If :host
+      # options is set, it overwrites global +config.action_controller.asset_host+ setting.
+      #
+      #   image_url "edit.png", host: "http://stage.example.com" # => http://stage.example.com/edit.png
+      #
       def image_url(source, options = {})
         url_to_asset(source, {type: :image}.merge!(options))
       end
@@ -305,6 +340,11 @@ module ActionView
 
       # Computes the full URL to a video asset in the public videos directory.
       # This will use +video_path+ internally, so most of their behaviors will be the same.
+      # Since +video_url+ is based on +asset_url+ method you can set :host options. If :host
+      # options is set, it overwrites global +config.action_controller.asset_host+ setting.
+      #
+      #   video_url "hd.avi", host: "http://stage.example.com" # => http://stage.example.com/hd.avi
+      #
       def video_url(source, options = {})
         url_to_asset(source, {type: :video}.merge!(options))
       end
@@ -326,6 +366,11 @@ module ActionView
 
       # Computes the full URL to an audio asset in the public audios directory.
       # This will use +audio_path+ internally, so most of their behaviors will be the same.
+      # Since +audio_url+ is based on +asset_url+ method you can set :host options. If :host
+      # options is set, it overwrites global +config.action_controller.asset_host+ setting.
+      #
+      #   audio_url "horse.wav", host: "http://stage.example.com" # => http://stage.example.com/horse.wav
+      #
       def audio_url(source, options = {})
         url_to_asset(source, {type: :audio}.merge!(options))
       end
@@ -334,9 +379,9 @@ module ActionView
       # Computes the path to a font asset.
       # Full paths from the document root will be passed through.
       #
-      #   font_path("font")                                           # => /assets/font
-      #   font_path("font.ttf")                                       # => /assets/font.ttf
-      #   font_path("dir/font.ttf")                                   # => /assets/dir/font.ttf
+      #   font_path("font")                                           # => /fonts/font
+      #   font_path("font.ttf")                                       # => /fonts/font.ttf
+      #   font_path("dir/font.ttf")                                   # => /fonts/dir/font.ttf
       #   font_path("/dir/font.ttf")                                  # => /dir/font.ttf
       #   font_path("http://www.example.com/dir/font.ttf")            # => http://www.example.com/dir/font.ttf
       def font_path(source, options = {})
@@ -346,6 +391,11 @@ module ActionView
 
       # Computes the full URL to a font asset.
       # This will use +font_path+ internally, so most of their behaviors will be the same.
+      # Since +font_url+ is based on +asset_url+ method you can set :host options. If :host
+      # options is set, it overwrites global +config.action_controller.asset_host+ setting.
+      #
+      #   font_url "font.ttf", host: "http://stage.example.com" # => http://stage.example.com/font.ttf
+      #
       def font_url(source, options = {})
         url_to_asset(source, {type: :font}.merge!(options))
       end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/atom_feed_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/atom_feed_helper.rb
index af70a4242a..bb1cdd0f8d 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/atom_feed_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/atom_feed_helper.rb
@@ -10,13 +10,13 @@ module ActionView
       # Full usage example:
       #
       #   config/routes.rb:
-      #     Basecamp::Application.routes.draw do
+      #     Rails.application.routes.draw do
       #       resources :posts
       #       root to: "posts#index"
       #     end
       #
       #   app/controllers/posts_controller.rb:
-      #     class PostsController < ApplicationController::Base
+      #     class PostsController < ApplicationController
       #       # GET /posts.html
       #       # GET /posts.atom
       #       def index
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ module ActionView
       # * <tt>:language</tt>: Defaults to "en-US".
       # * <tt>:root_url</tt>: The HTML alternative that this feed is doubling for. Defaults to / on the current host.
       # * <tt>:url</tt>: The URL for this feed. Defaults to the current URL.
-      # * <tt>:id</tt>: The id for this feed. Defaults to "tag:#{request.host},#{options[:schema_date]}:#{request.fullpath.split(".")[0]}"
+      # * <tt>:id</tt>: The id for this feed. Defaults to "tag:localhost,2005:/posts", in this case. 
       # * <tt>:schema_date</tt>: The date at which the tag scheme for the feed was first used. A good default is the year you
       #   created the feed. See http://feedvalidator.org/docs/error/InvalidTAG.html for more information. If not specified,
       #   2005 is used (as an "I don't care" value).
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ module ActionView
         #
         # * <tt>:published</tt>: Time first published. Defaults to the created_at attribute on the record if one such exists.
         # * <tt>:updated</tt>: Time of update. Defaults to the updated_at attribute on the record if one such exists.
-        # * <tt>:url</tt>: The URL for this entry. Defaults to the polymorphic_url for the record.
+        # * <tt>:url</tt>: The URL for this entry or false or nil for not having a link tag. Defaults to the polymorphic_url for the record.
         # * <tt>:id</tt>: The ID for this entry. Defaults to "tag:#{@view.request.host},#{@feed_options[:schema_date]}:#{record.class}/#{record.id}"
         # * <tt>:type</tt>: The TYPE for this entry. Defaults to "text/html".
         def entry(record, options = {})
@@ -191,7 +191,8 @@ module ActionView
 
             type = options.fetch(:type, 'text/html')
 
-            @xml.link(:rel => 'alternate', :type => type, :href => options[:url] || @view.polymorphic_url(record))
+            url = options.fetch(:url) { @view.polymorphic_url(record) }
+            @xml.link(:rel => 'alternate', :type => type, :href => url) if url
 
             yield AtomBuilder.new(@xml)
           end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/cache_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/cache_helper.rb
index b3af1d4da4..18b2102d73 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/cache_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/cache_helper.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ module ActionView
       # The best way to use this is by doing key-based cache expiration
       # on top of a cache store like Memcached that'll automatically
       # kick out old entries. For more on key-based expiration, see:
-      # http://37signals.com/svn/posts/3113-how-key-based-cache-expiration-works
+      # http://signalvnoise.com/posts/3113-how-key-based-cache-expiration-works
       #
       # When using this method, you list the cache dependency as the name of the cache, like so:
       #
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ module ActionView
       # This will include both records as part of the cache key and updating either of them will
       # expire the cache.
       #
-      # ==== Template digest
+      # ==== \Template digest
       #
       # The template digest that's added to the cache key is computed by taking an md5 of the
       # contents of the entire template file. This ensures that your caches will automatically
@@ -75,7 +75,8 @@ module ActionView
       #   render(topics)         => render("topics/topic")
       #   render(message.topics) => render("topics/topic")
       #
-      # It's not possible to derive all render calls like that, though. Here are a few examples of things that can't be derived:
+      # It's not possible to derive all render calls like that, though.
+      # Here are a few examples of things that can't be derived:
       #
       #   render group_of_attachments
       #   render @project.documents.where(published: true).order('created_at')
@@ -97,21 +98,74 @@ module ActionView
       #   <%# Template Dependency: todolists/todolist %>
       #   <%= render_sortable_todolists @project.todolists %>
       #
-      # The pattern used to match these is /# Template Dependency: ([^ ]+)/, so it's important that you type it out just so.
+      # In some cases, like a single table inheritance setup, you might have
+      # a bunch of explicit dependencies. Instead of writing every template out,
+      # you can use a wildcard to match any template in a directory:
+      #
+      #   <%# Template Dependency: events/* %>
+      #   <%= render_categorizable_events @person.events %>
+      #
+      # This marks every template in the directory as a dependency. To find those
+      # templates, the wildcard path must be absolutely defined from app/views or paths
+      # otherwise added with +prepend_view_path+ or +append_view_path+.
+      # This way the wildcard for `app/views/recordings/events` would be `recordings/events/*` etc.
+      #
+      # The pattern used to match explicit dependencies is <tt>/# Template Dependency: (\S+)/</tt>,
+      # so it's important that you type it out just so.
       # You can only declare one template dependency per line.
       #
       # === External dependencies
       #
-      # If you use a helper method, for example, inside of a cached block and you then update that helper,
-      # you'll have to bump the cache as well. It doesn't really matter how you do it, but the md5 of the template file
+      # If you use a helper method, for example, inside a cached block and
+      # you then update that helper, you'll have to bump the cache as well.
+      # It doesn't really matter how you do it, but the md5 of the template file
       # must change. One recommendation is to simply be explicit in a comment, like:
       #
       #   <%# Helper Dependency Updated: May 6, 2012 at 6pm %>
       #   <%= some_helper_method(person) %>
       #
-      # Now all you'll have to do is change that timestamp when the helper method changes.
-      def cache(name = {}, options = nil, &block)
-        if controller.perform_caching
+      # Now all you have to do is change that timestamp when the helper method changes.
+      #
+      # === Automatic Collection Caching
+      #
+      # When rendering collections such as:
+      #
+      #   <%= render @notifications %>
+      #   <%= render partial: 'notifications/notification', collection: @notifications %>
+      #
+      # If the notifications/_notification partial starts with a cache call as:
+      #
+      #   <% cache notification do %>
+      #     <%= notification.name %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # The collection can then automatically use any cached renders for that
+      # template by reading them at once instead of one by one.
+      #
+      # See ActionView::Template::Handlers::ERB.resource_cache_call_pattern for
+      # more information on what cache calls make a template eligible for this
+      # collection caching.
+      #
+      # The automatic cache multi read can be turned off like so:
+      #
+      #   <%= render @notifications, cache: false %>
+      #
+      # === Explicit Collection Caching
+      #
+      # If the partial template doesn't start with a clean cache call as
+      # mentioned above, you can still benefit from collection caching by
+      # adding a special comment format anywhere in the template, like:
+      #
+      #   <%# Template Collection: notification %>
+      #   <% my_helper_that_calls_cache(some_arg, notification) do %>
+      #     <%= notification.name %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # The pattern used to match these is <tt>/# Template Collection: (\S+)/</tt>,
+      # so it's important that you type it out just so.
+      # You can only declare one collection in a partial template file.
+      def cache(name = {}, options = {}, &block)
+        if controller.respond_to?(:perform_caching) && controller.perform_caching
           safe_concat(fragment_for(cache_fragment_name(name, options), options, &block))
         else
           yield
@@ -122,11 +176,11 @@ module ActionView
 
       # Cache fragments of a view if +condition+ is true
       #
-      #   <%= cache_if admin?, project do %>
+      #   <% cache_if admin?, project do %>
       #     <b>All the topics on this project</b>
       #     <%= render project.topics %>
       #   <% end %>
-      def cache_if(condition, name = {}, options = nil, &block)
+      def cache_if(condition, name = {}, options = {}, &block)
         if condition
           cache(name, options, &block)
         else
@@ -138,37 +192,38 @@ module ActionView
 
       # Cache fragments of a view unless +condition+ is true
       #
-      #   <%= cache_unless admin?, project do %>
+      #   <% cache_unless admin?, project do %>
       #     <b>All the topics on this project</b>
       #     <%= render project.topics %>
       #   <% end %>
-      def cache_unless(condition, name = {}, options = nil, &block)
+      def cache_unless(condition, name = {}, options = {}, &block)
         cache_if !condition, name, options, &block
       end
 
       # This helper returns the name of a cache key for a given fragment cache
-      # call. By supplying skip_digest: true to cache, the digestion of cache
+      # call. By supplying +skip_digest:+ true to cache, the digestion of cache
       # fragments can be manually bypassed. This is useful when cache fragments
       # cannot be manually expired unless you know the exact key which is the
       # case when using memcached.
-      def cache_fragment_name(name = {}, options = nil)
-        skip_digest = options && options[:skip_digest]
-
+      #
+      # The digest will be generated using +virtual_path:+ if it is provided.
+      #
+      def cache_fragment_name(name = {}, skip_digest: nil, virtual_path: nil)
         if skip_digest
           name
         else
-          fragment_name_with_digest(name)
+          fragment_name_with_digest(name, virtual_path)
         end
       end
 
     private
 
-      def fragment_name_with_digest(name) #:nodoc:
-        if @virtual_path
-          [
-            *Array(name.is_a?(Hash) ? controller.url_for(name).split("://").last : name),
-            Digestor.digest(@virtual_path, formats.last.to_sym, lookup_context, dependencies: view_cache_dependencies)
-          ]
+      def fragment_name_with_digest(name, virtual_path) #:nodoc:
+        virtual_path ||= @virtual_path
+        if virtual_path
+          name  = controller.url_for(name).split("://").last if name.is_a?(Hash)
+          digest = Digestor.digest name: virtual_path, finder: lookup_context, dependencies: view_cache_dependencies
+          [ name, digest ]
         else
           name
         end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/capture_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/capture_helper.rb
index 5afe435459..93c7cba395 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/capture_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/capture_helper.rb
@@ -31,7 +31,8 @@ module ActionView
       #   <head><title><%= @greeting %></title></head>
       #   <body>
       #   <b><%= @greeting %></b>
-      #   </body></html>
+      #   </body>
+      #   </html>
       #
       def capture(*args)
         value = nil
@@ -114,7 +115,7 @@ module ActionView
       #     <li><%= link_to 'Home', action: 'index' %></li>
       #   <% end %>
       #
-      #  And in other place:
+      #  And in another place:
       #
       #   <% content_for :navigation do %>
       #     <li><%= link_to 'Login', action: 'login' %></li>
@@ -194,7 +195,9 @@ module ActionView
       def with_output_buffer(buf = nil) #:nodoc:
         unless buf
           buf = ActionView::OutputBuffer.new
-          buf.force_encoding(output_buffer.encoding) if output_buffer
+          if output_buffer && output_buffer.respond_to?(:encoding)
+            buf.force_encoding(output_buffer.encoding)
+          end
         end
         self.output_buffer, old_buffer = buf, output_buffer
         yield
@@ -202,15 +205,6 @@ module ActionView
       ensure
         self.output_buffer = old_buffer
       end
-
-      # Add the output buffer to the response body and start a new one.
-      def flush_output_buffer #:nodoc:
-        if output_buffer && !output_buffer.empty?
-          response.stream.write output_buffer
-          self.output_buffer = output_buffer.respond_to?(:clone_empty) ? output_buffer.clone_empty : output_buffer[0, 0]
-          nil
-        end
-      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/controller_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/controller_helper.rb
index 74ef25f7c1..3569fba8c6 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/controller_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/controller_helper.rb
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ module ActionView
         if @_controller = controller
           @_request = controller.request if controller.respond_to?(:request)
           @_config  = controller.config.inheritable_copy if controller.respond_to?(:config)
+          @_default_form_builder = controller.default_form_builder if controller.respond_to?(:default_form_builder)
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/date_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/date_helper.rb
index 698f0ca31c..233e613e97 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/date_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/date_helper.rb
@@ -19,6 +19,10 @@ module ActionView
     #   the <tt>select_month</tt> method would use simply "date" (which can be overwritten using <tt>:prefix</tt>) instead
     #   of \date[month].
     module DateHelper
+      MINUTES_IN_YEAR = 525600
+      MINUTES_IN_QUARTER_YEAR = 131400
+      MINUTES_IN_THREE_QUARTERS_YEAR = 394200
+
       # Reports the approximate distance in time between two Time, Date or DateTime objects or integers as seconds.
       # Pass <tt>include_seconds: true</tt> if you want more detailed approximations when distance < 1 min, 29 secs.
       # Distances are reported based on the following table:
@@ -64,6 +68,27 @@ module ActionView
       #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, to_time, include_seconds: true)                        # => about 6 years
       #   distance_of_time_in_words(to_time, from_time, include_seconds: true)                        # => about 6 years
       #   distance_of_time_in_words(Time.now, Time.now)                                               # => less than a minute
+      #
+      # With the <tt>scope</tt> option, you can define a custom scope for Rails
+      # to look up the translation.
+      #
+      # For example you can define the following in your locale (e.g. en.yml).
+      #
+      #   datetime:
+      #     distance_in_words:
+      #       short:
+      #         about_x_hours:
+      #           one: 'an hour'
+      #           other: '%{count} hours'
+      #
+      # See https://github.com/svenfuchs/rails-i18n/blob/master/rails/locale/en.yml
+      # for more examples.
+      #
+      # Which will then result in the following:
+      #
+      #   from_time = Time.now
+      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time + 50.minutes, scope: 'datetime.distance_in_words.short') # => "an hour"
+      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time + 3.hours, scope: 'datetime.distance_in_words.short')    # => "3 hours"
       def distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, to_time = 0, options = {})
         options = {
           scope: :'datetime.distance_in_words'
@@ -120,11 +145,11 @@ module ActionView
               else
                 minutes_with_offset = distance_in_minutes
               end
-              remainder                   = (minutes_with_offset % 525600)
-              distance_in_years           = (minutes_with_offset.div 525600)
-              if remainder < 131400
+              remainder                   = (minutes_with_offset % MINUTES_IN_YEAR)
+              distance_in_years           = (minutes_with_offset.div MINUTES_IN_YEAR)
+              if remainder < MINUTES_IN_QUARTER_YEAR
                 locale.t(:about_x_years,  :count => distance_in_years)
-              elsif remainder < 394200
+              elsif remainder < MINUTES_IN_THREE_QUARTERS_YEAR
                 locale.t(:over_x_years,   :count => distance_in_years)
               else
                 locale.t(:almost_x_years, :count => distance_in_years + 1)
@@ -149,8 +174,8 @@ module ActionView
       #
       # Note that you cannot pass a <tt>Numeric</tt> value to <tt>time_ago_in_words</tt>.
       #
-      def time_ago_in_words(from_time, include_seconds_or_options = {})
-        distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, Time.now, include_seconds_or_options)
+      def time_ago_in_words(from_time, options = {})
+        distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, Time.now, options)
       end
 
       alias_method :distance_of_time_in_words_to_now, :time_ago_in_words
@@ -173,7 +198,9 @@ module ActionView
       #   and +:name+ (string). A format string would be something like "%{name} (%<number>02d)" for example.
       #   See <tt>Kernel.sprintf</tt> for documentation on format sequences.
       # * <tt>:date_separator</tt>    - Specifies a string to separate the date fields. Default is "" (i.e. nothing).
-      # * <tt>:start_year</tt>        - Set the start year for the year select. Default is <tt>Date.today.year - 5</tt>if
+      # * <tt>:time_separator</tt>    - Specifies a string to separate the time fields. Default is "" (i.e. nothing).
+      # * <tt>:datetime_separator</tt>- Specifies a string to separate the date and time fields. Default is "" (i.e. nothing).
+      # * <tt>:start_year</tt>        - Set the start year for the year select. Default is <tt>Date.today.year - 5</tt> if
       #   you are creating new record. While editing existing record, <tt>:start_year</tt> defaults to
       #   the current selected year minus 5.
       # * <tt>:end_year</tt>          - Set the end year for the year select. Default is <tt>Date.today.year + 5</tt> if
@@ -201,6 +228,7 @@ module ActionView
       #   or the given prompt string.
       # * <tt>:with_css_classes</tt>   - Set to true if you want assign different styles for 'select' tags. This option
       #   automatically set classes 'year', 'month', 'day', 'hour', 'minute' and 'second' for your 'select' tags.
+      # * <tt>:use_hidden</tt>         - Set to true if you only want to generate hidden input tags.
       #
       # If anything is passed in the +html_options+ hash it will be applied to every select tag in the set.
       #
@@ -326,7 +354,7 @@ module ActionView
         Tags::DatetimeSelect.new(object_name, method, self, options, html_options).render
       end
 
-      # Returns a set of html select-tags (one for year, month, day, hour, minute, and second) pre-selected with the
+      # Returns a set of HTML select-tags (one for year, month, day, hour, minute, and second) pre-selected with the
       # +datetime+. It's also possible to explicitly set the order of the tags using the <tt>:order</tt> option with
       # an array of symbols <tt>:year</tt>, <tt>:month</tt> and <tt>:day</tt> in the desired order. If you do not
       # supply a Symbol, it will be appended onto the <tt>:order</tt> passed in. You can also add
@@ -375,7 +403,7 @@ module ActionView
         DateTimeSelector.new(datetime, options, html_options).select_datetime
       end
 
-      # Returns a set of html select-tags (one for year, month, and day) pre-selected with the +date+.
+      # Returns a set of HTML select-tags (one for year, month, and day) pre-selected with the +date+.
       # It's possible to explicitly set the order of the tags using the <tt>:order</tt> option with an array of
       # symbols <tt>:year</tt>, <tt>:month</tt> and <tt>:day</tt> in the desired order.
       # If the array passed to the <tt>:order</tt> option does not contain all the three symbols, all tags will be hidden.
@@ -414,7 +442,7 @@ module ActionView
         DateTimeSelector.new(date, options, html_options).select_date
       end
 
-      # Returns a set of html select-tags (one for hour and minute).
+      # Returns a set of HTML select-tags (one for hour and minute).
       # You can set <tt>:time_separator</tt> key to format the output, and
       # the <tt>:include_seconds</tt> option to include an input for seconds.
       #
@@ -458,7 +486,7 @@ module ActionView
       # The <tt>datetime</tt> can be either a +Time+ or +DateTime+ object or an integer.
       # Override the field name using the <tt>:field_name</tt> option, 'second' by default.
       #
-      #   my_time = Time.now + 16.minutes
+      #   my_time = Time.now + 16.seconds
       #
       #   # Generates a select field for seconds that defaults to the seconds for the time in my_time.
       #   select_second(my_time)
@@ -482,7 +510,7 @@ module ActionView
       # selected. The <tt>datetime</tt> can be either a +Time+ or +DateTime+ object or an integer.
       # Override the field name using the <tt>:field_name</tt> option, 'minute' by default.
       #
-      #   my_time = Time.now + 6.hours
+      #   my_time = Time.now + 10.minutes
       #
       #   # Generates a select field for minutes that defaults to the minutes for the time in my_time.
       #   select_minute(my_time)
@@ -631,7 +659,7 @@ module ActionView
         DateTimeSelector.new(date, options, html_options).select_year
       end
 
-      # Returns an html time tag for the given date or time.
+      # Returns an HTML time tag for the given date or time.
       #
       #   time_tag Date.today  # =>
       #     <time datetime="2010-11-04">November 04, 2010</time>
@@ -654,7 +682,7 @@ module ActionView
         content  = args.first || I18n.l(date_or_time, :format => format)
         datetime = date_or_time.acts_like?(:time) ? date_or_time.xmlschema : date_or_time.iso8601
 
-        content_tag(:time, content, options.reverse_merge(:datetime => datetime), &block)
+        content_tag("time".freeze, content, options.reverse_merge(:datetime => datetime), &block)
       end
     end
 
@@ -782,7 +810,7 @@ module ActionView
           1.upto(12) do |month_number|
             options = { :value => month_number }
             options[:selected] = "selected" if month == month_number
-            month_options << content_tag(:option, month_name(month_number), options) + "\n"
+            month_options << content_tag("option".freeze, month_name(month_number), options) + "\n"
           end
           build_select(:month, month_options.join)
         end
@@ -817,7 +845,12 @@ module ActionView
       private
         %w( sec min hour day month year ).each do |method|
           define_method(method) do
-            @datetime.kind_of?(Numeric) ? @datetime : @datetime.send(method) if @datetime
+            case @datetime
+            when Hash then @datetime[method.to_sym]
+            when Numeric then @datetime
+            when nil then nil
+            else @datetime.send(method)
+            end
           end
         end
 
@@ -894,7 +927,7 @@ module ActionView
 
         def translated_date_order
           date_order = I18n.translate(:'date.order', :locale => @options[:locale], :default => [])
-          date_order = date_order.map { |element| element.to_sym }
+          date_order = date_order.map(&:to_sym)
 
           forbidden_elements = date_order - [:year, :month, :day]
           if forbidden_elements.any?
@@ -910,7 +943,7 @@ module ActionView
           build_select(type, build_options(selected, options))
         end
 
-        # Build select option html from date value and options.
+        # Build select option HTML from date value and options.
         #  build_options(15, start: 1, end: 31)
         #  => "<option value="1">1</option>
         #      <option value="2">2</option>
@@ -944,13 +977,13 @@ module ActionView
             tag_options[:selected] = "selected" if selected == i
             text = options[:use_two_digit_numbers] ? sprintf("%02d", i) : value
             text = options[:ampm] ? AMPM_TRANSLATION[i] : text
-            select_options << content_tag(:option, text, tag_options)
+            select_options << content_tag("option".freeze, text, tag_options)
           end
 
           (select_options.join("\n") + "\n").html_safe
         end
 
-        # Builds select tag from date type and html select options.
+        # Builds select tag from date type and HTML select options.
         #  build_select(:month, "<option value="1">January</option>...")
         #  => "<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]">
         #        <option value="1">January</option>...
@@ -961,14 +994,14 @@ module ActionView
             :name => input_name_from_type(type)
           }.merge!(@html_options)
           select_options[:disabled] = 'disabled' if @options[:disabled]
-          select_options[:class] = type if @options[:with_css_classes]
+          select_options[:class] = [select_options[:class], type].compact.join(' ') if @options[:with_css_classes]
 
           select_html = "\n"
-          select_html << content_tag(:option, '', :value => '') + "\n" if @options[:include_blank]
+          select_html << content_tag("option".freeze, '', :value => '') + "\n" if @options[:include_blank]
           select_html << prompt_option_tag(type, @options[:prompt]) + "\n" if @options[:prompt]
           select_html << select_options_as_html
 
-          (content_tag(:select, select_html.html_safe, select_options) + "\n").html_safe
+          (content_tag("select".freeze, select_html.html_safe, select_options) + "\n").html_safe
         end
 
         # Builds a prompt option tag with supplied options or from default options.
@@ -985,7 +1018,7 @@ module ActionView
               I18n.translate(:"datetime.prompts.#{type}", :locale => @options[:locale])
           end
 
-          prompt ? content_tag(:option, prompt, :value => '') : ''
+          prompt ? content_tag("option".freeze, prompt, :value => '') : ''
         end
 
         # Builds hidden input tag for date part and value.
@@ -1031,7 +1064,7 @@ module ActionView
         def build_selects_from_types(order)
           select = ''
           first_visible = order.find { |type| !@options[:"discard_#{type}"] }
-          order.reverse.each do |type|
+          order.reverse_each do |type|
             separator = separator(type) unless type == first_visible # don't add before first visible field
             select.insert(0, separator.to_s + send("select_#{type}").to_s)
           end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/debug_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/debug_helper.rb
index c29c1b1eea..e9dccbad1c 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/debug_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/debug_helper.rb
@@ -11,26 +11,22 @@ module ActionView
       # If the object cannot be converted to YAML using +to_yaml+, +inspect+ will be called instead.
       # Useful for inspecting an object at the time of rendering.
       #
-      #   @user = User.new({ username: 'testing', password: 'xyz', age: 42}) %>
+      #   @user = User.new({ username: 'testing', password: 'xyz', age: 42})
       #   debug(@user)
       #   # =>
       #   <pre class='debug_dump'>--- !ruby/object:User
       #   attributes:
-      #   &nbsp; updated_at:
-      #   &nbsp; username: testing
-      #
-      #   &nbsp; age: 42
-      #   &nbsp; password: xyz
-      #   &nbsp; created_at:
-      #   attributes_cache: {}
-      #
-      #   new_record: true
+      #     updated_at:
+      #     username: testing
+      #     age: 42
+      #     password: xyz
+      #     created_at:
       #   </pre>
       def debug(object)
         Marshal::dump(object)
-        object = ERB::Util.html_escape(object.to_yaml).gsub("  ", "&nbsp; ").html_safe
+        object = ERB::Util.html_escape(object.to_yaml)
         content_tag(:pre, object, :class => "debug_dump")
-      rescue Exception  # errors from Marshal or YAML
+      rescue # errors from Marshal or YAML
         # Object couldn't be dumped, perhaps because of singleton methods -- this is the fallback
         content_tag(:code, object.inspect, :class => "debug_dump")
       end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_helper.rb
index 5235962f9f..2a367b85af 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_helper.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ require 'action_view/helpers/tag_helper'
 require 'action_view/helpers/form_tag_helper'
 require 'action_view/helpers/active_model_helper'
 require 'action_view/model_naming'
+require 'action_view/record_identifier'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety'
@@ -51,9 +52,7 @@ module ActionView
     # The HTML generated for this would be (modulus formatting):
     #
     #   <form action="/people" class="new_person" id="new_person" method="post">
-    #     <div style="display:none">
-    #       <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="NrOp5bsjoLRuK8IW5+dQEYjKGUJDe7TQoZVvq95Wteg=" />
-    #     </div>
+    #     <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="NrOp5bsjoLRuK8IW5+dQEYjKGUJDe7TQoZVvq95Wteg=" />
     #     <label for="person_first_name">First name</label>:
     #     <input id="person_first_name" name="person[first_name]" type="text" /><br />
     #
@@ -68,9 +67,10 @@ module ActionView
     #
     # In particular, thanks to the conventions followed in the generated field names, the
     # controller gets a nested hash <tt>params[:person]</tt> with the person attributes
-    # set in the form. That hash is ready to be passed to <tt>Person.create</tt>:
+    # set in the form. That hash is ready to be passed to <tt>Person.new</tt>:
     #
-    #   if @person = Person.create(params[:person])
+    #   @person = Person.new(params[:person])
+    #   if @person.save
     #     # success
     #   else
     #     # error handling
@@ -81,10 +81,8 @@ module ActionView
     # the code above as is would yield instead:
     #
     #   <form action="/people/256" class="edit_person" id="edit_person_256" method="post">
-    #     <div style="display:none">
-    #       <input name="_method" type="hidden" value="patch" />
-    #       <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="NrOp5bsjoLRuK8IW5+dQEYjKGUJDe7TQoZVvq95Wteg=" />
-    #     </div>
+    #     <input name="_method" type="hidden" value="patch" />
+    #     <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="NrOp5bsjoLRuK8IW5+dQEYjKGUJDe7TQoZVvq95Wteg=" />
     #     <label for="person_first_name">First name</label>:
     #     <input id="person_first_name" name="person[first_name]" type="text" value="John" /><br />
     #
@@ -114,6 +112,9 @@ module ActionView
       include FormTagHelper
       include UrlHelper
       include ModelNaming
+      include RecordIdentifier
+
+      attr_internal :default_form_builder
 
       # Creates a form that allows the user to create or update the attributes
       # of a specific model object.
@@ -142,7 +143,8 @@ module ActionView
       # will get expanded to
       #
       #   <%= text_field :person, :first_name %>
-      # which results in an html <tt><input></tt> tag whose +name+ attribute is
+      #
+      # which results in an HTML <tt><input></tt> tag whose +name+ attribute is
       # <tt>person[first_name]</tt>. This means that when the form is submitted,
       # the value entered by the user will be available in the controller as
       # <tt>params[:person][:first_name]</tt>.
@@ -168,6 +170,23 @@ module ActionView
       # * <tt>:namespace</tt> - A namespace for your form to ensure uniqueness of
       #   id attributes on form elements. The namespace attribute will be prefixed
       #   with underscore on the generated HTML id.
+      # * <tt>:method</tt> - The method to use when submitting the form, usually
+      #   either "get" or "post". If "patch", "put", "delete", or another verb
+      #   is used, a hidden input with name <tt>_method</tt> is added to
+      #   simulate the verb over post.
+      # * <tt>:authenticity_token</tt> - Authenticity token to use in the form.
+      #   Use only if you need to pass custom authenticity token string, or to
+      #   not add authenticity_token field at all (by passing <tt>false</tt>).
+      #   Remote forms may omit the embedded authenticity token by setting
+      #   <tt>config.action_view.embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms = false</tt>.
+      #   This is helpful when you're fragment-caching the form. Remote forms
+      #   get the authenticity token from the <tt>meta</tt> tag, so embedding is
+      #   unnecessary unless you support browsers without JavaScript.
+      # * <tt>:remote</tt> - If set to true, will allow the Unobtrusive
+      #   JavaScript drivers to control the submit behavior. By default this
+      #   behavior is an ajax submit.
+      # * <tt>:enforce_utf8</tt> - If set to false, a hidden input with name
+      #   utf8 is not output.
       # * <tt>:html</tt> - Optional HTML attributes for the form tag.
       #
       # Also note that +form_for+ doesn't create an exclusive scope. It's still
@@ -315,9 +334,7 @@ module ActionView
       # The HTML generated for this would be:
       #
       #   <form action='http://www.example.com' method='post' data-remote='true'>
-      #     <div style='display:none'>
-      #       <input name='_method' type='hidden' value='patch' />
-      #     </div>
+      #     <input name='_method' type='hidden' value='patch' />
       #     ...
       #   </form>
       #
@@ -333,9 +350,7 @@ module ActionView
       # The HTML generated for this would be:
       #
       #   <form action='http://www.example.com' method='post' data-behavior='autosave' name='go'>
-      #     <div style='display:none'>
-      #       <input name='_method' type='hidden' value='patch' />
-      #     </div>
+      #     <input name='_method' type='hidden' value='patch' />
       #     ...
       #   </form>
       #
@@ -428,13 +443,15 @@ module ActionView
         html_options[:data]   = options.delete(:data)   if options.has_key?(:data)
         html_options[:remote] = options.delete(:remote) if options.has_key?(:remote)
         html_options[:method] = options.delete(:method) if options.has_key?(:method)
+        html_options[:enforce_utf8] = options.delete(:enforce_utf8) if options.has_key?(:enforce_utf8)
         html_options[:authenticity_token] = options.delete(:authenticity_token)
 
         builder = instantiate_builder(object_name, object, options)
         output  = capture(builder, &block)
         html_options[:multipart] ||= builder.multipart?
 
-        form_tag(options[:url] || {}, html_options) { output }
+        html_options = html_options_for_form(options[:url] || {}, html_options)
+        form_tag_with_body(html_options, output)
       end
 
       def apply_form_for_options!(record, object, options) #:nodoc:
@@ -449,7 +466,11 @@ module ActionView
           method: method
         )
 
-        options[:url] ||= polymorphic_path(record, format: options.delete(:format))
+        options[:url] ||= if options.key?(:format)
+                            polymorphic_path(record, format: options.delete(:format))
+                          else
+                            polymorphic_path(record, {})
+                          end
       end
       private :apply_form_for_options!
 
@@ -457,7 +478,7 @@ module ActionView
       # doesn't create the form tags themselves. This makes fields_for suitable
       # for specifying additional model objects in the same form.
       #
-      # Although the usage and purpose of +field_for+ is similar to +form_for+'s,
+      # Although the usage and purpose of +fields_for+ is similar to +form_for+'s,
       # its method signature is slightly different. Like +form_for+, it yields
       # a FormBuilder object associated with a particular model object to a block,
       # and within the block allows methods to be called on the builder to
@@ -477,7 +498,7 @@ module ActionView
       #       Admin?  : <%= permission_fields.check_box :admin %>
       #     <% end %>
       #
-      #     <%= f.submit %>
+      #     <%= person_form.submit %>
       #   <% end %>
       #
       # In this case, the checkbox field will be represented by an HTML +input+
@@ -746,6 +767,7 @@ module ActionView
       #   label(:post, :terms) do
       #     'Accept <a href="/terms">Terms</a>.'.html_safe
       #   end
+      #   # => <label for="post_terms">Accept <a href="/terms">Terms</a>.</label>
       def label(object_name, method, content_or_options = nil, options = nil, &block)
         Tags::Label.new(object_name, method, self, content_or_options, options).render(&block)
       end
@@ -827,8 +849,8 @@ module ActionView
       #   file_field(:user, :avatar)
       #   # => <input type="file" id="user_avatar" name="user[avatar]" />
       #
-      #   file_field(:post, :image, :multiple => true)
-      #   # => <input type="file" id="post_image" name="post[image]" multiple="true" />
+      #   file_field(:post, :image, multiple: true)
+      #   # => <input type="file" id="post_image" name="post[image][]" multiple="multiple" />
       #
       #   file_field(:post, :attached, accept: 'text/html')
       #   # => <input accept="text/html" type="file" id="post_attached" name="post[attached]" />
@@ -838,6 +860,24 @@ module ActionView
       #
       #   file_field(:attachment, :file, class: 'file_input')
       #   # => <input type="file" id="attachment_file" name="attachment[file]" class="file_input" />
+      #
+      # ==== Gotcha
+      #
+      # The HTML specification says that when a file field is empty, web browsers
+      # do not send any value to the server. Unfortunately this introduces a
+      # gotcha: if a +User+ model has an +avatar+ field, and no file is selected,
+      # then the +avatar+ parameter is empty. Thus, any mass-assignment idiom like
+      #
+      #   @user.update(params[:user])
+      #
+      # wouldn't update the +avatar+ field.
+      #
+      # To prevent this, the helper generates an auxiliary hidden field before
+      # every file field. The hidden field has the same name as the file one and
+      # a blank value.
+      #
+      # In case you don't want the helper to generate this hidden field you can
+      # specify the <tt>include_hidden: false</tt> option.
       def file_field(object_name, method, options = {})
         Tags::FileField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
       end
@@ -998,7 +1038,7 @@ module ActionView
       #   date_field("user", "born_on")
       #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="date" />
       #
-      # The default value is generated by trying to call "to_date"
+      # The default value is generated by trying to call +strftime+ with "%Y-%m-%d"
       # on the object's value, which makes it behave as expected for instances
       # of DateTime and ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone. You can still override that
       # by passing the "value" option explicitly, e.g.
@@ -1007,6 +1047,18 @@ module ActionView
       #   date_field("user", "born_on", value: "1984-05-12")
       #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="date" value="1984-05-12" />
       #
+      # You can create values for the "min" and "max" attributes by passing
+      # instances of Date or Time to the options hash.
+      #
+      #   date_field("user", "born_on", min: Date.today)
+      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="date" min="2014-05-20" />
+      #
+      # Alternatively, you can pass a String formatted as an ISO8601 date as the
+      # values for "min" and "max."
+      #
+      #   date_field("user", "born_on", min: "2014-05-20")
+      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="date" min="2014-05-20" />
+      #
       def date_field(object_name, method, options = {})
         Tags::DateField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
       end
@@ -1024,6 +1076,18 @@ module ActionView
       #   time_field("task", "started_at")
       #   # => <input id="task_started_at" name="task[started_at]" type="time" />
       #
+      # You can create values for the "min" and "max" attributes by passing
+      # instances of Date or Time to the options hash.
+      #
+      #   time_field("task", "started_at", min: Time.now)
+      #   # => <input id="task_started_at" name="task[started_at]" type="time" min="01:00:00.000" />
+      #
+      # Alternatively, you can pass a String formatted as an ISO8601 time as the
+      # values for "min" and "max."
+      #
+      #   time_field("task", "started_at", min: "01:00:00")
+      #   # => <input id="task_started_at" name="task[started_at]" type="time" min="01:00:00.000" />
+      #
       def time_field(object_name, method, options = {})
         Tags::TimeField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
       end
@@ -1041,6 +1105,18 @@ module ActionView
       #   datetime_field("user", "born_on")
       #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="datetime" value="1984-01-12T00:00:00.000+0000" />
       #
+      # You can create values for the "min" and "max" attributes by passing
+      # instances of Date or Time to the options hash.
+      #
+      #   datetime_field("user", "born_on", min: Date.today)
+      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="datetime" min="2014-05-20T00:00:00.000+0000" />
+      #
+      # Alternatively, you can pass a String formatted as an ISO8601 datetime
+      # with UTC offset as the values for "min" and "max."
+      #
+      #   datetime_field("user", "born_on", min: "2014-05-20T00:00:00+0000")
+      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="datetime" min="2014-05-20T00:00:00.000+0000" />
+      #
       def datetime_field(object_name, method, options = {})
         Tags::DatetimeField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
       end
@@ -1058,6 +1134,18 @@ module ActionView
       #   datetime_local_field("user", "born_on")
       #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="datetime-local" value="1984-01-12T00:00:00" />
       #
+      # You can create values for the "min" and "max" attributes by passing
+      # instances of Date or Time to the options hash.
+      #
+      #   datetime_local_field("user", "born_on", min: Date.today)
+      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="datetime-local" min="2014-05-20T00:00:00.000" />
+      #
+      # Alternatively, you can pass a String formatted as an ISO8601 datetime as
+      # the values for "min" and "max."
+      #
+      #   datetime_local_field("user", "born_on", min: "2014-05-20T00:00:00")
+      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="datetime-local" min="2014-05-20T00:00:00.000" />
+      #
       def datetime_local_field(object_name, method, options = {})
         Tags::DatetimeLocalField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
       end
@@ -1142,12 +1230,12 @@ module ActionView
             object_name = model_name_from_record_or_class(object).param_key
           end
 
-          builder = options[:builder] || default_form_builder
+          builder = options[:builder] || default_form_builder_class
           builder.new(object_name, object, self, options)
         end
 
-        def default_form_builder
-          builder = ActionView::Base.default_form_builder
+        def default_form_builder_class
+          builder = default_form_builder || ActionView::Base.default_form_builder
           builder.respond_to?(:constantize) ? builder.constantize : builder
         end
     end
@@ -1162,7 +1250,7 @@ module ActionView
     #     Admin: <%= person_form.check_box :admin %>
     #   <% end %>
     #
-    # In the above block, the a +FormBuilder+ object is yielded as the
+    # In the above block, a +FormBuilder+ object is yielded as the
     # +person_form+ variable. This allows you to generate the +text_field+
     # and +check_box+ fields by specifying their eponymous methods, which
     # modify the underlying template and associates the +@person+ model object
@@ -1183,10 +1271,11 @@ module ActionView
     #         )
     #       )
     #     end
+    #   end
     #
     # The above code creates a new method +div_radio_button+ which wraps a div
-    # around the a new radio button. Note that when options are passed in, you
-    # must called +objectify_options+ in order for the model object to get
+    # around the new radio button. Note that when options are passed in, you
+    # must call +objectify_options+ in order for the model object to get
     # correctly passed to the method. If +objectify_options+ is not called,
     # then the newly created helper will not be linked back to the model.
     #
@@ -1268,7 +1357,7 @@ module ActionView
       # doesn't create the form tags themselves. This makes fields_for suitable
       # for specifying additional model objects in the same form.
       #
-      # Although the usage and purpose of +field_for+ is similar to +form_for+'s,
+      # Although the usage and purpose of +fields_for+ is similar to +form_for+'s,
       # its method signature is slightly different. Like +form_for+, it yields
       # a FormBuilder object associated with a particular model object to a block,
       # and within the block allows methods to be called on the builder to
@@ -1528,7 +1617,14 @@ module ActionView
           @auto_index
         end
 
-        record_name = index ? "#{object_name}[#{index}][#{record_name}]" : "#{object_name}[#{record_name}]"
+        record_name = if index
+                        "#{object_name}[#{index}][#{record_name}]"
+                      elsif record_name.to_s.end_with?('[]')
+                        record_name = record_name.to_s.sub(/(.*)\[\]$/, "[\\1][#{record_object.id}]")
+                        "#{object_name}#{record_name}"
+                      else
+                        "#{object_name}[#{record_name}]"
+                      end
         fields_options[:child_index] = index
 
         @template.fields_for(record_name, record_object, fields_options, &block)
@@ -1542,7 +1638,7 @@ module ActionView
       # target labels for radio_button tags (where the value is used in the ID of the input tag).
       #
       # ==== Examples
-      #   label(:post, :title)
+      #   label(:title)
       #   # => <label for="post_title">Title</label>
       #
       # You can localize your labels based on model and attribute names.
@@ -1555,7 +1651,7 @@ module ActionView
       #
       # Which then will result in
       #
-      #   label(:post, :body)
+      #   label(:body)
       #   # => <label for="post_body">Write your entire text here</label>
       #
       # Localization can also be based purely on the translation of the attribute-name
@@ -1566,21 +1662,22 @@ module ActionView
       #       post:
       #         cost: "Total cost"
       #
-      #   label(:post, :cost)
+      #   label(:cost)
       #   # => <label for="post_cost">Total cost</label>
       #
-      #   label(:post, :title, "A short title")
+      #   label(:title, "A short title")
       #   # => <label for="post_title">A short title</label>
       #
-      #   label(:post, :title, "A short title", class: "title_label")
+      #   label(:title, "A short title", class: "title_label")
       #   # => <label for="post_title" class="title_label">A short title</label>
       #
-      #   label(:post, :privacy, "Public Post", value: "public")
+      #   label(:privacy, "Public Post", value: "public")
       #   # => <label for="post_privacy_public">Public Post</label>
       #
-      #   label(:post, :terms) do
+      #   label(:terms) do
       #     'Accept <a href="/terms">Terms</a>.'.html_safe
       #   end
+      #   # => <label for="post_terms">Accept <a href="/terms">Terms</a>.</label>
       def label(method, text = nil, options = {}, &block)
         @template.label(@object_name, method, text, objectify_options(options), &block)
       end
@@ -1629,16 +1726,17 @@ module ActionView
       # hashes instead of arrays.
       #
       #   # Let's say that @post.validated? is 1:
-      #   check_box("post", "validated")
+      #   check_box("validated")
       #   # => <input name="post[validated]" type="hidden" value="0" />
       #   #    <input checked="checked" type="checkbox" id="post_validated" name="post[validated]" value="1" />
       #
       #   # Let's say that @puppy.gooddog is "no":
-      #   check_box("puppy", "gooddog", {}, "yes", "no")
+      #   check_box("gooddog", {}, "yes", "no")
       #   # => <input name="puppy[gooddog]" type="hidden" value="no" />
       #   #    <input type="checkbox" id="puppy_gooddog" name="puppy[gooddog]" value="yes" />
       #
-      #   check_box("eula", "accepted", { class: 'eula_check' }, "yes", "no")
+      #   # Let's say that @eula.accepted is "no":
+      #   check_box("accepted", { class: 'eula_check' }, "yes", "no")
       #   # => <input name="eula[accepted]" type="hidden" value="no" />
       #   #    <input type="checkbox" class="eula_check" id="eula_accepted" name="eula[accepted]" value="yes" />
       def check_box(method, options = {}, checked_value = "1", unchecked_value = "0")
@@ -1653,13 +1751,14 @@ module ActionView
       # +options+ hash. You may pass HTML options there as well.
       #
       #   # Let's say that @post.category returns "rails":
-      #   radio_button("post", "category", "rails")
-      #   radio_button("post", "category", "java")
+      #   radio_button("category", "rails")
+      #   radio_button("category", "java")
       #   # => <input type="radio" id="post_category_rails" name="post[category]" value="rails" checked="checked" />
       #   #    <input type="radio" id="post_category_java" name="post[category]" value="java" />
       #
-      #   radio_button("user", "receive_newsletter", "yes")
-      #   radio_button("user", "receive_newsletter", "no")
+      #   # Let's say that @user.category returns "no":
+      #   radio_button("receive_newsletter", "yes")
+      #   radio_button("receive_newsletter", "no")
       #   # => <input type="radio" id="user_receive_newsletter_yes" name="user[receive_newsletter]" value="yes" />
       #   #    <input type="radio" id="user_receive_newsletter_no" name="user[receive_newsletter]" value="no" checked="checked" />
       def radio_button(method, tag_value, options = {})
@@ -1672,14 +1771,17 @@ module ActionView
       # shown.
       #
       # ==== Examples
-      #   hidden_field(:signup, :pass_confirm)
-      #   # => <input type="hidden" id="signup_pass_confirm" name="signup[pass_confirm]" value="#{@signup.pass_confirm}" />
+      #   # Let's say that @signup.pass_confirm returns true:
+      #   hidden_field(:pass_confirm)
+      #   # => <input type="hidden" id="signup_pass_confirm" name="signup[pass_confirm]" value="true" />
       #
-      #   hidden_field(:post, :tag_list)
-      #   # => <input type="hidden" id="post_tag_list" name="post[tag_list]" value="#{@post.tag_list}" />
+      #   # Let's say that @post.tag_list returns "blog, ruby":
+      #   hidden_field(:tag_list)
+      #   # => <input type="hidden" id="post_tag_list" name="post[tag_list]" value="blog, ruby" />
       #
-      #   hidden_field(:user, :token)
-      #   # => <input type="hidden" id="user_token" name="user[token]" value="#{@user.token}" />
+      #   # Let's say that @user.token returns "abcde":
+      #   hidden_field(:token)
+      #   # => <input type="hidden" id="user_token" name="user[token]" value="abcde" />
       #
       def hidden_field(method, options = {})
         @emitted_hidden_id = true if method == :id
@@ -1700,19 +1802,24 @@ module ActionView
       # * <tt>:accept</tt> - If set to one or multiple mime-types, the user will be suggested a filter when choosing a file. You still need to set up model validations.
       #
       # ==== Examples
-      #   file_field(:user, :avatar)
+      #   # Let's say that @user has avatar:
+      #   file_field(:avatar)
       #   # => <input type="file" id="user_avatar" name="user[avatar]" />
       #
-      #   file_field(:post, :image, :multiple => true)
-      #   # => <input type="file" id="post_image" name="post[image]" multiple="true" />
+      #   # Let's say that @post has image:
+      #   file_field(:image, :multiple => true)
+      #   # => <input type="file" id="post_image" name="post[image][]" multiple="multiple" />
       #
-      #   file_field(:post, :attached, accept: 'text/html')
+      #   # Let's say that @post has attached:
+      #   file_field(:attached, accept: 'text/html')
       #   # => <input accept="text/html" type="file" id="post_attached" name="post[attached]" />
       #
-      #   file_field(:post, :image, accept: 'image/png,image/gif,image/jpeg')
+      #   # Let's say that @post has image:
+      #   file_field(:image, accept: 'image/png,image/gif,image/jpeg')
       #   # => <input type="file" id="post_image" name="post[image]" accept="image/png,image/gif,image/jpeg" />
       #
-      #   file_field(:attachment, :file, class: 'file_input')
+      #   # Let's say that @attachment has file:
+      #   file_field(:file, class: 'file_input')
       #   # => <input type="file" id="attachment_file" name="attachment[file]" class="file_input" />
       def file_field(method, options = {})
         self.multipart = true
@@ -1780,7 +1887,7 @@ module ActionView
       #           create: "Add %{model}"
       #
       # ==== Examples
-      #   button("Create a post")
+      #   button("Create post")
       #   # => <button name='button' type='submit'>Create post</button>
       #
       #   button do
@@ -1809,8 +1916,8 @@ module ActionView
           object = convert_to_model(@object)
           key    = object ? (object.persisted? ? :update : :create) : :submit
 
-          model = if object.class.respond_to?(:model_name)
-            object.class.model_name.human
+          model = if object.respond_to?(:model_name)
+            object.model_name.human
           else
             @object_name.to_s.humanize
           end
@@ -1841,7 +1948,11 @@ module ActionView
             explicit_child_index = options[:child_index]
             output = ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new
             association.each do |child|
-              options[:child_index] = nested_child_index(name) unless explicit_child_index
+              if explicit_child_index
+                options[:child_index] = explicit_child_index.call if explicit_child_index.respond_to?(:call)
+              else
+                options[:child_index] = nested_child_index(name)
+              end
               output << fields_for_nested_model("#{name}[#{options[:child_index]}]", child, options, block)
             end
             output
@@ -1871,6 +1982,8 @@ module ActionView
   end
 
   ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_view) do
-    cattr_accessor(:default_form_builder) { ::ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder }
+    cattr_accessor(:default_form_builder, instance_writer: false, instance_reader: false) do
+      ::ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_options_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_options_helper.rb
index f625a9ff49..430051379d 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_options_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_options_helper.rb
@@ -14,81 +14,81 @@ module ActionView
     #
     # * <tt>:include_blank</tt> - set to true or a prompt string if the first option element of the select element is a blank. Useful if there is not a default value required for the select element.
     #
-    #   select("post", "category", Post::CATEGORIES, {include_blank: true})
+    #     select("post", "category", Post::CATEGORIES, {include_blank: true})
     #
-    # could become:
+    #   could become:
     #
-    #   <select name="post[category]">
-    #     <option></option>
-    #     <option>joke</option>
-    #     <option>poem</option>
-    #   </select>
+    #     <select name="post[category]" id="post_category">
+    #       <option value=""></option>
+    #       <option value="joke">joke</option>
+    #       <option value="poem">poem</option>
+    #     </select>
     #
-    # Another common case is a select tag for a <tt>belongs_to</tt>-associated object.
+    #   Another common case is a select tag for a <tt>belongs_to</tt>-associated object.
     #
-    # Example with @post.person_id => 2:
+    #   Example with <tt>@post.person_id => 2</tt>:
     #
-    #   select("post", "person_id", Person.all.collect {|p| [ p.name, p.id ] }, {include_blank: 'None'})
+    #     select("post", "person_id", Person.all.collect {|p| [ p.name, p.id ] }, {include_blank: 'None'})
     #
-    # could become:
+    #   could become:
     #
-    #   <select name="post[person_id]">
-    #     <option value="">None</option>
-    #     <option value="1">David</option>
-    #     <option value="2" selected="selected">Sam</option>
-    #     <option value="3">Tobias</option>
-    #   </select>
+    #     <select name="post[person_id]" id="post_person_id">
+    #       <option value="">None</option>
+    #       <option value="1">David</option>
+    #       <option value="2" selected="selected">Eileen</option>
+    #       <option value="3">Rafael</option>
+    #     </select>
     #
     # * <tt>:prompt</tt> - set to true or a prompt string. When the select element doesn't have a value yet, this prepends an option with a generic prompt -- "Please select" -- or the given prompt string.
     #
-    #   select("post", "person_id", Person.all.collect {|p| [ p.name, p.id ] }, {prompt: 'Select Person'})
+    #     select("post", "person_id", Person.all.collect {|p| [ p.name, p.id ] }, {prompt: 'Select Person'})
     #
-    # could become:
+    #   could become:
     #
-    #   <select name="post[person_id]">
-    #     <option value="">Select Person</option>
-    #     <option value="1">David</option>
-    #     <option value="2">Sam</option>
-    #     <option value="3">Tobias</option>
-    #   </select>
+    #     <select name="post[person_id]" id="post_person_id">
+    #       <option value="">Select Person</option>
+    #       <option value="1">David</option>
+    #       <option value="2">Eileen</option>
+    #       <option value="3">Rafael</option>
+    #     </select>
     #
-    # Like the other form helpers, +select+ can accept an <tt>:index</tt> option to manually set the ID used in the resulting output. Unlike other helpers, +select+ expects this
-    # option to be in the +html_options+ parameter.
+    # * <tt>:index</tt> - like the other form helpers, +select+ can accept an <tt>:index</tt> option to manually set the ID used in the resulting output. Unlike other helpers, +select+ expects this
+    #   option to be in the +html_options+ parameter.
     #
-    #   select("album[]", "genre", %w[rap rock country], {}, { index: nil })
+    #     select("album[]", "genre", %w[rap rock country], {}, { index: nil })
     #
-    # becomes:
+    #   becomes:
     #
-    #   <select name="album[][genre]" id="album__genre">
-    #     <option value="rap">rap</option>
-    #     <option value="rock">rock</option>
-    #     <option value="country">country</option>
-    #   </select>
+    #     <select name="album[][genre]" id="album__genre">
+    #       <option value="rap">rap</option>
+    #       <option value="rock">rock</option>
+    #       <option value="country">country</option>
+    #     </select>
     #
     # * <tt>:disabled</tt> - can be a single value or an array of values that will be disabled options in the final output.
     #
-    #   select("post", "category", Post::CATEGORIES, {disabled: 'restricted'})
+    #     select("post", "category", Post::CATEGORIES, {disabled: 'restricted'})
     #
-    # could become:
+    #   could become:
     #
-    #   <select name="post[category]">
-    #     <option></option>
-    #     <option>joke</option>
-    #     <option>poem</option>
-    #     <option disabled="disabled">restricted</option>
-    #   </select>
+    #     <select name="post[category]" id="post_category">
+    #       <option value=""></option>
+    #       <option value="joke">joke</option>
+    #       <option value="poem">poem</option>
+    #       <option disabled="disabled" value="restricted">restricted</option>
+    #     </select>
     #
-    # When used with the <tt>collection_select</tt> helper, <tt>:disabled</tt> can also be a Proc that identifies those options that should be disabled.
+    #   When used with the <tt>collection_select</tt> helper, <tt>:disabled</tt> can also be a Proc that identifies those options that should be disabled.
     #
-    #   collection_select(:post, :category_id, Category.all, :id, :name, {disabled: lambda{|category| category.archived? }})
+    #     collection_select(:post, :category_id, Category.all, :id, :name, {disabled: -> (category) { category.archived? }})
     #
-    # If the categories "2008 stuff" and "Christmas" return true when the method <tt>archived?</tt> is called, this would return:
-    #   <select name="post[category_id]">
-    #     <option value="1" disabled="disabled">2008 stuff</option>
-    #     <option value="2" disabled="disabled">Christmas</option>
-    #     <option value="3">Jokes</option>
-    #     <option value="4">Poems</option>
-    #   </select>
+    #   If the categories "2008 stuff" and "Christmas" return true when the method <tt>archived?</tt> is called, this would return:
+    #     <select name="post[category_id]" id="post_category_id">
+    #       <option value="1" disabled="disabled">2008 stuff</option>
+    #       <option value="2" disabled="disabled">Christmas</option>
+    #       <option value="3">Jokes</option>
+    #       <option value="4">Poems</option>
+    #     </select>
     #
     module FormOptionsHelper
       # ERB::Util can mask some helpers like textilize. Make sure to include them.
@@ -109,11 +109,11 @@ module ActionView
       #
       # would become:
       #
-      #   <select name="post[person_id]">
+      #   <select name="post[person_id]" id="post_person_id">
       #     <option value=""></option>
       #     <option value="1" selected="selected">David</option>
-      #     <option value="2">Sam</option>
-      #     <option value="3">Tobias</option>
+      #     <option value="2">Eileen</option>
+      #     <option value="3">Rafael</option>
       #   </select>
       #
       # assuming the associated person has ID 1.
@@ -152,11 +152,9 @@ module ActionView
       # To prevent this the helper generates an auxiliary hidden field before
       # every multiple select. The hidden field has the same name as multiple select and blank value.
       #
-      # This way, the client either sends only the hidden field (representing
-      # the deselected multiple select box), or both fields. Since the HTML specification
-      # says key/value pairs have to be sent in the same order they appear in the
-      # form, and parameters extraction gets the last occurrence of any repeated
-      # key in the query string, that works for ordinary forms.
+      # <b>Note:</b> The client either sends only the hidden field (representing
+      # the deselected multiple select box), or both fields. This means that the resulting array
+      # always contains a blank string.
       #
       # In case if you don't want the helper to generate this hidden field you can specify
       # <tt>include_hidden: false</tt> option.
@@ -194,7 +192,7 @@ module ActionView
       #   collection_select(:post, :author_id, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial, prompt: true)
       #
       # If <tt>@post.author_id</tt> is already <tt>1</tt>, this would return:
-      #   <select name="post[author_id]">
+      #   <select name="post[author_id]" id="post_author_id">
       #     <option value="">Please select</option>
       #     <option value="1" selected="selected">D. Heinemeier Hansson</option>
       #     <option value="2">D. Thomas</option>
@@ -245,7 +243,7 @@ module ActionView
       #
       # Possible output:
       #
-      #   <select name="city[country_id]">
+      #   <select name="city[country_id]" id="city_country_id">
       #     <optgroup label="Africa">
       #       <option value="1">South Africa</option>
       #       <option value="3">Somalia</option>
@@ -304,19 +302,19 @@ module ActionView
       #   # => <option value="DKK">Kroner</option>
       #
       #   options_for_select([ "VISA", "MasterCard" ], "MasterCard")
-      #   # => <option>VISA</option>
-      #   # => <option selected="selected">MasterCard</option>
+      #   # => <option value="VISA">VISA</option>
+      #   # => <option selected="selected" value="MasterCard">MasterCard</option>
       #
       #   options_for_select({ "Basic" => "$20", "Plus" => "$40" }, "$40")
       #   # => <option value="$20">Basic</option>
       #   # => <option value="$40" selected="selected">Plus</option>
       #
       #   options_for_select([ "VISA", "MasterCard", "Discover" ], ["VISA", "Discover"])
-      #   # => <option selected="selected">VISA</option>
-      #   # => <option>MasterCard</option>
-      #   # => <option selected="selected">Discover</option>
+      #   # => <option selected="selected" value="VISA">VISA</option>
+      #   # => <option value="MasterCard">MasterCard</option>
+      #   # => <option selected="selected" value="Discover">Discover</option>
       #
-      # You can optionally provide html attributes as the last element of the array.
+      # You can optionally provide HTML attributes as the last element of the array.
       #
       #   options_for_select([ "Denmark", ["USA", {class: 'bold'}], "Sweden" ], ["USA", "Sweden"])
       #   # => <option value="Denmark">Denmark</option>
@@ -353,15 +351,15 @@ module ActionView
         return container if String === container
 
         selected, disabled = extract_selected_and_disabled(selected).map do |r|
-          Array(r).map { |item| item.to_s }
+          Array(r).map(&:to_s)
         end
 
         container.map do |element|
           html_attributes = option_html_attributes(element)
-          text, value = option_text_and_value(element).map { |item| item.to_s }
+          text, value = option_text_and_value(element).map(&:to_s)
 
-          html_attributes[:selected] = option_value_selected?(value, selected)
-          html_attributes[:disabled] = disabled && option_value_selected?(value, disabled)
+          html_attributes[:selected] ||= option_value_selected?(value, selected)
+          html_attributes[:disabled] ||= disabled && option_value_selected?(value, disabled)
           html_attributes[:value] = value
 
           content_tag_string(:option, text, html_attributes)
@@ -412,7 +410,7 @@ module ActionView
       # * +collection+ - An array of objects representing the <tt><optgroup></tt> tags.
       # * +group_method+ - The name of a method which, when called on a member of +collection+, returns an
       #   array of child objects representing the <tt><option></tt> tags.
-      # * group_label_method+ - The name of a method which, when called on a member of +collection+, returns a
+      # * +group_label_method+ - The name of a method which, when called on a member of +collection+, returns a
       #   string to be used as the +label+ attribute for its <tt><optgroup></tt> tag.
       # * +option_key_method+ - The name of a method which, when called on a child object of a member of
       #   +collection+, returns a value to be used as the +value+ attribute for its <tt><option></tt> tag.
@@ -458,26 +456,12 @@ module ActionView
           option_tags = options_from_collection_for_select(
             group.send(group_method), option_key_method, option_value_method, selected_key)
 
-          content_tag(:optgroup, option_tags, label: group.send(group_label_method))
+          content_tag("optgroup".freeze, option_tags, label: group.send(group_label_method))
         end.join.html_safe
       end
 
       # Returns a string of <tt><option></tt> tags, like <tt>options_for_select</tt>, but
-      # wraps them with <tt><optgroup></tt> tags.
-      #
-      # Parameters:
-      # * +grouped_options+ - Accepts a nested array or hash of strings. The first value serves as the
-      #   <tt><optgroup></tt> label while the second value must be an array of options. The second value can be a
-      #   nested array of text-value pairs. See <tt>options_for_select</tt> for more info.
-      #    Ex. ["North America",[["United States","US"],["Canada","CA"]]]
-      # * +selected_key+ - A value equal to the +value+ attribute for one of the <tt><option></tt> tags,
-      #   which will have the +selected+ attribute set. Note: It is possible for this value to match multiple options
-      #   as you might have the same option in multiple groups. Each will then get <tt>selected="selected"</tt>.
-      #
-      # Options:
-      # * <tt>:prompt</tt> - set to true or a prompt string. When the select element doesn't have a value yet, this
-      #   prepends an option with a generic prompt - "Please select" - or the given prompt string.
-      # * <tt>:divider</tt> - the divider for the options groups.
+      # wraps them with <tt><optgroup></tt> tags:
       #
       #   grouped_options = [
       #    ['North America',
@@ -504,22 +488,36 @@ module ActionView
       #     <option value="France">France</option>
       #   </optgroup>
       #
-      #   grouped_options = [
-      #     [['United States','US'], 'Canada'],
-      #     ['Denmark','Germany','France']
-      #   ]
-      #   grouped_options_for_select(grouped_options, nil, divider: '---------')
+      # Parameters:
+      # * +grouped_options+ - Accepts a nested array or hash of strings. The first value serves as the
+      #   <tt><optgroup></tt> label while the second value must be an array of options. The second value can be a
+      #   nested array of text-value pairs. See <tt>options_for_select</tt> for more info.
+      #    Ex. ["North America",[["United States","US"],["Canada","CA"]]]
+      # * +selected_key+ - A value equal to the +value+ attribute for one of the <tt><option></tt> tags,
+      #   which will have the +selected+ attribute set. Note: It is possible for this value to match multiple options
+      #   as you might have the same option in multiple groups. Each will then get <tt>selected="selected"</tt>.
       #
-      # Possible output:
-      #   <optgroup label="---------">
-      #     <option value="US">United States</option>
-      #     <option value="Canada">Canada</option>
-      #   </optgroup>
-      #   <optgroup label="---------">
-      #     <option value="Denmark">Denmark</option>
-      #     <option value="Germany">Germany</option>
-      #     <option value="France">France</option>
-      #   </optgroup>
+      # Options:
+      # * <tt>:prompt</tt> - set to true or a prompt string. When the select element doesn't have a value yet, this
+      #   prepends an option with a generic prompt - "Please select" - or the given prompt string.
+      # * <tt>:divider</tt> - the divider for the options groups.
+      #
+      #     grouped_options = [
+      #       [['United States','US'], 'Canada'],
+      #       ['Denmark','Germany','France']
+      #     ]
+      #     grouped_options_for_select(grouped_options, nil, divider: '---------')
+      #
+      #   Possible output:
+      #     <optgroup label="---------">
+      #       <option value="US">United States</option>
+      #       <option value="Canada">Canada</option>
+      #     </optgroup>
+      #     <optgroup label="---------">
+      #       <option value="Denmark">Denmark</option>
+      #       <option value="Germany">Germany</option>
+      #       <option value="France">France</option>
+      #     </optgroup>
       #
       # <b>Note:</b> Only the <tt><optgroup></tt> and <tt><option></tt> tags are returned, so you still have to
       # wrap the output in an appropriate <tt><select></tt> tag.
@@ -530,7 +528,7 @@ module ActionView
         body = "".html_safe
 
         if prompt
-          body.safe_concat content_tag(:option, prompt_text(prompt), value: "")
+          body.safe_concat content_tag("option".freeze, prompt_text(prompt), value: "")
         end
 
         grouped_options.each do |container|
@@ -543,14 +541,14 @@ module ActionView
           end
 
           html_attributes = { label: label }.merge!(html_attributes)
-          body.safe_concat content_tag(:optgroup, options_for_select(container, selected_key), html_attributes)
+          body.safe_concat content_tag("optgroup".freeze, options_for_select(container, selected_key), html_attributes)
         end
 
         body
       end
 
       # Returns a string of option tags for pretty much any time zone in the
-      # world. Supply a ActiveSupport::TimeZone name as +selected+ to have it
+      # world. Supply an ActiveSupport::TimeZone name as +selected+ to have it
       # marked as the selected option tag. You can also supply an array of
       # ActiveSupport::TimeZone objects as +priority_zones+, so that they will
       # be listed above the rest of the (long) list. (You can use
@@ -558,7 +556,7 @@ module ActionView
       # of the US time zones, or a Regexp to select the zones of your choice)
       #
       # The +selected+ parameter must be either +nil+, or a string that names
-      # a ActiveSupport::TimeZone.
+      # an ActiveSupport::TimeZone.
       #
       # By default, +model+ is the ActiveSupport::TimeZone constant (which can
       # be obtained in Active Record as a value object). The only requirement
@@ -579,7 +577,7 @@ module ActionView
           end
 
           zone_options.safe_concat options_for_select(convert_zones[priority_zones], selected)
-          zone_options.safe_concat content_tag(:option, '-------------', value: '', disabled: true)
+          zone_options.safe_concat content_tag("option".freeze, '-------------', value: '', disabled: true)
           zone_options.safe_concat "\n"
 
           zones = zones - priority_zones
@@ -635,7 +633,7 @@ module ActionView
       # even use the label as wrapper, as in the example above.
       #
       # The builder methods <tt>label</tt> and <tt>radio_button</tt> also accept
-      # extra html options:
+      # extra HTML options:
       #   collection_radio_buttons(:post, :author_id, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial) do |b|
       #     b.label(class: "radio_button") { b.radio_button(class: "radio_button") }
       #   end
@@ -646,6 +644,24 @@ module ActionView
       #   collection_radio_buttons(:post, :author_id, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial) do |b|
       #      b.label(:"data-value" => b.value) { b.radio_button + b.text }
       #   end
+      #
+      # ==== Gotcha
+      #
+      # The HTML specification says when nothing is select on a collection of radio buttons
+      # web browsers do not send any value to server.
+      # Unfortunately this introduces a gotcha:
+      # if a +User+ model has a +category_id+ field, and in the form none category is selected no +category_id+ parameter is sent. So,
+      # any strong parameters idiom like
+      #
+      #   params.require(:user).permit(...)
+      #
+      # will raise an error since no +{user: ...}+ will be present.
+      #
+      # To prevent this the helper generates an auxiliary hidden field before
+      # every collection of radio buttons. The hidden field has the same name as collection radio button and blank value.
+      #
+      # In case if you don't want the helper to generate this hidden field you can specify
+      # <tt>include_hidden: false</tt> option.
       def collection_radio_buttons(object, method, collection, value_method, text_method, options = {}, html_options = {}, &block)
         Tags::CollectionRadioButtons.new(object, method, self, collection, value_method, text_method, options, html_options).render(&block)
       end
@@ -698,7 +714,7 @@ module ActionView
       # use the label as wrapper, as in the example above.
       #
       # The builder methods <tt>label</tt> and <tt>check_box</tt> also accept
-      # extra html options:
+      # extra HTML options:
       #   collection_check_boxes(:post, :author_ids, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial) do |b|
       #     b.label(class: "check_box") { b.check_box(class: "check_box") }
       #   end
@@ -709,6 +725,27 @@ module ActionView
       #   collection_check_boxes(:post, :author_ids, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial) do |b|
       #      b.label(:"data-value" => b.value) { b.check_box + b.text }
       #   end
+      #
+      # ==== Gotcha
+      #
+      # When no selection is made for a collection of checkboxes most
+      # web browsers will not send any value.
+      #
+      # For example, if we have a +User+ model with +category_ids+ field and we
+      # have the following code in our update action:
+      #
+      #   @user.update(params[:user])
+      #
+      # If no +category_ids+ are selected then we can safely assume this field
+      # will not be updated.
+      #
+      # This is possible thanks to a hidden field generated by the helper method
+      # for every collection of checkboxes.
+      # This hidden field is given the same field name as the checkboxes with a
+      # blank value.
+      #
+      # In the rare case you don't want this hidden field, you can pass the
+      # <tt>include_hidden: false</tt> option to the helper method.
       def collection_check_boxes(object, method, collection, value_method, text_method, options = {}, html_options = {}, &block)
         Tags::CollectionCheckBoxes.new(object, method, self, collection, value_method, text_method, options, html_options).render(&block)
       end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_tag_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_tag_helper.rb
index 80f066b3be..0191064326 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_tag_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_tag_helper.rb
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ module ActionView
       mattr_accessor :embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms
       self.embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms = false
 
-      # Starts a form tag that points the action to an url configured with <tt>url_for_options</tt> just like
+      # Starts a form tag that points the action to a url configured with <tt>url_for_options</tt> just like
       # ActionController::Base#url_for. The method for the form defaults to POST.
       #
       # ==== Options
@@ -35,10 +35,10 @@ module ActionView
       #   This is helpful when you're fragment-caching the form. Remote forms get the
       #   authenticity token from the <tt>meta</tt> tag, so embedding is unnecessary unless you
       #   support browsers without JavaScript.
-      # * A list of parameters to feed to the URL the form will be posted to.
       # * <tt>:remote</tt> - If set to true, will allow the Unobtrusive JavaScript drivers to control the
       #   submit behavior. By default this behavior is an ajax submit.
       # * <tt>:enforce_utf8</tt> - If set to false, a hidden input with name utf8 is not output.
+      # * Any other key creates standard HTML attributes for the tag.
       #
       # ==== Examples
       #   form_tag('/posts')
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ module ActionView
       def form_tag(url_for_options = {}, options = {}, &block)
         html_options = html_options_for_form(url_for_options, options)
         if block_given?
-          form_tag_in_block(html_options, &block)
+          form_tag_with_body(html_options, capture(&block))
         else
           form_tag_html(html_options)
         end
@@ -80,16 +80,19 @@ module ActionView
       # associated records. <tt>option_tags</tt> is a string containing the option tags for the select box.
       #
       # ==== Options
-      # * <tt>:multiple</tt> - If set to true the selection will allow multiple choices.
+      # * <tt>:multiple</tt> - If set to true, the selection will allow multiple choices.
       # * <tt>:disabled</tt> - If set to true, the user will not be able to use this input.
-      # * <tt>:include_blank</tt> - If set to true, an empty option will be created.
-      # * <tt>:prompt</tt> - Create a prompt option with blank value and the text asking user to select something
+      # * <tt>:include_blank</tt> - If set to true, an empty option will be created. If set to a string, the string will be used as the option's content and the value will be empty.
+      # * <tt>:prompt</tt> - Create a prompt option with blank value and the text asking user to select something.
       # * Any other key creates standard HTML attributes for the tag.
       #
       # ==== Examples
       #   select_tag "people", options_from_collection_for_select(@people, "id", "name")
       #   # <select id="people" name="people"><option value="1">David</option></select>
       #
+      #   select_tag "people", options_from_collection_for_select(@people, "id", "name", "1")
+      #   # <select id="people" name="people"><option value="1" selected="selected">David</option></select>
+      #
       #   select_tag "people", "<option>David</option>".html_safe
       #   # => <select id="people" name="people"><option>David</option></select>
       #
@@ -105,13 +108,16 @@ module ActionView
       #   # => <select id="locations" name="locations"><option>Home</option><option selected='selected'>Work</option>
       #   #    <option>Out</option></select>
       #
-      #   select_tag "access", "<option>Read</option><option>Write</option>".html_safe, multiple: true, class: 'form_input'
-      #   # => <select class="form_input" id="access" multiple="multiple" name="access[]"><option>Read</option>
+      #   select_tag "access", "<option>Read</option><option>Write</option>".html_safe, multiple: true, class: 'form_input', id: 'unique_id'
+      #   # => <select class="form_input" id="unique_id" multiple="multiple" name="access[]"><option>Read</option>
       #   #    <option>Write</option></select>
       #
       #   select_tag "people", options_from_collection_for_select(@people, "id", "name"), include_blank: true
       #   # => <select id="people" name="people"><option value=""></option><option value="1">David</option></select>
       #
+      #   select_tag "people", options_from_collection_for_select(@people, "id", "name"), include_blank: "All"
+      #   # => <select id="people" name="people"><option value="">All</option><option value="1">David</option></select>
+      #
       #   select_tag "people", options_from_collection_for_select(@people, "id", "name"), prompt: "Select something"
       #   # => <select id="people" name="people"><option value="">Select something</option><option value="1">David</option></select>
       #
@@ -126,15 +132,23 @@ module ActionView
         option_tags ||= ""
         html_name = (options[:multiple] == true && !name.to_s.ends_with?("[]")) ? "#{name}[]" : name
 
-        if options.delete(:include_blank)
-          option_tags = content_tag(:option, '', :value => '').safe_concat(option_tags)
+        if options.include?(:include_blank)
+          include_blank = options.delete(:include_blank)
+
+          if include_blank == true
+            include_blank = ''
+          end
+
+          if include_blank
+            option_tags = content_tag("option".freeze, include_blank, value: '').safe_concat(option_tags)
+          end
         end
 
         if prompt = options.delete(:prompt)
-          option_tags = content_tag(:option, prompt, :value => '').safe_concat(option_tags)
+          option_tags = content_tag("option".freeze, prompt, value: '').safe_concat(option_tags)
         end
 
-        content_tag :select, option_tags, { "name" => html_name, "id" => sanitize_to_id(name) }.update(options.stringify_keys)
+        content_tag "select".freeze, option_tags, { "name" => html_name, "id" => sanitize_to_id(name) }.update(options.stringify_keys)
       end
 
       # Creates a standard text field; use these text fields to input smaller chunks of text like a username
@@ -217,7 +231,7 @@ module ActionView
       #   # => <input id="collected_input" name="collected_input" onchange="alert('Input collected!')"
       #   #    type="hidden" value="" />
       def hidden_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
-        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "hidden"))
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.merge(type: :hidden))
       end
 
       # Creates a file upload field. If you are using file uploads then you will also need
@@ -256,7 +270,7 @@ module ActionView
       #   file_field_tag 'file', accept: 'text/html', class: 'upload', value: 'index.html'
       #   # => <input accept="text/html" class="upload" id="file" name="file" type="file" value="index.html" />
       def file_field_tag(name, options = {})
-        text_field_tag(name, nil, options.update("type" => "file"))
+        text_field_tag(name, nil, options.merge(type: :file))
       end
 
       # Creates a password field, a masked text field that will hide the users input behind a mask character.
@@ -289,7 +303,7 @@ module ActionView
       #   password_field_tag 'pin', '1234', maxlength: 4, size: 6, class: "pin_input"
       #   # => <input class="pin_input" id="pin" maxlength="4" name="pin" size="6" type="password" value="1234" />
       def password_field_tag(name = "password", value = nil, options = {})
-        text_field_tag(name, value, options.update("type" => "password"))
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.merge(type: :password))
       end
 
       # Creates a text input area; use a textarea for longer text inputs such as blog posts or descriptions.
@@ -400,42 +414,57 @@ module ActionView
       #   the form is processed normally, otherwise no action is taken.
       # * <tt>:disable_with</tt> - Value of this parameter will be used as the value for a
       #   disabled version of the submit button when the form is submitted. This feature is
-      #   provided by the unobtrusive JavaScript driver.
+      #   provided by the unobtrusive JavaScript driver. To disable this feature for a single submit tag
+      #   pass <tt>:data => { disable_with: false }</tt> Defaults to value attribute.
       #
       # ==== Examples
       #   submit_tag
-      #   # => <input name="commit" type="submit" value="Save changes" />
+      #   # => <input name="commit" data-disable-with="Save changes" type="submit" value="Save changes" />
       #
       #   submit_tag "Edit this article"
-      #   # => <input name="commit" type="submit" value="Edit this article" />
+      #   # => <input name="commit" data-disable-with="Edit this article" type="submit" value="Edit this article" />
       #
       #   submit_tag "Save edits", disabled: true
-      #   # => <input disabled="disabled" name="commit" type="submit" value="Save edits" />
+      #   # => <input disabled="disabled" name="commit" data-disable-with="Save edits" type="submit" value="Save edits" />
       #
-      #   submit_tag "Complete sale", data: { disable_with: "Please wait..." }
-      #   # => <input name="commit" data-disable-with="Please wait..." type="submit" value="Complete sale" />
+      #   submit_tag "Complete sale", data: { disable_with: "Submitting..." }
+      #   # => <input name="commit" data-disable-with="Submitting..." type="submit" value="Complete sale" />
       #
       #   submit_tag nil, class: "form_submit"
       #   # => <input class="form_submit" name="commit" type="submit" />
       #
       #   submit_tag "Edit", class: "edit_button"
-      #   # => <input class="edit_button" name="commit" type="submit" value="Edit" />
+      #   # => <input class="edit_button" data-disable-with="Edit" name="commit" type="submit" value="Edit" />
       #
       #   submit_tag "Save", data: { confirm: "Are you sure?" }
-      #   # => <input name='commit' type='submit' value='Save' data-confirm="Are you sure?" />
+      #   # => <input name='commit' type='submit' value='Save' data-disable-with="Save" data-confirm="Are you sure?" />
       #
       def submit_tag(value = "Save changes", options = {})
         options = options.stringify_keys
+        tag_options = { "type" => "submit", "name" => "commit", "value" => value }.update(options)
+
+        if ActionView::Base.automatically_disable_submit_tag
+          unless tag_options["data-disable-with"] == false || (tag_options["data"] && tag_options["data"][:disable_with] == false)
+            disable_with_text = tag_options["data-disable-with"]
+            disable_with_text ||= tag_options["data"][:disable_with] if tag_options["data"]
+            disable_with_text ||= value.clone
+            tag_options.deep_merge!("data" => { "disable_with" => disable_with_text })
+          else
+            tag_options["data"].delete(:disable_with) if tag_options["data"]
+          end
+          tag_options.delete("data-disable-with")
+        end
 
-        tag :input, { "type" => "submit", "name" => "commit", "value" => value }.update(options)
+        tag :input, tag_options
       end
 
       # Creates a button element that defines a <tt>submit</tt> button,
       # <tt>reset</tt>button or a generic button which can be used in
       # JavaScript, for example. You can use the button tag as a regular
       # submit tag but it isn't supported in legacy browsers. However,
-      # the button tag allows richer labels such as images and emphasis,
-      # so this helper will also accept a block.
+      # the button tag does allow for richer labels such as images and emphasis,
+      # so this helper will also accept a block. By default, it will create
+      # a button tag with type `submit`, if type is not given.
       #
       # ==== Options
       # * <tt>:data</tt> - This option can be used to add custom data attributes.
@@ -458,6 +487,15 @@ module ActionView
       #   button_tag
       #   # => <button name="button" type="submit">Button</button>
       #
+      #   button_tag 'Reset', type: 'reset'
+      #   # => <button name="button" type="reset">Reset</button>
+      #
+      #   button_tag 'Button', type: 'button'
+      #   # => <button name="button" type="button">Button</button>
+      #
+      #   button_tag 'Reset', type: 'reset', disabled: true
+      #   # => <button name="button" type="reset" disabled="disabled">Reset</button>
+      #
       #   button_tag(type: 'button') do
       #     content_tag(:strong, 'Ask me!')
       #   end
@@ -465,17 +503,26 @@ module ActionView
       #   #     <strong>Ask me!</strong>
       #   #    </button>
       #
-      #   button_tag "Checkout", data: { :disable_with => "Please wait..." }
+      #   button_tag "Save", data: { confirm: "Are you sure?" }
+      #   # => <button name="button" type="submit" data-confirm="Are you sure?">Save</button>
+      #
+      #   button_tag "Checkout", data: { disable_with: "Please wait..." }
       #   # => <button data-disable-with="Please wait..." name="button" type="submit">Checkout</button>
       #
       def button_tag(content_or_options = nil, options = nil, &block)
-        options = content_or_options if block_given? && content_or_options.is_a?(Hash)
-        options ||= {}
-        options = options.stringify_keys
+        if content_or_options.is_a? Hash
+          options = content_or_options
+        else
+          options ||= {}
+        end
 
-        options.reverse_merge! 'name' => 'button', 'type' => 'submit'
+        options = { 'name' => 'button', 'type' => 'submit' }.merge!(options.stringify_keys)
 
-        content_tag :button, content_or_options || 'Button', options, &block
+        if block_given?
+          content_tag :button, options, &block
+        else
+          content_tag :button, content_or_options || 'Button', options
+        end
       end
 
       # Displays an image which when clicked will submit the form.
@@ -495,19 +542,19 @@ module ActionView
       #
       # ==== Examples
       #   image_submit_tag("login.png")
-      #   # => <input alt="Login" src="/images/login.png" type="image" />
+      #   # => <input alt="Login" src="/assets/login.png" type="image" />
       #
       #   image_submit_tag("purchase.png", disabled: true)
-      #   # => <input alt="Purchase" disabled="disabled" src="/images/purchase.png" type="image" />
+      #   # => <input alt="Purchase" disabled="disabled" src="/assets/purchase.png" type="image" />
       #
       #   image_submit_tag("search.png", class: 'search_button', alt: 'Find')
-      #   # => <input alt="Find" class="search_button" src="/images/search.png" type="image" />
+      #   # => <input alt="Find" class="search_button" src="/assets/search.png" type="image" />
       #
       #   image_submit_tag("agree.png", disabled: true, class: "agree_disagree_button")
-      #   # => <input alt="Agree" class="agree_disagree_button" disabled="disabled" src="/images/agree.png" type="image" />
+      #   # => <input alt="Agree" class="agree_disagree_button" disabled="disabled" src="/assets/agree.png" type="image" />
       #
       #   image_submit_tag("save.png", data: { confirm: "Are you sure?" })
-      #   # => <input alt="Save" src="/images/save.png" data-confirm="Are you sure?" type="image" />
+      #   # => <input alt="Save" src="/assets/save.png" data-confirm="Are you sure?" type="image" />
       def image_submit_tag(source, options = {})
         options = options.stringify_keys
         tag :input, { "alt" => image_alt(source), "type" => "image", "src" => path_to_image(source) }.update(options)
@@ -535,7 +582,7 @@ module ActionView
       #   # => <fieldset class="format"><p><input id="name" name="name" type="text" /></p></fieldset>
       def field_set_tag(legend = nil, options = nil, &block)
         output = tag(:fieldset, options, true)
-        output.safe_concat(content_tag(:legend, legend)) unless legend.blank?
+        output.safe_concat(content_tag("legend".freeze, legend)) unless legend.blank?
         output.concat(capture(&block)) if block_given?
         output.safe_concat("</fieldset>")
       end
@@ -544,24 +591,63 @@ module ActionView
       #
       # ==== Options
       # * Accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   color_field_tag 'name'
+      #   # => <input id="name" name="name" type="color" />
+      #
+      #   color_field_tag 'color', '#DEF726'
+      #   # => <input id="color" name="color" type="color" value="#DEF726" />
+      #
+      #   color_field_tag 'color', nil, class: 'special_input'
+      #   # => <input class="special_input" id="color" name="color" type="color" />
+      #
+      #   color_field_tag 'color', '#DEF726', class: 'special_input', disabled: true
+      #   # => <input disabled="disabled" class="special_input" id="color" name="color" type="color" value="#DEF726" />
       def color_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
-        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "color"))
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.merge(type: :color))
       end
 
       # Creates a text field of type "search".
       #
       # ==== Options
       # * Accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   search_field_tag 'name'
+      #   # => <input id="name" name="name" type="search" />
+      #
+      #   search_field_tag 'search', 'Enter your search query here'
+      #   # => <input id="search" name="search" type="search" value="Enter your search query here" />
+      #
+      #   search_field_tag 'search', nil, class: 'special_input'
+      #   # => <input class="special_input" id="search" name="search" type="search" />
+      #
+      #   search_field_tag 'search', 'Enter your search query here', class: 'special_input', disabled: true
+      #   # => <input disabled="disabled" class="special_input" id="search" name="search" type="search" value="Enter your search query here" />
       def search_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
-        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "search"))
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.merge(type: :search))
       end
 
       # Creates a text field of type "tel".
       #
       # ==== Options
       # * Accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   telephone_field_tag 'name'
+      #   # => <input id="name" name="name" type="tel" />
+      #
+      #   telephone_field_tag 'tel', '0123456789'
+      #   # => <input id="tel" name="tel" type="tel" value="0123456789" />
+      #
+      #   telephone_field_tag 'tel', nil, class: 'special_input'
+      #   # => <input class="special_input" id="tel" name="tel" type="tel" />
+      #
+      #   telephone_field_tag 'tel', '0123456789', class: 'special_input', disabled: true
+      #   # => <input disabled="disabled" class="special_input" id="tel" name="tel" type="tel" value="0123456789" />
       def telephone_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
-        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "tel"))
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.merge(type: :tel))
       end
       alias phone_field_tag telephone_field_tag
 
@@ -569,8 +655,21 @@ module ActionView
       #
       # ==== Options
       # * Accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   date_field_tag 'name'
+      #   # => <input id="name" name="name" type="date" />
+      #
+      #   date_field_tag 'date', '01/01/2014'
+      #   # => <input id="date" name="date" type="date" value="01/01/2014" />
+      #
+      #   date_field_tag 'date', nil, class: 'special_input'
+      #   # => <input class="special_input" id="date" name="date" type="date" />
+      #
+      #   date_field_tag 'date', '01/01/2014', class: 'special_input', disabled: true
+      #   # => <input disabled="disabled" class="special_input" id="date" name="date" type="date" value="01/01/2014" />
       def date_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
-        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "date"))
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.merge(type: :date))
       end
 
       # Creates a text field of type "time".
@@ -581,7 +680,7 @@ module ActionView
       # * <tt>:step</tt> - The acceptable value granularity.
       # * Otherwise accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
       def time_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
-        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "time"))
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.merge(type: :time))
       end
 
       # Creates a text field of type "datetime".
@@ -592,7 +691,7 @@ module ActionView
       # * <tt>:step</tt> - The acceptable value granularity.
       # * Otherwise accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
       def datetime_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
-        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "datetime"))
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.merge(type: :datetime))
       end
 
       # Creates a text field of type "datetime-local".
@@ -603,7 +702,7 @@ module ActionView
       # * <tt>:step</tt> - The acceptable value granularity.
       # * Otherwise accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
       def datetime_local_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
-        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "datetime-local"))
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.merge(type: 'datetime-local'))
       end
 
       # Creates a text field of type "month".
@@ -614,7 +713,7 @@ module ActionView
       # * <tt>:step</tt> - The acceptable value granularity.
       # * Otherwise accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
       def month_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
-        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "month"))
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.merge(type: :month))
       end
 
       # Creates a text field of type "week".
@@ -625,23 +724,49 @@ module ActionView
       # * <tt>:step</tt> - The acceptable value granularity.
       # * Otherwise accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
       def week_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
-        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "week"))
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.merge(type: :week))
       end
 
       # Creates a text field of type "url".
       #
       # ==== Options
       # * Accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   url_field_tag 'name'
+      #   # => <input id="name" name="name" type="url" />
+      #
+      #   url_field_tag 'url', 'http://rubyonrails.org'
+      #   # => <input id="url" name="url" type="url" value="http://rubyonrails.org" />
+      #
+      #   url_field_tag 'url', nil, class: 'special_input'
+      #   # => <input class="special_input" id="url" name="url" type="url" />
+      #
+      #   url_field_tag 'url', 'http://rubyonrails.org', class: 'special_input', disabled: true
+      #   # => <input disabled="disabled" class="special_input" id="url" name="url" type="url" value="http://rubyonrails.org" />
       def url_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
-        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "url"))
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.merge(type: :url))
       end
 
       # Creates a text field of type "email".
       #
       # ==== Options
       # * Accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   email_field_tag 'name'
+      #   # => <input id="name" name="name" type="email" />
+      #
+      #   email_field_tag 'email', 'email@example.com'
+      #   # => <input id="email" name="email" type="email" value="email@example.com" />
+      #
+      #   email_field_tag 'email', nil, class: 'special_input'
+      #   # => <input class="special_input" id="email" name="email" type="email" />
+      #
+      #   email_field_tag 'email', 'email@example.com', class: 'special_input', disabled: true
+      #   # => <input disabled="disabled" class="special_input" id="email" name="email" type="email" value="email@example.com" />
       def email_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
-        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "email"))
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.merge(type: :email))
       end
 
       # Creates a number field.
@@ -651,12 +776,40 @@ module ActionView
       # * <tt>:max</tt> - The maximum acceptable value.
       # * <tt>:in</tt> - A range specifying the <tt>:min</tt> and
       #   <tt>:max</tt> values.
+      # * <tt>:within</tt> - Same as <tt>:in</tt>.
       # * <tt>:step</tt> - The acceptable value granularity.
       # * Otherwise accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
       #
       # ==== Examples
+      #   number_field_tag 'quantity'
+      #   # => <input id="quantity" name="quantity" type="number" />
+      #
+      #   number_field_tag 'quantity', '1'
+      #   # => <input id="quantity" name="quantity" type="number" value="1" />
+      #
+      #   number_field_tag 'quantity', nil, class: 'special_input'
+      #   # => <input class="special_input" id="quantity" name="quantity" type="number" />
+      #
+      #   number_field_tag 'quantity', nil, min: 1
+      #   # => <input id="quantity" name="quantity" min="1" type="number" />
+      #
+      #   number_field_tag 'quantity', nil, max: 9
+      #   # => <input id="quantity" name="quantity" max="9" type="number" />
+      #
       #   number_field_tag 'quantity', nil, in: 1...10
       #   # => <input id="quantity" name="quantity" min="1" max="9" type="number" />
+      #
+      #   number_field_tag 'quantity', nil, within: 1...10
+      #   # => <input id="quantity" name="quantity" min="1" max="9" type="number" />
+      #
+      #   number_field_tag 'quantity', nil, min: 1, max: 10
+      #   # => <input id="quantity" name="quantity" min="1" max="10" type="number" />
+      #
+      #   number_field_tag 'quantity', nil, min: 1, max: 10, step: 2
+      #   # => <input id="quantity" name="quantity" min="1" max="10" step="2" type="number" />
+      #
+      #   number_field_tag 'quantity', '1', class: 'special_input', disabled: true
+      #   # => <input disabled="disabled" class="special_input" id="quantity" name="quantity" type="number" value="1" />
       def number_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
         options = options.stringify_keys
         options["type"] ||= "number"
@@ -671,13 +824,16 @@ module ActionView
       # ==== Options
       # * Accepts the same options as number_field_tag.
       def range_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
-        number_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "range"))
+        number_field_tag(name, value, options.merge(type: :range))
       end
 
       # Creates the hidden UTF8 enforcer tag. Override this method in a helper
       # to customize the tag.
       def utf8_enforcer_tag
-        tag(:input, :type => "hidden", :name => "utf8", :value => "&#x2713;".html_safe)
+        # Use raw HTML to ensure the value is written as an HTML entity; it
+        # needs to be the right character regardless of which encoding the
+        # browser infers.
+        '<input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />'.html_safe
       end
 
       private
@@ -720,9 +876,11 @@ module ActionView
               method_tag(method) + token_tag(authenticity_token)
           end
 
-          enforce_utf8 = html_options.delete("enforce_utf8") { true }
-          tags = (enforce_utf8 ? utf8_enforcer_tag : ''.html_safe) << method_tag
-          content_tag(:div, tags, :style => 'display:none')
+          if html_options.delete("enforce_utf8") { true }
+            utf8_enforcer_tag + method_tag
+          else
+            method_tag
+          end
         end
 
         def form_tag_html(html_options)
@@ -730,8 +888,7 @@ module ActionView
           tag(:form, html_options, true) + extra_tags
         end
 
-        def form_tag_in_block(html_options, &block)
-          content = capture(&block)
+        def form_tag_with_body(html_options, content)
           output = form_tag_html(html_options)
           output << content
           output.safe_concat("</form>")
@@ -739,7 +896,7 @@ module ActionView
 
         # see http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/types.html#type-name
         def sanitize_to_id(name)
-          name.to_s.delete(']').gsub(/[^-a-zA-Z0-9:.]/, "_")
+          name.to_s.delete(']').tr('^-a-zA-Z0-9:.', "_")
         end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/javascript_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/javascript_helper.rb
index e475d5b018..ed7e882c94 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/javascript_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/javascript_helper.rb
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ module ActionView
       # Also available through the alias j(). This is particularly helpful in JavaScript
       # responses, like:
       #
-      #   $('some_element').replaceWith('<%=j render 'some/element_template' %>');
+      #   $('some_element').replaceWith('<%= j render 'some/element_template' %>');
       def escape_javascript(javascript)
         if javascript
           result = javascript.gsub(/(\\|<\/|\r\n|\342\200\250|\342\200\251|[\n\r"'])/u) {|match| JS_ESCAPE_MAP[match] }
@@ -47,7 +47,13 @@ module ActionView
       # tag.
       #
       #   javascript_tag "alert('All is good')", defer: 'defer'
-      #   # => <script defer="defer">alert('All is good')</script>
+      #
+      # Returns:
+      #   <script defer="defer">
+      #   //<![CDATA[
+      #   alert('All is good')
+      #   //]]>
+      #   </script>
       #
       # Instead of passing the content as an argument, you can also use a block
       # in which case, you pass your +html_options+ as the first parameter.
@@ -64,7 +70,7 @@ module ActionView
             content_or_options_with_block
           end
 
-        content_tag(:script, javascript_cdata_section(content), html_options)
+        content_tag("script".freeze, javascript_cdata_section(content), html_options)
       end
 
       def javascript_cdata_section(content) #:nodoc:
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/number_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/number_helper.rb
index 7157a95146..d7182d1fac 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/number_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/number_helper.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
-
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety'
 require 'active_support/number_helper'
@@ -117,8 +115,8 @@ module ActionView
       #   (defaults to current locale).
       # * <tt>:precision</tt> - Sets the precision of the number
       #   (defaults to 3).
-      # * <tt>:significant</tt> - If +true+, precision will be the #
-      #   of significant_digits. If +false+, the # of fractional
+      # * <tt>:significant</tt> - If +true+, precision will be the number
+      #   of significant_digits. If +false+, the number of fractional
       #   digits (defaults to +false+).
       # * <tt>:separator</tt> - Sets the separator between the
       #   fractional and integer digits (defaults to ".").
@@ -141,7 +139,7 @@ module ActionView
       #   number_to_percentage(302.24398923423, precision: 5)              # => 302.24399%
       #   number_to_percentage(1000, locale: :fr)                          # => 1 000,000%
       #   number_to_percentage("98a")                                      # => 98a%
-      #   number_to_percentage(100, format: "%n  %")                       # => 100  %
+      #   number_to_percentage(100, format: "%n  %")                       # => 100.000  %
       #
       #   number_to_percentage("98a", raise: true)                         # => InvalidNumberError
       def number_to_percentage(number, options = {})
@@ -192,8 +190,8 @@ module ActionView
       #   (defaults to current locale).
       # * <tt>:precision</tt> - Sets the precision of the number
       #   (defaults to 3).
-      # * <tt>:significant</tt> - If +true+, precision will be the #
-      #   of significant_digits. If +false+, the # of fractional
+      # * <tt>:significant</tt> - If +true+, precision will be the number
+      #   of significant_digits. If +false+, the number of fractional
       #   digits (defaults to +false+).
       # * <tt>:separator</tt> - Sets the separator between the
       #   fractional and integer digits (defaults to ".").
@@ -240,8 +238,8 @@ module ActionView
       #   (defaults to current locale).
       # * <tt>:precision</tt> - Sets the precision of the number
       #   (defaults to 3).
-      # * <tt>:significant</tt> - If +true+, precision will be the #
-      #   of significant_digits. If +false+, the # of fractional
+      # * <tt>:significant</tt> - If +true+, precision will be the number
+      #   of significant_digits. If +false+, the number of fractional
       #   digits (defaults to +true+)
       # * <tt>:separator</tt> - Sets the separator between the
       #   fractional and integer digits (defaults to ".").
@@ -266,14 +264,8 @@ module ActionView
       #   number_to_human_size(1234567, precision: 2)                        # => 1.2 MB
       #   number_to_human_size(483989, precision: 2)                         # => 470 KB
       #   number_to_human_size(1234567, precision: 2, separator: ',')        # => 1,2 MB
-      #
-      # Non-significant zeros after the fractional separator are
-      # stripped out by default (set
-      # <tt>:strip_insignificant_zeros</tt> to +false+ to change
-      # that):
-      #
-      #   number_to_human_size(1234567890123, precision: 5)        # => "1.1229 TB"
-      #   number_to_human_size(524288000, precision: 5)            # => "500 MB"
+      #   number_to_human_size(1234567890123, precision: 5)                  # => "1.1228 TB"
+      #   number_to_human_size(524288000, precision: 5)                      # => "500 MB"
       def number_to_human_size(number, options = {})
         delegate_number_helper_method(:number_to_human_size, number, options)
       end
@@ -286,7 +278,7 @@ module ActionView
       # See <tt>number_to_human_size</tt> if you want to print a file
       # size.
       #
-      # You can also define you own unit-quantifier names if you want
+      # You can also define your own unit-quantifier names if you want
       # to use other decimal units (eg.: 1500 becomes "1.5
       # kilometers", 0.150 becomes "150 milliliters", etc). You may
       # define a wide range of unit quantifiers, even fractional ones
@@ -298,8 +290,8 @@ module ActionView
       #   (defaults to current locale).
       # * <tt>:precision</tt> - Sets the precision of the number
       #   (defaults to 3).
-      # * <tt>:significant</tt> - If +true+, precision will be the #
-      #   of significant_digits. If +false+, the # of fractional
+      # * <tt>:significant</tt> - If +true+, precision will be the number
+      #   of significant_digits. If +false+, the number of fractional
       #   digits (defaults to +true+)
       # * <tt>:separator</tt> - Sets the separator between the
       #   fractional and integer digits (defaults to ".").
@@ -312,12 +304,12 @@ module ActionView
       #   string containing an i18n scope where to find this hash. It
       #   might have the following keys:
       #   * *integers*: <tt>:unit</tt>, <tt>:ten</tt>,
-      #     *<tt>:hundred</tt>, <tt>:thousand</tt>, <tt>:million</tt>,
-      #     *<tt>:billion</tt>, <tt>:trillion</tt>,
-      #     *<tt>:quadrillion</tt>
+      #     <tt>:hundred</tt>, <tt>:thousand</tt>, <tt>:million</tt>,
+      #     <tt>:billion</tt>, <tt>:trillion</tt>,
+      #     <tt>:quadrillion</tt>
       #   * *fractionals*: <tt>:deci</tt>, <tt>:centi</tt>,
-      #     *<tt>:mili</tt>, <tt>:micro</tt>, <tt>:nano</tt>,
-      #     *<tt>:pico</tt>, <tt>:femto</tt>
+      #     <tt>:mili</tt>, <tt>:micro</tt>, <tt>:nano</tt>,
+      #     <tt>:pico</tt>, <tt>:femto</tt>
       # * <tt>:format</tt> - Sets the format of the output string
       #   (defaults to "%n %u"). The field types are:
       #   * %u - The quantifier (ex.: 'thousand')
@@ -343,11 +335,15 @@ module ActionView
       #                           separator: ',',
       #                           significant: false)                   # => "1,2 Million"
       #
+      #   number_to_human(500000000, precision: 5)                      # => "500 Million"
+      #   number_to_human(12345012345, significant: false)              # => "12.345 Billion"
+      #
       # Non-significant zeros after the decimal separator are stripped
       # out by default (set <tt>:strip_insignificant_zeros</tt> to
       # +false+ to change that):
-      #   number_to_human(12345012345, significant_digits: 6)       # => "12.345 Billion"
-      #   number_to_human(500000000, precision: 5)                  # => "500 Million"
+      #
+      # number_to_human(12.00001)                                       # => "12"
+      # number_to_human(12.00001, strip_insignificant_zeros: false)     # => "12.0"
       #
       # ==== Custom Unit Quantifiers
       #
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/output_safety_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/output_safety_helper.rb
index 60a4478c26..1c2a400245 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/output_safety_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/output_safety_helper.rb
@@ -17,10 +17,10 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
         stringish.to_s.html_safe
       end
 
-      # This method returns a html safe string similar to what <tt>Array#join</tt>
-      # would return. All items in the array, including the supplied separator, are
-      # html escaped unless they are html safe, and the returned string is marked
-      # as html safe.
+      # This method returns an HTML safe string similar to what <tt>Array#join</tt>
+      # would return. The array is flattened, and all items, including
+      # the supplied separator, are HTML escaped unless they are HTML
+      # safe, and the returned string is marked as HTML safe.
       #
       #   safe_join(["<p>foo</p>".html_safe, "<p>bar</p>"], "<br />")
       #   # => "<p>foo</p>&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;bar&lt;/p&gt;"
@@ -29,9 +29,9 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
       #   # => "<p>foo</p><br /><p>bar</p>"
       #
       def safe_join(array, sep=$,)
-        sep = ERB::Util.html_escape(sep)
+        sep = ERB::Util.unwrapped_html_escape(sep)
 
-        array.map { |i| ERB::Util.html_escape(i) }.join(sep).html_safe
+        array.flatten.map! { |i| ERB::Util.unwrapped_html_escape(i) }.join(sep).html_safe
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/record_tag_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/record_tag_helper.rb
index 77c3e6d394..f7ee573035 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/record_tag_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/record_tag_helper.rb
@@ -1,108 +1,21 @@
-require 'action_view/record_identifier'
-
 module ActionView
-  # = Action View Record Tag Helpers
   module Helpers
     module RecordTagHelper
-      include ActionView::RecordIdentifier
-
-      # Produces a wrapper DIV element with id and class parameters that
-      # relate to the specified Active Record object. Usage example:
-      #
-      #    <%= div_for(@person, class: "foo") do %>
-      #       <%= @person.name %>
-      #    <% end %>
-      #
-      # produces:
-      #
-      #    <div id="person_123" class="person foo"> Joe Bloggs </div>
-      #
-      # You can also pass an array of Active Record objects, which will then
-      # get iterated over and yield each record as an argument for the block.
-      # For example:
-      #
-      #    <%= div_for(@people, class: "foo") do |person| %>
-      #      <%= person.name %>
-      #    <% end %>
-      #
-      # produces:
-      #
-      #    <div id="person_123" class="person foo"> Joe Bloggs </div>
-      #    <div id="person_124" class="person foo"> Jane Bloggs </div>
-      #
-      def div_for(record, *args, &block)
-        content_tag_for(:div, record, *args, &block)
+      def div_for(*)
+        raise NoMethodError, "The `div_for` method has been removed from " \
+          "Rails. To continue using it, add the `record_tag_helper` gem to " \
+          "your Gemfile:\n" \
+          "  gem 'record_tag_helper', '~> 1.0'\n" \
+          "Consult the Rails upgrade guide for details."
       end
 
-      # content_tag_for creates an HTML element with id and class parameters
-      # that relate to the specified Active Record object. For example:
-      #
-      #    <%= content_tag_for(:tr, @person) do %>
-      #      <td><%= @person.first_name %></td>
-      #      <td><%= @person.last_name %></td>
-      #    <% end %>
-      #
-      # would produce the following HTML (assuming @person is an instance of
-      # a Person object, with an id value of 123):
-      #
-      #    <tr id="person_123" class="person">....</tr>
-      #
-      # If you require the HTML id attribute to have a prefix, you can specify it:
-      #
-      #    <%= content_tag_for(:tr, @person, :foo) do %> ...
-      #
-      # produces:
-      #
-      #    <tr id="foo_person_123" class="person">...
-      #
-      # You can also pass an array of objects which this method will loop through
-      # and yield the current object to the supplied block, reducing the need for
-      # having to iterate through the object (using <tt>each</tt>) beforehand.
-      # For example (assuming @people is an array of Person objects):
-      #
-      #    <%= content_tag_for(:tr, @people) do |person| %>
-      #      <td><%= person.first_name %></td>
-      #      <td><%= person.last_name %></td>
-      #    <% end %>
-      #
-      # produces:
-      #
-      #    <tr id="person_123" class="person">...</tr>
-      #    <tr id="person_124" class="person">...</tr>
-      #
-      # content_tag_for also accepts a hash of options, which will be converted to
-      # additional HTML attributes. If you specify a <tt>:class</tt> value, it will be combined
-      # with the default class name for your object. For example:
-      #
-      #    <%= content_tag_for(:li, @person, class: "bar") %>...
-      #
-      # produces:
-      #
-      #    <li id="person_123" class="person bar">...
-      #
-      def content_tag_for(tag_name, single_or_multiple_records, prefix = nil, options = nil, &block)
-        options, prefix = prefix, nil if prefix.is_a?(Hash)
-
-        Array(single_or_multiple_records).map do |single_record|
-          content_tag_for_single_record(tag_name, single_record, prefix, options, &block)
-        end.join("\n").html_safe
+      def content_tag_for(*)
+        raise NoMethodError, "The `content_tag_for` method has been removed from " \
+          "Rails. To continue using it, add the `record_tag_helper` gem to " \
+          "your Gemfile:\n" \
+          "  gem 'record_tag_helper', '~> 1.0'\n" \
+          "Consult the Rails upgrade guide for details."
       end
-
-      private
-
-        # Called by <tt>content_tag_for</tt> internally to render a content tag
-        # for each record.
-        def content_tag_for_single_record(tag_name, record, prefix, options, &block)
-          options = options ? options.dup : {}
-          options[:class] = [ dom_class(record, prefix), options[:class] ].compact
-          options[:id]    = dom_id(record, prefix)
-
-          if block_given?
-            content_tag(tag_name, capture(record, &block), options)
-          else
-            content_tag(tag_name, "", options)
-          end
-        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/rendering_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/rendering_helper.rb
index 15b88bcda6..c98f2d74a8 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/rendering_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/rendering_helper.rb
@@ -13,12 +13,13 @@ module ActionView
       # * <tt>:inline</tt> - Renders an inline template similar to how it's done in the controller.
       # * <tt>:text</tt> - Renders the text passed in out.
       # * <tt>:plain</tt> - Renders the text passed in out. Setting the content
-      # type as <tt>text/plain</tt>.
-      # * <tt>:html</tt> - Renders the html safe string passed in out, otherwise
-      # performs html escape on the string first. Setting the content type as
-      # <tt>text/html</tt>.
-      # * <tt>:body</tt> - Renders the text passed in, and does not set content
-      # type in the response.
+      #   type as <tt>text/plain</tt>.
+      # * <tt>:html</tt> - Renders the HTML safe string passed in out, otherwise
+      #   performs HTML escape on the string first. Setting the content type as
+      #   <tt>text/html</tt>.
+      # * <tt>:body</tt> - Renders the text passed in, and inherits the content
+      #   type of <tt>text/plain</tt> from <tt>ActionDispatch::Response</tt>
+      #   object.
       #
       # If no options hash is passed or :update specified, the default is to render a partial and use the second parameter
       # as the locals hash.
@@ -31,7 +32,7 @@ module ActionView
             view_renderer.render(self, options)
           end
         else
-          view_renderer.render_partial(self, :partial => options, :locals => locals)
+          view_renderer.render_partial(self, :partial => options, :locals => locals, &block)
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/sanitize_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/sanitize_helper.rb
index e5cb843670..191a881de0 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/sanitize_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/sanitize_helper.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/try'
-require 'action_view/vendor/html-scanner'
+require 'rails-html-sanitizer'
 
 module ActionView
   # = Action View Sanitize Helpers
@@ -8,54 +8,77 @@ module ActionView
     # These helper methods extend Action View making them callable within your template files.
     module SanitizeHelper
       extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-      # This +sanitize+ helper will html encode all tags and strip all attributes that
-      # aren't specifically allowed.
+      # Sanitizes HTML input, stripping all tags and attributes that aren't whitelisted.
       #
-      # It also strips href/src tags with invalid protocols, like javascript: especially.
-      # It does its best to counter any  tricks that hackers may use, like throwing in
-      # unicode/ascii/hex values to get past the javascript: filters. Check out
-      # the extensive test suite.
+      # It also strips href/src attributes with unsafe protocols like
+      # <tt>javascript:</tt>, while also protecting against attempts to use Unicode,
+      # ASCII, and hex character references to work around these protocol filters.
       #
-      #   <%= sanitize @article.body %>
+      # The default sanitizer is Rails::Html::WhiteListSanitizer. See {Rails HTML
+      # Sanitizers}[https://github.com/rails/rails-html-sanitizer] for more information.
       #
-      # You can add or remove tags/attributes if you want to customize it a bit.
-      # See ActionView::Base for full docs on the available options. You can add
-      # tags/attributes for single uses of +sanitize+ by passing either the
-      # <tt>:attributes</tt> or <tt>:tags</tt> options:
+      # Custom sanitization rules can also be provided.
       #
-      # Normal Use
+      # Please note that sanitizing user-provided text does not guarantee that the
+      # resulting markup is valid or even well-formed. For example, the output may still
+      # contain unescaped characters like <tt><</tt>, <tt>></tt>, or <tt>&</tt>.
       #
-      #   <%= sanitize @article.body %>
+      # ==== Options
       #
-      # Custom Use (only the mentioned tags and attributes are allowed, nothing else)
+      # * <tt>:tags</tt> - An array of allowed tags.
+      # * <tt>:attributes</tt> - An array of allowed attributes.
+      # * <tt>:scrubber</tt> - A {Rails::Html scrubber}[https://github.com/rails/rails-html-sanitizer]
+      #   or {Loofah::Scrubber}[https://github.com/flavorjones/loofah] object that
+      #   defines custom sanitization rules. A custom scrubber takes precedence over
+      #   custom tags and attributes.
       #
-      #   <%= sanitize @article.body, tags: %w(table tr td), attributes: %w(id class style) %>
+      # ==== Examples
       #
-      # Add table tags to the default allowed tags
+      # Normal use:
       #
-      #   class Application < Rails::Application
-      #     config.action_view.sanitized_allowed_tags = 'table', 'tr', 'td'
-      #   end
+      #   <%= sanitize @comment.body %>
+      #
+      # Providing custom whitelisted tags and attributes:
+      #
+      #   <%= sanitize @comment.body, tags: %w(strong em a), attributes: %w(href) %>
+      #
+      # Providing a custom Rails::Html scrubber:
       #
-      # Remove tags to the default allowed tags
+      #   class CommentScrubber < Rails::Html::PermitScrubber
+      #     def allowed_node?(node)
+      #       !%w(form script comment blockquote).include?(node.name)
+      #     end
+      #
+      #     def skip_node?(node)
+      #       node.text?
+      #     end
       #
-      #   class Application < Rails::Application
-      #     config.after_initialize do
-      #       ActionView::Base.sanitized_allowed_tags.delete 'div'
+      #     def scrub_attribute?(name)
+      #       name == 'style'
       #     end
       #   end
       #
-      # Change allowed default attributes
+      #   <%= sanitize @comment.body, scrubber: CommentScrubber.new %>
+      #
+      # See {Rails HTML Sanitizer}[https://github.com/rails/rails-html-sanitizer] for
+      # documentation about Rails::Html scrubbers.
+      #
+      # Providing a custom Loofah::Scrubber:
       #
-      #   class Application < Rails::Application
-      #     config.action_view.sanitized_allowed_attributes = 'id', 'class', 'style'
+      #   scrubber = Loofah::Scrubber.new do |node|
+      #     node.remove if node.name == 'script'
       #   end
       #
-      # Please note that sanitizing user-provided text does not guarantee that the
-      # resulting markup is valid (conforming to a document type) or even well-formed.
-      # The output may still contain e.g. unescaped '<', '>', '&' characters and
-      # confuse browsers.
+      #   <%= sanitize @comment.body, scrubber: scrubber %>
+      #
+      # See {Loofah's documentation}[https://github.com/flavorjones/loofah] for more
+      # information about defining custom Loofah::Scrubber objects.
+      #
+      # To set the default allowed tags or attributes across your application:
       #
+      #   # In config/application.rb
+      #   config.action_view.sanitized_allowed_tags = ['strong', 'em', 'a']
+      #   config.action_view.sanitized_allowed_attributes = ['href', 'title']
       def sanitize(html, options = {})
         self.class.white_list_sanitizer.sanitize(html, options).try(:html_safe)
       end
@@ -65,9 +88,7 @@ module ActionView
         self.class.white_list_sanitizer.sanitize_css(style)
       end
 
-      # Strips all HTML tags from the +html+, including comments. This uses the
-      # html-scanner tokenizer and so its HTML parsing ability is limited by
-      # that of html-scanner.
+      # Strips all HTML tags from +html+, including comments.
       #
       #   strip_tags("Strip <i>these</i> tags!")
       #   # => Strip these tags!
@@ -78,10 +99,10 @@ module ActionView
       #   strip_tags("<div id='top-bar'>Welcome to my website!</div>")
       #   # => Welcome to my website!
       def strip_tags(html)
-        self.class.full_sanitizer.sanitize(html)
+        self.class.full_sanitizer.sanitize(html, encode_special_chars: false)
       end
 
-      # Strips all link tags from +text+ leaving just the link text.
+      # Strips all link tags from +html+ leaving just the link text.
       #
       #   strip_links('<a href="http://www.rubyonrails.org">Ruby on Rails</a>')
       #   # => Ruby on Rails
@@ -98,47 +119,21 @@ module ActionView
       module ClassMethods #:nodoc:
         attr_writer :full_sanitizer, :link_sanitizer, :white_list_sanitizer
 
-        def sanitized_protocol_separator
-          white_list_sanitizer.protocol_separator
-        end
-
-        def sanitized_uri_attributes
-          white_list_sanitizer.uri_attributes
-        end
-
-        def sanitized_bad_tags
-          white_list_sanitizer.bad_tags
+        # Vendors the full, link and white list sanitizers.
+        # Provided strictly for compatibility and can be removed in Rails 5.
+        def sanitizer_vendor
+          Rails::Html::Sanitizer
         end
 
         def sanitized_allowed_tags
-          white_list_sanitizer.allowed_tags
+          sanitizer_vendor.white_list_sanitizer.allowed_tags
         end
 
         def sanitized_allowed_attributes
-          white_list_sanitizer.allowed_attributes
+          sanitizer_vendor.white_list_sanitizer.allowed_attributes
         end
 
-        def sanitized_allowed_css_properties
-          white_list_sanitizer.allowed_css_properties
-        end
-
-        def sanitized_allowed_css_keywords
-          white_list_sanitizer.allowed_css_keywords
-        end
-
-        def sanitized_shorthand_css_properties
-          white_list_sanitizer.shorthand_css_properties
-        end
-
-        def sanitized_allowed_protocols
-          white_list_sanitizer.allowed_protocols
-        end
-
-        def sanitized_protocol_separator=(value)
-          white_list_sanitizer.protocol_separator = value
-        end
-
-        # Gets the HTML::FullSanitizer instance used by +strip_tags+. Replace with
+        # Gets the Rails::Html::FullSanitizer instance used by +strip_tags+. Replace with
         # any object that responds to +sanitize+.
         #
         #   class Application < Rails::Application
@@ -146,21 +141,21 @@ module ActionView
         #   end
         #
         def full_sanitizer
-          @full_sanitizer ||= HTML::FullSanitizer.new
+          @full_sanitizer ||= sanitizer_vendor.full_sanitizer.new
         end
 
-        # Gets the HTML::LinkSanitizer instance used by +strip_links+. Replace with
-        # any object that responds to +sanitize+.
+        # Gets the Rails::Html::LinkSanitizer instance used by +strip_links+.
+        # Replace with any object that responds to +sanitize+.
         #
         #   class Application < Rails::Application
         #     config.action_view.link_sanitizer = MySpecialSanitizer.new
         #   end
         #
         def link_sanitizer
-          @link_sanitizer ||= HTML::LinkSanitizer.new
+          @link_sanitizer ||= sanitizer_vendor.link_sanitizer.new
         end
 
-        # Gets the HTML::WhiteListSanitizer instance used by sanitize and +sanitize_css+.
+        # Gets the Rails::Html::WhiteListSanitizer instance used by sanitize and +sanitize_css+.
         # Replace with any object that responds to +sanitize+.
         #
         #   class Application < Rails::Application
@@ -168,87 +163,7 @@ module ActionView
         #   end
         #
         def white_list_sanitizer
-          @white_list_sanitizer ||= HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.new
-        end
-
-        # Adds valid HTML attributes that the +sanitize+ helper checks for URIs.
-        #
-        #   class Application < Rails::Application
-        #     config.action_view.sanitized_uri_attributes = 'lowsrc', 'target'
-        #   end
-        #
-        def sanitized_uri_attributes=(attributes)
-          HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.uri_attributes.merge(attributes)
-        end
-
-        # Adds to the Set of 'bad' tags for the +sanitize+ helper.
-        #
-        #   class Application < Rails::Application
-        #     config.action_view.sanitized_bad_tags = 'embed', 'object'
-        #   end
-        #
-        def sanitized_bad_tags=(attributes)
-          HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.bad_tags.merge(attributes)
-        end
-
-        # Adds to the Set of allowed tags for the +sanitize+ helper.
-        #
-        #   class Application < Rails::Application
-        #     config.action_view.sanitized_allowed_tags = 'table', 'tr', 'td'
-        #   end
-        #
-        def sanitized_allowed_tags=(attributes)
-          HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.allowed_tags.merge(attributes)
-        end
-
-        # Adds to the Set of allowed HTML attributes for the +sanitize+ helper.
-        #
-        #   class Application < Rails::Application
-        #     config.action_view.sanitized_allowed_attributes = 'onclick', 'longdesc'
-        #   end
-        #
-        def sanitized_allowed_attributes=(attributes)
-          HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.allowed_attributes.merge(attributes)
-        end
-
-        # Adds to the Set of allowed CSS properties for the #sanitize and +sanitize_css+ helpers.
-        #
-        #   class Application < Rails::Application
-        #     config.action_view.sanitized_allowed_css_properties = 'expression'
-        #   end
-        #
-        def sanitized_allowed_css_properties=(attributes)
-          HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.allowed_css_properties.merge(attributes)
-        end
-
-        # Adds to the Set of allowed CSS keywords for the +sanitize+ and +sanitize_css+ helpers.
-        #
-        #   class Application < Rails::Application
-        #     config.action_view.sanitized_allowed_css_keywords = 'expression'
-        #   end
-        #
-        def sanitized_allowed_css_keywords=(attributes)
-          HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.allowed_css_keywords.merge(attributes)
-        end
-
-        # Adds to the Set of allowed shorthand CSS properties for the +sanitize+ and +sanitize_css+ helpers.
-        #
-        #   class Application < Rails::Application
-        #     config.action_view.sanitized_shorthand_css_properties = 'expression'
-        #   end
-        #
-        def sanitized_shorthand_css_properties=(attributes)
-          HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.shorthand_css_properties.merge(attributes)
-        end
-
-        # Adds to the Set of allowed protocols for the +sanitize+ helper.
-        #
-        #   class Application < Rails::Application
-        #     config.action_view.sanitized_allowed_protocols = 'ssh', 'feed'
-        #   end
-        #
-        def sanitized_allowed_protocols=(attributes)
-          HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.allowed_protocols.merge(attributes)
+          @white_list_sanitizer ||= sanitizer_vendor.white_list_sanitizer.new
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tag_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tag_helper.rb
index 3528381781..2562504896 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tag_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tag_helper.rb
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ module ActionView
     module TagHelper
       extend ActiveSupport::Concern
       include CaptureHelper
+      include OutputSafetyHelper
 
       BOOLEAN_ATTRIBUTES = %w(disabled readonly multiple checked autobuffer
                            autoplay controls loop selected hidden scoped async
@@ -17,11 +18,14 @@ module ActionView
                            itemscope allowfullscreen default inert sortable
                            truespeed typemustmatch).to_set
 
-      BOOLEAN_ATTRIBUTES.merge(BOOLEAN_ATTRIBUTES.map {|attribute| attribute.to_sym })
+      BOOLEAN_ATTRIBUTES.merge(BOOLEAN_ATTRIBUTES.map(&:to_sym))
+
+      TAG_PREFIXES = ['aria', 'data', :aria, :data].to_set
+
+      PRE_CONTENT_STRINGS             = Hash.new { "".freeze }
+      PRE_CONTENT_STRINGS[:textarea]  = "\n"
+      PRE_CONTENT_STRINGS["textarea"] = "\n"
 
-      PRE_CONTENT_STRINGS = {
-        :textarea => "\n"
-      }
 
       # Returns an empty HTML tag of type +name+ which by default is XHTML
       # compliant. Set +open+ to true to create an open tag compatible
@@ -42,7 +46,8 @@ module ActionView
       # For example, a key +user_id+ would render as <tt>data-user-id</tt> and
       # thus accessed as <tt>dataset.userId</tt>.
       #
-      # Values are encoded to JSON, with the exception of strings and symbols.
+      # Values are encoded to JSON, with the exception of strings, symbols and
+      # BigDecimals.
       # This may come in handy when using jQuery's HTML5-aware <tt>.data()</tt>
       # from 1.4.3.
       #
@@ -56,6 +61,9 @@ module ActionView
       #   tag("input", type: 'text', disabled: true)
       #   # => <input type="text" disabled="disabled" />
       #
+      #   tag("input", type: 'text', class: ["strong", "highlight"])
+      #   # => <input class="strong highlight" type="text" />
+      #
       #   tag("img", src: "open & shut.png")
       #   # => <img src="open &amp; shut.png" />
       #
@@ -75,7 +83,7 @@ module ActionView
       # Set escape to false to disable attribute value escaping.
       #
       # ==== Options
-      # The +options+ hash is used with attributes with no value like (<tt>disabled</tt> and
+      # The +options+ hash can be used with attributes with no value like (<tt>disabled</tt> and
       # <tt>readonly</tt>), which you can give a value of true in the +options+ hash. You can use
       # symbols or strings for the attribute names.
       #
@@ -84,6 +92,8 @@ module ActionView
       #    # => <p>Hello world!</p>
       #   content_tag(:div, content_tag(:p, "Hello world!"), class: "strong")
       #    # => <div class="strong"><p>Hello world!</p></div>
+      #   content_tag(:div, "Hello world!", class: ["strong", "highlight"])
+      #    # => <div class="strong highlight">Hello world!</div>
       #   content_tag("select", options, multiple: true)
       #    # => <select multiple="multiple">...options...</select>
       #
@@ -114,7 +124,7 @@ module ActionView
       #   cdata_section("hello]]>world")
       #   # => <![CDATA[hello]]]]><![CDATA[>world]]>
       def cdata_section(content)
-        splitted = content.to_s.gsub(']]>', ']]]]><![CDATA[>')
+        splitted = content.to_s.gsub(/\]\]\>/, ']]]]><![CDATA[>')
         "<![CDATA[#{splitted}]]>".html_safe
       end
 
@@ -133,29 +143,35 @@ module ActionView
 
         def content_tag_string(name, content, options, escape = true)
           tag_options = tag_options(options, escape) if options
-          content     = ERB::Util.h(content) if escape
-          "<#{name}#{tag_options}>#{PRE_CONTENT_STRINGS[name.to_sym]}#{content}</#{name}>".html_safe
+          content     = ERB::Util.unwrapped_html_escape(content) if escape
+          "<#{name}#{tag_options}>#{PRE_CONTENT_STRINGS[name]}#{content}</#{name}>".html_safe
         end
 
         def tag_options(options, escape = true)
           return if options.blank?
-          attrs = []
+          output = ""
+          sep    = " ".freeze
           options.each_pair do |key, value|
-            if key.to_s == 'data' && value.is_a?(Hash)
+            if TAG_PREFIXES.include?(key) && value.is_a?(Hash)
               value.each_pair do |k, v|
-                attrs << data_tag_option(k, v, escape)
+                output << sep
+                output << prefix_tag_option(key, k, v, escape)
               end
             elsif BOOLEAN_ATTRIBUTES.include?(key)
-              attrs << boolean_tag_option(key) if value
+              if value
+                output << sep
+                output << boolean_tag_option(key)
+              end
             elsif !value.nil?
-              attrs << tag_option(key, value, escape)
+              output << sep
+              output << tag_option(key, value, escape)
             end
           end
-          " #{attrs.sort! * ' '}" unless attrs.empty?
+          output unless output.empty?
         end
 
-        def data_tag_option(key, value, escape)
-          key   = "data-#{key.to_s.dasherize}"
+        def prefix_tag_option(prefix, key, value, escape)
+          key = "#{prefix}-#{key.to_s.dasherize}"
           unless value.is_a?(String) || value.is_a?(Symbol) || value.is_a?(BigDecimal)
             value = value.to_json
           end
@@ -167,8 +183,11 @@ module ActionView
         end
 
         def tag_option(key, value, escape)
-          value = value.join(" ") if value.is_a?(Array)
-          value = ERB::Util.h(value) if escape
+          if value.is_a?(Array)
+            value = escape ? safe_join(value, " ".freeze) : value.join(" ".freeze)
+          else
+            value = escape ? ERB::Util.unwrapped_html_escape(value) : value
+          end
           %(#{key}="#{value}")
         end
     end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags.rb
index 45c75d10c0..a4f6eb0150 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags.rb
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ module ActionView
 
       eager_autoload do
         autoload :Base
+        autoload :Translator
         autoload :CheckBox
         autoload :CollectionCheckBoxes
         autoload :CollectionRadioButtons
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/base.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/base.rb
index 8607da301c..d57f26ba4f 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/base.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/base.rb
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ module ActionView
           @object_name.sub!(/\[\]$/,"") || @object_name.sub!(/\[\]\]$/,"]")
           @object = retrieve_object(options.delete(:object))
           @options = options
-          @auto_index = retrieve_autoindex(Regexp.last_match.pre_match) if Regexp.last_match
+          @auto_index = Regexp.last_match ? retrieve_autoindex(Regexp.last_match.pre_match) : nil
         end
 
         # This is what child classes implement.
@@ -25,19 +25,26 @@ module ActionView
         private
 
         def value(object)
-          object.send @method_name if object
+          object.public_send @method_name if object
         end
 
         def value_before_type_cast(object)
           unless object.nil?
             method_before_type_cast = @method_name + "_before_type_cast"
 
-            object.respond_to?(method_before_type_cast) ?
-              object.send(method_before_type_cast) :
+            if value_came_from_user?(object) && object.respond_to?(method_before_type_cast)
+              object.public_send(method_before_type_cast)
+            else
               value(object)
+            end
           end
         end
 
+        def value_came_from_user?(object)
+          method_name = "#{@method_name}_came_from_user?"
+          !object.respond_to?(method_name) || object.public_send(method_name)
+        end
+
         def retrieve_object(object)
           if object
             object
@@ -72,35 +79,30 @@ module ActionView
         end
 
         def add_default_name_and_id(options)
-          if options.has_key?("index")
-            options["name"] ||= options.fetch("name"){ tag_name_with_index(options["index"], options["multiple"]) }
-            options["id"] = options.fetch("id"){ tag_id_with_index(options["index"]) }
-            options.delete("index")
-          elsif defined?(@auto_index)
-            options["name"] ||= options.fetch("name"){ tag_name_with_index(@auto_index, options["multiple"]) }
-            options["id"] = options.fetch("id"){ tag_id_with_index(@auto_index) }
-          else
-            options["name"] ||= options.fetch("name"){ tag_name(options["multiple"]) }
-            options["id"] = options.fetch("id"){ tag_id }
+          index = name_and_id_index(options)
+          options["name"] = options.fetch("name"){ tag_name(options["multiple"], index) }
+          options["id"] = options.fetch("id"){ tag_id(index) }
+          if namespace = options.delete("namespace")
+            options['id'] = options['id'] ? "#{namespace}_#{options['id']}" : namespace
           end
-
-          options["id"] = [options.delete('namespace'), options["id"]].compact.join("_").presence
-        end
-
-        def tag_name(multiple = false)
-          "#{@object_name}[#{sanitized_method_name}]#{"[]" if multiple}"
-        end
-
-        def tag_name_with_index(index, multiple = false)
-          "#{@object_name}[#{index}][#{sanitized_method_name}]#{"[]" if multiple}"
         end
 
-        def tag_id
-          "#{sanitized_object_name}_#{sanitized_method_name}"
+        def tag_name(multiple = false, index = nil)
+          # a little duplication to construct less strings
+          if index
+            "#{@object_name}[#{index}][#{sanitized_method_name}]#{"[]" if multiple}"
+          else
+            "#{@object_name}[#{sanitized_method_name}]#{"[]" if multiple}"
+          end
         end
 
-        def tag_id_with_index(index)
-          "#{sanitized_object_name}_#{index}_#{sanitized_method_name}"
+        def tag_id(index = nil)
+          # a little duplication to construct less strings
+          if index
+            "#{sanitized_object_name}_#{index}_#{sanitized_method_name}"
+          else
+            "#{sanitized_object_name}_#{sanitized_method_name}"
+          end
         end
 
         def sanitized_object_name
@@ -118,7 +120,12 @@ module ActionView
         def select_content_tag(option_tags, options, html_options)
           html_options = html_options.stringify_keys
           add_default_name_and_id(html_options)
-          options[:include_blank] ||= true unless options[:prompt] || select_not_required?(html_options)
+
+          if placeholder_required?(html_options)
+            raise ArgumentError, "include_blank cannot be false for a required field." if options[:include_blank] == false
+            options[:include_blank] ||= true unless options[:prompt]
+          end
+
           value = options.fetch(:selected) { value(object) }
           select = content_tag("select", add_options(option_tags, options, value), html_options)
 
@@ -129,8 +136,9 @@ module ActionView
           end
         end
 
-        def select_not_required?(html_options)
-          !html_options["required"] || html_options["multiple"] || html_options["size"].to_i > 1
+        def placeholder_required?(html_options)
+          # See https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/forms.html#attr-select-required
+          html_options["required"] && !html_options["multiple"] && html_options.fetch("size", 1).to_i == 1
         end
 
         def add_options(option_tags, options, value = nil)
@@ -142,6 +150,10 @@ module ActionView
           end
           option_tags
         end
+
+        def name_and_id_index(options)
+          options.key?("index") ?  options.delete("index") || "" : @auto_index
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_check_boxes.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_check_boxes.rb
index 9b77ebeb1b..3256d44e18 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_check_boxes.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_check_boxes.rb
@@ -9,28 +9,13 @@ module ActionView
         class CheckBoxBuilder < Builder # :nodoc:
           def check_box(extra_html_options={})
             html_options = extra_html_options.merge(@input_html_options)
+            html_options[:multiple] = true
             @template_object.check_box(@object_name, @method_name, html_options, @value, nil)
           end
         end
 
         def render(&block)
-          rendered_collection = render_collection do |item, value, text, default_html_options|
-            default_html_options[:multiple] = true
-            builder = instantiate_builder(CheckBoxBuilder, item, value, text, default_html_options)
-
-            if block_given?
-              @template_object.capture(builder, &block)
-            else
-              render_component(builder)
-            end
-          end
-
-          # Append a hidden field to make sure something will be sent back to the
-          # server if all check boxes are unchecked.
-          hidden_name = @html_options[:name] || "#{tag_name}[]"
-          hidden = @template_object.hidden_field_tag(hidden_name, "", :id => nil)
-
-          rendered_collection + hidden
+          render_collection_for(CheckBoxBuilder, &block)
         end
 
         private
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_helpers.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_helpers.rb
index 991f32cea2..b87b4281d6 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_helpers.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_helpers.rb
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ module ActionView
 
           def label(label_html_options={}, &block)
             html_options = @input_html_options.slice(:index, :namespace).merge(label_html_options)
+            html_options[:for] ||= @input_html_options[:id] if @input_html_options[:id]
+
             @template_object.label(@object_name, @sanitized_attribute_name, @text, html_options, &block)
           end
         end
@@ -44,7 +46,7 @@ module ActionView
         def default_html_options_for_collection(item, value) #:nodoc:
           html_options = @html_options.dup
 
-          [:checked, :selected, :disabled].each do |option|
+          [:checked, :selected, :disabled, :readonly].each do |option|
             current_value = @options[option]
             next if current_value.nil?
 
@@ -79,6 +81,32 @@ module ActionView
             yield item, value, text, default_html_options.merge(additional_html_options)
           end.join.html_safe
         end
+
+        def render_collection_for(builder_class, &block) #:nodoc:
+          options = @options.stringify_keys
+          rendered_collection = render_collection do |item, value, text, default_html_options|
+            builder = instantiate_builder(builder_class, item, value, text, default_html_options)
+
+            if block_given?
+              @template_object.capture(builder, &block)
+            else
+              render_component(builder)
+            end
+          end
+
+          # Append a hidden field to make sure something will be sent back to the
+          # server if all radio buttons are unchecked.
+          if options.fetch('include_hidden', true)
+            rendered_collection + hidden_field
+          else
+            rendered_collection
+          end
+        end
+
+        def hidden_field #:nodoc:
+          hidden_name = @html_options[:name] || "#{tag_name(false, @options[:index])}[]"
+          @template_object.hidden_field_tag(hidden_name, "", id: nil)
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_radio_buttons.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_radio_buttons.rb
index 20be34c1f2..21aaf122f8 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_radio_buttons.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_radio_buttons.rb
@@ -14,15 +14,7 @@ module ActionView
         end
 
         def render(&block)
-          render_collection do |item, value, text, default_html_options|
-            builder = instantiate_builder(RadioButtonBuilder, item, value, text, default_html_options)
-
-            if block_given?
-              @template_object.capture(builder, &block)
-            else
-              render_component(builder)
-            end
-          end
+          render_collection_for(RadioButtonBuilder, &block)
         end
 
         private
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/datetime_field.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/datetime_field.rb
index 25e7e05ec6..b2cee9d198 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/datetime_field.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/datetime_field.rb
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ module ActionView
         def render
           options = @options.stringify_keys
           options["value"] ||= format_date(value(object))
-          options["min"] = format_date(options["min"])
-          options["max"] = format_date(options["max"])
+          options["min"] = format_date(datetime_value(options["min"]))
+          options["max"] = format_date(datetime_value(options["max"]))
           @options = options
           super
         end
@@ -16,6 +16,14 @@ module ActionView
           def format_date(value)
             value.try(:strftime, "%Y-%m-%dT%T.%L%z")
           end
+
+          def datetime_value(value)
+            if value.is_a? String
+              DateTime.parse(value) rescue nil
+            else
+              value
+            end
+          end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/file_field.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/file_field.rb
index 476b820d84..e6a1d9c62d 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/file_field.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/file_field.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,21 @@ module ActionView
   module Helpers
     module Tags # :nodoc:
       class FileField < TextField # :nodoc:
+
+        def render
+          options = @options.stringify_keys
+
+          if options.fetch("include_hidden", true)
+            add_default_name_and_id(options)
+            options[:type] = "file"
+            tag("input", name: options["name"], type: "hidden", value: "") + tag("input", options)
+          else
+            options.delete("include_hidden")
+            @options = options
+
+            super
+          end
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/label.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/label.rb
index 6335e3dd4d..b31d5fda66 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/label.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/label.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,29 @@ module ActionView
   module Helpers
     module Tags # :nodoc:
       class Label < Base # :nodoc:
+        class LabelBuilder # :nodoc:
+          attr_reader :object
+
+          def initialize(template_object, object_name, method_name, object, tag_value)
+            @template_object = template_object
+            @object_name = object_name
+            @method_name = method_name
+            @object = object
+            @tag_value = tag_value
+          end
+
+          def translation
+            method_and_value = @tag_value.present? ? "#{@method_name}.#{@tag_value}" : @method_name
+
+            content ||= Translator
+              .new(object, @object_name, method_and_value, scope: "helpers.label")
+              .translate
+            content ||= @method_name.humanize
+
+            content
+          end
+        end
+
         def initialize(object_name, method_name, template_object, content_or_options = nil, options = nil)
           options ||= {}
 
@@ -32,33 +55,24 @@ module ActionView
           options.delete("namespace")
           options["for"] = name_and_id["id"] unless options.key?("for")
 
-          if block_given?
-            content = @template_object.capture(&block)
-          else
-            content = if @content.blank?
-                        @object_name.gsub!(/\[(.*)_attributes\]\[\d+\]/, '.\1')
-                        method_and_value = tag_value.present? ? "#{@method_name}.#{tag_value}" : @method_name
-
-                        if object.respond_to?(:to_model)
-                          key = object.class.model_name.i18n_key
-                          i18n_default = ["#{key}.#{method_and_value}".to_sym, ""]
-                        end
-
-                        i18n_default ||= ""
-                        I18n.t("#{@object_name}.#{method_and_value}", :default => i18n_default, :scope => "helpers.label").presence
-                      else
-                        @content.to_s
-                      end
+          builder = LabelBuilder.new(@template_object, @object_name, @method_name, @object, tag_value)
 
-            content ||= if object && object.class.respond_to?(:human_attribute_name)
-                          object.class.human_attribute_name(@method_name)
-                        end
-
-            content ||= @method_name.humanize
+          content = if block_given?
+            @template_object.capture(builder, &block)
+          elsif @content.present?
+            @content.to_s
+          else
+            render_component(builder)
           end
 
           label_tag(name_and_id["id"], content, options)
         end
+
+        private
+
+          def render_component(builder)
+            builder.translation
+          end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/placeholderable.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/placeholderable.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cf7b117614
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/placeholderable.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+module ActionView
+  module Helpers
+    module Tags # :nodoc:
+      module Placeholderable # :nodoc:
+        def initialize(*)
+          super
+
+          if tag_value = @options[:placeholder]
+            placeholder = tag_value if tag_value.is_a?(String)
+            method_and_value = tag_value.is_a?(TrueClass) ? @method_name : "#{@method_name}.#{tag_value}"
+
+            placeholder ||= Tags::Translator
+              .new(object, @object_name, method_and_value, scope: "helpers.placeholder")
+              .translate
+            placeholder ||= @method_name.humanize
+            @options[:placeholder] = placeholder
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/search_field.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/search_field.rb
index c09e2f1be7..a848aeabfa 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/search_field.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/search_field.rb
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ module ActionView
             options["incremental"] = true unless options.has_key?("incremental")
           end
 
+          @options = options
           super
         end
       end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/select.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/select.rb
index 00881d9978..180900cc8d 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/select.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/select.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ module ActionView
     module Tags # :nodoc:
       class Select < Base # :nodoc:
         def initialize(object_name, method_name, template_object, choices, options, html_options)
-          @choices = block_given? ? template_object.capture { yield } : choices
+          @choices = block_given? ? template_object.capture { yield || "" } : choices
           @choices = @choices.to_a if @choices.is_a?(Range)
 
           @html_options = html_options
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_area.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_area.rb
index 9ee83ee7c2..69038c1498 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_area.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_area.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
+require 'action_view/helpers/tags/placeholderable'
+
 module ActionView
   module Helpers
     module Tags # :nodoc:
       class TextArea < Base # :nodoc:
+        include Placeholderable
+
         def render
           options = @options.stringify_keys
           add_default_name_and_id(options)
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_field.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_field.rb
index e910879ebf..5c576a20ca 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_field.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_field.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,16 @@
+require 'action_view/helpers/tags/placeholderable'
+
 module ActionView
   module Helpers
     module Tags # :nodoc:
       class TextField < Base # :nodoc:
+        include Placeholderable
+
         def render
           options = @options.stringify_keys
           options["size"] = options["maxlength"] unless options.key?("size")
           options["type"] ||= field_type
           options["value"] = options.fetch("value") { value_before_type_cast(object) } unless field_type == "file"
-          options["value"] &&= ERB::Util.html_escape(options["value"])
           add_default_name_and_id(options)
           tag("input", options)
         end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/translator.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/translator.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8b6655481d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/translator.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+module ActionView
+  module Helpers
+    module Tags # :nodoc:
+      class Translator # :nodoc:
+        def initialize(object, object_name, method_and_value, scope:)
+          @object_name = object_name.gsub(/\[(.*)_attributes\]\[\d+\]/, '.\1')
+          @method_and_value = method_and_value
+          @scope = scope
+          @model = object.respond_to?(:to_model) ? object.to_model : nil
+        end
+
+        def translate
+          translated_attribute = I18n.t("#{object_name}.#{method_and_value}", default: i18n_default, scope: scope).presence
+          translated_attribute || human_attribute_name
+        end
+
+        protected
+
+        attr_reader :object_name, :method_and_value, :scope, :model
+
+        private
+
+        def i18n_default
+          if model
+            key = model.model_name.i18n_key
+            ["#{key}.#{method_and_value}".to_sym, ""]
+          else
+            ""
+          end
+        end
+
+        def human_attribute_name
+          if model && model.class.respond_to?(:human_attribute_name)
+            model.class.human_attribute_name(method_and_value)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/week_field.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/week_field.rb
index 5b3d0494e9..835d1667d7 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/week_field.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/week_field.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ module ActionView
         private
 
           def format_date(value)
-            value.try(:strftime, "%Y-W%W")
+            value.try(:strftime, "%Y-W%V")
           end
       end
     end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/text_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/text_helper.rb
index 7cfbca5b6f..432693bc23 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/text_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/text_helper.rb
@@ -103,11 +103,16 @@ module ActionView
       # Highlights one or more +phrases+ everywhere in +text+ by inserting it into
       # a <tt>:highlighter</tt> string. The highlighter can be specialized by passing <tt>:highlighter</tt>
       # as a single-quoted string with <tt>\1</tt> where the phrase is to be inserted (defaults to
-      # '<mark>\1</mark>')
+      # '<mark>\1</mark>') or passing a block that receives each matched term. By default +text+
+      # is sanitized to prevent possible XSS attacks. If the input is trustworthy, passing false
+      # for <tt>:sanitize</tt> will turn sanitizing off.
       #
       #   highlight('You searched for: rails', 'rails')
       #   # => You searched for: <mark>rails</mark>
       #
+      #   highlight('You searched for: rails', /for|rails/)
+      #   # => You searched <mark>for</mark>: <mark>rails</mark>
+      #
       #   highlight('You searched for: ruby, rails, dhh', 'actionpack')
       #   # => You searched for: ruby, rails, dhh
       #
@@ -116,15 +121,28 @@ module ActionView
       #
       #   highlight('You searched for: rails', 'rails', highlighter: '<a href="search?q=\1">\1</a>')
       #   # => You searched for: <a href="search?q=rails">rails</a>
+      #
+      #   highlight('You searched for: rails', 'rails') { |match| link_to(search_path(q: match, match)) }
+      #   # => You searched for: <a href="search?q=rails">rails</a>
+      #
+      #   highlight('<a href="javascript:alert(\'no!\')">ruby</a> on rails', 'rails', sanitize: false)
+      #   # => "<a>ruby</a> on <mark>rails</mark>"
       def highlight(text, phrases, options = {})
         text = sanitize(text) if options.fetch(:sanitize, true)
 
         if text.blank? || phrases.blank?
-          text
+          text || ""
         else
-          highlighter = options.fetch(:highlighter, '<mark>\1</mark>')
-          match = Array(phrases).map { |p| Regexp.escape(p) }.join('|')
-          text.gsub(/(#{match})(?![^<]*?>)/i, highlighter)
+          match = Array(phrases).map do |p|
+            Regexp === p ? p.to_s : Regexp.escape(p)
+          end.join('|')
+
+          if block_given?
+            text.gsub(/(#{match})(?![^<]*?>)/i) { |found| yield found }
+          else
+            highlighter = options.fetch(:highlighter, '<mark>\1</mark>')
+            text.gsub(/(#{match})(?![^<]*?>)/i, highlighter)
+          end
         end.html_safe
       end
 
@@ -155,9 +173,13 @@ module ActionView
       def excerpt(text, phrase, options = {})
         return unless text && phrase
 
-        separator = options[:separator] || ''
-        phrase    = Regexp.escape(phrase)
-        regex     = /#{phrase}/i
+        separator = options.fetch(:separator, nil) || ""
+        case phrase
+        when Regexp
+          regex = phrase
+        else
+          regex = /#{Regexp.escape(phrase)}/i
+        end
 
         return unless matches = text.match(regex)
         phrase = matches[0]
@@ -171,7 +193,7 @@ module ActionView
           end
         end
 
-        first_part, second_part = text.split(regex, 2)
+        first_part, second_part = text.split(phrase, 2)
 
         prefix, first_part   = cut_excerpt_part(:first, first_part, separator, options)
         postfix, second_part = cut_excerpt_part(:second, second_part, separator, options)
@@ -184,6 +206,11 @@ module ActionView
       # +plural+ is supplied, it will use that when count is > 1, otherwise
       # it will use the Inflector to determine the plural form.
       #
+      # If passed an optional +locale:+ parameter, the word will be pluralized
+      # using rules defined for that language (you must define your own
+      # inflection rules for languages other than English).  See
+      # ActiveSupport::Inflector.pluralize
+      #
       #   pluralize(1, 'person')
       #   # => 1 person
       #
@@ -195,11 +222,14 @@ module ActionView
       #
       #   pluralize(0, 'person')
       #   # => 0 people
-      def pluralize(count, singular, plural = nil)
+      #
+      #   pluralize(2, 'Person', locale: :de)
+      #   # => 2 Personen
+      def pluralize(count, singular, plural = nil, locale: nil)
         word = if (count == 1 || count =~ /^1(\.0+)?$/)
           singular
         else
-          plural || singular.pluralize
+          plural || singular.pluralize(locale)
         end
 
         "#{count || 0} #{word}"
@@ -220,12 +250,15 @@ module ActionView
       #
       #   word_wrap('Once upon a time', line_width: 1)
       #   # => Once\nupon\na\ntime
-      def word_wrap(text, options = {})
-        line_width = options.fetch(:line_width, 80)
-
+      #
+      #   You can also specify a custom +break_sequence+ ("\n" by default)
+      #
+      #   word_wrap('Once upon a time', line_width: 1, break_sequence: "\r\n")
+      #   # => Once\r\nupon\r\na\r\ntime
+      def word_wrap(text, line_width: 80, break_sequence: "\n")
         text.split("\n").collect! do |line|
-          line.length > line_width ? line.gsub(/(.{1,#{line_width}})(\s+|$)/, "\\1\n").strip : line
-        end * "\n"
+          line.length > line_width ? line.gsub(/(.{1,#{line_width}})(\s+|$)/, "\\1#{break_sequence}").strip : line
+        end * break_sequence
       end
 
       # Returns +text+ transformed into HTML using simple formatting rules.
@@ -292,7 +325,7 @@ module ActionView
       #   <table>
       #   <% @items.each do |item| %>
       #     <tr class="<%= cycle("odd", "even") -%>">
-      #       <td>item</td>
+      #       <td><%= item %></td>
       #     </tr>
       #   <% end %>
       #   </table>
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/translation_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/translation_helper.rb
index 0bc40874d9..4c4d2c4457 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/translation_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/translation_helper.rb
@@ -1,48 +1,71 @@
 require 'action_view/helpers/tag_helper'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/access'
 require 'i18n/exceptions'
 
 module ActionView
   # = Action View Translation Helpers
   module Helpers
     module TranslationHelper
-      # Delegates to <tt>I18n#translate</tt> but also performs three additional functions.
+      include TagHelper
+      # Delegates to <tt>I18n#translate</tt> but also performs three additional
+      # functions.
       #
-      # First, it will ensure that any thrown +MissingTranslation+ messages will be turned 
-      # into inline spans that:
+      # First, it will ensure that any thrown +MissingTranslation+ messages will
+      # be rendered as inline spans that:
       #
-      #   * have a "translation-missing" class set,
-      #   * contain the missing key as a title attribute and
-      #   * a titleized version of the last key segment as a text.
+      # * Have a <tt>translation-missing</tt> class applied
+      # * Contain the missing key as the value of the +title+ attribute
+      # * Have a titleized version of the last key segment as text
       #
-      # E.g. the value returned for a missing translation key :"blog.post.title" will be
-      # <span class="translation_missing" title="translation missing: en.blog.post.title">Title</span>.
-      # This way your views will display rather reasonable strings but it will still
-      # be easy to spot missing translations.
+      # For example, the value returned for the missing translation key
+      # <tt>"blog.post.title"</tt> will be:
       #
-      # Second, it'll scope the key by the current partial if the key starts
-      # with a period. So if you call <tt>translate(".foo")</tt> from the
-      # <tt>people/index.html.erb</tt> template, you'll actually be calling
-      # <tt>I18n.translate("people.index.foo")</tt>. This makes it less repetitive
-      # to translate many keys within the same partials and gives you a simple framework
-      # for scoping them consistently. If you don't prepend the key with a period,
-      # nothing is converted.
+      #    <span
+      #      class="translation_missing"
+      #      title="translation missing: en.blog.post.title">Title</span>
       #
-      # Third, it'll mark the translation as safe HTML if the key has the suffix
-      # "_html" or the last element of the key is the word "html". For example,
-      # calling translate("footer_html") or translate("footer.html") will return
-      # a safe HTML string that won't be escaped by other HTML helper methods. This
-      # naming convention helps to identify translations that include HTML tags so that
-      # you know what kind of output to expect when you call translate in a template.
+      # This allows for views to display rather reasonable strings while still
+      # giving developers a way to find missing translations.
+      #
+      # If you would prefer missing translations to raise an error, you can
+      # opt out of span-wrapping behavior globally by setting
+      # <tt>ActionView::Base.raise_on_missing_translations = true</tt> or
+      # individually by passing <tt>raise: true</tt> as an option to
+      # <tt>translate</tt>.
+      #
+      # Second, if the key starts with a period <tt>translate</tt> will scope
+      # the key by the current partial. Calling <tt>translate(".foo")</tt> from
+      # the <tt>people/index.html.erb</tt> template is equivalent to calling
+      # <tt>translate("people.index.foo")</tt>. This makes it less
+      # repetitive to translate many keys within the same partial and provides
+      # a convention to scope keys consistently.
+      #
+      # Third, the translation will be marked as <tt>html_safe</tt> if the key
+      # has the suffix "_html" or the last element of the key is "html". Calling
+      # <tt>translate("footer_html")</tt> or <tt>translate("footer.html")</tt>
+      # will return an HTML safe string that won't be escaped by other HTML
+      # helper methods. This naming convention helps to identify translations
+      # that include HTML tags so that you know what kind of output to expect
+      # when you call translate in a template and translators know which keys
+      # they can provide HTML values for.
       def translate(key, options = {})
-        options[:default] = wrap_translate_defaults(options[:default]) if options[:default]
+        options = options.dup
+        has_default = options.has_key?(:default)
+        remaining_defaults = Array(options.delete(:default)).compact
 
-        # If the user has specified rescue_format then pass it all through, otherwise use
-        # raise and do the work ourselves
-        options[:raise] ||= ActionView::Base.raise_on_missing_translations
+        if has_default && !remaining_defaults.first.kind_of?(Symbol)
+          options[:default] = remaining_defaults
+        end
 
-        raise_error = options[:raise] || options.key?(:rescue_format)
-        unless raise_error
-          options[:raise] = true
+        # If the user has explicitly decided to NOT raise errors, pass that option to I18n.
+        # Otherwise, tell I18n to raise an exception, which we rescue further in this method.
+        # Note: `raise_error` refers to us re-raising the error in this method. I18n is forced to raise by default.
+        if options[:raise] == false
+          raise_error = false
+          i18n_raise = false
+        else
+          raise_error = options[:raise] || ActionView::Base.raise_on_missing_translations
+          i18n_raise = true
         end
 
         if html_safe_translation_key?(key)
@@ -52,17 +75,28 @@ module ActionView
               html_safe_options[name] = ERB::Util.html_escape(value.to_s)
             end
           end
-          translation = I18n.translate(scope_key_by_partial(key), html_safe_options)
+          translation = I18n.translate(scope_key_by_partial(key), html_safe_options.merge(raise: i18n_raise))
 
           translation.respond_to?(:html_safe) ? translation.html_safe : translation
         else
-          I18n.translate(scope_key_by_partial(key), options)
+          I18n.translate(scope_key_by_partial(key), options.merge(raise: i18n_raise))
         end
       rescue I18n::MissingTranslationData => e
-        raise e if raise_error
+        if remaining_defaults.present?
+          translate remaining_defaults.shift, options.merge(default: remaining_defaults)
+        else
+          raise e if raise_error
+
+          keys = I18n.normalize_keys(e.locale, e.key, e.options[:scope])
+          title = "translation missing: #{keys.join('.')}"
+
+          interpolations = options.except(:default, :scope)
+          if interpolations.any?
+            title << ", " << interpolations.map { |k, v| "#{k}: #{ERB::Util.html_escape(v)}" }.join(', ')
+          end
 
-        keys = I18n.normalize_keys(e.locale, e.key, e.options[:scope])
-        content_tag('span', keys.last.to_s.titleize, :class => 'translation_missing', :title => "translation missing: #{keys.join('.')}")
+          content_tag('span', keys.last.to_s.titleize, class: 'translation_missing', title: title)
+        end
       end
       alias :t :translate
 
@@ -91,21 +125,6 @@ module ActionView
         def html_safe_translation_key?(key)
           key.to_s =~ /(\b|_|\.)html$/
         end
-
-        def wrap_translate_defaults(defaults)
-          new_defaults = []
-          defaults     = Array(defaults)
-          while key = defaults.shift
-            if key.is_a?(Symbol)
-              new_defaults << lambda { |_, options| translate key, options.merge(:default => defaults) }
-              break
-            else
-              new_defaults << key
-            end
-          end
-
-          new_defaults
-        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/url_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/url_helper.rb
index 51379d433f..baebc34b4b 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/url_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/url_helper.rb
@@ -41,14 +41,24 @@ module ActionView
       end
 
       def _back_url # :nodoc:
-        referrer = controller.respond_to?(:request) && controller.request.env["HTTP_REFERER"]
-        referrer || 'javascript:history.back()'
+        _filtered_referrer || 'javascript:history.back()'
       end
       protected :_back_url
 
-      # Creates a link tag of the given +name+ using a URL created by the set of +options+.
+      def _filtered_referrer # :nodoc:
+        if controller.respond_to?(:request)
+          referrer = controller.request.env["HTTP_REFERER"]
+          if referrer && URI(referrer).scheme != 'javascript'
+            referrer
+          end
+        end
+      rescue URI::InvalidURIError
+      end
+      protected :_filtered_referrer
+
+      # Creates an anchor element of the given +name+ using a URL created by the set of +options+.
       # See the valid options in the documentation for +url_for+. It's also possible to
-      # pass a String instead of an options hash, which generates a link tag that uses the
+      # pass a String instead of an options hash, which generates an anchor element that uses the
       # value of the String as the href for the link. Using a <tt>:back</tt> Symbol instead
       # of an options hash will generate a link to the referrer (a JavaScript back link
       # will be used in place of a referrer if none exists). If +nil+ is passed as the name
@@ -172,6 +182,11 @@ module ActionView
       #
       #   link_to "Visit Other Site", "http://www.rubyonrails.org/", data: { confirm: "Are you sure?" }
       #   # => <a href="http://www.rubyonrails.org/" data-confirm="Are you sure?">Visit Other Site</a>
+      #
+      # Also you can set any link attributes such as <tt>target</tt>, <tt>rel</tt>, <tt>type</tt>:
+      #
+      #   link_to "External link", "http://www.rubyonrails.org/", target: "_blank", rel: "nofollow"
+      #   # => <a href="http://www.rubyonrails.org/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">External link</a>
       def link_to(name = nil, options = nil, html_options = nil, &block)
         html_options, options, name = options, name, block if block_given?
         options ||= {}
@@ -179,9 +194,9 @@ module ActionView
         html_options = convert_options_to_data_attributes(options, html_options)
 
         url = url_for(options)
-        html_options['href'] ||= url
+        html_options["href".freeze] ||= url
 
-        content_tag(:a, name || url, html_options, &block)
+        content_tag("a".freeze, name || url, html_options, &block)
       end
 
       # Generates a form containing a single button that submits to the URL created
@@ -229,68 +244,58 @@ module ActionView
       # ==== Examples
       #   <%= button_to "New", action: "new" %>
       #   # => "<form method="post" action="/controller/new" class="button_to">
-      #   #      <div><input value="New" type="submit" /></div>
+      #   #      <input value="New" type="submit" />
       #   #    </form>"
       #
       #   <%= button_to "New", new_articles_path %>
       #   # => "<form method="post" action="/articles/new" class="button_to">
-      #   #      <div><input value="New" type="submit" /></div>
+      #   #      <input value="New" type="submit" />
       #   #    </form>"
       #
       #   <%= button_to [:make_happy, @user] do %>
       #     Make happy <strong><%= @user.name %></strong>
       #   <% end %>
       #   # => "<form method="post" action="/users/1/make_happy" class="button_to">
-      #   #      <div>
-      #   #        <button type="submit">
-      #   #          Make happy <strong><%= @user.name %></strong>
-      #   #        </button>
-      #   #      </div>
+      #   #      <button type="submit">
+      #   #        Make happy <strong><%= @user.name %></strong>
+      #   #      </button>
       #   #    </form>"
       #
       #   <%= button_to "New", { action: "new" }, form_class: "new-thing" %>
       #   # => "<form method="post" action="/controller/new" class="new-thing">
-      #   #      <div><input value="New" type="submit" /></div>
+      #   #      <input value="New" type="submit" />
       #   #    </form>"
       #
       #
       #   <%= button_to "Create", { action: "create" }, remote: true, form: { "data-type" => "json" } %>
       #   # => "<form method="post" action="/images/create" class="button_to" data-remote="true" data-type="json">
-      #   #      <div>
-      #   #        <input value="Create" type="submit" />
-      #   #        <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="10f2163b45388899ad4d5ae948988266befcb6c3d1b2451cf657a0c293d605a6"/>
-      #   #      </div>
+      #   #      <input value="Create" type="submit" />
+      #   #      <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="10f2163b45388899ad4d5ae948988266befcb6c3d1b2451cf657a0c293d605a6"/>
       #   #    </form>"
       #
       #
       #   <%= button_to "Delete Image", { action: "delete", id: @image.id },
       #                                   method: :delete, data: { confirm: "Are you sure?" } %>
       #   # => "<form method="post" action="/images/delete/1" class="button_to">
-      #   #      <div>
-      #   #        <input type="hidden" name="_method" value="delete" />
-      #   #        <input data-confirm='Are you sure?' value="Delete Image" type="submit" />
-      #   #        <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="10f2163b45388899ad4d5ae948988266befcb6c3d1b2451cf657a0c293d605a6"/>
-      #   #      </div>
+      #   #      <input type="hidden" name="_method" value="delete" />
+      #   #      <input data-confirm='Are you sure?' value="Delete Image" type="submit" />
+      #   #      <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="10f2163b45388899ad4d5ae948988266befcb6c3d1b2451cf657a0c293d605a6"/>
       #   #    </form>"
       #
       #
       #   <%= button_to('Destroy', 'http://www.example.com',
       #             method: "delete", remote: true, data: { confirm: 'Are you sure?', disable_with: 'loading...' }) %>
       #   # => "<form class='button_to' method='post' action='http://www.example.com' data-remote='true'>
-      #   #       <div>
-      #   #         <input name='_method' value='delete' type='hidden' />
-      #   #         <input value='Destroy' type='submit' data-disable-with='loading...' data-confirm='Are you sure?' />
-      #   #         <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="10f2163b45388899ad4d5ae948988266befcb6c3d1b2451cf657a0c293d605a6"/>
-      #   #       </div>
+      #   #       <input name='_method' value='delete' type='hidden' />
+      #   #       <input value='Destroy' type='submit' data-disable-with='loading...' data-confirm='Are you sure?' />
+      #   #       <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="10f2163b45388899ad4d5ae948988266befcb6c3d1b2451cf657a0c293d605a6"/>
       #   #     </form>"
       #   #
       def button_to(name = nil, options = nil, html_options = nil, &block)
         html_options, options = options, name if block_given?
         options      ||= {}
         html_options ||= {}
-
         html_options = html_options.stringify_keys
-        convert_boolean_attributes!(html_options, %w(disabled))
 
         url    = options.is_a?(String) ? options : url_for(options)
         remote = html_options.delete('remote')
@@ -302,8 +307,9 @@ module ActionView
         form_method  = method == 'get' ? 'get' : 'post'
         form_options = html_options.delete('form') || {}
         form_options[:class] ||= html_options.delete('form_class') || 'button_to'
-        form_options.merge!(method: form_method, action: url)
-        form_options.merge!("data-remote" => "true") if remote
+        form_options[:method] = form_method
+        form_options[:action] = url
+        form_options[:'data-remote'] = true if remote
 
         request_token_tag = form_method == 'post' ? token_tag : ''
 
@@ -323,7 +329,7 @@ module ActionView
             inner_tags.safe_concat tag(:input, type: "hidden", name: param_name, value: value.to_param)
           end
         end
-        content_tag('form', content_tag('div', inner_tags), form_options)
+        content_tag('form', inner_tags, form_options)
       end
 
       # Creates a link tag of the given +name+ using a URL created by the set of
@@ -389,15 +395,7 @@ module ActionView
       #   # If not...
       #   # => <a href="/accounts/signup">Reply</a>
       def link_to_unless(condition, name, options = {}, html_options = {}, &block)
-        if condition
-          if block_given?
-            block.arity <= 1 ? capture(name, &block) : capture(name, options, html_options, &block)
-          else
-            ERB::Util.html_escape(name)
-          end
-        else
-          link_to(name, options, html_options)
-        end
+        link_to_if !condition, name, options, html_options, &block
       end
 
       # Creates a link tag of the given +name+ using a URL created by the set of
@@ -421,7 +419,15 @@ module ActionView
       #   # If they are logged in...
       #   # => <a href="/accounts/show/3">my_username</a>
       def link_to_if(condition, name, options = {}, html_options = {}, &block)
-        link_to_unless !condition, name, options, html_options, &block
+        if condition
+          link_to(name, options, html_options)
+        else
+          if block_given?
+            block.arity <= 1 ? capture(name, &block) : capture(name, options, html_options, &block)
+          else
+            ERB::Util.html_escape(name)
+          end
+        end
       end
 
       # Creates a mailto link tag to the specified +email_address+, which is
@@ -436,6 +442,7 @@ module ActionView
       # * <tt>:body</tt> - Preset the body of the email.
       # * <tt>:cc</tt> - Carbon Copy additional recipients on the email.
       # * <tt>:bcc</tt> - Blind Carbon Copy additional recipients on the email.
+      # * <tt>:reply_to</tt> - Preset the Reply-To field of the email.
       #
       # ==== Obfuscation
       # Prior to Rails 4.0, +mail_to+ provided options for encoding the address
@@ -462,76 +469,63 @@ module ActionView
       #          <strong>Email me:</strong> <span>me@domain.com</span>
       #        </a>
       def mail_to(email_address, name = nil, html_options = {}, &block)
-        email_address = ERB::Util.html_escape(email_address)
-
         html_options, name = name, nil if block_given?
         html_options = (html_options || {}).stringify_keys
 
-        extras = %w{ cc bcc body subject }.map! { |item|
-          option = html_options.delete(item) || next
-          "#{item}=#{Rack::Utils.escape_path(option)}"
+        extras = %w{ cc bcc body subject reply_to }.map! { |item|
+          option = html_options.delete(item).presence || next
+          "#{item.dasherize}=#{ERB::Util.url_encode(option)}"
         }.compact
-        extras = extras.empty? ? '' : '?' + ERB::Util.html_escape(extras.join('&'))
+        extras = extras.empty? ? '' : '?' + extras.join('&')
 
-        html_options["href"] = "mailto:#{email_address}#{extras}".html_safe
+        encoded_email_address = ERB::Util.url_encode(email_address).gsub("%40", "@")
+        html_options["href"] = "mailto:#{encoded_email_address}#{extras}"
 
-        content_tag(:a, name || email_address.html_safe, html_options, &block)
+        content_tag("a".freeze, name || email_address, html_options, &block)
       end
 
       # True if the current request URI was generated by the given +options+.
       #
       # ==== Examples
-      # Let's say we're in the <tt>http://www.example.com/shop/checkout?order=desc</tt> action.
+      # Let's say we're in the <tt>http://www.example.com/shop/checkout?order=desc&page=1</tt> action.
       #
       #   current_page?(action: 'process')
       #   # => false
       #
-      #   current_page?(controller: 'shop', action: 'checkout')
-      #   # => true
-      #
-      #   current_page?(controller: 'shop', action: 'checkout', order: 'asc')
-      #   # => false
-      #
       #   current_page?(action: 'checkout')
       #   # => true
       #
       #   current_page?(controller: 'library', action: 'checkout')
       #   # => false
       #
-      #   current_page?('http://www.example.com/shop/checkout')
-      #   # => true
-      #
-      #   current_page?('/shop/checkout')
+      #   current_page?(controller: 'shop', action: 'checkout')
       #   # => true
       #
-      # Let's say we're in the <tt>http://www.example.com/shop/checkout?order=desc&page=1</tt> action.
-      #
-      #   current_page?(action: 'process')
+      #   current_page?(controller: 'shop', action: 'checkout', order: 'asc')
       #   # => false
       #
-      #   current_page?(controller: 'shop', action: 'checkout')
-      #   # => true
-      #
       #   current_page?(controller: 'shop', action: 'checkout', order: 'desc', page: '1')
       #   # => true
       #
       #   current_page?(controller: 'shop', action: 'checkout', order: 'desc', page: '2')
       #   # => false
       #
-      #   current_page?(controller: 'shop', action: 'checkout', order: 'desc')
-      #   # => false
+      #   current_page?('http://www.example.com/shop/checkout')
+      #   # => true
       #
-      #   current_page?(action: 'checkout')
+      #   current_page?('/shop/checkout')
       #   # => true
       #
-      #   current_page?(controller: 'library', action: 'checkout')
-      #   # => false
+      #   current_page?('http://www.example.com/shop/checkout?order=desc&page=1')
+      #   # => true
       #
       # Let's say we're in the <tt>http://www.example.com/products</tt> action with method POST in case of invalid product.
       #
       #   current_page?(controller: 'product', action: 'index')
       #   # => false
       #
+      # We can also pass in the symbol arguments instead of strings.
+      #
       def current_page?(options)
         unless request
           raise "You cannot use helpers that need to determine the current " \
@@ -585,34 +579,6 @@ module ActionView
           html_options["data-method"] = method
         end
 
-        # Processes the +html_options+ hash, converting the boolean
-        # attributes from true/false form into the form required by
-        # HTML/XHTML. (An attribute is considered to be boolean if
-        # its name is listed in the given +bool_attrs+ array.)
-        #
-        # More specifically, for each boolean attribute in +html_options+
-        # given as:
-        #
-        #   "attr" => bool_value
-        #
-        # if the associated +bool_value+ evaluates to true, it is
-        # replaced with the attribute's name; otherwise the attribute is
-        # removed from the +html_options+ hash. (See the XHTML 1.0 spec,
-        # section 4.5 "Attribute Minimization" for more:
-        # http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/#h-4.5)
-        #
-        # Returns the updated +html_options+ hash, which is also modified
-        # in place.
-        #
-        # Example:
-        #
-        #   convert_boolean_attributes!( html_options,
-        #                                %w( checked disabled readonly ) )
-        def convert_boolean_attributes!(html_options, bool_attrs)
-          bool_attrs.each { |x| html_options[x] = x if html_options.delete(x) }
-          html_options
-        end
-
         def token_tag(token=nil)
           if token != false && protect_against_forgery?
             token ||= form_authenticity_token
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/layouts.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/layouts.rb
index 9ee05bd816..a74a5e05f3 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/layouts.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/layouts.rb
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ module ActionView
         # set by the <tt>layout</tt> method.
         #
         # ==== Returns
-        # * <tt> Boolean</tt> - True if the action has a layout definition, false otherwise.
+        # * <tt>Boolean</tt> - True if the action has a layout definition, false otherwise.
         def _conditional_layout?
           return unless super
 
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ module ActionView
       def layout(layout, conditions = {})
         include LayoutConditions unless conditions.empty?
 
-        conditions.each {|k, v| conditions[k] = Array(v).map {|a| a.to_s} }
+        conditions.each {|k, v| conditions[k] = Array(v).map(&:to_s) }
         self._layout_conditions = conditions
 
         self._layout = layout
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ module ActionView
         remove_possible_method(:_layout)
 
         prefixes    = _implied_layout_name =~ /\blayouts/ ? [] : ["layouts"]
-        default_behavior = "lookup_context.find_all('#{_implied_layout_name}', #{prefixes.inspect}).first || super"
+        default_behavior = "lookup_context.find_all('#{_implied_layout_name}', #{prefixes.inspect}, false, [], { formats: formats }).first || super"
         name_clause = if name
           default_behavior
         else
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ module ActionView
         end
 
         self.class_eval <<-RUBY, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-          def _layout
+          def _layout(formats)
             if _conditional_layout?
               #{layout_definition}
             else
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ module ActionView
     end
 
     # This will be overwritten by _write_layout_method
-    def _layout; end
+    def _layout(*); end
 
     # Determine the layout for a given name, taking into account the name type.
     #
@@ -382,8 +382,8 @@ module ActionView
       case name
       when String     then _normalize_layout(name)
       when Proc       then name
-      when true       then Proc.new { _default_layout(true)  }
-      when :default   then Proc.new { _default_layout(false) }
+      when true       then Proc.new { |formats| _default_layout(formats, true)  }
+      when :default   then Proc.new { |formats| _default_layout(formats, false) }
       when false, nil then nil
       else
         raise ArgumentError,
@@ -399,14 +399,15 @@ module ActionView
     # Optionally raises an exception if the layout could not be found.
     #
     # ==== Parameters
+    # * <tt>formats</tt> - The formats accepted to this layout
     # * <tt>require_layout</tt> - If set to true and layout is not found,
-    #   an ArgumentError exception is raised (defaults to false)
+    #   an +ArgumentError+ exception is raised (defaults to false)
     #
     # ==== Returns
     # * <tt>template</tt> - The template object for the default layout (or nil)
-    def _default_layout(require_layout = false)
+    def _default_layout(formats, require_layout = false)
       begin
-        value = _layout if action_has_layout?
+        value = _layout(formats) if action_has_layout?
       rescue NameError => e
         raise e, "Could not render layout: #{e.message}"
       end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/log_subscriber.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/log_subscriber.rb
index 6c8d9cb5bf..9047dbdd85 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/log_subscriber.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/log_subscriber.rb
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ module ActionView
     end
 
     def render_template(event)
-      return unless logger.info?
-      message = "  Rendered #{from_rails_root(event.payload[:identifier])}"
-      message << " within #{from_rails_root(event.payload[:layout])}" if event.payload[:layout]
-      message << " (#{event.duration.round(1)}ms)"
-      info(message)
+      info do
+        message = "  Rendered #{from_rails_root(event.payload[:identifier])}"
+        message << " within #{from_rails_root(event.payload[:layout])}" if event.payload[:layout]
+        message << " (#{event.duration.round(1)}ms)"
+      end
     end
     alias :render_partial :render_template
     alias :render_collection :render_template
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/lookup_context.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/lookup_context.rb
index 76c9890776..d3935788ef 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/lookup_context.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/lookup_context.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-require 'thread_safe'
+require 'concurrent/map'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
 require 'action_view/template/resolver'
@@ -6,10 +6,11 @@ require 'action_view/template/resolver'
 module ActionView
   # = Action View Lookup Context
   #
-  # LookupContext is the object responsible to hold all information required to lookup
-  # templates, i.e. view paths and details. The LookupContext is also responsible to
-  # generate a key, given to view paths, used in the resolver cache lookup. Since
-  # this key is generated just once during the request, it speeds up all cache accesses.
+  # <tt>LookupContext</tt> is the object responsible for holding all information
+  # required for looking up templates, i.e. view paths and details.
+  # <tt>LookupContext</tt> is also responsible for generating a key, given to
+  # view paths, used in the resolver cache lookup. Since this key is generated
+  # only once during the request, it speeds up all cache accesses.
   class LookupContext #:nodoc:
     attr_accessor :prefixes, :rendered_format
 
@@ -19,7 +20,7 @@ module ActionView
     mattr_accessor :registered_details
     self.registered_details = []
 
-    def self.register_detail(name, options = {}, &block)
+    def self.register_detail(name, &block)
       self.registered_details << name
       initialize = registered_details.map { |n| "@details[:#{n}] = details[:#{n}] || default_#{n}" }
 
@@ -54,22 +55,19 @@ module ActionView
     end
     register_detail(:formats) { ActionView::Base.default_formats || [:html, :text, :js, :css,  :xml, :json] }
     register_detail(:variants) { [] }
-    register_detail(:handlers){ Template::Handlers.extensions }
+    register_detail(:handlers) { Template::Handlers.extensions }
 
     class DetailsKey #:nodoc:
       alias :eql? :equal?
       alias :object_hash :hash
 
       attr_reader :hash
-      @details_keys = ThreadSafe::Cache.new
+      @details_keys = Concurrent::Map.new
 
       def self.get(details)
         if details[:formats]
           details = details.dup
-          syms    = Set.new Mime::SET.symbols
-          details[:formats] = details[:formats].select { |v|
-            syms.include? v
-          }
+          details[:formats] &= Mime::SET.symbols
         end
         @details_keys[details] ||= new
       end
@@ -114,7 +112,7 @@ module ActionView
     module ViewPaths
       attr_reader :view_paths, :html_fallback_for_js
 
-      # Whenever setting view paths, makes a copy so we can manipulate then in
+      # Whenever setting view paths, makes a copy so that we can manipulate them in
       # instance objects as we wish.
       def view_paths=(paths)
         @view_paths = ActionView::PathSet.new(Array(paths))
@@ -129,12 +127,13 @@ module ActionView
         @view_paths.find_all(*args_for_lookup(name, prefixes, partial, keys, options))
       end
 
-      def exists?(name, prefixes = [], partial = false, keys = [], options = {})
+      def exists?(name, prefixes = [], partial = false, keys = [], **options)
         @view_paths.exists?(*args_for_lookup(name, prefixes, partial, keys, options))
       end
       alias :template_exists? :exists?
 
-      # Add fallbacks to the view paths. Useful in cases you are rendering a :file.
+      # Adds fallbacks to the view paths. Useful in cases when you are rendering
+      # a :file.
       def with_fallbacks
         added_resolvers = 0
         self.class.fallbacks.each do |resolver|
@@ -159,7 +158,14 @@ module ActionView
       def detail_args_for(options)
         return @details, details_key if options.empty? # most common path.
         user_details = @details.merge(options)
-        [user_details, DetailsKey.get(user_details)]
+
+        if @cache
+          details_key = DetailsKey.get(user_details)
+        else
+          details_key = nil
+        end
+
+        [user_details, details_key]
       end
 
       # Support legacy foo.erb names even though we now ignore .erb
@@ -167,13 +173,13 @@ module ActionView
       # name instead of the prefix.
       def normalize_name(name, prefixes) #:nodoc:
         prefixes = prefixes.presence
-        parts    = name.to_s.split('/')
+        parts    = name.to_s.split('/'.freeze)
         parts.shift if parts.first.empty?
         name     = parts.pop
 
         return name, prefixes || [""] if parts.empty?
 
-        parts    = parts.join('/')
+        parts    = parts.join('/'.freeze)
         prefixes = prefixes ? prefixes.map { |p| "#{p}/#{parts}" } : [parts]
 
         return name, prefixes
@@ -186,7 +192,6 @@ module ActionView
 
     def initialize(view_paths, details = {}, prefixes = [])
       @details, @details_key = {}, nil
-      @skip_default_locale = false
       @cache = true
       @prefixes = prefixes
       @rendered_format = nil
@@ -199,7 +204,7 @@ module ActionView
     # add :html as fallback to :js.
     def formats=(values)
       if values
-        values.concat(default_formats) if values.delete "*/*"
+        values.concat(default_formats) if values.delete "*/*".freeze
         if values == [:js]
           values << :html
           @html_fallback_for_js = true
@@ -208,19 +213,13 @@ module ActionView
       super(values)
     end
 
-    # Do not use the default locale on template lookup.
-    def skip_default_locale!
-      @skip_default_locale = true
-      self.locale = nil
-    end
-
     # Override locale to return a symbol instead of array.
     def locale
       @details[:locale].first
     end
 
     # Overload locale= to also set the I18n.locale. If the current I18n.config object responds
-    # to original_config, it means that it's has a copy of the original I18n configuration and it's
+    # to original_config, it means that it has a copy of the original I18n configuration and it's
     # acting as proxy, which we need to skip.
     def locale=(value)
       if value
@@ -228,23 +227,7 @@ module ActionView
         config.locale = value
       end
 
-      super(@skip_default_locale ? I18n.locale : default_locale)
-    end
-
-    # A method which only uses the first format in the formats array for layout lookup.
-    def with_layout_format
-      if formats.size == 1
-        yield
-      else
-        old_formats = formats
-        _set_detail(:formats, formats[0,1])
-
-        begin
-          yield
-        ensure
-          _set_detail(:formats, old_formats)
-        end
-      end
+      super(default_locale)
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/model_naming.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/model_naming.rb
index e09ebd60df..b6ed13424e 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/model_naming.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/model_naming.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 module ActionView
-  module ModelNaming
+  module ModelNaming #:nodoc:
     # Converts the given object to an ActiveModel compliant one.
     def convert_to_model(object)
       object.respond_to?(:to_model) ? object.to_model : object
     end
 
     def model_name_from_record_or_class(record_or_class)
-      (record_or_class.is_a?(Class) ? record_or_class : convert_to_model(record_or_class).class).model_name
+      convert_to_model(record_or_class).model_name
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/path_set.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/path_set.rb
index 91ee2ea8f5..7a88f6bc50 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/path_set.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/path_set.rb
@@ -61,6 +61,15 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
       find_all(path, prefixes, *args).any?
     end
 
+    def find_all_with_query(query) # :nodoc:
+      paths.each do |resolver|
+        templates = resolver.find_all_with_query(query)
+        return templates unless templates.empty?
+      end
+
+      []
+    end
+
     private
 
     def typecast(paths)
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/railtie.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/railtie.rb
index 81f9c40b85..e829d86c99 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/railtie.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/railtie.rb
@@ -36,14 +36,30 @@ module ActionView
       end
     end
 
+    initializer "action_view.collection_caching" do |app|
+      ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_controller) do
+        PartialRenderer.collection_cache = app.config.action_controller.cache_store
+      end
+    end
+
+    initializer "action_view.per_request_digest_cache" do |app|
+      ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_view) do
+        if app.config.consider_all_requests_local
+          app.middleware.use ActionView::Digestor::PerRequestDigestCacheExpiry
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
     initializer "action_view.setup_action_pack" do |app|
       ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_controller) do
-        ActionView::RoutingUrlFor.send(:include, ActionDispatch::Routing::UrlFor)
+        ActionView::RoutingUrlFor.include(ActionDispatch::Routing::UrlFor)
       end
     end
 
-    rake_tasks do
-      load "action_view/tasks/dependencies.rake"
+    rake_tasks do |app|
+      unless app.config.api_only
+        load "action_view/tasks/dependencies.rake"
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/record_identifier.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/record_identifier.rb
index 63f645431a..4b44eb5520 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/record_identifier.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/record_identifier.rb
@@ -2,29 +2,54 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/module'
 require 'action_view/model_naming'
 
 module ActionView
-  # The record identifier encapsulates a number of naming conventions for dealing with records, like Active Records or
-  # pretty much any other model type that has an id. These patterns are then used to try elevate the view actions to
-  # a higher logical level.
+  # RecordIdentifier encapsulates methods used by various ActionView helpers
+  # to associate records with DOM elements.
   #
-  #   # routes
-  #   resources :posts
+  # Consider for example the following code that displays the body of a post:
   #
-  #   # view
-  #   <%= div_for(post) do %>    <div id="post_45" class="post">
-  #     <%= post.body %>           What a wonderful world!
-  #   <% end %>                  </div>
+  #   <%= div_for(post) do %>
+  #     <%= post.body %>
+  #   <% end %>
   #
-  #   # controller
-  #   def update
-  #     post = Post.find(params[:id])
-  #     post.update(params[:post])
+  # When +post+ is a new, unsaved ActiveRecord::Base instance, the resulting HTML
+  # is:
   #
-  #     redirect_to(post) # Calls polymorphic_url(post) which in turn calls post_url(post)
-  #   end
+  #    <div id="new_post" class="post">
+  #    </div>
+  #
+  # When +post+ is a persisted ActiveRecord::Base instance, the resulting HTML
+  # is:
+  #
+  #   <div id="post_42" class="post">
+  #     What a wonderful world!
+  #   </div>
+  #
+  # In both cases, the +id+ and +class+ of the wrapping DOM element are
+  # automatically generated, following naming conventions encapsulated by the
+  # RecordIdentifier methods #dom_id and #dom_class:
+  #
+  #   dom_id(Post.new)         # => "new_post"
+  #   dom_class(Post.new)      # => "post"
+  #   dom_id(Post.find 42)     # => "post_42"
+  #   dom_class(Post.find 42)  # => "post"
   #
-  # As the example above shows, you can stop caring to a large extent what the actual id of the post is.
-  # You just know that one is being assigned and that the subsequent calls in redirect_to expect that
-  # same naming convention and allows you to write less code if you follow it.
+  # Note that these methods do not strictly require +Post+ to be a subclass of
+  # ActiveRecord::Base.
+  # Any +Post+ class will work as long as its instances respond to +to_key+
+  # and +model_name+, given that +model_name+ responds to +param_key+.
+  # For instance:
+  #
+  #   class Post
+  #     attr_accessor :to_key
+  #
+  #     def model_name
+  #       OpenStruct.new param_key: 'post'
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     def self.find(id)
+  #       new.tap { |post| post.to_key = [id] }
+  #     end
+  #   end
   module RecordIdentifier
     extend self
     extend ModelNaming
@@ -78,7 +103,7 @@ module ActionView
     # make sure yourself that your dom ids are valid, in case you overwrite this method.
     def record_key_for_dom_id(record)
       key = convert_to_model(record).to_key
-      key ? key.join('_') : key
+      key ? key.join(JOIN) : key
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/abstract_renderer.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/abstract_renderer.rb
index 73c19a0ae2..1f122f9bc6 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/abstract_renderer.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/abstract_renderer.rb
@@ -29,8 +29,9 @@ module ActionView
 
     def extract_details(options)
       @lookup_context.registered_details.each_with_object({}) do |key, details|
-        next unless value = options[key]
-        details[key] = Array(value)
+        value = options[key]
+
+        details[key] = Array(value) if value
       end
     end
 
@@ -41,6 +42,7 @@ module ActionView
     def prepend_formats(formats)
       formats = Array(formats)
       return if formats.empty? || @lookup_context.html_fallback_for_js
+
       @lookup_context.formats = formats | @lookup_context.formats
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/partial_renderer.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/partial_renderer.rb
index 36f17f01fd..bdbf03191a 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/partial_renderer.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/partial_renderer.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,34 @@
-require 'thread_safe'
+require 'action_view/renderer/partial_renderer/collection_caching'
+require 'concurrent/map'
 
 module ActionView
+  class PartialIteration
+    # The number of iterations that will be done by the partial.
+    attr_reader :size
+
+    # The current iteration of the partial.
+    attr_reader :index
+
+    def initialize(size)
+      @size  = size
+      @index = 0
+    end
+
+    # Check if this is the first iteration of the partial.
+    def first?
+      index == 0
+    end
+
+    # Check if this is the last iteration of the partial.
+    def last?
+      index == size - 1
+    end
+
+    def iterate! # :nodoc:
+      @index += 1
+    end
+  end
+
   # = Action View Partials
   #
   # There's also a convenience method for rendering sub templates within the current controller that depends on a
@@ -46,7 +74,7 @@ module ActionView
   #
   #   <%= render partial: "account", locals: { user: @buyer } %>
   #
-  # == Rendering a collection of partials
+  # == \Rendering a collection of partials
   #
   # The example of partial use describes a familiar pattern where a template needs to iterate over an array and
   # render a sub template for each of the elements. This pattern has been implemented as a single method that
@@ -56,8 +84,12 @@ module ActionView
   #   <%= render partial: "ad", collection: @advertisements %>
   #
   # This will render "advertiser/_ad.html.erb" and pass the local variable +ad+ to the template for display. An
-  # iteration counter will automatically be made available to the template with a name of the form
-  # +partial_name_counter+. In the case of the example above, the template would be fed +ad_counter+.
+  # iteration object will automatically be made available to the template with a name of the form
+  # +partial_name_iteration+. The iteration object has knowledge about which index the current object has in
+  # the collection and the total size of the collection. The iteration object also has two convenience methods,
+  # +first?+ and +last?+. In the case of the example above, the template would be fed +ad_iteration+.
+  # For backwards compatibility the +partial_name_counter+ is still present and is mapped to the iteration's
+  # +index+ method.
   #
   # The <tt>:as</tt> option may be used when rendering partials.
   #
@@ -74,7 +106,7 @@ module ActionView
   # NOTE: Due to backwards compatibility concerns, the collection can't be one of hashes. Normally you'd also
   # just keep domain objects, like Active Records, in there.
   #
-  # == Rendering shared partials
+  # == \Rendering shared partials
   #
   # Two controllers can share a set of partials and render them like this:
   #
@@ -82,7 +114,7 @@ module ActionView
   #
   # This will render the partial "advertisement/_ad.html.erb" regardless of which controller this is being called from.
   #
-  # == Rendering objects that respond to `to_partial_path`
+  # == \Rendering objects that respond to `to_partial_path`
   #
   # Instead of explicitly naming the location of a partial, you can also let PartialRenderer do the work
   # and pick the proper path by checking `to_partial_path` method.
@@ -96,7 +128,7 @@ module ActionView
   #  # <%= render partial: "posts/post", collection: @posts %>
   #  <%= render partial: @posts %>
   #
-  # == Rendering the default case
+  # == \Rendering the default case
   #
   # If you're not going to be using any of the options like collections or layouts, you can also use the short-hand
   # defaults of render to render partials. Examples:
@@ -116,29 +148,29 @@ module ActionView
   #  # <%= render partial: "posts/post", collection: @posts %>
   #  <%= render @posts %>
   #
-  # == Rendering partials with layouts
+  # == \Rendering partials with layouts
   #
   # Partials can have their own layouts applied to them. These layouts are different than the ones that are
   # specified globally for the entire action, but they work in a similar fashion. Imagine a list with two types
   # of users:
   #
-  #   <%# app/views/users/index.html.erb &>
+  #   <%# app/views/users/index.html.erb %>
   #   Here's the administrator:
   #   <%= render partial: "user", layout: "administrator", locals: { user: administrator } %>
   #
   #   Here's the editor:
   #   <%= render partial: "user", layout: "editor", locals: { user: editor } %>
   #
-  #   <%# app/views/users/_user.html.erb &>
+  #   <%# app/views/users/_user.html.erb %>
   #   Name: <%= user.name %>
   #
-  #   <%# app/views/users/_administrator.html.erb &>
+  #   <%# app/views/users/_administrator.html.erb %>
   #   <div id="administrator">
   #     Budget: $<%= user.budget %>
   #     <%= yield %>
   #   </div>
   #
-  #   <%# app/views/users/_editor.html.erb &>
+  #   <%# app/views/users/_editor.html.erb %>
   #   <div id="editor">
   #     Deadline: <%= user.deadline %>
   #     <%= yield %>
@@ -201,7 +233,7 @@ module ActionView
   #
   # You can also apply a layout to a block within any template:
   #
-  #   <%# app/views/users/_chief.html.erb &>
+  #   <%# app/views/users/_chief.html.erb %>
   #   <%= render(layout: "administrator", locals: { user: chief }) do %>
   #     Title: <%= chief.title %>
   #   <% end %>
@@ -218,13 +250,13 @@ module ActionView
   # If you pass arguments to "yield" then this will be passed to the block. One way to use this is to pass
   # an array to layout and treat it as an enumerable.
   #
-  #   <%# app/views/users/_user.html.erb &>
+  #   <%# app/views/users/_user.html.erb %>
   #   <div class="user">
   #     Budget: $<%= user.budget %>
   #     <%= yield user %>
   #   </div>
   #
-  #   <%# app/views/users/index.html.erb &>
+  #   <%# app/views/users/index.html.erb %>
   #   <%= render layout: @users do |user| %>
   #     Title: <%= user.title %>
   #   <% end %>
@@ -233,14 +265,14 @@ module ActionView
   #
   # You can also yield multiple times in one layout and use block arguments to differentiate the sections.
   #
-  #   <%# app/views/users/_user.html.erb &>
+  #   <%# app/views/users/_user.html.erb %>
   #   <div class="user">
   #     <%= yield user, :header %>
   #     Budget: $<%= user.budget %>
   #     <%= yield user, :footer %>
   #   </div>
   #
-  #   <%# app/views/users/index.html.erb &>
+  #   <%# app/views/users/index.html.erb %>
   #   <%= render layout: @users do |user, section| %>
   #     <%- case section when :header -%>
   #       Title: <%= user.title %>
@@ -249,8 +281,10 @@ module ActionView
   #     <%- end -%>
   #   <% end %>
   class PartialRenderer < AbstractRenderer
-    PREFIXED_PARTIAL_NAMES = ThreadSafe::Cache.new do |h, k|
-      h[k] = ThreadSafe::Cache.new
+    include CollectionCaching
+
+    PREFIXED_PARTIAL_NAMES = Concurrent::Map.new do |h, k|
+      h[k] = Concurrent::Map.new
     end
 
     def initialize(*)
@@ -281,6 +315,8 @@ module ActionView
       end
     end
 
+    private
+
     def render_collection
       return nil if @collection.blank?
 
@@ -288,8 +324,9 @@ module ActionView
         spacer = find_template(@options[:spacer_template], @locals.keys).render(@view, @locals)
       end
 
-      result = @template ? collection_with_template : collection_without_template
-      result.join(spacer).html_safe
+      cache_collection_render do
+        @template ? collection_with_template : collection_without_template
+      end.join(spacer).html_safe
     end
 
     def render_partial
@@ -300,8 +337,8 @@ module ActionView
         layout = find_template(layout.to_s, @template_keys)
       end
 
-      object ||= locals[as]
-      locals[as] = object
+      object = locals[as] if object.nil? # Respect object when object is false
+      locals[as] = object if @has_object
 
       content = @template.render(view, locals) do |*name|
         view._layout_for(*name, &block)
@@ -311,8 +348,6 @@ module ActionView
       content
     end
 
-    private
-
     # Sets up instance variables needed for rendering a partial. This method
     # finds the options and details and extracts them. The method also contains
     # logic that handles the type of object passed in as the partial.
@@ -322,37 +357,41 @@ module ActionView
     # respond to +to_partial_path+ in order to setup the path.
     def setup(context, options, block)
       @view   = context
-      partial = options[:partial]
-
       @options = options
-      @locals  = options[:locals] || {}
       @block   = block
+
+      @locals  = options[:locals] || {}
       @details = extract_details(options)
 
       prepend_formats(options[:formats])
 
+      partial = options[:partial]
+
       if String === partial
+        @has_object = options.key?(:object)
         @object     = options[:object]
+        @collection = collection_from_options
         @path       = partial
-        @collection = collection
       else
+        @has_object = true
         @object = partial
+        @collection = collection_from_object || collection_from_options
 
-        if @collection = collection_from_object || collection
+        if @collection
           paths = @collection_data = @collection.map { |o| partial_path(o) }
-          @path = paths.uniq.size == 1 ? paths.first : nil
+          @path = paths.uniq.one? ? paths.first : nil
         else
           @path = partial_path
         end
       end
 
       if as = options[:as]
-        raise_invalid_identifier(as) unless as.to_s =~ /\A[a-z_]\w*\z/
+        raise_invalid_option_as(as) unless as.to_s =~ /\A[a-z_]\w*\z/
         as = as.to_sym
       end
 
       if @path
-        @variable, @variable_counter = retrieve_variable(@path, as)
+        @variable, @variable_counter, @variable_iteration = retrieve_variable(@path, as)
         @template_keys = retrieve_template_keys
       else
         paths.map! { |path| retrieve_variable(path, as).unshift(path) }
@@ -361,7 +400,7 @@ module ActionView
       self
     end
 
-    def collection
+    def collection_from_options
       if @options.key?(:collection)
         collection = @options[:collection]
         collection.respond_to?(:to_ary) ? collection.to_ary : []
@@ -373,9 +412,7 @@ module ActionView
     end
 
     def find_partial
-      if path = @path
-        find_template(path, @template_keys)
-      end
+      find_template(@path, @template_keys) if @path
     end
 
     def find_template(path, locals)
@@ -385,19 +422,22 @@ module ActionView
 
     def collection_with_template
       view, locals, template = @view, @locals, @template
-      as, counter = @variable, @variable_counter
+      as, counter, iteration = @variable, @variable_counter, @variable_iteration
 
       if layout = @options[:layout]
         layout = find_template(layout, @template_keys)
       end
 
-      index = -1
+      partial_iteration = PartialIteration.new(@collection.size)
+      locals[iteration] = partial_iteration
+
       @collection.map do |object|
-        locals[as]      = object
-        locals[counter] = (index += 1)
+        locals[as]        = object
+        locals[counter]   = partial_iteration.index
 
         content = template.render(view, locals)
         content = layout.render(view, locals) { content } if layout
+        partial_iteration.iterate!
         content
       end
     end
@@ -407,16 +447,20 @@ module ActionView
       cache = {}
       keys  = @locals.keys
 
-      index = -1
+      partial_iteration = PartialIteration.new(@collection.size)
+
       @collection.map do |object|
-        index += 1
-        path, as, counter = collection_data[index]
+        index = partial_iteration.index
+        path, as, counter, iteration = collection_data[index]
 
-        locals[as]      = object
-        locals[counter] = index
+        locals[as]        = object
+        locals[counter]   = index
+        locals[iteration] = partial_iteration
 
         template = (cache[path] ||= find_template(path, keys + [as, counter]))
-        template.render(view, locals)
+        content = template.render(view, locals)
+        partial_iteration.iterate!
+        content
       end
     end
 
@@ -466,27 +510,40 @@ module ActionView
 
     def retrieve_template_keys
       keys = @locals.keys
-      keys << @variable         if @object || @collection
-      keys << @variable_counter if @collection
+      keys << @variable if @has_object || @collection
+      if @collection
+        keys << @variable_counter
+        keys << @variable_iteration
+      end
       keys
     end
 
     def retrieve_variable(path, as)
       variable = as || begin
-        base = path[-1] == "/" ? "" : File.basename(path)
-        raise_invalid_identifier(path) unless base =~ /\A_?([a-z]\w*)(\.\w+)*\z/
+        base = path[-1] == "/".freeze ? "".freeze : File.basename(path)
+        raise_invalid_identifier(path) unless base =~ /\A_?(.*)(?:\.\w+)*\z/
         $1.to_sym
       end
-      variable_counter = :"#{variable}_counter" if @collection
-      [variable, variable_counter]
+      if @collection
+        variable_counter = :"#{variable}_counter"
+        variable_iteration = :"#{variable}_iteration"
+      end
+      [variable, variable_counter, variable_iteration]
     end
 
     IDENTIFIER_ERROR_MESSAGE = "The partial name (%s) is not a valid Ruby identifier; " +
-                               "make sure your partial name starts with a lowercase letter or underscore, " +
+                               "make sure your partial name starts with underscore."
+
+    OPTION_AS_ERROR_MESSAGE  = "The value (%s) of the option `as` is not a valid Ruby identifier; " +
+                               "make sure it starts with lowercase letter, " +
                                "and is followed by any combination of letters, numbers and underscores."
 
     def raise_invalid_identifier(path)
       raise ArgumentError.new(IDENTIFIER_ERROR_MESSAGE % (path))
     end
+
+    def raise_invalid_option_as(as)
+      raise ArgumentError.new(OPTION_AS_ERROR_MESSAGE % (as))
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/partial_renderer/collection_caching.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/partial_renderer/collection_caching.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1147963882
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/partial_renderer/collection_caching.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/try'
+
+module ActionView
+  module CollectionCaching # :nodoc:
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    included do
+      # Fallback cache store if Action View is used without Rails.
+      # Otherwise overridden in Railtie to use Rails.cache.
+      mattr_accessor(:collection_cache) { ActiveSupport::Cache::MemoryStore.new }
+    end
+
+    private
+      def cache_collection_render
+        return yield unless cache_collection?
+
+        keyed_collection = collection_by_cache_keys
+        partial_cache = collection_cache.read_multi(*keyed_collection.keys)
+
+        @collection = keyed_collection.reject { |key, _| partial_cache.key?(key) }.values
+        rendered_partials = @collection.any? ? yield.dup : []
+
+        fetch_or_cache_partial(partial_cache, order_by: keyed_collection.each_key) do
+          rendered_partials.shift
+        end
+      end
+
+      def cache_collection?
+        @options.fetch(:cache, automatic_cache_eligible?)
+      end
+
+      def automatic_cache_eligible?
+        single_template_render? && !callable_cache_key? &&
+          @template.eligible_for_collection_caching?(as: @options[:as])
+      end
+
+      def single_template_render?
+        @template # Template is only set when a collection renders one template.
+      end
+
+      def callable_cache_key?
+        @options[:cache].respond_to?(:call)
+      end
+
+      def collection_by_cache_keys
+        seed = callable_cache_key? ? @options[:cache] : ->(i) { i }
+
+        @collection.each_with_object({}) do |item, hash|
+          hash[expanded_cache_key(seed.call(item))] = item
+        end
+      end
+
+      def expanded_cache_key(key)
+        key = @view.fragment_cache_key(@view.cache_fragment_name(key, virtual_path: @template.virtual_path))
+        key.frozen? ? key.dup : key # #read_multi & #write may require mutability, Dalli 2.6.0.
+      end
+
+      def fetch_or_cache_partial(cached_partials, order_by:)
+        cache_options = @options[:cache_options] || @locals[:cache_options] || {}
+
+        order_by.map do |key|
+          cached_partials.fetch(key) do
+            yield.tap do |rendered_partial|
+              collection_cache.write(key, rendered_partial, cache_options)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/renderer.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/renderer.rb
index 964b18337e..2a3b89aebf 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/renderer.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/renderer.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ module ActionView
       @lookup_context = lookup_context
     end
 
-    # Main render entry point shared by AV and AC.
+    # Main render entry point shared by Action View and Action Controller.
     def render(context, options)
       if options.key?(:partial)
         render_partial(context, options)
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ module ActionView
       end
     end
 
-    # Direct accessor to template rendering.
+    # Direct access to template rendering.
     def render_template(context, options) #:nodoc:
       TemplateRenderer.new(@lookup_context).render(context, options)
     end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/streaming_template_renderer.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/streaming_template_renderer.rb
index 3ab2cd36fc..f38e2764d0 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/streaming_template_renderer.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/streaming_template_renderer.rb
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ module ActionView
       return [super] unless layout_name && template.supports_streaming?
 
       locals ||= {}
-      layout   = layout_name && find_layout(layout_name, locals.keys)
+      layout   = layout_name && find_layout(layout_name, locals.keys, [formats.first])
 
       Body.new do |buffer|
         delayed_render(buffer, template, layout, @view, locals)
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/template_renderer.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/template_renderer.rb
index be17097428..75217e1630 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/template_renderer.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/template_renderer.rb
@@ -6,20 +6,19 @@ module ActionView
       @view    = context
       @details = extract_details(options)
       template = determine_template(options)
-      context  = @lookup_context
 
       prepend_formats(template.formats)
 
-      unless context.rendered_format
-        context.rendered_format = template.formats.first || formats.first
-      end
+      @lookup_context.rendered_format ||= (template.formats.first || formats.first)
 
       render_template(template, options[:layout], options[:locals])
     end
 
+    private
+
     # Determine the template to be rendered using the given options.
-    def determine_template(options) #:nodoc:
-      keys = options.fetch(:locals, {}).keys
+    def determine_template(options)
+      keys = options.has_key?(:locals) ? options[:locals].keys : []
 
       if options.key?(:body)
         Template::Text.new(options[:body])
@@ -41,7 +40,7 @@ module ActionView
           find_template(options[:template], options[:prefixes], false, keys, @details)
         end
       else
-        raise ArgumentError, "You invoked render but did not give any of :partial, :template, :inline, :file, :plain, :text or :body option."
+        raise ArgumentError, "You invoked render but did not give any of :partial, :template, :inline, :file, :plain, :html, :text or :body option."
       end
     end
 
@@ -58,7 +57,7 @@ module ActionView
     end
 
     def render_with_layout(path, locals) #:nodoc:
-      layout  = path && find_layout(path, locals.keys)
+      layout  = path && find_layout(path, locals.keys, [formats.first])
       content = yield(layout)
 
       if layout
@@ -73,27 +72,28 @@ module ActionView
     # This is the method which actually finds the layout using details in the lookup
     # context object. If no layout is found, it checks if at least a layout with
     # the given name exists across all details before raising the error.
-    def find_layout(layout, keys)
-      with_layout_format { resolve_layout(layout, keys) }
+    def find_layout(layout, keys, formats)
+      resolve_layout(layout, keys, formats)
     end
 
-    def resolve_layout(layout, keys)
+    def resolve_layout(layout, keys, formats)
+      details = @details.dup
+      details[:formats] = formats
+
       case layout
       when String
         begin
           if layout =~ /^\//
-            with_fallbacks { find_template(layout, nil, false, keys, @details) }
+            with_fallbacks { find_template(layout, nil, false, keys, details) }
           else
-            find_template(layout, nil, false, keys, @details)
+            find_template(layout, nil, false, keys, details)
           end
         rescue ActionView::MissingTemplate
           all_details = @details.merge(:formats => @lookup_context.default_formats)
           raise unless template_exists?(layout, nil, false, keys, all_details)
         end
       when Proc
-        resolve_layout(layout.call, keys)
-      when FalseClass
-        nil
+        resolve_layout(layout.call(formats), keys, formats)
       else
         layout
       end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/rendering.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/rendering.rb
index f96587c816..8604637da2 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/rendering.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/rendering.rb
@@ -35,12 +35,13 @@ module ActionView
     module ClassMethods
       def view_context_class
         @view_context_class ||= begin
-          routes = respond_to?(:_routes) && _routes
+          supports_path = supports_path?
+          routes  = respond_to?(:_routes)  && _routes
           helpers = respond_to?(:_helpers) && _helpers
 
           Class.new(ActionView::Base) do
             if routes
-              include routes.url_helpers
+              include routes.url_helpers(supports_path)
               include routes.mounted_helpers
             end
 
@@ -58,12 +59,12 @@ module ActionView
       @_view_context_class ||= self.class.view_context_class
     end
 
-    # An instance of a view class. The default view class is ActionView::Base
+    # An instance of a view class. The default view class is ActionView::Base.
     #
     # The view class must have the following methods:
     # View.new[lookup_context, assigns, controller]
-    #   Create a new ActionView instance for a controller
-    # View#render[options]
+    #   Create a new ActionView instance for a controller and we can also pass the arguments.
+    # View#render(option)
     #   Returns String with the rendered template
     #
     # Override this method in a module to change the default behavior.
@@ -91,28 +92,26 @@ module ActionView
       # Find and render a template based on the options given.
       # :api: private
       def _render_template(options) #:nodoc:
-        variant = options[:variant]
+        variant = options.delete(:variant)
+        assigns = options.delete(:assigns)
+        context = view_context
 
+        context.assign assigns if assigns
         lookup_context.rendered_format = nil if options[:formats]
         lookup_context.variants = variant if variant
 
-        view_renderer.render(view_context, options)
+        view_renderer.render(context, options)
       end
 
-      # Assign the rendered format to lookup context.
-      def _process_format(format, options = {}) #:nodoc:
+      # Assign the rendered format to look up context.
+      def _process_format(format) #:nodoc:
         super
-
-        if options[:body]
-          self.no_content_type = true
-        end
-
         lookup_context.formats = [format.to_sym]
         lookup_context.rendered_format = lookup_context.formats.first
       end
 
       # Normalize args by converting render "foo" to render :action => "foo" and
-      # render "foo/bar" to render :file => "foo/bar".
+      # render "foo/bar" to render :template => "foo/bar".
       # :api: private
       def _normalize_args(action=nil, options={})
         options = super(action, options)
@@ -122,7 +121,7 @@ module ActionView
           options = action
         when String, Symbol
           action = action.to_s
-          key = action.include?(?/) ? :file : :action
+          key = action.include?(?/) ? :template : :action
           options[key] = action
         else
           options[:partial] = action
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/routing_url_for.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/routing_url_for.rb
index 33be06cbf7..45e78d1ad9 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/routing_url_for.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/routing_url_for.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'action_dispatch/routing/polymorphic_routes'
+
 module ActionView
   module RoutingUrlFor
 
@@ -30,7 +32,7 @@ module ActionView
     #
     # ==== Examples
     #   <%= url_for(action: 'index') %>
-    #   # => /blog/
+    #   # => /blogs/
     #
     #   <%= url_for(action: 'find', controller: 'books') %>
     #   # => /books/find
@@ -77,16 +79,42 @@ module ActionView
       case options
       when String
         options
-      when nil, Hash
-        options ||= {}
-        options = { :only_path => options[:host].nil? }.merge!(options.symbolize_keys)
-        super
+      when nil
+        super(only_path: _generate_paths_by_default)
+      when Hash
+        options = options.symbolize_keys
+        unless options.key?(:only_path)
+          options[:only_path] = only_path?(options[:host])
+        end
+
+        super(options)
+      when ActionController::Parameters
+        unless options.key?(:only_path)
+          options[:only_path] = only_path?(options[:host])
+        end
+
+        super(options)
       when :back
         _back_url
       when Array
-        polymorphic_path(options, options.extract_options!)
+        components = options.dup
+        if _generate_paths_by_default
+          polymorphic_path(components, components.extract_options!)
+        else
+          polymorphic_url(components, components.extract_options!)
+        end
       else
-        polymorphic_path(options)
+        method = _generate_paths_by_default ? :path : :url
+        builder = ActionDispatch::Routing::PolymorphicRoutes::HelperMethodBuilder.send(method)
+
+        case options
+        when Symbol
+          builder.handle_string_call(self, options)
+        when Class
+          builder.handle_class_call(self, options)
+        else
+          builder.handle_model_call(self, options)
+        end
       end
     end
 
@@ -105,5 +133,15 @@ module ActionView
         controller.optimize_routes_generation? : super
     end
     protected :optimize_routes_generation?
+
+    private
+
+      def _generate_paths_by_default
+        true
+      end
+
+      def only_path?(host)
+        _generate_paths_by_default unless host
+      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/tasks/dependencies.rake b/actionview/lib/action_view/tasks/dependencies.rake
index 1b9426c0e5..f394c319c1 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/tasks/dependencies.rake
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/tasks/dependencies.rake
@@ -2,16 +2,22 @@ namespace :cache_digests do
   desc 'Lookup nested dependencies for TEMPLATE (like messages/show or comments/_comment.html)'
   task :nested_dependencies => :environment do
     abort 'You must provide TEMPLATE for the task to run' unless ENV['TEMPLATE'].present?
-    template, format = ENV['TEMPLATE'].split(".")
-    format ||= :html
-    puts JSON.pretty_generate ActionView::Digestor.new(template, format, ApplicationController.new.lookup_context).nested_dependencies
+    puts JSON.pretty_generate ActionView::Digestor.new(name: CacheDigests.template_name, finder: CacheDigests.finder).nested_dependencies
   end
 
   desc 'Lookup first-level dependencies for TEMPLATE (like messages/show or comments/_comment.html)'
   task :dependencies => :environment do
     abort 'You must provide TEMPLATE for the task to run' unless ENV['TEMPLATE'].present?
-    template, format = ENV['TEMPLATE'].split(".")
-    format ||= :html
-    puts JSON.pretty_generate ActionView::Digestor.new(template, format, ApplicationController.new.lookup_context).dependencies
+    puts JSON.pretty_generate ActionView::Digestor.new(name: CacheDigests.template_name, finder: CacheDigests.finder).dependencies
+  end
+
+  class CacheDigests
+    def self.template_name
+      ENV['TEMPLATE'].split('.', 2).first
+    end
+
+    def self.finder
+      ApplicationController.new.lookup_context
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/template.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template.rb
index 961a969b6e..15fc2b71a3 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/template.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/template.rb
@@ -87,6 +87,19 @@ module ActionView
     #       expected_encoding
     #     )
 
+    ##
+    # :method: local_assigns
+    #
+    # Returns a hash with the defined local variables.
+    #
+    # Given this sub template rendering:
+    #
+    #   <%= render "shared/header", { headline: "Welcome", person: person } %>
+    #
+    # You can use +local_assigns+ in the sub templates to access the local variables:
+    #
+    #   local_assigns[:headline] # => "Welcome"
+
     eager_autoload do
       autoload :Error
       autoload :Handlers
@@ -97,13 +110,13 @@ module ActionView
 
     extend Template::Handlers
 
-    attr_accessor :locals, :formats, :virtual_path
+    attr_accessor :locals, :formats, :variants, :virtual_path
 
     attr_reader :source, :identifier, :handler, :original_encoding, :updated_at
 
     # This finalizer is needed (and exactly with a proc inside another proc)
     # otherwise templates leak in development.
-    Finalizer = proc do |method_name, mod|
+    Finalizer = proc do |method_name, mod| # :nodoc:
       proc do
         mod.module_eval do
           remove_possible_method method_name
@@ -117,16 +130,18 @@ module ActionView
       @source            = source
       @identifier        = identifier
       @handler           = handler
+      @cache_name        = extract_resource_cache_name
       @compiled          = false
       @original_encoding = nil
       @locals            = details[:locals] || []
       @virtual_path      = details[:virtual_path]
       @updated_at        = details[:updated_at] || Time.now
       @formats           = Array(format).map { |f| f.respond_to?(:ref) ? f.ref : f  }
+      @variants          = [details[:variant]]
       @compile_mutex     = Mutex.new
     end
 
-    # Returns if the underlying handler supports streaming. If so,
+    # Returns whether the underlying handler supports streaming. If so,
     # a streaming buffer *may* be passed when it start rendering.
     def supports_streaming?
       handler.respond_to?(:supports_streaming?) && handler.supports_streaming?
@@ -139,7 +154,7 @@ module ActionView
     # we use a bang in this instrumentation because you don't want to
     # consume this in production. This is only slow if it's being listened to.
     def render(view, locals, buffer=nil, &block)
-      instrument("!render_template") do
+      instrument("!render_template".freeze) do
         compile!(view)
         view.send(method_name, locals, buffer, &block)
       end
@@ -151,6 +166,10 @@ module ActionView
       @type ||= Types[@formats.first] if @formats.first
     end
 
+    def eligible_for_collection_caching?(as: nil)
+      @cache_name == (as || inferred_cache_name).to_s
+    end
+
     # Receives a view object and return a template similar to self by using @virtual_path.
     #
     # This method is useful if you have a template object but it does not contain its source
@@ -171,7 +190,7 @@ module ActionView
     end
 
     def inspect
-      @inspect ||= defined?(Rails.root) ? identifier.sub("#{Rails.root}/", '') : identifier
+      @inspect ||= defined?(Rails.root) ? identifier.sub("#{Rails.root}/", ''.freeze) : identifier
     end
 
     # This method is responsible for properly setting the encoding of the
@@ -241,7 +260,7 @@ module ActionView
           end
 
           instrument("!compile_template") do
-            compile(view, mod)
+            compile(mod)
           end
 
           # Just discard the source if we have a virtual path. This
@@ -263,7 +282,7 @@ module ActionView
       # encode the source into <tt>Encoding.default_internal</tt>.
       # In general, this means that templates will be UTF-8 inside of Rails,
       # regardless of the original source encoding.
-      def compile(view, mod) #:nodoc:
+      def compile(mod) #:nodoc:
         encode!
         method_name = self.method_name
         code = @handler.call(self)
@@ -292,18 +311,8 @@ module ActionView
           raise WrongEncodingError.new(@source, Encoding.default_internal)
         end
 
-        begin
-          mod.module_eval(source, identifier, 0)
-          ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(self, Finalizer[method_name, mod])
-        rescue => e # errors from template code
-          if logger = (view && view.logger)
-            logger.debug "ERROR: compiling #{method_name} RAISED #{e}"
-            logger.debug "Function body: #{source}"
-            logger.debug "Backtrace: #{e.backtrace.join("\n")}"
-          end
-
-          raise ActionView::Template::Error.new(self, e)
-        end
+        mod.module_eval(source, identifier, 0)
+        ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(self, Finalizer[method_name, mod])
       end
 
       def handle_render_error(view, e) #:nodoc:
@@ -316,26 +325,53 @@ module ActionView
             template = refresh(view)
             template.encode!
           end
-          raise Template::Error.new(template, e)
+          raise Template::Error.new(template)
         end
       end
 
       def locals_code #:nodoc:
         # Double assign to suppress the dreaded 'assigned but unused variable' warning
-        @locals.map { |key| "#{key} = #{key} = local_assigns[:#{key}];" }.join
+        @locals.each_with_object('') { |key, code| code << "#{key} = #{key} = local_assigns[:#{key}];" }
       end
 
       def method_name #:nodoc:
-        @method_name ||= "_#{identifier_method_name}__#{@identifier.hash}_#{__id__}".gsub('-', "_")
+        @method_name ||= begin
+          m = "_#{identifier_method_name}__#{@identifier.hash}_#{__id__}"
+          m.tr!('-'.freeze, '_'.freeze)
+          m
+        end
       end
 
       def identifier_method_name #:nodoc:
-        inspect.gsub(/[^a-z_]/, '_')
+        inspect.tr('^a-z_'.freeze, '_'.freeze)
       end
 
       def instrument(action, &block)
         payload = { virtual_path: @virtual_path, identifier: @identifier }
-        ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("#{action}.action_view", payload, &block)
+        case action
+        when "!render_template".freeze
+          ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("!render_template.action_view".freeze, payload, &block)
+        else
+          ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("#{action}.action_view".freeze, payload, &block)
+        end
+      end
+
+      EXPLICIT_COLLECTION = /# Template Collection: (?<resource_name>\w+)/
+
+      def extract_resource_cache_name
+        if match = @source.match(EXPLICIT_COLLECTION) || resource_cache_call_match
+          match[:resource_name]
+        end
+      end
+
+      def resource_cache_call_match
+        if @handler.respond_to?(:resource_cache_call_pattern)
+          @source.match(@handler.resource_cache_call_pattern)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def inferred_cache_name
+        @inferred_cache_name ||= @virtual_path.split('/'.freeze).last.sub('_'.freeze, ''.freeze)
       end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/error.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/error.rb
index 743ef6de0a..b03b197cb5 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/error.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/error.rb
@@ -59,13 +59,20 @@ module ActionView
     class Error < ActionViewError #:nodoc:
       SOURCE_CODE_RADIUS = 3
 
-      attr_reader :original_exception
+      def initialize(template, original_exception = nil)
+        if original_exception
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("Passing #original_exception is deprecated and has no effect. " \
+                                          "Exceptions will automatically capture the original exception.", caller)
+        end
+
+        super($!.message)
+        set_backtrace($!.backtrace)
+        @template, @sub_templates = template, nil
+      end
 
-      def initialize(template, original_exception)
-        super(original_exception.message)
-        @template, @original_exception = template, original_exception
-        @sub_templates = nil
-        set_backtrace(original_exception.backtrace)
+      def original_exception
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("#original_exception is deprecated. Use #cause instead.", caller)
+        cause
       end
 
       def file_name
@@ -75,7 +82,7 @@ module ActionView
       def sub_template_message
         if @sub_templates
           "Trace of template inclusion: " +
-          @sub_templates.collect { |template| template.inspect }.join(", ")
+          @sub_templates.collect(&:inspect).join(", ")
         else
           ""
         end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers.rb
index d9cddc0040..0105e88a49 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers.rb
@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
       autoload :Raw, 'action_view/template/handlers/raw'
 
       def self.extended(base)
-        base.register_default_template_handler :erb, ERB.new
+        base.register_default_template_handler :raw, Raw.new
+        base.register_template_handler :erb, ERB.new
         base.register_template_handler :builder, Builder.new
-        base.register_template_handler :raw, Raw.new
         base.register_template_handler :ruby, :source.to_proc
       end
 
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
 
       # Register an object that knows how to handle template files with the given
       # extensions. This can be used to implement new template types.
-      # The handler must respond to `:call`, which will be passed the template
+      # The handler must respond to +:call+, which will be passed the template
       # and should return the rendered template as a String.
       def register_template_handler(*extensions, handler)
         raise(ArgumentError, "Extension is required") if extensions.empty?
@@ -32,8 +32,17 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
         @@template_extensions = nil
       end
 
+      # Opposite to register_template_handler.
+      def unregister_template_handler(*extensions)
+        extensions.each do |extension|
+          handler = @@template_handlers.delete extension.to_sym
+          @@default_template_handlers = nil if @@default_template_handlers == handler
+        end
+        @@template_extensions = nil
+      end
+
       def template_handler_extensions
-        @@template_handlers.keys.map {|key| key.to_s }.sort
+        @@template_handlers.keys.map(&:to_s).sort
       end
 
       def registered_template_handler(extension)
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers/erb.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers/erb.rb
index 4523060442..1f8459c24b 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers/erb.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers/erb.rb
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ module ActionView
           end
         end
 
-        BLOCK_EXPR = /\s+(do|\{)(\s*\|[^|]*\|)?\s*\Z/
+        BLOCK_EXPR = /\s*((\s+|\))do|\{)(\s*\|[^|]*\|)?\s*\Z/
 
         def add_expr_literal(src, code)
           flush_newline_if_pending(src)
@@ -49,9 +49,9 @@ module ActionView
         def add_expr_escaped(src, code)
           flush_newline_if_pending(src)
           if code =~ BLOCK_EXPR
-            src << "@output_buffer.safe_append= " << code
+            src << "@output_buffer.safe_expr_append= " << code
           else
-            src << "@output_buffer.safe_append=(" << code << ");"
+            src << "@output_buffer.safe_expr_append=(" << code << ");"
           end
         end
 
@@ -123,6 +123,31 @@ module ActionView
           ).src
         end
 
+        # Returns Regexp to extract a cached resource's name from a cache call at the
+        # first line of a template.
+        # The extracted cache name is captured as :resource_name.
+        #
+        #   <% cache notification do %> # => notification
+        #
+        # The pattern should support templates with a beginning comment:
+        #
+        #   <%# Still extractable even though there's a comment %>
+        #   <% cache notification do %> # => notification
+        #
+        # But fail to extract a name if a resource association is cached.
+        #
+        #   <% cache notification.event do %> # => nil
+        def resource_cache_call_pattern
+          /\A
+            (?:<%\#.*%>)*                 # optional initial comment
+            \s*                           # followed by optional spaces or newlines
+            <%\s*cache[\(\s]              # followed by an ERB call to cache
+            \s*                           # followed by optional spaces or newlines
+            (?<resource_name>\w+)         # capture the cache call argument as :resource_name
+            [\s\)]                        # followed by a space or close paren
+          /xm
+        end
+
       private
 
         def valid_encoding(string, encoding)
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers/raw.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers/raw.rb
index 0c0d1fffcb..b08fb0870f 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers/raw.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers/raw.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ module ActionView
   module Template::Handlers
     class Raw
       def call(template)
-        escaped = template.source.gsub(':', '\:')
+        escaped = template.source.gsub(':'.freeze, '\:'.freeze)
 
         '%q:' + escaped + ':;'
       end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/resolver.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/resolver.rb
index 3a3b74cdd5..7859c58b43 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/resolver.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/resolver.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ require "active_support/core_ext/class"
 require "active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors"
 require "action_view/template"
 require "thread"
-require "thread_safe"
+require "concurrent"
 
 module ActionView
   # = Action View Resolver
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ module ActionView
 
     # Threadsafe template cache
     class Cache #:nodoc:
-      class SmallCache < ThreadSafe::Cache
+      class SmallCache < Concurrent::Map
         def initialize(options = {})
           super(options.merge(:initial_capacity => 2))
         end
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ module ActionView
 
       def initialize
         @data = SmallCache.new(&KEY_BLOCK)
+        @query_cache = SmallCache.new
       end
 
       # Cache the templates returned by the block
@@ -70,8 +71,17 @@ module ActionView
         end
       end
 
+      def cache_query(query) # :nodoc:
+        if Resolver.caching?
+          @query_cache[query] ||= canonical_no_templates(yield)
+        else
+          yield
+        end
+      end
+
       def clear
         @data.clear
+        @query_cache.clear
       end
 
       private
@@ -116,6 +126,10 @@ module ActionView
       end
     end
 
+    def find_all_with_query(query) # :nodoc:
+      @cache.cache_query(query) { find_template_paths(File.join(@path, query)) }
+    end
+
   private
 
     delegate :caching?, to: :class
@@ -138,7 +152,7 @@ module ActionView
     # resolver is fresher before returning it.
     def cached(key, path_info, details, locals) #:nodoc:
       name, prefix, partial = path_info
-      locals = locals.map { |x| x.to_s }.sort!
+      locals = locals.map(&:to_s).sort!
 
       if key
         @cache.cache(key, name, prefix, partial, locals) do
@@ -154,7 +168,8 @@ module ActionView
       cached = nil
       templates.each do |t|
         t.locals         = locals
-        t.formats        = details[:formats] || [:html] if t.formats.empty?
+        t.formats        = details[:formats]  || [:html] if t.formats.empty?
+        t.variants       = details[:variants] || []      if t.variants.empty?
         t.virtual_path ||= (cached ||= build_path(*path_info))
       end
     end
@@ -180,44 +195,48 @@ module ActionView
     def query(path, details, formats)
       query = build_query(path, details)
 
-      # deals with case-insensitive file systems.
-      sanitizer = Hash.new { |h,dir| h[dir] = Dir["#{dir}/*"] }
+      template_paths = find_template_paths(query)
 
-      template_paths = Dir[query].reject { |filename|
-        File.directory?(filename) ||
-          !sanitizer[File.dirname(filename)].include?(filename)
-      }
-
-      template_paths.map { |template|
-        handler, format = extract_handler_and_format(template, formats)
-        contents = File.binread template
+      template_paths.map do |template|
+        handler, format, variant = extract_handler_and_format_and_variant(template, formats)
+        contents = File.binread(template)
 
         Template.new(contents, File.expand_path(template), handler,
           :virtual_path => path.virtual,
           :format       => format,
-          :updated_at   => mtime(template))
-      }
+          :variant      => variant,
+          :updated_at   => mtime(template)
+        )
+      end
+    end
+
+    def find_template_paths(query)
+      Dir[query].reject do |filename|
+        File.directory?(filename) ||
+          # deals with case-insensitive file systems.
+          !File.fnmatch(query, filename, File::FNM_EXTGLOB)
+      end
     end
 
     # Helper for building query glob string based on resolver's pattern.
     def build_query(path, details)
       query = @pattern.dup
 
-      prefix = path.prefix.empty? ? "" : "#{escape_entry(path.prefix)}\\1"
-      query.gsub!(/\:prefix(\/)?/, prefix)
+      prefix = path.prefix.empty? ? '' : "#{escape_entry(path.prefix)}\\1"
+      query.gsub!(/:prefix(\/)?/, prefix)
 
       partial = escape_entry(path.partial? ? "_#{path.name}" : path.name)
-      query.gsub!(/\:action/, partial)
+      query.gsub!(/:action/, partial)
 
       details.each do |ext, variants|
-        query.gsub!(/\:#{ext}/, "{#{variants.compact.uniq.join(',')}}")
+        query.gsub!(/:#{ext}/, "{#{variants.compact.uniq.join(',')}}")
       end
 
       File.expand_path(query, @path)
     end
 
     def escape_entry(entry)
-      entry.gsub(/[*?{}\[\]]/, '\\\\\\&')
+      entry.gsub(/[*?{}\[\]]/, '\\\\\\&'.freeze)
     end
 
     # Returns the file mtime from the filesystem.
@@ -225,25 +244,20 @@ module ActionView
       File.mtime(p)
     end
 
-    # Extract handler and formats from path. If a format cannot be a found neither
+    # Extract handler, formats and variant from path. If a format cannot be found neither
     # from the path, or the handler, we should return the array of formats given
     # to the resolver.
-    def extract_handler_and_format(path, default_formats)
-      pieces = File.basename(path).split(".")
+    def extract_handler_and_format_and_variant(path, default_formats)
+      pieces = File.basename(path).split('.'.freeze)
       pieces.shift
 
       extension = pieces.pop
-      unless extension
-        message = "The file #{path} did not specify a template handler. The default is currently ERB, " \
-                  "but will change to RAW in the future."
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn message
-      end
 
       handler = Template.handler_for_extension(extension)
-      format  = pieces.last && pieces.last.split(EXTENSIONS[:variants], 2).first # remove variant from format
+      format, variant = pieces.last.split(EXTENSIONS[:variants], 2) if pieces.last
       format  &&= Template::Types[format]
 
-      [handler, format]
+      [handler, format, variant]
     end
   end
 
@@ -255,13 +269,13 @@ module ActionView
   # Default pattern, loads views the same way as previous versions of rails, eg. when you're
   # looking for `users/new` it will produce query glob: `users/new{.{en},}{.{html,js},}{.{erb,haml},}`
   #
-  #   FileSystemResolver.new("/path/to/views", ":prefix/:action{.:locale,}{.:formats,}{.:handlers,}")
+  #   FileSystemResolver.new("/path/to/views", ":prefix/:action{.:locale,}{.:formats,}{+:variants,}{.:handlers,}")
   #
   # This one allows you to keep files with different formats in separate subdirectories,
   # eg. `users/new.html` will be loaded from `users/html/new.erb` or `users/new.html.erb`,
   # `users/new.js` from `users/js/new.erb` or `users/new.js.erb`, etc.
   #
-  #   FileSystemResolver.new("/path/to/views", ":prefix/{:formats/,}:action{.:locale,}{.:formats,}{.:handlers,}")
+  #   FileSystemResolver.new("/path/to/views", ":prefix/{:formats/,}:action{.:locale,}{.:formats,}{+:variants,}{.:handlers,}")
   #
   # If you don't specify a pattern then the default will be used.
   #
@@ -270,7 +284,7 @@ module ActionView
   #
   #   ActionController::Base.view_paths = FileSystemResolver.new(
   #     Rails.root.join("app/views"),
-  #     ":prefix{/:locale}/:action{.:formats,}{.:handlers,}"
+  #     ":prefix/:action{.:locale,}{.:formats,}{+:variants,}{.:handlers,}",
   #   )
   #
   # ==== Pattern format and variables
@@ -282,6 +296,7 @@ module ActionView
   # * <tt>:action</tt> - name of the action
   # * <tt>:locale</tt> - possible locale versions
   # * <tt>:formats</tt> - possible request formats (for example html, json, xml...)
+  # * <tt>:variants</tt> - possible request variants (for example phone, tablet...)
   # * <tt>:handlers</tt> - possible handlers (for example erb, haml, builder...)
   #
   class FileSystemResolver < PathResolver
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/types.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/types.rb
index b84e0281ae..be45fcf742 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/types.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/types.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ module ActionView
         self.types = Set.new
 
         def self.register(*t)
-          types.merge(t.map { |type| type.to_s })
+          types.merge(t.map(&:to_s))
         end
 
         register :html, :text, :js, :css,  :xml, :json
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/test_case.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/test_case.rb
index 3145446114..f6b5696a13 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/test_case.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/test_case.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ require 'action_controller'
 require 'action_controller/test_case'
 require 'action_view'
 
+require 'rails-dom-testing'
+
 module ActionView
   # = Action View Test Case
   class TestCase < ActiveSupport::TestCase
@@ -22,8 +24,8 @@ module ActionView
       def initialize
         super
         self.class.controller_path = ""
-        @request = ActionController::TestRequest.new
-        @response = ActionController::TestResponse.new
+        @request = ActionController::TestRequest.create
+        @response = ActionDispatch::TestResponse.new
 
         @request.env.delete('PATH_INFO')
         @params = {}
@@ -34,6 +36,7 @@ module ActionView
       extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
       include ActionDispatch::Assertions, ActionDispatch::TestProcess
+      include Rails::Dom::Testing::Assertions
       include ActionController::TemplateAssertions
       include ActionView::Context
 
@@ -99,7 +102,9 @@ module ActionView
       def setup_with_controller
         @controller = ActionView::TestCase::TestController.new
         @request = @controller.request
-        @output_buffer = ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new
+        # empty string ensures buffer has UTF-8 encoding as
+        # new without arguments returns ASCII-8BIT encoded buffer like String#new
+        @output_buffer = ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new ''
         @rendered = ''
 
         make_test_case_available_to_view!
@@ -120,6 +125,7 @@ module ActionView
         @_rendered_views ||= RenderedViewsCollection.new
       end
 
+      # Need to experiment if this priority is the best one: rendered => output_buffer
       class RenderedViewsCollection
         def initialize
           @rendered_views ||= Hash.new { |hash, key| hash[key] = [] }
@@ -151,11 +157,9 @@ module ActionView
 
     private
 
-      # Support the selector assertions
-      #
       # Need to experiment if this priority is the best one: rendered => output_buffer
-      def response_from_page
-        HTML::Document.new(@rendered.blank? ? @output_buffer : @rendered).root
+      def document_root_element
+        Nokogiri::HTML::Document.parse(@rendered.blank? ? @output_buffer : @rendered).root
       end
 
       def say_no_to_protect_against_forgery!
@@ -200,7 +204,7 @@ module ActionView
       def view
         @view ||= begin
           view = @controller.view_context
-          view.singleton_class.send :include, _helpers
+          view.singleton_class.include(_helpers)
           view.extend(Locals)
           view.rendered_views = self.rendered_views
           view.output_buffer = self.output_buffer
@@ -235,7 +239,9 @@ module ActionView
         :@options,
         :@test_passed,
         :@view,
-        :@view_context_class
+        :@view_context_class,
+        :@_subscribers,
+        :@html_document
       ]
 
       def _user_defined_ivars
@@ -257,9 +263,15 @@ module ActionView
       end
 
       def method_missing(selector, *args)
-        if @controller.respond_to?(:_routes) &&
-          ( @controller._routes.named_routes.helpers.include?(selector) ||
-            @controller._routes.mounted_helpers.method_defined?(selector) )
+        begin
+          routes = @controller.respond_to?(:_routes) && @controller._routes
+        rescue
+          # Dont call routes, if there is an error on _routes call
+        end
+
+        if routes &&
+           ( routes.named_routes.route_defined?(selector) ||
+             routes.mounted_helpers.method_defined?(selector) )
           @controller.__send__(selector, *args)
         else
           super
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/testing/resolvers.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/testing/resolvers.rb
index af53ad3b25..63a60542d4 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/testing/resolvers.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/testing/resolvers.rb
@@ -30,9 +30,13 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
       @hash.each do |_path, array|
         source, updated_at = array
         next unless _path =~ query
-        handler, format = extract_handler_and_format(_path, formats)
+        handler, format, variant = extract_handler_and_format_and_variant(_path, formats)
         templates << Template.new(source, _path, handler,
-          :virtual_path => path.virtual, :format => format, :updated_at => updated_at)
+          :virtual_path => path.virtual,
+          :format => format,
+          :variant => variant,
+          :updated_at => updated_at
+        )
       end
 
       templates.sort_by {|t| -t.identifier.match(/^#{query}$/).captures.reject(&:blank?).size }
@@ -41,10 +45,9 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
 
   class NullResolver < PathResolver
     def query(path, exts, formats)
-      handler, format = extract_handler_and_format(path, formats)
-      [ActionView::Template.new("Template generated by Null Resolver", path, handler, :virtual_path => path, :format => format)]
+      handler, format, variant = extract_handler_and_format_and_variant(path, formats)
+      [ActionView::Template.new("Template generated by Null Resolver", path.virtual, handler, :virtual_path => path.virtual, :format => format, :variant => variant)]
     end
   end
-
 end
 
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 775b827529..0000000000
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-$LOAD_PATH.unshift "#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/html-scanner"
-
-module HTML
-  extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
-
-  eager_autoload do
-    autoload :CDATA, 'html/node'
-    autoload :Document, 'html/document'
-    autoload :FullSanitizer, 'html/sanitizer'
-    autoload :LinkSanitizer, 'html/sanitizer'
-    autoload :Node, 'html/node'
-    autoload :Sanitizer, 'html/sanitizer'
-    autoload :Selector, 'html/selector'
-    autoload :Tag, 'html/node'
-    autoload :Text, 'html/node'
-    autoload :Tokenizer, 'html/tokenizer'
-    autoload :Version, 'html/version'
-    autoload :WhiteListSanitizer, 'html/sanitizer'
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/document.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/document.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 386820300a..0000000000
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/document.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,68 +0,0 @@
-require 'html/tokenizer'
-require 'html/node'
-require 'html/selector'
-require 'html/sanitizer'
-
-module HTML #:nodoc:
-  # A top-level HTML document. You give it a body of text, and it will parse that
-  # text into a tree of nodes.
-  class Document #:nodoc:
-
-    # The root of the parsed document.
-    attr_reader :root
-
-    # Create a new Document from the given text.
-    def initialize(text, strict=false, xml=false)
-      tokenizer = Tokenizer.new(text)
-      @root = Node.new(nil)
-      node_stack = [ @root ]
-      while token = tokenizer.next
-        node = Node.parse(node_stack.last, tokenizer.line, tokenizer.position, token, strict)
-
-        node_stack.last.children << node unless node.tag? && node.closing == :close
-        if node.tag?
-          if node_stack.length > 1 && node.closing == :close
-            if node_stack.last.name == node.name
-              if node_stack.last.children.empty?
-                node_stack.last.children << Text.new(node_stack.last, node.line, node.position, "")
-              end
-              node_stack.pop
-            else
-              open_start = node_stack.last.position - 20
-              open_start = 0 if open_start < 0
-              close_start = node.position - 20
-              close_start = 0 if close_start < 0
-              msg = <<EOF.strip
-ignoring attempt to close #{node_stack.last.name} with #{node.name}
-  opened at byte #{node_stack.last.position}, line #{node_stack.last.line}
-  closed at byte #{node.position}, line #{node.line}
-  attributes at open: #{node_stack.last.attributes.inspect}
-  text around open: #{text[open_start,40].inspect}
-  text around close: #{text[close_start,40].inspect}
-EOF
-              strict ? raise(msg) : warn(msg)
-            end
-          elsif !node.childless?(xml) && node.closing != :close
-            node_stack.push node
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Search the tree for (and return) the first node that matches the given
-    # conditions. The conditions are interpreted differently for different node
-    # types, see HTML::Text#find and HTML::Tag#find.
-    def find(conditions)
-      @root.find(conditions)
-    end
-
-    # Search the tree for (and return) all nodes that match the given
-    # conditions. The conditions are interpreted differently for different node
-    # types, see HTML::Text#find and HTML::Tag#find.
-    def find_all(conditions)
-      @root.find_all(conditions)
-    end
-
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/node.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/node.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 27f0f2f6f8..0000000000
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/node.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,532 +0,0 @@
-require 'strscan'
-
-module HTML #:nodoc:
-
-  class Conditions < Hash #:nodoc:
-    def initialize(hash)
-      super()
-      hash = { :content => hash } unless Hash === hash
-      hash = keys_to_symbols(hash)
-      hash.each do |k,v|
-        case k
-          when :tag, :content then
-            # keys are valid, and require no further processing
-          when :attributes then
-            hash[k] = keys_to_strings(v)
-          when :parent, :child, :ancestor, :descendant, :sibling, :before,
-                  :after
-            hash[k] = Conditions.new(v)
-          when :children
-            hash[k] = v = keys_to_symbols(v)
-            v.each do |key,value|
-              case key
-                when :count, :greater_than, :less_than
-                  # keys are valid, and require no further processing
-                when :only
-                  v[key] = Conditions.new(value)
-                else
-                  raise "illegal key #{key.inspect} => #{value.inspect}"
-              end
-            end
-          else
-            raise "illegal key #{k.inspect} => #{v.inspect}"
-        end
-      end
-      update hash
-    end
-
-    private
-
-      def keys_to_strings(hash)
-        Hash[hash.keys.map {|k| [k.to_s, hash[k]]}]
-      end
-
-      def keys_to_symbols(hash)
-        Hash[hash.keys.map do |k|
-          raise "illegal key #{k.inspect}" unless k.respond_to?(:to_sym)
-          [k.to_sym, hash[k]]
-        end]
-      end
-  end
-
-  # The base class of all nodes, textual and otherwise, in an HTML document.
-  class Node #:nodoc:
-    # The array of children of this node. Not all nodes have children.
-    attr_reader :children
-
-    # The parent node of this node. All nodes have a parent, except for the
-    # root node.
-    attr_reader :parent
-
-    # The line number of the input where this node was begun
-    attr_reader :line
-
-    # The byte position in the input where this node was begun
-    attr_reader :position
-
-    # Create a new node as a child of the given parent.
-    def initialize(parent, line=0, pos=0)
-      @parent = parent
-      @children = []
-      @line, @position = line, pos
-    end
-
-    # Returns a textual representation of the node.
-    def to_s
-      @children.join()
-    end
-
-    # Returns false (subclasses must override this to provide specific matching
-    # behavior.) +conditions+ may be of any type.
-    def match(conditions)
-      false
-    end
-
-    # Search the children of this node for the first node for which #find
-    # returns non +nil+. Returns the result of the #find call that succeeded.
-    def find(conditions)
-      conditions = validate_conditions(conditions)
-      @children.each do |child|
-        node = child.find(conditions)
-        return node if node
-      end
-      nil
-    end
-
-    # Search for all nodes that match the given conditions, and return them
-    # as an array.
-    def find_all(conditions)
-      conditions = validate_conditions(conditions)
-
-      matches = []
-      matches << self if match(conditions)
-      @children.each do |child|
-        matches.concat child.find_all(conditions)
-      end
-      matches
-    end
-
-    # Returns +false+. Subclasses may override this if they define a kind of
-    # tag.
-    def tag?
-      false
-    end
-
-    def validate_conditions(conditions)
-      Conditions === conditions ? conditions : Conditions.new(conditions)
-    end
-
-    def ==(node)
-      return false unless self.class == node.class && children.size == node.children.size
-
-      equivalent = true
-
-      children.size.times do |i|
-        equivalent &&= children[i] == node.children[i]
-      end
-
-      equivalent
-    end
-
-    class <<self
-      def parse(parent, line, pos, content, strict=true)
-        if content !~ /^<\S/
-          Text.new(parent, line, pos, content)
-        else
-          scanner = StringScanner.new(content)
-
-          unless scanner.skip(/</)
-            if strict
-              raise "expected <"
-            else
-              return Text.new(parent, line, pos, content)
-            end
-          end
-
-          if scanner.skip(/!\[CDATA\[/)
-            unless scanner.skip_until(/\]\]>/)
-              if strict
-                raise "expected ]]> (got #{scanner.rest.inspect} for #{content})"
-              else
-                scanner.skip_until(/\Z/)
-              end
-            end
-
-            return CDATA.new(parent, line, pos, scanner.pre_match.gsub(/<!\[CDATA\[/, ''))
-          end
-
-          closing = ( scanner.scan(/\//) ? :close : nil )
-          return Text.new(parent, line, pos, content) unless name = scanner.scan(/[^\s!>\/]+/)
-          name.downcase!
-
-          unless closing
-            scanner.skip(/\s*/)
-            attributes = {}
-            while attr = scanner.scan(/[-\w:]+/)
-              value = true
-              if scanner.scan(/\s*=\s*/)
-                if delim = scanner.scan(/['"]/)
-                  value = ""
-                  while text = scanner.scan(/[^#{delim}\\]+|./)
-                    case text
-                      when "\\" then
-                        value << text
-                        break if scanner.eos?
-                        value << scanner.getch
-                      when delim
-                        break
-                      else value << text
-                    end
-                  end
-                else
-                  value = scanner.scan(/[^\s>\/]+/)
-                end
-              end
-              attributes[attr.downcase] = value
-              scanner.skip(/\s*/)
-            end
-
-            closing = ( scanner.scan(/\//) ? :self : nil )
-          end
-
-          unless scanner.scan(/\s*>/)
-            if strict
-              raise "expected > (got #{scanner.rest.inspect} for #{content}, #{attributes.inspect})"
-            else
-              # throw away all text until we find what we're looking for
-              scanner.skip_until(/>/) or scanner.terminate
-            end
-          end
-
-          Tag.new(parent, line, pos, name, attributes, closing)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  # A node that represents text, rather than markup.
-  class Text < Node #:nodoc:
-
-    attr_reader :content
-
-    # Creates a new text node as a child of the given parent, with the given
-    # content.
-    def initialize(parent, line, pos, content)
-      super(parent, line, pos)
-      @content = content
-    end
-
-    # Returns the content of this node.
-    def to_s
-      @content
-    end
-
-    # Returns +self+ if this node meets the given conditions. Text nodes support
-    # conditions of the following kinds:
-    #
-    # * if +conditions+ is a string, it must be a substring of the node's
-    #   content
-    # * if +conditions+ is a regular expression, it must match the node's
-    #   content
-    # * if +conditions+ is a hash, it must contain a <tt>:content</tt> key that
-    #   is either a string or a regexp, and which is interpreted as described
-    #   above.
-    def find(conditions)
-      match(conditions) && self
-    end
-
-    # Returns non-+nil+ if this node meets the given conditions, or +nil+
-    # otherwise. See the discussion of #find for the valid conditions.
-    def match(conditions)
-      case conditions
-        when String
-          @content == conditions
-        when Regexp
-          @content =~ conditions
-        when Hash
-          conditions = validate_conditions(conditions)
-
-          # Text nodes only have :content, :parent, :ancestor
-          unless (conditions.keys - [:content, :parent, :ancestor]).empty?
-            return false
-          end
-
-          match(conditions[:content])
-        else
-          nil
-      end
-    end
-
-    def ==(node)
-      return false unless super
-      content == node.content
-    end
-  end
-
-  # A CDATA node is simply a text node with a specialized way of displaying
-  # itself.
-  class CDATA < Text #:nodoc:
-    def to_s
-      "<![CDATA[#{super}]]>"
-    end
-  end
-
-  # A Tag is any node that represents markup. It may be an opening tag, a
-  # closing tag, or a self-closing tag. It has a name, and may have a hash of
-  # attributes.
-  class Tag < Node #:nodoc:
-
-    # Either +nil+, <tt>:close</tt>, or <tt>:self</tt>
-    attr_reader :closing
-
-    # Either +nil+, or a hash of attributes for this node.
-    attr_reader :attributes
-
-    # The name of this tag.
-    attr_reader :name
-
-    # Create a new node as a child of the given parent, using the given content
-    # to describe the node. It will be parsed and the node name, attributes and
-    # closing status extracted.
-    def initialize(parent, line, pos, name, attributes, closing)
-      super(parent, line, pos)
-      @name = name
-      @attributes = attributes
-      @closing = closing
-    end
-
-    # A convenience for obtaining an attribute of the node. Returns +nil+ if
-    # the node has no attributes.
-    def [](attr)
-      @attributes ? @attributes[attr] : nil
-    end
-
-    # Returns non-+nil+ if this tag can contain child nodes.
-    def childless?(xml = false)
-      return false if xml && @closing.nil?
-      !@closing.nil? ||
-        @name =~ /^(img|br|hr|link|meta|area|base|basefont|
-                    col|frame|input|isindex|param)$/ox
-    end
-
-    # Returns a textual representation of the node
-    def to_s
-      if @closing == :close
-        "</#{@name}>"
-      else
-        s = "<#{@name}"
-        @attributes.each do |k,v|
-          s << " #{k}"
-          s << "=\"#{v}\"" if String === v
-        end
-        s << " /" if @closing == :self
-        s << ">"
-        @children.each { |child| s << child.to_s }
-        s << "</#{@name}>" if @closing != :self && !@children.empty?
-        s
-      end
-    end
-
-    # If either the node or any of its children meet the given conditions, the
-    # matching node is returned. Otherwise, +nil+ is returned. (See the
-    # description of the valid conditions in the +match+ method.)
-    def find(conditions)
-      match(conditions) && self || super
-    end
-
-    # Returns +true+, indicating that this node represents an HTML tag.
-    def tag?
-      true
-    end
-
-    # Returns +true+ if the node meets any of the given conditions. The
-    # +conditions+ parameter must be a hash of any of the following keys
-    # (all are optional):
-    #
-    # * <tt>:tag</tt>: the node name must match the corresponding value
-    # * <tt>:attributes</tt>: a hash. The node's values must match the
-    #   corresponding values in the hash.
-    # * <tt>:parent</tt>: a hash. The node's parent must match the
-    #   corresponding hash.
-    # * <tt>:child</tt>: a hash. At least one of the node's immediate children
-    #   must meet the criteria described by the hash.
-    # * <tt>:ancestor</tt>: a hash. At least one of the node's ancestors must
-    #   meet the criteria described by the hash.
-    # * <tt>:descendant</tt>: a hash. At least one of the node's descendants
-    #   must meet the criteria described by the hash.
-    # * <tt>:sibling</tt>: a hash. At least one of the node's siblings must
-    #   meet the criteria described by the hash.
-    # * <tt>:after</tt>: a hash. The node must be after any sibling meeting
-    #   the criteria described by the hash, and at least one sibling must match.
-    # * <tt>:before</tt>: a hash. The node must be before any sibling meeting
-    #   the criteria described by the hash, and at least one sibling must match.
-    # * <tt>:children</tt>: a hash, for counting children of a node. Accepts the
-    #   keys:
-    # ** <tt>:count</tt>: either a number or a range which must equal (or
-    #    include) the number of children that match.
-    # ** <tt>:less_than</tt>: the number of matching children must be less than
-    #    this number.
-    # ** <tt>:greater_than</tt>: the number of matching children must be
-    #    greater than this number.
-    # ** <tt>:only</tt>: another hash consisting of the keys to use
-    #    to match on the children, and only matching children will be
-    #    counted.
-    #
-    # Conditions are matched using the following algorithm:
-    #
-    # * if the condition is a string, it must be a substring of the value.
-    # * if the condition is a regexp, it must match the value.
-    # * if the condition is a number, the value must match number.to_s.
-    # * if the condition is +true+, the value must not be +nil+.
-    # * if the condition is +false+ or +nil+, the value must be +nil+.
-    #
-    # Usage:
-    #
-    #   # test if the node is a "span" tag
-    #   node.match tag: "span"
-    #
-    #   # test if the node's parent is a "div"
-    #   node.match parent: { tag: "div" }
-    #
-    #   # test if any of the node's ancestors are "table" tags
-    #   node.match ancestor: { tag: "table" }
-    #
-    #   # test if any of the node's immediate children are "em" tags
-    #   node.match child: { tag: "em" }
-    #
-    #   # test if any of the node's descendants are "strong" tags
-    #   node.match descendant: { tag: "strong" }
-    #
-    #   # test if the node has between 2 and 4 span tags as immediate children
-    #   node.match children: { count: 2..4, only: { tag: "span" } }
-    #
-    #   # get funky: test to see if the node is a "div", has a "ul" ancestor
-    #   # and an "li" parent (with "class" = "enum"), and whether or not it has
-    #   # a "span" descendant that contains # text matching /hello world/:
-    #   node.match tag: "div",
-    #              ancestor: { tag: "ul" },
-    #              parent: { tag: "li",
-    #                           attributes: { class: "enum" } },
-    #              descendant: { tag: "span",
-    #                               child: /hello world/ }
-    def match(conditions)
-      conditions = validate_conditions(conditions)
-      # check content of child nodes
-      if conditions[:content]
-        if children.empty?
-          return false unless match_condition("", conditions[:content])
-        else
-          return false unless children.find { |child| child.match(conditions[:content]) }
-        end
-      end
-
-      # test the name
-      return false unless match_condition(@name, conditions[:tag]) if conditions[:tag]
-
-      # test attributes
-      (conditions[:attributes] || {}).each do |key, value|
-        return false unless match_condition(self[key], value)
-      end
-
-      # test parent
-      return false unless parent.match(conditions[:parent]) if conditions[:parent]
-
-      # test children
-      return false unless children.find { |child| child.match(conditions[:child]) } if conditions[:child]
-
-      # test ancestors
-      if conditions[:ancestor]
-        return false unless catch :found do
-          p = self
-          throw :found, true if p.match(conditions[:ancestor]) while p = p.parent
-        end
-      end
-
-      # test descendants
-      if conditions[:descendant]
-        return false unless children.find do |child|
-          # test the child
-          child.match(conditions[:descendant]) ||
-          # test the child's descendants
-          child.match(:descendant => conditions[:descendant])
-        end
-      end
-
-      # count children
-      if opts = conditions[:children]
-        matches = children.select do |c|
-          (c.kind_of?(HTML::Tag) and (c.closing == :self or ! c.childless?))
-        end
-
-        matches = matches.select { |c| c.match(opts[:only]) } if opts[:only]
-        opts.each do |key, value|
-          next if key == :only
-          case key
-            when :count
-              if Integer === value
-                return false if matches.length != value
-              else
-                return false unless value.include?(matches.length)
-              end
-            when :less_than
-              return false unless matches.length < value
-            when :greater_than
-              return false unless matches.length > value
-            else raise "unknown count condition #{key}"
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # test siblings
-      if conditions[:sibling] || conditions[:before] || conditions[:after]
-        siblings = parent ? parent.children : []
-        self_index = siblings.index(self)
-
-        if conditions[:sibling]
-          return false unless siblings.detect do |s|
-            s != self && s.match(conditions[:sibling])
-          end
-        end
-
-        if conditions[:before]
-          return false unless siblings[self_index+1..-1].detect do |s|
-            s != self && s.match(conditions[:before])
-          end
-        end
-
-        if conditions[:after]
-          return false unless siblings[0,self_index].detect do |s|
-            s != self && s.match(conditions[:after])
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      true
-    end
-
-    def ==(node)
-      return false unless super
-      return false unless closing == node.closing && self.name == node.name
-      attributes == node.attributes
-    end
-
-    private
-      # Match the given value to the given condition.
-      def match_condition(value, condition)
-        case condition
-          when String
-            value && value == condition
-          when Regexp
-            value && value.match(condition)
-          when Numeric
-            value == condition.to_s
-          when true
-            !value.nil?
-          when false, nil
-            value.nil?
-          else
-            false
-        end
-      end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/sanitizer.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/sanitizer.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index ed34eecf55..0000000000
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/sanitizer.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,188 +0,0 @@
-require 'set'
-require 'cgi'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
-
-module HTML
-  class Sanitizer
-    def sanitize(text, options = {})
-      validate_options(options)
-      return text unless sanitizeable?(text)
-      tokenize(text, options).join
-    end
-
-    def sanitizeable?(text)
-      !(text.nil? || text.empty? || !text.index("<"))
-    end
-
-  protected
-    def tokenize(text, options)
-      tokenizer = HTML::Tokenizer.new(text)
-      result = []
-      while token = tokenizer.next
-        node = Node.parse(nil, 0, 0, token, false)
-        process_node node, result, options
-      end
-      result
-    end
-
-    def process_node(node, result, options)
-      result << node.to_s
-    end
-
-    def validate_options(options)
-      if options[:tags] && !options[:tags].is_a?(Enumerable)
-        raise ArgumentError, "You should pass :tags as an Enumerable"
-      end
-
-      if options[:attributes] && !options[:attributes].is_a?(Enumerable)
-        raise ArgumentError, "You should pass :attributes as an Enumerable"
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  class FullSanitizer < Sanitizer
-    def sanitize(text, options = {})
-      result = super
-      # strip any comments, and if they have a newline at the end (ie. line with
-      # only a comment) strip that too
-      result = result.gsub(/<!--(.*?)-->[\n]?/m, "") if (result && result =~ /<!--(.*?)-->[\n]?/m)
-      # Recurse - handle all dirty nested tags
-      result == text ? result : sanitize(result, options)
-    end
-
-    def process_node(node, result, options)
-      result << node.to_s if node.class == HTML::Text
-    end
-  end
-
-  class LinkSanitizer < FullSanitizer
-    cattr_accessor :included_tags, :instance_writer => false
-    self.included_tags = Set.new(%w(a href))
-
-    def sanitizeable?(text)
-      !(text.nil? || text.empty? || !((text.index("<a") || text.index("<href")) && text.index(">")))
-    end
-
-  protected
-    def process_node(node, result, options)
-      result << node.to_s unless node.is_a?(HTML::Tag) && included_tags.include?(node.name)
-    end
-  end
-
-  class WhiteListSanitizer < Sanitizer
-    [:protocol_separator, :uri_attributes, :allowed_attributes, :allowed_tags, :allowed_protocols, :bad_tags,
-     :allowed_css_properties, :allowed_css_keywords, :shorthand_css_properties].each do |attr|
-      class_attribute attr, :instance_writer => false
-    end
-
-    # A regular expression of the valid characters used to separate protocols like
-    # the ':' in 'http://foo.com'
-    self.protocol_separator     = /:|(&#0*58)|(&#x70)|(&#x0*3a)|(%|&#37;)3A/i
-
-    # Specifies a Set of HTML attributes that can have URIs.
-    self.uri_attributes         = Set.new(%w(href src cite action longdesc xlink:href lowsrc))
-
-    # Specifies a Set of 'bad' tags that the #sanitize helper will remove completely, as opposed
-    # to just escaping harmless tags like &lt;font&gt;
-    self.bad_tags               = Set.new(%w(script))
-
-    # Specifies the default Set of tags that the #sanitize helper will allow unscathed.
-    self.allowed_tags           = Set.new(%w(strong em b i p code pre tt samp kbd var sub
-      sup dfn cite big small address hr br div span h1 h2 h3 h4 h5 h6 ul ol li dl dt dd abbr
-      acronym a img blockquote del ins))
-
-    # Specifies the default Set of html attributes that the #sanitize helper will leave
-    # in the allowed tag.
-    self.allowed_attributes     = Set.new(%w(href src width height alt cite datetime title class name xml:lang abbr))
-
-    # Specifies the default Set of acceptable css properties that #sanitize and #sanitize_css will accept.
-    self.allowed_protocols      = Set.new(%w(ed2k ftp http https irc mailto news gopher nntp telnet webcal xmpp callto
-      feed svn urn aim rsync tag ssh sftp rtsp afs))
-
-    # Specifies the default Set of acceptable css properties that #sanitize and #sanitize_css will accept.
-    self.allowed_css_properties = Set.new(%w(azimuth background-color border-bottom-color border-collapse
-      border-color border-left-color border-right-color border-top-color clear color cursor direction display
-      elevation float font font-family font-size font-style font-variant font-weight height letter-spacing line-height
-      overflow pause pause-after pause-before pitch pitch-range richness speak speak-header speak-numeral speak-punctuation
-      speech-rate stress text-align text-decoration text-indent unicode-bidi vertical-align voice-family volume white-space
-      width))
-
-    # Specifies the default Set of acceptable css keywords that #sanitize and #sanitize_css will accept.
-    self.allowed_css_keywords   = Set.new(%w(auto aqua black block blue bold both bottom brown center
-      collapse dashed dotted fuchsia gray green !important italic left lime maroon medium none navy normal
-      nowrap olive pointer purple red right solid silver teal top transparent underline white yellow))
-
-    # Specifies the default Set of allowed shorthand css properties for the #sanitize and #sanitize_css helpers.
-    self.shorthand_css_properties = Set.new(%w(background border margin padding))
-
-    # Sanitizes a block of css code. Used by #sanitize when it comes across a style attribute
-    def sanitize_css(style)
-      # disallow urls
-      style = style.to_s.gsub(/url\s*\(\s*[^\s)]+?\s*\)\s*/, ' ')
-
-      # gauntlet
-      if style !~ /\A([:,;#%.\sa-zA-Z0-9!]|\w-\w|\'[\s\w]+\'|\"[\s\w]+\"|\([\d,\s]+\))*\z/ ||
-          style !~ /\A(\s*[-\w]+\s*:\s*[^:;]*(;|$)\s*)*\z/
-        return ''
-      end
-
-      clean = []
-      style.scan(/([-\w]+)\s*:\s*([^:;]*)/) do |prop,val|
-        if allowed_css_properties.include?(prop.downcase)
-          clean <<  prop + ': ' + val + ';'
-        elsif shorthand_css_properties.include?(prop.split('-')[0].downcase)
-          unless val.split().any? do |keyword|
-            !allowed_css_keywords.include?(keyword) &&
-              keyword !~ /\A(#[0-9a-f]+|rgb\(\d+%?,\d*%?,?\d*%?\)?|\d{0,2}\.?\d{0,2}(cm|em|ex|in|mm|pc|pt|px|%|,|\))?)\z/
-          end
-            clean << prop + ': ' + val + ';'
-          end
-        end
-      end
-      clean.join(' ')
-    end
-
-  protected
-    def tokenize(text, options)
-      options[:parent] = []
-      options[:attributes] ||= allowed_attributes
-      options[:tags]       ||= allowed_tags
-      super
-    end
-
-    def process_node(node, result, options)
-      result << case node
-        when HTML::Tag
-          if node.closing == :close
-            options[:parent].shift
-          else
-            options[:parent].unshift node.name
-          end
-
-          process_attributes_for node, options
-
-          options[:tags].include?(node.name) ? node : nil
-        else
-          bad_tags.include?(options[:parent].first) ? nil : node.to_s.gsub(/</, "&lt;")
-      end
-    end
-
-    def process_attributes_for(node, options)
-      return unless node.attributes
-      node.attributes.keys.each do |attr_name|
-        value = node.attributes[attr_name].to_s
-
-        if !options[:attributes].include?(attr_name) || contains_bad_protocols?(attr_name, value)
-          node.attributes.delete(attr_name)
-        else
-          node.attributes[attr_name] = attr_name == 'style' ? sanitize_css(value) : CGI::escapeHTML(CGI::unescapeHTML(value))
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def contains_bad_protocols?(attr_name, value)
-      uri_attributes.include?(attr_name) &&
-      (value =~ /(^[^\/:]*):|(&#0*58)|(&#x70)|(&#x0*3a)|(%|&#37;)3A/i && !allowed_protocols.include?(value.split(protocol_separator).first.downcase.strip))
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/selector.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/selector.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index dfdd724b9b..0000000000
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/selector.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,830 +0,0 @@
-#--
-# Copyright (c) 2006 Assaf Arkin (http://labnotes.org)
-# Under MIT and/or CC By license.
-#++
-
-module HTML
-
-  # Selects HTML elements using CSS 2 selectors.
-  #
-  # The +Selector+ class uses CSS selector expressions to match and select
-  # HTML elements.
-  #
-  # For example:
-  #   selector = HTML::Selector.new "form.login[action=/login]"
-  # creates a new selector that matches any +form+ element with the class
-  # +login+ and an attribute +action+ with the value <tt>/login</tt>.
-  #
-  # === Matching Elements
-  #
-  # Use the #match method to determine if an element matches the selector.
-  #
-  # For simple selectors, the method returns an array with that element,
-  # or +nil+ if the element does not match. For complex selectors (see below)
-  # the method returns an array with all matched elements, of +nil+ if no
-  # match found.
-  #
-  # For example:
-  #   if selector.match(element)
-  #     puts "Element is a login form"
-  #   end
-  #
-  # === Selecting Elements
-  #
-  # Use the #select method to select all matching elements starting with
-  # one element and going through all children in depth-first order.
-  #
-  # This method returns an array of all matching elements, an empty array
-  # if no match is found
-  #
-  # For example:
-  #   selector = HTML::Selector.new "input[type=text]"
-  #   matches = selector.select(element)
-  #   matches.each do |match|
-  #     puts "Found text field with name #{match.attributes['name']}"
-  #   end
-  #
-  # === Expressions
-  #
-  # Selectors can match elements using any of the following criteria:
-  # * <tt>name</tt> -- Match an element based on its name (tag name).
-  #   For example, <tt>p</tt> to match a paragraph. You can use <tt>*</tt>
-  #   to match any element.
-  # * <tt>#</tt><tt>id</tt> -- Match an element based on its identifier (the
-  #   <tt>id</tt> attribute). For example, <tt>#</tt><tt>page</tt>.
-  # * <tt>.class</tt> -- Match an element based on its class name, all
-  #   class names if more than one specified.
-  # * <tt>[attr]</tt> -- Match an element that has the specified attribute.
-  # * <tt>[attr=value]</tt> -- Match an element that has the specified
-  #   attribute and value. (More operators are supported see below)
-  # * <tt>:pseudo-class</tt> -- Match an element based on a pseudo class,
-  #   such as <tt>:nth-child</tt> and <tt>:empty</tt>.
-  # * <tt>:not(expr)</tt> -- Match an element that does not match the
-  #   negation expression.
-  #
-  # When using a combination of the above, the element name comes first
-  # followed by identifier, class names, attributes, pseudo classes and
-  # negation in any order. Do not separate these parts with spaces!
-  # Space separation is used for descendant selectors.
-  #
-  # For example:
-  #   selector = HTML::Selector.new "form.login[action=/login]"
-  # The matched element must be of type +form+ and have the class +login+.
-  # It may have other classes, but the class +login+ is required to match.
-  # It must also have an attribute called +action+ with the value
-  # <tt>/login</tt>.
-  #
-  # This selector will match the following element:
-  #   <form class="login form" method="post" action="/login">
-  # but will not match the element:
-  #   <form method="post" action="/logout">
-  #
-  # === Attribute Values
-  #
-  # Several operators are supported for matching attributes:
-  # * <tt>name</tt> -- The element must have an attribute with that name.
-  # * <tt>name=value</tt> -- The element must have an attribute with that
-  #   name and value.
-  # * <tt>name^=value</tt> -- The attribute value must start with the
-  #   specified value.
-  # * <tt>name$=value</tt> -- The attribute value must end with the
-  #   specified value.
-  # * <tt>name*=value</tt> -- The attribute value must contain the
-  #   specified value.
-  # * <tt>name~=word</tt> -- The attribute value must contain the specified
-  #   word (space separated).
-  # * <tt>name|=word</tt> -- The attribute value must start with specified
-  #   word.
-  #
-  # For example, the following two selectors match the same element:
-  #   #my_id
-  #   [id=my_id]
-  # and so do the following two selectors:
-  #   .my_class
-  #   [class~=my_class]
-  #
-  # === Alternatives, siblings, children
-  #
-  # Complex selectors use a combination of expressions to match elements:
-  # * <tt>expr1 expr2</tt> -- Match any element against the second expression
-  #   if it has some parent element that matches the first expression.
-  # * <tt>expr1 > expr2</tt> -- Match any element against the second expression
-  #   if it is the child of an element that matches the first expression.
-  # * <tt>expr1 + expr2</tt> -- Match any element against the second expression
-  #   if it immediately follows an element that matches the first expression.
-  # * <tt>expr1 ~ expr2</tt> -- Match any element against the second expression
-  #   that comes after an element that matches the first expression.
-  # * <tt>expr1, expr2</tt> -- Match any element against the first expression,
-  #   or against the second expression.
-  #
-  # Since children and sibling selectors may match more than one element given
-  # the first element, the #match method may return more than one match.
-  #
-  # === Pseudo classes
-  #
-  # Pseudo classes were introduced in CSS 3. They are most often used to select
-  # elements in a given position:
-  # * <tt>:root</tt> -- Match the element only if it is the root element
-  #   (no parent element).
-  # * <tt>:empty</tt> -- Match the element only if it has no child elements,
-  #   and no text content.
-  # * <tt>:content(string)</tt> -- Match the element only if it has <tt>string</tt>
-  #   as its text content (ignoring leading and trailing whitespace).
-  # * <tt>:only-child</tt> -- Match the element if it is the only child (element)
-  #   of its parent element.
-  # * <tt>:only-of-type</tt> -- Match the element if it is the only child (element)
-  #   of its parent element and its type.
-  # * <tt>:first-child</tt> -- Match the element if it is the first child (element)
-  #   of its parent element.
-  # * <tt>:first-of-type</tt> -- Match the element if it is the first child (element)
-  #   of its parent element of its type.
-  # * <tt>:last-child</tt> -- Match the element if it is the last child (element)
-  #   of its parent element.
-  # * <tt>:last-of-type</tt> -- Match the element if it is the last child (element)
-  #   of its parent element of its type.
-  # * <tt>:nth-child(b)</tt> -- Match the element if it is the b-th child (element)
-  #   of its parent element. The value <tt>b</tt> specifies its index, starting with 1.
-  # * <tt>:nth-child(an+b)</tt> -- Match the element if it is the b-th child (element)
-  #   in each group of <tt>a</tt> child elements of its parent element.
-  # * <tt>:nth-child(-an+b)</tt> -- Match the element if it is the first child (element)
-  #   in each group of <tt>a</tt> child elements, up to the first <tt>b</tt> child
-  #   elements of its parent element.
-  # * <tt>:nth-child(odd)</tt> -- Match element in the odd position (i.e. first, third).
-  #   Same as <tt>:nth-child(2n+1)</tt>.
-  # * <tt>:nth-child(even)</tt> -- Match element in the even position (i.e. second,
-  #   fourth). Same as <tt>:nth-child(2n+2)</tt>.
-  # * <tt>:nth-of-type(..)</tt> -- As above, but only counts elements of its type.
-  # * <tt>:nth-last-child(..)</tt> -- As above, but counts from the last child.
-  # * <tt>:nth-last-of-type(..)</tt> -- As above, but counts from the last child and
-  #   only elements of its type.
-  # * <tt>:not(selector)</tt> -- Match the element only if the element does not
-  #   match the simple selector.
-  #
-  # As you can see, <tt>:nth-child</tt> pseudo class and its variant can get quite
-  # tricky and the CSS specification doesn't do a much better job explaining it.
-  # But after reading the examples and trying a few combinations, it's easy to
-  # figure out.
-  #
-  # For example:
-  #   table tr:nth-child(odd)
-  # Selects every second row in the table starting with the first one.
-  #
-  #   div p:nth-child(4)
-  # Selects the fourth paragraph in the +div+, but not if the +div+ contains
-  # other elements, since those are also counted.
-  #
-  #   div p:nth-of-type(4)
-  # Selects the fourth paragraph in the +div+, counting only paragraphs, and
-  # ignoring all other elements.
-  #
-  #   div p:nth-of-type(-n+4)
-  # Selects the first four paragraphs, ignoring all others.
-  #
-  # And you can always select an element that matches one set of rules but
-  # not another using <tt>:not</tt>. For example:
-  #   p:not(.post)
-  # Matches all paragraphs that do not have the class <tt>.post</tt>.
-  #
-  # === Substitution Values
-  #
-  # You can use substitution with identifiers, class names and element values.
-  # A substitution takes the form of a question mark (<tt>?</tt>) and uses the
-  # next value in the argument list following the CSS expression.
-  #
-  # The substitution value may be a string or a regular expression. All other
-  # values are converted to strings.
-  #
-  # For example:
-  #   selector = HTML::Selector.new "#?", /^\d+$/
-  # matches any element whose identifier consists of one or more digits.
-  #
-  # See http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/
-  class Selector
-
-
-    # An invalid selector.
-    class InvalidSelectorError < StandardError #:nodoc:
-    end
-
-
-    class << self
-
-      # :call-seq:
-      #   Selector.for_class(cls) => selector
-      #
-      # Creates a new selector for the given class name.
-      def for_class(cls)
-        self.new([".?", cls])
-      end
-
-
-      # :call-seq:
-      #   Selector.for_id(id) => selector
-      #
-      # Creates a new selector for the given id.
-      def for_id(id)
-        self.new(["#?", id])
-      end
-
-    end
-
-
-    # :call-seq:
-    #   Selector.new(string, [values ...]) => selector
-    #
-    # Creates a new selector from a CSS 2 selector expression.
-    #
-    # The first argument is the selector expression. All other arguments
-    # are used for value substitution.
-    #
-    # Throws InvalidSelectorError is the selector expression is invalid.
-    def initialize(selector, *values)
-      raise ArgumentError, "CSS expression cannot be empty" if selector.empty?
-      @source = ""
-      values = values[0] if values.size == 1 && values[0].is_a?(Array)
-
-      # We need a copy to determine if we failed to parse, and also
-      # preserve the original pass by-ref statement.
-      statement = selector.strip.dup
-
-      # Create a simple selector, along with negation.
-      simple_selector(statement, values).each { |name, value| instance_variable_set("@#{name}", value) }
-
-      @alternates = []
-      @depends = nil
-
-      # Alternative selector.
-      if statement.sub!(/^\s*,\s*/, "")
-        second = Selector.new(statement, values)
-        @alternates << second
-        # If there are alternate selectors, we group them in the top selector.
-        if alternates = second.instance_variable_get(:@alternates)
-          second.instance_variable_set(:@alternates, [])
-          @alternates.concat alternates
-        end
-        @source << " , " << second.to_s
-      # Sibling selector: create a dependency into second selector that will
-      # match element immediately following this one.
-      elsif statement.sub!(/^\s*\+\s*/, "")
-        second = next_selector(statement, values)
-        @depends = lambda do |element, first|
-          if element = next_element(element)
-            second.match(element, first)
-          end
-        end
-        @source << " + " << second.to_s
-      # Adjacent selector: create a dependency into second selector that will
-      # match all elements following this one.
-      elsif statement.sub!(/^\s*~\s*/, "")
-        second = next_selector(statement, values)
-        @depends = lambda do |element, first|
-          matches = []
-          while element = next_element(element)
-            if subset = second.match(element, first)
-              if first && !subset.empty?
-                matches << subset.first
-                break
-              else
-                matches.concat subset
-              end
-            end
-          end
-          matches.empty? ? nil : matches
-        end
-        @source << " ~ " << second.to_s
-      # Child selector: create a dependency into second selector that will
-      # match a child element of this one.
-      elsif statement.sub!(/^\s*>\s*/, "")
-        second = next_selector(statement, values)
-        @depends = lambda do |element, first|
-          matches = []
-          element.children.each do |child|
-            if child.tag? && subset = second.match(child, first)
-              if first && !subset.empty?
-                matches << subset.first
-                break
-              else
-                matches.concat subset
-              end
-            end
-          end
-          matches.empty? ? nil : matches
-        end
-        @source << " > " << second.to_s
-      # Descendant selector: create a dependency into second selector that
-      # will match all descendant elements of this one. Note,
-      elsif statement =~ /^\s+\S+/ && statement != selector
-        second = next_selector(statement, values)
-        @depends = lambda do |element, first|
-          matches = []
-          stack = element.children.reverse
-          while node = stack.pop
-            next unless node.tag?
-            if subset = second.match(node, first)
-              if first && !subset.empty?
-                matches << subset.first
-                break
-              else
-                matches.concat subset
-              end
-            elsif children = node.children
-              stack.concat children.reverse
-            end
-          end
-          matches.empty? ? nil : matches
-        end
-        @source << " " << second.to_s
-      else
-        # The last selector is where we check that we parsed
-        # all the parts.
-        unless statement.empty? || statement.strip.empty?
-          raise ArgumentError, "Invalid selector: #{statement}"
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-
-    # :call-seq:
-    #   match(element, first?) => array or nil
-    #
-    # Matches an element against the selector.
-    #
-    # For a simple selector this method returns an array with the
-    # element if the element matches, nil otherwise.
-    #
-    # For a complex selector (sibling and descendant) this method
-    # returns an array with all matching elements, nil if no match is
-    # found.
-    #
-    # Use +first_only=true+ if you are only interested in the first element.
-    #
-    # For example:
-    #   if selector.match(element)
-    #     puts "Element is a login form"
-    #   end
-    def match(element, first_only = false)
-      # Match element if no element name or element name same as element name
-      if matched = (!@tag_name || @tag_name == element.name)
-        # No match if one of the attribute matches failed
-        for attr in @attributes
-          if element.attributes[attr[0]] !~ attr[1]
-            matched = false
-            break
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Pseudo class matches (nth-child, empty, etc).
-      if matched
-        for pseudo in @pseudo
-          unless pseudo.call(element)
-            matched = false
-            break
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Negation. Same rules as above, but we fail if a match is made.
-      if matched && @negation
-        for negation in @negation
-          if negation[:tag_name] == element.name
-            matched = false
-          else
-            for attr in negation[:attributes]
-              if element.attributes[attr[0]] =~ attr[1]
-                matched = false
-                break
-              end
-            end
-          end
-          if matched
-            for pseudo in negation[:pseudo]
-              if pseudo.call(element)
-                matched = false
-                break
-              end
-            end
-          end
-          break unless matched
-        end
-      end
-
-      # If element matched but depends on another element (child,
-      # sibling, etc), apply the dependent matches instead.
-      if matched && @depends
-        matches = @depends.call(element, first_only)
-      else
-        matches = matched ? [element] : nil
-      end
-
-      # If this selector is part of the group, try all the alternative
-      # selectors (unless first_only).
-      if !first_only || !matches
-        @alternates.each do |alternate|
-          break if matches && first_only
-          if subset = alternate.match(element, first_only)
-            if matches
-              matches.concat subset
-            else
-              matches = subset
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      matches
-    end
-
-
-    # :call-seq:
-    #   select(root) => array
-    #
-    # Selects and returns an array with all matching elements, beginning
-    # with one node and traversing through all children depth-first.
-    # Returns an empty array if no match is found.
-    #
-    # The root node may be any element in the document, or the document
-    # itself.
-    #
-    # For example:
-    #   selector = HTML::Selector.new "input[type=text]"
-    #   matches = selector.select(element)
-    #   matches.each do |match|
-    #     puts "Found text field with name #{match.attributes['name']}"
-    #   end
-    def select(root)
-      matches = []
-      stack = [root]
-      while node = stack.pop
-        if node.tag? && subset = match(node, false)
-          subset.each do |match|
-            matches << match unless matches.any? { |item| item.equal?(match) }
-          end
-        elsif children = node.children
-          stack.concat children.reverse
-        end
-      end
-      matches
-    end
-
-
-    # Similar to #select but returns the first matching element. Returns +nil+
-    # if no element matches the selector.
-    def select_first(root)
-      stack = [root]
-      while node = stack.pop
-        if node.tag? && subset = match(node, true)
-          return subset.first if !subset.empty?
-        elsif children = node.children
-          stack.concat children.reverse
-        end
-      end
-      nil
-    end
-
-
-    def to_s #:nodoc:
-      @source
-    end
-
-
-    # Returns the next element after this one. Skips sibling text nodes.
-    #
-    # With the +name+ argument, returns the next element with that name,
-    # skipping other sibling elements.
-    def next_element(element, name = nil)
-      if siblings = element.parent.children
-        found = false
-        siblings.each do |node|
-          if node.equal?(element)
-            found = true
-          elsif found && node.tag?
-            return node if (name.nil? || node.name == name)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-      nil
-    end
-
-
-  protected
-
-
-    # Creates a simple selector given the statement and array of
-    # substitution values.
-    #
-    # Returns a hash with the values +tag_name+, +attributes+,
-    # +pseudo+ (classes) and +negation+.
-    #
-    # Called the first time with +can_negate+ true to allow
-    # negation. Called a second time with false since negation
-    # cannot be negated.
-    def simple_selector(statement, values, can_negate = true)
-      tag_name = nil
-      attributes = []
-      pseudo = []
-      negation = []
-
-      # Element name. (Note that in negation, this can come at
-      # any order, but for simplicity we allow if only first).
-      statement.sub!(/^(\*|[[:alpha:]][\w\-]*)/) do |match|
-        match.strip!
-        tag_name = match.downcase unless match == "*"
-        @source << match
-        "" # Remove
-      end
-
-      # Get identifier, class, attribute name, pseudo or negation.
-      while true
-        # Element identifier.
-        next if statement.sub!(/^#(\?|[\w\-]+)/) do
-          id = $1
-          if id == "?"
-            id = values.shift
-          end
-          @source << "##{id}"
-          id = Regexp.new("^#{Regexp.escape(id.to_s)}$") unless id.is_a?(Regexp)
-          attributes << ["id", id]
-          "" # Remove
-        end
-
-        # Class name.
-        next if statement.sub!(/^\.([\w\-]+)/) do
-          class_name = $1
-          @source << ".#{class_name}"
-          class_name = Regexp.new("(^|\s)#{Regexp.escape(class_name)}($|\s)") unless class_name.is_a?(Regexp)
-          attributes << ["class", class_name]
-          "" # Remove
-        end
-
-        # Attribute value.
-        next if statement.sub!(/^\[\s*([[:alpha:]][\w\-:]*)\s*((?:[~|^$*])?=)?\s*('[^']*'|"[^*]"|[^\]]*)\s*\]/) do
-          name, equality, value = $1, $2, $3
-          if value == "?"
-            value = values.shift
-          else
-            # Handle single and double quotes.
-            value.strip!
-            if (value[0] == ?" || value[0] == ?') && value[0] == value[-1]
-              value = value[1..-2]
-            end
-          end
-          @source << "[#{name}#{equality}'#{value}']"
-          attributes << [name.downcase.strip, attribute_match(equality, value)]
-          "" # Remove
-        end
-
-        # Root element only.
-        next if statement.sub!(/^:root/) do
-          pseudo << lambda do |element|
-            element.parent.nil? || !element.parent.tag?
-          end
-          @source << ":root"
-          "" # Remove
-        end
-
-        # Nth-child including last and of-type.
-        next if statement.sub!(/^:nth-(last-)?(child|of-type)\((odd|even|(\d+|\?)|(-?\d*|\?)?n([+\-]\d+|\?)?)\)/) do |match|
-          reverse = $1 == "last-"
-          of_type = $2 == "of-type"
-          @source << ":nth-#{$1}#{$2}("
-          case $3
-            when "odd"
-              pseudo << nth_child(2, 1, of_type, reverse)
-              @source << "odd)"
-            when "even"
-              pseudo << nth_child(2, 2, of_type, reverse)
-              @source << "even)"
-            when /^(\d+|\?)$/  # b only
-              b = ($1 == "?" ? values.shift : $1).to_i
-              pseudo << nth_child(0, b, of_type, reverse)
-              @source << "#{b})"
-            when /^(-?\d*|\?)?n([+\-]\d+|\?)?$/
-              a = ($1 == "?" ? values.shift :
-                   $1 == "" ? 1 : $1 == "-" ? -1 : $1).to_i
-              b = ($2 == "?" ? values.shift : $2).to_i
-              pseudo << nth_child(a, b, of_type, reverse)
-              @source << (b >= 0 ? "#{a}n+#{b})" : "#{a}n#{b})")
-            else
-              raise ArgumentError, "Invalid nth-child #{match}"
-          end
-          "" # Remove
-        end
-        # First/last child (of type).
-        next if statement.sub!(/^:(first|last)-(child|of-type)/) do
-          reverse = $1 == "last"
-          of_type = $2 == "of-type"
-          pseudo << nth_child(0, 1, of_type, reverse)
-          @source << ":#{$1}-#{$2}"
-          "" # Remove
-        end
-        # Only child (of type).
-        next if statement.sub!(/^:only-(child|of-type)/) do
-          of_type = $1 == "of-type"
-          pseudo << only_child(of_type)
-          @source << ":only-#{$1}"
-          "" # Remove
-        end
-
-        # Empty: no child elements or meaningful content (whitespaces
-        # are ignored).
-        next if statement.sub!(/^:empty/) do
-          pseudo << lambda do |element|
-            empty = true
-            for child in element.children
-              if child.tag? || !child.content.strip.empty?
-                empty = false
-                break
-              end
-            end
-            empty
-          end
-          @source << ":empty"
-          "" # Remove
-        end
-        # Content: match the text content of the element, stripping
-        # leading and trailing spaces.
-        next if statement.sub!(/^:content\(\s*(\?|'[^']*'|"[^"]*"|[^)]*)\s*\)/) do
-          content = $1
-          if content == "?"
-            content = values.shift
-          elsif (content[0] == ?" || content[0] == ?') && content[0] == content[-1]
-            content = content[1..-2]
-          end
-          @source << ":content('#{content}')"
-          content = Regexp.new("^#{Regexp.escape(content.to_s)}$") unless content.is_a?(Regexp)
-          pseudo << lambda do |element|
-            text = ""
-            for child in element.children
-              unless child.tag?
-                text << child.content
-              end
-            end
-            text.strip =~ content
-          end
-          "" # Remove
-        end
-
-        # Negation. Create another simple selector to handle it.
-        if statement.sub!(/^:not\(\s*/, "")
-          raise ArgumentError, "Double negatives are not missing feature" unless can_negate
-          @source << ":not("
-          negation << simple_selector(statement, values, false)
-          raise ArgumentError, "Negation not closed" unless statement.sub!(/^\s*\)/, "")
-          @source << ")"
-          next
-        end
-
-        # No match: moving on.
-        break
-      end
-
-      # Return hash. The keys are mapped to instance variables.
-      {:tag_name=>tag_name, :attributes=>attributes, :pseudo=>pseudo, :negation=>negation}
-    end
-
-
-    # Create a regular expression to match an attribute value based
-    # on the equality operator (=, ^=, |=, etc).
-    def attribute_match(equality, value)
-      regexp = value.is_a?(Regexp) ? value : Regexp.escape(value.to_s)
-      case equality
-        when "=" then
-          # Match the attribute value in full
-          Regexp.new("^#{regexp}$")
-        when "~=" then
-          # Match a space-separated word within the attribute value
-          Regexp.new("(^|\s)#{regexp}($|\s)")
-        when "^="
-          # Match the beginning of the attribute value
-          Regexp.new("^#{regexp}")
-        when "$="
-          # Match the end of the attribute value
-          Regexp.new("#{regexp}$")
-        when "*="
-          # Match substring of the attribute value
-          regexp.is_a?(Regexp) ? regexp : Regexp.new(regexp)
-        when "|=" then
-          # Match the first space-separated item of the attribute value
-          Regexp.new("^#{regexp}($|\s)")
-        else
-          raise InvalidSelectorError, "Invalid operation/value" unless value.empty?
-          # Match all attributes values (existence check)
-          //
-      end
-    end
-
-
-    # Returns a lambda that can match an element against the nth-child
-    # pseudo class, given the following arguments:
-    # * +a+ -- Value of a part.
-    # * +b+ -- Value of b part.
-    # * +of_type+ -- True to test only elements of this type (of-type).
-    # * +reverse+ -- True to count in reverse order (last-).
-    def nth_child(a, b, of_type, reverse)
-      # a = 0 means select at index b, if b = 0 nothing selected
-      return lambda { |element| false } if a == 0 && b == 0
-      # a < 0 and b < 0 will never match against an index
-      return lambda { |element| false } if a < 0 && b < 0
-      b = a + b + 1 if b < 0   # b < 0 just picks last element from each group
-      b -= 1 unless b == 0  # b == 0 is same as b == 1, otherwise zero based
-      lambda do |element|
-        # Element must be inside parent element.
-        return false unless element.parent && element.parent.tag?
-        index = 0
-        # Get siblings, reverse if counting from last.
-        siblings = element.parent.children
-        siblings = siblings.reverse if reverse
-        # Match element name if of-type, otherwise ignore name.
-        name = of_type ? element.name : nil
-        found = false
-        for child in siblings
-          # Skip text nodes/comments.
-          if child.tag? && (name == nil || child.name == name)
-            if a == 0
-              # Shortcut when a == 0 no need to go past count
-              if index == b
-                found = child.equal?(element)
-                break
-              end
-            elsif a < 0
-              # Only look for first b elements
-              break if index > b
-              if child.equal?(element)
-                found = (index % a) == 0
-                break
-              end
-            else
-              # Otherwise, break if child found and count ==  an+b
-              if child.equal?(element)
-                found = (index % a) == b
-                break
-              end
-            end
-            index += 1
-          end
-        end
-        found
-      end
-    end
-
-
-    # Creates a only child lambda. Pass +of-type+ to only look at
-    # elements of its type.
-    def only_child(of_type)
-      lambda do |element|
-        # Element must be inside parent element.
-        return false unless element.parent && element.parent.tag?
-        name = of_type ? element.name : nil
-        other = false
-        for child in element.parent.children
-          # Skip text nodes/comments.
-          if child.tag? && (name == nil || child.name == name)
-            unless child.equal?(element)
-              other = true
-              break
-            end
-          end
-        end
-        !other
-      end
-    end
-
-
-    # Called to create a dependent selector (sibling, descendant, etc).
-    # Passes the remainder of the statement that will be reduced to zero
-    # eventually, and array of substitution values.
-    #
-    # This method is called from four places, so it helps to put it here
-    # for reuse. The only logic deals with the need to detect comma
-    # separators (alternate) and apply them to the selector group of the
-    # top selector.
-    def next_selector(statement, values)
-      second = Selector.new(statement, values)
-      # If there are alternate selectors, we group them in the top selector.
-      if alternates = second.instance_variable_get(:@alternates)
-        second.instance_variable_set(:@alternates, [])
-        @alternates.concat alternates
-      end
-      second
-    end
-
-  end
-
-
-  # See HTML::Selector.new
-  def self.selector(statement, *values)
-    Selector.new(statement, *values)
-  end
-
-
-  class Tag
-
-    def select(selector, *values)
-      selector = HTML::Selector.new(selector, values)
-      selector.select(self)
-    end
-
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/tokenizer.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/tokenizer.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index adf4e45930..0000000000
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/tokenizer.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,107 +0,0 @@
-require 'strscan'
-
-module HTML #:nodoc:
-
-  # A simple HTML tokenizer. It simply breaks a stream of text into tokens, where each
-  # token is a string. Each string represents either "text", or an HTML element.
-  #
-  # This currently assumes valid XHTML, which means no free < or > characters.
-  #
-  # Usage:
-  #
-  #   tokenizer = HTML::Tokenizer.new(text)
-  #   while token = tokenizer.next
-  #     p token
-  #   end
-  class Tokenizer #:nodoc:
-
-    # The current (byte) position in the text
-    attr_reader :position
-
-    # The current line number
-    attr_reader :line
-
-    # Create a new Tokenizer for the given text.
-    def initialize(text)
-      text.encode!
-      @scanner = StringScanner.new(text)
-      @position = 0
-      @line = 0
-      @current_line = 1
-    end
-
-    # Returns the next token in the sequence, or +nil+ if there are no more tokens in
-    # the stream.
-    def next
-      return nil if @scanner.eos?
-      @position = @scanner.pos
-      @line = @current_line
-      if @scanner.check(/<\S/)
-        update_current_line(scan_tag)
-      else
-        update_current_line(scan_text)
-      end
-    end
-
-    private
-
-      # Treat the text at the current position as a tag, and scan it. Supports
-      # comments, doctype tags, and regular tags, and ignores less-than and
-      # greater-than characters within quoted strings.
-      def scan_tag
-        tag = @scanner.getch
-        if @scanner.scan(/!--/) # comment
-          tag << @scanner.matched
-          tag << (@scanner.scan_until(/--\s*>/) || @scanner.scan_until(/\Z/))
-        elsif @scanner.scan(/!\[CDATA\[/)
-          tag << @scanner.matched
-          tag << (@scanner.scan_until(/\]\]>/) || @scanner.scan_until(/\Z/))
-        elsif @scanner.scan(/!/) # doctype
-          tag << @scanner.matched
-          tag << consume_quoted_regions
-        else
-          tag << consume_quoted_regions
-        end
-        tag
-      end
-
-      # Scan all text up to the next < character and return it.
-      def scan_text
-        "#{@scanner.getch}#{@scanner.scan(/[^<]*/)}"
-      end
-
-      # Counts the number of newlines in the text and updates the current line
-      # accordingly.
-      def update_current_line(text)
-        text.scan(/\r?\n/) { @current_line += 1 }
-      end
-
-      # Skips over quoted strings, so that less-than and greater-than characters
-      # within the strings are ignored.
-      def consume_quoted_regions
-        text = ""
-        loop do
-          match = @scanner.scan_until(/['"<>]/) or break
-
-          delim = @scanner.matched
-          if delim == "<"
-            match = match.chop
-            @scanner.pos -= 1
-          end
-
-          text << match
-          break if delim == "<" || delim == ">"
-
-          # consume the quoted region
-          while match = @scanner.scan_until(/[\\#{delim}]/)
-            text << match
-            break if @scanner.matched == delim
-            break if @scanner.eos?
-            text << @scanner.getch # skip the escaped character
-          end
-        end
-        text
-      end
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/version.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/version.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6d645c3e14..0000000000
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/version.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-module HTML #:nodoc:
-  module Version #:nodoc:
-
-    MAJOR = 0
-    MINOR = 5
-    TINY  = 3
-
-    STRING = [ MAJOR, MINOR, TINY ].join(".")
-
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/version.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/version.rb
index b3ff415775..f55d3fdaef 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/version.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/version.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
+require_relative 'gem_version'
+
 module ActionView
-  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActionView as a Gem::Version
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActionView as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
   def self.version
-    Gem::Version.new "4.2.0.alpha"
-  end
-
-  module VERSION #:nodoc:
-    MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE = ActionView.version.segments
-    STRING = ActionView.version.to_s
+    gem_version
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/view_paths.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/view_paths.rb
index 6c349feb1d..37722013ce 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/view_paths.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/view_paths.rb
@@ -14,32 +14,31 @@ module ActionView
              :locale, :locale=, :to => :lookup_context
 
     module ClassMethods
-      def parent_prefixes
-        @parent_prefixes ||= begin
-          parent_controller = superclass
-          prefixes = []
+      def _prefixes # :nodoc:
+        @_prefixes ||= begin
+          return local_prefixes if superclass.abstract?
 
-          until parent_controller.abstract?
-            prefixes << parent_controller.controller_path
-            parent_controller = parent_controller.superclass
-          end
-
-          prefixes
+          local_prefixes + superclass._prefixes
         end
       end
+
+      private
+
+      # Override this method in your controller if you want to change paths prefixes for finding views.
+      # Prefixes defined here will still be added to parents' <tt>._prefixes</tt>.
+      def local_prefixes
+        [controller_path]
+      end
     end
 
     # The prefixes used in render "foo" shortcuts.
-    def _prefixes
-      @_prefixes ||= begin
-        parent_prefixes = self.class.parent_prefixes
-        parent_prefixes.dup.unshift(controller_path)
-      end
+    def _prefixes # :nodoc:
+      self.class._prefixes
     end
 
-    # LookupContext is the object responsible to hold all information required to lookup
-    # templates, i.e. view paths and details. Check ActionView::LookupContext for more
-    # information.
+    # <tt>LookupContext</tt> is the object responsible for holding all
+    # information required for looking up templates, i.e. view paths and
+    # details. Check <tt>ActionView::LookupContext</tt> for more information.
     def lookup_context
       @_lookup_context ||=
         ActionView::LookupContext.new(self.class._view_paths, details_for_lookup, _prefixes)
diff --git a/actionview/test/abstract_unit.rb b/actionview/test/abstract_unit.rb
index 9eae3a4fbd..79173f730f 100644
--- a/actionview/test/abstract_unit.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/abstract_unit.rb
@@ -16,11 +16,10 @@ silence_warnings do
 end
 
 require 'active_support/testing/autorun'
-require 'abstract_controller'
+require 'active_support/testing/method_call_assertions'
 require 'action_controller'
 require 'action_view'
 require 'action_view/testing/resolvers'
-require 'action_dispatch'
 require 'active_support/dependencies'
 require 'active_model'
 require 'active_record'
@@ -48,23 +47,9 @@ I18n.enforce_available_locales = false
 # Register danish language for testing
 I18n.backend.store_translations 'da', {}
 I18n.backend.store_translations 'pt-BR', {}
-ORIGINAL_LOCALES = I18n.available_locales.map {|locale| locale.to_s }.sort
+ORIGINAL_LOCALES = I18n.available_locales.map(&:to_s).sort
 
 FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), 'fixtures')
-FIXTURES = Pathname.new(FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH)
-
-module RackTestUtils
-  def body_to_string(body)
-    if body.respond_to?(:each)
-      str = ""
-      body.each {|s| str << s }
-      str
-    else
-      body
-    end
-  end
-  extend self
-end
 
 module RenderERBUtils
   def view
@@ -163,13 +148,12 @@ class ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def self.build_app(routes = nil)
     RoutedRackApp.new(routes || ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new) do |middleware|
-      middleware.use "ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions", ActionDispatch::PublicExceptions.new("#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/public")
-      middleware.use "ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions"
-      middleware.use "ActionDispatch::Callbacks"
-      middleware.use "ActionDispatch::ParamsParser"
-      middleware.use "ActionDispatch::Cookies"
-      middleware.use "ActionDispatch::Flash"
-      middleware.use "Rack::Head"
+      middleware.use ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions, ActionDispatch::PublicExceptions.new("#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/public")
+      middleware.use ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions
+      middleware.use ActionDispatch::Callbacks
+      middleware.use ActionDispatch::Cookies
+      middleware.use ActionDispatch::Flash
+      middleware.use Rack::Head
       yield(middleware) if block_given?
     end
   end
@@ -227,54 +211,10 @@ class ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 end
 
-# Temporary base class
-class Rack::TestCase < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
-  def self.testing(klass = nil)
-    if klass
-      @testing = "/#{klass.name.underscore}".sub!(/_controller$/, '')
-    else
-      @testing
-    end
-  end
-
-  def get(thing, *args)
-    if thing.is_a?(Symbol)
-      super("#{self.class.testing}/#{thing}", *args)
-    else
-      super
-    end
-  end
-
-  def assert_body(body)
-    assert_equal body, Array(response.body).join
-  end
-
-  def assert_status(code)
-    assert_equal code, response.status
-  end
-
-  def assert_response(body, status = 200, headers = {})
-    assert_body body
-    assert_status status
-    headers.each do |header, value|
-      assert_header header, value
-    end
-  end
-
-  def assert_content_type(type)
-    assert_equal type, response.headers["Content-Type"]
-  end
-
-  def assert_header(name, value)
-    assert_equal value, response.headers[name]
-  end
-end
-
-ActionView::RoutingUrlFor.send(:include, ActionDispatch::Routing::UrlFor)
+ActionView::RoutingUrlFor.include(ActionDispatch::Routing::UrlFor)
 
 module ActionController
   class Base
-    include ActionController::Testing
     # This stub emulates the Railtie including the URL helpers from a Rails application
     include SharedTestRoutes.url_helpers
     include SharedTestRoutes.mounted_helpers
@@ -339,3 +279,7 @@ end
 def jruby_skip(message = '')
   skip message if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
 end
+
+class ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include ActiveSupport::Testing::MethodCallAssertions
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/abstract_controller_test.rb b/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/abstract_controller_test.rb
index 40d3b17131..490932fef0 100644
--- a/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/abstract_controller_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/abstract_controller_test.rb
@@ -150,6 +150,38 @@ module AbstractController
       end
     end
 
+    class OverridingLocalPrefixes < AbstractController::Base
+      include AbstractController::Rendering
+      include ActionView::Rendering
+      append_view_path File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "views"))
+
+      def index
+        render
+      end
+
+      def self.local_prefixes
+        # this would usually return "abstract_controller/testing/overriding_local_prefixes"
+        super + ["abstract_controller/testing/me3"]
+      end
+
+      class Inheriting < self
+      end
+    end
+
+    class OverridingLocalPrefixesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+      test "overriding .local_prefixes adds prefix" do
+        @controller = OverridingLocalPrefixes.new
+        @controller.process(:index)
+        assert_equal "Hello from me3/index.erb", @controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      test ".local_prefixes is inherited" do
+        @controller = OverridingLocalPrefixes::Inheriting.new
+        @controller.process(:index)
+        assert_equal "Hello from me3/index.erb", @controller.response_body
+      end
+    end
+
     # Test rendering with layouts
     # ====
     # self._layout is used when defined
diff --git a/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/layouts_test.rb b/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/layouts_test.rb
index a6786d9b6b..80bc665b0a 100644
--- a/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/layouts_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/layouts_test.rb
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ module AbstractControllerTests
       end
 
       def overwrite_skip
-        render :text => "Hello text!"
+        render plain: "Hello text!"
       end
     end
 
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ module AbstractControllerTests
       test "layout for anonymous controller" do
         klass = Class.new(WithString) do
           def index
-            render :text => 'index', :layout => true
+            render plain: 'index', layout: true
           end
         end
 
diff --git a/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/render_test.rb b/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/render_test.rb
index f9d8c916d9..e185b76adb 100644
--- a/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/render_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/render_test.rb
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ module AbstractController
       end
 
       def text
-        render :text => "With Text"
+        render plain: "With Text"
       end
 
       def default
@@ -60,42 +60,42 @@ module AbstractController
       end
 
       def test_render_template
-        @controller.process(:template)
+        assert_equal "With Template", @controller.process(:template)
         assert_equal "With Template", @controller.response_body
       end
 
       def test_render_file
-        @controller.process(:file)
+        assert_equal "With File", @controller.process(:file)
         assert_equal "With File", @controller.response_body
       end
 
       def test_render_inline
-        @controller.process(:inline)
+        assert_equal "With Inline", @controller.process(:inline)
         assert_equal "With Inline", @controller.response_body
       end
 
       def test_render_text
-        @controller.process(:text)
+        assert_equal "With Text", @controller.process(:text)
         assert_equal "With Text", @controller.response_body
       end
 
       def test_render_default
-        @controller.process(:default)
+        assert_equal "With Default", @controller.process(:default)
         assert_equal "With Default", @controller.response_body
       end
 
       def test_render_string
-        @controller.process(:string)
+        assert_equal "With String", @controller.process(:string)
         assert_equal "With String", @controller.response_body
       end
 
       def test_render_symbol
-        @controller.process(:symbol)
+        assert_equal "With Symbol", @controller.process(:symbol)
         assert_equal "With Symbol", @controller.response_body
       end
 
       def test_render_string_with_path
-        @controller.process(:string_with_path)
+        assert_equal "With String With Path", @controller.process(:string_with_path)
         assert_equal "With String With Path", @controller.response_body
       end
     end
diff --git a/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/views/abstract_controller/testing/me5/index.erb b/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/views/abstract_controller/testing/me5/index.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 84d0b7417e..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/views/abstract_controller/testing/me5/index.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Hello from me5/index.erb
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/capture_test.rb b/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/capture_test.rb
index f8387b27b0..933456ce9d 100644
--- a/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/capture_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/capture_test.rb
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class CaptureTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal expected_content_for_output, @response.body
   end
 
-  def test_should_concatentate_content_for
+  def test_should_concatenate_content_for
     get :content_for_concatenated
     assert_equal expected_content_for_output, @response.body
   end
diff --git a/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/layout_test.rb b/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/layout_test.rb
index b44f57a23e..64bc4c41d6 100644
--- a/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/layout_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/layout_test.rb
@@ -1,14 +1,10 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'rbconfig'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
 
 # The view_paths array must be set on Base and not LayoutTest so that LayoutTest's inherited
 # method has access to the view_paths array when looking for a layout to automatically assign.
 old_load_paths = ActionController::Base.view_paths
 
-ActionView::Template::register_template_handler :mab,
-  lambda { |template| template.source.inspect }
-
 ActionController::Base.view_paths = [ File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../../fixtures/actionpack/layout_tests/' ]
 
 class LayoutTest < ActionController::Base
@@ -17,6 +13,15 @@ class LayoutTest < ActionController::Base
   self.view_paths = ActionController::Base.view_paths.dup
 end
 
+module TemplateHandlerHelper
+  def with_template_handler(*extensions, handler)
+    ActionView::Template.register_template_handler(*extensions, handler)
+    yield
+  ensure
+    ActionView::Template.unregister_template_handler(*extensions)
+  end
+end
+
 # Restore view_paths to previous value
 ActionController::Base.view_paths = old_load_paths
 
@@ -39,6 +44,8 @@ class MultipleExtensions < LayoutTest
 end
 
 class LayoutAutoDiscoveryTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  include TemplateHandlerHelper
+
   def setup
     super
     @request.host = "www.nextangle.com"
@@ -57,10 +64,12 @@ class LayoutAutoDiscoveryTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_third_party_template_library_auto_discovers_layout
-    @controller = ThirdPartyTemplateLibraryController.new
-    get :hello
-    assert_response :success
-    assert_equal 'layouts/third_party_template_library.mab', @response.body
+    with_template_handler :mab, lambda { |template| template.source.inspect } do
+      @controller = ThirdPartyTemplateLibraryController.new
+      get :hello
+      assert_response :success
+      assert_equal 'layouts/third_party_template_library.mab', @response.body
+    end
   end
 
   def test_namespaced_controllers_auto_detect_layouts1
@@ -135,77 +144,80 @@ end
 
 class LayoutSetInResponseTest < ActionController::TestCase
   include ActionView::Template::Handlers
+  include TemplateHandlerHelper
 
   def test_layout_set_when_using_default_layout
     @controller = DefaultLayoutController.new
     get :hello
-    assert_template :layout => "layouts/layout_test"
+    assert_includes @response.body, 'layout_test.erb'
   end
 
   def test_layout_set_when_using_streaming_layout
     @controller = StreamingLayoutController.new
     get :hello
-    assert_template :hello
+    assert_includes @response.body, 'layout_test.erb'
   end
 
   def test_layout_set_when_set_in_controller
     @controller = HasOwnLayoutController.new
     get :hello
-    assert_template :layout => "layouts/item"
+    assert_includes @response.body, 'item.erb'
   end
 
   def test_layout_symbol_set_in_controller_returning_nil_falls_back_to_default
     @controller = HasNilLayoutSymbol.new
     get :hello
-    assert_template layout: "layouts/layout_test"
+    assert_includes @response.body, 'layout_test.erb'
   end
 
   def test_layout_proc_set_in_controller_returning_nil_falls_back_to_default
     @controller = HasNilLayoutProc.new
     get :hello
-    assert_template layout: "layouts/layout_test"
+    assert_includes @response.body, 'layout_test.erb'
   end
 
   def test_layout_only_exception_when_included
     @controller = OnlyLayoutController.new
     get :hello
-    assert_template :layout => "layouts/item"
+    assert_includes @response.body, 'item.erb'
   end
 
   def test_layout_only_exception_when_excepted
     @controller = OnlyLayoutController.new
     get :goodbye
-    assert !@response.body.include?("item.erb"), "#{@response.body.inspect} included 'item.erb'"
+    assert_not_includes @response.body, 'item.erb'
   end
 
   def test_layout_except_exception_when_included
     @controller = ExceptLayoutController.new
     get :hello
-    assert_template :layout => "layouts/item"
+    assert_includes @response.body, 'item.erb'
   end
 
   def test_layout_except_exception_when_excepted
     @controller = ExceptLayoutController.new
     get :goodbye
-    assert !@response.body.include?("item.erb"), "#{@response.body.inspect} included 'item.erb'"
+    assert_not_includes @response.body, 'item.erb'
   end
 
   def test_layout_set_when_using_render
-    @controller = SetsLayoutInRenderController.new
-    get :hello
-    assert_template :layout => "layouts/third_party_template_library"
+    with_template_handler :mab, lambda { |template| template.source.inspect } do
+      @controller = SetsLayoutInRenderController.new
+      get :hello
+      assert_includes @response.body, 'layouts/third_party_template_library.mab'
+    end
   end
 
   def test_layout_is_not_set_when_none_rendered
     @controller = RendersNoLayoutController.new
     get :hello
-    assert_template :layout => nil
+    assert_equal 'hello.erb', @response.body
   end
 
   def test_layout_is_picked_from_the_controller_instances_view_path
     @controller = PrependsViewPathController.new
     get :hello
-    assert_template :layout => /layouts\/alt/
+    assert_includes @response.body, 'alt.erb'
   end
 
   def test_absolute_pathed_layout
@@ -250,7 +262,7 @@ unless RbConfig::CONFIG['host_os'] =~ /mswin|mingw/
       @controller = LayoutSymlinkedTest.new
       get :hello
       assert_response 200
-      assert_template :layout => "layouts/symlinked/symlinked_layout"
+      assert_includes @response.body, 'This is my layout'
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/render_test.rb b/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/render_test.rb
index 45b8049b83..bdb9e0397b 100644
--- a/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/render_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/render_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
-require "active_model"
+require 'active_model'
 
 class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
   self.view_paths = File.join(FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH, "actionpack")
@@ -31,6 +31,10 @@ class Customer < Struct.new(:name, :id)
   def persisted?
     id.present?
   end
+
+  def cache_key
+    name.to_s
+  end
 end
 
 module Quiz
@@ -91,17 +95,17 @@ class TestController < ApplicationController
 
   # :ported:
   def render_hello_world
-    render :template => "test/hello_world"
+    render "test/hello_world"
   end
 
   def render_hello_world_with_last_modified_set
     response.last_modified = Date.new(2008, 10, 10).to_time
-    render :template => "test/hello_world"
+    render "test/hello_world"
   end
 
   # :ported: compatibility
   def render_hello_world_with_forward_slash
-    render :template => "/test/hello_world"
+    render "/test/hello_world"
   end
 
   # :ported:
@@ -111,13 +115,13 @@ class TestController < ApplicationController
 
   # :deprecated:
   def render_template_in_top_directory_with_slash
-    render :template => '/shared'
+    render '/shared'
   end
 
   # :ported:
   def render_hello_world_from_variable
     @person = "david"
-    render :text => "hello #{@person}"
+    render plain: "hello #{@person}"
   end
 
   # :ported:
@@ -139,13 +143,13 @@ class TestController < ApplicationController
 
   # :ported:
   def render_text_hello_world
-    render :text => "hello world"
+    render plain: "hello world"
   end
 
   # :ported:
   def render_text_hello_world_with_layout
     @variable_for_layout = ", I am here!"
-    render :text => "hello world", :layout => true
+    render plain: "hello world", :layout => true
   end
 
   def hello_world_with_layout_false
@@ -160,13 +164,6 @@ class TestController < ApplicationController
   end
 
   # :ported:
-  def render_file_as_string_with_instance_variables
-    @secret = 'in the sauce'
-    path = File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '../../fixtures/test/render_file_with_ivar'))
-    render path
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
   def render_file_not_using_full_path
     @secret = 'in the sauce'
     render :file => 'test/render_file_with_ivar'
@@ -194,7 +191,7 @@ class TestController < ApplicationController
 
   def render_file_as_string_with_locals
     path = File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '../../fixtures/test/render_file_with_locals'))
-    render path, :locals => {:secret => 'in the sauce'}
+    render file: path, :locals => {:secret => 'in the sauce'}
   end
 
   def accessing_request_in_template
@@ -215,26 +212,26 @@ class TestController < ApplicationController
 
   # :ported:
   def render_custom_code
-    render :text => "hello world", :status => 404
+    render plain: "hello world", :status => 404
   end
 
   # :ported:
   def render_text_with_nil
-    render :text => nil
+    render plain: nil
   end
 
   # :ported:
   def render_text_with_false
-    render :text => false
+    render plain: false
   end
 
   def render_text_with_resource
-    render :text => Customer.new("David")
+    render plain: Customer.new("David")
   end
 
   # :ported:
   def render_nothing_with_appendix
-    render :text => "appended"
+    render plain: "appended"
   end
 
   # This test is testing 3 things:
@@ -265,7 +262,7 @@ class TestController < ApplicationController
 
   # :ported:
   def blank_response
-    render :text => ' '
+    render plain: ' '
   end
 
   # :ported:
@@ -297,7 +294,7 @@ class TestController < ApplicationController
 
   def hello_in_a_string
     @customers = [ Customer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary") ]
-    render :text => "How's there? " + render_to_string(:template => "test/list")
+    render plain: "How's there? " + render_to_string(:template => "test/list")
   end
 
   def accessing_params_in_template
@@ -360,12 +357,12 @@ class TestController < ApplicationController
   end
 
   def rendering_nothing_on_layout
-    render :nothing => true
+    head :ok
   end
 
   def render_to_string_with_assigns
     @before = "i'm before the render"
-    render_to_string :text => "foo"
+    render_to_string plain: "foo"
     @after = "i'm after the render"
     render :template => "test/hello_world"
   end
@@ -412,8 +409,8 @@ class TestController < ApplicationController
 
   # :ported:
   def double_render
-    render :text => "hello"
-    render :text => "world"
+    render plain: "hello"
+    render plain: "world"
   end
 
   def double_redirect
@@ -422,13 +419,13 @@ class TestController < ApplicationController
   end
 
   def render_and_redirect
-    render :text => "hello"
+    render plain: "hello"
     redirect_to :action => "double_render"
   end
 
   def render_to_string_and_render
-    @stuff = render_to_string :text => "here is some cached stuff"
-    render :text => "Hi web users! #{@stuff}"
+    @stuff = render_to_string plain: "here is some cached stuff"
+    render plain: "Hi web users! #{@stuff}"
   end
 
   def render_to_string_with_inline_and_render
@@ -457,7 +454,11 @@ class TestController < ApplicationController
   # :addressed:
   def render_text_with_assigns
     @hello = "world"
-    render :text => "foo"
+    render plain: "foo"
+  end
+
+  def render_with_assigns_option
+    render inline: '<%= @hello %>', assigns: { hello: "world" }
   end
 
   def yield_content_for
@@ -465,8 +466,8 @@ class TestController < ApplicationController
   end
 
   def render_content_type_from_body
-    response.content_type = Mime::RSS
-    render :text => "hello world!"
+    response.content_type = Mime[:rss]
+    render body: "hello world!"
   end
 
   def render_using_layout_around_block
@@ -536,6 +537,14 @@ class TestController < ApplicationController
     render :partial => "customer_with_var", :collection => [ Customer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary") ], :as => :customer
   end
 
+  def partial_collection_with_iteration
+    render partial: "customer_iteration", collection: [ Customer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary"), Customer.new('christine') ]
+  end
+
+  def partial_collection_with_as_and_iteration
+    render partial: "customer_iteration_with_as", collection: [ Customer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary"), Customer.new('christine') ], as: :client
+  end
+
   def partial_collection_with_counter
     render :partial => "customer_counter", :collection => [ Customer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary") ]
   end
@@ -674,20 +683,19 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
     get :hello_world
     assert_response 200
     assert_response :success
-    assert_template "test/hello_world"
     assert_equal "<html>Hello world!</html>", @response.body
   end
 
   # :ported:
   def test_renders_default_template_for_missing_action
     get :'hyphen-ated'
-    assert_template 'test/hyphen-ated'
+    assert_equal "hyphen-ated.erb", @response.body
   end
 
   # :ported:
   def test_render
     get :render_hello_world
-    assert_template "test/hello_world"
+    assert_equal "Hello world!", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_line_offset
@@ -703,23 +711,26 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
   # :ported: compatibility
   def test_render_with_forward_slash
     get :render_hello_world_with_forward_slash
-    assert_template "test/hello_world"
+    assert_equal "Hello world!", @response.body
   end
 
   # :ported:
   def test_render_in_top_directory
     get :render_template_in_top_directory
-    assert_template "shared"
     assert_equal "Elastica", @response.body
   end
 
   # :ported:
   def test_render_in_top_directory_with_slash
     get :render_template_in_top_directory_with_slash
-    assert_template "shared"
     assert_equal "Elastica", @response.body
   end
 
+  def test_render_process
+    get :render_action_hello_world_as_string
+    assert_equal "Hello world!", @controller.process(:render_action_hello_world_as_string)
+  end
+
   # :ported:
   def test_render_from_variable
     get :render_hello_world_from_variable
@@ -729,7 +740,7 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
   # :ported:
   def test_render_action
     get :render_action_hello_world
-    assert_template "test/hello_world"
+    assert_equal "Hello world!", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_render_action_upcased
@@ -742,13 +753,12 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_render_action_hello_world_as_string
     get :render_action_hello_world_as_string
     assert_equal "Hello world!", @response.body
-    assert_template "test/hello_world"
   end
 
   # :ported:
   def test_render_action_with_symbol
     get :render_action_hello_world_with_symbol
-    assert_template "test/hello_world"
+    assert_equal "Hello world!", @response.body
   end
 
   # :ported:
@@ -760,7 +770,7 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
   # :ported:
   def test_do_with_render_text_and_layout
     get :render_text_hello_world_with_layout
-    assert_equal "<html>hello world, I am here!</html>", @response.body
+    assert_equal "{{hello world, I am here!}}\n", @response.body
   end
 
   # :ported:
@@ -781,12 +791,6 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   # :ported:
-  def test_render_file_as_string_with_instance_variables
-    get :render_file_as_string_with_instance_variables
-    assert_equal "The secret is in the sauce\n", @response.body
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
   def test_render_file_not_using_full_path
     get :render_file_not_using_full_path
     assert_equal "The secret is in the sauce\n", @response.body
@@ -834,7 +838,7 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_render_text_with_nil
     get :render_text_with_nil
     assert_response 200
-    assert_equal ' ', @response.body
+    assert_equal '', @response.body
   end
 
   # :ported:
@@ -857,12 +861,12 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   # :ported:
   def test_attempt_to_access_object_method
-    assert_raise(AbstractController::ActionNotFound, "No action responded to [clone]") { get :clone }
+    assert_raise(AbstractController::ActionNotFound) { get :clone }
   end
 
   # :ported:
   def test_private_methods
-    assert_raise(AbstractController::ActionNotFound, "No action responded to [determine_layout]") { get :determine_layout }
+    assert_raise(AbstractController::ActionNotFound) { get :determine_layout }
   end
 
   # :ported:
@@ -942,7 +946,7 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_render_to_string_inline
     get :render_to_string_with_inline_and_render
-    assert_template "test/hello_world"
+    assert_equal 'Hello world!', @response.body
   end
 
   # :ported:
@@ -953,23 +957,23 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_accessing_params_in_template
-    get :accessing_params_in_template, :name => "David"
+    get :accessing_params_in_template, params: { name: "David" }
     assert_equal "Hello: David", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_accessing_local_assigns_in_inline_template
-    get :accessing_local_assigns_in_inline_template, :local_name => "Local David"
+    get :accessing_local_assigns_in_inline_template, params: { local_name: "Local David" }
     assert_equal "Goodbye, Local David", @response.body
     assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
   end
 
   def test_should_implicitly_render_html_template_from_xhr_request
-    xhr :get, :render_implicit_html_template_from_xhr_request
+    get :render_implicit_html_template_from_xhr_request, xhr: true
     assert_equal "XHR!\nHello HTML!", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_should_implicitly_render_js_template_without_layout
-    xhr :get, :render_implicit_js_template_without_layout, :format => :js
+    get :render_implicit_js_template_without_layout, format: :js, xhr: true
     assert_no_match %r{<html>}, @response.body
   end
 
@@ -1022,13 +1026,13 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_rendering_nothing_on_layout
     get :rendering_nothing_on_layout
-    assert_equal " ", @response.body
+    assert_equal '', @response.body
   end
 
   def test_render_to_string_doesnt_break_assigns
     get :render_to_string_with_assigns
-    assert_equal "i'm before the render", assigns(:before)
-    assert_equal "i'm after the render", assigns(:after)
+    assert_equal "i'm before the render", @controller.instance_variable_get(:@before)
+    assert_equal "i'm after the render", @controller.instance_variable_get(:@after)
   end
 
   def test_bad_render_to_string_still_throws_exception
@@ -1037,12 +1041,12 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_render_to_string_that_throws_caught_exception_doesnt_break_assigns
     assert_nothing_raised { get :render_to_string_with_caught_exception }
-    assert_equal "i'm before the render", assigns(:before)
-    assert_equal "i'm after the render", assigns(:after)
+    assert_equal "i'm before the render", @controller.instance_variable_get(:@before)
+    assert_equal "i'm after the render", @controller.instance_variable_get(:@after)
   end
 
   def test_accessing_params_in_template_with_layout
-    get :accessing_params_in_template_with_layout, :name => "David"
+    get :accessing_params_in_template_with_layout, params: { name: "David" }
     assert_equal "<html>Hello: David</html>", @response.body
   end
 
@@ -1099,7 +1103,12 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
   # :addressed:
   def test_render_text_with_assigns
     get :render_text_with_assigns
-    assert_equal "world", assigns["hello"]
+    assert_equal "world", @controller.instance_variable_get(:@hello)
+  end
+
+  def test_render_text_with_assigns_option
+    get :render_with_assigns_option
+    assert_equal 'world', response.body
   end
 
   # :ported:
@@ -1113,7 +1122,7 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal "<title>Putting stuff in the title!</title>\nGreat stuff!\n", @response.body
   end
 
-  def test_overwritting_rendering_relative_file_with_extension
+  def test_overwriting_rendering_relative_file_with_extension
     get :hello_world_from_rxml_using_template
     assert_equal "<html>\n  <p>Hello</p>\n</html>\n", @response.body
 
@@ -1160,22 +1169,22 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_render_to_string_partial
     get :render_to_string_with_partial
-    assert_equal "only partial", assigns(:partial_only)
-    assert_equal "Hello: david", assigns(:partial_with_locals)
+    assert_equal "only partial", @controller.instance_variable_get(:@partial_only)
+    assert_equal "Hello: david", @controller.instance_variable_get(:@partial_with_locals)
     assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
   end
 
   def test_render_to_string_with_template_and_html_partial
     get :render_to_string_with_template_and_html_partial
-    assert_equal "**only partial**\n", assigns(:text)
-    assert_equal "<strong>only partial</strong>\n", assigns(:html)
+    assert_equal "**only partial**\n", @controller.instance_variable_get(:@text)
+    assert_equal "<strong>only partial</strong>\n", @controller.instance_variable_get(:@html)
     assert_equal "<strong>only html partial</strong>\n", @response.body
     assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
   end
 
   def test_render_to_string_and_render_with_different_formats
     get :render_to_string_and_render_with_different_formats
-    assert_equal "<strong>only partial</strong>\n", assigns(:html)
+    assert_equal "<strong>only partial</strong>\n", @controller.instance_variable_get(:@html)
     assert_equal "**only partial**\n", @response.body
     assert_equal "text/plain", @response.content_type
   end
@@ -1199,21 +1208,18 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_partial_with_form_builder
     get :partial_with_form_builder
-    assert_match(/<label/, @response.body)
-    assert_template('test/_form')
+    assert_equal "<label for=\"post_title\">Title</label>\n", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_partial_with_form_builder_subclass
     get :partial_with_form_builder_subclass
-    assert_match(/<label/, @response.body)
-    assert_template('test/_labelling_form')
+    assert_equal "<label for=\"post_title\">Title</label>\n", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_nested_partial_with_form_builder
     @controller = Fun::GamesController.new
     get :nested_partial_with_form_builder
-    assert_match(/<label/, @response.body)
-    assert_template('fun/games/_form')
+    assert_equal "<label for=\"post_title\">Title</label>\n", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_namespaced_object_partial
@@ -1232,6 +1238,16 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal "david david davidmary mary mary", @response.body
   end
 
+  def test_partial_collection_with_iteration
+    get :partial_collection_with_iteration
+    assert_equal "3-0: david-first3-1: mary3-2: christine-last", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_partial_collection_with_as_and_iteration
+    get :partial_collection_with_as_and_iteration
+    assert_equal "3-0: david-first3-1: mary3-2: christine-last", @response.body
+  end
+
   def test_partial_collection_with_counter
     get :partial_collection_with_counter
     assert_equal "david0mary1", @response.body
@@ -1247,48 +1263,29 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal "Bonjour: davidBonjour: mary", @response.body
   end
 
-  def test_locals_option_to_assert_template_is_not_supported
-    get :partial_collection_with_locals
-
-    warning_buffer = StringIO.new
-    $stderr = warning_buffer
-
-    assert_template partial: 'customer_greeting', locals: { greeting: 'Bonjour' }
-    assert_equal "the :locals option to #assert_template is only supported in a ActionView::TestCase\n", warning_buffer.string
-  ensure
-    $stderr = STDERR
-  end
-
   def test_partial_collection_with_spacer
     get :partial_collection_with_spacer
     assert_equal "Hello: davidonly partialHello: mary", @response.body
-    assert_template :partial => '_customer'
   end
 
   def test_partial_collection_with_spacer_which_uses_render
     get :partial_collection_with_spacer_which_uses_render
     assert_equal "Hello: davidpartial html\npartial with partial\nHello: mary", @response.body
-    assert_template :partial => '_customer'
   end
 
   def test_partial_collection_shorthand_with_locals
     get :partial_collection_shorthand_with_locals
     assert_equal "Bonjour: davidBonjour: mary", @response.body
-    assert_template :partial => 'customers/_customer', :count => 2
-    assert_template :partial => '_completely_fake_and_made_up_template_that_cannot_possibly_be_rendered', :count => 0
   end
 
   def test_partial_collection_shorthand_with_different_types_of_records
     get :partial_collection_shorthand_with_different_types_of_records
     assert_equal "Bonjour bad customer: mark0Bonjour good customer: craig1Bonjour bad customer: john2Bonjour good customer: zach3Bonjour good customer: brandon4Bonjour bad customer: dan5", @response.body
-    assert_template :partial => 'good_customers/_good_customer', :count => 3
-    assert_template :partial => 'bad_customers/_bad_customer', :count => 3
   end
 
   def test_empty_partial_collection
     get :empty_partial_collection
     assert_equal " ", @response.body
-    assert_template :partial => false
   end
 
   def test_partial_with_hash_object
@@ -1332,4 +1329,3 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal "Before (Anthony)\nInside from partial (Anthony)\nAfter\nBefore (David)\nInside from partial (David)\nAfter\nBefore (Ramm)\nInside from partial (Ramm)\nAfter", @response.body
   end
 end
-
diff --git a/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/view_paths_test.rb b/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/view_paths_test.rb
index c6e7a523b9..e99659c802 100644
--- a/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/view_paths_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/view_paths_test.rb
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ class ViewLoadPathsTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def setup
-    @request  = ActionController::TestRequest.new
-    @response = ActionController::TestResponse.new
+    @request  = ActionController::TestRequest.create
+    @response = ActionDispatch::TestResponse.new
     @controller = TestController.new
     @paths = TestController.view_paths
   end
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class ViewLoadPathsTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def assert_paths(*paths)
     controller = paths.first.is_a?(Class) ? paths.shift : @controller
-    assert_equal expand(paths), controller.view_paths.map { |p| p.to_s }
+    assert_equal expand(paths), controller.view_paths.map(&:to_s)
   end
 
   def test_template_load_path_was_set_correctly
diff --git a/actionview/test/active_record_unit.rb b/actionview/test/active_record_unit.rb
index 95fbb112c0..f9e94413b5 100644
--- a/actionview/test/active_record_unit.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/active_record_unit.rb
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class ActiveRecordTestConnector
         end
       end
 
-      # Load actionpack sqlite tables
+      # Load actionpack sqlite3 tables
       def load_schema
         File.read(File.dirname(__FILE__) + "/fixtures/db_definitions/sqlite.sql").split(';').each do |sql|
           ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute(sql) unless sql.blank?
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class ActiveRecordTestCase < ActionController::TestCase
   # Set our fixture path
   if ActiveRecordTestConnector.able_to_connect
     self.fixture_path = [FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH]
-    self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+    self.use_transactional_tests = false
   end
 
   def self.fixtures(*args)
diff --git a/actionview/test/activerecord/controller_runtime_test.rb b/actionview/test/activerecord/controller_runtime_test.rb
index 368bec1c70..af91348d76 100644
--- a/actionview/test/activerecord/controller_runtime_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/activerecord/controller_runtime_test.rb
@@ -4,12 +4,10 @@ require 'fixtures/project'
 require 'active_support/log_subscriber/test_helper'
 require 'action_controller/log_subscriber'
 
-ActionController::Base.send :include, ActiveRecord::Railties::ControllerRuntime
+ActionController::Base.include(ActiveRecord::Railties::ControllerRuntime)
 
 class ControllerRuntimeLogSubscriberTest < ActionController::TestCase
   class LogSubscriberController < ActionController::Base
-    respond_to :html
-
     def show
       render :inline => "<%= Project.all %>"
     end
@@ -20,8 +18,8 @@ class ControllerRuntimeLogSubscriberTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
     def create
       ActiveRecord::LogSubscriber.runtime += 100
-      project = Project.last
-      respond_with(project, location: url_for(action: :show))
+      Project.last
+      redirect_to "/"
     end
 
     def redirect
diff --git a/actionview/test/activerecord/debug_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/activerecord/debug_helper_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..03cb1d5a91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/activerecord/debug_helper_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+require 'active_record_unit'
+require 'nokogiri'
+
+class DebugHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
+  def test_debug
+    company = Company.new(name: "firebase")
+    assert_match "name: firebase", debug(company)
+  end
+
+  def test_debug_with_marshal_error
+    obj = -> { }
+    assert_match obj.inspect, Nokogiri.XML(debug(obj)).content
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/activerecord/form_helper_activerecord_test.rb b/actionview/test/activerecord/form_helper_activerecord_test.rb
index 0a9628da8d..2769b97445 100644
--- a/actionview/test/activerecord/form_helper_activerecord_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/activerecord/form_helper_activerecord_test.rb
@@ -35,10 +35,6 @@ class FormHelperActiveRecordTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def _routes
-    Routes
-  end
-
   include Routes.url_helpers
 
   def test_nested_fields_for_with_child_index_option_override_on_a_nested_attributes_collection_association
@@ -59,12 +55,13 @@ class FormHelperActiveRecordTest < ActionView::TestCase
   protected
 
   def hidden_fields(method = nil)
-    txt =  %{<div style="display:none">}
-    txt << %{<input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />}
+    txt = %{<input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />}
+
     if method && !%w(get post).include?(method.to_s)
       txt << %{<input name="_method" type="hidden" value="#{method}" />}
     end
-    txt << %{</div>}
+
+    txt
   end
 
   def form_text(action = "/", id = nil, html_class = nil, remote = nil, multipart = nil, method = nil)
@@ -88,4 +85,4 @@ class FormHelperActiveRecordTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
     form_text(action, id, html_class, remote, multipart, method) + hidden_fields(method) + contents + "</form>"
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/activerecord/polymorphic_routes_test.rb b/actionview/test/activerecord/polymorphic_routes_test.rb
index afb714484b..34b2698c7f 100644
--- a/actionview/test/activerecord/polymorphic_routes_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/activerecord/polymorphic_routes_test.rb
@@ -25,17 +25,19 @@ class Series < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'projects'
 end
 
-class ModelDelegator < ActiveRecord::Base
-  self.table_name = 'projects'
-
+class ModelDelegator
   def to_model
     ModelDelegate.new
   end
 end
 
 class ModelDelegate
-  def self.model_name
-    ActiveModel::Name.new(self)
+  def persisted?
+    true
+  end
+
+  def model_name
+    ActiveModel::Name.new(self.class)
   end
 
   def to_param
@@ -74,25 +76,77 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     @blog_blog = Blog::Blog.new
   end
 
+  def assert_url(url, args)
+    host = self.class.default_url_options[:host]
+
+    assert_equal url.sub(/http:\/\/#{host}/, ''), polymorphic_path(args)
+    assert_equal url, polymorphic_url(args)
+    assert_equal url, url_for(args)
+  end
+
+  def test_string
+    with_test_routes do
+      # FIXME: why are these different? Symbol case passes through to
+      # `polymorphic_url`, but the String case doesn't.
+      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects", polymorphic_url("projects")
+      assert_equal "projects", url_for("projects")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_string_with_options
+    with_test_routes do
+      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects?id=10", polymorphic_url("projects", :id => 10)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_symbol
+    with_test_routes do
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects", :projects
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_symbol_with_options
+    with_test_routes do
+      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects?id=10", polymorphic_url(:projects, :id => 10)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_passing_routes_proxy
     with_namespaced_routes(:blog) do
-      proxy = ActionDispatch::Routing::RoutesProxy.new(_routes, self)
+      proxy = ActionDispatch::Routing::RoutesProxy.new(_routes, self, _routes.url_helpers)
       @blog_post.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/posts/#{@blog_post.id}", polymorphic_url([proxy, @blog_post])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/posts/#{@blog_post.id}", [proxy, @blog_post]
     end
   end
 
   def test_namespaced_model
     with_namespaced_routes(:blog) do
       @blog_post.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/posts/#{@blog_post.id}", polymorphic_url(@blog_post)
+      assert_url "http://example.com/posts/#{@blog_post.id}", @blog_post
     end
   end
 
   def test_namespaced_model_with_name_the_same_as_namespace
     with_namespaced_routes(:blog) do
       @blog_blog.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/blogs/#{@blog_blog.id}", polymorphic_url(@blog_blog)
+      assert_url "http://example.com/blogs/#{@blog_blog.id}", @blog_blog
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_polymorphic_url_with_2_objects
+    with_namespaced_routes(:blog) do
+      @blog_blog.save
+      @blog_post.save
+      assert_equal "http://example.com/blogs/#{@blog_blog.id}/posts/#{@blog_post.id}", polymorphic_url([@blog_blog, @blog_post])
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_polymorphic_url_with_3_objects
+    with_namespaced_routes(:blog) do
+      @blog_blog.save
+      @blog_post.save
+      @fax.save
+      assert_equal "http://example.com/blogs/#{@blog_blog.id}/posts/#{@blog_post.id}/faxes/#{@fax.id}", polymorphic_url([@blog_blog, @blog_post, @fax])
     end
   end
 
@@ -100,41 +154,121 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     with_namespaced_routes(:blog) do
       @blog_post.save
       @blog_blog.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/blogs/#{@blog_blog.id}/posts/#{@blog_post.id}", polymorphic_url([@blog_blog, @blog_post])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/blogs/#{@blog_blog.id}/posts/#{@blog_post.id}", [@blog_blog, @blog_post]
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_nil
     with_test_routes do
-      assert_raise ArgumentError, "Nil location provided. Can't build URI." do
+      exception = assert_raise ArgumentError do
         polymorphic_url(nil)
       end
+      assert_equal "Nil location provided. Can't build URI.", exception.message
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_with_empty_list
+    with_test_routes do
+      exception = assert_raise ArgumentError do
+        polymorphic_url([])
+      end
+      assert_equal "Nil location provided. Can't build URI.", exception.message
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_with_nil_id
+    with_test_routes do
+      exception = assert_raise ArgumentError do
+        polymorphic_url({ :id => nil })
+      end
+      assert_equal "Nil location provided. Can't build URI.", exception.message
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_with_entirely_nil_list
+    with_test_routes do
+      exception = assert_raise ArgumentError do
+        @series.save
+        polymorphic_url([nil, nil])
+      end
+      assert_equal "Nil location provided. Can't build URI.", exception.message
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_with_nil_in_list_for_resource_that_could_be_top_level_or_nested
+    with_top_level_and_nested_routes do
+      @blog_post.save
+      assert_equal "http://example.com/posts/#{@blog_post.id}", polymorphic_url([nil, @blog_post])
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_with_nil_in_list_does_not_generate_invalid_link
+    with_top_level_and_nested_routes do
+      exception = assert_raise NoMethodError do
+        @series.save
+        polymorphic_url([nil, @series])
+      end
+      assert_match(/undefined method `series_url'/, exception.message)
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_record
     with_test_routes do
       @project.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}", polymorphic_url(@project)
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}", @project
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_class
     with_test_routes do
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects", polymorphic_url(@project.class)
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects", @project.class
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_with_class_list_of_one
+    with_test_routes do
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects", [@project.class]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_class_with_options
+    with_test_routes do
+      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects?foo=bar", polymorphic_url(@project.class, { :foo => :bar })
+      assert_equal "/projects?foo=bar", polymorphic_path(@project.class, { :foo => :bar })
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_new_record
     with_test_routes do
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects", polymorphic_url(@project)
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects", @project
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_new_record_arguments
+    params = nil
+
+    with_test_routes do
+      extend Module.new {
+        define_method("projects_url") { |*args|
+          params = args
+          super(*args)
+        }
+
+        define_method("projects_path") { |*args|
+          params = args
+          super(*args)
+        }
+      }
+
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects", @project
+      assert_equal [], params
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_destroyed_record
     with_test_routes do
       @project.destroy
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects", polymorphic_url(@project)
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects", @project
     end
   end
 
@@ -150,6 +284,15 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_regression_path_helper_prefixed_with_new_and_edit
+    with_test_routes do
+      assert_equal "/projects/new", new_polymorphic_path(@project)
+
+      @project.save
+      assert_equal "/projects/#{@project.id}/edit", edit_polymorphic_path(@project)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_url_helper_prefixed_with_edit
     with_test_routes do
       @project.save
@@ -196,14 +339,14 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     with_test_routes do
       @project.save
       @task.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}/tasks/#{@task.id}", polymorphic_url([@project, @task])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}/tasks/#{@task.id}", [@project, @task]
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_nested_unsaved
     with_test_routes do
       @project.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}/tasks", polymorphic_url([@project, @task])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}/tasks", [@project, @task]
     end
   end
 
@@ -211,20 +354,20 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     with_test_routes do
       @project.save
       @task.destroy
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}/tasks", polymorphic_url([@project, @task])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}/tasks", [@project, @task]
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_nested_class
     with_test_routes do
       @project.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}/tasks", polymorphic_url([@project, @task.class])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}/tasks", [@project, @task.class]
     end
   end
 
   def test_class_with_array_and_namespace
     with_admin_test_routes do
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/admin/projects", polymorphic_url([:admin, @project.class])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/admin/projects", [:admin, @project.class]
     end
   end
 
@@ -236,14 +379,14 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_unsaved_with_array_and_namespace
     with_admin_test_routes do
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/admin/projects", polymorphic_url([:admin, @project])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/admin/projects", [:admin, @project]
     end
   end
 
   def test_nested_unsaved_with_array_and_namespace
     with_admin_test_routes do
       @project.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/admin/projects/#{@project.id}/tasks", polymorphic_url([:admin, @project, @task])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/admin/projects/#{@project.id}/tasks", [:admin, @project, @task]
     end
   end
 
@@ -251,7 +394,7 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     with_admin_test_routes do
       @project.save
       @task.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/admin/projects/#{@project.id}/tasks/#{@task.id}", polymorphic_url([:admin, @project, @task])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/admin/projects/#{@project.id}/tasks/#{@task.id}", [:admin, @project, @task]
     end
   end
 
@@ -260,14 +403,14 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
       @project.save
       @task.save
       @step.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/admin/projects/#{@project.id}/site/tasks/#{@task.id}/steps/#{@step.id}", polymorphic_url([:admin, @project, :site, @task, @step])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/admin/projects/#{@project.id}/site/tasks/#{@task.id}/steps/#{@step.id}", [:admin, @project, :site, @task, @step]
     end
   end
 
   def test_nesting_with_array_ending_in_singleton_resource
     with_test_routes do
       @project.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}/bid", polymorphic_url([@project, :bid])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}/bid", [@project, :bid]
     end
   end
 
@@ -275,7 +418,7 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     with_test_routes do
       @project.save
       @task.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}/bid/tasks/#{@task.id}", polymorphic_url([@project, :bid, @task])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}/bid/tasks/#{@task.id}", [@project, :bid, @task]
     end
   end
 
@@ -291,34 +434,40 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     with_admin_test_routes do
       @project.save
       @task.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/admin/projects/#{@project.id}/bid/tasks/#{@task.id}", polymorphic_url([:admin, @project, :bid, @task])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/admin/projects/#{@project.id}/bid/tasks/#{@task.id}", [:admin, @project, :bid, @task]
     end
   end
 
-  def test_nesting_with_array_containing_nil
+  def test_nesting_with_array
     with_test_routes do
       @project.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}/bid", polymorphic_url([@project, nil, :bid])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}/bid", [@project, :bid]
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_array_containing_single_object
     with_test_routes do
       @project.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}", polymorphic_url([nil, @project])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}", [@project]
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_array_containing_single_name
     with_test_routes do
       @project.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects", polymorphic_url([:projects])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects", [:projects]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_with_array_containing_single_string_name
+    with_test_routes do
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects", ["projects"]
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_array_containing_symbols
     with_test_routes do
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/series/new", polymorphic_url([:new, :series])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/series/new", [:new, :series]
     end
   end
 
@@ -353,26 +502,26 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_with_irregular_plural_record
     with_test_routes do
       @tax.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/taxes/#{@tax.id}", polymorphic_url(@tax)
+      assert_url "http://example.com/taxes/#{@tax.id}", @tax
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_irregular_plural_class
     with_test_routes do
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/taxes", polymorphic_url(@tax.class)
+      assert_url "http://example.com/taxes", @tax.class
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_irregular_plural_new_record
     with_test_routes do
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/taxes", polymorphic_url(@tax)
+      assert_url "http://example.com/taxes", @tax
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_irregular_plural_destroyed_record
     with_test_routes do
       @tax.destroy
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/taxes", polymorphic_url(@tax)
+      assert_url "http://example.com/taxes", @tax
     end
   end
 
@@ -406,7 +555,7 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_with_nested_unsaved_irregular_plurals
     with_test_routes do
       @tax.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/taxes/#{@tax.id}/faxes", polymorphic_url([@tax, @fax])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/taxes/#{@tax.id}/faxes", [@tax, @fax]
     end
   end
 
@@ -418,34 +567,34 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_class_with_irregular_plural_array_and_namespace
     with_admin_test_routes do
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/admin/taxes", polymorphic_url([:admin, @tax.class])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/admin/taxes", [:admin, @tax.class]
     end
   end
 
   def test_unsaved_with_irregular_plural_array_and_namespace
     with_admin_test_routes do
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/admin/taxes", polymorphic_url([:admin, @tax])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/admin/taxes", [:admin, @tax]
     end
   end
 
   def test_nesting_with_irregular_plurals_and_array_ending_in_singleton_resource
     with_test_routes do
       @tax.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/taxes/#{@tax.id}/bid", polymorphic_url([@tax, :bid])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/taxes/#{@tax.id}/bid", [@tax, :bid]
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_array_containing_single_irregular_plural_object
     with_test_routes do
       @tax.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/taxes/#{@tax.id}", polymorphic_url([nil, @tax])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/taxes/#{@tax.id}", [@tax]
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_array_containing_single_name_irregular_plural
     with_test_routes do
       @tax.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/taxes", polymorphic_url([:taxes])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/taxes", [:taxes]
     end
   end
 
@@ -453,15 +602,20 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_uncountable_resource
     with_test_routes do
       @series.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/series/#{@series.id}", polymorphic_url(@series)
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/series", polymorphic_url(Series.new)
+      assert_url "http://example.com/series/#{@series.id}", @series
+      assert_url "http://example.com/series", Series.new
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_routing_to_a_model_delegate
+    with_test_routes do
+      assert_url "http://example.com/model_delegates/overridden", @delegator
     end
   end
 
-  def test_routing_a_to_model_delegate
+  def test_nested_routing_to_a_model_delegate
     with_test_routes do
-      @delegator.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/model_delegates/overridden", polymorphic_url(@delegator)
+      assert_url "http://example.com/foo/model_delegates/overridden", [:foo, @delegator]
     end
   end
 
@@ -470,13 +624,15 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
       set.draw do
         scope(:module => name) do
           resources :blogs do
-            resources :posts
+            resources :posts do
+              resources :faxes
+            end
           end
           resources :posts
         end
       end
 
-      self.class.send(:include, @routes.url_helpers)
+      extend @routes.url_helpers
       yield
     end
   end
@@ -496,9 +652,27 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
         end
         resources :series
         resources :model_delegates
+        namespace :foo do
+          resources :model_delegates
+        end
       end
 
-      self.class.send(:include, @routes.url_helpers)
+      extend @routes.url_helpers
+      yield
+    end
+  end
+
+  def with_top_level_and_nested_routes(options = {})
+    with_routing do |set|
+      set.draw do
+        resources :blogs do
+          resources :posts
+          resources :series
+        end
+        resources :posts
+      end
+
+      extend @routes.url_helpers
       yield
     end
   end
@@ -520,7 +694,7 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
         end
       end
 
-      self.class.send(:include, @routes.url_helpers)
+      extend @routes.url_helpers
       yield
     end
   end
@@ -539,8 +713,21 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
         end
       end
 
-      self.class.send(:include, @routes.url_helpers)
+      extend @routes.url_helpers
       yield
     end
   end
 end
+
+class PolymorphicPathRoutesTest < PolymorphicRoutesTest
+  include ActionView::RoutingUrlFor
+  include ActionView::Context
+
+  attr_accessor :controller
+
+  def assert_url(url, args)
+    host = self.class.default_url_options[:host]
+
+    assert_equal url.sub(/http:\/\/#{host}/, ''), url_for(args)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/activerecord/relation_cache_test.rb b/actionview/test/activerecord/relation_cache_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8e97417b94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/activerecord/relation_cache_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+require 'active_record_unit'
+
+class RelationCacheTest <  ActionView::TestCase
+  tests ActionView::Helpers::CacheHelper
+
+  def setup
+    @virtual_path = "path"
+    controller.cache_store = ActiveSupport::Cache::MemoryStore.new
+  end
+
+  def test_cache_relation_other
+    cache(Project.all){ concat("Hello World") }
+    assert_equal "Hello World", controller.cache_store.read("views/projects-#{Project.count}/")
+  end
+
+  def view_cache_dependencies; end
+
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/activerecord/render_partial_with_record_identification_test.rb b/actionview/test/activerecord/render_partial_with_record_identification_test.rb
index 409370104d..9772ebb39e 100644
--- a/actionview/test/activerecord/render_partial_with_record_identification_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/activerecord/render_partial_with_record_identification_test.rb
@@ -52,43 +52,37 @@ class RenderPartialWithRecordIdentificationTest < ActiveRecordTestCase
 
   def test_rendering_partial_with_has_many_and_belongs_to_association
     get :render_with_has_many_and_belongs_to_association
-    assert_template 'projects/_project'
-    assert_equal assigns(:developer).projects.map(&:name).join, @response.body
+    assert_equal Developer.find(1).projects.map(&:name).join, @response.body
   end
 
   def test_rendering_partial_with_has_many_association
     get :render_with_has_many_association
-    assert_template 'replies/_reply'
     assert_equal 'Birdman is better!', @response.body
   end
 
   def test_rendering_partial_with_scope
     get :render_with_scope
-    assert_template 'replies/_reply'
     assert_equal 'Birdman is better!Nuh uh!', @response.body
   end
 
   def test_render_with_record
     get :render_with_record
-    assert_template 'developers/_developer'
     assert_equal 'David', @response.body
   end
 
   def test_render_with_record_collection
     get :render_with_record_collection
-    assert_template 'developers/_developer'
     assert_equal 'DavidJamisfixture_3fixture_4fixture_5fixture_6fixture_7fixture_8fixture_9fixture_10Jamis', @response.body
   end
 
   def test_render_with_record_collection_and_spacer_template
     get :render_with_record_collection_and_spacer_template
-    assert_equal assigns(:developer).projects.map(&:name).join('only partial'), @response.body
+    assert_equal Developer.find(1).projects.map(&:name).join('only partial'), @response.body
   end
 
   def test_rendering_partial_with_has_one_association
     mascot = Company.find(1).mascot
     get :render_with_has_one_association
-    assert_template 'mascots/_mascot'
     assert_equal mascot.name, @response.body
   end
 end
@@ -130,13 +124,11 @@ class RenderPartialWithRecordIdentificationAndNestedControllersTest < ActiveReco
 
   def test_render_with_record_in_nested_controller
     get :render_with_record_in_nested_controller
-    assert_template %r{\Afun/games/_game\Z}
     assert_equal "Fun Pong\n", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_render_with_record_collection_in_nested_controller
     get :render_with_record_collection_in_nested_controller
-    assert_template %r{\Afun/games/_game\Z}
     assert_equal "Fun Pong\nFun Tank\n", @response.body
   end
 end
@@ -149,7 +141,6 @@ class RenderPartialWithRecordIdentificationAndNestedControllersWithoutPrefixTest
     ActionView::Base.prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace = false
 
     get :render_with_record_in_nested_controller
-    assert_template %r{\Agames/_game\Z}
     assert_equal "Just Pong\n", @response.body
   ensure
     ActionView::Base.prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace = old_config
@@ -160,7 +151,6 @@ class RenderPartialWithRecordIdentificationAndNestedControllersWithoutPrefixTest
     ActionView::Base.prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace = false
 
     get :render_with_record_collection_in_nested_controller
-    assert_template %r{\Agames/_game\Z}
     assert_equal "Just Pong\nJust Tank\n", @response.body
   ensure
     ActionView::Base.prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace = old_config
@@ -172,13 +162,11 @@ class RenderPartialWithRecordIdentificationAndNestedDeeperControllersTest < Acti
 
   def test_render_with_record_in_deeper_nested_controller
     get :render_with_record_in_deeper_nested_controller
-    assert_template %r{\Afun/serious/games/_game\Z}
     assert_equal "Serious Chess\n", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_render_with_record_collection_in_deeper_nested_controller
     get :render_with_record_collection_in_deeper_nested_controller
-    assert_template %r{\Afun/serious/games/_game\Z}
     assert_equal "Serious Chess\nSerious Sudoku\nSerious Solitaire\n", @response.body
   end
 end
@@ -191,7 +179,6 @@ class RenderPartialWithRecordIdentificationAndNestedDeeperControllersWithoutPref
     ActionView::Base.prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace = false
 
     get :render_with_record_in_deeper_nested_controller
-    assert_template %r{\Agames/_game\Z}
     assert_equal "Just Chess\n", @response.body
   ensure
     ActionView::Base.prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace = old_config
@@ -202,7 +189,6 @@ class RenderPartialWithRecordIdentificationAndNestedDeeperControllersWithoutPref
     ActionView::Base.prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace = false
 
     get :render_with_record_collection_in_deeper_nested_controller
-    assert_template %r{\Agames/_game\Z}
     assert_equal "Just Chess\nJust Sudoku\nJust Solitaire\n", @response.body
   ensure
     ActionView::Base.prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace = old_config
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layout_tests/alt/layouts/alt.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layout_tests/alt/layouts/alt.erb
index e69de29bb2..60b81525b5 100644
--- a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layout_tests/alt/layouts/alt.erb
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layout_tests/alt/layouts/alt.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+alt.erb
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/standard.text.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/standard.text.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a58afb1aa2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/standard.text.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{{<%= yield %><%= @variable_for_layout %>}}
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_customer_iteration.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_customer_iteration.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fb530b04a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_customer_iteration.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= customer_iteration_iteration.size %>-<%= customer_iteration_iteration.index %>: <%= customer_iteration.name %><%= '-first' if customer_iteration_iteration.first? %><%= '-last' if customer_iteration_iteration.last? %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_customer_iteration_with_as.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_customer_iteration_with_as.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..57297d0564
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_customer_iteration_with_as.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= client_iteration.size %>-<%= client_iteration.index %>: <%= client.name %><%= '-first' if client_iteration.first? %><%= '-last' if client_iteration.last? %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/hyphen-ated.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/hyphen-ated.erb
index cd0875583a..28dbe94ee1 100644
--- a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/hyphen-ated.erb
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/hyphen-ated.erb
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Hello world!
+hyphen-ated.erb
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/blog_public/.gitignore b/actionview/test/fixtures/blog_public/.gitignore
deleted file mode 100644
index 312e635ee6..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/fixtures/blog_public/.gitignore
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-absolute/*
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/blog_public/blog.html b/actionview/test/fixtures/blog_public/blog.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 79ad44c010..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/fixtures/blog_public/blog.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-/blog/blog.html
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/blog_public/index.html b/actionview/test/fixtures/blog_public/index.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 2de3825481..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/fixtures/blog_public/index.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-/blog/index.html
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/blog_public/subdir/index.html b/actionview/test/fixtures/blog_public/subdir/index.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 517bded335..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/fixtures/blog_public/subdir/index.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-/blog/subdir/index.html
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/comments/_comment.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/comments/_comment.html.erb
index f172e749da..a8fa21f644 100644
--- a/actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/comments/_comment.html.erb
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/comments/_comment.html.erb
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Great story, bro!
+Great story!
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/respond_with_additional_params.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/events/_completed.html.erb
index e69de29bb2..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/respond_with_additional_params.html.erb
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/events/_completed.html.erb
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/events/index.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/events/index.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bc45e41bcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/events/index.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<% # Template Dependency: events/* %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/messages/new.html+iphone.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/messages/new.html+iphone.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..791e1d36b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/messages/new.html+iphone.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+<%# Template Dependency: messages/message %>
+
+<%= render "header" %>
+<%= render "comments/comments" %>
+
+<%= render "messages/actions/move" %>
+
+<%= render @message.history.events %>
+
+<%# render "something_missing"   %>
+<%# render "something_missing_1" %>
+
+<%
+  # Template Dependency: messages/form
+%>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/functional_caching/fragment_cached_without_digest.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/functional_caching/fragment_cached_without_digest.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3125583a28..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/fixtures/functional_caching/fragment_cached_without_digest.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-<body>
-<%= cache 'nodigest', skip_digest: true do %><p>ERB</p><% end %>
-</body>
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/happy_path/render_action/hello_world.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/happy_path/render_action/hello_world.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6769dd60bd..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/fixtures/happy_path/render_action/hello_world.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Hello world!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/layouts/streaming_with_capture.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/layouts/streaming_with_capture.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..538c19ce3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/layouts/streaming_with_capture.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+<%= yield :header -%>
+<%= capture do %>
+ this works
+<% end %>
+<%= yield :footer -%>
+<%= yield(:unknown).presence || "." -%>
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/multipart/bracketed_utf8_param b/actionview/test/fixtures/multipart/bracketed_utf8_param
deleted file mode 100644
index df9cecea08..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/fixtures/multipart/bracketed_utf8_param
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
---AaB03x
-Content-Disposition: form-data; name="Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn_name[Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn_nested_name]"
-
-Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn_value
---AaB03x--
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/multipart/single_utf8_param b/actionview/test/fixtures/multipart/single_utf8_param
deleted file mode 100644
index 1d9fae7b17..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/fixtures/multipart/single_utf8_param
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
---AaB03x
-Content-Disposition: form-data; name="Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn_name"
-
-Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn_value
---AaB03x--
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/project.rb b/actionview/test/fixtures/project.rb
index c124a9e605..404b12cbab 100644
--- a/actionview/test/fixtures/project.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/project.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
 class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_and_belongs_to_many :developers, -> { uniq }
+
+  def self.collection_cache_key(collection = all, timestamp_column = :updated_at)
+    "projects-#{collection.count}"
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/scope/test/modgreet.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/scope/test/modgreet.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 8947726e89..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/fixtures/scope/test/modgreet.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<p>Beautiful modules!</p>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_FooBar.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_FooBar.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4bbe59410a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_FooBar.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+�
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_json_change_priority.json.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_a-in.html.erb
index e69de29bb2..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_json_change_priority.json.erb
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_a-in.html.erb
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_cached_customer.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_cached_customer.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..52f35a3497
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_cached_customer.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+<% cache cached_customer do %>
+  Hello: <%= cached_customer.name %>
+<% end %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_cached_customer_as.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_cached_customer_as.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fca8d19e34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_cached_customer_as.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+<% cache buyer do %>
+  <%= greeting %>: <%= customer.name %>
+<% end %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_klass.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_klass.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9936f86001
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_klass.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= klass.class.name %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_label_with_block.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_label_with_block.erb
index 40117e594e..94089ea93d 100644
--- a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_label_with_block.erb
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_label_with_block.erb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<%= label 'post', 'message' do %>
+<%= label('post', 'message')do %>
   Message
   <%= text_field 'post', 'message' %>
 <% end %>
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_partial_name_in_local_assigns.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_partial_name_in_local_assigns.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..28ee9f41c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_partial_name_in_local_assigns.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= local_assigns.has_key?(:partial_name_in_local_assigns) %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_partial_shortcut_with_block_content.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_partial_shortcut_with_block_content.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..352128f3ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_partial_shortcut_with_block_content.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+<%= render "test/layout_for_block_with_args" do |arg_1, arg_2| %>
+  Yielded: <%= arg_1 %>/<%= arg_2 %>
+<% end %>
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello_world.html+phone.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello_world.html+phone.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b4f236f878
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello_world.html+phone.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Hello phone!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello_world.text+phone.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello_world.text+phone.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..611e2ee442
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello_world.text+phone.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Hello texty phone!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/nil_return.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/nil_return.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..90ce3881f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/nil_return.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+This is nil: <%== nil %>
diff --git a/actionview/test/lib/controller/fake_models.rb b/actionview/test/lib/controller/fake_models.rb
index a463a08bb6..65c68fc34a 100644
--- a/actionview/test/lib/controller/fake_models.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/lib/controller/fake_models.rb
@@ -54,6 +54,22 @@ class Post < Struct.new(:title, :author_name, :body, :secret, :persisted, :writt
   def tags_attributes=(attributes); end
 end
 
+class PostDelegator < Post
+  def to_model
+    PostDelegate.new
+  end
+end
+
+class PostDelegate < Post
+  def self.human_attribute_name(attribute)
+    "Delegate #{super}"
+  end
+
+  def model_name
+    ActiveModel::Name.new(self.class)
+  end
+end
+
 class Comment
   extend ActiveModel::Naming
   include ActiveModel::Conversion
@@ -111,19 +127,6 @@ class CommentRelevance
   end
 end
 
-class Sheep
-  extend ActiveModel::Naming
-  include ActiveModel::Conversion
-
-  attr_reader :id
-  def to_key; id ? [id] : nil end
-  def save; @id = 1 end
-  def new_record?; @id.nil? end
-  def name
-    @id.nil? ? 'new sheep' : "sheep ##{@id}"
-  end
-end
-
 class TagRelevance
   extend ActiveModel::Naming
   include ActiveModel::Conversion
@@ -183,3 +186,15 @@ end
 
 class Car < Struct.new(:color)
 end
+
+class Plane
+  attr_reader :to_key
+
+  def model_name
+    OpenStruct.new param_key: 'airplane'
+  end
+
+  def save
+    @to_key = [1]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/asset_tag_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/asset_tag_helper_test.rb
index 3ca71d3376..fe40010528 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/asset_tag_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/asset_tag_helper_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-require 'zlib'
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/ordered_options'
 
@@ -98,6 +97,7 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     %(javascript_include_tag("bank")) => %(<script src="/javascripts/bank.js" ></script>),
     %(javascript_include_tag("bank.js")) => %(<script src="/javascripts/bank.js" ></script>),
     %(javascript_include_tag("bank", :lang => "vbscript")) => %(<script lang="vbscript" src="/javascripts/bank.js" ></script>),
+    %(javascript_include_tag("bank", :host => "assets.example.com")) => %(<script src="http://assets.example.com/javascripts/bank.js"></script>),
 
     %(javascript_include_tag("http://example.com/all")) => %(<script src="http://example.com/all"></script>),
     %(javascript_include_tag("http://example.com/all.js")) => %(<script src="http://example.com/all.js"></script>),
@@ -142,6 +142,7 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     %(stylesheet_link_tag("/elsewhere/file")) => %(<link href="/elsewhere/file.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
     %(stylesheet_link_tag("subdir/subdir")) => %(<link href="/stylesheets/subdir/subdir.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
     %(stylesheet_link_tag("bank", :media => "all")) => %(<link href="/stylesheets/bank.css" media="all" rel="stylesheet" />),
+    %(stylesheet_link_tag("bank", :host => "assets.example.com")) => %(<link href="http://assets.example.com/stylesheets/bank.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
 
     %(stylesheet_link_tag("http://www.example.com/styles/style")) => %(<link href="http://www.example.com/styles/style" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
     %(stylesheet_link_tag("http://www.example.com/styles/style.css")) => %(<link href="http://www.example.com/styles/style.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
@@ -180,6 +181,7 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     %(image_tag("xml.png")) => %(<img alt="Xml" src="/images/xml.png" />),
     %(image_tag("rss.gif", :alt => "rss syndication")) => %(<img alt="rss syndication" src="/images/rss.gif" />),
     %(image_tag("gold.png", :size => "20")) => %(<img alt="Gold" height="20" src="/images/gold.png" width="20" />),
+    %(image_tag("gold.png", :size => 20)) => %(<img alt="Gold" height="20" src="/images/gold.png" width="20" />),
     %(image_tag("gold.png", :size => "45x70")) => %(<img alt="Gold" height="70" src="/images/gold.png" width="45" />),
     %(image_tag("gold.png", "size" => "45x70")) => %(<img alt="Gold" height="70" src="/images/gold.png" width="45" />),
     %(image_tag("error.png", "size" => "45 x 70")) => %(<img alt="Error" src="/images/error.png" />),
@@ -191,13 +193,14 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     %(image_tag("//www.rubyonrails.com/images/rails.png")) => %(<img alt="Rails" src="//www.rubyonrails.com/images/rails.png" />),
     %(image_tag("mouse.png", :alt => nil)) => %(<img src="/images/mouse.png" />),
     %(image_tag("data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAID/AMDAwAAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==", :alt => nil)) => %(<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAID/AMDAwAAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" />),
-    %(image_tag("")) => %(<img src="" />)
+    %(image_tag("")) => %(<img src="" />),
+    %(image_tag("gold.png", data: { title: 'Rails Application' })) => %(<img data-title="Rails Application" src="/images/gold.png" alt="Gold" />)
   }
 
   FaviconLinkToTag = {
-    %(favicon_link_tag) => %(<link href="/images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" />),
-    %(favicon_link_tag 'favicon.ico') => %(<link href="/images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" />),
-    %(favicon_link_tag 'favicon.ico', :rel => 'foo') => %(<link href="/images/favicon.ico" rel="foo" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" />),
+    %(favicon_link_tag) => %(<link href="/images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" />),
+    %(favicon_link_tag 'favicon.ico') => %(<link href="/images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" />),
+    %(favicon_link_tag 'favicon.ico', :rel => 'foo') => %(<link href="/images/favicon.ico" rel="foo" type="image/x-icon" />),
     %(favicon_link_tag 'favicon.ico', :rel => 'foo', :type => 'bar') => %(<link href="/images/favicon.ico" rel="foo" type="bar" />),
     %(favicon_link_tag 'mb-icon.png', :rel => 'apple-touch-icon', :type => 'image/png') => %(<link href="/images/mb-icon.png" rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" />)
   }
@@ -238,6 +241,7 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     %(video_tag("gold.m4v", "size" => "320x240")) => %(<video height="240" src="/videos/gold.m4v" width="320"></video>),
     %(video_tag("trailer.ogg", :poster => "screenshot.png")) => %(<video poster="/images/screenshot.png" src="/videos/trailer.ogg"></video>),
     %(video_tag("error.avi", "size" => "100")) => %(<video height="100" src="/videos/error.avi" width="100"></video>),
+    %(video_tag("error.avi", "size" => 100)) => %(<video height="100" src="/videos/error.avi" width="100"></video>),
     %(video_tag("error.avi", "size" => "100 x 100")) => %(<video src="/videos/error.avi"></video>),
     %(video_tag("error.avi", "size" => "x")) => %(<video src="/videos/error.avi"></video>),
     %(video_tag("http://media.rubyonrails.org/video/rails_blog_2.mov")) => %(<video src="http://media.rubyonrails.org/video/rails_blog_2.mov"></video>),
@@ -302,13 +306,26 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   def test_autodiscovery_link_tag_with_unknown_type
     result = auto_discovery_link_tag(:xml, '/feed.xml', :type => 'application/xml')
     expected = %(<link href="/feed.xml" rel="alternate" title="XML" type="application/xml" />)
-    assert_equal expected, result
+    assert_dom_equal expected, result
   end
 
   def test_asset_path_tag
     AssetPathToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
   end
 
+  def test_asset_path_tag_raises_an_error_for_nil_source
+    e = assert_raise(ArgumentError) { asset_path(nil) }
+    assert_equal("nil is not a valid asset source", e.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_asset_path_tag_to_not_create_duplicate_slashes
+    @controller.config.asset_host = "host/"
+    assert_dom_equal('http://host/foo', asset_path("foo"))
+
+    @controller.config.relative_url_root = '/some/root/'
+    assert_dom_equal('http://host/some/root/foo', asset_path("foo"))
+  end
+
   def test_compute_asset_public_path
     assert_equal "/robots.txt", compute_asset_path("robots.txt")
     assert_equal "/robots.txt", compute_asset_path("/robots.txt")
@@ -455,6 +472,14 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal({:size => '16x10'}, options)
   end
 
+  def test_image_tag_raises_an_error_for_competing_size_arguments
+    exception = assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      image_tag("gold.png", :height => "100", :width => "200", :size => "45x70")
+    end
+
+    assert_equal("Cannot pass a :size option with a :height or :width option", exception.message)
+  end
+
   def test_favicon_link_tag
     FaviconLinkToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
   end
@@ -527,6 +552,17 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal copy, source
   end
 
+  class PlaceholderImage
+    def blank?; true; end
+    def to_s; 'no-image-yet.png'; end
+  end
+  def test_image_tag_with_blank_placeholder
+    assert_equal '<img alt="" src="/images/no-image-yet.png" />', image_tag(PlaceholderImage.new, alt: "")
+  end
+  def test_image_path_with_blank_placeholder
+    assert_equal '/images/no-image-yet.png', image_path(PlaceholderImage.new)
+  end
+
   def test_image_path_with_asset_host_proc_returning_nil
     @controller.config.asset_host = Proc.new do |source|
       unless source.end_with?("tiff")
@@ -538,6 +574,14 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal "http://cdn.example.com/images/file.png", image_path("file.png")
   end
 
+  def test_image_url_with_asset_host_proc_returning_nil
+    @controller.config.asset_host = Proc.new { nil }
+    @controller.request = Struct.new(:base_url, :script_name).new("http://www.example.com", nil)
+
+    assert_equal "/images/rails.png", image_path("rails.png")
+    assert_equal "http://www.example.com/images/rails.png", image_url("rails.png")
+  end
+
   def test_caching_image_path_with_caching_and_proc_asset_host_using_request
     @controller.config.asset_host = Proc.new do |source, request|
       if request.ssl?
@@ -547,11 +591,13 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       end
     end
 
-    @controller.request.stubs(:ssl?).returns(false)
-    assert_equal "http://assets15.example.com/images/xml.png", image_path("xml.png")
+    @controller.request.stub(:ssl?, false) do
+      assert_equal "http://assets15.example.com/images/xml.png", image_path("xml.png")
+    end
 
-    @controller.request.stubs(:ssl?).returns(true)
-    assert_equal "http://localhost/images/xml.png", image_path("xml.png")
+    @controller.request.stub(:ssl?, true) do
+      assert_equal "http://localhost/images/xml.png", image_path("xml.png")
+    end
   end
 end
 
@@ -588,6 +634,10 @@ class AssetTagHelperNonVhostTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal "gopher://www.example.com", compute_asset_host("foo", :protocol => :request)
   end
 
+  def test_should_return_custom_host_if_passed_in_options
+    assert_equal "http://custom.example.com", compute_asset_host("foo", :host => "http://custom.example.com")
+  end
+
   def test_should_ignore_relative_root_path_on_complete_url
     assert_dom_equal(%(http://www.example.com/images/xml.png), image_path("http://www.example.com/images/xml.png"))
   end
@@ -751,4 +801,15 @@ class AssetUrlHelperEmptyModuleTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert @module.config.asset_host
     assert_equal "http://www.example.com/foo", @module.asset_url("foo")
   end
+
+  def test_asset_url_with_custom_asset_host
+    @module.instance_eval do
+      def config
+        Struct.new(:asset_host).new("http://www.example.com")
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert @module.config.asset_host
+    assert_equal "http://custom.example.com/foo", @module.asset_url("foo", :host => "http://custom.example.com")
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/atom_feed_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/atom_feed_helper_test.rb
index 63b5ac0fab..591cd71404 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/atom_feed_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/atom_feed_helper_test.rb
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class ScrollsController < ActionController::Base
   FEEDS["defaults"] = <<-EOT
         atom_feed(:schema_date => '2008') do |feed|
           feed.title("My great blog!")
-          feed.updated((@scrolls.first.created_at))
+          feed.updated(@scrolls.first.created_at)
 
           @scrolls.each do |scroll|
             feed.entry(scroll) do |entry|
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class ScrollsController < ActionController::Base
     FEEDS["entry_options"] = <<-EOT
         atom_feed do |feed|
           feed.title("My great blog!")
-          feed.updated((@scrolls.first.created_at))
+          feed.updated(@scrolls.first.created_at)
 
           @scrolls.each do |scroll|
             feed.entry(scroll, :url => "/otherstuff/" + scroll.to_param.to_s, :updated => Time.utc(2007, 1, scroll.id)) do |entry|
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class ScrollsController < ActionController::Base
     FEEDS["entry_type_options"] = <<-EOT
         atom_feed(:schema_date => '2008') do |feed|
           feed.title("My great blog!")
-          feed.updated((@scrolls.first.created_at))
+          feed.updated(@scrolls.first.created_at)
 
           @scrolls.each do |scroll|
             feed.entry(scroll, :type => 'text/xml') do |entry|
@@ -62,10 +62,27 @@ class ScrollsController < ActionController::Base
           end
         end
     EOT
+    FEEDS["entry_url_false_option"] = <<-EOT
+        atom_feed do |feed|
+          feed.title("My great blog!")
+          feed.updated(@scrolls.first.created_at)
+
+          @scrolls.each do |scroll|
+            feed.entry(scroll, :url => false) do |entry|
+              entry.title(scroll.title)
+              entry.content(scroll.body, :type => 'html')
+
+              entry.author do |author|
+                author.name("DHH")
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+    EOT
     FEEDS["xml_block"] = <<-EOT
         atom_feed do |feed|
           feed.title("My great blog!")
-          feed.updated((@scrolls.first.created_at))
+          feed.updated(@scrolls.first.created_at)
 
           feed.author do |author|
             author.name("DHH")
@@ -83,7 +100,7 @@ class ScrollsController < ActionController::Base
         atom_feed({'xmlns:app' => 'http://www.w3.org/2007/app',
                  'xmlns:openSearch' => 'http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearch/1.1/'}) do |feed|
           feed.title("My great blog!")
-          feed.updated((@scrolls.first.created_at))
+          feed.updated(@scrolls.first.created_at)
 
           @scrolls.each do |scroll|
             feed.entry(scroll) do |entry|
@@ -101,7 +118,7 @@ class ScrollsController < ActionController::Base
     FEEDS["feed_with_overridden_ids"] = <<-EOT
         atom_feed({:id => 'tag:test.rubyonrails.org,2008:test/'}) do |feed|
           feed.title("My great blog!")
-          feed.updated((@scrolls.first.created_at))
+          feed.updated(@scrolls.first.created_at)
 
           @scrolls.each do |scroll|
             feed.entry(scroll, :id => "tag:test.rubyonrails.org,2008:"+scroll.id.to_s) do |entry|
@@ -120,7 +137,7 @@ class ScrollsController < ActionController::Base
         atom_feed(:schema_date => '2008',
           :instruct => {'xml-stylesheet' => { :href=> 't.css', :type => 'text/css' }}) do |feed|
           feed.title("My great blog!")
-          feed.updated((@scrolls.first.created_at))
+          feed.updated(@scrolls.first.created_at)
 
           @scrolls.each do |scroll|
             feed.entry(scroll) do |entry|
@@ -138,7 +155,7 @@ class ScrollsController < ActionController::Base
         atom_feed(:schema_date => '2008',
           :instruct => {'target1' => [{ :a => '1', :b => '2' }, { :c => '3', :d => '4' }]}) do |feed|
           feed.title("My great blog!")
-          feed.updated((@scrolls.first.created_at))
+          feed.updated(@scrolls.first.created_at)
 
           @scrolls.each do |scroll|
             feed.entry(scroll) do |entry|
@@ -155,7 +172,7 @@ class ScrollsController < ActionController::Base
     FEEDS["feed_with_xhtml_content"] = <<-'EOT'
         atom_feed do |feed|
           feed.title("My great blog!")
-          feed.updated((@scrolls.first.created_at))
+          feed.updated(@scrolls.first.created_at)
 
           @scrolls.each do |scroll|
             feed.entry(scroll) do |entry|
@@ -180,7 +197,7 @@ class ScrollsController < ActionController::Base
           new_xml = Builder::XmlMarkup.new(:target=>'')
           atom_feed(:xml => new_xml) do |feed|
             feed.title("My great blog!")
-            feed.updated((@scrolls.first.created_at))
+            feed.updated(@scrolls.first.created_at)
 
             @scrolls.each do |scroll|
               feed.entry(scroll) do |entry|
@@ -214,28 +231,28 @@ class AtomFeedTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_feed_should_use_default_language_if_none_is_given
     with_restful_routing(:scrolls) do
-      get :index, :id => "defaults"
+      get :index, params: { id: "defaults" }
       assert_match(%r{xml:lang="en-US"}, @response.body)
     end
   end
 
   def test_feed_should_include_two_entries
     with_restful_routing(:scrolls) do
-      get :index, :id => "defaults"
+      get :index, params: { id: "defaults" }
       assert_select "entry", 2
     end
   end
 
   def test_entry_should_only_use_published_if_created_at_is_present
     with_restful_routing(:scrolls) do
-      get :index, :id => "defaults"
+      get :index, params: { id: "defaults" }
       assert_select "published", 1
     end
   end
 
   def test_providing_builder_to_atom_feed
     with_restful_routing(:scrolls) do
-      get :index, :id=>"provide_builder"
+      get :index, params: { id: "provide_builder" }
       # because we pass in the non-default builder, the content generated by the
       # helper should go 'nowhere'.  Leaving the response body blank.
       assert @response.body.blank?
@@ -244,7 +261,7 @@ class AtomFeedTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_entry_with_prefilled_options_should_use_those_instead_of_querying_the_record
     with_restful_routing(:scrolls) do
-      get :index, :id => "entry_options"
+      get :index, params: { id: "entry_options" }
 
       assert_select "updated", Time.utc(2007, 1, 1).xmlschema
       assert_select "updated", Time.utc(2007, 1, 2).xmlschema
@@ -253,21 +270,21 @@ class AtomFeedTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_self_url_should_default_to_current_request_url
     with_restful_routing(:scrolls) do
-      get :index, :id => "defaults"
-      assert_select "link[rel=self][href=http://www.nextangle.com/scrolls?id=defaults]"
+      get :index, params: { id: "defaults" }
+      assert_select "link[rel=self][href=\"http://www.nextangle.com/scrolls?id=defaults\"]"
     end
   end
 
   def test_feed_id_should_be_a_valid_tag
     with_restful_routing(:scrolls) do
-      get :index, :id => "defaults"
+      get :index, params: { id: "defaults" }
       assert_select "id", :text => "tag:www.nextangle.com,2008:/scrolls?id=defaults"
     end
   end
 
   def test_entry_id_should_be_a_valid_tag
     with_restful_routing(:scrolls) do
-      get :index, :id => "defaults"
+      get :index, params: { id: "defaults" }
       assert_select "entry id", :text => "tag:www.nextangle.com,2008:Scroll/1"
       assert_select "entry id", :text => "tag:www.nextangle.com,2008:Scroll/2"
     end
@@ -275,14 +292,14 @@ class AtomFeedTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_feed_should_allow_nested_xml_blocks
     with_restful_routing(:scrolls) do
-      get :index, :id => "xml_block"
+      get :index, params: { id: "xml_block" }
       assert_select "author name", :text => "DHH"
     end
   end
 
   def test_feed_should_include_atomPub_namespace
     with_restful_routing(:scrolls) do
-      get :index, :id => "feed_with_atomPub_namespace"
+      get :index, params: { id: "feed_with_atomPub_namespace" }
       assert_match %r{xml:lang="en-US"}, @response.body
       assert_match %r{xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"}, @response.body
       assert_match %r{xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app"}, @response.body
@@ -291,7 +308,7 @@ class AtomFeedTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_feed_should_allow_overriding_ids
     with_restful_routing(:scrolls) do
-      get :index, :id => "feed_with_overridden_ids"
+      get :index, params: { id: "feed_with_overridden_ids" }
       assert_select "id", :text => "tag:test.rubyonrails.org,2008:test/"
       assert_select "entry id", :text => "tag:test.rubyonrails.org,2008:1"
       assert_select "entry id", :text => "tag:test.rubyonrails.org,2008:2"
@@ -300,7 +317,7 @@ class AtomFeedTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_feed_xml_processing_instructions
     with_restful_routing(:scrolls) do
-      get :index, :id => 'feed_with_xml_processing_instructions'
+      get :index, params: { id: 'feed_with_xml_processing_instructions' }
       assert_match %r{<\?xml-stylesheet [^\?]*type="text/css"}, @response.body
       assert_match %r{<\?xml-stylesheet [^\?]*href="t.css"}, @response.body
     end
@@ -308,7 +325,7 @@ class AtomFeedTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_feed_xml_processing_instructions_duplicate_targets
     with_restful_routing(:scrolls) do
-      get :index, :id => 'feed_with_xml_processing_instructions_duplicate_targets'
+      get :index, params: { id: 'feed_with_xml_processing_instructions_duplicate_targets' }
       assert_match %r{<\?target1 (a="1" b="2"|b="2" a="1")\?>}, @response.body
       assert_match %r{<\?target1 (c="3" d="4"|d="4" c="3")\?>}, @response.body
     end
@@ -316,24 +333,31 @@ class AtomFeedTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_feed_xhtml
     with_restful_routing(:scrolls) do
-      get :index, :id => "feed_with_xhtml_content"
+      get :index, params: { id:  "feed_with_xhtml_content" }
       assert_match %r{xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"}, @response.body
-      assert_select "summary div p", :text => "Something Boring"
-      assert_select "summary div p", :text => "after 2"
+      assert_select "summary", :text => /Something Boring/
+      assert_select "summary", :text => /after 2/
     end
   end
 
   def test_feed_entry_type_option_default_to_text_html
     with_restful_routing(:scrolls) do
-      get :index, :id => 'defaults'
-      assert_select "entry link[rel=alternate][type=text/html]"
+      get :index, params: { id: 'defaults' }
+      assert_select "entry link[rel=alternate][type=\"text/html\"]"
     end
   end
 
   def test_feed_entry_type_option_specified
     with_restful_routing(:scrolls) do
-      get :index, :id => 'entry_type_options'
-      assert_select "entry link[rel=alternate][type=text/xml]"
+      get :index, params: { id: 'entry_type_options' }
+      assert_select "entry link[rel=alternate][type=\"text/xml\"]"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_feed_entry_url_false_option_adds_no_link
+    with_restful_routing(:scrolls) do
+      get :index, params: { id: 'entry_url_false_option' }
+      assert_select "entry link", false
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/capture_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/capture_helper_test.rb
index 938f1c3e54..1e099d482c 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/capture_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/capture_helper_test.rb
@@ -207,36 +207,7 @@ class CaptureHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal "", @av.with_output_buffer {}
   end
 
-  def test_flush_output_buffer_concats_output_buffer_to_response
-    view = view_with_controller
-    assert_equal [], view.response.body_parts
-
-    view.output_buffer << 'OMG'
-    view.flush_output_buffer
-    assert_equal ['OMG'], view.response.body_parts
-    assert_equal '', view.output_buffer
-
-    view.output_buffer << 'foobar'
-    view.flush_output_buffer
-    assert_equal ['OMG', 'foobar'], view.response.body_parts
-    assert_equal '', view.output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_flush_output_buffer_preserves_the_encoding_of_the_output_buffer
-    view = view_with_controller
-    alt_encoding = alt_encoding(view.output_buffer)
-    view.output_buffer.force_encoding(alt_encoding)
-    flush_output_buffer
-    assert_equal alt_encoding, view.output_buffer.encoding
-  end
-
   def alt_encoding(output_buffer)
     output_buffer.encoding == Encoding::US_ASCII ? Encoding::UTF_8 : Encoding::US_ASCII
   end
-
-  def view_with_controller
-    TestController.new.view_context.tap do |view|
-      view.output_buffer = ActionView::OutputBuffer.new
-    end
-  end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/compiled_templates_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/compiled_templates_test.rb
index 2336321f3e..f6c1283b92 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/compiled_templates_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/compiled_templates_test.rb
@@ -1,15 +1,12 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 
 class CompiledTemplatesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def setup
-    # Clean up any details key cached to expose failures
-    # that otherwise would appear just on isolated tests
+  teardown do
     ActionView::LookupContext::DetailsKey.clear
+  end
 
-    @compiled_templates = ActionView::CompiledTemplates
-    @compiled_templates.instance_methods.each do |m|
-      @compiled_templates.send(:remove_method, m) if m =~ /^_render_template_/
-    end
+  def test_template_with_nil_erb_return
+    assert_equal "This is nil: \n", render(:template => "test/nil_return")
   end
 
   def test_template_gets_recompiled_when_using_different_keys_in_local_assigns
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/controller_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/controller_helper_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b5e94ea4f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/template/controller_helper_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class ControllerHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
+  tests ActionView::Helpers::ControllerHelper
+
+  class SpecializedFormBuilder < ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder ; end
+
+  def test_assign_controller_sets_default_form_builder
+    @controller = OpenStruct.new(default_form_builder: SpecializedFormBuilder)
+    assign_controller(@controller)
+
+    assert_equal SpecializedFormBuilder, self.default_form_builder
+  end
+
+  def test_assign_controller_skips_default_form_builder
+    @controller = OpenStruct.new
+    assign_controller(@controller)
+
+    assert_nil self.default_form_builder
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/date_helper_i18n_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/date_helper_i18n_test.rb
index 21fca35185..52aef56a61 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/date_helper_i18n_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/date_helper_i18n_test.rb
@@ -46,8 +46,9 @@ class DateHelperDistanceOfTimeInWordsI18nTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_time_ago_in_words_passes_locale
-    I18n.expects(:t).with(:less_than_x_minutes, :scope => :'datetime.distance_in_words', :count => 1, :locale => 'ru')
-    time_ago_in_words(15.seconds.ago, :locale => 'ru')
+    assert_called_with(I18n, :t, [:less_than_x_minutes, :scope => :'datetime.distance_in_words', :count => 1, :locale => 'ru']) do
+      time_ago_in_words(15.seconds.ago, :locale => 'ru')
+    end
   end
 
   def test_distance_of_time_pluralizations
@@ -80,8 +81,9 @@ class DateHelperDistanceOfTimeInWordsI18nTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     options = { locale: 'en', scope: :'datetime.distance_in_words' }.merge!(expected_options)
     options[:count] = count if count
 
-    I18n.expects(:t).with(key, options)
-    distance_of_time_in_words(@from, to, passed_options.merge(locale: 'en'))
+    assert_called_with(I18n, :t, [key, options]) do
+      distance_of_time_in_words(@from, to, passed_options.merge(locale: 'en'))
+    end
   end
 end
 
@@ -89,60 +91,74 @@ class DateHelperSelectTagsI18nTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   include ActionView::Helpers::DateHelper
   attr_reader :request
 
-  def setup
-    @prompt_defaults = {:year => 'Year', :month => 'Month', :day => 'Day', :hour => 'Hour', :minute => 'Minute', :second => 'Seconds'}
-
-    I18n.stubs(:translate).with(:'date.month_names', :locale => 'en').returns Date::MONTHNAMES
-  end
-
   # select_month
 
   def test_select_month_given_use_month_names_option_does_not_translate_monthnames
-    I18n.expects(:translate).never
-    select_month(8, :locale => 'en', :use_month_names => Date::MONTHNAMES)
+    assert_not_called(I18n, :translate) do
+      select_month(8, :locale => 'en', :use_month_names => Date::MONTHNAMES)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_select_month_translates_monthnames
-    I18n.expects(:translate).with(:'date.month_names', :locale => 'en').returns Date::MONTHNAMES
-    select_month(8, :locale => 'en')
+    assert_called_with(I18n, :translate, [:'date.month_names', :locale => 'en'], returns: Date::MONTHNAMES) do
+      select_month(8, :locale => 'en')
+    end
   end
 
   def test_select_month_given_use_short_month_option_translates_abbr_monthnames
-    I18n.expects(:translate).with(:'date.abbr_month_names', :locale => 'en').returns Date::ABBR_MONTHNAMES
-    select_month(8, :locale => 'en', :use_short_month => true)
+    assert_called_with(I18n, :translate, [:'date.abbr_month_names', :locale => 'en'], returns: Date::ABBR_MONTHNAMES) do
+      select_month(8, :locale => 'en', :use_short_month => true)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_date_or_time_select_translates_prompts
-    @prompt_defaults.each do |key, prompt|
-      I18n.expects(:translate).with(('datetime.prompts.' + key.to_s).to_sym, :locale => 'en').returns prompt
+    prompt_defaults = {:year => 'Year', :month => 'Month', :day => 'Day', :hour => 'Hour', :minute => 'Minute', :second => 'Seconds'}
+    defaults = {[:'date.order', :locale => 'en', :default => []] => %w(year month day)}
+
+    prompt_defaults.each do |key, prompt|
+      defaults[[('datetime.prompts.' + key.to_s).to_sym, :locale => 'en']] = prompt
+    end
+
+    prompts_check = -> (prompt, x) do
+      @prompt_called ||= 0
+
+      return_value = defaults[[prompt, x]]
+      @prompt_called += 1 if return_value.present?
+
+      return_value
     end
 
-    I18n.expects(:translate).with(:'date.order', :locale => 'en', :default => []).returns %w(year month day)
-    datetime_select('post', 'updated_at', :locale => 'en', :include_seconds => true, :prompt => true)
+    I18n.stub(:translate, prompts_check) do
+      datetime_select('post', 'updated_at', :locale => 'en', :include_seconds => true, :prompt => true, :use_month_names => Date::MONTHNAMES)
+    end
+    assert_equal defaults.count, @prompt_called
   end
 
   # date_or_time_select
 
   def test_date_or_time_select_given_an_order_options_does_not_translate_order
-    I18n.expects(:translate).never
-    datetime_select('post', 'updated_at', :order => [:year, :month, :day], :locale => 'en')
+    assert_not_called(I18n, :translate) do
+      datetime_select('post', 'updated_at', :order => [:year, :month, :day], :locale => 'en', :use_month_names => Date::MONTHNAMES)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_date_or_time_select_given_no_order_options_translates_order
-    I18n.expects(:translate).with(:'date.order', :locale => 'en', :default => []).returns %w(year month day)
-    datetime_select('post', 'updated_at', :locale => 'en')
+    assert_called_with(I18n, :translate, [ [:'date.order', :locale => 'en', :default => []], [:"date.month_names", {:locale=>"en"}] ], returns: %w(year month day)) do
+      datetime_select('post', 'updated_at', :locale => 'en')
+    end
   end
 
   def test_date_or_time_select_given_invalid_order
-    I18n.expects(:translate).with(:'date.order', :locale => 'en', :default => []).returns %w(invalid month day)
-
-    assert_raise StandardError do
-      datetime_select('post', 'updated_at', :locale => 'en')
+    assert_called_with(I18n, :translate, [:'date.order', :locale => 'en', :default => []], returns: %w(invalid month day)) do
+      assert_raise StandardError do
+        datetime_select('post', 'updated_at', :locale => 'en')
+      end
     end
   end
 
   def test_date_or_time_select_given_symbol_keys
-    I18n.expects(:translate).with(:'date.order', :locale => 'en', :default => []).returns [:year, :month, :day]
-    datetime_select('post', 'updated_at', :locale => 'en')
+    assert_called_with(I18n, :translate, [ [:'date.order', :locale => 'en', :default => []], [:"date.month_names", {:locale=>"en"}] ], returns: [:year, :month, :day]) do
+      datetime_select('post', 'updated_at', :locale => 'en')
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/date_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/date_helper_test.rb
index 6f77c3c99d..c4234a71c3 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/date_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/date_helper_test.rb
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ class DateHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
   def test_distance_in_words_with_mathn_required
     # test we avoid Integer#/ (redefined by mathn)
-    require 'mathn'
+    silence_warnings { require "mathn" }
     from = Time.utc(2004, 6, 6, 21, 45, 0)
     assert_distance_of_time_in_words(from)
   end
@@ -1040,6 +1040,22 @@ class DateHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), {:start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prefix => "date[first]", :with_css_classes => true})
   end
 
+  def test_select_date_with_css_classes_option_and_html_class_option
+    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]" class="datetime optional year">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]" class="datetime optional month">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]" class="datetime optional day">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option value="16" selected="selected">16</option>\n<option value="17">17</option>\n<option value="18">18</option>\n<option value="19">19</option>\n<option value="20">20</option>\n<option value="21">21</option>\n<option value="22">22</option>\n<option value="23">23</option>\n<option value="24">24</option>\n<option value="25">25</option>\n<option value="26">26</option>\n<option value="27">27</option>\n<option value="28">28</option>\n<option value="29">29</option>\n<option value="30">30</option>\n<option value="31">31</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), {:start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prefix => "date[first]", :with_css_classes => true}, { class: 'datetime optional' })
+  end
+
   def test_select_datetime
     expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
     expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
@@ -1488,7 +1504,7 @@ class DateHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     expected << %(<option value="">Choose seconds</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option value="16">16</option>\n<option value="17">17</option>\n<option value="18" selected="selected">18</option>\n<option value="19">19</option>\n<option value="20">20</option>\n<option value="21">21</option>\n<option value="22">22</option>\n<option value="23">23</option>\n<option value="24">24</option>\n<option value="25">25</option>\n<option value="26">26</option>\n<option value="27">27</option>\n<option value="28">28</option>\n<option value="29">29</option>\n<option value="30">30</option>\n<option value="31">31</option>\n<option value="32">32</option>\n<option value="33">33</option>\n<option value="34">34</option>\n<option value="35">35</option>\n<option value="36">36</option>\n<option value="37">37</option>\n<option value="38">38</option>\n<option value="39">39</option>\n<option value="40">40</option>\n<option value="41">41</option>\n<option value="42">42</option>\n<option value="43">43</option>\n<option value="44">44</option>\n<option value="45">45</option>\n<option value="46">46</option>\n<option value="47">47</option>\n<option value="48">48</option>\n<option value="49">49</option>\n<option value="50">50</option>\n<option value="51">51</option>\n<option value="52">52</option>\n<option value="53">53</option>\n<option value="54">54</option>\n<option value="55">55</option>\n<option value="56">56</option>\n<option value="57">57</option>\n<option value="58">58</option>\n<option value="59">59</option>\n)
     expected << "</select>\n"
 
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_time(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :prompt => true, :include_seconds => true,
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_time(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :include_seconds => true,
       :prompt => {:hour => 'Choose hour', :minute => 'Choose minute', :second => 'Choose seconds'})
   end
 
@@ -1543,6 +1559,26 @@ class DateHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on", :selected => Date.new(2004, 07, 10))
   end
 
+  def test_date_select_with_selected_in_hash
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
+
+    expected = %{<select id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7" selected="selected">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10" selected="selected">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option value="16">16</option>\n<option value="17">17</option>\n<option value="18">18</option>\n<option value="19">19</option>\n<option value="20">20</option>\n<option value="21">21</option>\n<option value="22">22</option>\n<option value="23">23</option>\n<option value="24">24</option>\n<option value="25">25</option>\n<option value="26">26</option>\n<option value="27">27</option>\n<option value="28">28</option>\n<option value="29">29</option>\n<option value="30">30</option>\n<option value="31">31</option>\n}
+
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on", :selected => {day: 10, month: 07, year: 2004})
+  end
+
   def test_date_select_with_selected_nil
     @post = Post.new
     @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
@@ -1636,9 +1672,9 @@ class DateHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       concat f.date_select(:written_on)
     end
 
-    expected = "<select id='post_written_on_1i' name='post[written_on(1i)]'>\n<option value='1999'>1999</option>\n<option value='2000'>2000</option>\n<option value='2001'>2001</option>\n<option value='2002'>2002</option>\n<option value='2003'>2003</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='2004'>2004</option>\n<option value='2005'>2005</option>\n<option value='2006'>2006</option>\n<option value='2007'>2007</option>\n<option value='2008'>2008</option>\n<option value='2009'>2009</option>\n</select>\n"
-    expected << "<select id='post_written_on_2i' name='post[written_on(2i)]'>\n<option value='1'>January</option>\n<option value='2'>February</option>\n<option value='3'>March</option>\n<option value='4'>April</option>\n<option value='5'>May</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='6'>June</option>\n<option value='7'>July</option>\n<option value='8'>August</option>\n<option value='9'>September</option>\n<option value='10'>October</option>\n<option value='11'>November</option>\n<option value='12'>December</option>\n</select>\n"
-    expected << "<select id='post_written_on_3i' name='post[written_on(3i)]'>\n<option value='1'>1</option>\n<option value='2'>2</option>\n<option value='3'>3</option>\n<option value='4'>4</option>\n<option value='5'>5</option>\n<option value='6'>6</option>\n<option value='7'>7</option>\n<option value='8'>8</option>\n<option value='9'>9</option>\n<option value='10'>10</option>\n<option value='11'>11</option>\n<option value='12'>12</option>\n<option value='13'>13</option>\n<option value='14'>14</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='15'>15</option>\n<option value='16'>16</option>\n<option value='17'>17</option>\n<option value='18'>18</option>\n<option value='19'>19</option>\n<option value='20'>20</option>\n<option value='21'>21</option>\n<option value='22'>22</option>\n<option value='23'>23</option>\n<option value='24'>24</option>\n<option value='25'>25</option>\n<option value='26'>26</option>\n<option value='27'>27</option>\n<option value='28'>28</option>\n<option value='29'>29</option>\n<option value='30'>30</option>\n<option value='31'>31</option>\n</select>\n"
+    expected = %{<select id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]">\n<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n</select>\n}
+    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]">\n<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n</select>\n}
+    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]">\n<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="15">15</option>\n<option value="16">16</option>\n<option value="17">17</option>\n<option value="18">18</option>\n<option value="19">19</option>\n<option value="20">20</option>\n<option value="21">21</option>\n<option value="22">22</option>\n<option value="23">23</option>\n<option value="24">24</option>\n<option value="25">25</option>\n<option value="26">26</option>\n<option value="27">27</option>\n<option value="28">28</option>\n<option value="29">29</option>\n<option value="30">30</option>\n<option value="31">31</option>\n</select>\n}
 
     assert_dom_equal(expected, output_buffer)
   end
@@ -1652,9 +1688,9 @@ class DateHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       concat f.date_select(:written_on)
     end
 
-    expected = "<select id='post_#{id}_written_on_1i' name='post[#{id}][written_on(1i)]'>\n<option value='1999'>1999</option>\n<option value='2000'>2000</option>\n<option value='2001'>2001</option>\n<option value='2002'>2002</option>\n<option value='2003'>2003</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='2004'>2004</option>\n<option value='2005'>2005</option>\n<option value='2006'>2006</option>\n<option value='2007'>2007</option>\n<option value='2008'>2008</option>\n<option value='2009'>2009</option>\n</select>\n"
-    expected << "<select id='post_#{id}_written_on_2i' name='post[#{id}][written_on(2i)]'>\n<option value='1'>January</option>\n<option value='2'>February</option>\n<option value='3'>March</option>\n<option value='4'>April</option>\n<option value='5'>May</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='6'>June</option>\n<option value='7'>July</option>\n<option value='8'>August</option>\n<option value='9'>September</option>\n<option value='10'>October</option>\n<option value='11'>November</option>\n<option value='12'>December</option>\n</select>\n"
-    expected << "<select id='post_#{id}_written_on_3i' name='post[#{id}][written_on(3i)]'>\n<option value='1'>1</option>\n<option value='2'>2</option>\n<option value='3'>3</option>\n<option value='4'>4</option>\n<option value='5'>5</option>\n<option value='6'>6</option>\n<option value='7'>7</option>\n<option value='8'>8</option>\n<option value='9'>9</option>\n<option value='10'>10</option>\n<option value='11'>11</option>\n<option value='12'>12</option>\n<option value='13'>13</option>\n<option value='14'>14</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='15'>15</option>\n<option value='16'>16</option>\n<option value='17'>17</option>\n<option value='18'>18</option>\n<option value='19'>19</option>\n<option value='20'>20</option>\n<option value='21'>21</option>\n<option value='22'>22</option>\n<option value='23'>23</option>\n<option value='24'>24</option>\n<option value='25'>25</option>\n<option value='26'>26</option>\n<option value='27'>27</option>\n<option value='28'>28</option>\n<option value='29'>29</option>\n<option value='30'>30</option>\n<option value='31'>31</option>\n</select>\n"
+    expected = %{<select id="post_#{id}_written_on_1i" name="post[#{id}][written_on(1i)]">\n<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n</select>\n}
+    expected << %{<select id="post_#{id}_written_on_2i" name="post[#{id}][written_on(2i)]">\n<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n</select>\n}
+    expected << %{<select id="post_#{id}_written_on_3i" name="post[#{id}][written_on(3i)]">\n<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="15">15</option>\n<option value="16">16</option>\n<option value="17">17</option>\n<option value="18">18</option>\n<option value="19">19</option>\n<option value="20">20</option>\n<option value="21">21</option>\n<option value="22">22</option>\n<option value="23">23</option>\n<option value="24">24</option>\n<option value="25">25</option>\n<option value="26">26</option>\n<option value="27">27</option>\n<option value="28">28</option>\n<option value="29">29</option>\n<option value="30">30</option>\n<option value="31">31</option>\n</select>\n}
 
     assert_dom_equal(expected, output_buffer)
   end
@@ -1668,9 +1704,10 @@ class DateHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       concat f.date_select(:written_on)
     end
 
-    expected = "<select id='post_#{id}_written_on_1i' name='post[#{id}][written_on(1i)]'>\n<option value='1999'>1999</option>\n<option value='2000'>2000</option>\n<option value='2001'>2001</option>\n<option value='2002'>2002</option>\n<option value='2003'>2003</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='2004'>2004</option>\n<option value='2005'>2005</option>\n<option value='2006'>2006</option>\n<option value='2007'>2007</option>\n<option value='2008'>2008</option>\n<option value='2009'>2009</option>\n</select>\n"
-    expected << "<select id='post_#{id}_written_on_2i' name='post[#{id}][written_on(2i)]'>\n<option value='1'>January</option>\n<option value='2'>February</option>\n<option value='3'>March</option>\n<option value='4'>April</option>\n<option value='5'>May</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='6'>June</option>\n<option value='7'>July</option>\n<option value='8'>August</option>\n<option value='9'>September</option>\n<option value='10'>October</option>\n<option value='11'>November</option>\n<option value='12'>December</option>\n</select>\n"
-    expected << "<select id='post_#{id}_written_on_3i' name='post[#{id}][written_on(3i)]'>\n<option value='1'>1</option>\n<option value='2'>2</option>\n<option value='3'>3</option>\n<option value='4'>4</option>\n<option value='5'>5</option>\n<option value='6'>6</option>\n<option value='7'>7</option>\n<option value='8'>8</option>\n<option value='9'>9</option>\n<option value='10'>10</option>\n<option value='11'>11</option>\n<option value='12'>12</option>\n<option value='13'>13</option>\n<option value='14'>14</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='15'>15</option>\n<option value='16'>16</option>\n<option value='17'>17</option>\n<option value='18'>18</option>\n<option value='19'>19</option>\n<option value='20'>20</option>\n<option value='21'>21</option>\n<option value='22'>22</option>\n<option value='23'>23</option>\n<option value='24'>24</option>\n<option value='25'>25</option>\n<option value='26'>26</option>\n<option value='27'>27</option>\n<option value='28'>28</option>\n<option value='29'>29</option>\n<option value='30'>30</option>\n<option value='31'>31</option>\n</select>\n"
+
+    expected = %{<select id="post_#{id}_written_on_1i" name="post[#{id}][written_on(1i)]">\n<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n</select>\n}
+    expected << %{<select id="post_#{id}_written_on_2i" name="post[#{id}][written_on(2i)]">\n<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n</select>\n}
+    expected << %{<select id="post_#{id}_written_on_3i" name="post[#{id}][written_on(3i)]">\n<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="15">15</option>\n<option value="16">16</option>\n<option value="17">17</option>\n<option value="18">18</option>\n<option value="19">19</option>\n<option value="20">20</option>\n<option value="21">21</option>\n<option value="22">22</option>\n<option value="23">23</option>\n<option value="24">24</option>\n<option value="25">25</option>\n<option value="26">26</option>\n<option value="27">27</option>\n<option value="28">28</option>\n<option value="29">29</option>\n<option value="30">30</option>\n<option value="31">31</option>\n</select>\n}
 
     assert_dom_equal(expected, output_buffer)
   end
@@ -2313,7 +2350,7 @@ class DateHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     # The love zone is UTC+0
     mytz = Class.new(ActiveSupport::TimeZone) {
       attr_accessor :now
-    }.create('tenderlove', 0)
+    }.create('tenderlove', 0, ActiveSupport::TimeZone.find_tzinfo('UTC'))
 
     now       = Time.mktime(2004, 6, 15, 16, 35, 0)
     mytz.now  = now
@@ -2358,11 +2395,11 @@ class DateHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       concat f.datetime_select(:updated_at, {}, :class => 'selector')
     end
 
-    expected = "<select id='post_updated_at_1i' name='post[updated_at(1i)]' class='selector'>\n<option value='1999'>1999</option>\n<option value='2000'>2000</option>\n<option value='2001'>2001</option>\n<option value='2002'>2002</option>\n<option value='2003'>2003</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='2004'>2004</option>\n<option value='2005'>2005</option>\n<option value='2006'>2006</option>\n<option value='2007'>2007</option>\n<option value='2008'>2008</option>\n<option value='2009'>2009</option>\n</select>\n"
-    expected << "<select id='post_updated_at_2i' name='post[updated_at(2i)]' class='selector'>\n<option value='1'>January</option>\n<option value='2'>February</option>\n<option value='3'>March</option>\n<option value='4'>April</option>\n<option value='5'>May</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='6'>June</option>\n<option value='7'>July</option>\n<option value='8'>August</option>\n<option value='9'>September</option>\n<option value='10'>October</option>\n<option value='11'>November</option>\n<option value='12'>December</option>\n</select>\n"
-    expected << "<select id='post_updated_at_3i' name='post[updated_at(3i)]' class='selector'>\n<option value='1'>1</option>\n<option value='2'>2</option>\n<option value='3'>3</option>\n<option value='4'>4</option>\n<option value='5'>5</option>\n<option value='6'>6</option>\n<option value='7'>7</option>\n<option value='8'>8</option>\n<option value='9'>9</option>\n<option value='10'>10</option>\n<option value='11'>11</option>\n<option value='12'>12</option>\n<option value='13'>13</option>\n<option value='14'>14</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='15'>15</option>\n<option value='16'>16</option>\n<option value='17'>17</option>\n<option value='18'>18</option>\n<option value='19'>19</option>\n<option value='20'>20</option>\n<option value='21'>21</option>\n<option value='22'>22</option>\n<option value='23'>23</option>\n<option value='24'>24</option>\n<option value='25'>25</option>\n<option value='26'>26</option>\n<option value='27'>27</option>\n<option value='28'>28</option>\n<option value='29'>29</option>\n<option value='30'>30</option>\n<option value='31'>31</option>\n</select>\n"
-    expected << " &mdash; <select id='post_updated_at_4i' name='post[updated_at(4i)]' class='selector'>\n<option value='00'>00</option>\n<option value='01'>01</option>\n<option value='02'>02</option>\n<option value='03'>03</option>\n<option value='04'>04</option>\n<option value='05'>05</option>\n<option value='06'>06</option>\n<option value='07'>07</option>\n<option value='08'>08</option>\n<option value='09'>09</option>\n<option value='10'>10</option>\n<option value='11'>11</option>\n<option value='12'>12</option>\n<option value='13'>13</option>\n<option value='14'>14</option>\n<option value='15'>15</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='16'>16</option>\n<option value='17'>17</option>\n<option value='18'>18</option>\n<option value='19'>19</option>\n<option value='20'>20</option>\n<option value='21'>21</option>\n<option value='22'>22</option>\n<option value='23'>23</option>\n</select>\n"
-    expected << " : <select id='post_updated_at_5i' name='post[updated_at(5i)]' class='selector'>\n<option value='00'>00</option>\n<option value='01'>01</option>\n<option value='02'>02</option>\n<option value='03'>03</option>\n<option value='04'>04</option>\n<option value='05'>05</option>\n<option value='06'>06</option>\n<option value='07'>07</option>\n<option value='08'>08</option>\n<option value='09'>09</option>\n<option value='10'>10</option>\n<option value='11'>11</option>\n<option value='12'>12</option>\n<option value='13'>13</option>\n<option value='14'>14</option>\n<option value='15'>15</option>\n<option value='16'>16</option>\n<option value='17'>17</option>\n<option value='18'>18</option>\n<option value='19'>19</option>\n<option value='20'>20</option>\n<option value='21'>21</option>\n<option value='22'>22</option>\n<option value='23'>23</option>\n<option value='24'>24</option>\n<option value='25'>25</option>\n<option value='26'>26</option>\n<option value='27'>27</option>\n<option value='28'>28</option>\n<option value='29'>29</option>\n<option value='30'>30</option>\n<option value='31'>31</option>\n<option value='32'>32</option>\n<option value='33'>33</option>\n<option value='34'>34</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='35'>35</option>\n<option value='36'>36</option>\n<option value='37'>37</option>\n<option value='38'>38</option>\n<option value='39'>39</option>\n<option value='40'>40</option>\n<option value='41'>41</option>\n<option value='42'>42</option>\n<option value='43'>43</option>\n<option value='44'>44</option>\n<option value='45'>45</option>\n<option value='46'>46</option>\n<option value='47'>47</option>\n<option value='48'>48</option>\n<option value='49'>49</option>\n<option value='50'>50</option>\n<option value='51'>51</option>\n<option value='52'>52</option>\n<option value='53'>53</option>\n<option value='54'>54</option>\n<option value='55'>55</option>\n<option value='56'>56</option>\n<option value='57'>57</option>\n<option value='58'>58</option>\n<option value='59'>59</option>\n</select>\n"
+    expected = %{<select id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]" class="selector">\n<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n</select>\n}
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]" class="selector">\n<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n</select>\n}
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]" class="selector">\n<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="15">15</option>\n<option value="16">16</option>\n<option value="17">17</option>\n<option value="18">18</option>\n<option value="19">19</option>\n<option value="20">20</option>\n<option value="21">21</option>\n<option value="22">22</option>\n<option value="23">23</option>\n<option value="24">24</option>\n<option value="25">25</option>\n<option value="26">26</option>\n<option value="27">27</option>\n<option value="28">28</option>\n<option value="29">29</option>\n<option value="30">30</option>\n<option value="31">31</option>\n</select>\n}
+    expected << %{ &mdash; <select id="post_updated_at_4i" name="post[updated_at(4i)]" class="selector">\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="16">16</option>\n<option value="17">17</option>\n<option value="18">18</option>\n<option value="19">19</option>\n<option value="20">20</option>\n<option value="21">21</option>\n<option value="22">22</option>\n<option value="23">23</option>\n</select>\n}
+    expected << %{ : <select id="post_updated_at_5i" name="post[updated_at(5i)]" class="selector">\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option value="16">16</option>\n<option value="17">17</option>\n<option value="18">18</option>\n<option value="19">19</option>\n<option value="20">20</option>\n<option value="21">21</option>\n<option value="22">22</option>\n<option value="23">23</option>\n<option value="24">24</option>\n<option value="25">25</option>\n<option value="26">26</option>\n<option value="27">27</option>\n<option value="28">28</option>\n<option value="29">29</option>\n<option value="30">30</option>\n<option value="31">31</option>\n<option value="32">32</option>\n<option value="33">33</option>\n<option value="34">34</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="35">35</option>\n<option value="36">36</option>\n<option value="37">37</option>\n<option value="38">38</option>\n<option value="39">39</option>\n<option value="40">40</option>\n<option value="41">41</option>\n<option value="42">42</option>\n<option value="43">43</option>\n<option value="44">44</option>\n<option value="45">45</option>\n<option value="46">46</option>\n<option value="47">47</option>\n<option value="48">48</option>\n<option value="49">49</option>\n<option value="50">50</option>\n<option value="51">51</option>\n<option value="52">52</option>\n<option value="53">53</option>\n<option value="54">54</option>\n<option value="55">55</option>\n<option value="56">56</option>\n<option value="57">57</option>\n<option value="58">58</option>\n<option value="59">59</option>\n</select>\n}
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
   end
@@ -3200,12 +3237,4 @@ class DateHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     expected = '<time datetime="2013-02-20T00:00:00+00:00">20 Feb 00:00</time>'
     assert_equal expected, time_tag(time, :format => :short)
   end
-
-  protected
-    def with_env_tz(new_tz = 'US/Eastern')
-      old_tz, ENV['TZ'] = ENV['TZ'], new_tz
-      yield
-    ensure
-      old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
-    end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/debug_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/debug_helper_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 42d06bd9ff..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/template/debug_helper_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-require 'active_record_unit'
-
-class DebugHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
-  def test_debug
-    company = Company.new(name: "firebase")
-    assert_match "&nbsp; name: firebase", debug(company)
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/dependency_tracker_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/dependency_tracker_test.rb
index df3a0602d1..3ece9e50cd 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/dependency_tracker_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/dependency_tracker_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
-
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'action_view/dependency_tracker'
 
@@ -31,6 +29,7 @@ class DependencyTrackerTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def teardown
+    ActionView::Template.unregister_template_handler :neckbeard
     tracker.remove_tracker(:neckbeard)
   end
 
@@ -59,6 +58,20 @@ class ERBTrackerTest < Minitest::Test
     assert_equal ["messages/message123"], tracker.dependencies
   end
 
+  def test_dependency_of_template_partial_with_layout
+    template = FakeTemplate.new("<%# render partial: 'messages/show', layout: 'messages/layout' %>", :erb)
+    tracker = make_tracker("multiple/_dependencies", template)
+
+    assert_equal ["messages/layout", "messages/show"], tracker.dependencies
+  end
+
+  def test_dependency_of_template_layout_standalone
+    template = FakeTemplate.new("<%# render layout: 'messages/layout' do %>", :erb)
+    tracker = make_tracker("messages/layout", template)
+
+    assert_equal ["messages/layout"], tracker.dependencies
+  end
+
   def test_finds_dependency_in_correct_directory
     template = FakeTemplate.new("<%# render(message.topic) %>", :erb)
     tracker = make_tracker("messages/_message", template)
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/digestor_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/digestor_test.rb
index 779a7fb53c..dde757b5a2 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/digestor_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/digestor_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'fileutils'
+require 'action_view/dependency_tracker'
 
 class FixtureTemplate
   attr_reader :source, :handler
@@ -15,18 +16,31 @@ end
 class FixtureFinder
   FIXTURES_DIR = "#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/../fixtures/digestor"
 
-  attr_reader :details
+  attr_reader   :details, :view_paths
+  attr_accessor :formats
+  attr_accessor :variants
 
   def initialize
-    @details = {}
+    @details  = {}
+    @view_paths = ActionView::PathSet.new(['digestor'])
+    @formats  = []
+    @variants = []
   end
 
   def details_key
     details.hash
   end
 
-  def find(logical_name, keys, partial, options)
-    FixtureTemplate.new("digestor/#{partial ? logical_name.gsub(%r|/([^/]+)$|, '/_\1') : logical_name}.#{options[:formats].first}.erb")
+  def find(name, prefixes = [], partial = false, keys = [], options = {})
+    partial_name = partial ? name.gsub(%r|/([^/]+)$|, '/_\1') : name
+    format = @formats.first.to_s
+    format += "+#{@variants.first}" if @variants.any?
+
+    FixtureTemplate.new("digestor/#{partial_name}.#{format}.erb")
+  end
+
+  def disable_cache(&block)
+    yield
   end
 end
 
@@ -63,6 +77,34 @@ class TemplateDigestorTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_explicit_dependency_wildcard
+    assert_digest_difference("events/index") do
+      change_template("events/_completed")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_explicit_dependency_wildcard_picks_up_added_file
+    old_caching, ActionView::Resolver.caching = ActionView::Resolver.caching, false
+
+    assert_digest_difference("events/index") do
+      add_template("events/_uncompleted")
+    end
+  ensure
+    remove_template("events/_uncompleted")
+    ActionView::Resolver.caching = old_caching
+  end
+
+  def test_explicit_dependency_wildcard_picks_up_removed_file
+    old_caching, ActionView::Resolver.caching = ActionView::Resolver.caching, false
+    add_template("events/_subscribers_changed")
+
+    assert_digest_difference("events/index") do
+      remove_template("events/_subscribers_changed")
+    end
+  ensure
+    ActionView::Resolver.caching = old_caching
+  end
+
   def test_second_level_dependency
     assert_digest_difference("messages/show") do
       change_template("comments/_comments")
@@ -88,17 +130,29 @@ class TemplateDigestorTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_logging_of_missing_template
-    assert_logged "Couldn't find template for digesting: messages/something_missing.html" do
+    assert_logged "Couldn't find template for digesting: messages/something_missing" do
       digest("messages/show")
     end
   end
 
   def test_logging_of_missing_template_ending_with_number
-    assert_logged "Couldn't find template for digesting: messages/something_missing_1.html" do
+    assert_logged "Couldn't find template for digesting: messages/something_missing_1" do
       digest("messages/show")
     end
   end
 
+  def test_logging_of_missing_template_for_dependencies
+    assert_logged "'messages/something_missing' file doesn't exist, so no dependencies" do
+      dependencies("messages/something_missing")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_logging_of_missing_template_for_nested_dependencies
+    assert_logged "'messages/something_missing' file doesn't exist, so no dependencies" do
+      nested_dependencies("messages/something_missing")
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_nested_template_directory
     assert_digest_difference("messages/show") do
       change_template("messages/actions/_move")
@@ -194,6 +248,13 @@ class TemplateDigestorTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_variants
+    assert_digest_difference("messages/new", variants: [:iphone]) do
+      change_template("messages/new",     :iphone)
+      change_template("messages/_header", :iphone)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_dependencies_via_options_results_in_different_digest
     digest_plain        = digest("comments/_comment")
     digest_fridge       = digest("comments/_comment", dependencies: ["fridge"])
@@ -208,15 +269,6 @@ class TemplateDigestorTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_not_equal digest_phone, digest_fridge_phone
   end
 
-  def test_cache_template_loading
-    resolver_before = ActionView::Resolver.caching
-    ActionView::Resolver.caching = false
-    assert_digest_difference("messages/edit", true) do
-      change_template("comments/_comment")
-    end
-    ActionView::Resolver.caching = resolver_before
-  end
-
   def test_digest_cache_cleanup_with_recursion
     first_digest = digest("level/_recursion")
     second_digest = digest("level/_recursion")
@@ -242,6 +294,7 @@ class TemplateDigestorTest < ActionView::TestCase
     ActionView::Resolver.caching = resolver_before
   end
 
+
   private
     def assert_logged(message)
       old_logger = ActionView::Base.logger
@@ -258,27 +311,47 @@ class TemplateDigestorTest < ActionView::TestCase
       end
     end
 
-    def assert_digest_difference(template_name, persistent = false)
-      previous_digest = digest(template_name)
-      ActionView::Digestor.cache.clear unless persistent
+    def assert_digest_difference(template_name, options = {})
+      previous_digest = digest(template_name, options)
+      ActionView::Digestor.cache.clear
 
       yield
 
-      assert previous_digest != digest(template_name), "digest didn't change"
+      assert previous_digest != digest(template_name, options), "digest didn't change"
       ActionView::Digestor.cache.clear
     end
 
-    def digest(template_name, options={})
-      ActionView::Digestor.digest(template_name, :html, finder, options)
+    def digest(template_name, options = {})
+      options = options.dup
+
+      finder.formats  = [:html]
+      finder.variants = options.delete(:variants) || []
+
+      ActionView::Digestor.digest({ name: template_name, finder: finder }.merge(options))
+    end
+
+    def dependencies(template_name)
+      ActionView::Digestor.new({ name: template_name, finder: finder }).dependencies
+    end
+
+    def nested_dependencies(template_name)
+      ActionView::Digestor.new({ name: template_name, finder: finder }).nested_dependencies
     end
 
     def finder
       @finder ||= FixtureFinder.new
     end
 
-    def change_template(template_name)
-      File.open("digestor/#{template_name}.html.erb", "w") do |f|
+    def change_template(template_name, variant = nil)
+      variant = "+#{variant}" if variant.present?
+
+      File.open("digestor/#{template_name}.html#{variant}.erb", "w") do |f|
         f.write "\nTHIS WAS CHANGED!"
       end
     end
+    alias_method :add_template, :change_template
+
+    def remove_template(template_name)
+      File.delete("digestor/#{template_name}.html.erb")
+    end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/erb_util_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/erb_util_test.rb
index 9bacbba908..3e72be31de 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/erb_util_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/erb_util_test.rb
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ class ErbUtilTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_rest_in_ascii
-    (0..127).to_a.map {|int| int.chr }.each do |chr|
+    (0..127).to_a.map(&:chr).each do |chr|
       next if %('"&<>).include?(chr)
       assert_equal chr, html_escape(chr)
     end
@@ -92,6 +92,7 @@ class ErbUtilTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_html_escape_once
     assert_equal '1 &lt;&gt;&amp;&quot;&#39; 2 &amp; 3', html_escape_once('1 <>&"\' 2 &amp; 3')
+    assert_equal " &#X27; &#x27; &#x03BB; &#X03bb; &quot; &#39; &lt; &gt; ", html_escape_once(" &#X27; &#x27; &#x03BB; &#X03bb; \" ' < > ")
   end
 
   def test_html_escape_once_returns_unsafe_strings_when_passed_unsafe_strings
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/form_collections_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/form_collections_helper_test.rb
index 18632465db..b59be8e36c 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/form_collections_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/form_collections_helper_test.rb
@@ -68,6 +68,23 @@ class FormCollectionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_no_select 'input[type=radio][value=false][disabled=disabled]'
   end
 
+  test 'collection radio accepts multiple readonly items' do
+    collection = [[1, true], [0, false], [2, 'other']]
+    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, collection, :last, :first, :readonly => [true, false]
+
+    assert_select 'input[type=radio][value=true][readonly=readonly]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=radio][value=false][readonly=readonly]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=radio][value=other][readonly=readonly]'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection radio accepts single readonly item' do
+    collection = [[1, true], [0, false]]
+    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, collection, :last, :first, :readonly => true
+
+    assert_select 'input[type=radio][value=true][readonly=readonly]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=radio][value=false][readonly=readonly]'
+  end
+
   test 'collection radio accepts html options as input' do
     collection = [[1, true], [0, false]]
     with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, collection, :last, :first, {}, :class => 'special-radio'
@@ -168,8 +185,8 @@ class FormCollectionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       p.collection_radio_buttons :category_id, collection, :id, :name
     end
 
-    assert_select 'input#post_category_id_1[type=radio][value=1]'
-    assert_select 'input#post_category_id_2[type=radio][value=2]'
+    assert_select 'input#post_category_id_1[type=radio][value="1"]'
+    assert_select 'input#post_category_id_2[type=radio][value="2"]'
 
     assert_select 'label[for=post_category_id_1]', 'Category 1'
     assert_select 'label[for=post_category_id_2]', 'Category 2'
@@ -181,27 +198,83 @@ class FormCollectionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_select 'input[type=radio][value=false][checked=checked]'
   end
 
+  test 'collection radio buttons generates only one hidden field for the entire collection, to ensure something will be sent back to the server when posting an empty collection' do
+    collection = [Category.new(1, 'Category 1'), Category.new(2, 'Category 2')]
+    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :category_ids, collection, :id, :name
+
+    assert_select "input[type=hidden][name='user[category_ids][]'][value='']", count: 1
+  end
+
+  test 'collection radio buttons generates a hidden field using the given :name in :html_options' do
+    collection = [Category.new(1, 'Category 1'), Category.new(2, 'Category 2')]
+    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :category_ids, collection, :id, :name, {}, { name: "user[other_category_ids][]" }
+
+    assert_select "input[type=hidden][name='user[other_category_ids][]'][value='']", count: 1
+  end
+
+  test 'collection radio buttons generates a hidden field with index if it was provided' do
+    collection = [Category.new(1, 'Category 1'), Category.new(2, 'Category 2')]
+    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :category_ids, collection, :id, :name, { index: 322 }
+
+    assert_select "input[type=hidden][name='user[322][category_ids][]'][value='']", count: 1
+  end
+
+  test 'collection radio buttons does not generate a hidden field if include_hidden option is false' do
+    collection = [Category.new(1, 'Category 1'), Category.new(2, 'Category 2')]
+    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :category_ids, collection, :id, :name, include_hidden: false
+
+    assert_select "input[type=hidden][name='user[category_ids][]'][value='']", count: 0
+  end
+
+  test 'collection radio buttons does not generate a hidden field if include_hidden option is false with key as string' do
+    collection = [Category.new(1, 'Category 1'), Category.new(2, 'Category 2')]
+    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :category_ids, collection, :id, :name, 'include_hidden' => false
+
+    assert_select "input[type=hidden][name='user[category_ids][]'][value='']", count: 0
+  end
+
   # COLLECTION CHECK BOXES
   test 'collection check boxes accepts a collection and generate a series of checkboxes for value method' do
     collection = [Category.new(1, 'Category 1'), Category.new(2, 'Category 2')]
     with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :id, :name
 
-    assert_select 'input#user_category_ids_1[type=checkbox][value=1]'
-    assert_select 'input#user_category_ids_2[type=checkbox][value=2]'
+    assert_select 'input#user_category_ids_1[type=checkbox][value="1"]'
+    assert_select 'input#user_category_ids_2[type=checkbox][value="2"]'
   end
 
   test 'collection check boxes generates only one hidden field for the entire collection, to ensure something will be sent back to the server when posting an empty collection' do
     collection = [Category.new(1, 'Category 1'), Category.new(2, 'Category 2')]
     with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :id, :name
 
-    assert_select "input[type=hidden][name='user[category_ids][]'][value=]", :count => 1
+    assert_select "input[type=hidden][name='user[category_ids][]'][value='']", :count => 1
   end
 
   test 'collection check boxes generates a hidden field using the given :name in :html_options' do
     collection = [Category.new(1, 'Category 1'), Category.new(2, 'Category 2')]
     with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :id, :name, {}, {name: "user[other_category_ids][]"}
 
-    assert_select "input[type=hidden][name='user[other_category_ids][]'][value=]", :count => 1
+    assert_select "input[type=hidden][name='user[other_category_ids][]'][value='']", :count => 1
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check boxes generates a hidden field with index if it was provided' do
+    collection = [Category.new(1, 'Category 1'), Category.new(2, 'Category 2')]
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :id, :name, { index: 322 }
+
+    assert_select "input[type=hidden][name='user[322][category_ids][]'][value='']", count: 1
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check boxes does not generate a hidden field if include_hidden option is false' do
+    collection = [Category.new(1, 'Category 1'), Category.new(2, 'Category 2')]
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :id, :name, include_hidden: false
+
+    assert_select "input[type=hidden][name='user[category_ids][]'][value='']", :count => 0
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check boxes does not generate a hidden field if include_hidden option is false with key as string' do
+    collection = [Category.new(1, 'Category 1'), Category.new(2, 'Category 2')]
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :id, :name, 'include_hidden' => false
+
+    assert_select "input[type=hidden][name='user[category_ids][]'][value='']", count: 0
   end
 
   test 'collection check boxes accepts a collection and generate a series of checkboxes with labels for label method' do
@@ -229,8 +302,19 @@ class FormCollectionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     collection = [[1, 'Category 1', {class: 'foo'}], [2, 'Category 2', {class: 'bar'}]]
     with_collection_check_boxes :user, :active, collection, :first, :second
 
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=1].foo'
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=2].bar'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="1"].foo'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="2"].bar'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check boxes propagates input id to the label for attribute' do
+    collection = [[1, 'Category 1', {id: 'foo'}], [2, 'Category 2', {id: 'bar'}]]
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :active, collection, :first, :second
+
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="1"]#foo'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="2"]#bar'
+
+    assert_select 'label[for=foo]'
+    assert_select 'label[for=bar]'
   end
 
   test 'collection check boxes sets the label class defined inside the block' do
@@ -255,27 +339,27 @@ class FormCollectionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     collection = (1..3).map{|i| [i, "Category #{i}"] }
     with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :checked => [1, 3]
 
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=1][checked=checked]'
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=3][checked=checked]'
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=2][checked=checked]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="1"][checked=checked]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="3"][checked=checked]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="2"][checked=checked]'
   end
 
   test 'collection check boxes accepts selected string values as :checked option' do
     collection = (1..3).map{|i| [i, "Category #{i}"] }
     with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :checked => ['1', '3']
 
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=1][checked=checked]'
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=3][checked=checked]'
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=2][checked=checked]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="1"][checked=checked]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="3"][checked=checked]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="2"][checked=checked]'
   end
 
   test 'collection check boxes accepts a single checked value' do
     collection = (1..3).map{|i| [i, "Category #{i}"] }
     with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :checked => 3
 
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=3][checked=checked]'
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=1][checked=checked]'
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=2][checked=checked]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="3"][checked=checked]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="1"][checked=checked]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="2"][checked=checked]'
   end
 
   test 'collection check boxes accepts selected values as :checked option and override the model values' do
@@ -286,44 +370,71 @@ class FormCollectionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       p.collection_check_boxes :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :checked => [1, 3]
     end
 
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=1][checked=checked]'
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=3][checked=checked]'
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=2][checked=checked]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="1"][checked=checked]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="3"][checked=checked]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="2"][checked=checked]'
   end
 
   test 'collection check boxes accepts multiple disabled items' do
     collection = (1..3).map{|i| [i, "Category #{i}"] }
     with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :disabled => [1, 3]
 
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=1][disabled=disabled]'
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=3][disabled=disabled]'
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=2][disabled=disabled]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="1"][disabled=disabled]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="3"][disabled=disabled]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="2"][disabled=disabled]'
   end
 
   test 'collection check boxes accepts single disabled item' do
     collection = (1..3).map{|i| [i, "Category #{i}"] }
     with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :disabled => 1
 
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=1][disabled=disabled]'
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=3][disabled=disabled]'
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=2][disabled=disabled]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="1"][disabled=disabled]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="3"][disabled=disabled]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="2"][disabled=disabled]'
   end
 
   test 'collection check boxes accepts a proc to disabled items' do
     collection = (1..3).map{|i| [i, "Category #{i}"] }
     with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :disabled => proc { |i| i.first == 1 }
 
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=1][disabled=disabled]'
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=3][disabled=disabled]'
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=2][disabled=disabled]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="1"][disabled=disabled]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="3"][disabled=disabled]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="2"][disabled=disabled]'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check boxes accepts multiple readonly items' do
+    collection = (1..3).map{|i| [i, "Category #{i}"] }
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :readonly => [1, 3]
+
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="1"][readonly=readonly]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="3"][readonly=readonly]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="2"][readonly=readonly]'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check boxes accepts single readonly item' do
+    collection = (1..3).map{|i| [i, "Category #{i}"] }
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :readonly => 1
+
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="1"][readonly=readonly]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="3"][readonly=readonly]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="2"][readonly=readonly]'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check boxes accepts a proc to readonly items' do
+    collection = (1..3).map{|i| [i, "Category #{i}"] }
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :readonly => proc { |i| i.first == 1 }
+
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="1"][readonly=readonly]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="3"][readonly=readonly]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="2"][readonly=readonly]'
   end
 
   test 'collection check boxes accepts html options' do
     collection = [[1, 'Category 1'], [2, 'Category 2']]
     with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, {}, :class => 'check'
 
-    assert_select 'input.check[type=checkbox][value=1]'
-    assert_select 'input.check[type=checkbox][value=2]'
+    assert_select 'input.check[type=checkbox][value="1"]'
+    assert_select 'input.check[type=checkbox][value="2"]'
   end
 
   test 'collection check boxes with fields for' do
@@ -332,8 +443,8 @@ class FormCollectionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       p.collection_check_boxes :category_ids, collection, :id, :name
     end
 
-    assert_select 'input#post_category_ids_1[type=checkbox][value=1]'
-    assert_select 'input#post_category_ids_2[type=checkbox][value=2]'
+    assert_select 'input#post_category_ids_1[type=checkbox][value="1"]'
+    assert_select 'input#post_category_ids_2[type=checkbox][value="2"]'
 
     assert_select 'label[for=post_category_ids_1]', 'Category 1'
     assert_select 'label[for=post_category_ids_2]', 'Category 2'
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/form_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/form_helper_test.rb
index b5e9801776..1f7ff3ca7c 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/form_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/form_helper_test.rb
@@ -10,15 +10,20 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     @output_buffer = super
   end
 
-  def setup
-    super
+  teardown do
+    I18n.backend.reload!
+  end
 
+  setup do
     # Create "label" locale for testing I18n label helpers
     I18n.backend.store_translations 'label', {
       activemodel: {
         attributes: {
           post: {
             cost: "Total cost"
+          },
+          :"post/language" => {
+            spanish: "Espanol"
           }
         }
       },
@@ -35,6 +40,9 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
           },
           tag: {
             value: "Tag"
+          },
+          post_delegate: {
+            title: 'Delegate model_name title'
           }
         }
       }
@@ -54,6 +62,38 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       }
     }
 
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'placeholder', {
+      activemodel: {
+        attributes: {
+          post: {
+            cost: "Total cost"
+          },
+          :"post/cost" => {
+            uk: "Pounds"
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      helpers: {
+        placeholder: {
+          post: {
+            title: "What is this about?",
+            written_on: {
+              spanish: "Escrito en"
+            },
+            comments: {
+              body: "Write body here"
+            }
+          },
+          post_delegate: {
+            title: 'Delegate model_name title'
+          },
+          tag: {
+            value: "Tag"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
     @post = Post.new
     @comment = Comment.new
     def @post.errors()
@@ -65,7 +105,9 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       }.new
     end
     def @post.to_key; [123]; end
-    def @post.id_before_type_cast; 123; end
+    def @post.id; 0; end
+    def @post.id_before_type_cast; "omg"; end
+    def @post.id_came_from_user?; true; end
     def @post.to_param; '123'; end
 
     @post.persisted   = true
@@ -81,6 +123,10 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     @post.tags = []
     @post.tags << Tag.new
 
+    @post_delegator = PostDelegator.new
+
+    @post_delegator.title = 'Hello World'
+
     @car = Car.new("#000FFF")
   end
 
@@ -154,6 +200,12 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_label_with_human_attribute_name_and_options
+    with_locale :label do
+      assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_language_spanish">Espanol</label>', label(:post, :language, value: "spanish"))
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_label_with_locales_symbols
     with_locale :label do
       assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_body">Write entire text here</label>', label(:post, :body))
@@ -207,6 +259,18 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_label_with_non_active_record_object
+    form_for(OpenStruct.new(name:'ok'), as: 'person', url: 'an_url', html: { id: 'create-person' }) do |f|
+      f.label(:name)
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form("an_url", "create-person", "new_person", method: "post") do
+      '<label for="person_name">Name</label>'
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
   def test_label_with_for_attribute_as_symbol
     assert_dom_equal('<label for="my_for">Title</label>', label(:post, :title, nil, for: "my_for"))
   end
@@ -265,6 +329,13 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     )
   end
 
+  def test_label_with_block_and_html
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<label for="post_terms">Accept <a href="/terms">Terms</a>.</label>',
+      label(:post, :terms) { 'Accept <a href="/terms">Terms</a>.'.html_safe }
+    )
+  end
+
   def test_label_with_block_and_options
     assert_dom_equal(
       '<label for="my_for">The title, please:</label>',
@@ -272,13 +343,122 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     )
   end
 
+  def test_label_with_block_and_builder
+    with_locale :label do
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        '<label for="post_body"><b>Write entire text here</b></label>',
+        label(:post, :body) { |b| "<b>#{b.translation}</b>".html_safe }
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_label_with_block_in_erb
-    assert_equal(
+    assert_dom_equal(
       %{<label for="post_message">\n  Message\n  <input id="post_message" name="post[message]" type="text" />\n</label>},
       view.render("test/label_with_block")
     )
   end
 
+  def test_label_with_to_model
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<label for="post_delegator_title">Delegate Title</label>},
+      label(:post_delegator, :title)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_label_with_to_model_and_overridden_model_name
+    with_locale :label do
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        %{<label for="post_delegator_title">Delegate model_name title</label>},
+        label(:post_delegator, :title)
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_placeholder_without_locales
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      assert_dom_equal('<input id="post_body" name="post[body]" placeholder="Body" type="text" value="Back to the hill and over it again!" />', text_field(:post, :body, placeholder: true))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_placeholder_with_locales
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      assert_dom_equal('<input id="post_title" name="post[title]" placeholder="What is this about?" type="text" value="Hello World" />', text_field(:post, :title, placeholder: true))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_placeholder_with_locales_and_to_model
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        '<input id="post_delegator_title" name="post_delegator[title]" placeholder="Delegate model_name title" type="text" value="Hello World" />',
+        text_field(:post_delegator, :title, placeholder: true)
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_placeholder_with_human_attribute_name
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      assert_dom_equal('<input id="post_cost" name="post[cost]" placeholder="Total cost" type="text" />', text_field(:post, :cost, placeholder: true))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_placeholder_with_human_attribute_name_and_to_model
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input id="post_delegator_title" name="post_delegator[title]" placeholder="Delegate Title" type="text" value="Hello World" />',
+      text_field(:post_delegator, :title, placeholder: true)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_placeholder_with_string_value
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      assert_dom_equal('<input id="post_cost" name="post[cost]" placeholder="HOW MUCH?" type="text" />', text_field(:post, :cost, placeholder: "HOW MUCH?"))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_placeholder_with_human_attribute_name_and_value
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      assert_dom_equal('<input id="post_cost" name="post[cost]" placeholder="Pounds" type="text" />', text_field(:post, :cost, placeholder: :uk))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_placeholder_with_locales_and_value
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      assert_dom_equal('<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" placeholder="Escrito en" type="text" value="2004-06-15" />', text_field(:post, :written_on, placeholder: :spanish))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_placeholder_with_locales_and_nested_attributes
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      form_for(@post, html: { id: 'create-post' }) do |f|
+        f.fields_for(:comments) do |cf|
+          concat cf.text_field(:body, placeholder: true)
+        end
+      end
+
+      expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "create-post", "edit_post", method: "patch") do
+        '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_body" name="post[comments_attributes][0][body]" placeholder="Write body here" type="text" />'
+      end
+
+      assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_placeholder_with_locales_fallback_and_nested_attributes
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      form_for(@post, html: { id: 'create-post' }) do |f|
+        f.fields_for(:tags) do |cf|
+          concat cf.text_field(:value, placeholder: true)
+        end
+      end
+
+      expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "create-post", "edit_post", method: "patch") do
+        '<input id="post_tags_attributes_0_value" name="post[tags_attributes][0][value]" placeholder="Tag" type="text" value="new tag" />'
+      end
+
+      assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_text_field
     assert_dom_equal(
       '<input id="post_title" name="post[title]" type="text" value="Hello World" />',
@@ -345,22 +525,36 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   def test_text_field_doesnt_change_param_values
     object_name = 'post[]'
     expected = '<input id="post_123_title" name="post[123][title]" type="text" value="Hello World" />'
-    assert_equal expected, text_field(object_name, "title")
-    assert_equal object_name, "post[]"
+    assert_dom_equal expected, text_field(object_name, "title")
   end
 
-  def test_file_field_has_no_size
+  def test_file_field_does_generate_a_hidden_field
+    expected = '<input name="user[avatar]" type="hidden" value="" /><input id="user_avatar" name="user[avatar]" type="file" />'
+    assert_dom_equal expected, file_field("user", "avatar")
+  end
+
+  def test_file_field_does_not_generate_a_hidden_field_if_included_hidden_option_is_false
+    expected = '<input id="user_avatar" name="user[avatar]" type="file" />'
+    assert_dom_equal expected, file_field("user", "avatar", include_hidden: false)
+  end
+
+  def test_file_field_does_not_generate_a_hidden_field_if_included_hidden_option_is_false_with_key_as_string
     expected = '<input id="user_avatar" name="user[avatar]" type="file" />'
+    assert_dom_equal expected, file_field("user", "avatar", "include_hidden" => false)
+  end
+
+  def test_file_field_has_no_size
+    expected = '<input name="user[avatar]" type="hidden" value="" /><input id="user_avatar" name="user[avatar]" type="file" />'
     assert_dom_equal expected, file_field("user", "avatar")
   end
 
   def test_file_field_with_multiple_behavior
-    expected = '<input id="import_file" multiple="multiple" name="import[file][]" type="file" />'
+    expected = '<input name="import[file][]" type="hidden" value="" /><input id="import_file" multiple="multiple" name="import[file][]" type="file" />'
     assert_dom_equal expected, file_field("import", "file", :multiple => true)
   end
 
   def test_file_field_with_multiple_behavior_and_explicit_name
-    expected = '<input id="import_file" multiple="multiple" name="custom" type="file" />'
+    expected = '<input name="custom" type="hidden" value="" /><input id="import_file" multiple="multiple" name="custom" type="file" />'
     assert_dom_equal expected, file_field("import", "file", :multiple => true, :name => "custom")
   end
 
@@ -647,6 +841,92 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     )
   end
 
+  def test_text_area_placeholder_without_locales
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        %{<textarea id="post_body" name="post[body]" placeholder="Body">\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>},
+        text_area(:post, :body, placeholder: true)
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_area_placeholder_with_locales
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        %{<textarea id="post_title" name="post[title]" placeholder="What is this about?">\nHello World</textarea>},
+        text_area(:post, :title, placeholder: true)
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_area_placeholder_with_human_attribute_name
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        %{<textarea id="post_cost" name="post[cost]" placeholder="Total cost">\n</textarea>},
+        text_area(:post, :cost, placeholder: true)
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_area_placeholder_with_string_value
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        %{<textarea id="post_cost" name="post[cost]" placeholder="HOW MUCH?">\n</textarea>},
+        text_area(:post, :cost, placeholder: "HOW MUCH?")
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_area_placeholder_with_human_attribute_name_and_value
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        %{<textarea id="post_cost" name="post[cost]" placeholder="Pounds">\n</textarea>},
+        text_area(:post, :cost, placeholder: :uk)
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_area_placeholder_with_locales_and_value
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        %{<textarea id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" placeholder="Escrito en">\n2004-06-15</textarea>},
+        text_area(:post, :written_on, placeholder: :spanish)
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_area_placeholder_with_locales_and_nested_attributes
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      form_for(@post, html: { id: 'create-post' }) do |f|
+        f.fields_for(:comments) do |cf|
+          concat cf.text_area(:body, placeholder: true)
+        end
+      end
+
+      expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "create-post", "edit_post", method: "patch") do
+        %{<textarea id="post_comments_attributes_0_body" name="post[comments_attributes][0][body]" placeholder="Write body here">\n</textarea>}
+      end
+
+      assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_area_placeholder_with_locales_fallback_and_nested_attributes
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      form_for(@post, html: { id: 'create-post' }) do |f|
+        f.fields_for(:tags) do |cf|
+          concat cf.text_area(:value, placeholder: true)
+        end
+      end
+
+      expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "create-post", "edit_post", method: "patch") do
+        %{<textarea id="post_tags_attributes_0_value" name="post[tags_attributes][0][value]" placeholder="Tag">\nnew tag</textarea>}
+      end
+
+      assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_text_area
     assert_dom_equal(
       %{<textarea id="post_body" name="post[body]">\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>},
@@ -676,6 +956,33 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     )
   end
 
+  def test_inputs_use_before_type_cast_to_retain_information_from_validations_like_numericality
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<textarea id="post_id" name="post[id]">\nomg</textarea>},
+      text_area("post", "id")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_inputs_dont_use_before_type_cast_when_value_did_not_come_from_user
+    class << @post
+      undef id_came_from_user?
+      def id_came_from_user?; false; end
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<textarea id="post_id" name="post[id]">\n0</textarea>},
+      text_area("post", "id")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_inputs_use_before_typecast_when_object_doesnt_respond_to_came_from_user
+    class << @post; undef id_came_from_user?; end
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<textarea id="post_id" name="post[id]">\nomg</textarea>},
+      text_area("post", "id")
+    )
+  end
+
   def test_text_area_with_html_entities
     @post.body = "The HTML Entity for & is &amp;"
     assert_dom_equal(
@@ -712,6 +1019,11 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal(expected, search_field("contact", "notes_query"))
   end
 
+  def test_search_field_with_onsearch_value
+    expected = %{<input onsearch="true" type="search" name="contact[notes_query]" id="contact_notes_query" incremental="true" />}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, search_field("contact", "notes_query", onsearch: true))
+  end
+
   def test_telephone_field
     expected = %{<input id="user_cell" name="user[cell]" type="tel" />}
     assert_dom_equal(expected, telephone_field("user", "cell"))
@@ -758,6 +1070,22 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal(expected, date_field("post", "written_on"))
   end
 
+  def test_date_field_with_string_values_for_min_and_max
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" max="2010-08-15" min="2000-06-15" name="post[written_on]" type="date" value="2004-06-15" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15)
+    min_value = "2000-06-15"
+    max_value = "2010-08-15"
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, date_field("post", "written_on", min: min_value, max: max_value))
+  end
+
+  def test_date_field_with_invalid_string_values_for_min_and_max
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="date" value="2004-06-15" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
+    min_value = "foo"
+    max_value = "bar"
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, date_field("post", "written_on", min: min_value, max: max_value))
+  end
+
   def test_time_field
     expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="time" value="00:00:00.000" />}
     assert_dom_equal(expected, time_field("post", "written_on"))
@@ -793,6 +1121,22 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal(expected, time_field("post", "written_on"))
   end
 
+  def test_time_field_with_string_values_for_min_and_max
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" max="10:25:00.000" min="20:45:30.000" name="post[written_on]" type="time" value="01:02:03.000" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
+    min_value = "20:45:30.000"
+    max_value = "10:25:00.000"
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, time_field("post", "written_on", min: min_value, max: max_value))
+  end
+
+  def test_time_field_with_invalid_string_values_for_min_and_max
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="time" value="01:02:03.000" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
+    min_value = "foo"
+    max_value = "bar"
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, time_field("post", "written_on", min: min_value, max: max_value))
+  end
+
   def test_datetime_field
     expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime" value="2004-06-15T00:00:00.000+0000" />}
     assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_field("post", "written_on"))
@@ -834,6 +1178,22 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_field("post", "written_on"))
   end
 
+  def test_datetime_field_with_string_values_for_min_and_max
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" max="2010-08-15T10:25:00.000+0000" min="2000-06-15T20:45:30.000+0000" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime" value="2004-06-15T01:02:03.000+0000" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
+    min_value = "2000-06-15T20:45:30.000+0000"
+    max_value = "2010-08-15T10:25:00.000+0000"
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_field("post", "written_on", min: min_value, max: max_value))
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_field_with_invalid_string_values_for_min_and_max
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime" value="2004-06-15T01:02:03.000+0000" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
+    min_value = "foo"
+    max_value = "bar"
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_field("post", "written_on", min: min_value, max: max_value))
+  end
+
   def test_datetime_local_field
     expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime-local" value="2004-06-15T00:00:00" />}
     assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_local_field("post", "written_on"))
@@ -869,6 +1229,22 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_local_field("post", "written_on"))
   end
 
+  def test_datetime_local_field_with_string_values_for_min_and_max
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" max="2010-08-15T10:25:00" min="2000-06-15T20:45:30" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime-local" value="2004-06-15T01:02:03" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
+    min_value = "2000-06-15T20:45:30"
+    max_value = "2010-08-15T10:25:00"
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_local_field("post", "written_on", min: min_value, max: max_value))
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_local_field_with_invalid_string_values_for_min_and_max
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime-local" value="2004-06-15T01:02:03" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
+    min_value = "foo"
+    max_value = "bar"
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_local_field("post", "written_on", min: min_value, max: max_value))
+  end
+
   def test_month_field
     expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="month" value="2004-06" />}
     assert_dom_equal(expected, month_field("post", "written_on"))
@@ -905,7 +1281,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_week_field
-    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="week" value="2004-W24" />}
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="week" value="2004-W25" />}
     assert_dom_equal(expected, week_field("post", "written_on"))
   end
 
@@ -916,13 +1292,13 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_week_field_with_datetime_value
-    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="week" value="2004-W24" />}
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="week" value="2004-W25" />}
     @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
     assert_dom_equal(expected, week_field("post", "written_on"))
   end
 
   def test_week_field_with_extra_attrs
-    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" step="2" max="2010-W51" min="2000-W06" name="post[written_on]" type="week" value="2004-W24" />}
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" step="2" max="2010-W51" min="2000-W06" name="post[written_on]" type="week" value="2004-W25" />}
     @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
     min_value = DateTime.new(2000, 2, 13)
     max_value = DateTime.new(2010, 12, 23)
@@ -932,13 +1308,19 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
   def test_week_field_with_timewithzone_value
     previous_time_zone, Time.zone = Time.zone, 'UTC'
-    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="week" value="2004-W24" />}
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="week" value="2004-W25" />}
     @post.written_on = Time.zone.parse('2004-06-15 15:30:45')
     assert_dom_equal(expected, week_field("post", "written_on"))
   ensure
     Time.zone = previous_time_zone
   end
 
+  def test_week_field_week_number_base
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="week" value="2015-W01" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2015, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3)
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, week_field("post", "written_on"))
+  end
+
   def test_url_field
     expected = %{<input id="user_homepage" name="user[homepage]" type="url" />}
     assert_dom_equal(expected, url_field("user", "homepage"))
@@ -1163,9 +1545,10 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_form_for_requires_block
-    assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
-      form_for(:post, @post, html: { id: 'create-post' })
+    error = assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      form_for(@post, html: { id: 'create-post' })
     end
+    assert_equal "Missing block", error.message
   end
 
   def test_form_for_requires_arguments
@@ -1201,7 +1584,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
       "<input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
       "<input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_secret' value='1' />" +
-      "<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Create post' />" +
+      "<input name='commit' data-disable-with='Create post' type='submit' value='Create post' />" +
       "<button name='button' type='submit'>Create post</button>" +
       "<button name='button' type='submit'><span>Create post</span></button>"
     end
@@ -1220,7 +1603,8 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       "<input id='post_active_true' name='post[active]' type='radio' value='true' />" +
       "<label for='post_active_true'>true</label>" +
       "<input checked='checked' id='post_active_false' name='post[active]' type='radio' value='false' />" +
-      "<label for='post_active_false'>false</label>"
+      "<label for='post_active_false'>false</label>" +
+      "<input type='hidden' name='post[active][]' value='' />"
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -1243,7 +1627,8 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       "true</label>" +
       "<label for='post_active_false'>"+
       "<input checked='checked' id='post_active_false' name='post[active]' type='radio' value='false' />" +
-      "false</label>"
+      "false</label>" +
+      "<input type='hidden' name='post[active][]' value='' />"
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -1269,6 +1654,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       "<label for='post_active_false'>"+
       "<input checked='checked' id='post_active_false' name='post[active]' type='radio' value='false' />" +
       "false</label>"+
+      "<input type='hidden' name='post[active][]' value='' />" +
       "<input id='post_id' name='post[id]' type='hidden' value='1' />"
     end
 
@@ -1287,7 +1673,8 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       "<input id='foo_post_active_true' name='post[active]' type='radio' value='true' />" +
       "<label for='foo_post_active_true'>true</label>" +
       "<input checked='checked' id='foo_post_active_false' name='post[active]' type='radio' value='false' />" +
-      "<label for='foo_post_active_false'>false</label>"
+      "<label for='foo_post_active_false'>false</label>" +
+      "<input type='hidden' name='post[active][]' value='' />"
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -1305,7 +1692,8 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       "<input id='post_1_active_true' name='post[1][active]' type='radio' value='true' />" +
       "<label for='post_1_active_true'>true</label>" +
       "<input checked='checked' id='post_1_active_false' name='post[1][active]' type='radio' value='false' />" +
-      "<label for='post_1_active_false'>false</label>"
+      "<label for='post_1_active_false'>false</label>" +
+      "<input type='hidden' name='post[1][active][]' value='' />"
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -1420,7 +1808,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     expected = whole_form("/posts", "new_post", "new_post") do
       "<input checked='checked' id='post_1_tag_ids_1' name='post[1][tag_ids][]' type='checkbox' value='1' />" +
       "<label for='post_1_tag_ids_1'>Tag 1</label>" +
-      "<input name='post[tag_ids][]' type='hidden' value='' />"
+      "<input name='post[1][tag_ids][]' type='hidden' value='' />"
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -1434,7 +1822,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "create-post", "edit_post", method: "patch", multipart: true) do
-      "<input name='post[file]' type='file' id='post_file' />"
+      "<input name='post[file]' type='hidden' value='' /><input name='post[file]' type='file' id='post_file' />"
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -1450,7 +1838,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "edit_post_123", "edit_post", method: "patch", multipart: true) do
-      "<input name='post[comment][file]' type='file' id='post_comment_file' />"
+      "<input name='post[comment][file]' type='hidden' value='' /><input name='post[comment][file]' type='file' id='post_comment_file' />"
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -1478,7 +1866,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
     expected = whole_form("/posts/44", "edit_post_44", "edit_post", method: "patch") do
       "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='And his name will be forty and four.' />" +
-      "<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Edit post' />"
+      "<input name='commit' data-disable-with='Edit post' type='submit' value='Edit post' />"
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -1499,12 +1887,26 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       "<textarea name='other_name[body]' id='other_name_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
       "<input name='other_name[secret]' value='0' type='hidden' />" +
       "<input name='other_name[secret]' checked='checked' id='other_name_secret' value='1' type='checkbox' />" +
-      "<input name='commit' value='Create post' type='submit' />"
+      "<input name='commit' value='Create post' data-disable-with='Create post' type='submit' />"
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
   end
 
+  def test_form_tags_do_not_call_private_properties_on_form_object
+    obj = Class.new do
+      private
+
+      def private_property
+        raise "This method should not be called."
+      end
+    end.new
+
+    form_for(obj, as: "other_name", url: '/', html: { id: "edit-other-name" }) do |f|
+      assert_raise(NoMethodError) { f.hidden_field(:private_property) }
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_form_for_with_method_as_part_of_html_options
     form_for(@post, url: '/', html: { id: 'create-post', method: :delete }) do |f|
       concat f.text_field(:title)
@@ -1570,6 +1972,30 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
   end
 
+  def test_form_for_enforce_utf8_true
+    form_for(:post, enforce_utf8: true) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form("/", nil, nil, enforce_utf8: true) do
+      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_enforce_utf8_false
+    form_for(:post, enforce_utf8: false) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form("/", nil, nil, enforce_utf8: false) do
+      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
   def test_form_for_with_remote_in_html
     form_for(@post, url: '/', html: { remote: true, id: 'create-post', method: :patch }) do |f|
       concat f.text_field(:title)
@@ -1589,21 +2015,22 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
   def test_form_for_with_remote_without_html
     @post.persisted = false
-    @post.stubs(:to_key).returns(nil)
-    form_for(@post, remote: true) do |f|
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-      concat f.text_area(:body)
-      concat f.check_box(:secret)
-    end
+    @post.stub(:to_key, nil) do
+      form_for(@post, remote: true) do |f|
+        concat f.text_field(:title)
+        concat f.text_area(:body)
+        concat f.check_box(:secret)
+      end
 
-    expected =  whole_form("/posts", "new_post", "new_post", remote: true) do
-      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
-      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
-      "<input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
-      "<input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_secret' value='1' />"
-    end
+      expected =  whole_form("/posts", "new_post", "new_post", remote: true) do
+        "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
+        "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
+        "<input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
+        "<input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_secret' value='1' />"
+      end
 
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+      assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+    end
   end
 
   def test_form_for_without_object
@@ -1669,7 +2096,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
       "<div class='field_with_errors'><label for='post_author_name' class='label'>Author name</label></div>" +
       "<div class='field_with_errors'><input name='post[author_name]' type='text' id='post_author_name' value='' /></div>" +
-      "<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Create post' />"
+      "<input name='commit' data-disable-with='Create post' type='submit' value='Create post' />"
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -1687,7 +2114,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
       "<div class='field_with_errors'><label for='post_author_name' class='label'>Author name</label></div>" +
       "<div class='field_with_errors'><input name='post[author_name]' type='text' id='post_author_name' value='' /></div>" +
-      "<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Create post' />"
+      "<input name='commit' data-disable-with='Create post' type='submit' value='Create post' />"
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -1806,16 +2233,17 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   def test_submit_with_object_as_new_record_and_locale_strings
     with_locale :submit do
       @post.persisted = false
-      @post.stubs(:to_key).returns(nil)
-      form_for(@post) do |f|
-        concat f.submit
-      end
+      @post.stub(:to_key, nil) do
+        form_for(@post) do |f|
+          concat f.submit
+        end
 
-      expected = whole_form('/posts', 'new_post', 'new_post') do
-        "<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Create Post' />"
-      end
+        expected = whole_form('/posts', 'new_post', 'new_post') do
+          "<input name='commit' data-disable-with='Create Post' type='submit' value='Create Post' />"
+        end
 
-      assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+        assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+      end
     end
   end
 
@@ -1826,7 +2254,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       end
 
       expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-        "<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Confirm Post changes' />"
+      "<input name='commit' data-disable-with='Confirm Post changes' type='submit' value='Confirm Post changes' />"
       end
 
       assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -1840,7 +2268,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       end
 
       expected = whole_form do
-        "<input name='commit' class='extra' type='submit' value='Save changes' />"
+      "<input name='commit' class='extra' data-disable-with='Save changes' type='submit' value='Save changes' />"
       end
 
       assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -1854,7 +2282,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       end
 
       expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_another_post', 'edit_another_post', method: 'patch') do
-        "<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Update your Post' />"
+      "<input name='commit' data-disable-with='Update your Post' type='submit' value='Update your Post' />"
       end
 
       assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -1876,6 +2304,27 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
   end
 
+  def test_deep_nested_fields_for
+    @comment.save
+    form_for(:posts) do |f|
+      f.fields_for('post[]', @post) do |f2|
+        f2.text_field(:id)
+        @post.comments.each do |comment|
+          concat f2.fields_for('comment[]', comment) { |c|
+            concat c.text_field(:name)
+          }
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form do
+      "<input name='posts[post][0][comment][1][name]' type='text' id='posts_post_0_comment_1_name' value='comment #1' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+
   def test_nested_fields_for_with_nested_collections
     form_for(@post, as: 'post[]') do |f|
       concat f.text_field(:title)
@@ -2393,11 +2842,12 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   def test_nested_fields_label_translation_with_more_than_10_records
     @post.comments = Array.new(11) { |id| Comment.new(id + 1) }
 
-    I18n.expects(:t).with('post.comments.body', default: [:"comment.body", ''], scope: "helpers.label").times(11).returns "Write body here"
-
-    form_for(@post) do |f|
-      f.fields_for(:comments) do |cf|
-        concat cf.label(:body)
+    params = 11.times.map { ['post.comments.body', default: [:"comment.body", ''], scope: "helpers.label"] }
+    assert_called_with(I18n, :t, params, returns: "Write body here") do
+      form_for(@post) do |f|
+        f.fields_for(:comments) do |cf|
+          concat cf.label(:body)
+        end
       end
     end
   end
@@ -2464,6 +2914,23 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
   end
 
+  def test_nested_fields_for_with_child_index_as_lambda_option_override_on_a_nested_attributes_collection_association
+    @post.comments = []
+
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      concat f.fields_for(:comments, Comment.new(321), child_index: -> { 'abc' } ) { |cf|
+        concat cf.text_field(:name)
+      }
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_abc_name" name="post[comments_attributes][abc][name]" type="text" value="comment #321" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_abc_id" name="post[comments_attributes][abc][id]" type="hidden" value="321" />'
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
   class FakeAssociationProxy
     def to_ary
       [1, 2, 3]
@@ -2838,6 +3305,30 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     ActionView::Base.default_form_builder = old_default_form_builder
   end
 
+  def test_form_builder_override
+    self.default_form_builder = LabelledFormBuilder
+
+    output_buffer = fields_for(:post, @post) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+    end
+
+    expected = "<label for='title'>Title:</label> <input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' /><br/>"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_lazy_loading_form_builder_override
+    self.default_form_builder = "FormHelperTest::LabelledFormBuilder"
+
+    output_buffer = fields_for(:post, @post) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+    end
+
+    expected = "<label for='title'>Title:</label> <input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' /><br/>"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
   def test_fields_for_with_labelled_builder
     output_buffer = fields_for(:post, @post, builder: LabelledFormBuilder) do |f|
       concat f.text_field(:title)
@@ -2915,7 +3406,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   def test_form_for_with_string_url_option
     form_for(@post, url: 'http://www.otherdomain.com') do |f| end
 
-    assert_equal whole_form("http://www.otherdomain.com", "edit_post_123", "edit_post", method: "patch"), output_buffer
+    assert_dom_equal whole_form("http://www.otherdomain.com", "edit_post_123", "edit_post", method: "patch"), output_buffer
   end
 
   def test_form_for_with_hash_url_option
@@ -2929,14 +3420,14 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     form_for(@post, url: @post) do |f| end
 
     expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "edit_post_123", "edit_post", method: "patch")
-    assert_equal expected, output_buffer
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
   end
 
   def test_form_for_with_existing_object
     form_for(@post) do |f| end
 
     expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "edit_post_123", "edit_post", method: "patch")
-    assert_equal expected, output_buffer
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
   end
 
   def test_form_for_with_new_object
@@ -2947,7 +3438,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     form_for(post) do |f| end
 
     expected = whole_form("/posts", "new_post", "new_post")
-    assert_equal expected, output_buffer
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
   end
 
   def test_form_for_with_existing_object_in_list
@@ -2984,7 +3475,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     form_for(@post, url: "/super_posts") do |f| end
 
     expected = whole_form("/super_posts", "edit_post_123", "edit_post", method: "patch")
-    assert_equal expected, output_buffer
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
   end
 
   def test_form_for_with_default_method_as_patch
@@ -3019,13 +3510,20 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
   protected
 
-  def hidden_fields(method = nil)
-    txt =  %{<div style="display:none">}
-    txt << %{<input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />}
+  def hidden_fields(options = {})
+    method = options[:method]
+
+    if options.fetch(:enforce_utf8, true)
+      txt = %{<input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />}
+    else
+      txt = ''
+    end
+
     if method && !%w(get post).include?(method.to_s)
       txt << %{<input name="_method" type="hidden" value="#{method}" />}
     end
-    txt << %{</div>}
+
+    txt
   end
 
   def form_text(action = "/", id = nil, html_class = nil, remote = nil, multipart = nil, method = nil)
@@ -3043,7 +3541,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
     method, remote, multipart = options.values_at(:method, :remote, :multipart)
 
-    form_text(action, id, html_class, remote, multipart, method) + hidden_fields(method) + contents + "</form>"
+    form_text(action, id, html_class, remote, multipart, method) + hidden_fields(options.slice :method, :enforce_utf8) + contents + "</form>"
   end
 
   def protect_against_forgery?
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/form_options_helper_i18n_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/form_options_helper_i18n_test.rb
index 4972ea6511..26ede09a5f 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/form_options_helper_i18n_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/form_options_helper_i18n_test.rb
@@ -14,8 +14,9 @@ class FormOptionsHelperI18nTests < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_select_with_prompt_true_translates_prompt_message
-    I18n.expects(:translate).with('helpers.select.prompt', { :default => 'Please select' })
-    select('post', 'category', [], :prompt => true)
+    assert_called_with(I18n, :translate, ['helpers.select.prompt', { :default => 'Please select' }]) do
+      select('post', 'category', [], :prompt => true)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_select_with_translated_prompt
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/form_options_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/form_options_helper_test.rb
index 50e9d132a7..6b97cec34c 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/form_options_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/form_options_helper_test.rb
@@ -17,13 +17,37 @@ class FormOptionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     Album       = Struct.new('Album', :id, :title, :genre)
   end
 
-  def setup
-    @fake_timezones = %w(A B C D E).map do |id|
-      tz = stub(:name => id, :to_s => id)
-      ActiveSupport::TimeZone.stubs(:[]).with(id).returns(tz)
-      tz
+  module FakeZones
+    FakeZone = Struct.new(:name) do
+      def to_s; name; end
     end
-    ActiveSupport::TimeZone.stubs(:all).returns(@fake_timezones)
+
+    module ClassMethods
+      def [](id); fake_zones ? fake_zones[id] : super; end
+      def all; fake_zones ? fake_zones.values : super; end
+      def dummy; :test; end
+    end
+
+    def self.prepended(base)
+      class << base
+        mattr_accessor(:fake_zones)
+        prepend ClassMethods
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  ActiveSupport::TimeZone.prepend FakeZones
+
+  setup do
+    ActiveSupport::TimeZone.fake_zones = %w(A B C D E).map do |id|
+      [ id, FakeZones::FakeZone.new(id) ]
+    end.to_h
+
+    @fake_timezones = ActiveSupport::TimeZone.all
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    ActiveSupport::TimeZone.fake_zones = nil
   end
 
   def test_collection_options
@@ -119,6 +143,26 @@ class FormOptionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     )
   end
 
+  def test_array_options_for_select_with_custom_defined_selected
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<option selected=\"selected\" type=\"Coach\" value=\"1\">Richard Bandler</option>\n<option type=\"Coachee\" value=\"1\">Richard Bandler</option>",
+      options_for_select([
+        ['Richard Bandler', 1, { type: 'Coach', selected: 'selected' }],
+        ['Richard Bandler', 1, { type: 'Coachee' }]
+      ])
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_array_options_for_select_with_custom_defined_disabled
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<option disabled=\"disabled\" type=\"Coach\" value=\"1\">Richard Bandler</option>\n<option type=\"Coachee\" value=\"1\">Richard Bandler</option>",
+      options_for_select([
+        ['Richard Bandler', 1, { type: 'Coach', disabled: 'disabled' }],
+        ['Richard Bandler', 1, { type: 'Coachee' }]
+      ])
+    )
+  end
+
   def test_array_options_for_select_with_selection
     assert_dom_equal(
       "<option value=\"Denmark\">Denmark</option>\n<option value=\"&lt;USA&gt;\" selected=\"selected\">&lt;USA&gt;</option>\n<option value=\"Sweden\">Sweden</option>",
@@ -571,6 +615,19 @@ class FormOptionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     )
   end
 
+  def test_select_under_fields_for_with_block_without_options
+    @post = Post.new
+
+    output_buffer = fields_for :post, @post do |f|
+      concat(f.select(:category) {})
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"></select>",
+      output_buffer
+    )
+  end
+
   def test_select_with_multiple_to_add_hidden_input
     output_buffer =  select(:post, :category, "", {}, :multiple => true)
     assert_dom_equal(
@@ -612,6 +669,13 @@ class FormOptionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     )
   end
 
+  def test_select_with_include_blank_false_and_required
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.category = "<mus>"
+    e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) { select("post", "category", %w( abe <mus> hest), { include_blank: false }, required: 'required') }
+    assert_match(/include_blank cannot be false for a required field./, e.message)
+  end
+
   def test_select_with_blank_as_string
     @post = Post.new
     @post.category = "<mus>"
@@ -813,7 +877,7 @@ class FormOptionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       select("post", "category", %w( one two ), :selected => 'two', :prompt => true)
     )
   end
-  
+
   def test_select_with_disabled_array
     @post = Post.new
     @post.category = "<mus>"
@@ -1123,8 +1187,8 @@ class FormOptionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   def test_time_zone_select_with_priority_zones_as_regexp
     @firm = Firm.new("D")
 
-    @fake_timezones.each_with_index do |tz, i|
-      tz.stubs(:=~).returns(i.zero? || i == 3)
+    @fake_timezones.each do |tz|
+      def tz.=~(re); %(A D).include?(name) end
     end
 
     html = time_zone_select("firm", "time_zone", /A|D/)
@@ -1139,15 +1203,16 @@ class FormOptionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
                  html
   end
 
-  def test_time_zone_select_with_priority_zones_as_regexp_using_grep_finds_no_zones
+  def test_time_zone_select_with_priority_zones_is_not_implemented_with_grep
     @firm = Firm.new("D")
 
-    priority_zones = /A|D/
+    # `time_zone_select` can't be written with `grep` because Active Support
+    # time zones don't support implicit string coercion with `to_str`.
     @fake_timezones.each do |tz|
-      priority_zones.stubs(:===).with(tz).raises(Exception)
+      def tz.===(zone); raise Exception; end
     end
 
-    html = time_zone_select("firm", "time_zone", priority_zones)
+    html = time_zone_select("firm", "time_zone", /A|D/)
     assert_dom_equal "<select id=\"firm_time_zone\" name=\"firm[time_zone]\">" +
                  "<option value=\"\" disabled=\"disabled\">-------------</option>\n" +
                  "<option value=\"A\">A</option>\n" +
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/form_tag_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/form_tag_helper_test.rb
index 0d5831dc6f..de1eb89dc5 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/form_tag_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/form_tag_helper_test.rb
@@ -14,12 +14,15 @@ class FormTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     method = options[:method]
     enforce_utf8 = options.fetch(:enforce_utf8, true)
 
-    txt =  %{<div style="display:none">}
-    txt << %{<input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />} if enforce_utf8
-    if method && !%w(get post).include?(method.to_s)
-      txt << %{<input name="_method" type="hidden" value="#{method}" />}
+    ''.tap do |txt|
+      if enforce_utf8
+        txt << %{<input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />}
+      end
+
+      if method && !%w(get post).include?(method.to_s)
+        txt << %{<input name="_method" type="hidden" value="#{method}" />}
+      end
     end
-    txt << %{</div>}
   end
 
   def form_text(action = "http://www.example.com", options = {})
@@ -61,6 +64,18 @@ class FormTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal expected, actual
   end
 
+  def test_check_box_tag_disabled
+    actual = check_box_tag "admin","1", false, disabled: true
+    expected = %(<input id="admin" disabled="disabled" name="admin" type="checkbox" value="1" />)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_check_box_tag_default_checked
+    actual = check_box_tag "admin","1", true
+    expected = %(<input id="admin" checked="checked" name="admin" type="checkbox" value="1" />)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
   def test_check_box_tag_id_sanitized
     label_elem = root_elem(check_box_tag("project[2][admin]"))
     assert_match VALID_HTML_ID, label_elem['id']
@@ -167,6 +182,13 @@ class FormTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal expected, actual
   end
 
+  def test_multiple_field_tags_with_same_options
+    options = {class: 'important'}
+    assert_dom_equal %(<input name="title" type="file" id="title" class="important"/>), file_field_tag("title", options)
+    assert_dom_equal %(<input type="password" name="title" id="title" value="Hello!" class="important" />), password_field_tag("title", "Hello!", options)
+    assert_dom_equal %(<input type="text" name="title" id="title" value="Hello!" class="important" />), text_field_tag("title", "Hello!", options)
+  end
+
   def test_radio_button_tag
     actual = radio_button_tag "people", "david"
     expected = %(<input id="people_david" name="people" type="radio" value="david" />)
@@ -200,13 +222,13 @@ class FormTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_select_tag_with_multiple
-    actual = select_tag "colors", "<option>Red</option><option>Blue</option><option>Green</option>".html_safe, :multiple => :true
-    expected = %(<select id="colors" multiple="multiple" name="colors"><option>Red</option><option>Blue</option><option>Green</option></select>)
+    actual = select_tag "colors", "<option>Red</option><option>Blue</option><option>Green</option>".html_safe, multiple: true
+    expected = %(<select id="colors" multiple="multiple" name="colors[]"><option>Red</option><option>Blue</option><option>Green</option></select>)
     assert_dom_equal expected, actual
   end
 
   def test_select_tag_disabled
-    actual = select_tag "places", "<option>Home</option><option>Work</option><option>Pub</option>".html_safe, :disabled => :true
+    actual = select_tag "places", "<option>Home</option><option>Work</option><option>Pub</option>".html_safe, disabled: true
     expected = %(<select id="places" disabled="disabled" name="places"><option>Home</option><option>Work</option><option>Pub</option></select>)
     assert_dom_equal expected, actual
   end
@@ -222,6 +244,18 @@ class FormTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal expected, actual
   end
 
+  def test_select_tag_with_include_blank_false
+    actual = select_tag "places", "<option>Home</option><option>Work</option><option>Pub</option>".html_safe, include_blank: false
+    expected = %(<select id="places" name="places"><option>Home</option><option>Work</option><option>Pub</option></select>)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_select_tag_with_include_blank_string
+    actual = select_tag "places", "<option>Home</option><option>Work</option><option>Pub</option>".html_safe, include_blank: 'Choose'
+    expected = %(<select id="places" name="places"><option value="">Choose</option><option>Home</option><option>Work</option><option>Pub</option></select>)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
   def test_select_tag_with_prompt
     actual = select_tag "places", "<option>Home</option><option>Work</option><option>Pub</option>".html_safe, :prompt => "string"
     expected = %(<select id="places" name="places"><option value="">string</option><option>Home</option><option>Work</option><option>Pub</option></select>)
@@ -329,12 +363,18 @@ class FormTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal expected, actual
   end
 
-  def test_text_field_disabled
-    actual = text_field_tag "title", "Hello!", :disabled => :true
+  def test_text_field_tag_disabled
+    actual = text_field_tag "title", "Hello!", disabled: true
     expected = %(<input id="title" name="title" disabled="disabled" type="text" value="Hello!" />)
     assert_dom_equal expected, actual
   end
 
+  def test_text_field_tag_with_placeholder_option
+    actual = text_field_tag "title", "Hello!", placeholder: 'Enter search term...'
+    expected = %(<input id="title" name="title" placeholder="Enter search term..." type="text" value="Hello!" />)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
   def test_text_field_tag_with_multiple_options
     actual = text_field_tag "title", "Hello!", :size => 70, :maxlength => 80
     expected = %(<input id="title" name="title" size="70" maxlength="80" type="text" value="Hello!" />)
@@ -411,6 +451,44 @@ class FormTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     )
   end
 
+  def test_empty_submit_tag
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %(<input data-disable-with="Save" name='commit' type="submit" value="Save" />),
+      submit_tag("Save")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_empty_submit_tag_with_opt_out
+    ActionView::Base.automatically_disable_submit_tag = false
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %(<input name='commit' type="submit" value="Save" />),
+      submit_tag("Save")
+    )
+  ensure
+    ActionView::Base.automatically_disable_submit_tag = true
+  end
+
+  def test_submit_tag_having_data_disable_with_string
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %(<input data-disable-with="Processing..." data-confirm="Are you sure?" name='commit' type="submit" value="Save" />),
+      submit_tag("Save", { "data-disable-with" => "Processing...", "data-confirm" => "Are you sure?" })
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_submit_tag_having_data_disable_with_boolean
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %(<input data-confirm="Are you sure?" name='commit' type="submit" value="Save" />),
+      submit_tag("Save", { "data-disable-with" => false, "data-confirm" => "Are you sure?" })
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_submit_tag_having_data_hash_disable_with_boolean
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %(<input data-confirm="Are you sure?" name='commit' type="submit" value="Save" />),
+      submit_tag("Save", { :data => { :confirm => "Are you sure?", :disable_with => false } })
+    )
+  end
+
   def test_submit_tag_with_no_onclick_options
     assert_dom_equal(
       %(<input name='commit' data-disable-with="Saving..." type="submit" value="Save" />),
@@ -420,11 +498,19 @@ class FormTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
   def test_submit_tag_with_confirmation
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Save' data-confirm="Are you sure?" />),
+      %(<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Save' data-confirm="Are you sure?" data-disable-with="Save" />),
       submit_tag("Save", :data => { :confirm => "Are you sure?" })
     )
   end
 
+  def test_submit_tag_doesnt_have_data_disable_with_twice
+    assert_equal(
+      %(<input type="submit" name="commit" value="Save" data-confirm="Are you sure?" data-disable-with="Processing..." />),
+      submit_tag("Save", { "data-disable-with" => "Processing...", "data-confirm" => "Are you sure?" })
+    )
+  end
+
+
   def test_button_tag
     assert_dom_equal(
       %(<button name="button" type="submit">Button</button>),
@@ -476,6 +562,11 @@ class FormTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal('<button name="temptation" type="button"><strong>Do not press me</strong></button>', output)
   end
 
+  def test_button_tag_defaults_with_block_and_options
+    output = button_tag(:name => 'temptation', :value => 'within') { content_tag(:strong, 'Do not press me') }
+    assert_dom_equal('<button name="temptation" value="within" type="submit" ><strong>Do not press me</strong></button>', output)
+  end
+
   def test_button_tag_with_confirmation
     assert_dom_equal(
       %(<button name="button" type="submit" data-confirm="Are you sure?">Save</button>),
@@ -483,6 +574,13 @@ class FormTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     )
   end
 
+  def test_button_tag_with_data_disable_with_option
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %(<button name="button" type="submit" data-disable-with="Please wait...">Checkout</button>),
+      button_tag("Checkout", data: { disable_with: "Please wait..." })
+    )
+  end
+
   def test_image_submit_tag_with_confirmation
     assert_dom_equal(
       %(<input alt="Save" type="image" src="/images/save.gif" data-confirm="Are you sure?" />),
@@ -624,6 +722,6 @@ class FormTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   private
 
   def root_elem(rendered_content)
-    HTML::Document.new(rendered_content).root.children[0]
+    Nokogiri::HTML::DocumentFragment.parse(rendered_content).children.first # extract from nodeset
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/cdata_node_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/cdata_node_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 9b58174641..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/cdata_node_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-class CDATANodeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def setup
-    @node = HTML::CDATA.new(nil, 0, 0, "<p>howdy</p>")
-  end
-
-  def test_to_s
-    assert_equal "<![CDATA[<p>howdy</p>]]>", @node.to_s
-  end
-
-  def test_content
-    assert_equal "<p>howdy</p>", @node.content
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/document_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/document_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 17f045d549..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/document_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,148 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-class DocumentTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_handle_doctype
-    doc = nil
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      doc = HTML::Document.new <<-HTML.strip
-        <!DOCTYPE "blah" "blah" "blah">
-        <html>
-        </html>
-      HTML
-    end
-    assert_equal 3, doc.root.children.length
-    assert_equal %{<!DOCTYPE "blah" "blah" "blah">}, doc.root.children[0].content
-    assert_match %r{\s+}m, doc.root.children[1].content
-    assert_equal "html", doc.root.children[2].name
-  end
-
-  def test_find_img
-    doc = HTML::Document.new <<-HTML.strip
-      <html>
-        <body>
-          <p><img src="hello.gif"></p>
-        </body>
-      </html>
-    HTML
-    assert doc.find(:tag=>"img", :attributes=>{"src"=>"hello.gif"})
-  end
-
-  def test_find_all
-    doc = HTML::Document.new <<-HTML.strip
-      <html>
-        <body>
-          <p class="test"><img src="hello.gif"></p>
-          <div class="foo">
-            <p class="test">something</p>
-            <p>here is <em class="test">more</em></p>
-          </div>
-        </body>
-      </html>
-    HTML
-    all = doc.find_all :attributes => { :class => "test" }
-    assert_equal 3, all.length
-    assert_equal [ "p", "p", "em" ], all.map { |n| n.name }
-  end
-
-  def test_find_with_text
-    doc = HTML::Document.new <<-HTML.strip
-      <html>
-        <body>
-          <p>Some text</p>
-        </body>
-      </html>
-    HTML
-    assert doc.find(:content => "Some text")
-    assert doc.find(:tag => "p", :child => { :content => "Some text" })
-    assert doc.find(:tag => "p", :child => "Some text")
-    assert doc.find(:tag => "p", :content => "Some text")
-  end
-
-  def test_parse_xml
-    assert_nothing_raised { HTML::Document.new("<tags><tag/></tags>", true, true) }
-    assert_nothing_raised { HTML::Document.new("<outer><link>something</link></outer>", true, true) }
-  end
-
-  def test_parse_document
-    doc = HTML::Document.new(<<-HTML)
-      <div>
-        <h2>blah</h2>
-        <table>
-        </table>
-      </div>
-    HTML
-    assert_not_nil doc.find(:tag => "div", :children => { :count => 1, :only => { :tag => "table" } })
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_nesting_nothing_to_s
-    doc = HTML::Document.new("<tag></tag>")
-    assert_equal "<tag></tag>", doc.root.to_s
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_nesting_space_to_s
-    doc = HTML::Document.new("<tag> </tag>")
-    assert_equal "<tag> </tag>", doc.root.to_s
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_nesting_text_to_s
-    doc = HTML::Document.new("<tag>text</tag>")
-    assert_equal "<tag>text</tag>", doc.root.to_s
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_nesting_tag_to_s
-    doc = HTML::Document.new("<tag><nested /></tag>")
-    assert_equal "<tag><nested /></tag>", doc.root.to_s
-  end
-
-  def test_parse_cdata
-    doc = HTML::Document.new(<<-HTML)
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
-        "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
-  <head>
-    <title><![CDATA[<br>]]></title>
-   </head>
-  <body>
-    <p>this document has &lt;br&gt; for a title</p>
-  </body>
-</html>
-HTML
-
-    assert_nil doc.find(:tag => "title", :descendant => { :tag => "br" })
-    assert doc.find(:tag => "title", :child => "<br>")
-  end
-
-  def test_find_empty_tag
-    doc = HTML::Document.new("<div id='map'></div>")
-    assert_nil doc.find(:tag => "div", :attributes => { :id => "map" }, :content => /./)
-    assert doc.find(:tag => "div", :attributes => { :id => "map" }, :content => /\A\Z/)
-    assert doc.find(:tag => "div", :attributes => { :id => "map" }, :content => /^$/)
-    assert doc.find(:tag => "div", :attributes => { :id => "map" }, :content => "")
-    assert doc.find(:tag => "div", :attributes => { :id => "map" }, :content => nil)
-  end
-
-  def test_parse_invalid_document
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      HTML::Document.new("<html>
-        <table>
-          <tr>
-            <td style=\"color: #FFFFFF; height: 17px; onclick=\"window.location.href='http://www.rmeinc.com/about_rme.aspx'\" style=\"cursor:pointer; height: 17px;\"; nowrap onclick=\"window.location.href='http://www.rmeinc.com/about_rme.aspx'\" onmouseout=\"this.bgColor='#0066cc'; this.style.color='#FFFFFF'\" onmouseover=\"this.bgColor='#ffffff'; this.style.color='#0033cc'\">About Us</td>
-          </tr>
-        </table>
-      </html>")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_invalid_document_raises_exception_when_strict
-    assert_raise RuntimeError do
-      HTML::Document.new("<html>
-        <table>
-          <tr>
-            <td style=\"color: #FFFFFF; height: 17px; onclick=\"window.location.href='http://www.rmeinc.com/about_rme.aspx'\" style=\"cursor:pointer; height: 17px;\"; nowrap onclick=\"window.location.href='http://www.rmeinc.com/about_rme.aspx'\" onmouseout=\"this.bgColor='#0066cc'; this.style.color='#FFFFFF'\" onmouseover=\"this.bgColor='#ffffff'; this.style.color='#0033cc'\">About Us</td>
-          </tr>
-        </table>
-      </html>", true)
-    end
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/node_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/node_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5b5d092036..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/node_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,89 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-class NodeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-
-  class MockNode
-    def initialize(matched, value)
-      @matched = matched
-      @value = value
-    end
-
-    def find(conditions)
-      @matched && self
-    end
-
-    def to_s
-      @value.to_s
-    end
-  end
-
-  def setup
-    @node = HTML::Node.new("parent")
-    @node.children.concat [MockNode.new(false,1), MockNode.new(true,"two"), MockNode.new(false,:three)]
-  end
-
-  def test_match
-    assert !@node.match("foo")
-  end
-
-  def test_tag
-    assert !@node.tag?
-  end
-
-  def test_to_s
-    assert_equal "1twothree", @node.to_s
-  end
-
-  def test_find
-    assert_equal "two", @node.find('blah').to_s
-  end
-
-  def test_parse_strict
-    s = "<b foo='hello'' bar='baz'>"
-    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { HTML::Node.parse(nil,0,0,s) }
-  end
-
-  def test_parse_relaxed
-    s = "<b foo='hello'' bar='baz'>"
-    node = nil
-    assert_nothing_raised { node = HTML::Node.parse(nil,0,0,s,false) }
-    assert node.attributes.has_key?("foo")
-    assert !node.attributes.has_key?("bar")
-  end
-
-  def test_to_s_with_boolean_attrs
-    s = "<b foo bar>"
-    node = HTML::Node.parse(nil,0,0,s)
-    assert node.attributes.has_key?("foo")
-    assert node.attributes.has_key?("bar")
-    assert "<b foo bar>", node.to_s
-  end
-
-  def test_parse_with_unclosed_tag
-    s = "<span onmouseover='bang'"
-    node = nil
-    assert_nothing_raised { node = HTML::Node.parse(nil,0,0,s,false) }
-    assert node.attributes.has_key?("onmouseover")
-  end
-
-  def test_parse_with_valid_cdata_section
-    s = "<![CDATA[<span>contents</span>]]>"
-    node = nil
-    assert_nothing_raised { node = HTML::Node.parse(nil,0,0,s,false) }
-    assert_kind_of HTML::CDATA, node
-    assert_equal '<span>contents</span>', node.content
-  end
-
-  def test_parse_strict_with_unterminated_cdata_section
-    s = "<![CDATA[neverending..."
-    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { HTML::Node.parse(nil,0,0,s) }
-  end
-
-  def test_parse_relaxed_with_unterminated_cdata_section
-    s = "<![CDATA[neverending..."
-    node = nil
-    assert_nothing_raised { node = HTML::Node.parse(nil,0,0,s,false) }
-    assert_kind_of HTML::CDATA, node
-    assert_equal 'neverending...', node.content
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/sanitizer_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/sanitizer_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b1c1b83807..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/sanitizer_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,330 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-class SanitizerTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  def setup
-    @sanitizer = nil # used by assert_sanitizer
-  end
-
-  def test_strip_tags_with_quote
-    sanitizer = HTML::FullSanitizer.new
-    string    = '<" <img src="trollface.gif" onload="alert(1)"> hi'
-
-    assert_equal ' hi', sanitizer.sanitize(string)
-  end
-
-  def test_strip_tags
-    sanitizer = HTML::FullSanitizer.new
-    assert_equal("<<<bad html", sanitizer.sanitize("<<<bad html"))
-    assert_equal("<<", sanitizer.sanitize("<<<bad html>"))
-    assert_equal("Dont touch me", sanitizer.sanitize("Dont touch me"))
-    assert_equal("This is a test.", sanitizer.sanitize("<p>This <u>is<u> a <a href='test.html'><strong>test</strong></a>.</p>"))
-    assert_equal("Weirdos", sanitizer.sanitize("Wei<<a>a onclick='alert(document.cookie);'</a>/>rdos"))
-    assert_equal("This is a test.", sanitizer.sanitize("This is a test."))
-    assert_equal(
-    %{This is a test.\n\n\nIt no longer contains any HTML.\n}, sanitizer.sanitize(
-    %{<title>This is <b>a <a href="" target="_blank">test</a></b>.</title>\n\n<!-- it has a comment -->\n\n<p>It no <b>longer <strong>contains <em>any <strike>HTML</strike></em>.</strong></b></p>\n}))
-    assert_equal "This has a  here.", sanitizer.sanitize("This has a <!-- comment --> here.")
-    assert_equal "This has a  here.", sanitizer.sanitize("This has a <![CDATA[<section>]]> here.")
-    assert_equal "This has an unclosed ", sanitizer.sanitize("This has an unclosed <![CDATA[<section>]] here...")
-    [nil, '', '   '].each { |blank| assert_equal blank, sanitizer.sanitize(blank) }
-    assert_nothing_raised { sanitizer.sanitize("This is a frozen string with no tags".freeze) }
-  end
-
-  def test_strip_links
-    sanitizer = HTML::LinkSanitizer.new
-    assert_equal "Dont touch me", sanitizer.sanitize("Dont touch me")
-    assert_equal "on my mind\nall day long", sanitizer.sanitize("<a href='almost'>on my mind</a>\n<A href='almost'>all day long</A>")
-    assert_equal "0wn3d", sanitizer.sanitize("<a href='http://www.rubyonrails.com/'><a href='http://www.rubyonrails.com/' onlclick='steal()'>0wn3d</a></a>")
-    assert_equal "Magic", sanitizer.sanitize("<a href='http://www.rubyonrails.com/'>Mag<a href='http://www.ruby-lang.org/'>ic")
-    assert_equal "FrrFox", sanitizer.sanitize("<href onlclick='steal()'>FrrFox</a></href>")
-    assert_equal "My mind\nall <b>day</b> long", sanitizer.sanitize("<a href='almost'>My mind</a>\n<A href='almost'>all <b>day</b> long</A>")
-    assert_equal "all <b>day</b> long", sanitizer.sanitize("<<a>a href='hello'>all <b>day</b> long<</A>/a>")
-
-    assert_equal "<a<a", sanitizer.sanitize("<a<a")
-  end
-
-  def test_sanitize_form
-    assert_sanitized "<form action=\"/foo/bar\" method=\"post\"><input></form>", ''
-  end
-
-  def test_sanitize_plaintext
-    raw = "<plaintext><span>foo</span></plaintext>"
-    assert_sanitized raw, "<span>foo</span>"
-  end
-
-  def test_sanitize_script
-    assert_sanitized "a b c<script language=\"Javascript\">blah blah blah</script>d e f", "a b cd e f"
-  end
-
-  def test_sanitize_js_handlers
-    raw = %{onthis="do that" <a href="#" onclick="hello" name="foo" onbogus="remove me">hello</a>}
-    assert_sanitized raw, %{onthis="do that" <a name="foo" href="#">hello</a>}
-  end
-
-  def test_sanitize_javascript_href
-    raw = %{href="javascript:bang" <a href="javascript:bang" name="hello">foo</a>, <span href="javascript:bang">bar</span>}
-    assert_sanitized raw, %{href="javascript:bang" <a name="hello">foo</a>, <span>bar</span>}
-  end
-
-  def test_sanitize_image_src
-    raw = %{src="javascript:bang" <img src="javascript:bang" width="5">foo</img>, <span src="javascript:bang">bar</span>}
-    assert_sanitized raw, %{src="javascript:bang" <img width="5">foo</img>, <span>bar</span>}
-  end
-
-  HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.allowed_tags.each do |tag_name|
-    define_method "test_should_allow_#{tag_name}_tag" do
-      assert_sanitized "start <#{tag_name} title=\"1\" onclick=\"foo\">foo <bad>bar</bad> baz</#{tag_name}> end", %(start <#{tag_name} title="1">foo bar baz</#{tag_name}> end)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_should_allow_anchors
-    assert_sanitized %(<a href="foo" onclick="bar"><script>baz</script></a>), %(<a href="foo"></a>)
-  end
-
-  # RFC 3986, sec 4.2
-  def test_allow_colons_in_path_component
-    assert_sanitized("<a href=\"./this:that\">foo</a>")
-  end
-
-  %w(src width height alt).each do |img_attr|
-    define_method "test_should_allow_image_#{img_attr}_attribute" do
-      assert_sanitized %(<img #{img_attr}="foo" onclick="bar" />), %(<img #{img_attr}="foo" />)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_should_handle_non_html
-    assert_sanitized 'abc'
-  end
-
-  def test_should_handle_blank_text
-    assert_sanitized nil
-    assert_sanitized ''
-  end
-
-  def test_should_allow_custom_tags
-    text = "<u>foo</u>"
-    sanitizer = HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.new
-    assert_equal(text, sanitizer.sanitize(text, :tags => %w(u)))
-  end
-
-  def test_should_allow_only_custom_tags
-    text = "<u>foo</u> with <i>bar</i>"
-    sanitizer = HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.new
-    assert_equal("<u>foo</u> with bar", sanitizer.sanitize(text, :tags => %w(u)))
-  end
-
-  def test_should_allow_custom_tags_with_attributes
-    text = %(<blockquote cite="http://example.com/">foo</blockquote>)
-    sanitizer = HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.new
-    assert_equal(text, sanitizer.sanitize(text))
-  end
-
-  def test_should_allow_custom_tags_with_custom_attributes
-    text = %(<blockquote foo="bar">Lorem ipsum</blockquote>)
-    sanitizer = HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.new
-    assert_equal(text, sanitizer.sanitize(text, :attributes => ['foo']))
-  end
-
-  def test_should_raise_argument_error_if_tags_is_not_enumerable
-    sanitizer = HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.new
-    e = assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
-      sanitizer.sanitize('', :tags => 'foo')
-    end
-
-    assert_equal "You should pass :tags as an Enumerable", e.message
-  end
-
-  def test_should_raise_argument_error_if_attributes_is_not_enumerable
-    sanitizer = HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.new
-    e = assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
-      sanitizer.sanitize('', :attributes => 'foo')
-    end
-
-    assert_equal "You should pass :attributes as an Enumerable", e.message
-  end
-
-  [%w(img src), %w(a href)].each do |(tag, attr)|
-    define_method "test_should_strip_#{attr}_attribute_in_#{tag}_with_bad_protocols" do
-      assert_sanitized %(<#{tag} #{attr}="javascript:bang" title="1">boo</#{tag}>), %(<#{tag} title="1">boo</#{tag}>)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_should_flag_bad_protocols
-    sanitizer = HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.new
-    %w(about chrome data disk hcp help javascript livescript lynxcgi lynxexec ms-help ms-its mhtml mocha opera res resource shell vbscript view-source vnd.ms.radio wysiwyg).each do |proto|
-      assert sanitizer.send(:contains_bad_protocols?, 'src', "#{proto}://bad")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_should_accept_good_protocols_ignoring_case
-    sanitizer = HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.new
-    HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.allowed_protocols.each do |proto|
-      assert !sanitizer.send(:contains_bad_protocols?, 'src', "#{proto.capitalize}://good")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_should_accept_good_protocols_ignoring_space
-    sanitizer = HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.new
-    HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.allowed_protocols.each do |proto|
-      assert !sanitizer.send(:contains_bad_protocols?, 'src', " #{proto}://good")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_should_accept_good_protocols
-    sanitizer = HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.new
-    HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.allowed_protocols.each do |proto|
-      assert !sanitizer.send(:contains_bad_protocols?, 'src', "#{proto}://good")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_should_reject_hex_codes_in_protocol
-    assert_sanitized %(<a href="&#37;6A&#37;61&#37;76&#37;61&#37;73&#37;63&#37;72&#37;69&#37;70&#37;74&#37;3A&#37;61&#37;6C&#37;65&#37;72&#37;74&#37;28&#37;22&#37;58&#37;53&#37;53&#37;22&#37;29">1</a>), "<a>1</a>"
-    assert @sanitizer.send(:contains_bad_protocols?, 'src', "%6A%61%76%61%73%63%72%69%70%74%3A%61%6C%65%72%74%28%22%58%53%53%22%29")
-  end
-
-  def test_should_block_script_tag
-    assert_sanitized %(<SCRIPT\nSRC=http://ha.ckers.org/xss.js></SCRIPT>), ""
-  end
-
-  [%(<IMG SRC="javascript:alert('XSS');">),
-   %(<IMG SRC=javascript:alert('XSS')>),
-   %(<IMG SRC=JaVaScRiPt:alert('XSS')>),
-   %(<IMG """><SCRIPT>alert("XSS")</SCRIPT>">),
-   %(<IMG SRC=javascript:alert(&quot;XSS&quot;)>),
-   %(<IMG SRC=javascript:alert(String.fromCharCode(88,83,83))>),
-   %(<IMG SRC=&#106;&#97;&#118;&#97;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#105;&#112;&#116;&#58;&#97;&#108;&#101;&#114;&#116;&#40;&#39;&#88;&#83;&#83;&#39;&#41;>),
-   %(<IMG SRC=&#0000106&#0000097&#0000118&#0000097&#0000115&#0000099&#0000114&#0000105&#0000112&#0000116&#0000058&#0000097&#0000108&#0000101&#0000114&#0000116&#0000040&#0000039&#0000088&#0000083&#0000083&#0000039&#0000041>),
-   %(<IMG SRC=&#x6A&#x61&#x76&#x61&#x73&#x63&#x72&#x69&#x70&#x74&#x3A&#x61&#x6C&#x65&#x72&#x74&#x28&#x27&#x58&#x53&#x53&#x27&#x29>),
-   %(<IMG SRC="jav\tascript:alert('XSS');">),
-   %(<IMG SRC="jav&#x09;ascript:alert('XSS');">),
-   %(<IMG SRC="jav&#x0A;ascript:alert('XSS');">),
-   %(<IMG SRC="jav&#x0D;ascript:alert('XSS');">),
-   %(<IMG SRC=" &#14;  javascript:alert('XSS');">),
-   %(<IMG SRC="javascript&#x3a;alert('XSS');">),
-   %(<IMG SRC=`javascript:alert("RSnake says, 'XSS'")`>)].each_with_index do |img_hack, i|
-    define_method "test_should_not_fall_for_xss_image_hack_#{i+1}" do
-      assert_sanitized img_hack, "<img>"
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_tag_broken_up_by_null
-    assert_sanitized %(<SCR\0IPT>alert(\"XSS\")</SCR\0IPT>), "alert(\"XSS\")"
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_invalid_script_tag
-    assert_sanitized %(<SCRIPT/XSS SRC="http://ha.ckers.org/xss.js"></SCRIPT>), ""
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_script_tag_with_multiple_open_brackets
-    assert_sanitized %(<<SCRIPT>alert("XSS");//<</SCRIPT>), "&lt;"
-    assert_sanitized %(<iframe src=http://ha.ckers.org/scriptlet.html\n<a), %(&lt;a)
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_unclosed_script
-    assert_sanitized %(<SCRIPT SRC=http://ha.ckers.org/xss.js?<B>), "<b>"
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_half_open_scripts
-    assert_sanitized %(<IMG SRC="javascript:alert('XSS')"), "<img>"
-  end
-
-  def test_should_not_fall_for_ridiculous_hack
-    img_hack = %(<IMG\nSRC\n=\n"\nj\na\nv\na\ns\nc\nr\ni\np\nt\n:\na\nl\ne\nr\nt\n(\n'\nX\nS\nS\n'\n)\n"\n>)
-    assert_sanitized img_hack, "<img>"
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_attributes
-    assert_sanitized %(<SPAN title="'><script>alert()</script>">blah</SPAN>), %(<span title="#{CGI.escapeHTML "'><script>alert()</script>"}">blah</span>)
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_illegal_style_properties
-    raw      = %(display:block; position:absolute; left:0; top:0; width:100%; height:100%; z-index:1; background-color:black; background-image:url(http://www.ragingplatypus.com/i/cam-full.jpg); background-x:center; background-y:center; background-repeat:repeat;)
-    expected = %(display: block; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-color: black; background-image: ; background-x: center; background-y: center;)
-    assert_equal expected, sanitize_css(raw)
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_with_trailing_space
-    raw = "display:block; "
-    expected = "display: block;"
-    assert_equal expected, sanitize_css(raw)
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_xul_style_attributes
-    raw = %(-moz-binding:url('http://ha.ckers.org/xssmoz.xml#xss'))
-    assert_equal '', sanitize_css(raw)
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_invalid_tag_names
-    assert_sanitized(%(a b c<script/XSS src="http://ha.ckers.org/xss.js"></script>d e f), "a b cd e f")
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_non_alpha_and_non_digit_characters_in_tags
-    assert_sanitized('<a onclick!#$%&()*~+-_.,:;?@[/|\]^`=alert("XSS")>foo</a>', "<a>foo</a>")
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_invalid_tag_names_in_single_tags
-    assert_sanitized('<img/src="http://ha.ckers.org/xss.js"/>', "<img />")
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_img_dynsrc_lowsrc
-    assert_sanitized(%(<img lowsrc="javascript:alert('XSS')" />), "<img />")
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_div_background_image_unicode_encoded
-    raw = %(background-image:\0075\0072\006C\0028'\006a\0061\0076\0061\0073\0063\0072\0069\0070\0074\003a\0061\006c\0065\0072\0074\0028.1027\0058.1053\0053\0027\0029'\0029)
-    assert_equal '', sanitize_css(raw)
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_div_style_expression
-    raw = %(width: expression(alert('XSS'));)
-    assert_equal '', sanitize_css(raw)
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_across_newlines
-    raw = %(\nwidth:\nexpression(alert('XSS'));\n)
-    assert_equal '', sanitize_css(raw)
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_img_vbscript
-    assert_sanitized %(<img src='vbscript:msgbox("XSS")' />), '<img />'
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_cdata_section
-    assert_sanitized "<![CDATA[<span>section</span>]]>", "&lt;![CDATA[&lt;span>section&lt;/span>]]>"
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_unterminated_cdata_section
-    assert_sanitized "<![CDATA[<span>neverending...", "&lt;![CDATA[&lt;span>neverending...]]>"
-  end
-
-  def test_should_not_mangle_urls_with_ampersand
-     assert_sanitized %{<a href=\"http://www.domain.com?var1=1&amp;var2=2\">my link</a>}
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_neverending_attribute
-    assert_sanitized "<span class=\"\\", "<span class=\"\\\">"
-  end
-
-  def test_x03a
-    assert_sanitized %(<a href="javascript&#x3a;alert('XSS');">), "<a>"
-    assert_sanitized %(<a href="javascript&#x003a;alert('XSS');">), "<a>"
-    assert_sanitized %(<a href="http&#x3a;//legit">), %(<a href="http://legit">)
-    assert_sanitized %(<a href="javascript&#x3A;alert('XSS');">), "<a>"
-    assert_sanitized %(<a href="javascript&#x003A;alert('XSS');">), "<a>"
-    assert_sanitized %(<a href="http&#x3A;//legit">), %(<a href="http://legit">)
-  end
-
-protected
-  def assert_sanitized(input, expected = nil)
-    @sanitizer ||= HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.new
-    if input
-      assert_dom_equal expected || input, @sanitizer.sanitize(input)
-    else
-      assert_nil @sanitizer.sanitize(input)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def sanitize_css(input)
-    (@sanitizer ||= HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.new).sanitize_css(input)
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/tag_node_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/tag_node_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index a29d2d43d7..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/tag_node_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,243 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-class TagNodeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_open_without_attributes
-    node = tag("<tag>")
-    assert_equal "tag", node.name
-    assert_equal Hash.new, node.attributes
-    assert_nil node.closing
-  end
-
-  def test_open_with_attributes
-    node = tag("<TAG1 foo=hey_ho x:bar=\"blah blah\" BAZ='blah blah blah' >")
-    assert_equal "tag1", node.name
-    assert_equal "hey_ho", node["foo"]
-    assert_equal "blah blah", node["x:bar"]
-    assert_equal "blah blah blah", node["baz"]
-  end
-
-  def test_self_closing_without_attributes
-    node = tag("<tag/>")
-    assert_equal "tag", node.name
-    assert_equal Hash.new, node.attributes
-    assert_equal :self, node.closing
-  end
-
-  def test_self_closing_with_attributes
-    node = tag("<tag a=b/>")
-    assert_equal "tag", node.name
-    assert_equal( { "a" => "b" }, node.attributes )
-    assert_equal :self, node.closing
-  end
-
-  def test_closing_without_attributes
-    node = tag("</tag>")
-    assert_equal "tag", node.name
-    assert_nil node.attributes
-    assert_equal :close, node.closing
-  end
-
-  def test_bracket_op_when_no_attributes
-    node = tag("</tag>")
-    assert_nil node["foo"]
-  end
-
-  def test_bracket_op_when_attributes
-    node = tag("<tag a=b/>")
-    assert_equal "b", node["a"]
-  end
-
-  def test_attributes_with_escaped_quotes
-    node = tag("<tag a='b\\'c' b=\"bob \\\"float\\\"\">")
-    assert_equal "b\\'c", node["a"]
-    assert_equal "bob \\\"float\\\"", node["b"]
-  end
-
-  def test_to_s
-    node = tag("<a b=c d='f' g=\"h 'i'\" />")
-    node = node.to_s
-    assert node.include?('a')
-    assert node.include?('b="c"')
-    assert node.include?('d="f"')
-    assert node.include?('g="h')
-    assert node.include?('i')
-  end
-
-  def test_tag
-    assert tag("<tag>").tag?
-  end
-
-  def test_match_tag_as_string
-    assert tag("<tag>").match(:tag => "tag")
-    assert !tag("<tag>").match(:tag => "b")
-  end
-
-  def test_match_tag_as_regexp
-    assert tag("<tag>").match(:tag => /t.g/)
-    assert !tag("<tag>").match(:tag => /t[bqs]g/)
-  end
-
-  def test_match_attributes_as_string
-    t = tag("<tag a=something b=else />")
-    assert t.match(:attributes => {"a" => "something"})
-    assert t.match(:attributes => {"b" => "else"})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_attributes_as_regexp
-    t = tag("<tag a=something b=else />")
-    assert t.match(:attributes => {"a" => /^something$/})
-    assert t.match(:attributes => {"b" =>  /e.*e/})
-    assert t.match(:attributes => {"a" => /me..i/, "b" => /.ls.$/})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_attributes_as_number
-    t = tag("<tag a=15 b=3.1415 />")
-    assert t.match(:attributes => {"a" => 15})
-    assert t.match(:attributes => {"b" => 3.1415})
-    assert t.match(:attributes => {"a" => 15, "b" => 3.1415})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_attributes_exist
-    t = tag("<tag a=15 b=3.1415 />")
-    assert t.match(:attributes => {"a" => true})
-    assert t.match(:attributes => {"b" => true})
-    assert t.match(:attributes => {"a" => true, "b" => true})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_attributes_not_exist
-    t = tag("<tag a=15 b=3.1415 />")
-    assert t.match(:attributes => {"c" => false})
-    assert t.match(:attributes => {"c" => nil})
-    assert t.match(:attributes => {"a" => true, "c" => false})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_parent_success
-    t = tag("<tag a=15 b='hello'>", tag("<foo k='value'>"))
-    assert t.match(:parent => {:tag => "foo", :attributes => {"k" => /v.l/, "j" => false}})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_parent_fail
-    t = tag("<tag a=15 b='hello'>", tag("<foo k='value'>"))
-    assert !t.match(:parent => {:tag => /kafka/})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_child_success
-    t = tag("<tag x:k='something'>")
-    tag("<child v=john a=kelly>", t)
-    tag("<sib m=vaughn v=james>", t)
-    assert t.match(:child => { :tag => "sib", :attributes => {"v" => /j/}})
-    assert t.match(:child => { :attributes => {"a" => "kelly"}})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_child_fail
-    t = tag("<tag x:k='something'>")
-    tag("<child v=john a=kelly>", t)
-    tag("<sib m=vaughn v=james>", t)
-    assert !t.match(:child => { :tag => "sib", :attributes => {"v" => /r/}})
-    assert !t.match(:child => { :attributes => {"v" => false}})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_ancestor_success
-    t = tag("<tag x:k='something'>", tag("<parent v=john a=kelly>", tag("<grandparent m=vaughn v=james>")))
-    assert t.match(:ancestor => {:tag => "parent", :attributes => {"a" => /ll/}})
-    assert t.match(:ancestor => {:attributes => {"m" => "vaughn"}})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_ancestor_fail
-    t = tag("<tag x:k='something'>", tag("<parent v=john a=kelly>", tag("<grandparent m=vaughn v=james>")))
-    assert !t.match(:ancestor => {:tag => /^parent/, :attributes => {"v" => /m/}})
-    assert !t.match(:ancestor => {:attributes => {"v" => false}})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_descendant_success
-    tag("<grandchild m=vaughn v=james>", tag("<child v=john a=kelly>", t = tag("<tag x:k='something'>")))
-    assert t.match(:descendant => {:tag => "child", :attributes => {"a" => /ll/}})
-    assert t.match(:descendant => {:attributes => {"m" => "vaughn"}})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_descendant_fail
-    tag("<grandchild m=vaughn v=james>", tag("<child v=john a=kelly>", t = tag("<tag x:k='something'>")))
-    assert !t.match(:descendant => {:tag => /^child/, :attributes => {"v" => /m/}})
-    assert !t.match(:descendant => {:attributes => {"v" => false}})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_child_count
-    t = tag("<tag x:k='something'>")
-    tag("hello", t)
-    tag("<child v=john a=kelly>", t)
-    tag("<sib m=vaughn v=james>", t)
-    assert t.match(:children => { :count => 2 })
-    assert t.match(:children => { :count => 2..4 })
-    assert t.match(:children => { :less_than => 4 })
-    assert t.match(:children => { :greater_than => 1 })
-    assert !t.match(:children => { :count => 3 })
-  end
-
-  def test_conditions_as_strings
-    t = tag("<tag x:k='something'>")
-    assert t.match("tag" => "tag")
-    assert t.match("attributes" => { "x:k" => "something" })
-    assert !t.match("tag" => "gat")
-    assert !t.match("attributes" => { "x:j" => "something" })
-  end
-
-  def test_attributes_as_symbols
-    t = tag("<child v=john a=kelly>")
-    assert t.match(:attributes => { :v => /oh/ })
-    assert t.match(:attributes => { :a => /ll/ })
-  end
-
-  def test_match_sibling
-    t = tag("<tag x:k='something'>")
-    tag("hello", t)
-    tag("<span a=b>", t)
-    tag("world", t)
-    m = tag("<span k=r>", t)
-    tag("<span m=l>", t)
-
-    assert m.match(:sibling => {:tag => "span", :attributes => {:a => true}})
-    assert m.match(:sibling => {:tag => "span", :attributes => {:m => true}})
-    assert !m.match(:sibling => {:tag => "span", :attributes => {:k => true}})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_sibling_before
-    t = tag("<tag x:k='something'>")
-    tag("hello", t)
-    tag("<span a=b>", t)
-    tag("world", t)
-    m = tag("<span k=r>", t)
-    tag("<span m=l>", t)
-
-    assert m.match(:before => {:tag => "span", :attributes => {:m => true}})
-    assert !m.match(:before => {:tag => "span", :attributes => {:a => true}})
-    assert !m.match(:before => {:tag => "span", :attributes => {:k => true}})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_sibling_after
-    t = tag("<tag x:k='something'>")
-    tag("hello", t)
-    tag("<span a=b>", t)
-    tag("world", t)
-    m = tag("<span k=r>", t)
-    tag("<span m=l>", t)
-
-    assert m.match(:after => {:tag => "span", :attributes => {:a => true}})
-    assert !m.match(:after => {:tag => "span", :attributes => {:m => true}})
-    assert !m.match(:after => {:tag => "span", :attributes => {:k => true}})
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_to_s
-    t = tag("<b x='foo'>")
-    tag("hello", t)
-    tag("<hr />", t)
-    assert_equal %(<b x="foo">hello<hr /></b>), t.to_s
-  end
-
-  private
-
-    def tag(content, parent=nil)
-      node = HTML::Node.parse(parent,0,0,content)
-      parent.children << node if parent
-      node
-    end
-end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/text_node_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/text_node_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index cbcb9e78f0..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/text_node_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-class TextNodeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def setup
-    @node = HTML::Text.new(nil, 0, 0, "hello, howdy, aloha, annyeong")
-  end
-
-  def test_to_s
-    assert_equal "hello, howdy, aloha, annyeong", @node.to_s
-  end
-
-  def test_find_string
-    assert_equal @node, @node.find("hello, howdy, aloha, annyeong")
-    assert_equal false, @node.find("bogus")
-  end
-
-  def test_find_regexp
-    assert_equal @node, @node.find(/an+y/)
-    assert_nil @node.find(/b/)
-  end
-
-  def test_find_hash
-    assert_equal @node, @node.find(:content => /howdy/)
-    assert_nil @node.find(:content => /^howdy$/)
-    assert_equal false, @node.find(:content => "howdy")
-  end
-
-  def test_find_other
-    assert_nil @node.find(:hello)
-  end
-
-  def test_match_string
-    assert @node.match("hello, howdy, aloha, annyeong")
-    assert_equal false, @node.match("bogus")
-  end
-
-  def test_match_regexp
-    assert_not_nil @node, @node.match(/an+y/)
-    assert_nil @node.match(/b/)
-  end
-
-  def test_match_hash
-    assert_not_nil @node, @node.match(:content => "howdy")
-    assert_nil @node.match(:content => /^howdy$/)
-  end
-
-  def test_match_other
-    assert_nil @node.match(:hello)
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/tokenizer_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/tokenizer_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1d59de23b6..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/tokenizer_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,131 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-class TokenizerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-
-  def test_blank
-    tokenize ""
-    assert_end
-  end
-
-  def test_space
-    tokenize " "
-    assert_next " "
-    assert_end
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_simple_open
-    tokenize "<tag>"
-    assert_next "<tag>"
-    assert_end
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_simple_self_closing
-    tokenize "<tag />"
-    assert_next "<tag />"
-    assert_end
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_simple_closing
-    tokenize "</tag>"
-    assert_next "</tag>"
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_with_single_quoted_attribute
-    tokenize %{<tag a='hello'>x}
-    assert_next %{<tag a='hello'>}
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_with_single_quoted_attribute_with_escape
-    tokenize %{<tag a='hello\\''>x}
-    assert_next %{<tag a='hello\\''>}
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_with_double_quoted_attribute
-    tokenize %{<tag a="hello">x}
-    assert_next %{<tag a="hello">}
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_with_double_quoted_attribute_with_escape
-    tokenize %{<tag a="hello\\"">x}
-    assert_next %{<tag a="hello\\"">}
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_with_unquoted_attribute
-    tokenize %{<tag a=hello>x}
-    assert_next %{<tag a=hello>}
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_with_lt_char_in_attribute
-    tokenize %{<tag a="x < y">x}
-    assert_next %{<tag a="x < y">}
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_with_gt_char_in_attribute
-    tokenize %{<tag a="x > y">x}
-    assert_next %{<tag a="x > y">}
-  end
-
-  def test_doctype_tag
-    tokenize %{<!DOCTYPE "blah" "blah" "blah">\n    <html>}
-    assert_next %{<!DOCTYPE "blah" "blah" "blah">}
-    assert_next %{\n    }
-    assert_next %{<html>}
-  end
-
-  def test_cdata_tag
-    tokenize %{<![CDATA[<br>]]>}
-    assert_next %{<![CDATA[<br>]]>}
-    assert_end
-  end
-
-  def test_unterminated_cdata_tag
-    tokenize %{<content:encoded><![CDATA[ neverending...}
-    assert_next %{<content:encoded>}
-    assert_next %{<![CDATA[ neverending...}
-    assert_end
-  end
-
-  def test_less_than_with_space
-    tokenize %{original < hello > world}
-    assert_next %{original }
-    assert_next %{< hello > world}
-  end
-
-  def test_less_than_without_matching_greater_than
-    tokenize %{hello <span onmouseover="gotcha"\n<b>foo</b>\nbar</span>}
-    assert_next %{hello }
-    assert_next %{<span onmouseover="gotcha"\n}
-    assert_next %{<b>}
-    assert_next %{foo}
-    assert_next %{</b>}
-    assert_next %{\nbar}
-    assert_next %{</span>}
-    assert_end
-  end
-
-  def test_unterminated_comment
-    tokenize %{hello <!-- neverending...}
-    assert_next %{hello }
-    assert_next %{<!-- neverending...}
-    assert_end
-  end
-
-  private
-
-    def tokenize(text)
-      @tokenizer = HTML::Tokenizer.new(text)
-    end
-
-    def assert_next(expected, message=nil)
-      token = @tokenizer.next
-      assert_equal expected, token, message
-    end
-
-    def assert_sequence(*expected)
-      assert_next expected.shift until expected.empty?
-    end
-
-    def assert_end(message=nil)
-      assert_nil @tokenizer.next, message
-    end
-end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/javascript_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/javascript_helper_test.rb
index 4703111741..9f1535ef53 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/javascript_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/javascript_helper_test.rb
@@ -3,23 +3,16 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 class JavaScriptHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   tests ActionView::Helpers::JavaScriptHelper
 
-  def _evaluate_assigns_and_ivars() end
+  attr_accessor :output_buffer
 
-  attr_accessor :formats, :output_buffer
-
-  def update_details(details)
-    @details = details
-    yield if block_given?
-  end
-
-  def setup
-    super
+  setup do
+    @old_escape_html_entities_in_json = ActiveSupport.escape_html_entities_in_json
     ActiveSupport.escape_html_entities_in_json  = true
     @template = self
   end
 
   def teardown
-    ActiveSupport.escape_html_entities_in_json  = false
+    ActiveSupport.escape_html_entities_in_json = @old_escape_html_entities_in_json
   end
 
   def test_escape_javascript
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/log_subscriber_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/log_subscriber_test.rb
index 7f4c84929f..4776c18b0b 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/log_subscriber_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/log_subscriber_test.rb
@@ -12,13 +12,18 @@ class AVLogSubscriberTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     lookup_context = ActionView::LookupContext.new(view_paths, {}, ["test"])
     renderer = ActionView::Renderer.new(lookup_context)
     @view = ActionView::Base.new(renderer, {})
-    Rails.stubs(:root).returns(File.expand_path(FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH))
     ActionView::LogSubscriber.attach_to :action_view
+    unless Rails.respond_to?(:root)
+      @defined_root = true
+      def Rails.root; :defined_root; end # Minitest `stub` expects the method to be defined.
+    end
   end
 
   def teardown
     super
     ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber.log_subscribers.clear
+    # We need to undef `root`, RenderTestCases don't want this to be defined
+    Rails.instance_eval { undef :root } if @defined_root
   end
 
   def set_logger(logger)
@@ -26,66 +31,82 @@ class AVLogSubscriberTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_render_file_template
-    @view.render(:file => "test/hello_world")
-    wait
+    Rails.stub(:root, File.expand_path(FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH)) do
+      @view.render(:file => "test/hello_world")
+      wait
 
-    assert_equal 1, @logger.logged(:info).size
-    assert_match(/Rendered test\/hello_world\.erb/, @logger.logged(:info).last)
+      assert_equal 1, @logger.logged(:info).size
+      assert_match(/Rendered test\/hello_world\.erb/, @logger.logged(:info).last)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_render_text_template
-    @view.render(:text => "TEXT")
-    wait
+    Rails.stub(:root, File.expand_path(FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH)) do
+      @view.render(:text => "TEXT")
+      wait
 
-    assert_equal 1, @logger.logged(:info).size
-    assert_match(/Rendered text template/, @logger.logged(:info).last)
+      assert_equal 1, @logger.logged(:info).size
+      assert_match(/Rendered text template/, @logger.logged(:info).last)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_render_inline_template
-    @view.render(:inline => "<%= 'TEXT' %>")
-    wait
+    Rails.stub(:root, File.expand_path(FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH)) do
+      @view.render(:inline => "<%= 'TEXT' %>")
+      wait
 
-    assert_equal 1, @logger.logged(:info).size
-    assert_match(/Rendered inline template/, @logger.logged(:info).last)
+      assert_equal 1, @logger.logged(:info).size
+      assert_match(/Rendered inline template/, @logger.logged(:info).last)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_render_partial_template
-    @view.render(:partial => "test/customer")
-    wait
+    Rails.stub(:root, File.expand_path(FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH)) do
+      @view.render(:partial => "test/customer")
+      wait
 
-    assert_equal 1, @logger.logged(:info).size
-    assert_match(/Rendered test\/_customer.erb/, @logger.logged(:info).last)
+      assert_equal 1, @logger.logged(:info).size
+      assert_match(/Rendered test\/_customer.erb/, @logger.logged(:info).last)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_render_partial_with_implicit_path
-    @view.render(Customer.new("david"), :greeting => "hi")
-    wait
+    Rails.stub(:root, File.expand_path(FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH)) do
+      @view.render(Customer.new("david"), :greeting => "hi")
+      wait
 
-    assert_equal 1, @logger.logged(:info).size
-    assert_match(/Rendered customers\/_customer\.html\.erb/, @logger.logged(:info).last)
+      assert_equal 1, @logger.logged(:info).size
+      assert_match(/Rendered customers\/_customer\.html\.erb/, @logger.logged(:info).last)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_render_collection_template
-    @view.render(:partial => "test/customer", :collection => [ Customer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary") ])
-    wait
+    Rails.stub(:root, File.expand_path(FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH)) do
+      @view.render(:partial => "test/customer", :collection => [ Customer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary") ])
+      wait
 
-    assert_equal 1, @logger.logged(:info).size
-    assert_match(/Rendered test\/_customer.erb/, @logger.logged(:info).last)
+      assert_equal 1, @logger.logged(:info).size
+      assert_match(/Rendered test\/_customer.erb/, @logger.logged(:info).last)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_render_collection_with_implicit_path
-    @view.render([ Customer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary") ], :greeting => "hi")
-    wait
+    Rails.stub(:root, File.expand_path(FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH)) do
+      @view.render([ Customer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary") ], :greeting => "hi")
+      wait
 
-    assert_equal 1, @logger.logged(:info).size
-    assert_match(/Rendered customers\/_customer\.html\.erb/, @logger.logged(:info).last)
+      assert_equal 1, @logger.logged(:info).size
+      assert_match(/Rendered customers\/_customer\.html\.erb/, @logger.logged(:info).last)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_render_collection_template_without_path
-    @view.render([ GoodCustomer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary") ], :greeting => "hi")
-    wait
+    Rails.stub(:root, File.expand_path(FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH)) do
+      @view.render([ GoodCustomer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary") ], :greeting => "hi")
+      wait
 
-    assert_equal 1, @logger.logged(:info).size
-    assert_match(/Rendered collection/, @logger.logged(:info).last)
+      assert_equal 1, @logger.logged(:info).size
+      assert_match(/Rendered collection/, @logger.logged(:info).last)
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/lookup_context_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/lookup_context_test.rb
index ce9485e146..2e3a3f9bae 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/lookup_context_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/lookup_context_test.rb
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class LookupContextTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "normalizes details on initialization" do
-    assert_equal Mime::SET, @lookup_context.formats
+    assert_equal Mime::SET.to_a, @lookup_context.formats
     assert_equal :en, @lookup_context.locale
   end
 
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class LookupContextTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   test "handles */* formats" do
     @lookup_context.formats = ["*/*"]
-    assert_equal Mime::SET, @lookup_context.formats
+    assert_equal Mime::SET.to_a, @lookup_context.formats
   end
 
   test "handles explicitly defined */* formats fallback to :js" do
@@ -93,11 +93,26 @@ class LookupContextTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "Hey verden", template.source
   end
 
+  test "find templates with given variants" do
+    @lookup_context.formats  = [:html]
+    @lookup_context.variants = [:phone]
+
+    template = @lookup_context.find("hello_world", %w(test))
+    assert_equal "Hello phone!", template.source
+
+    @lookup_context.variants = [:phone]
+    @lookup_context.formats  = [:text]
+
+    template = @lookup_context.find("hello_world", %w(test))
+    assert_equal "Hello texty phone!", template.source
+  end
+
   test "found templates respects given formats if one cannot be found from template or handler" do
-    ActionView::Template::Handlers::Builder.expects(:default_format).returns(nil)
-    @lookup_context.formats = [:text]
-    template = @lookup_context.find("hello", %w(test))
-    assert_equal [:text], template.formats
+    assert_called(ActionView::Template::Handlers::Builder, :default_format, returns: nil) do
+      @lookup_context.formats = [:text]
+      template = @lookup_context.find("hello", %w(test))
+      assert_equal [:text], template.formats
+    end
   end
 
   test "adds fallbacks to view paths when required" do
@@ -196,45 +211,50 @@ end
 class LookupContextWithFalseCaching < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def setup
     @resolver = ActionView::FixtureResolver.new("test/_foo.erb" => ["Foo", Time.utc(2000)])
-    ActionView::Resolver.stubs(:caching?).returns(false)
     @lookup_context = ActionView::LookupContext.new(@resolver, {})
   end
 
   test "templates are always found in the resolver but timestamp is checked before being compiled" do
-    template = @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
-    assert_equal "Foo", template.source
-
-    # Now we are going to change the template, but it won't change the returned template
-    # since the timestamp is the same.
-    @resolver.hash["test/_foo.erb"][0] = "Bar"
-    template = @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
-    assert_equal "Foo", template.source
-
-    # Now update the timestamp.
-    @resolver.hash["test/_foo.erb"][1] = Time.now.utc
-    template = @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
-    assert_equal "Bar", template.source
+    ActionView::Resolver.stub(:caching?, false) do
+      template = @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
+      assert_equal "Foo", template.source
+
+      # Now we are going to change the template, but it won't change the returned template
+      # since the timestamp is the same.
+      @resolver.hash["test/_foo.erb"][0] = "Bar"
+      template = @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
+      assert_equal "Foo", template.source
+
+      # Now update the timestamp.
+      @resolver.hash["test/_foo.erb"][1] = Time.now.utc
+      template = @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
+      assert_equal "Bar", template.source
+    end
   end
 
   test "if no template was found in the second lookup, with no cache, raise error" do
-    template = @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
-    assert_equal "Foo", template.source
+    ActionView::Resolver.stub(:caching?, false) do
+      template = @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
+      assert_equal "Foo", template.source
 
-    @resolver.hash.clear
-    assert_raise ActionView::MissingTemplate do
-      @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
+      @resolver.hash.clear
+      assert_raise ActionView::MissingTemplate do
+        @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
+      end
     end
   end
 
   test "if no template was cached in the first lookup, retrieval should work in the second call" do
-    @resolver.hash.clear
-    assert_raise ActionView::MissingTemplate do
-      @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
-    end
+    ActionView::Resolver.stub(:caching?, false) do
+      @resolver.hash.clear
+      assert_raise ActionView::MissingTemplate do
+        @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
+      end
 
-    @resolver.hash["test/_foo.erb"] = ["Foo", Time.utc(2000)]
-    template = @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
-    assert_equal "Foo", template.source
+      @resolver.hash["test/_foo.erb"] = ["Foo", Time.utc(2000)]
+      template = @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
+      assert_equal "Foo", template.source
+    end
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/number_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/number_helper_test.rb
index 11bc978324..ace3e950b8 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/number_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/number_helper_test.rb
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ class NumberHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal "&lt;b&gt;1,234,567,890.50&lt;/b&gt; $", number_to_currency("1234567890.50", format: "<b>%n</b> %u")
     assert_equal "&lt;b&gt;1,234,567,890.50&lt;/b&gt; $", number_to_currency("-1234567890.50", negative_format: "<b>%n</b> %u")
     assert_equal "&lt;b&gt;1,234,567,890.50&lt;/b&gt; $", number_to_currency("-1234567890.50", 'negative_format' => "<b>%n</b> %u")
+    assert_equal '₹ 12,30,000.00', number_to_currency(1230000, delimiter_pattern: /(\d+?)(?=(\d\d)+(\d)(?!\d))/, unit: '₹', format: "%u %n")
   end
 
   def test_number_to_percentage
@@ -32,6 +33,13 @@ class NumberHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal "100%", number_to_percentage(100, precision: 0)
     assert_equal "123.4%", number_to_percentage(123.400, precision: 3, strip_insignificant_zeros: true)
     assert_equal "1.000,000%", number_to_percentage(1000, delimiter: ".", separator: ",")
+    assert_equal "98a%", number_to_percentage("98a")
+    assert_equal "NaN%", number_to_percentage(Float::NAN)
+    assert_equal "Inf%", number_to_percentage(Float::INFINITY)
+    assert_equal "NaN%", number_to_percentage(Float::NAN, precision: 0)
+    assert_equal "Inf%", number_to_percentage(Float::INFINITY, precision: 0)
+    assert_equal "NaN%", number_to_percentage(Float::NAN, precision: 1)
+    assert_equal "Inf%", number_to_percentage(Float::INFINITY, precision: 1)
   end
 
   def test_number_with_delimiter
@@ -45,6 +53,7 @@ class NumberHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal "-111.235", number_with_precision(-111.2346)
     assert_equal "111.00", number_with_precision(111, precision: 2)
     assert_equal "0.00100", number_with_precision(0.001, precision: 5)
+    assert_equal "3.33", number_with_precision(Rational(10, 3), precision: 2)
   end
 
   def test_number_to_human_size
@@ -110,6 +119,8 @@ class NumberHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     I18n.backend.store_translations 'ts',
       :custom_units_for_number_to_human => {:mili => "mm", :centi => "cm", :deci => "dm", :unit => "m", :ten => "dam", :hundred => "hm", :thousand => "km"}
     assert_equal "1.01 cm", number_to_human(0.0101, :locale => 'ts', :units => :custom_units_for_number_to_human)
+  ensure
+    I18n.reload!
   end
 
   def test_number_helpers_outputs_are_html_safe
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/output_buffer_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/output_buffer_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index eb0df3d1ab..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/template/output_buffer_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-class OutputBufferTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  class TestController < ActionController::Base
-    def index
-      render :text => 'foo'
-    end
-  end
-
-  tests TestController
-
-  def setup
-    @vc = @controller.view_context
-    get :index
-    assert_equal ['foo'], body_parts
-  end
-
-  test 'output buffer is nil after rendering' do
-    assert_nil output_buffer
-  end
-
-  test 'flushing ignores nil output buffer' do
-    @controller.view_context.flush_output_buffer
-    assert_nil output_buffer
-    assert_equal ['foo'], body_parts
-  end
-
-  test 'flushing ignores empty output buffer' do
-    @vc.output_buffer = ''
-    @vc.flush_output_buffer
-    assert_equal '', output_buffer
-    assert_equal ['foo'], body_parts
-  end
-
-  test 'flushing appends the output buffer to the body parts' do
-    @vc.output_buffer = 'bar'
-    @vc.flush_output_buffer
-    assert_equal '', output_buffer
-    assert_equal ['foo', 'bar'], body_parts
-  end
-
-  test 'flushing preserves output buffer encoding' do
-    original_buffer = ' '.force_encoding(Encoding::EUC_JP)
-    @vc.output_buffer = original_buffer
-    @vc.flush_output_buffer
-    assert_equal ['foo', original_buffer], body_parts
-    assert_not_equal original_buffer, output_buffer
-    assert_equal Encoding::EUC_JP, output_buffer.encoding
-  end
-
-  protected
-    def output_buffer
-      @vc.output_buffer
-    end
-
-    def body_parts
-      @controller.response.body_parts
-    end
-end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/output_safety_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/output_safety_helper_test.rb
index 76c71c9e6d..a1bf0e1a5f 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/output_safety_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/output_safety_helper_test.rb
@@ -25,4 +25,11 @@ class OutputSafetyHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal "<p>foo</p><br /><p>bar</p>", joined
   end
 
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+  test "safe_join should work recursively similarly to Array.join" do
+    joined = safe_join(['a',['b','c']], ':')
+    assert_equal 'a:b:c', joined
+
+    joined = safe_join(['"a"',['<b>','<c>']], ' <br/> ')
+    assert_equal '&quot;a&quot; &lt;br/&gt; &lt;b&gt; &lt;br/&gt; &lt;c&gt;', joined
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/partial_iteration_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/partial_iteration_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..695f9f1bef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/template/partial_iteration_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'action_view/renderer/partial_renderer'
+
+class PartialIterationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def test_has_size_and_index
+    iteration = ActionView::PartialIteration.new 3
+    assert_equal 0, iteration.index, "should be at the first index"
+    assert_equal 3, iteration.size, "should have the size"
+  end
+
+  def test_first_is_true_when_current_is_at_the_first_index
+    iteration = ActionView::PartialIteration.new 3
+    assert iteration.first?, "first when current is 0"
+  end
+
+  def test_first_is_false_unless_current_is_at_the_first_index
+    iteration = ActionView::PartialIteration.new 3
+    iteration.iterate!
+    assert !iteration.first?, "not first when current is 1"
+  end
+
+  def test_last_is_true_when_current_is_at_the_last_index
+    iteration = ActionView::PartialIteration.new 3
+    iteration.iterate!
+    iteration.iterate!
+    assert iteration.last?, "last when current is 2"
+  end
+
+  def test_last_is_false_unless_current_is_at_the_last_index
+    iteration = ActionView::PartialIteration.new 3
+    assert !iteration.last?, "not last when current is 0"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/record_identifier_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/record_identifier_test.rb
index 22038110a5..04898c0b0e 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/record_identifier_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/record_identifier_test.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ class RecordIdentifierTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     @record = @klass.new
     @singular = 'comment'
     @plural = 'comments'
-    @uncountable = Sheep
   end
 
   def test_dom_id_with_new_record
@@ -47,3 +46,46 @@ class RecordIdentifierTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal @singular, ActionView::RecordIdentifier.dom_class(@record)
   end
 end
+
+class RecordIdentifierWithoutActiveModelTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include ActionView::RecordIdentifier
+
+  def setup
+    @record = Plane.new
+  end
+
+  def test_dom_id_with_new_record
+    assert_equal "new_airplane", dom_id(@record)
+  end
+
+  def test_dom_id_with_new_record_and_prefix
+    assert_equal "custom_prefix_airplane", dom_id(@record, :custom_prefix)
+  end
+
+  def test_dom_id_with_saved_record
+    @record.save
+    assert_equal "airplane_1", dom_id(@record)
+  end
+
+  def test_dom_id_with_prefix
+    @record.save
+    assert_equal "edit_airplane_1", dom_id(@record, :edit)
+  end
+
+  def test_dom_class
+    assert_equal 'airplane', dom_class(@record)
+  end
+
+  def test_dom_class_with_prefix
+    assert_equal "custom_prefix_airplane", dom_class(@record, :custom_prefix)
+  end
+
+  def test_dom_id_as_singleton_method
+    @record.save
+    assert_equal "airplane_1", ActionView::RecordIdentifier.dom_id(@record)
+  end
+
+  def test_dom_class_as_singleton_method
+    assert_equal 'airplane', ActionView::RecordIdentifier.dom_class(@record)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/record_tag_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/record_tag_helper_test.rb
index ab84bccb56..bfc5d04bed 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/record_tag_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/record_tag_helper_test.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 
 class RecordTagPost
   extend ActiveModel::Naming
-  include ActiveModel::Conversion
+
   attr_accessor :id, :body
 
   def initialize
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ class RecordTagPost
 end
 
 class RecordTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
-  include RenderERBUtils
 
   tests ActionView::Helpers::RecordTagHelper
 
@@ -24,94 +23,10 @@ class RecordTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_content_tag_for
-    expected = %(<li class="record_tag_post" id="record_tag_post_45"></li>)
-    actual = content_tag_for(:li, @post)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_content_tag_for_prefix
-    expected = %(<ul class="archived_record_tag_post" id="archived_record_tag_post_45"></ul>)
-    actual = content_tag_for(:ul, @post, :archived)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_content_tag_for_with_extra_html_options
-    expected = %(<tr class="record_tag_post special" id="record_tag_post_45" style='background-color: #f0f0f0'></tr>)
-    actual = content_tag_for(:tr, @post, class: "special", style: "background-color: #f0f0f0")
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_content_tag_for_with_array_css_class
-    expected = %(<tr class="record_tag_post special odd" id="record_tag_post_45"></tr>)
-    actual = content_tag_for(:tr, @post, class: ["special", "odd"])
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_content_tag_for_with_prefix_and_extra_html_options
-    expected = %(<tr class="archived_record_tag_post special" id="archived_record_tag_post_45" style='background-color: #f0f0f0'></tr>)
-    actual = content_tag_for(:tr, @post, :archived, class: "special", style: "background-color: #f0f0f0")
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_block_not_in_erb_multiple_calls
-    expected = %(<div class="record_tag_post special" id="record_tag_post_45">What a wonderful world!</div>)
-    actual = div_for(@post, class: "special") { @post.body }
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-    actual = div_for(@post, class: "special") { @post.body }
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_block_works_with_content_tag_for_in_erb
-    expected = %(<tr class="record_tag_post" id="record_tag_post_45">What a wonderful world!</tr>)
-    actual = render_erb("<%= content_tag_for(:tr, @post) do %><%= @post.body %><% end %>")
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_div_for_in_erb
-    expected = %(<div class="record_tag_post special" id="record_tag_post_45">What a wonderful world!</div>)
-    actual = render_erb("<%= div_for(@post, class: 'special') do %><%= @post.body %><% end %>")
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_content_tag_for_collection
-    post_1 = RecordTagPost.new { |post| post.id = 101; post.body = "Hello!" }
-    post_2 = RecordTagPost.new { |post| post.id = 102; post.body = "World!" }
-    expected = %(<li class="record_tag_post" id="record_tag_post_101">Hello!</li>\n<li class="record_tag_post" id="record_tag_post_102">World!</li>)
-    actual = content_tag_for(:li, [post_1, post_2]) { |post| post.body }
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_content_tag_for_collection_without_given_block
-    post_1 = RecordTagPost.new.tap { |post| post.id = 101; post.body = "Hello!" }
-    post_2 = RecordTagPost.new.tap { |post| post.id = 102; post.body = "World!" }
-    expected = %(<li class="record_tag_post" id="record_tag_post_101"></li>\n<li class="record_tag_post" id="record_tag_post_102"></li>)
-    actual = content_tag_for(:li, [post_1, post_2])
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_div_for_collection
-    post_1 = RecordTagPost.new { |post| post.id = 101; post.body = "Hello!" }
-    post_2 = RecordTagPost.new { |post| post.id = 102; post.body = "World!" }
-    expected = %(<div class="record_tag_post" id="record_tag_post_101">Hello!</div>\n<div class="record_tag_post" id="record_tag_post_102">World!</div>)
-    actual = div_for([post_1, post_2]) { |post| post.body }
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_content_tag_for_single_record_is_html_safe
-    result = div_for(@post, class: "special") { @post.body }
-    assert result.html_safe?
-  end
-
-  def test_content_tag_for_collection_is_html_safe
-    post_1 = RecordTagPost.new { |post| post.id = 101; post.body = "Hello!" }
-    post_2 = RecordTagPost.new { |post| post.id = 102; post.body = "World!" }
-    result = content_tag_for(:li, [post_1, post_2]) { |post| post.body }
-    assert result.html_safe?
+    assert_raises(NoMethodError) { content_tag_for(:li, @post) }
   end
 
-  def test_content_tag_for_does_not_change_options_hash
-    options = { class: "important" }
-    content_tag_for(:li, @post, options)
-    assert_equal({ class: "important" }, options)
+  def test_div_for
+    assert_raises(NoMethodError) { div_for(@post, class: "special") }
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/render_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/render_test.rb
index ca508abfb8..994fd44c52 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/render_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/render_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'controller/fake_models'
 
@@ -8,16 +7,22 @@ end
 module RenderTestCases
   def setup_view(paths)
     @assigns = { :secret => 'in the sauce' }
-    @view = ActionView::Base.new(paths, @assigns)
+    @view = Class.new(ActionView::Base) do
+      def view_cache_dependencies; end
+
+      def fragment_cache_key(key)
+        ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key(key, :views)
+      end
+    end.new(paths, @assigns)
+
     @controller_view = TestController.new.view_context
 
     # Reload and register danish language for testing
-    I18n.reload!
     I18n.backend.store_translations 'da', {}
     I18n.backend.store_translations 'pt-BR', {}
 
     # Ensure original are still the same since we are reindexing view paths
-    assert_equal ORIGINAL_LOCALES, I18n.available_locales.map {|l| l.to_s }.sort
+    assert_equal ORIGINAL_LOCALES, I18n.available_locales.map(&:to_s).sort
   end
 
   def test_render_without_options
@@ -63,9 +68,10 @@ module RenderTestCases
 
   def test_render_template_with_a_missing_partial_of_another_format
     @view.lookup_context.formats = [:html]
-    assert_raise ActionView::Template::Error, "Missing partial /_missing with {:locale=>[:en], :formats=>[:json], :handlers=>[:erb, :builder]}" do
+    e = assert_raise ActionView::Template::Error do
       @view.render(:template => "with_format", :formats => [:json])
     end
+    assert_includes(e.message, "Missing partial /_missing with {:locale=>[:en], :formats=>[:json], :variants=>[], :handlers=>[:raw, :erb, :builder, :ruby]}.")
   end
 
   def test_render_file_with_locale
@@ -173,18 +179,12 @@ module RenderTestCases
     assert_equal "only partial", @view.render("test/partial_only", :counter_counter => 5)
   end
 
-  def test_render_partial_with_invalid_name
-    e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) { @view.render(:partial => "test/200") }
-    assert_equal "The partial name (test/200) is not a valid Ruby identifier; " +
-      "make sure your partial name starts with a lowercase letter or underscore, " +
-      "and is followed by any combination of letters, numbers and underscores.", e.message
+  def test_render_partial_with_number
+    assert_nothing_raised { @view.render(:partial => "test/200") }
   end
 
   def test_render_partial_with_missing_filename
-    e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) { @view.render(:partial => "test/") }
-    assert_equal "The partial name (test/) is not a valid Ruby identifier; " +
-      "make sure your partial name starts with a lowercase letter or underscore, " +
-      "and is followed by any combination of letters, numbers and underscores.", e.message
+    assert_raises(ActionView::MissingTemplate) { @view.render(:partial => "test/") }
   end
 
   def test_render_partial_with_incompatible_object
@@ -192,10 +192,25 @@ module RenderTestCases
     assert_equal "'#{nil.inspect}' is not an ActiveModel-compatible object. It must implement :to_partial_path.", e.message
   end
 
+  def test_render_partial_starting_with_a_capital
+    assert_nothing_raised { @view.render(:partial => 'test/FooBar') }
+  end
+
   def test_render_partial_with_hyphen
-    e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) { @view.render(:partial => "test/a-in") }
-    assert_equal "The partial name (test/a-in) is not a valid Ruby identifier; " +
-      "make sure your partial name starts with a lowercase letter or underscore, " +
+    assert_nothing_raised { @view.render(:partial => "test/a-in") }
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_with_invalid_option_as
+    e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) { @view.render(:partial => "test/partial_only", :as => 'a-in') }
+    assert_equal "The value (a-in) of the option `as` is not a valid Ruby identifier; " +
+      "make sure it starts with lowercase letter, " +
+      "and is followed by any combination of letters, numbers and underscores.", e.message
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_with_hyphen_and_invalid_option_as
+    e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) { @view.render(:partial => "test/a-in", :as => 'a-in') }
+    assert_equal "The value (a-in) of the option `as` is not a valid Ruby identifier; " +
+      "make sure it starts with lowercase letter, " +
       "and is followed by any combination of letters, numbers and underscores.", e.message
   end
 
@@ -236,6 +251,8 @@ module RenderTestCases
 
   def test_render_object
     assert_equal "Hello: david", @view.render(:partial => "test/customer", :object => Customer.new("david"))
+    assert_equal "FalseClass", @view.render(:partial => "test/klass", :object => false)
+    assert_equal "NilClass", @view.render(:partial => "test/klass", :object => nil)
   end
 
   def test_render_object_with_array
@@ -257,7 +274,7 @@ module RenderTestCases
   end
 
   def test_render_partial_collection_without_as
-    assert_equal "local_inspector,local_inspector_counter",
+    assert_equal "local_inspector,local_inspector_counter,local_inspector_iteration",
       @view.render(:partial => "test/local_inspector", :collection => [ Customer.new("mary") ])
   end
 
@@ -269,6 +286,14 @@ module RenderTestCases
     assert_nil @view.render(:partial => "test/customer", :collection => nil)
   end
 
+  def test_render_partial_without_object_does_not_put_partial_name_to_local_assigns
+    assert_equal 'false', @view.render(partial: 'test/partial_name_in_local_assigns')
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_with_nil_object_puts_partial_name_to_local_assigns
+    assert_equal 'true', @view.render(partial: 'test/partial_name_in_local_assigns', object: nil)
+  end
+
   def test_render_partial_with_nil_values_in_collection
     assert_equal "Hello: davidHello: Anonymous", @view.render(:partial => "test/customer", :collection => [ Customer.new("david"), nil ])
   end
@@ -325,11 +350,16 @@ module RenderTestCases
       @controller_view.render(customers, :greeting => "Hello")
   end
 
+  def test_render_partial_using_collection_without_path
+    assert_equal "hi good customer: david0", @controller_view.render([ GoodCustomer.new("david") ], greeting: "hi")
+  end
+
   def test_render_partial_without_object_or_collection_does_not_generate_partial_name_local_variable
     exception = assert_raises ActionView::Template::Error do
       @controller_view.render("partial_name_local_variable")
     end
-    assert_match "undefined local variable or method `partial_name_local_variable'", exception.message
+    assert_instance_of NameError, exception.cause
+    assert_equal :partial_name_local_variable, exception.cause.name
   end
 
   # TODO: The reason for this test is unclear, improve documentation
@@ -369,23 +399,48 @@ module RenderTestCases
 
   def test_render_inline_with_render_from_to_proc
     ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :ruby_handler, :source.to_proc
-    assert_equal '3', @view.render(:inline => "(1 + 2).to_s", :type => :ruby_handler)
+    assert_equal '3', @view.render(inline: "(1 + 2).to_s", type: :ruby_handler)
+  ensure
+    ActionView::Template.unregister_template_handler :ruby_handler
   end
 
   def test_render_inline_with_compilable_custom_type
     ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :foo, CustomHandler
-    assert_equal 'source: "Hello, World!"', @view.render(:inline => "Hello, World!", :type => :foo)
+    assert_equal 'source: "Hello, World!"', @view.render(inline: "Hello, World!", type: :foo)
+  ensure
+    ActionView::Template.unregister_template_handler :foo
   end
 
   def test_render_inline_with_locals_and_compilable_custom_type
     ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :foo, CustomHandler
-    assert_equal 'source: "Hello, <%= name %>!"', @view.render(:inline => "Hello, <%= name %>!", :locals => { :name => "Josh" }, :type => :foo)
+    assert_equal 'source: "Hello, <%= name %>!"', @view.render(inline: "Hello, <%= name %>!", locals: { name: "Josh" }, type: :foo)
+  ensure
+    ActionView::Template.unregister_template_handler :foo
+  end
+
+  def test_render_body
+    assert_equal 'some body', @view.render(body: 'some body')
+  end
+
+  def test_render_plain
+    assert_equal 'some plaintext', @view.render(plain: 'some plaintext')
   end
 
   def test_render_knows_about_types_registered_when_extensions_are_checked_earlier_in_initialization
     ActionView::Template::Handlers.extensions
     ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :foo, CustomHandler
     assert ActionView::Template::Handlers.extensions.include?(:foo)
+  ensure
+    ActionView::Template.unregister_template_handler :foo
+  end
+
+  def test_render_does_not_use_unregistered_extension_and_template_handler
+    ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :foo, CustomHandler
+    ActionView::Template.unregister_template_handler :foo
+    assert_not ActionView::Template::Handlers.extensions.include?(:foo)
+    assert_equal "Hello, World!", @view.render(inline: "Hello, World!", type: :foo)
+  ensure
+    ActionView::Template::Handlers.class_variable_get(:@@template_handlers).delete(:foo)
   end
 
   def test_render_ignores_templates_with_malformed_template_handlers
@@ -437,6 +492,11 @@ module RenderTestCases
       @view.render(:partial => 'test/partial_with_partial', :layout => 'test/layout_for_partial', :locals => { :name => 'Foo!'})
   end
 
+  def test_render_partial_shortcut_with_block_content
+    assert_equal %(Before (shortcut test)\nBefore\n\n  Yielded: arg1/arg2\n\nAfter\nAfter),
+      @view.render(partial: "test/partial_shortcut_with_block_content", layout: "test/layout_for_partial", locals: { name: "shortcut test" })
+  end
+
   def test_render_layout_with_a_nested_render_layout_call
     assert_equal %(Before (Foo!)\nBefore (Bar!)\npartial html\nAfter\npartial with layout\n\nAfter),
       @view.render(:partial => 'test/partial_with_layout', :layout => 'test/layout_for_partial', :locals => { :name => 'Foo!'})
@@ -474,7 +534,9 @@ module RenderTestCases
 
   def test_render_with_passing_couple_extensions_to_one_register_template_handler_function_call
     ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :foo1, :foo2, CustomHandler
-    assert_equal @view.render(:inline => "Hello, World!", :type => :foo1), @view.render(:inline => "Hello, World!", :type => :foo2)
+    assert_equal @view.render(inline: "Hello, World!", type: :foo1), @view.render(inline: "Hello, World!", type: :foo2)
+  ensure
+    ActionView::Template.unregister_template_handler :foo1, :foo2
   end
 
   def test_render_throws_exception_when_no_extensions_passed_to_register_template_handler_function_call
@@ -494,6 +556,7 @@ class CachedViewRenderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def teardown
     GC.start
+    I18n.reload!
   end
 end
 
@@ -511,6 +574,7 @@ class LazyViewRenderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def teardown
     GC.start
+    I18n.reload!
   end
 
   def test_render_utf8_template_with_magic_comment
@@ -532,14 +596,14 @@ class LazyViewRenderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_render_utf8_template_with_incompatible_external_encoding
     with_external_encoding Encoding::SHIFT_JIS do
       e = assert_raises(ActionView::Template::Error) { @view.render(:file => "test/utf8", :formats => [:html], :layouts => "layouts/yield") }
-      assert_match 'Your template was not saved as valid Shift_JIS', e.original_exception.message
+      assert_match 'Your template was not saved as valid Shift_JIS', e.cause.message
     end
   end
 
   def test_render_utf8_template_with_partial_with_incompatible_encoding
     with_external_encoding Encoding::SHIFT_JIS do
       e = assert_raises(ActionView::Template::Error) { @view.render(:file => "test/utf8_magic_with_bare_partial", :formats => [:html], :layouts => "layouts/yield") }
-      assert_match 'Your template was not saved as valid Shift_JIS', e.original_exception.message
+      assert_match 'Your template was not saved as valid Shift_JIS', e.cause.message
     end
   end
 
@@ -551,3 +615,57 @@ class LazyViewRenderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     silence_warnings { Encoding.default_external = old }
   end
 end
+
+class CachedCollectionViewRenderTest < CachedViewRenderTest
+  class CachedCustomer < Customer; end
+
+  teardown do
+    ActionView::PartialRenderer.collection_cache.clear
+  end
+
+  test "with custom key" do
+    customer = Customer.new("david")
+    key = cache_key([customer, 'key'], "test/_customer")
+
+    ActionView::PartialRenderer.collection_cache.write(key, 'Hello')
+
+    assert_equal "Hello",
+      @view.render(partial: "test/customer", collection: [customer], cache: ->(item) { [item, 'key'] })
+  end
+
+  test "with caching with custom key and rendering with different key" do
+    customer = Customer.new("david")
+    key = cache_key([customer, 'key'], "test/_customer")
+
+    ActionView::PartialRenderer.collection_cache.write(key, 'Hello')
+
+    assert_equal "Hello: david",
+      @view.render(partial: "test/customer", collection: [customer], cache: ->(item) { [item, 'another_key'] })
+  end
+
+  test "automatic caching with inferred cache name" do
+    customer = CachedCustomer.new("david")
+    key = cache_key(customer, "test/_cached_customer")
+
+    ActionView::PartialRenderer.collection_cache.write(key, 'Cached')
+
+    assert_equal "Cached",
+      @view.render(partial: "test/cached_customer", collection: [customer])
+  end
+
+  test "automatic caching with as name" do
+    customer = CachedCustomer.new("david")
+    key = cache_key(customer, "test/_cached_customer_as")
+
+    ActionView::PartialRenderer.collection_cache.write(key, 'Cached')
+
+    assert_equal "Cached",
+      @view.render(partial: "test/cached_customer_as", collection: [customer], as: :buyer)
+  end
+
+  private
+    def cache_key(names, virtual_path)
+      digest = ActionView::Digestor.digest name: virtual_path, finder: @view.lookup_context, dependencies: []
+      @view.fragment_cache_key([ *Array(names), digest ])
+    end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/sanitize_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/sanitize_helper_test.rb
index 12d5260a9d..efe846a7eb 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/sanitize_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/sanitize_helper_test.rb
@@ -1,19 +1,15 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 
 # The exhaustive tests are in test/controller/html/sanitizer_test.rb.
-# This tests the that the helpers hook up correctly to the sanitizer classes.
+# This tests that the helpers hook up correctly to the sanitizer classes.
 class SanitizeHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   tests ActionView::Helpers::SanitizeHelper
 
   def test_strip_links
     assert_equal "Dont touch me", strip_links("Dont touch me")
-    assert_equal "<a<a", strip_links("<a<a")
     assert_equal "on my mind\nall day long", strip_links("<a href='almost'>on my mind</a>\n<A href='almost'>all day long</A>")
-    assert_equal "0wn3d", strip_links("<a href='http://www.rubyonrails.com/'><a href='http://www.rubyonrails.com/' onlclick='steal()'>0wn3d</a></a>")
     assert_equal "Magic", strip_links("<a href='http://www.rubyonrails.com/'>Mag<a href='http://www.ruby-lang.org/'>ic")
-    assert_equal "FrrFox", strip_links("<href onlclick='steal()'>FrrFox</a></href>")
     assert_equal "My mind\nall <b>day</b> long", strip_links("<a href='almost'>My mind</a>\n<A href='almost'>all <b>day</b> long</A>")
-    assert_equal "all <b>day</b> long", strip_links("<<a>a href='hello'>all <b>day</b> long<</A>/a>")
   end
 
   def test_sanitize_form
@@ -22,27 +18,19 @@ class SanitizeHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
   def test_should_sanitize_illegal_style_properties
     raw      = %(display:block; position:absolute; left:0; top:0; width:100%; height:100%; z-index:1; background-color:black; background-image:url(http://www.ragingplatypus.com/i/cam-full.jpg); background-x:center; background-y:center; background-repeat:repeat;)
-    expected = %(display: block; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-color: black; background-image: ; background-x: center; background-y: center;)
+    expected = %(display: block; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-color: black; background-x: center; background-y: center;)
     assert_equal expected, sanitize_css(raw)
   end
 
   def test_strip_tags
-    assert_equal("<<<bad html", strip_tags("<<<bad html"))
-    assert_equal("<<", strip_tags("<<<bad html>"))
     assert_equal("Dont touch me", strip_tags("Dont touch me"))
     assert_equal("This is a test.", strip_tags("<p>This <u>is<u> a <a href='test.html'><strong>test</strong></a>.</p>"))
-    assert_equal("Weirdos", strip_tags("Wei<<a>a onclick='alert(document.cookie);'</a>/>rdos"))
-    assert_equal("This is a test.", strip_tags("This is a test."))
-    assert_equal(
-    %{This is a test.\n\n\nIt no longer contains any HTML.\n}, strip_tags(
-    %{<title>This is <b>a <a href="" target="_blank">test</a></b>.</title>\n\n<!-- it has a comment -->\n\n<p>It no <b>longer <strong>contains <em>any <strike>HTML</strike></em>.</strong></b></p>\n}))
     assert_equal "This has a  here.", strip_tags("This has a <!-- comment --> here.")
-    [nil, '', '   '].each do |blank|
-      stripped = strip_tags(blank)
-      assert_equal blank, stripped
-    end
     assert_equal "", strip_tags("<script>")
-    assert_equal "something &lt;img onerror=alert(1337)", ERB::Util.html_escape(strip_tags("something <img onerror=alert(1337)"))
+  end
+
+  def test_strip_tags_will_not_encode_special_characters
+    assert_equal "test\r\n\r\ntest", strip_tags("test\r\n\r\ntest")
   end
 
   def test_sanitize_is_marked_safe
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/streaming_render_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/streaming_render_test.rb
index 8a24d78e74..d06ba4ceb0 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/streaming_render_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/streaming_render_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'abstract_unit'
 
 class TestController < ActionController::Base
@@ -105,4 +104,8 @@ class FiberedTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       buffered_render(:template => "test/nested_streaming", :layout => "layouts/streaming")
   end
 
+  def test_render_with_streaming_and_capture
+    assert_equal "Yes, \n this works\n like a charm.",
+      buffered_render(template: "test/streaming", layout: "layouts/streaming_with_capture")
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/tag_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/tag_helper_test.rb
index fb016a52de..d037447567 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/tag_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/tag_helper_test.rb
@@ -50,6 +50,11 @@ class TagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal "<div>Hello world!</div>", buffer
   end
 
+  def test_content_tag_with_block_in_erb_containing_non_displayed_erb
+    buffer = render_erb("<%= content_tag(:p) do %><% 1 %><% end %>")
+    assert_dom_equal "<p></p>", buffer
+  end
+
   def test_content_tag_with_block_and_options_in_erb
     buffer = render_erb("<%= content_tag(:div, :class => 'green') do %>Hello world!<% end %>")
     assert_dom_equal %(<div class="green">Hello world!</div>), buffer
@@ -64,6 +69,11 @@ class TagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
                  content_tag("a", "href" => "create") { "Create" }
   end
 
+  def test_content_tag_with_block_and_non_string_outside_out_of_erb
+    assert_equal content_tag("p"),
+                 content_tag("p") { 3.times { "do_something" } }
+  end
+
   def test_content_tag_nested_in_content_tag_out_of_erb
     assert_equal content_tag("p", content_tag("b", "Hello")),
                  content_tag("p") { content_tag("b", "Hello") },
@@ -80,11 +90,27 @@ class TagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
     str = content_tag('p', "limelight", :class => ["song", "play"])
     assert_equal "<p class=\"song play\">limelight</p>", str
+
+    str = content_tag('p', "limelight", :class => ["song", ["play"]])
+    assert_equal "<p class=\"song play\">limelight</p>", str
   end
 
   def test_content_tag_with_unescaped_array_class
     str = content_tag('p', "limelight", {:class => ["song", "play>"]}, false)
     assert_equal "<p class=\"song play>\">limelight</p>", str
+
+    str = content_tag('p', "limelight", {:class => ["song", ["play>"]]}, false)
+    assert_equal "<p class=\"song play>\">limelight</p>", str
+  end
+
+  def test_content_tag_with_empty_array_class
+    str = content_tag('p', 'limelight', {:class => []})
+    assert_equal '<p class="">limelight</p>', str
+  end
+
+  def test_content_tag_with_unescaped_empty_array_class
+    str = content_tag('p', 'limelight', {:class => []}, false)
+    assert_equal '<p class="">limelight</p>', str
   end
 
   def test_content_tag_with_data_attributes
@@ -107,6 +133,7 @@ class TagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
   def test_escape_once
     assert_equal '1 &lt; 2 &amp; 3', escape_once('1 < 2 &amp; 3')
+    assert_equal " &#X27; &#x27; &#x03BB; &#X03bb; &quot; &#39; &lt; &gt; ", escape_once(" &#X27; &#x27; &#x03BB; &#X03bb; \" ' < > ")
   end
 
   def test_tag_honors_html_safe_for_param_values
@@ -115,6 +142,14 @@ class TagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_tag_honors_html_safe_with_escaped_array_class
+    str = tag('p', :class => ['song>', 'play>'.html_safe])
+    assert_equal '<p class="song&gt; play>" />', str
+
+    str = tag('p', :class => ['song>'.html_safe, 'play>'])
+    assert_equal '<p class="song> play&gt;" />', str
+  end
+
   def test_skip_invalid_escaped_attributes
     ['&1;', '&#1dfa3;', '& #123;'].each do |escaped|
       assert_equal %(<a href="#{escaped.gsub(/&/, '&amp;')}" />), tag('a', :href => escaped)
@@ -131,4 +166,11 @@ class TagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
         tag('a', { data => { a_float: 3.14, a_big_decimal: BigDecimal.new("-123.456"), a_number: 1, string: 'hello', symbol: :foo, array: [1, 2, 3], hash: { key: 'value'}, string_with_quotes: 'double"quote"party"' } })
     }
   end
+
+  def test_aria_attributes
+    ['aria', :aria].each { |aria|
+      assert_dom_equal '<a aria-a-float="3.14" aria-a-big-decimal="-123.456" aria-a-number="1" aria-array="[1,2,3]" aria-hash="{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;value&quot;}" aria-string-with-quotes="double&quot;quote&quot;party&quot;" aria-string="hello" aria-symbol="foo" />',
+        tag('a', { aria => { a_float: 3.14, a_big_decimal: BigDecimal.new("-123.456"), a_number: 1, string: 'hello', symbol: :foo, array: [1, 2, 3], hash: { key: 'value'}, string_with_quotes: 'double"quote"party"' } })
+    }
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/template_error_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/template_error_test.rb
index 3971ec809c..54c1d53b60 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/template_error_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/template_error_test.rb
@@ -2,19 +2,34 @@ require "abstract_unit"
 
 class TemplateErrorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_provides_original_message
-    error = ActionView::Template::Error.new("test", Exception.new("original"))
+    error = begin
+      raise Exception.new("original")
+    rescue Exception
+      raise ActionView::Template::Error.new("test") rescue $!
+    end
+
     assert_equal "original", error.message
   end
 
   def test_provides_original_backtrace
-    original_exception = Exception.new
-    original_exception.set_backtrace(%W[ foo bar baz ])
-    error = ActionView::Template::Error.new("test", original_exception)
+    error = begin
+      original_exception = Exception.new
+      original_exception.set_backtrace(%W[ foo bar baz ])
+      raise original_exception
+    rescue Exception
+      raise ActionView::Template::Error.new("test") rescue $!
+    end
+
     assert_equal %W[ foo bar baz ], error.backtrace
   end
 
   def test_provides_useful_inspect
-    error = ActionView::Template::Error.new("test", Exception.new("original"))
+    error = begin
+      raise Exception.new("original")
+    rescue Exception
+      raise ActionView::Template::Error.new("test") rescue $!
+    end
+
     assert_equal "#<ActionView::Template::Error: original>", error.inspect
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/template_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/template_test.rb
index c94508d678..921011b073 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/template_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/template_test.rb
@@ -118,15 +118,17 @@ class TestERBTemplate < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_refresh_with_templates
     @template = new_template("Hello", :virtual_path => "test/foo/bar")
     @template.locals = [:key]
-    @context.lookup_context.expects(:find_template).with("bar", %w(test/foo), false, [:key]).returns("template")
-    assert_equal "template", @template.refresh(@context)
+    assert_called_with(@context.lookup_context, :find_template,["bar", %w(test/foo), false, [:key]], returns: "template") do
+      assert_equal "template", @template.refresh(@context)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_refresh_with_partials
     @template = new_template("Hello", :virtual_path => "test/_foo")
     @template.locals = [:key]
-    @context.lookup_context.expects(:find_template).with("foo", %w(test), true, [:key]).returns("partial")
-    assert_equal "partial", @template.refresh(@context)
+    assert_called_with(@context.lookup_context, :find_template,[ "foo", %w(test), true, [:key]], returns: "partial") do
+      assert_equal "partial", @template.refresh(@context)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_refresh_raises_an_error_without_virtual_path
@@ -183,10 +185,43 @@ class TestERBTemplate < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_error_when_template_isnt_valid_utf8
-    assert_raises(ActionView::Template::Error, /\xFC/) do
+    e = assert_raises ActionView::Template::Error do
       @template = new_template("hello \xFCmlat", :virtual_path => nil)
       render
     end
+    assert_match(/\xFC/, e.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_not_eligible_for_collection_caching_without_cache_call
+    [
+      "<%= 'Hello' %>",
+      "<% cache_customer = 42 %>",
+      "<% cache customer.name do %><% end %>",
+      "<% my_cache customer do %><% end %>"
+    ].each do |body|
+      template = new_template(body, virtual_path: "test/foo/_customer")
+      assert_not template.eligible_for_collection_caching?, "Template #{body.inspect} should not be eligible for collection caching"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_eligible_for_collection_caching_with_cache_call_or_explicit
+    [
+      "<% cache customer do %><% end %>",
+      "<% cache(customer) do %><% end %>",
+      "<% cache( customer) do %><% end %>",
+      "<% cache( customer ) do %><% end %>",
+      "<%cache customer do %><% end %>",
+      "<%   cache   customer    do %><% end %>",
+      "  <% cache customer do %>\n<% end %>\n",
+      "<%# comment %><% cache customer do %><% end %>",
+      "<%# comment %>\n<% cache customer do %><% end %>",
+      "<%# comment\n line 2\n line 3 %>\n<% cache customer do %><% end %>",
+      "<%# comment 1 %>\n<%# comment 2 %>\n<% cache customer do %><% end %>",
+      "<%# comment 1 %>\n<%# Template Collection: customer %>\n<% my_cache customer do %><% end %>"
+    ].each do |body|
+      template = new_template(body, virtual_path: "test/foo/_customer")
+      assert template.eligible_for_collection_caching?, "Template #{body.inspect} should be eligible for collection caching"
+    end
   end
 
   def with_external_encoding(encoding)
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/test_case_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/test_case_test.rb
index 4ee0930341..b057d43ee0 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/test_case_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/test_case_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'rails/engine'
 
 module ActionView
 
@@ -19,6 +20,7 @@ module ActionView
 
   class TestCase
     helper ASharedTestHelper
+    DeveloperStruct = Struct.new(:name)
 
     module SharedTests
       def self.included(test_case)
@@ -49,7 +51,7 @@ module ActionView
     end
 
     test "works without testing a helper module" do
-      assert_equal 'Eloy', render('developers/developer', :developer => stub(:name => 'Eloy'))
+      assert_equal 'Eloy', render('developers/developer', :developer => DeveloperStruct.new('Eloy'))
     end
 
     test "can render a layout with block" do
@@ -68,13 +70,15 @@ module ActionView
     end
 
     test "delegates notice to request.flash[:notice]" do
-      view.request.flash.expects(:[]).with(:notice)
-      view.notice
+      assert_called_with(view.request.flash, :[], [:notice]) do
+        view.notice
+      end
     end
 
     test "delegates alert to request.flash[:alert]" do
-      view.request.flash.expects(:[]).with(:alert)
-      view.alert
+      assert_called_with(view.request.flash, :[], [:alert]) do
+        view.alert
+      end
     end
 
     test "uses controller lookup context" do
@@ -118,7 +122,7 @@ module ActionView
     test "helper class that is being tested is always included in view instance" do
       @controller.controller_path = 'test'
 
-      @customers = [stub(:name => 'Eloy'), stub(:name => 'Manfred')]
+      @customers = [DeveloperStruct.new('Eloy'), DeveloperStruct.new('Manfred')]
       assert_match(/Hello: EloyHello: Manfred/, render(:partial => 'test/from_helper'))
     end
   end
@@ -154,7 +158,7 @@ module ActionView
     test "view_assigns excludes internal ivars" do
       INTERNAL_IVARS.each do |ivar|
         assert defined?(ivar), "expected #{ivar} to be defined"
-        assert !view_assigns.keys.include?(ivar.to_s.sub('@', '').to_sym), "expected #{ivar} to be excluded from view_assigns"
+        assert !view_assigns.keys.include?(ivar.to_s.tr('@', '').to_sym), "expected #{ivar} to be excluded from view_assigns"
       end
     end
   end
@@ -208,7 +212,7 @@ module ActionView
     end
 
     test "is able to use routes" do
-      controller.request.assign_parameters(@routes, 'foo', 'index')
+      controller.request.assign_parameters(@routes, 'foo', 'index', {}, '/foo', [])
       assert_equal '/foo', url_for
       assert_equal '/bar', url_for(:controller => 'bar')
     end
@@ -223,7 +227,7 @@ module ActionView
 
     test "is able to use mounted routes" do
       with_routing do |set|
-        app = Class.new do
+        app = Class.new(Rails::Engine) do
           def self.routes
             @routes ||= ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
           end
@@ -254,15 +258,15 @@ module ActionView
     end
 
     test "is able to render partials with local variables" do
-      assert_equal 'Eloy', render('developers/developer', :developer => stub(:name => 'Eloy'))
+      assert_equal 'Eloy', render('developers/developer', :developer => DeveloperStruct.new('Eloy'))
       assert_equal 'Eloy', render(:partial => 'developers/developer',
-                                  :locals => { :developer => stub(:name => 'Eloy') })
+                                  :locals => { :developer => DeveloperStruct.new('Eloy') })
     end
 
     test "is able to render partials from templates and also use instance variables" do
       @controller.controller_path = "test"
 
-      @customers = [stub(:name => 'Eloy'), stub(:name => 'Manfred')]
+      @customers = [DeveloperStruct.new('Eloy'), DeveloperStruct.new('Manfred')]
       assert_match(/Hello: EloyHello: Manfred/, render(:file => 'test/list'))
     end
 
@@ -271,7 +275,7 @@ module ActionView
 
       view
 
-      @customers = [stub(:name => 'Eloy'), stub(:name => 'Manfred')]
+      @customers = [DeveloperStruct.new('Eloy'), DeveloperStruct.new('Manfred')]
       assert_match(/Hello: EloyHello: Manfred/, render(:file => 'test/list'))
     end
 
@@ -292,62 +296,16 @@ module ActionView
         assert_select 'li', :text => 'foo'
       end
     end
-  end
-
-  class RenderTemplateTest < ActionView::TestCase
-    test "supports specifying templates with a Regexp" do
-      controller.controller_path = "fun"
-      render(:template => "fun/games/hello_world")
-      assert_template %r{\Afun/games/hello_world\Z}
-    end
-
-    test "supports specifying partials" do
-      controller.controller_path = "test"
-      render(:template => "test/calling_partial_with_layout")
-      assert_template :partial => "_partial_for_use_in_layout"
-    end
-
-    test "supports specifying locals (passing)" do
-      controller.controller_path = "test"
-      render(:template => "test/calling_partial_with_layout")
-      assert_template :partial => "_partial_for_use_in_layout", :locals => { :name => "David" }
-    end
-
-    test "supports specifying locals (failing)" do
-      controller.controller_path = "test"
-      render(:template => "test/calling_partial_with_layout")
-      assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion, /Somebody else.*David/m do
-        assert_template :partial => "_partial_for_use_in_layout", :locals => { :name => "Somebody Else" }
-      end
-    end
 
-    test 'supports different locals on the same partial' do
-      controller.controller_path = "test"
-      render(:template => "test/render_two_partials")
-      assert_template partial: '_partial', locals: { 'first' => '1' }
-      assert_template partial: '_partial', locals: { 'second' => '2' }
-    end
+    test "do not memoize the document_root_element in view tests" do
+      concat form_tag('/foo')
 
-    test 'raises descriptive error message when template was not rendered' do
-      controller.controller_path = "test"
-      render(template: "test/hello_world_with_partial")
-      e = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
-        assert_template partial: 'i_was_never_rendered', locals: { 'did_not' => 'happen' }
-      end
-      assert_match "i_was_never_rendered to be rendered but it was not.", e.message
-      assert_match 'Expected ["/test/partial"] to include "i_was_never_rendered"', e.message
-    end
+      assert_select 'form'
 
-    test 'specifying locals works when the partial is inside a directory with underline prefix' do
-      controller.controller_path = "test"
-      render(template: 'test/render_partial_inside_directory')
-      assert_template partial: 'test/_directory/_partial_with_locales', locals: { 'name' => 'Jane' }
-    end
+      concat content_tag(:b, 'Strong', class: 'foo')
 
-    test 'specifying locals works when the partial is inside a directory without underline prefix' do
-      controller.controller_path = "test"
-      render(template: 'test/render_partial_inside_directory')
-      assert_template partial: 'test/_directory/partial_with_locales', locals: { 'name' => 'Jane' }
+      assert_select 'form'
+      assert_select 'b.foo'
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/test_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/test_test.rb
index 108a674d95..e1ff639979 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/test_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/test_test.rb
@@ -37,10 +37,22 @@ class PeopleHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
   def test_link_to_person
     with_test_route_set do
-      person = mock(:name => "David")
-      person.class.extend ActiveModel::Naming
-      expects(:mocha_mock_path).with(person).returns("/people/1")
+      person = Struct.new(:name) {
+        extend ActiveModel::Naming
+        def to_model; self; end
+        def persisted?; true; end
+        def self.name; 'Minitest::Mock'; end
+      }.new "David"
+
+      the_model = nil
+      extend Module.new {
+        define_method(:minitest_mock_path) { |model, *args|
+          the_model = model
+          "/people/1"
+        }
+      }
       assert_equal '<a href="/people/1">David</a>', link_to_person(person)
+      assert_equal person, the_model
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/text_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/text_helper_test.rb
index a514bba83d..fae1965ffa 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/text_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/text_helper_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'abstract_unit'
 
 class TextHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
@@ -187,10 +186,16 @@ class TextHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       "This text is not changed because we supplied an empty phrase",
       highlight("This text is not changed because we supplied an empty phrase", nil)
     )
+  end
 
+  def test_highlight_pending
     assert_equal '   ', highlight('   ', 'blank text is returned verbatim')
   end
 
+  def test_highlight_should_return_blank_string_for_nil
+    assert_equal '', highlight(nil, 'blank string is returned for nil')
+  end
+
   def test_highlight_should_sanitize_input
     assert_equal(
       "This is a <mark>beautiful</mark> morning",
@@ -222,6 +227,11 @@ class TextHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     )
   end
 
+  def test_highlight_accepts_regexp
+    assert_equal("This day was challenging for judge <mark>Allen</mark> and his colleagues.",
+                 highlight("This day was challenging for judge Allen and his colleagues.", /\ballen\b/i))
+  end
+
   def test_highlight_with_multiple_phrases_in_one_pass
     assert_equal %(<em>wow</em> <em>em</em>), highlight('wow em', %w(wow em), :highlighter => '<em>\1</em>')
   end
@@ -260,6 +270,13 @@ class TextHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal options, passed_options
   end
 
+  def test_highlight_with_block
+    assert_equal(
+      "<b>one</b> <b>two</b> <b>three</b>",
+      highlight("one two three", ["one", "two", "three"]) { |word| "<b>#{word}</b>" }
+    )
+  end
+
   def test_excerpt
     assert_equal("...is a beautiful morn...", excerpt("This is a beautiful morning", "beautiful", :radius => 5))
     assert_equal("This is a...", excerpt("This is a beautiful morning", "this", :radius => 5))
@@ -267,6 +284,16 @@ class TextHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_nil excerpt("This is a beautiful morning", "day")
   end
 
+  def test_excerpt_with_regex
+    assert_equal('...is a beautiful! mor...', excerpt('This is a beautiful! morning', 'beautiful', :radius => 5))
+    assert_equal('...is a beautiful? mor...', excerpt('This is a beautiful? morning', 'beautiful', :radius => 5))
+    assert_equal('...is a beautiful? mor...', excerpt('This is a beautiful? morning', /\bbeau\w*\b/i, :radius => 5))
+    assert_equal('...is a beautiful? mor...', excerpt('This is a beautiful? morning', /\b(beau\w*)\b/i, :radius => 5))
+    assert_equal("...udge Allen and...", excerpt("This day was challenging for judge Allen and his colleagues.", /\ballen\b/i, :radius => 5))
+    assert_equal("...judge Allen and...", excerpt("This day was challenging for judge Allen and his colleagues.", /\ballen\b/i, :radius => 1, :separator => ' '))
+    assert_equal("...was challenging for...", excerpt("This day was challenging for judge Allen and his colleagues.", /\b(\w*allen\w*)\b/i, :radius => 5))
+  end
+
   def test_excerpt_should_not_be_html_safe
     assert !excerpt('This is a beautiful! morning', 'beautiful', :radius => 5).html_safe?
   end
@@ -288,11 +315,6 @@ class TextHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal("...abc...", excerpt("z  abc  d", "b", :radius => 1))
   end
 
-  def test_excerpt_with_regex
-    assert_equal('...is a beautiful! mor...', excerpt('This is a beautiful! morning', 'beautiful', :radius => 5))
-    assert_equal('...is a beautiful? mor...', excerpt('This is a beautiful? morning', 'beautiful', :radius => 5))
-  end
-
   def test_excerpt_with_omission
     assert_equal("[...]is a beautiful morn[...]", excerpt("This is a beautiful morning", "beautiful", :omission => "[...]",:radius => 5))
     assert_equal(
@@ -344,6 +366,10 @@ class TextHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal options, passed_options
   end
 
+  def test_word_wrap_with_custom_break_sequence
+    assert_equal("1234567890\r\n1234567890\r\n1234567890", word_wrap("1234567890 " * 3, line_width: 2, break_sequence: "\r\n"))
+  end
+
   def test_pluralization
     assert_equal("1 count", pluralize(1, "count"))
     assert_equal("2 counts", pluralize(2, "count"))
@@ -361,6 +387,18 @@ class TextHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal("12 berries", pluralize(12, "berry"))
   end
 
+  def test_pluralization_with_locale
+    ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections(:de) do |inflect|
+      inflect.plural(/(person)$/i, '\1en')
+      inflect.singular(/(person)en$/i, '\1')
+    end
+
+    assert_equal("2 People", pluralize(2, "Person", locale: :en))
+    assert_equal("2 Personen", pluralize(2, "Person", locale: :de))
+
+    ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections(:de).clear
+  end
+
   def test_cycle_class
     value = Cycle.new("one", 2, "3")
     assert_equal("one", value.to_s)
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/translation_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/translation_helper_test.rb
index c4770840fb..631bceadd8 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/translation_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/translation_helper_test.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,19 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 
+module I18n
+  class CustomExceptionHandler
+    def self.call(exception, locale, key, options)
+      'from CustomExceptionHandler'
+    end
+  end
+end
+
 class TranslationHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  include ActionView::Helpers::TagHelper
   include ActionView::Helpers::TranslationHelper
 
   attr_reader :request, :view
 
-  def setup
+  setup do
     I18n.backend.store_translations(:en,
       :translations => {
         :templates => {
@@ -30,15 +37,21 @@ class TranslationHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     @view = ::ActionView::Base.new(ActionController::Base.view_paths, {})
   end
 
-  def test_delegates_to_i18n_setting_the_rescue_format_option_to_html
-    I18n.expects(:translate).with(:foo, :locale => 'en', :raise=>true).returns("")
-    translate :foo, :locale => 'en'
+  teardown do
+    I18n.backend.reload!
+  end
+
+  def test_delegates_setting_to_i18n
+    assert_called_with(I18n, :translate, [:foo, :locale => 'en', :raise => true], returns: "") do
+      translate :foo, :locale => 'en'
+    end
   end
 
   def test_delegates_localize_to_i18n
     @time = Time.utc(2008, 7, 8, 12, 18, 38)
-    I18n.expects(:localize).with(@time)
-    localize @time
+    assert_called_with(I18n, :localize, [@time]) do
+      localize @time
+    end
   end
 
   def test_returns_missing_translation_message_wrapped_into_span
@@ -47,10 +60,18 @@ class TranslationHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal true, translate(:"translations.missing").html_safe?
   end
 
-  def test_returns_missing_translation_message_using_nil_as_rescue_format
-    expected = 'translation missing: en.translations.missing'
-    assert_equal expected, translate(:"translations.missing", :rescue_format => nil)
-    assert_equal false, translate(:"translations.missing", :rescue_format => nil).html_safe?
+  def test_returns_missing_translation_message_with_unescaped_interpolation
+    expected = '<span class="translation_missing" title="translation missing: en.translations.missing, name: Kir, year: 2015, vulnerable: &amp;quot; onclick=&amp;quot;alert()&amp;quot;">Missing</span>'
+    assert_equal expected, translate(:"translations.missing", name: "Kir", year: "2015", vulnerable: %{" onclick="alert()"})
+    assert translate(:"translations.missing").html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_returns_missing_translation_message_does_filters_out_i18n_options
+    expected = '<span class="translation_missing" title="translation missing: en.translations.missing, year: 2015">Missing</span>'
+    assert_equal expected, translate(:"translations.missing", year: '2015', default: [])
+
+    expected = '<span class="translation_missing" title="translation missing: en.scoped.translations.missing, year: 2015">Missing</span>'
+    assert_equal expected, translate(:"translations.missing", year: '2015', scope: %i(scoped))
   end
 
   def test_raises_missing_translation_message_with_raise_config_option
@@ -69,10 +90,20 @@ class TranslationHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_i18n_translate_defaults_to_nil_rescue_format
-    expected = 'translation missing: en.translations.missing'
-    assert_equal expected, I18n.translate(:"translations.missing")
-    assert_equal false, I18n.translate(:"translations.missing").html_safe?
+  def test_uses_custom_exception_handler_when_specified
+    old_exception_handler = I18n.exception_handler
+    I18n.exception_handler = I18n::CustomExceptionHandler
+    assert_equal 'from CustomExceptionHandler', translate(:"translations.missing", raise: false)
+  ensure
+    I18n.exception_handler = old_exception_handler
+  end
+
+  def test_uses_custom_exception_handler_when_specified_for_html
+    old_exception_handler = I18n.exception_handler
+    I18n.exception_handler = I18n::CustomExceptionHandler
+    assert_equal 'from CustomExceptionHandler', translate(:"translations.missing_html", raise: false)
+  ensure
+    I18n.exception_handler = old_exception_handler
   end
 
   def test_translation_returning_an_array
@@ -110,8 +141,9 @@ class TranslationHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_translate_escapes_interpolations_in_translations_with_a_html_suffix
+    word_struct = Struct.new(:to_s)
     assert_equal '<a>Hello &lt;World&gt;</a>', translate(:'translations.interpolated_html', :word => '<World>')
-    assert_equal '<a>Hello &lt;World&gt;</a>', translate(:'translations.interpolated_html', :word => stub(:to_s => "<World>"))
+    assert_equal '<a>Hello &lt;World&gt;</a>', translate(:'translations.interpolated_html', :word => word_struct.new("<World>"))
   end
 
   def test_translate_with_html_count
@@ -130,6 +162,19 @@ class TranslationHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal true, translation.html_safe?
   end
 
+  def test_translate_with_missing_default
+    translation = translate(:'translations.missing', :default => :'translations.missing_html')
+    expected = '<span class="translation_missing" title="translation missing: en.translations.missing_html">Missing Html</span>'
+    assert_equal expected, translation
+    assert_equal true, translation.html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_translate_with_missing_default_and_raise_option
+    assert_raise(I18n::MissingTranslationData) do
+      translate(:'translations.missing', :default => :'translations.missing_html', :raise => true)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_translate_with_two_defaults_named_html
     translation = translate(:'translations.missing', :default => [:'translations.missing_html', :'translations.hello_html'])
     assert_equal '<a>Hello World</a>', translation
@@ -142,13 +187,40 @@ class TranslationHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal true, translation.html_safe?
   end
 
+  def test_translate_with_last_default_not_named_html
+    translation = translate(:'translations.missing', :default => [:'translations.missing_html', :'translations.foo'])
+    assert_equal 'Foo', translation
+    assert_equal false, translation.html_safe?
+  end
+
   def test_translate_with_string_default
     translation = translate(:'translations.missing', default: 'A Generic String')
     assert_equal 'A Generic String', translation
   end
 
+  def test_translate_with_object_default
+    translation = translate(:'translations.missing', default: 123)
+    assert_equal 123, translation
+  end
+
   def test_translate_with_array_of_string_defaults
     translation = translate(:'translations.missing', default: ['A Generic String', 'Second generic string'])
     assert_equal 'A Generic String', translation
   end
+
+  def test_translate_with_array_of_defaults_with_nil
+    translation = translate(:'translations.missing', default: [:'also_missing', nil, 'A Generic String'])
+    assert_equal 'A Generic String', translation
+  end
+
+  def test_translate_with_array_of_array_default
+    translation = translate(:'translations.missing', default: [[]])
+    assert_equal [], translation
+  end
+
+  def test_translate_does_not_change_options
+    options = {}
+    translate(:'translations.missing', options)
+    assert_equal({}, options)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/url_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/url_helper_test.rb
index 7e978e15d2..62fa75bc63 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/url_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/url_helper_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'minitest/mock'
 
 class UrlHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
@@ -25,7 +23,7 @@ class UrlHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   include routes.url_helpers
 
   include ActionView::Helpers::JavaScriptHelper
-  include ActionDispatch::Assertions::DomAssertions
+  include Rails::Dom::Testing::Assertions::DomAssertions
   include ActionView::Context
   include RenderERBUtils
 
@@ -40,6 +38,10 @@ class UrlHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "/?a=b&c=d", url_for(hash_for(a: :b, c: :d))
   end
 
+  def test_url_for_does_not_include_empty_hashes
+    assert_equal "/", url_for(hash_for(a: {}))
+  end
+
   def test_url_for_with_back
     referer = 'http://www.example.com/referer'
     @controller = Struct.new(:request).new(Struct.new(:env).new("HTTP_REFERER" => referer))
@@ -52,13 +54,30 @@ class UrlHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 'javascript:history.back()', url_for(:back)
   end
 
+  def test_url_for_with_back_and_no_controller
+    @controller = nil
+    assert_equal 'javascript:history.back()', url_for(:back)
+  end
+
+  def test_url_for_with_back_and_javascript_referer
+    referer = 'javascript:alert(document.cookie)'
+    @controller = Struct.new(:request).new(Struct.new(:env).new("HTTP_REFERER" => referer))
+    assert_equal 'javascript:history.back()', url_for(:back)
+  end
+
+  def test_url_for_with_invalid_referer
+    referer = 'THIS IS NOT A URL'
+    @controller = Struct.new(:request).new(Struct.new(:env).new("HTTP_REFERER" => referer))
+    assert_equal 'javascript:history.back()', url_for(:back)
+  end
+
   def test_button_to_with_straight_url
-    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>}, button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com")
+    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>}, button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com")
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_path
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="/article/Hello" class="button_to"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
+      %{<form method="post" action="/article/Hello" class="button_to"><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>},
       button_to("Hello", article_path("Hello".html_safe))
     )
   end
@@ -67,7 +86,7 @@ class UrlHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     self.request_forgery = true
 
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /><input name="form_token" type="hidden" value="secret" /></div></form>},
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><input type="submit" value="Hello" /><input name="form_token" type="hidden" value="secret" /></form>},
       button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com")
     )
   ensure
@@ -75,102 +94,102 @@ class UrlHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_form_class
-    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="custom-class"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>}, button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", form_class: 'custom-class')
+    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="custom-class"><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>}, button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", form_class: 'custom-class')
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_form_class_escapes
-    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="&lt;script&gt;evil_js&lt;/script&gt;"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>}, button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", form_class: '<script>evil_js</script>')
+    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="&lt;script&gt;evil_js&lt;/script&gt;"><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>}, button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", form_class: '<script>evil_js</script>')
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_query
-    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com/q1=v1&amp;q2=v2" class="button_to"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>}, button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com/q1=v1&q2=v2")
+    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com/q1=v1&amp;q2=v2" class="button_to"><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>}, button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com/q1=v1&q2=v2")
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_html_safe_URL
-    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com/q1=v1&amp;q2=v2" class="button_to"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>}, button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com/q1=v1&amp;q2=v2".html_safe)
+    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com/q1=v1&amp;q2=v2" class="button_to"><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>}, button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com/q1=v1&amp;q2=v2".html_safe)
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_query_and_no_name
-    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com?q1=v1&amp;q2=v2" class="button_to"><div><input type="submit" value="http://www.example.com?q1=v1&amp;q2=v2" /></div></form>}, button_to(nil, "http://www.example.com?q1=v1&q2=v2")
+    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com?q1=v1&amp;q2=v2" class="button_to"><input type="submit" value="http://www.example.com?q1=v1&amp;q2=v2" /></form>}, button_to(nil, "http://www.example.com?q1=v1&q2=v2")
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_javascript_confirm
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input data-confirm="Are you sure?" type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><input data-confirm="Are you sure?" type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>},
       button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", data: { confirm: "Are you sure?" })
     )
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_javascript_disable_with
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input data-disable-with="Greeting..." type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><input data-disable-with="Greeting..." type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>},
       button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", data: { disable_with: "Greeting..." })
     )
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_remote_and_form_options
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="custom-class" data-remote="true" data-type="json"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="custom-class" data-remote="true" data-type="json"><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>},
       button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", remote: true, form: { class: "custom-class", "data-type" => "json" })
     )
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_remote_and_javascript_confirm
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to" data-remote="true"><div><input data-confirm="Are you sure?" type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to" data-remote="true"><input data-confirm="Are you sure?" type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>},
       button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", remote: true, data: { confirm: "Are you sure?" })
     )
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_remote_and_javascript_disable_with
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to" data-remote="true"><div><input data-disable-with="Greeting..." type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to" data-remote="true"><input data-disable-with="Greeting..." type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>},
       button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", remote: true, data: { disable_with: "Greeting..." })
     )
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_remote_false
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>},
       button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", remote: false)
     )
   end
 
   def test_button_to_enabled_disabled
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>},
       button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", disabled: false)
     )
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input disabled="disabled" type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><input disabled="disabled" type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>},
       button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", disabled: true)
     )
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_method_delete
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input type="hidden" name="_method" value="delete" /><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><input type="hidden" name="_method" value="delete" /><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>},
       button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", method: :delete)
     )
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_method_get
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="get" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
+      %{<form method="get" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>},
       button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", method: :get)
     )
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_block
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><button type="submit"><span>Hello</span></button></div></form>},
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><button type="submit"><span>Hello</span></button></form>},
       button_to("http://www.example.com") { content_tag(:span, 'Hello') }
     )
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_params
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to" method="post"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /><input type="hidden" name="foo" value="bar" /><input type="hidden" name="baz" value="quux" /></div></form>},
+      %{<form action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to" method="post"><input type="submit" value="Hello" /><input type="hidden" name="foo" value="bar" /><input type="hidden" name="baz" value="quux" /></form>},
       button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", params: {foo: :bar, baz: "quux"})
     )
   end
@@ -380,6 +399,11 @@ class UrlHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal %{<a href="/">Listing</a>}, link_to_if(true, "Listing", url_hash)
   end
 
+  def test_link_to_if_with_block
+    assert_equal "Fallback", link_to_if(false, "Showing", url_hash) { "Fallback" }
+    assert_dom_equal %{<a href="/">Listing</a>}, link_to_if(true, "Listing", url_hash) { "Fallback" }
+  end
+
   def request_for_url(url, opts = {})
     env = Rack::MockRequest.env_for("http://www.example.com#{url}", opts)
     ActionDispatch::Request.new(env)
@@ -480,6 +504,11 @@ class UrlHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       link_to_unless_current("Listing", "http://www.example.com/")
   end
 
+  def test_link_to_unless_with_block
+    assert_dom_equal %{<a href="/">Showing</a>}, link_to_unless(false, "Showing", url_hash) { "Fallback" }
+    assert_equal "Fallback", link_to_unless(true, "Listing", url_hash) { "Fallback" }
+  end
+
   def test_mail_to
     assert_dom_equal %{<a href="mailto:david@loudthinking.com">david@loudthinking.com</a>}, mail_to("david@loudthinking.com")
     assert_dom_equal %{<a href="mailto:david@loudthinking.com">David Heinemeier Hansson</a>}, mail_to("david@loudthinking.com", "David Heinemeier Hansson")
@@ -491,10 +520,22 @@ class UrlHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
                  mail_to("david@loudthinking.com", "David Heinemeier Hansson", class: "admin")
   end
 
+  def test_mail_to_with_special_characters
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<a href="mailto:%23%21%24%25%26%27%2A%2B-%2F%3D%3F%5E_%60%7B%7D%7C%7E@example.org">#!$%&amp;&#39;*+-/=?^_`{}|~@example.org</a>},
+      mail_to("#!$%&'*+-/=?^_`{}|~@example.org")
+    )
+  end
+
   def test_mail_with_options
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<a href="mailto:me@example.com?cc=ccaddress%40example.com&amp;bcc=bccaddress%40example.com&amp;body=This%20is%20the%20body%20of%20the%20message.&amp;subject=This%20is%20an%20example%20email">My email</a>},
-      mail_to("me@example.com", "My email", cc: "ccaddress@example.com", bcc: "bccaddress@example.com", subject: "This is an example email", body: "This is the body of the message.")
+      %{<a href="mailto:me@example.com?cc=ccaddress%40example.com&amp;bcc=bccaddress%40example.com&amp;body=This%20is%20the%20body%20of%20the%20message.&amp;subject=This%20is%20an%20example%20email&amp;reply-to=foo%40bar.com">My email</a>},
+      mail_to("me@example.com", "My email", cc: "ccaddress@example.com", bcc: "bccaddress@example.com", subject: "This is an example email", body: "This is the body of the message.", reply_to: "foo@bar.com")
+    )
+
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<a href="mailto:me@example.com?body=This%20is%20the%20body%20of%20the%20message.&amp;subject=This%20is%20an%20example%20email">My email</a>},
+      mail_to("me@example.com", "My email", cc: '', bcc: '', subject: "This is an example email", body: "This is the body of the message.")
     )
   end
 
@@ -503,6 +544,20 @@ class UrlHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       mail_to('feedback@example.com', '<img src="/feedback.png" />'.html_safe)
   end
 
+  def test_mail_to_with_html_safe_string
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<a href="mailto:david@loudthinking.com">david@loudthinking.com</a>},
+      mail_to("david@loudthinking.com".html_safe)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_mail_to_with_nil
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<a href="mailto:"></a>},
+      mail_to(nil)
+    )
+  end
+
   def test_mail_to_returns_html_safe_string
     assert mail_to("david@loudthinking.com").html_safe?
   end
@@ -624,13 +679,13 @@ class UrlHelperControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_named_route_url_shows_host_and_path
-    get :show_named_route, kind: 'url'
+    get :show_named_route, params: { kind: 'url' }
     assert_equal 'http://test.host/url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/show_named_route',
       @response.body
   end
 
   def test_named_route_path_shows_only_path
-    get :show_named_route, kind: 'path'
+    get :show_named_route, params: { kind: 'path' }
     assert_equal '/url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/show_named_route', @response.body
   end
 
@@ -646,7 +701,7 @@ class UrlHelperControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
       end
     end
 
-    get :show_named_route, kind: 'url'
+    get :show_named_route, params: { kind: 'url' }
     assert_equal 'http://testtwo.host/url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/show_named_route', @response.body
   end
 
@@ -661,11 +716,11 @@ class UrlHelperControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_recall_params_should_normalize_id
-    get :show, id: '123'
+    get :show, params: { id: '123' }
     assert_equal 302, @response.status
     assert_equal 'http://test.host/url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/profile/123', @response.location
 
-    get :show, name: '123'
+    get :show, params: { name: '123' }
     assert_equal 'ok', @response.body
   end
 
@@ -704,7 +759,7 @@ class LinkToUnlessCurrentWithControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_link_to_unless_current_shows_link
-    get :show, id: 1
+    get :show, params: { id: 1 }
     assert_equal %{<a href="/tasks">tasks</a>\n} +
       %{<a href="#{@request.protocol}#{@request.host_with_port}/tasks">tasks</a>},
       @response.body
@@ -765,6 +820,13 @@ class SessionsController < ActionController::Base
     @session = Session.new(params[:id])
     render inline: "<%= url_for([@workshop, @session]) %>\n<%= link_to('Session', [@workshop, @session]) %>"
   end
+
+  def edit
+    @workshop = Workshop.new(params[:workshop_id])
+    @session = Session.new(params[:id])
+    @url = [@workshop, @session, format: params[:format]]
+    render inline: "<%= url_for(@url) %>\n<%= link_to('Session', @url) %>"
+  end
 end
 
 class PolymorphicControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
@@ -778,21 +840,28 @@ class PolymorphicControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_existing_resource
     @controller = WorkshopsController.new
 
-    get :show, id: 1
+    get :show, params: { id: 1 }
     assert_equal %{/workshops/1\n<a href="/workshops/1">Workshop</a>}, @response.body
   end
 
   def test_new_nested_resource
     @controller = SessionsController.new
 
-    get :index, workshop_id: 1
+    get :index, params: { workshop_id: 1 }
     assert_equal %{/workshops/1/sessions\n<a href="/workshops/1/sessions">Session</a>}, @response.body
   end
 
   def test_existing_nested_resource
     @controller = SessionsController.new
 
-    get :show, workshop_id: 1, id: 1
+    get :show, params: { workshop_id: 1, id: 1 }
     assert_equal %{/workshops/1/sessions/1\n<a href="/workshops/1/sessions/1">Session</a>}, @response.body
   end
+
+  def test_existing_nested_resource_with_params
+    @controller = SessionsController.new
+
+    get :edit, params: { workshop_id: 1, id: 1, format: "json"  }
+    assert_equal %{/workshops/1/sessions/1.json\n<a href="/workshops/1/sessions/1.json">Session</a>}, @response.body
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activejob/.gitignore b/activejob/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b3aaf55871
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+test/dummy
diff --git a/activejob/CHANGELOG.md b/activejob/CHANGELOG.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..79235019fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+*   Fixed serializing `:at` option for `assert_enqueued_with`
+    and `assert_performed_with`.
+
+    *Wojciech Wnętrzak*
+
+*   Support passing array to `assert_enqueued_jobs` in `:only` option.
+
+    *Wojciech Wnętrzak*
+
+*   Add job priorities to Active Job.
+
+    *wvengen*
+
+*   Implement a simple `AsyncJob` processor and associated `AsyncAdapter` that
+    queue jobs to a `concurrent-ruby` thread pool.
+
+    *Jerry D'Antonio*
+
+*   Implement `provider_job_id` for `queue_classic` adapter. This requires the
+    latest, currently unreleased, version of queue_classic.
+
+    *Yves Senn*
+
+*   `assert_enqueued_with` and `assert_performed_with` now returns the matched
+    job instance for further assertions.
+
+    *Jean Boussier*
+
+*   Include I18n.locale into job serialization/deserialization and use it around
+    `perform`.
+
+    Fixes #20799.
+
+    *Johannes Opper*
+
+*   Allow `DelayedJob`, `Sidekiq`, `qu`, and `que` to report the job id back to
+    `ActiveJob::Base` as `provider_job_id`.
+
+    Fixes #18821.
+
+    *Kevin Deisz*, *Jeroen van Baarsen*
+
+*   `assert_enqueued_jobs` and `assert_performed_jobs` in block form use the
+    given number as expected value. This makes the error message much easier to
+    understand.
+
+    *y-yagi*
+
+*   A generated job now inherits from `app/jobs/application_job.rb` by default.
+
+    *Jeroen van Baarsen*
+
+*   Add an `:only` option to `perform_enqueued_jobs` to filter jobs based on
+    type.
+
+    This allows specific jobs to be tested, while preventing others from
+    being performed unnecessarily.
+
+    Example:
+
+        def test_hello_job
+          assert_performed_jobs 1, only: HelloJob do
+            HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy')
+            LoggingJob.perform_later
+          end
+        end
+
+    An array may also be specified, to support testing multiple jobs.
+
+    Example:
+
+        def test_hello_and_logging_jobs
+          assert_nothing_raised do
+            assert_performed_jobs 2, only: [HelloJob, LoggingJob] do
+              HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy')
+              LoggingJob.perform_later('stewie')
+              RescueJob.perform_later('david')
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+    Fixes #18802.
+
+    *Michael Ryan*
+
+*   Allow keyword arguments to be used with Active Job.
+
+    Fixes #18741.
+
+    *Sean Griffin*
+
+*   Add `:only` option to `assert_enqueued_jobs`, to check the number of times
+    a specific kind of job is enqueued.
+
+    Example:
+
+        def test_logging_job
+          assert_enqueued_jobs 1, only: LoggingJob do
+            LoggingJob.perform_later
+            HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy')
+          end
+        end
+
+    *George Claghorn*
+
+*   `ActiveJob::Base.deserialize` delegates to the job class.
+
+    Since `ActiveJob::Base#deserialize` can be overridden by subclasses (like
+    `ActiveJob::Base#serialize`) this allows jobs to attach arbitrary metadata
+    when they get serialized and read it back when they get performed.
+
+    Example:
+
+        class DeliverWebhookJob < ActiveJob::Base
+          def serialize
+            super.merge('attempt_number' => (@attempt_number || 0) + 1)
+          end
+
+          def deserialize(job_data)
+            super
+            @attempt_number = job_data['attempt_number']
+          end
+
+          rescue_from(TimeoutError) do |exception|
+            raise exception if @attempt_number > 5
+            retry_job(wait: 10)
+          end
+        end
+
+    *Isaac Seymour*
+
+Please check [4-2-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/activejob/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/activejob/MIT-LICENSE b/activejob/MIT-LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0cef8cdda0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/MIT-LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+Copyright (c) 2014-2015 David Heinemeier Hansson
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
diff --git a/activejob/README.md b/activejob/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7268186c00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+# Active Job -- Make work happen later
+
+Active Job is a framework for declaring jobs and making them run on a variety
+of queueing backends. These jobs can be everything from regularly scheduled
+clean-ups, to billing charges, to mailings. Anything that can be chopped up into
+small units of work and run in parallel, really.
+
+It also serves as the backend for Action Mailer's #deliver_later functionality
+that makes it easy to turn any mailing into a job for running later. That's
+one of the most common jobs in a modern web application: sending emails outside
+of the request-response cycle, so the user doesn't have to wait on it.
+
+The main point is to ensure that all Rails apps will have a job infrastructure
+in place, even if it's in the form of an "immediate runner". We can then have
+framework features and other gems build on top of that, without having to worry
+about API differences between Delayed Job and Resque. Picking your queuing
+backend becomes more of an operational concern, then. And you'll be able to
+switch between them without having to rewrite your jobs.
+
+
+## Usage
+
+Set the queue adapter for Active Job:
+
+``` ruby
+ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :inline # default queue adapter
+```
+Note: To learn how to use your preferred queueing backend see its adapter
+documentation at
+[ActiveJob::QueueAdapters](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveJob/QueueAdapters.html).
+
+Declare a job like so:
+
+```ruby
+class MyJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  queue_as :my_jobs
+
+  def perform(record)
+    record.do_work
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Enqueue a job like so:
+
+```ruby
+MyJob.perform_later record  # Enqueue a job to be performed as soon as the queueing system is free.
+```
+
+```ruby
+MyJob.set(wait_until: Date.tomorrow.noon).perform_later(record)  # Enqueue a job to be performed tomorrow at noon.
+```
+
+```ruby
+MyJob.set(wait: 1.week).perform_later(record) # Enqueue a job to be performed 1 week from now.
+```
+
+That's it!
+
+
+## GlobalID support
+
+Active Job supports [GlobalID serialization](https://github.com/rails/globalid/) for parameters. This makes it possible
+to pass live Active Record objects to your job instead of class/id pairs, which
+you then have to manually deserialize. Before, jobs would look like this:
+
+```ruby
+class TrashableCleanupJob
+  def perform(trashable_class, trashable_id, depth)
+    trashable = trashable_class.constantize.find(trashable_id)
+    trashable.cleanup(depth)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Now you can simply do:
+
+```ruby
+class TrashableCleanupJob
+  def perform(trashable, depth)
+    trashable.cleanup(depth)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+This works with any class that mixes in GlobalID::Identification, which
+by default has been mixed into Active Record classes.
+
+
+## Supported queueing systems
+
+Active Job has built-in adapters for multiple queueing backends (Sidekiq,
+Resque, Delayed Job and others). To get an up-to-date list of the adapters
+see the API Documentation for [ActiveJob::QueueAdapters](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveJob/QueueAdapters.html).
+
+## Auxiliary gems
+
+* [activejob-stats](https://github.com/seuros/activejob-stats)
+
+## Download and installation
+
+The latest version of Active Job can be installed with RubyGems:
+
+```
+  $ gem install activejob
+```
+
+Source code can be downloaded as part of the Rails project on GitHub
+
+* https://github.com/rails/rails/tree/master/activejob
+
+## License
+
+Active Job is released under the MIT license:
+
+* http://www.opensource.org/licenses/MIT
+
+
+## Support
+
+API documentation is at:
+
+* http://api.rubyonrails.org
+
+Bug reports can be filed for the Ruby on Rails project here:
+
+* https://github.com/rails/rails/issues
+
+Feature requests should be discussed on the rails-core mailing list here:
+
+* https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/rubyonrails-core
diff --git a/activejob/Rakefile b/activejob/Rakefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d9648a7f16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/Rakefile
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+require 'rake/testtask'
+
+ACTIVEJOB_ADAPTERS = %w(async inline delayed_job qu que queue_classic resque sidekiq sneakers sucker_punch backburner test)
+ACTIVEJOB_ADAPTERS -= %w(queue_classic) if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
+
+task default: :test
+task test: 'test:default'
+
+namespace :test do
+  desc 'Run all adapter tests'
+  task :default do
+    run_without_aborting ACTIVEJOB_ADAPTERS.map { |a| "test:#{a}" }
+  end
+
+  desc 'Run all adapter tests in isolation'
+  task :isolated do
+    run_without_aborting ACTIVEJOB_ADAPTERS.map { |a| "test:isolated:#{a}" }
+  end
+
+  desc 'Run integration tests for all adapters'
+  task :integration do
+    run_without_aborting (ACTIVEJOB_ADAPTERS - ['test']).map { |a| "test:integration:#{a}" }
+  end
+
+  task 'env:integration' do
+    ENV['AJ_INTEGRATION_TESTS'] = "1"
+  end
+
+  ACTIVEJOB_ADAPTERS.each do |adapter|
+    task("env:#{adapter}") { ENV['AJ_ADAPTER'] = adapter }
+
+    Rake::TestTask.new(adapter => "test:env:#{adapter}") do |t|
+      t.description = "Run adapter tests for #{adapter}"
+      t.libs << 'test'
+      t.test_files = FileList['test/cases/**/*_test.rb']
+      t.verbose = true
+      t.warning = false
+      t.ruby_opts = ["--dev"] if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
+    end
+
+    namespace :isolated do
+      task adapter => "test:env:#{adapter}" do
+        dir = File.dirname(__FILE__)
+        Dir.glob("#{dir}/test/cases/**/*_test.rb").all? do |file|
+          sh(Gem.ruby, '-w', "-I#{dir}/lib", "-I#{dir}/test", file)
+        end or raise 'Failures'
+      end
+    end
+
+    namespace :integration do
+      Rake::TestTask.new(adapter => ["test:env:#{adapter}", 'test:env:integration']) do |t|
+        t.description = "Run integration tests for #{adapter}"
+        t.libs << 'test'
+        t.test_files = FileList['test/integration/**/*_test.rb']
+        t.verbose = true
+        t.warning = false
+        t.ruby_opts = ["--dev"] if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+def run_without_aborting(tasks)
+  errors = []
+
+  tasks.each do |task|
+    begin
+      Rake::Task[task].invoke
+    rescue Exception
+      errors << task
+    end
+  end
+
+  abort "Errors running #{errors.join(', ')}" if errors.any?
+end
diff --git a/activejob/activejob.gemspec b/activejob/activejob.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..24e38e495f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/activejob.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+version = File.read(File.expand_path('../../RAILS_VERSION', __FILE__)).strip
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |s|
+  s.platform    = Gem::Platform::RUBY
+  s.name        = 'activejob'
+  s.version     = version
+  s.summary     = 'Job framework with pluggable queues.'
+  s.description = 'Declare job classes that can be run by a variety of queueing backends.'
+
+  s.required_ruby_version = '>= 2.2.2'
+
+  s.license = 'MIT'
+
+  s.author   = 'David Heinemeier Hansson'
+  s.email    = 'david@loudthinking.com'
+  s.homepage = 'http://www.rubyonrails.org'
+
+  s.files        = Dir['CHANGELOG.md', 'MIT-LICENSE', 'README.md', 'lib/**/*']
+  s.require_path = 'lib'
+
+  s.add_dependency 'activesupport', version
+  s.add_dependency 'globalid', '>= 0.3.0'
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eb8091a805
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#--
+# Copyright (c) 2014-2015 David Heinemeier Hansson
+#
+# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+# a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+# "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+# without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+# distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+# permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+# the following conditions:
+#
+# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+# included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+# EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+# MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+# NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+# LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+# OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+# WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+#++
+
+require 'active_support'
+require 'active_support/rails'
+require 'active_job/version'
+require 'global_id'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
+
+  autoload :Base
+  autoload :QueueAdapters
+  autoload :ConfiguredJob
+  autoload :AsyncJob
+  autoload :TestCase
+  autoload :TestHelper
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/arguments.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/arguments.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e56bc79328
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/arguments.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  # Raised when an exception is raised during job arguments deserialization.
+  #
+  # Wraps the original exception raised as +cause+.
+  class DeserializationError < StandardError
+    def initialize(e = nil) #:nodoc:
+      if e
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("Passing #original_exception is deprecated and has no effect. " \
+                                        "Exceptions will automatically capture the original exception.", caller)
+      end
+
+      super("Error while trying to deserialize arguments: #{$!.message}")
+      set_backtrace $!.backtrace
+    end
+
+    # The original exception that was raised during deserialization of job
+    # arguments.
+    def original_exception
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("#original_exception is deprecated. Use #cause instead.", caller)
+      cause
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Raised when an unsupported argument type is set as a job argument. We
+  # currently support NilClass, Fixnum, Float, String, TrueClass, FalseClass,
+  # Bignum and objects that can be represented as GlobalIDs (ex: Active Record).
+  # Raised if you set the key for a Hash something else than a string or
+  # a symbol. Also raised when trying to serialize an object which can't be
+  # identified with a Global ID - such as an unpersisted Active Record model.
+  class SerializationError < ArgumentError; end
+
+  module Arguments
+    extend self
+    # :nodoc:
+    TYPE_WHITELIST = [ NilClass, Fixnum, Float, String, TrueClass, FalseClass, Bignum ]
+
+    # Serializes a set of arguments. Whitelisted types are returned
+    # as-is. Arrays/Hashes are serialized element by element.
+    # All other types are serialized using GlobalID.
+    def serialize(arguments)
+      arguments.map { |argument| serialize_argument(argument) }
+    end
+
+    # Deserializes a set of arguments. Whitelisted types are returned
+    # as-is. Arrays/Hashes are deserialized element by element.
+    # All other types are deserialized using GlobalID.
+    def deserialize(arguments)
+      arguments.map { |argument| deserialize_argument(argument) }
+    rescue
+      raise DeserializationError
+    end
+
+    private
+      # :nodoc:
+      GLOBALID_KEY = '_aj_globalid'.freeze
+      # :nodoc:
+      SYMBOL_KEYS_KEY = '_aj_symbol_keys'.freeze
+      # :nodoc:
+      WITH_INDIFFERENT_ACCESS_KEY = '_aj_hash_with_indifferent_access'.freeze
+      private_constant :GLOBALID_KEY, :SYMBOL_KEYS_KEY, :WITH_INDIFFERENT_ACCESS_KEY
+
+      def serialize_argument(argument)
+        case argument
+        when *TYPE_WHITELIST
+          argument
+        when GlobalID::Identification
+          convert_to_global_id_hash(argument)
+        when Array
+          argument.map { |arg| serialize_argument(arg) }
+        when ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess
+          result = serialize_hash(argument)
+          result[WITH_INDIFFERENT_ACCESS_KEY] = serialize_argument(true)
+          result
+        when Hash
+          symbol_keys = argument.each_key.grep(Symbol).map(&:to_s)
+          result = serialize_hash(argument)
+          result[SYMBOL_KEYS_KEY] = symbol_keys
+          result
+        else
+          raise SerializationError.new("Unsupported argument type: #{argument.class.name}")
+        end
+      end
+
+      def deserialize_argument(argument)
+        case argument
+        when String
+          GlobalID::Locator.locate(argument) || argument
+        when *TYPE_WHITELIST
+          argument
+        when Array
+          argument.map { |arg| deserialize_argument(arg) }
+        when Hash
+          if serialized_global_id?(argument)
+            deserialize_global_id argument
+          else
+            deserialize_hash(argument)
+          end
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError, "Can only deserialize primitive arguments: #{argument.inspect}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def serialized_global_id?(hash)
+        hash.size == 1 and hash.include?(GLOBALID_KEY)
+      end
+
+      def deserialize_global_id(hash)
+        GlobalID::Locator.locate hash[GLOBALID_KEY]
+      end
+
+      def serialize_hash(argument)
+        argument.each_with_object({}) do |(key, value), hash|
+          hash[serialize_hash_key(key)] = serialize_argument(value)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def deserialize_hash(serialized_hash)
+        result = serialized_hash.transform_values { |v| deserialize_argument(v) }
+        if result.delete(WITH_INDIFFERENT_ACCESS_KEY)
+          result = result.with_indifferent_access
+        elsif symbol_keys = result.delete(SYMBOL_KEYS_KEY)
+          result = transform_symbol_keys(result, symbol_keys)
+        end
+        result
+      end
+
+      # :nodoc:
+      RESERVED_KEYS = [
+        GLOBALID_KEY, GLOBALID_KEY.to_sym,
+        SYMBOL_KEYS_KEY, SYMBOL_KEYS_KEY.to_sym,
+        WITH_INDIFFERENT_ACCESS_KEY, WITH_INDIFFERENT_ACCESS_KEY.to_sym,
+      ]
+      private_constant :RESERVED_KEYS
+
+      def serialize_hash_key(key)
+        case key
+        when *RESERVED_KEYS
+          raise SerializationError.new("Can't serialize a Hash with reserved key #{key.inspect}")
+        when String, Symbol
+          key.to_s
+        else
+          raise SerializationError.new("Only string and symbol hash keys may be serialized as job arguments, but #{key.inspect} is a #{key.class}")
+        end
+      end
+
+      def transform_symbol_keys(hash, symbol_keys)
+        hash.transform_keys do |key|
+          if symbol_keys.include?(key)
+            key.to_sym
+          else
+            key
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def convert_to_global_id_hash(argument)
+        { GLOBALID_KEY => argument.to_global_id.to_s }
+      rescue URI::GID::MissingModelIdError
+        raise SerializationError, "Unable to serialize #{argument.class} " \
+          "without an id. (Maybe you forgot to call save?)"
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/async_job.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/async_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ed7a6e8d9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/async_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+require 'concurrent/map'
+require 'concurrent/scheduled_task'
+require 'concurrent/executor/thread_pool_executor'
+require 'concurrent/utility/processor_counter'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  # == Active Job Async Job
+  #
+  # When enqueueing jobs with Async Job each job will be executed asynchronously
+  # on a +concurrent-ruby+ thread pool. All job data is retained in memory.
+  # Because job data is not saved to a persistent datastore there is no
+  # additional infrastructure needed and jobs process quickly. The lack of
+  # persistence, however, means that all unprocessed jobs will be lost on
+  # application restart. Therefore in-memory queue adapters are unsuitable for
+  # most production environments but are excellent for development and testing.
+  #
+  # Read more about Concurrent Ruby {here}[https://github.com/ruby-concurrency/concurrent-ruby].
+  #
+  # To use Async Job set the queue_adapter config to +:async+.
+  #
+  #   Rails.application.config.active_job.queue_adapter = :async
+  #
+  # Async Job supports job queues specified with +queue_as+. Queues are created
+  # automatically as needed and each has its own thread pool.
+  class AsyncJob
+
+    DEFAULT_EXECUTOR_OPTIONS = {
+      min_threads:     [2, Concurrent.processor_count].max,
+      max_threads:     Concurrent.processor_count * 10,
+      auto_terminate:  true,
+      idletime:        60, # 1 minute
+      max_queue:       0, # unlimited
+      fallback_policy: :caller_runs # shouldn't matter -- 0 max queue
+    }.freeze
+
+    QUEUES = Concurrent::Map.new do |hash, queue_name| #:nodoc:
+      hash.compute_if_absent(queue_name) { ActiveJob::AsyncJob.create_thread_pool }
+    end
+
+    class << self
+      # Forces jobs to process immediately when testing the Active Job gem.
+      # This should only be called from within unit tests.
+      def perform_immediately! #:nodoc:
+        @perform_immediately = true
+      end
+
+      # Allows jobs to run asynchronously when testing the Active Job gem.
+      # This should only be called from within unit tests.
+      def perform_asynchronously! #:nodoc:
+        @perform_immediately = false
+      end
+
+      def create_thread_pool #:nodoc:
+        if @perform_immediately
+          Concurrent::ImmediateExecutor.new
+        else
+          Concurrent::ThreadPoolExecutor.new(DEFAULT_EXECUTOR_OPTIONS)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def enqueue(job_data, queue: 'default') #:nodoc:
+        QUEUES[queue].post(job_data) { |job| ActiveJob::Base.execute(job) }
+      end
+
+      def enqueue_at(job_data, timestamp, queue: 'default') #:nodoc:
+        delay = timestamp - Time.current.to_f
+        if delay > 0
+          Concurrent::ScheduledTask.execute(delay, args: [job_data], executor: QUEUES[queue]) do |job|
+            ActiveJob::Base.execute(job)
+          end
+        else
+          enqueue(job_data, queue: queue)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/base.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/base.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ff5c69ddc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/base.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+require 'active_job/core'
+require 'active_job/queue_adapter'
+require 'active_job/queue_name'
+require 'active_job/queue_priority'
+require 'active_job/enqueuing'
+require 'active_job/execution'
+require 'active_job/callbacks'
+require 'active_job/logging'
+require 'active_job/translation'
+
+module ActiveJob #:nodoc:
+  # = Active Job
+  #
+  # Active Job objects can be configured to work with different backend
+  # queuing frameworks. To specify a queue adapter to use:
+  #
+  #   ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :inline
+  #
+  # A list of supported adapters can be found in QueueAdapters.
+  #
+  # Active Job objects can be defined by creating a class that inherits
+  # from the ActiveJob::Base class. The only necessary method to
+  # implement is the "perform" method.
+  #
+  # To define an Active Job object:
+  #
+  #   class ProcessPhotoJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  #     def perform(photo)
+  #       photo.watermark!('Rails')
+  #       photo.rotate!(90.degrees)
+  #       photo.resize_to_fit!(300, 300)
+  #       photo.upload!
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  # Records that are passed in are serialized/deserialized using Global
+  # ID. More information can be found in Arguments.
+  #
+  # To enqueue a job to be performed as soon as the queueing system is free:
+  #
+  #   ProcessPhotoJob.perform_later(photo)
+  #
+  # To enqueue a job to be processed at some point in the future:
+  #
+  #   ProcessPhotoJob.set(wait_until: Date.tomorrow.noon).perform_later(photo)
+  #
+  # More information can be found in ActiveJob::Core::ClassMethods#set
+  #
+  # A job can also be processed immediately without sending to the queue:
+  #
+  #  ProcessPhotoJob.perform_now(photo)
+  #
+  # == Exceptions
+  #
+  # * DeserializationError - Error class for deserialization errors.
+  # * SerializationError - Error class for serialization errors.
+  class Base
+    include Core
+    include QueueAdapter
+    include QueueName
+    include QueuePriority
+    include Enqueuing
+    include Execution
+    include Callbacks
+    include Logging
+    include Translation
+
+    ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:active_job, self)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/callbacks.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/callbacks.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2b6149e84e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/callbacks.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+require 'active_support/callbacks'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  # = Active Job Callbacks
+  #
+  # Active Job provides hooks during the life cycle of a job. Callbacks allow you
+  # to trigger logic during the life cycle of a job. Available callbacks are:
+  #
+  # * <tt>before_enqueue</tt>
+  # * <tt>around_enqueue</tt>
+  # * <tt>after_enqueue</tt>
+  # * <tt>before_perform</tt>
+  # * <tt>around_perform</tt>
+  # * <tt>after_perform</tt>
+  #
+  module Callbacks
+    extend  ActiveSupport::Concern
+    include ActiveSupport::Callbacks
+
+    included do
+      define_callbacks :perform
+      define_callbacks :enqueue
+    end
+
+    # These methods will be included into any Active Job object, adding
+    # callbacks for +perform+ and +enqueue+ methods.
+    module ClassMethods
+      # Defines a callback that will get called right before the
+      # job's perform method is executed.
+      #
+      #   class VideoProcessJob < ActiveJob::Base
+      #     queue_as :default
+      #
+      #     before_perform do |job|
+      #       UserMailer.notify_video_started_processing(job.arguments.first)
+      #     end
+      #
+      #     def perform(video_id)
+      #       Video.find(video_id).process
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      def before_perform(*filters, &blk)
+        set_callback(:perform, :before, *filters, &blk)
+      end
+
+      # Defines a callback that will get called right after the
+      # job's perform method has finished.
+      #
+      #   class VideoProcessJob < ActiveJob::Base
+      #     queue_as :default
+      #
+      #     after_perform do |job|
+      #       UserMailer.notify_video_processed(job.arguments.first)
+      #     end
+      #
+      #     def perform(video_id)
+      #       Video.find(video_id).process
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      def after_perform(*filters, &blk)
+        set_callback(:perform, :after, *filters, &blk)
+      end
+
+      # Defines a callback that will get called around the job's perform method.
+      #
+      #   class VideoProcessJob < ActiveJob::Base
+      #     queue_as :default
+      #
+      #     around_perform do |job, block|
+      #       UserMailer.notify_video_started_processing(job.arguments.first)
+      #       block.call
+      #       UserMailer.notify_video_processed(job.arguments.first)
+      #     end
+      #
+      #     def perform(video_id)
+      #       Video.find(video_id).process
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      def around_perform(*filters, &blk)
+        set_callback(:perform, :around, *filters, &blk)
+      end
+
+      # Defines a callback that will get called right before the
+      # job is enqueued.
+      #
+      #   class VideoProcessJob < ActiveJob::Base
+      #     queue_as :default
+      #
+      #     before_enqueue do |job|
+      #       $statsd.increment "enqueue-video-job.try"
+      #     end
+      #
+      #     def perform(video_id)
+      #       Video.find(video_id).process
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      def before_enqueue(*filters, &blk)
+        set_callback(:enqueue, :before, *filters, &blk)
+      end
+
+      # Defines a callback that will get called right after the
+      # job is enqueued.
+      #
+      #   class VideoProcessJob < ActiveJob::Base
+      #     queue_as :default
+      #
+      #     after_enqueue do |job|
+      #       $statsd.increment "enqueue-video-job.success"
+      #     end
+      #
+      #     def perform(video_id)
+      #       Video.find(video_id).process
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      def after_enqueue(*filters, &blk)
+        set_callback(:enqueue, :after, *filters, &blk)
+      end
+
+      # Defines a callback that will get called before and after the
+      # job is enqueued.
+      #
+      #   class VideoProcessJob < ActiveJob::Base
+      #     queue_as :default
+      #
+      #     around_enqueue do |job, block|
+      #       $statsd.time "video-job.process" do
+      #         block.call
+      #       end
+      #     end
+      #
+      #     def perform(video_id)
+      #       Video.find(video_id).process
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      def around_enqueue(*filters, &blk)
+        set_callback(:enqueue, :around, *filters, &blk)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/configured_job.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/configured_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..979280b910
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/configured_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+module ActiveJob
+  class ConfiguredJob #:nodoc:
+    def initialize(job_class, options={})
+      @options = options
+      @job_class = job_class
+    end
+
+    def perform_now(*args)
+      @job_class.new(*args).perform_now
+    end
+
+    def perform_later(*args)
+      @job_class.new(*args).enqueue @options
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/core.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/core.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..19b900a285
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/core.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+module ActiveJob
+  # Provides general behavior that will be included into every Active Job
+  # object that inherits from ActiveJob::Base.
+  module Core
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    included do
+      # Job arguments
+      attr_accessor :arguments
+      attr_writer :serialized_arguments
+
+      # Timestamp when the job should be performed
+      attr_accessor :scheduled_at
+
+      # Job Identifier
+      attr_accessor :job_id
+
+      # Queue in which the job will reside.
+      attr_writer :queue_name
+
+      # Priority that the job will have (lower is more priority).
+      attr_writer :priority
+
+      # ID optionally provided by adapter
+      attr_accessor :provider_job_id
+
+      # I18n.locale to be used during the job.
+      attr_accessor :locale
+    end
+
+    # These methods will be included into any Active Job object, adding
+    # helpers for de/serialization and creation of job instances.
+    module ClassMethods
+      # Creates a new job instance from a hash created with +serialize+
+      def deserialize(job_data)
+        job = job_data['job_class'].constantize.new
+        job.deserialize(job_data)
+        job
+      end
+
+      # Creates a job preconfigured with the given options. You can call
+      # perform_later with the job arguments to enqueue the job with the
+      # preconfigured options
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # * <tt>:wait</tt> - Enqueues the job with the specified delay
+      # * <tt>:wait_until</tt> - Enqueues the job at the time specified
+      # * <tt>:queue</tt> - Enqueues the job on the specified queue
+      # * <tt>:priority</tt> - Enqueues the job with the specified priority
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #
+      #    VideoJob.set(queue: :some_queue).perform_later(Video.last)
+      #    VideoJob.set(wait: 5.minutes).perform_later(Video.last)
+      #    VideoJob.set(wait_until: Time.now.tomorrow).perform_later(Video.last)
+      #    VideoJob.set(queue: :some_queue, wait: 5.minutes).perform_later(Video.last)
+      #    VideoJob.set(queue: :some_queue, wait_until: Time.now.tomorrow).perform_later(Video.last)
+      #    VideoJob.set(queue: :some_queue, wait: 5.minutes, priority: 10).perform_later(Video.last)
+      def set(options={})
+        ConfiguredJob.new(self, options)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Creates a new job instance. Takes the arguments that will be
+    # passed to the perform method.
+    def initialize(*arguments)
+      @arguments  = arguments
+      @job_id     = SecureRandom.uuid
+      @queue_name = self.class.queue_name
+      @priority   = self.class.priority
+    end
+
+    # Returns a hash with the job data that can safely be passed to the
+    # queueing adapter.
+    def serialize
+      {
+        'job_class'  => self.class.name,
+        'job_id'     => job_id,
+        'queue_name' => queue_name,
+        'priority'   => priority,
+        'arguments'  => serialize_arguments(arguments),
+        'locale'     => I18n.locale
+      }
+    end
+
+    # Attaches the stored job data to the current instance. Receives a hash
+    # returned from +serialize+
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #    class DeliverWebhookJob < ActiveJob::Base
+    #      def serialize
+    #        super.merge('attempt_number' => (@attempt_number || 0) + 1)
+    #      end
+    #
+    #      def deserialize(job_data)
+    #        super
+    #        @attempt_number = job_data['attempt_number']
+    #      end
+    #
+    #      rescue_from(TimeoutError) do |exception|
+    #        raise exception if @attempt_number > 5
+    #        retry_job(wait: 10)
+    #      end
+    #    end
+    def deserialize(job_data)
+      self.job_id               = job_data['job_id']
+      self.queue_name           = job_data['queue_name']
+      self.priority             = job_data['priority']
+      self.serialized_arguments = job_data['arguments']
+      self.locale               = job_data['locale'] || I18n.locale
+    end
+
+    private
+      def deserialize_arguments_if_needed
+        if defined?(@serialized_arguments) && @serialized_arguments.present?
+          @arguments = deserialize_arguments(@serialized_arguments)
+          @serialized_arguments = nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      def serialize_arguments(serialized_args)
+        Arguments.serialize(serialized_args)
+      end
+
+      def deserialize_arguments(serialized_args)
+        Arguments.deserialize(serialized_args)
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/enqueuing.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/enqueuing.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..22154457fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/enqueuing.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+require 'active_job/arguments'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  # Provides behavior for enqueuing and retrying jobs.
+  module Enqueuing
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    # Includes the +perform_later+ method for job initialization.
+    module ClassMethods
+      # Push a job onto the queue. The arguments must be legal JSON types
+      # (string, int, float, nil, true, false, hash or array) or
+      # GlobalID::Identification instances. Arbitrary Ruby objects
+      # are not supported.
+      #
+      # Returns an instance of the job class queued with arguments available in
+      # Job#arguments.
+      def perform_later(*args)
+        job_or_instantiate(*args).enqueue
+      end
+
+      protected
+        def job_or_instantiate(*args)
+          args.first.is_a?(self) ? args.first : new(*args)
+        end
+    end
+
+    # Reschedules the job to be re-executed. This is useful in combination
+    # with the +rescue_from+ option. When you rescue an exception from your job
+    # you can ask Active Job to retry performing your job.
+    #
+    # ==== Options
+    # * <tt>:wait</tt> - Enqueues the job with the specified delay
+    # * <tt>:wait_until</tt> - Enqueues the job at the time specified
+    # * <tt>:queue</tt> - Enqueues the job on the specified queue
+    # * <tt>:priority</tt> - Enqueues the job with the specified priority
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #  class SiteScrapperJob < ActiveJob::Base
+    #    rescue_from(ErrorLoadingSite) do
+    #      retry_job queue: :low_priority
+    #    end
+    #
+    #    def perform(*args)
+    #      # raise ErrorLoadingSite if cannot scrape
+    #    end
+    #  end
+    def retry_job(options={})
+      enqueue options
+    end
+
+    # Enqueues the job to be performed by the queue adapter.
+    #
+    # ==== Options
+    # * <tt>:wait</tt> - Enqueues the job with the specified delay
+    # * <tt>:wait_until</tt> - Enqueues the job at the time specified
+    # * <tt>:queue</tt> - Enqueues the job on the specified queue
+    # * <tt>:priority</tt> - Enqueues the job with the specified priority
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #    my_job_instance.enqueue
+    #    my_job_instance.enqueue wait: 5.minutes
+    #    my_job_instance.enqueue queue: :important
+    #    my_job_instance.enqueue wait_until: Date.tomorrow.midnight
+    #    my_job_instance.enqueue priority: 10
+    def enqueue(options={})
+      self.scheduled_at = options[:wait].seconds.from_now.to_f if options[:wait]
+      self.scheduled_at = options[:wait_until].to_f if options[:wait_until]
+      self.queue_name   = self.class.queue_name_from_part(options[:queue]) if options[:queue]
+      self.priority     = options[:priority].to_i if options[:priority]
+      run_callbacks :enqueue do
+        if self.scheduled_at
+          self.class.queue_adapter.enqueue_at self, self.scheduled_at
+        else
+          self.class.queue_adapter.enqueue self
+        end
+      end
+      self
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/execution.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/execution.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..79d232da4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/execution.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+require 'active_support/rescuable'
+require 'active_job/arguments'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  module Execution
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+    include ActiveSupport::Rescuable
+
+    # Includes methods for executing and performing jobs instantly.
+    module ClassMethods
+      # Performs the job immediately.
+      #
+      #   MyJob.perform_now("mike")
+      #
+      def perform_now(*args)
+        job_or_instantiate(*args).perform_now
+      end
+
+      def execute(job_data) #:nodoc:
+        job = deserialize(job_data)
+        job.perform_now
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Performs the job immediately. The job is not sent to the queueing adapter
+    # but directly executed by blocking the execution of others until it's finished.
+    #
+    #   MyJob.new(*args).perform_now
+    def perform_now
+      deserialize_arguments_if_needed
+      run_callbacks :perform do
+        perform(*arguments)
+      end
+    rescue => exception
+      rescue_with_handler(exception) || raise(exception)
+    end
+
+    def perform(*)
+      fail NotImplementedError
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/gem_version.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/gem_version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..27a5de93f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/gem_version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module ActiveJob
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded Active Job as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
+  def self.gem_version
+    Gem::Version.new VERSION::STRING
+  end
+
+  module VERSION
+    MAJOR = 5
+    MINOR = 0
+    TINY  = 0
+    PRE   = "alpha"
+
+    STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE].compact.join(".")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/logging.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/logging.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..605057d1e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/logging.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/transform_values'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/filters'
+require 'active_support/tagged_logging'
+require 'active_support/logger'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  module Logging #:nodoc:
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    included do
+      cattr_accessor(:logger) { ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging.new(ActiveSupport::Logger.new(STDOUT)) }
+
+      around_enqueue do |_, block, _|
+        tag_logger do
+          block.call
+        end
+      end
+
+      around_perform do |job, block, _|
+        tag_logger(job.class.name, job.job_id) do
+          payload = {adapter: job.class.queue_adapter, job: job}
+          ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("perform_start.active_job", payload.dup)
+          ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("perform.active_job", payload) do
+            block.call
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      after_enqueue do |job|
+        if job.scheduled_at
+          ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument "enqueue_at.active_job",
+            adapter: job.class.queue_adapter, job: job
+        else
+          ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument "enqueue.active_job",
+            adapter: job.class.queue_adapter, job: job
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+      def tag_logger(*tags)
+        if logger.respond_to?(:tagged)
+          tags.unshift "ActiveJob" unless logger_tagged_by_active_job?
+          ActiveJob::Base.logger.tagged(*tags){ yield }
+        else
+          yield
+        end
+      end
+
+      def logger_tagged_by_active_job?
+        logger.formatter.current_tags.include?("ActiveJob")
+      end
+
+    class LogSubscriber < ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber #:nodoc:
+      def enqueue(event)
+        info do
+          job = event.payload[:job]
+          "Enqueued #{job.class.name} (Job ID: #{job.job_id}) to #{queue_name(event)}" + args_info(job)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def enqueue_at(event)
+        info do
+          job = event.payload[:job]
+          "Enqueued #{job.class.name} (Job ID: #{job.job_id}) to #{queue_name(event)} at #{scheduled_at(event)}" + args_info(job)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def perform_start(event)
+        info do
+          job = event.payload[:job]
+          "Performing #{job.class.name} from #{queue_name(event)}" + args_info(job)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def perform(event)
+        info do
+          job = event.payload[:job]
+          "Performed #{job.class.name} from #{queue_name(event)} in #{event.duration.round(2)}ms"
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+        def queue_name(event)
+          event.payload[:adapter].class.name.demodulize.remove('Adapter') + "(#{event.payload[:job].queue_name})"
+        end
+
+        def args_info(job)
+          if job.arguments.any?
+            ' with arguments: ' +
+              job.arguments.map { |arg| format(arg).inspect }.join(', ')
+          else
+            ''
+          end
+        end
+
+        def format(arg)
+          case arg
+          when Hash
+            arg.transform_values { |value| format(value) }
+          when Array
+            arg.map { |value| format(value) }
+          when GlobalID::Identification
+            arg.to_global_id rescue arg
+          else
+            arg
+          end
+        end
+
+        def scheduled_at(event)
+          Time.at(event.payload[:job].scheduled_at).utc
+        end
+
+        def logger
+          ActiveJob::Base.logger
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+ActiveJob::Logging::LogSubscriber.attach_to :active_job
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapter.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..457015b741
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+require 'active_job/queue_adapters/inline_adapter'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  # The <tt>ActiveJob::QueueAdapter</tt> module is used to load the
+  # correct adapter. The default queue adapter is the +:inline+ queue.
+  module QueueAdapter #:nodoc:
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    included do
+      class_attribute :_queue_adapter, instance_accessor: false, instance_predicate: false
+      self.queue_adapter = :inline
+    end
+
+    # Includes the setter method for changing the active queue adapter.
+    module ClassMethods
+      # Returns the backend queue provider. The default queue adapter
+      # is the +:inline+ queue. See QueueAdapters for more information.
+      def queue_adapter
+        _queue_adapter
+      end
+
+      # Specify the backend queue provider. The default queue adapter
+      # is the +:inline+ queue. See QueueAdapters for more
+      # information.
+      def queue_adapter=(name_or_adapter_or_class)
+        self._queue_adapter = interpret_adapter(name_or_adapter_or_class)
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def interpret_adapter(name_or_adapter_or_class)
+        case name_or_adapter_or_class
+        when Symbol, String
+          ActiveJob::QueueAdapters.lookup(name_or_adapter_or_class).new
+        else
+          if queue_adapter?(name_or_adapter_or_class)
+            name_or_adapter_or_class
+          elsif queue_adapter_class?(name_or_adapter_or_class)
+            ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "Passing an adapter class is deprecated " \
+              "and will be removed in Rails 5.1. Please pass an adapter name " \
+              "(.queue_adapter = :#{name_or_adapter_or_class.name.demodulize.remove('Adapter').underscore}) " \
+              "or an instance (.queue_adapter = #{name_or_adapter_or_class.name}.new) instead."
+              name_or_adapter_or_class.new
+          else
+            raise ArgumentError
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      QUEUE_ADAPTER_METHODS = [:enqueue, :enqueue_at].freeze
+
+      def queue_adapter?(object)
+        QUEUE_ADAPTER_METHODS.all? { |meth| object.respond_to?(meth) }
+      end
+
+      def queue_adapter_class?(object)
+        object.is_a?(Class) && QUEUE_ADAPTER_METHODS.all? { |meth| object.public_method_defined?(meth) }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..aeb1fe1e73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+module ActiveJob
+  # == Active Job adapters
+  #
+  # Active Job has adapters for the following queueing backends:
+  #
+  # * {Backburner}[https://github.com/nesquena/backburner]
+  # * {Delayed Job}[https://github.com/collectiveidea/delayed_job]
+  # * {Qu}[https://github.com/bkeepers/qu]
+  # * {Que}[https://github.com/chanks/que]
+  # * {queue_classic}[https://github.com/QueueClassic/queue_classic]
+  # * {Resque 1.x}[https://github.com/resque/resque/tree/1-x-stable]
+  # * {Sidekiq}[http://sidekiq.org]
+  # * {Sneakers}[https://github.com/jondot/sneakers]
+  # * {Sucker Punch}[https://github.com/brandonhilkert/sucker_punch]
+  # * {Active Job Async Job}[http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveJob/QueueAdapters/AsyncAdapter.html]
+  # * {Active Job Inline}[http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveJob/QueueAdapters/InlineAdapter.html]
+  #
+  # === Backends Features
+  #
+  #   |                   | Async | Queues | Delayed    | Priorities | Timeout | Retries |
+  #   |-------------------|-------|--------|------------|------------|---------|---------|
+  #   | Backburner        | Yes   | Yes    | Yes        | Yes        | Job     | Global  |
+  #   | Delayed Job       | Yes   | Yes    | Yes        | Job        | Global  | Global  |
+  #   | Qu                | Yes   | Yes    | No         | No         | No      | Global  |
+  #   | Que               | Yes   | Yes    | Yes        | Job        | No      | Job     |
+  #   | queue_classic     | Yes   | Yes    | Yes*       | No         | No      | No      |
+  #   | Resque            | Yes   | Yes    | Yes (Gem)  | Queue      | Global  | Yes     |
+  #   | Sidekiq           | Yes   | Yes    | Yes        | Queue      | No      | Job     |
+  #   | Sneakers          | Yes   | Yes    | No         | Queue      | Queue   | No      |
+  #   | Sucker Punch      | Yes   | Yes    | No         | No         | No      | No      |
+  #   | Active Job Async  | Yes   | Yes    | Yes        | No         | No      | No      |
+  #   | Active Job Inline | No    | Yes    | N/A        | N/A        | N/A     | N/A     |
+  #
+  # ==== Async
+  #
+  # Yes: The Queue Adapter runs the jobs in a separate or forked process.
+  #
+  # No: The job is run in the same process.
+  #
+  # ==== Queues
+  #
+  # Yes: Jobs may set which queue they are run in with queue_as or by using the set
+  # method.
+  #
+  # ==== Delayed
+  #
+  # Yes: The adapter will run the job in the future through perform_later.
+  #
+  # (Gem): An additional gem is required to use perform_later with this adapter.
+  #
+  # No: The adapter will run jobs at the next opportunity and cannot use perform_later.
+  #
+  # N/A: The adapter does not support queueing.
+  #
+  # NOTE:
+  # queue_classic supports job scheduling since version 3.1.
+  # For older versions you can use the queue_classic-later gem.
+  #
+  # ==== Priorities
+  #
+  # The order in which jobs are processed can be configured differently depending
+  # on the adapter.
+  #
+  # Job: Any class inheriting from the adapter may set the priority on the job
+  # object relative to other jobs.
+  #
+  # Queue: The adapter can set the priority for job queues, when setting a queue
+  # with Active Job this will be respected.
+  #
+  # Yes: Allows the priority to be set on the job object, at the queue level or
+  # as default configuration option.
+  #
+  # No: Does not allow the priority of jobs to be configured.
+  #
+  # N/A: The adapter does not support queueing, and therefore sorting them.
+  #
+  # ==== Timeout
+  #
+  # When a job will stop after the allotted time.
+  #
+  # Job: The timeout can be set for each instance of the job class.
+  #
+  # Queue: The timeout is set for all jobs on the queue.
+  #
+  # Global: The adapter is configured that all jobs have a maximum run time.
+  #
+  # N/A: This adapter does not run in a separate process, and therefore timeout
+  # is unsupported.
+  #
+  # ==== Retries
+  #
+  # Job: The number of retries can be set per instance of the job class.
+  #
+  # Yes: The Number of retries can be configured globally, for each instance or
+  # on the queue. This adapter may also present failed instances of the job class
+  # that can be restarted.
+  #
+  # Global: The adapter has a global number of retries.
+  #
+  # N/A: The adapter does not run in a separate process, and therefore doesn't
+  # support retries.
+  #
+  # === Async and Inline Queue Adapters
+  #
+  # Active Job has two built-in queue adapters intended for development and
+  # testing: +:async+ and +:inline+.
+  module QueueAdapters
+    extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
+
+    autoload :AsyncAdapter
+    autoload :InlineAdapter
+    autoload :BackburnerAdapter
+    autoload :DelayedJobAdapter
+    autoload :QuAdapter
+    autoload :QueAdapter
+    autoload :QueueClassicAdapter
+    autoload :ResqueAdapter
+    autoload :SidekiqAdapter
+    autoload :SneakersAdapter
+    autoload :SuckerPunchAdapter
+    autoload :TestAdapter
+
+    ADAPTER = 'Adapter'.freeze
+    private_constant :ADAPTER
+
+    class << self
+      # Returns adapter for specified name.
+      #
+      #   ActiveJob::QueueAdapters.lookup(:sidekiq)
+      #   # => ActiveJob::QueueAdapters::SidekiqAdapter
+      def lookup(name)
+        const_get(name.to_s.camelize << ADAPTER)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/async_adapter.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/async_adapter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3fc27f56e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/async_adapter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+require 'active_job/async_job'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  module QueueAdapters
+    # == Active Job Async adapter
+    #
+    # When enqueueing jobs with the Async adapter the job will be executed
+    # asynchronously using {AsyncJob}[http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveJob/AsyncJob.html].
+    #
+    # To use +AsyncJob+ set the queue_adapter config to +:async+.
+    #
+    #   Rails.application.config.active_job.queue_adapter = :async
+    class AsyncAdapter
+      def enqueue(job) #:nodoc:
+        ActiveJob::AsyncJob.enqueue(job.serialize, queue: job.queue_name)
+      end
+
+      def enqueue_at(job, timestamp) #:nodoc:
+        ActiveJob::AsyncJob.enqueue_at(job.serialize, timestamp, queue: job.queue_name)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/backburner_adapter.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/backburner_adapter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..17703e3e41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/backburner_adapter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+require 'backburner'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  module QueueAdapters
+    # == Backburner adapter for Active Job
+    #
+    # Backburner is a beanstalkd-powered job queue that can handle a very
+    # high volume of jobs. You create background jobs and place them on
+    # multiple work queues to be processed later. Read more about
+    # Backburner {here}[https://github.com/nesquena/backburner].
+    #
+    # To use Backburner set the queue_adapter config to +:backburner+.
+    #
+    #   Rails.application.config.active_job.queue_adapter = :backburner
+    class BackburnerAdapter
+      def enqueue(job) #:nodoc:
+        Backburner::Worker.enqueue JobWrapper, [ job.serialize ], queue: job.queue_name
+      end
+
+      def enqueue_at(job, timestamp) #:nodoc:
+        delay = timestamp - Time.current.to_f
+        Backburner::Worker.enqueue JobWrapper, [ job.serialize ], queue: job.queue_name, delay: delay
+      end
+
+      class JobWrapper #:nodoc:
+        class << self
+          def perform(job_data)
+            Base.execute job_data
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/delayed_job_adapter.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/delayed_job_adapter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0a785fad3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/delayed_job_adapter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+require 'delayed_job'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  module QueueAdapters
+    # == Delayed Job adapter for Active Job
+    #
+    # Delayed::Job (or DJ) encapsulates the common pattern of asynchronously
+    # executing longer tasks in the background. Although DJ can have many
+    # storage backends, one of the most used is based on Active Record.
+    # Read more about Delayed Job {here}[https://github.com/collectiveidea/delayed_job].
+    #
+    # To use Delayed Job, set the queue_adapter config to +:delayed_job+.
+    #
+    #   Rails.application.config.active_job.queue_adapter = :delayed_job
+    class DelayedJobAdapter
+      def enqueue(job) #:nodoc:
+        delayed_job = Delayed::Job.enqueue(JobWrapper.new(job.serialize), queue: job.queue_name, priority: job.priority)
+        job.provider_job_id = delayed_job.id
+        delayed_job
+      end
+
+      def enqueue_at(job, timestamp) #:nodoc:
+        delayed_job = Delayed::Job.enqueue(JobWrapper.new(job.serialize), queue: job.queue_name, priority: job.priority, run_at: Time.at(timestamp))
+        job.provider_job_id = delayed_job.id
+        delayed_job
+      end
+
+      class JobWrapper #:nodoc:
+        attr_accessor :job_data
+
+        def initialize(job_data)
+          @job_data = job_data
+        end
+
+        def perform
+          Base.execute(job_data)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/inline_adapter.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/inline_adapter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8ad5f4de07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/inline_adapter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+module ActiveJob
+  module QueueAdapters
+    # == Active Job Inline adapter
+    #
+    # When enqueueing jobs with the Inline adapter the job will be executed
+    # immediately.
+    #
+    # To use the Inline set the queue_adapter config to +:inline+.
+    #
+    #   Rails.application.config.active_job.queue_adapter = :inline
+    class InlineAdapter
+      def enqueue(job) #:nodoc:
+        Base.execute(job.serialize)
+      end
+
+      def enqueue_at(*) #:nodoc:
+        raise NotImplementedError, "Use a queueing backend to enqueue jobs in the future. Read more at http://guides.rubyonrails.org/active_job_basics.html"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/qu_adapter.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/qu_adapter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0e198922fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/qu_adapter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+require 'qu'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  module QueueAdapters
+    # == Qu adapter for Active Job
+    #
+    # Qu is a Ruby library for queuing and processing background jobs. It is
+    # heavily inspired by delayed_job and Resque. Qu was created to overcome
+    # some shortcomings in the existing queuing libraries.
+    # The advantages of Qu are: Multiple backends (redis, mongo), jobs are
+    # requeued when worker is killed, resque-like API.
+    #
+    # Read more about Qu {here}[https://github.com/bkeepers/qu].
+    #
+    # To use Qu set the queue_adapter config to +:qu+.
+    #
+    #   Rails.application.config.active_job.queue_adapter = :qu
+    class QuAdapter
+      def enqueue(job, *args) #:nodoc:
+        qu_job = Qu::Payload.new(klass: JobWrapper, args: [job.serialize]).tap do |payload|
+          payload.instance_variable_set(:@queue, job.queue_name)
+        end.push
+        
+        # qu_job can be nil depending on the configured backend
+        job.provider_job_id = qu_job.id unless qu_job.nil?
+        qu_job
+      end
+
+      def enqueue_at(job, timestamp, *args) #:nodoc:
+        raise NotImplementedError, "This queueing backend does not support scheduling jobs. To see what features are supported go to http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveJob/QueueAdapters.html"
+      end
+
+      class JobWrapper < Qu::Job #:nodoc:
+        def initialize(job_data)
+          @job_data  = job_data
+        end
+
+        def perform
+          Base.execute @job_data
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/que_adapter.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/que_adapter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ab13689747
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/que_adapter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+require 'que'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  module QueueAdapters
+    # == Que adapter for Active Job
+    #
+    # Que is a high-performance alternative to DelayedJob or QueueClassic that
+    # improves the reliability of your application by protecting your jobs with
+    # the same ACID guarantees as the rest of your data. Que is a queue for
+    # Ruby and PostgreSQL that manages jobs using advisory locks.
+    #
+    # Read more about Que {here}[https://github.com/chanks/que].
+    #
+    # To use Que set the queue_adapter config to +:que+.
+    #
+    #   Rails.application.config.active_job.queue_adapter = :que
+    class QueAdapter
+      def enqueue(job) #:nodoc:
+        que_job = JobWrapper.enqueue job.serialize, priority: job.priority
+        job.provider_job_id = que_job.attrs["job_id"]
+        que_job
+      end
+
+      def enqueue_at(job, timestamp) #:nodoc:
+        que_job = JobWrapper.enqueue job.serialize, priority: job.priority, run_at: Time.at(timestamp)
+        job.provider_job_id = que_job.attrs["job_id"]
+        que_job
+      end
+
+      class JobWrapper < Que::Job #:nodoc:
+        def run(job_data)
+          Base.execute job_data
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/queue_classic_adapter.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/queue_classic_adapter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0ee41407d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/queue_classic_adapter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+require 'queue_classic'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  module QueueAdapters
+    # == queue_classic adapter for Active Job
+    #
+    # queue_classic provides a simple interface to a PostgreSQL-backed message
+    # queue. queue_classic specializes in concurrent locking and minimizing
+    # database load while providing a simple, intuitive developer experience.
+    # queue_classic assumes that you are already using PostgreSQL in your
+    # production environment and that adding another dependency (e.g. redis,
+    # beanstalkd, 0mq) is undesirable.
+    #
+    # Read more about queue_classic {here}[https://github.com/QueueClassic/queue_classic].
+    #
+    # To use queue_classic set the queue_adapter config to +:queue_classic+.
+    #
+    #   Rails.application.config.active_job.queue_adapter = :queue_classic
+    class QueueClassicAdapter
+      def enqueue(job) #:nodoc:
+        qc_job = build_queue(job.queue_name).enqueue("#{JobWrapper.name}.perform", job.serialize)
+        job.provider_job_id = qc_job["id"] if qc_job.is_a?(Hash)
+        qc_job
+      end
+
+      def enqueue_at(job, timestamp) #:nodoc:
+        queue = build_queue(job.queue_name)
+        unless queue.respond_to?(:enqueue_at)
+          raise NotImplementedError, 'To be able to schedule jobs with queue_classic ' \
+            'the QC::Queue needs to respond to `enqueue_at(timestamp, method, *args)`. ' \
+            'You can implement this yourself or you can use the queue_classic-later gem.'
+        end
+        qc_job = queue.enqueue_at(timestamp, "#{JobWrapper.name}.perform", job.serialize)
+        job.provider_job_id = qc_job["id"] if qc_job.is_a?(Hash)
+        qc_job
+      end
+
+      # Builds a <tt>QC::Queue</tt> object to schedule jobs on.
+      #
+      # If you have a custom <tt>QC::Queue</tt> subclass you'll need to subclass
+      # <tt>ActiveJob::QueueAdapters::QueueClassicAdapter</tt> and override the
+      # <tt>build_queue</tt> method.
+      def build_queue(queue_name)
+        QC::Queue.new(queue_name)
+      end
+
+      class JobWrapper #:nodoc:
+        class << self
+          def perform(job_data)
+            Base.execute job_data
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/resque_adapter.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/resque_adapter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..417854afd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/resque_adapter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+require 'resque'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/enumerable'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/array/access'
+
+begin
+  require 'resque-scheduler'
+rescue LoadError
+  begin
+    require 'resque_scheduler'
+  rescue LoadError
+    false
+  end
+end
+
+module ActiveJob
+  module QueueAdapters
+    # == Resque adapter for Active Job
+    #
+    # Resque (pronounced like "rescue") is a Redis-backed library for creating
+    # background jobs, placing those jobs on multiple queues, and processing
+    # them later.
+    #
+    # Read more about Resque {here}[https://github.com/resque/resque].
+    #
+    # To use Resque set the queue_adapter config to +:resque+.
+    #
+    #   Rails.application.config.active_job.queue_adapter = :resque
+    class ResqueAdapter
+      def enqueue(job) #:nodoc:
+        Resque.enqueue_to job.queue_name, JobWrapper, job.serialize
+      end
+
+      def enqueue_at(job, timestamp) #:nodoc:
+        unless Resque.respond_to?(:enqueue_at_with_queue)
+          raise NotImplementedError, "To be able to schedule jobs with Resque you need the " \
+            "resque-scheduler gem. Please add it to your Gemfile and run bundle install"
+        end
+        Resque.enqueue_at_with_queue job.queue_name, timestamp, JobWrapper, job.serialize
+      end
+
+      class JobWrapper #:nodoc:
+        class << self
+          def perform(job_data)
+            Base.execute job_data
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/sidekiq_adapter.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/sidekiq_adapter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c321776bf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/sidekiq_adapter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+require 'sidekiq'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  module QueueAdapters
+    # == Sidekiq adapter for Active Job
+    #
+    # Simple, efficient background processing for Ruby. Sidekiq uses threads to
+    # handle many jobs at the same time in the same process. It does not
+    # require Rails but will integrate tightly with it to make background
+    # processing dead simple.
+    #
+    # Read more about Sidekiq {here}[http://sidekiq.org].
+    #
+    # To use Sidekiq set the queue_adapter config to +:sidekiq+.
+    #
+    #   Rails.application.config.active_job.queue_adapter = :sidekiq
+    class SidekiqAdapter
+      def enqueue(job) #:nodoc:
+        #Sidekiq::Client does not support symbols as keys
+        job.provider_job_id = Sidekiq::Client.push \
+          'class'   => JobWrapper,
+          'wrapped' => job.class.to_s,
+          'queue'   => job.queue_name,
+          'args'    => [ job.serialize ]
+      end
+
+      def enqueue_at(job, timestamp) #:nodoc:
+        job.provider_job_id = Sidekiq::Client.push \
+          'class'   => JobWrapper,
+          'wrapped' => job.class.to_s,
+          'queue'   => job.queue_name,
+          'args'    => [ job.serialize ],
+          'at'      => timestamp
+      end
+
+      class JobWrapper #:nodoc:
+        include Sidekiq::Worker
+
+        def perform(job_data)
+          Base.execute job_data
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/sneakers_adapter.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/sneakers_adapter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d78bdecdcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/sneakers_adapter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+require 'sneakers'
+require 'monitor'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  module QueueAdapters
+    # == Sneakers adapter for Active Job
+    #
+    # A high-performance RabbitMQ background processing framework for Ruby.
+    # Sneakers is being used in production for both I/O and CPU intensive
+    # workloads, and have achieved the goals of high-performance and
+    # 0-maintenance, as designed.
+    #
+    # Read more about Sneakers {here}[https://github.com/jondot/sneakers].
+    #
+    # To use Sneakers set the queue_adapter config to +:sneakers+.
+    #
+    #   Rails.application.config.active_job.queue_adapter = :sneakers
+    class SneakersAdapter
+      def initialize
+        @monitor = Monitor.new
+      end
+
+      def enqueue(job) #:nodoc:
+        @monitor.synchronize do
+          JobWrapper.from_queue job.queue_name
+          JobWrapper.enqueue ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(job.serialize)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def enqueue_at(job, timestamp) #:nodoc:
+        raise NotImplementedError, "This queueing backend does not support scheduling jobs. To see what features are supported go to http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveJob/QueueAdapters.html"
+      end
+
+      class JobWrapper #:nodoc:
+        include Sneakers::Worker
+        from_queue 'default'
+
+        def work(msg)
+          job_data = ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(msg)
+          Base.execute job_data
+          ack!
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/sucker_punch_adapter.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/sucker_punch_adapter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c6c35f8ab4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/sucker_punch_adapter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+require 'sucker_punch'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  module QueueAdapters
+    # == Sucker Punch adapter for Active Job
+    #
+    # Sucker Punch is a single-process Ruby asynchronous processing library.
+    # It's girl_friday and DSL sugar on top of Celluloid. With Celluloid's
+    # actor pattern, we can do asynchronous processing within a single process.
+    # This reduces costs of hosting on a service like Heroku along with the
+    # memory footprint of having to maintain additional jobs if hosting on
+    # a dedicated server. All queues can run within a single Rails/Sinatra
+    # process.
+    #
+    # Read more about Sucker Punch {here}[https://github.com/brandonhilkert/sucker_punch].
+    #
+    # To use Sucker Punch set the queue_adapter config to +:sucker_punch+.
+    #
+    #   Rails.application.config.active_job.queue_adapter = :sucker_punch
+    class SuckerPunchAdapter
+      def enqueue(job) #:nodoc:
+        JobWrapper.new.async.perform job.serialize
+      end
+
+      def enqueue_at(job, timestamp) #:nodoc:
+        raise NotImplementedError, "This queueing backend does not support scheduling jobs. To see what features are supported go to http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveJob/QueueAdapters.html"
+      end
+
+      class JobWrapper #:nodoc:
+        include SuckerPunch::Job
+
+        def perform(job_data)
+          Base.execute job_data
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/test_adapter.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/test_adapter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9b7b7139f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/test_adapter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+module ActiveJob
+  module QueueAdapters
+    # == Test adapter for Active Job
+    #
+    # The test adapter should be used only in testing. Along with
+    # <tt>ActiveJob::TestCase</tt> and <tt>ActiveJob::TestHelper</tt>
+    # it makes a great tool to test your Rails application.
+    #
+    # To use the test adapter set queue_adapter config to +:test+.
+    #
+    #   Rails.application.config.active_job.queue_adapter = :test
+    class TestAdapter
+      attr_accessor(:perform_enqueued_jobs, :perform_enqueued_at_jobs, :filter)
+      attr_writer(:enqueued_jobs, :performed_jobs)
+
+      # Provides a store of all the enqueued jobs with the TestAdapter so you can check them.
+      def enqueued_jobs
+        @enqueued_jobs ||= []
+      end
+
+      # Provides a store of all the performed jobs with the TestAdapter so you can check them.
+      def performed_jobs
+        @performed_jobs ||= []
+      end
+
+      def enqueue(job) #:nodoc:
+        return if filtered?(job)
+
+        job_data = job_to_hash(job)
+        enqueue_or_perform(perform_enqueued_jobs, job, job_data)
+      end
+
+      def enqueue_at(job, timestamp) #:nodoc:
+        return if filtered?(job)
+
+        job_data = job_to_hash(job, at: timestamp)
+        enqueue_or_perform(perform_enqueued_at_jobs, job, job_data)
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def job_to_hash(job, extras = {})
+        { job: job.class, args: job.serialize.fetch('arguments'), queue: job.queue_name }.merge!(extras)
+      end
+
+      def enqueue_or_perform(perform, job, job_data)
+        if perform
+          performed_jobs << job_data
+          Base.execute job.serialize
+        else
+          enqueued_jobs << job_data
+        end
+      end
+
+      def filtered?(job)
+        filter && !Array(filter).include?(job.class)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_name.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_name.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..65786a49ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_name.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+module ActiveJob
+  module QueueName
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    # Includes the ability to override the default queue name and prefix.
+    module ClassMethods
+      mattr_accessor(:queue_name_prefix)
+      mattr_accessor(:default_queue_name) { "default" }
+
+      # Specifies the name of the queue to process the job on.
+      #
+      #   class PublishToFeedJob < ActiveJob::Base
+      #     queue_as :feeds
+      #
+      #     def perform(post)
+      #       post.to_feed!
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      def queue_as(part_name=nil, &block)
+        if block_given?
+          self.queue_name = block
+        else
+          self.queue_name = queue_name_from_part(part_name)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def queue_name_from_part(part_name) #:nodoc:
+        queue_name = part_name || default_queue_name
+        name_parts = [queue_name_prefix.presence, queue_name]
+        name_parts.compact.join(queue_name_delimiter)
+      end
+    end
+
+    included do
+      class_attribute :queue_name, instance_accessor: false
+      class_attribute :queue_name_delimiter, instance_accessor: false
+
+      self.queue_name = default_queue_name
+      self.queue_name_delimiter = '_' # set default delimiter to '_'
+    end
+
+    # Returns the name of the queue the job will be run on.
+    def queue_name
+      if @queue_name.is_a?(Proc)
+        @queue_name = self.class.queue_name_from_part(instance_exec(&@queue_name))
+      end
+      @queue_name
+    end
+
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_priority.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_priority.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..01d84910ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_priority.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+module ActiveJob
+  module QueuePriority
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    # Includes the ability to override the default queue priority.
+    module ClassMethods
+      mattr_accessor(:default_priority)
+
+      # Specifies the priority of the queue to create the job with.
+      #
+      #   class PublishToFeedJob < ActiveJob::Base
+      #     queue_with_priority 50
+      #
+      #     def perform(post)
+      #       post.to_feed!
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      # Specify either an argument or a block.
+      def queue_with_priority(priority=nil, &block)
+        if block_given?
+          self.priority = block
+        else
+          self.priority = priority
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    included do
+      class_attribute :priority, instance_accessor: false
+
+      self.priority = default_priority
+    end
+
+    # Returns the priority that the job will be created with
+    def priority
+      if @priority.is_a?(Proc)
+        @priority = instance_exec(&@priority)
+      end
+      @priority
+    end
+
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/railtie.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/railtie.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6538ac1b30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/railtie.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+require 'global_id/railtie'
+require 'active_job'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  # = Active Job Railtie
+  class Railtie < Rails::Railtie # :nodoc:
+    config.active_job = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
+
+    initializer 'active_job.logger' do
+      ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_job) { self.logger = ::Rails.logger }
+    end
+
+    initializer "active_job.set_configs" do |app|
+      options = app.config.active_job
+      options.queue_adapter ||= :inline
+
+      ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_job) do
+        options.each { |k,v| send("#{k}=", v) }
+      end
+    end
+
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/test_case.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/test_case.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d894a7b5cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/test_case.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+require 'active_support/test_case'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  class TestCase < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+    include ActiveJob::TestHelper
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/test_helper.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/test_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..44ddfa5f69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/test_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,328 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/class/subclasses'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  # Provides helper methods for testing Active Job
+  module TestHelper
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    included do
+      def before_setup # :nodoc:
+        test_adapter = ActiveJob::QueueAdapters::TestAdapter.new
+
+        @old_queue_adapters = (ActiveJob::Base.subclasses << ActiveJob::Base).select do |klass|
+          # only override explicitly set adapters, a quirk of `class_attribute`
+          klass.singleton_class.public_instance_methods(false).include?(:_queue_adapter)
+        end.map do |klass|
+          [klass, klass.queue_adapter].tap do
+            klass.queue_adapter = test_adapter
+          end
+        end
+
+        clear_enqueued_jobs
+        clear_performed_jobs
+        super
+      end
+
+      def after_teardown # :nodoc:
+        super
+        @old_queue_adapters.each do |(klass, adapter)|
+          klass.queue_adapter = adapter
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Asserts that the number of enqueued jobs matches the given number.
+      #
+      #   def test_jobs
+      #     assert_enqueued_jobs 0
+      #     HelloJob.perform_later('david')
+      #     assert_enqueued_jobs 1
+      #     HelloJob.perform_later('abdelkader')
+      #     assert_enqueued_jobs 2
+      #   end
+      #
+      # If a block is passed, that block should cause the specified number of
+      # jobs to be enqueued.
+      #
+      #   def test_jobs_again
+      #     assert_enqueued_jobs 1 do
+      #       HelloJob.perform_later('cristian')
+      #     end
+      #
+      #     assert_enqueued_jobs 2 do
+      #       HelloJob.perform_later('aaron')
+      #       HelloJob.perform_later('rafael')
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      # The number of times a specific job is enqueued can be asserted.
+      #
+      #   def test_logging_job
+      #     assert_enqueued_jobs 2, only: LoggingJob do
+      #       LoggingJob.perform_later
+      #       HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy')
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      def assert_enqueued_jobs(number, only: nil)
+        if block_given?
+          original_count = enqueued_jobs_size(only: only)
+          yield
+          new_count = enqueued_jobs_size(only: only)
+          assert_equal number, new_count - original_count, "#{number} jobs expected, but #{new_count - original_count} were enqueued"
+        else
+          actual_count = enqueued_jobs_size(only: only)
+          assert_equal number, actual_count, "#{number} jobs expected, but #{actual_count} were enqueued"
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Asserts that no jobs have been enqueued.
+      #
+      #   def test_jobs
+      #     assert_no_enqueued_jobs
+      #     HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy')
+      #     assert_enqueued_jobs 1
+      #   end
+      #
+      # If a block is passed, that block should not cause any job to be enqueued.
+      #
+      #   def test_jobs_again
+      #     assert_no_enqueued_jobs do
+      #       # No job should be enqueued from this block
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      # It can be asserted that no jobs of a specific kind are enqueued:
+      #
+      #   def test_no_logging
+      #     assert_no_enqueued_jobs only: LoggingJob do
+      #       HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy')
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      # Note: This assertion is simply a shortcut for:
+      #
+      #   assert_enqueued_jobs 0, &block
+      def assert_no_enqueued_jobs(only: nil, &block)
+        assert_enqueued_jobs 0, only: only, &block
+      end
+
+      # Asserts that the number of performed jobs matches the given number.
+      # If no block is passed, <tt>perform_enqueued_jobs</tt>
+      # must be called around the job call.
+      #
+      #   def test_jobs
+      #     assert_performed_jobs 0
+      #
+      #     perform_enqueued_jobs do
+      #       HelloJob.perform_later('xavier')
+      #     end
+      #     assert_performed_jobs 1
+      #
+      #     perform_enqueued_jobs do
+      #       HelloJob.perform_later('yves')
+      #       assert_performed_jobs 2
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      # If a block is passed, that block should cause the specified number of
+      # jobs to be performed.
+      #
+      #   def test_jobs_again
+      #     assert_performed_jobs 1 do
+      #       HelloJob.perform_later('robin')
+      #     end
+      #
+      #     assert_performed_jobs 2 do
+      #       HelloJob.perform_later('carlos')
+      #       HelloJob.perform_later('sean')
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      # The block form supports filtering. If the :only option is specified,
+      # then only the listed job(s) will be performed.
+      #
+      #     def test_hello_job
+      #       assert_performed_jobs 1, only: HelloJob do
+      #         HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy')
+      #         LoggingJob.perform_later
+      #       end
+      #     end
+      #
+      # An array may also be specified, to support testing multiple jobs.
+      #
+      #     def test_hello_and_logging_jobs
+      #       assert_nothing_raised do
+      #         assert_performed_jobs 2, only: [HelloJob, LoggingJob] do
+      #           HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy')
+      #           LoggingJob.perform_later('stewie')
+      #           RescueJob.perform_later('david')
+      #         end
+      #       end
+      #     end
+      def assert_performed_jobs(number, only: nil)
+        if block_given?
+          original_count = performed_jobs.size
+          perform_enqueued_jobs(only: only) { yield }
+          new_count = performed_jobs.size
+          assert_equal number, new_count - original_count,
+                       "#{number} jobs expected, but #{new_count - original_count} were performed"
+        else
+          performed_jobs_size = performed_jobs.size
+          assert_equal number, performed_jobs_size, "#{number} jobs expected, but #{performed_jobs_size} were performed"
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Asserts that no jobs have been performed.
+      #
+      #   def test_jobs
+      #     assert_no_performed_jobs
+      #
+      #     perform_enqueued_jobs do
+      #       HelloJob.perform_later('matthew')
+      #       assert_performed_jobs 1
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      # If a block is passed, that block should not cause any job to be performed.
+      #
+      #   def test_jobs_again
+      #     assert_no_performed_jobs do
+      #       # No job should be performed from this block
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      # The block form supports filtering. If the :only option is specified,
+      # then only the listed job(s) will be performed.
+      #
+      #     def test_hello_job
+      #       assert_performed_jobs 1, only: HelloJob do
+      #         HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy')
+      #         LoggingJob.perform_later
+      #       end
+      #     end
+      #
+      # An array may also be specified, to support testing multiple jobs.
+      #
+      #     def test_hello_and_logging_jobs
+      #       assert_nothing_raised do
+      #         assert_performed_jobs 2, only: [HelloJob, LoggingJob] do
+      #           HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy')
+      #           LoggingJob.perform_later('stewie')
+      #           RescueJob.perform_later('david')
+      #         end
+      #       end
+      #     end
+      #
+      # Note: This assertion is simply a shortcut for:
+      #
+      #   assert_performed_jobs 0, &block
+      def assert_no_performed_jobs(only: nil, &block)
+        assert_performed_jobs 0, only: only, &block
+      end
+
+      # Asserts that the job passed in the block has been enqueued with the given arguments.
+      #
+      #   def test_assert_enqueued_with
+      #     assert_enqueued_with(job: MyJob, args: [1,2,3], queue: 'low') do
+      #       MyJob.perform_later(1,2,3)
+      #     end
+      #
+      #     assert_enqueued_with(job: MyJob, at: Date.tomorrow.noon) do
+      #       MyJob.set(wait_until: Date.tomorrow.noon).perform_later
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      def assert_enqueued_with(args = {})
+        original_enqueued_jobs_count = enqueued_jobs.count
+        args.assert_valid_keys(:job, :args, :at, :queue)
+        serialized_args = serialize_args_for_assertion(args)
+        yield
+        in_block_jobs = enqueued_jobs.drop(original_enqueued_jobs_count)
+        matching_job = in_block_jobs.find do |job|
+          serialized_args.all? { |key, value| value == job[key] }
+        end
+        assert matching_job, "No enqueued job found with #{args}"
+        instantiate_job(matching_job)
+      end
+
+      # Asserts that the job passed in the block has been performed with the given arguments.
+      #
+      #   def test_assert_performed_with
+      #     assert_performed_with(job: MyJob, args: [1,2,3], queue: 'high') do
+      #       MyJob.perform_later(1,2,3)
+      #     end
+      #
+      #     assert_performed_with(job: MyJob, at: Date.tomorrow.noon) do
+      #       MyJob.set(wait_until: Date.tomorrow.noon).perform_later
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      def assert_performed_with(args = {})
+        original_performed_jobs_count = performed_jobs.count
+        args.assert_valid_keys(:job, :args, :at, :queue)
+        serialized_args = serialize_args_for_assertion(args)
+        perform_enqueued_jobs { yield }
+        in_block_jobs = performed_jobs.drop(original_performed_jobs_count)
+        matching_job = in_block_jobs.find do |job|
+          serialized_args.all? { |key, value| value == job[key] }
+        end
+        assert matching_job, "No performed job found with #{args}"
+        instantiate_job(matching_job)
+      end
+
+      def perform_enqueued_jobs(only: nil)
+        old_perform_enqueued_jobs = queue_adapter.perform_enqueued_jobs
+        old_perform_enqueued_at_jobs = queue_adapter.perform_enqueued_at_jobs
+        old_filter = queue_adapter.filter
+
+        begin
+          queue_adapter.perform_enqueued_jobs = true
+          queue_adapter.perform_enqueued_at_jobs = true
+          queue_adapter.filter = only
+          yield
+        ensure
+          queue_adapter.perform_enqueued_jobs = old_perform_enqueued_jobs
+          queue_adapter.perform_enqueued_at_jobs = old_perform_enqueued_at_jobs
+          queue_adapter.filter = old_filter
+        end
+      end
+
+      def queue_adapter
+        ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter
+      end
+
+      delegate :enqueued_jobs, :enqueued_jobs=,
+               :performed_jobs, :performed_jobs=,
+               to: :queue_adapter
+
+      private
+        def clear_enqueued_jobs # :nodoc:
+          enqueued_jobs.clear
+        end
+
+        def clear_performed_jobs # :nodoc:
+          performed_jobs.clear
+        end
+
+        def enqueued_jobs_size(only: nil) # :nodoc:
+          if only
+            enqueued_jobs.count { |job| Array(only).include?(job.fetch(:job)) }
+          else
+            enqueued_jobs.count
+          end
+        end
+
+        def serialize_args_for_assertion(args) # :nodoc:
+          args.dup.tap do |serialized_args|
+            serialized_args[:args] = ActiveJob::Arguments.serialize(serialized_args[:args]) if serialized_args[:args]
+            serialized_args[:at]   = serialized_args[:at].to_f if serialized_args[:at]
+          end
+        end
+
+        def instantiate_job(payload) # :nodoc:
+          job = payload[:job].new(*payload[:args])
+          job.scheduled_at = Time.at(payload[:at]) if payload.key?(:at)
+          job.queue_name = payload[:queue]
+          job
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/translation.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/translation.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..67e4cf4ab9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/translation.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+module ActiveJob
+  module Translation #:nodoc:
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    included do
+      around_perform do |job, block, _|
+        I18n.with_locale(job.locale, &block)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/version.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..971ba9fe0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+require_relative 'gem_version'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded Active Job as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
+  def self.version
+    gem_version
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/rails/generators/job/job_generator.rb b/activejob/lib/rails/generators/job/job_generator.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2115fb9f71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/rails/generators/job/job_generator.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+require 'rails/generators/named_base'
+
+module Rails # :nodoc:
+  module Generators # :nodoc:
+    class JobGenerator < Rails::Generators::NamedBase # :nodoc:
+      desc 'This generator creates an active job file at app/jobs'
+
+      class_option :queue, type: :string, default: 'default', desc: 'The queue name for the generated job'
+
+      check_class_collision suffix: 'Job'
+
+      hook_for :test_framework
+
+      def self.default_generator_root
+        File.dirname(__FILE__)
+      end
+
+      def create_job_file
+        template 'job.rb', File.join('app/jobs', class_path, "#{file_name}_job.rb")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/rails/generators/job/templates/job.rb b/activejob/lib/rails/generators/job/templates/job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4ad2914a45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/rails/generators/job/templates/job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+<% module_namespacing do -%>
+class <%= class_name %>Job < ApplicationJob
+  queue_as :<%= options[:queue] %>
+
+  def perform(*args)
+    # Do something later
+  end
+end
+<% end -%>
diff --git a/activejob/test/adapters/async.rb b/activejob/test/adapters/async.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5fcfb89566
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/adapters/async.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+require 'active_job/async_job'
+
+ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :async
+ActiveJob::AsyncJob.perform_immediately!
diff --git a/activejob/test/adapters/backburner.rb b/activejob/test/adapters/backburner.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..65d05f850b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/adapters/backburner.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+require 'support/backburner/inline'
+
+ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :backburner
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activejob/test/adapters/delayed_job.rb b/activejob/test/adapters/delayed_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..afd9c9deb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/adapters/delayed_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :delayed_job
+
+$LOAD_PATH << File.dirname(__FILE__) + "/../support/delayed_job"
+
+Delayed::Worker.delay_jobs = false
+Delayed::Worker.backend    = :test
+
diff --git a/activejob/test/adapters/inline.rb b/activejob/test/adapters/inline.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e0092552c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/adapters/inline.rb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :inline
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activejob/test/adapters/qu.rb b/activejob/test/adapters/qu.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7728c843b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/adapters/qu.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+require 'qu-immediate'
+
+ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :qu
diff --git a/activejob/test/adapters/que.rb b/activejob/test/adapters/que.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e6abc57457
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/adapters/que.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+require 'support/que/inline'
+
+ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :que
+Que.mode = :sync
diff --git a/activejob/test/adapters/queue_classic.rb b/activejob/test/adapters/queue_classic.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ad5ced3cc2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/adapters/queue_classic.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+require 'support/queue_classic/inline'
+ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :queue_classic
diff --git a/activejob/test/adapters/resque.rb b/activejob/test/adapters/resque.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..af7080358d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/adapters/resque.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :resque
+Resque.inline = true
diff --git a/activejob/test/adapters/sidekiq.rb b/activejob/test/adapters/sidekiq.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cd9d2034de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/adapters/sidekiq.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+require 'sidekiq/testing/inline'
+ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :sidekiq
diff --git a/activejob/test/adapters/sneakers.rb b/activejob/test/adapters/sneakers.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..204166a700
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/adapters/sneakers.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+require 'support/sneakers/inline'
+ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :sneakers
diff --git a/activejob/test/adapters/sucker_punch.rb b/activejob/test/adapters/sucker_punch.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d2d1712946
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/adapters/sucker_punch.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+require 'sucker_punch/testing/inline'
+ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :sucker_punch
diff --git a/activejob/test/adapters/test.rb b/activejob/test/adapters/test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7180b38a57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/adapters/test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :test
+ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter.perform_enqueued_jobs = true
+ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter.perform_enqueued_at_jobs = true
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/adapter_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/adapter_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6d75ae9a7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/adapter_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+require 'helper'
+
+class AdapterTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test "should load #{ENV['AJ_ADAPTER']} adapter" do
+    assert_equal "active_job/queue_adapters/#{ENV['AJ_ADAPTER']}_adapter".classify, ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter.class.name
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/argument_serialization_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/argument_serialization_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..933972a52b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/argument_serialization_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+require 'helper'
+require 'active_job/arguments'
+require 'models/person'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access'
+require 'jobs/kwargs_job'
+
+class ArgumentSerializationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  setup do
+    @person = Person.find('5')
+  end
+
+  [ nil, 1, 1.0, 1_000_000_000_000_000_000_000,
+    'a', true, false,
+    [ 1, 'a' ],
+    { 'a' => 1 }
+  ].each do |arg|
+    test "serializes #{arg.class} verbatim" do
+      assert_arguments_unchanged arg
+    end
+  end
+
+  [ :a, Object.new, self, Person.find('5').to_gid ].each do |arg|
+    test "does not serialize #{arg.class}" do
+      assert_raises ActiveJob::SerializationError do
+        ActiveJob::Arguments.serialize [ arg ]
+      end
+
+      assert_raises ActiveJob::DeserializationError do
+        ActiveJob::Arguments.deserialize [ arg ]
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'should convert records to Global IDs' do
+    assert_arguments_roundtrip [@person]
+  end
+
+  test 'should dive deep into arrays and hashes' do
+    assert_arguments_roundtrip [3, [@person]]
+    assert_arguments_roundtrip [{ 'a' => @person }]
+  end
+
+  test 'should maintain string and symbol keys' do
+    assert_arguments_roundtrip([a: 1, "b" => 2])
+  end
+
+  test 'should maintain hash with indifferent access' do
+    symbol_key = { a: 1 }
+    string_key = { 'a' => 1 }
+    indifferent_access = { a: 1 }.with_indifferent_access
+
+    assert_not_instance_of ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess, perform_round_trip([symbol_key]).first
+    assert_not_instance_of ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess, perform_round_trip([string_key]).first
+    assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess, perform_round_trip([indifferent_access]).first
+  end
+
+  test 'should disallow non-string/symbol hash keys' do
+    assert_raises ActiveJob::SerializationError do
+      ActiveJob::Arguments.serialize [ { 1 => 2 } ]
+    end
+
+    assert_raises ActiveJob::SerializationError do
+      ActiveJob::Arguments.serialize [ { :a => [{ 2 => 3 }] } ]
+    end
+
+    assert_raises ActiveJob::SerializationError do
+      ActiveJob::Arguments.serialize [ '_aj_globalid' => 1 ]
+    end
+
+    assert_raises ActiveJob::SerializationError do
+      ActiveJob::Arguments.serialize [ :_aj_globalid => 1 ]
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'should not allow non-primitive objects' do
+    assert_raises ActiveJob::SerializationError do
+      ActiveJob::Arguments.serialize [Object.new]
+    end
+
+    assert_raises ActiveJob::SerializationError do
+      ActiveJob::Arguments.serialize [1, [Object.new]]
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'allows for keyword arguments' do
+    KwargsJob.perform_later(argument: 2)
+
+    assert_equal "Job with argument: 2", JobBuffer.last_value
+  end
+
+  test 'raises a friendly SerializationError for records without ids' do
+    err = assert_raises ActiveJob::SerializationError do
+      ActiveJob::Arguments.serialize [Person.new(nil)]
+    end
+    assert_match 'Unable to serialize Person without an id.', err.message
+  end
+
+  private
+    def assert_arguments_unchanged(*args)
+      assert_arguments_roundtrip args
+    end
+
+    def assert_arguments_roundtrip(args)
+      assert_equal args, perform_round_trip(args)
+    end
+
+    def perform_round_trip(args)
+      ActiveJob::Arguments.deserialize(ActiveJob::Arguments.serialize(args))
+    end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/async_job_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/async_job_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2642cfc608
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/async_job_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+require 'helper'
+require 'jobs/hello_job'
+require 'jobs/queue_as_job'
+
+class AsyncJobTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def using_async_adapter?
+    ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter.is_a? ActiveJob::QueueAdapters::AsyncAdapter
+  end
+
+  setup do
+    ActiveJob::AsyncJob.perform_asynchronously!
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    ActiveJob::AsyncJob::QUEUES.clear
+    ActiveJob::AsyncJob.perform_immediately!
+  end
+
+  test "#create_thread_pool returns a thread_pool" do
+    thread_pool = ActiveJob::AsyncJob.create_thread_pool
+    assert thread_pool.is_a? Concurrent::ExecutorService
+    assert_not thread_pool.is_a? Concurrent::ImmediateExecutor
+  end
+
+  test "#create_thread_pool returns an ImmediateExecutor after #perform_immediately! is called" do
+    ActiveJob::AsyncJob.perform_immediately!
+    thread_pool = ActiveJob::AsyncJob.create_thread_pool
+    assert thread_pool.is_a? Concurrent::ImmediateExecutor
+  end
+
+  test "enqueuing without specifying a queue uses the default queue" do
+    skip unless using_async_adapter?
+    HelloJob.perform_later
+    assert ActiveJob::AsyncJob::QUEUES.key? 'default'
+  end
+
+  test "enqueuing to a queue that does not exist creates the queue" do
+    skip unless using_async_adapter?
+    QueueAsJob.perform_later
+    assert ActiveJob::AsyncJob::QUEUES.key? QueueAsJob::MY_QUEUE.to_s
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9af2380767
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+require 'helper'
+require 'jobs/callback_job'
+
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
+
+class CallbacksTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test 'perform callbacks' do
+    performed_callback_job = CallbackJob.new("A-JOB-ID")
+    performed_callback_job.perform_now
+    assert "CallbackJob ran before_perform".in? performed_callback_job.history
+    assert "CallbackJob ran after_perform".in? performed_callback_job.history
+    assert "CallbackJob ran around_perform_start".in? performed_callback_job.history
+    assert "CallbackJob ran around_perform_stop".in? performed_callback_job.history
+  end
+
+  test 'enqueue callbacks' do
+    enqueued_callback_job = CallbackJob.perform_later
+    assert "CallbackJob ran before_enqueue".in? enqueued_callback_job.history
+    assert "CallbackJob ran after_enqueue".in? enqueued_callback_job.history
+    assert "CallbackJob ran around_enqueue_start".in? enqueued_callback_job.history
+    assert "CallbackJob ran around_enqueue_stop".in? enqueued_callback_job.history
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/job_serialization_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/job_serialization_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..229517774e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/job_serialization_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+require 'helper'
+require 'jobs/gid_job'
+require 'jobs/hello_job'
+require 'models/person'
+
+class JobSerializationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  setup do
+    JobBuffer.clear
+    @person = Person.find(5)
+  end
+
+  test 'serialize job with gid' do
+    GidJob.perform_later @person
+    assert_equal "Person with ID: 5", JobBuffer.last_value
+  end
+
+  test 'serialize includes current locale' do
+    assert_equal :en, HelloJob.new.serialize['locale']
+  end
+
+  test 'deserialize sets locale' do
+    job = HelloJob.new
+    job.deserialize 'locale' => :es
+    assert_equal :es, job.locale
+  end
+
+  test 'deserialize sets default locale' do
+    job = HelloJob.new
+    job.deserialize({})
+    assert_equal :en, job.locale
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/logging_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/logging_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..820e9112de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/logging_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+require 'helper'
+require "active_support/log_subscriber/test_helper"
+require 'active_support/core_ext/numeric/time'
+require 'jobs/hello_job'
+require 'jobs/logging_job'
+require 'jobs/nested_job'
+require 'models/person'
+
+class LoggingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber::TestHelper
+  include ActiveSupport::Logger::Severity
+
+  class TestLogger < ActiveSupport::Logger
+    def initialize
+      @file = StringIO.new
+      super(@file)
+    end
+
+    def messages
+      @file.rewind
+      @file.read
+    end
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    super
+    JobBuffer.clear
+    @old_logger = ActiveJob::Base.logger
+    @logger = ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging.new(TestLogger.new)
+    set_logger @logger
+    ActiveJob::Logging::LogSubscriber.attach_to :active_job
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    super
+    ActiveJob::Logging::LogSubscriber.log_subscribers.pop
+    set_logger @old_logger
+  end
+
+  def set_logger(logger)
+    ActiveJob::Base.logger = logger
+  end
+
+
+  def test_uses_active_job_as_tag
+    HelloJob.perform_later "Cristian"
+    assert_match(/\[ActiveJob\]/, @logger.messages)
+  end
+
+  def test_uses_job_name_as_tag
+    LoggingJob.perform_later "Dummy"
+    assert_match(/\[LoggingJob\]/, @logger.messages)
+  end
+
+  def test_uses_job_id_as_tag
+    LoggingJob.perform_later "Dummy"
+    assert_match(/\[LOGGING-JOB-ID\]/, @logger.messages)
+  end
+
+  def test_logs_correct_queue_name
+    original_queue_name = LoggingJob.queue_name
+    LoggingJob.queue_as :php_jobs
+    LoggingJob.perform_later("Dummy")
+    assert_match(/to .*?\(php_jobs\).*/, @logger.messages)
+  ensure
+    LoggingJob.queue_name = original_queue_name
+  end
+
+  def test_globalid_parameter_logging
+    person = Person.new(123)
+    LoggingJob.perform_later person
+    assert_match(%r{Enqueued.*gid://aj/Person/123}, @logger.messages)
+    assert_match(%r{Dummy, here is it: #<Person:.*>}, @logger.messages)
+    assert_match(%r{Performing.*gid://aj/Person/123}, @logger.messages)
+  end
+
+  def test_globalid_nested_parameter_logging
+    person = Person.new(123)
+    LoggingJob.perform_later(person: person)
+    assert_match(%r{Enqueued.*gid://aj/Person/123}, @logger.messages)
+    assert_match(%r{Dummy, here is it: .*#<Person:.*>}, @logger.messages)
+    assert_match(%r{Performing.*gid://aj/Person/123}, @logger.messages)
+  end
+
+  def test_enqueue_job_logging
+    HelloJob.perform_later "Cristian"
+    assert_match(/Enqueued HelloJob \(Job ID: .*?\) to .*?:.*Cristian/, @logger.messages)
+  end
+
+  def test_perform_job_logging
+    LoggingJob.perform_later "Dummy"
+    assert_match(/Performing LoggingJob from .*? with arguments:.*Dummy/, @logger.messages)
+    assert_match(/Dummy, here is it: Dummy/, @logger.messages)
+    assert_match(/Performed LoggingJob from .*? in .*ms/, @logger.messages)
+  end
+
+  def test_perform_nested_jobs_logging
+    NestedJob.perform_later
+    assert_match(/\[LoggingJob\] \[.*?\]/, @logger.messages)
+    assert_match(/\[ActiveJob\] Enqueued NestedJob \(Job ID: .*\) to/, @logger.messages)
+    assert_match(/\[ActiveJob\] \[NestedJob\] \[NESTED-JOB-ID\] Performing NestedJob from/, @logger.messages)
+    assert_match(/\[ActiveJob\] \[NestedJob\] \[NESTED-JOB-ID\] Enqueued LoggingJob \(Job ID: .*?\) to .* with arguments: "NestedJob"/, @logger.messages)
+    assert_match(/\[ActiveJob\].*\[LoggingJob\] \[LOGGING-JOB-ID\] Performing LoggingJob from .* with arguments: "NestedJob"/, @logger.messages)
+    assert_match(/\[ActiveJob\].*\[LoggingJob\] \[LOGGING-JOB-ID\] Dummy, here is it: NestedJob/, @logger.messages)
+    assert_match(/\[ActiveJob\].*\[LoggingJob\] \[LOGGING-JOB-ID\] Performed LoggingJob from .* in/, @logger.messages)
+    assert_match(/\[ActiveJob\] \[NestedJob\] \[NESTED-JOB-ID\] Performed NestedJob from .* in/, @logger.messages)
+  end
+
+  def test_enqueue_at_job_logging
+    HelloJob.set(wait_until: 24.hours.from_now).perform_later "Cristian"
+    assert_match(/Enqueued HelloJob \(Job ID: .*\) to .*? at.*Cristian/, @logger.messages)
+  rescue NotImplementedError
+    skip
+  end
+
+  def test_enqueue_in_job_logging
+    HelloJob.set(wait: 2.seconds).perform_later "Cristian"
+    assert_match(/Enqueued HelloJob \(Job ID: .*\) to .*? at.*Cristian/, @logger.messages)
+  rescue NotImplementedError
+    skip
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/queue_adapter_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/queue_adapter_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fb3fdc392f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/queue_adapter_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+require 'helper'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  module QueueAdapters
+    class StubOneAdapter
+      def enqueue(*); end
+      def enqueue_at(*); end
+    end
+
+    class StubTwoAdapter
+      def enqueue(*); end
+      def enqueue_at(*); end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class QueueAdapterTest < ActiveJob::TestCase
+  test 'should forbid nonsense arguments' do
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = Mutex }
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = Mutex.new }
+  end
+
+  test 'should warn on passing an adapter class' do
+    klass = Class.new do
+      def self.name
+        'fake'
+      end
+
+      def enqueue(*); end
+      def enqueue_at(*); end
+    end
+
+    assert_deprecated { ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = klass }
+  end
+
+  test 'should allow overriding the queue_adapter at the child class level without affecting the parent or its sibling' do
+    base_queue_adapter = ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter
+
+    child_job_one = Class.new(ActiveJob::Base)
+    child_job_one.queue_adapter = :stub_one
+
+    assert_not_equal ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter, child_job_one.queue_adapter
+    assert_kind_of ActiveJob::QueueAdapters::StubOneAdapter, child_job_one.queue_adapter
+
+    child_job_two = Class.new(ActiveJob::Base)
+    child_job_two.queue_adapter = :stub_two
+
+    assert_kind_of ActiveJob::QueueAdapters::StubTwoAdapter, child_job_two.queue_adapter
+    assert_kind_of ActiveJob::QueueAdapters::StubOneAdapter, child_job_one.queue_adapter, "child_job_one's queue adapter should remain unchanged"
+    assert_equal base_queue_adapter, ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter, "ActiveJob::Base's queue adapter should remain unchanged"
+
+    child_job_three = Class.new(ActiveJob::Base)
+
+    assert_not_nil child_job_three.queue_adapter
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/queue_naming_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/queue_naming_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..898016a704
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/queue_naming_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+require 'helper'
+require 'jobs/hello_job'
+require 'jobs/logging_job'
+require 'jobs/nested_job'
+
+class QueueNamingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test 'name derived from base' do
+    assert_equal "default", HelloJob.queue_name
+  end
+
+  test 'uses given queue name job' do
+    original_queue_name = HelloJob.queue_name
+
+    begin
+      HelloJob.queue_as :greetings
+      assert_equal "greetings", HelloJob.new.queue_name
+    ensure
+      HelloJob.queue_name = original_queue_name
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'allows a blank queue name' do
+    original_queue_name = HelloJob.queue_name
+
+    begin
+      HelloJob.queue_as ""
+      assert_equal "", HelloJob.new.queue_name
+    ensure
+      HelloJob.queue_name = original_queue_name
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'does not use a nil queue name' do
+    original_queue_name = HelloJob.queue_name
+
+    begin
+      HelloJob.queue_as nil
+      assert_equal "default", HelloJob.new.queue_name
+    ensure
+      HelloJob.queue_name = original_queue_name
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'evals block given to queue_as to determine queue' do
+    original_queue_name = HelloJob.queue_name
+
+    begin
+      HelloJob.queue_as { :another }
+      assert_equal "another", HelloJob.new.queue_name
+    ensure
+      HelloJob.queue_name = original_queue_name
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'can use arguments to determine queue_name in queue_as block' do
+    original_queue_name = HelloJob.queue_name
+
+    begin
+      HelloJob.queue_as { self.arguments.first=='1' ? :one : :two }
+      assert_equal "one", HelloJob.new('1').queue_name
+      assert_equal "two", HelloJob.new('3').queue_name
+    ensure
+      HelloJob.queue_name = original_queue_name
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'queue_name_prefix prepended to the queue name with default delimiter' do
+    original_queue_name_prefix = ActiveJob::Base.queue_name_prefix
+    original_queue_name = HelloJob.queue_name
+
+    begin
+      ActiveJob::Base.queue_name_prefix = 'aj'
+      HelloJob.queue_as :low
+      assert_equal 'aj_low', HelloJob.queue_name
+    ensure
+      ActiveJob::Base.queue_name_prefix = original_queue_name_prefix
+      HelloJob.queue_name = original_queue_name
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'queue_name_prefix prepended to the queue name with custom delimiter' do
+    original_queue_name_prefix = ActiveJob::Base.queue_name_prefix
+    original_queue_name_delimiter = ActiveJob::Base.queue_name_delimiter
+    original_queue_name = HelloJob.queue_name
+
+    begin
+      ActiveJob::Base.queue_name_delimiter = '.'
+      ActiveJob::Base.queue_name_prefix = 'aj'
+      HelloJob.queue_as :low
+      assert_equal 'aj.low', HelloJob.queue_name
+    ensure
+      ActiveJob::Base.queue_name_prefix = original_queue_name_prefix
+      ActiveJob::Base.queue_name_delimiter = original_queue_name_delimiter
+      HelloJob.queue_name = original_queue_name
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'uses queue passed to #set' do
+    job = HelloJob.set(queue: :some_queue).perform_later
+    assert_equal "some_queue", job.queue_name
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/queue_priority_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/queue_priority_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ca17b51dad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/queue_priority_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+require 'helper'
+require 'jobs/hello_job'
+
+class QueuePriorityTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test 'priority unset by default' do
+    assert_equal nil, HelloJob.priority
+  end
+
+  test 'uses given priority' do
+    original_priority = HelloJob.priority
+
+    begin
+      HelloJob.queue_with_priority 90
+      assert_equal 90, HelloJob.new.priority
+    ensure
+      HelloJob.priority = original_priority
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'evals block given to priority to determine priority' do
+    original_priority = HelloJob.priority
+
+    begin
+      HelloJob.queue_with_priority { 25 }
+      assert_equal 25, HelloJob.new.priority
+    ensure
+      HelloJob.priority = original_priority
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'can use arguments to determine priority in priority block' do
+    original_priority = HelloJob.priority
+
+    begin
+      HelloJob.queue_with_priority { self.arguments.first=='1' ? 99 : 11 }
+      assert_equal 99, HelloJob.new('1').priority
+      assert_equal 11, HelloJob.new('3').priority
+    ensure
+      HelloJob.priority = original_priority
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'uses priority passed to #set' do
+    job = HelloJob.set(priority: 123).perform_later
+    assert_equal 123, job.priority
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/queuing_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/queuing_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0eeabbf693
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/queuing_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+require 'helper'
+require 'jobs/hello_job'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/numeric/time'
+
+
+class QueuingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  setup do
+    JobBuffer.clear
+  end
+
+  test 'run queued job' do
+    HelloJob.perform_later
+    assert_equal "David says hello", JobBuffer.last_value
+  end
+
+  test 'run queued job with arguments' do
+    HelloJob.perform_later "Jamie"
+    assert_equal "Jamie says hello", JobBuffer.last_value
+  end
+
+  test 'run queued job later' do
+    begin
+      result = HelloJob.set(wait_until: 1.second.ago).perform_later "Jamie"
+      assert result
+    rescue NotImplementedError
+      skip
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'job returned by enqueue has the arguments available' do
+    job = HelloJob.perform_later "Jamie"
+    assert_equal [ "Jamie" ], job.arguments
+  end
+
+
+  test 'job returned by perform_at has the timestamp available' do
+    begin
+      job = HelloJob.set(wait_until: Time.utc(2014, 1, 1)).perform_later
+      assert_equal Time.utc(2014, 1, 1).to_f, job.scheduled_at
+    rescue NotImplementedError
+      skip
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/rescue_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/rescue_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..58c9ca8992
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/rescue_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+require 'helper'
+require 'jobs/rescue_job'
+require 'models/person'
+
+class RescueTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  setup do
+    JobBuffer.clear
+  end
+
+  test 'rescue perform exception with retry' do
+    job = RescueJob.new("david")
+    job.perform_now
+    assert_equal [ "rescued from ArgumentError", "performed beautifully" ], JobBuffer.values
+  end
+
+  test 'let through unhandled perform exception' do
+    job = RescueJob.new("other")
+    assert_raises(RescueJob::OtherError) do
+      job.perform_now
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'rescue from deserialization errors' do
+    RescueJob.perform_later Person.new(404)
+    assert_includes JobBuffer.values, 'rescued from DeserializationError'
+    assert_includes JobBuffer.values, 'DeserializationError original exception was Person::RecordNotFound'
+    assert_not_includes JobBuffer.values, 'performed beautifully'
+  end
+
+  test "should not wrap DeserializationError in DeserializationError" do
+    RescueJob.perform_later [Person.new(404)]
+    assert_includes JobBuffer.values, 'DeserializationError original exception was Person::RecordNotFound'
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/test_case_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/test_case_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..616454a4b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/test_case_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+require 'helper'
+require 'jobs/hello_job'
+require 'jobs/logging_job'
+require 'jobs/nested_job'
+
+class ActiveJobTestCaseTest < ActiveJob::TestCase
+  # this tests that this job class doesn't get its adapter set.
+  # that's the correct behavior since we don't want to break
+  # the `class_attribute` inheritance
+  class TestClassAttributeInheritanceJob < ActiveJob::Base
+    def self.queue_adapter=(*)
+      raise 'Attempting to break `class_attribute` inheritance, bad!'
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_include_helper
+    assert_includes self.class.ancestors, ActiveJob::TestHelper
+  end
+
+  def test_set_test_adapter
+    assert_kind_of ActiveJob::QueueAdapters::TestAdapter, self.queue_adapter
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/test_helper_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/test_helper_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f7ee763e8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/test_helper_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,511 @@
+require 'helper'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/time'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/date'
+require 'jobs/hello_job'
+require 'jobs/logging_job'
+require 'jobs/nested_job'
+require 'jobs/rescue_job'
+require 'models/person'
+
+class EnqueuedJobsTest < ActiveJob::TestCase
+  def test_assert_enqueued_jobs
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_enqueued_jobs 1 do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('david')
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_repeated_enqueued_jobs_calls
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_enqueued_jobs 1 do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('abdelkader')
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_enqueued_jobs 2 do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('sean')
+        HelloJob.perform_later('yves')
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_jobs_message
+    HelloJob.perform_later('sean')
+    e = assert_raises Minitest::Assertion do
+      assert_enqueued_jobs 2 do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('sean')
+      end
+    end
+    assert_match "Expected: 2", e.message
+    assert_match "Actual: 1", e.message
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_jobs_with_no_block
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      HelloJob.perform_later('rafael')
+      assert_enqueued_jobs 1
+    end
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      HelloJob.perform_later('aaron')
+      HelloJob.perform_later('matthew')
+      assert_enqueued_jobs 3
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_no_enqueued_jobs_with_no_block
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_no_enqueued_jobs
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_no_enqueued_jobs
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_no_enqueued_jobs do
+        HelloJob.perform_now
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_jobs_too_few_sent
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_enqueued_jobs 2 do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('xavier')
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/2 .* but 1/, error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_jobs_too_many_sent
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_enqueued_jobs 1 do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('cristian')
+        HelloJob.perform_later('guillermo')
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/1 .* but 2/, error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_no_enqueued_jobs_failure
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_no_enqueued_jobs do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy')
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/0 .* but 1/, error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_jobs_with_only_option
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_enqueued_jobs 1, only: HelloJob do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy')
+        LoggingJob.perform_later
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_jobs_with_only_option_and_none_sent
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_enqueued_jobs 1, only: HelloJob do
+        LoggingJob.perform_later
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/1 .* but 0/, error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_jobs_with_only_option_and_too_few_sent
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_enqueued_jobs 5, only: HelloJob do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy')
+        4.times { LoggingJob.perform_later }
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/5 .* but 1/, error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_jobs_with_only_option_and_too_many_sent
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_enqueued_jobs 1, only: HelloJob do
+        2.times { HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy') }
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/1 .* but 2/, error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_jobs_with_only_option_as_array
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_enqueued_jobs 2, only: [HelloJob, LoggingJob] do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy')
+        LoggingJob.perform_later('stewie')
+        RescueJob.perform_later('david')
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_no_enqueued_jobs_with_only_option
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_no_enqueued_jobs only: HelloJob do
+        LoggingJob.perform_later
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_no_enqueued_jobs_with_only_option_failure
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_no_enqueued_jobs only: HelloJob do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy')
+        LoggingJob.perform_later
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/0 .* but 1/, error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_no_enqueued_jobs_with_only_option_as_array
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_no_enqueued_jobs only: [HelloJob, RescueJob] do
+        LoggingJob.perform_later
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_job
+    assert_enqueued_with(job: LoggingJob, queue: 'default') do
+      LoggingJob.set(wait_until: Date.tomorrow.noon).perform_later
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_job_returns
+    job = assert_enqueued_with(job: LoggingJob) do
+      LoggingJob.set(wait_until: 5.minutes.from_now).perform_later(1, 2, 3)
+    end
+
+    assert_instance_of LoggingJob, job
+    assert_in_delta 5.minutes.from_now, job.scheduled_at, 1
+    assert_equal 'default', job.queue_name
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3], job.arguments
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_job_failure
+    assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_enqueued_with(job: LoggingJob, queue: 'default') do
+        NestedJob.perform_later
+      end
+    end
+
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_enqueued_with(job: NestedJob, queue: 'low') do
+        NestedJob.perform_later
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 'No enqueued job found with {:job=>NestedJob, :queue=>"low"}', error.message
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_job_args
+    assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      assert_enqueued_with(class: LoggingJob) do
+        NestedJob.set(wait_until: Date.tomorrow.noon).perform_later
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_job_with_at_option
+    assert_enqueued_with(job: HelloJob, at: Date.tomorrow.noon) do
+      HelloJob.set(wait_until: Date.tomorrow.noon).perform_later
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_job_with_global_id_args
+    ricardo = Person.new(9)
+    assert_enqueued_with(job: HelloJob, args: [ricardo]) do
+      HelloJob.perform_later(ricardo)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_job_failure_with_global_id_args
+    ricardo = Person.new(9)
+    wilma = Person.new(11)
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_enqueued_with(job: HelloJob, args: [wilma]) do
+        HelloJob.perform_later(ricardo)
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal "No enqueued job found with {:job=>HelloJob, :args=>[#{wilma.inspect}]}", error.message
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_job_does_not_change_jobs_count
+    HelloJob.perform_later
+    assert_enqueued_with(job: HelloJob) do
+      HelloJob.perform_later
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 2, ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter.enqueued_jobs.count
+  end
+end
+
+class PerformedJobsTest < ActiveJob::TestCase
+  def test_performed_enqueue_jobs_with_only_option_doesnt_leak_outside_the_block
+    assert_equal nil, queue_adapter.filter
+    perform_enqueued_jobs only: HelloJob do
+      assert_equal HelloJob, queue_adapter.filter
+    end
+    assert_equal nil, queue_adapter.filter
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_performed_jobs
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_performed_jobs 1 do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('david')
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_repeated_performed_jobs_calls
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_performed_jobs 1 do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('abdelkader')
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_performed_jobs 2 do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('sean')
+        HelloJob.perform_later('yves')
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_performed_jobs_message
+    HelloJob.perform_later('sean')
+    e = assert_raises Minitest::Assertion do
+      assert_performed_jobs 2 do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('sean')
+      end
+    end
+    assert_match "Expected: 2", e.message
+    assert_match "Actual: 1", e.message
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_performed_jobs_with_no_block
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      perform_enqueued_jobs do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('rafael')
+      end
+      assert_performed_jobs 1
+    end
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      perform_enqueued_jobs do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('aaron')
+        HelloJob.perform_later('matthew')
+        assert_performed_jobs 3
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_no_performed_jobs_with_no_block
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_no_performed_jobs
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_no_performed_jobs
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_no_performed_jobs do
+        # empty block won't perform jobs
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_performed_jobs_too_few_sent
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_performed_jobs 2 do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('xavier')
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/2 .* but 1/, error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_performed_jobs_too_many_sent
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_performed_jobs 1 do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('cristian')
+        HelloJob.perform_later('guillermo')
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/1 .* but 2/, error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_no_performed_jobs_failure
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_no_performed_jobs do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy')
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/0 .* but 1/, error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_performed_jobs_with_only_option
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_performed_jobs 1, only: HelloJob do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy')
+        LoggingJob.perform_later
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_performed_jobs_with_only_option_as_array
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_performed_jobs 2, only: [HelloJob, LoggingJob] do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy')
+        LoggingJob.perform_later('stewie')
+        RescueJob.perform_later('david')
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_performed_jobs_with_only_option_and_none_sent
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_performed_jobs 1, only: HelloJob do
+        LoggingJob.perform_later
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/1 .* but 0/, error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_performed_jobs_with_only_option_and_too_few_sent
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_performed_jobs 5, only: HelloJob do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy')
+        4.times { LoggingJob.perform_later }
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/5 .* but 1/, error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_performed_jobs_with_only_option_and_too_many_sent
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_performed_jobs 1, only: HelloJob do
+        2.times { HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy') }
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/1 .* but 2/, error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_no_performed_jobs_with_only_option
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_no_performed_jobs only: HelloJob do
+        LoggingJob.perform_later
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_no_performed_jobs_with_only_option_as_array
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_no_performed_jobs only: [HelloJob, RescueJob] do
+        LoggingJob.perform_later
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_no_performed_jobs_with_only_option_failure
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_no_performed_jobs only: HelloJob do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy')
+        LoggingJob.perform_later
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/0 .* but 1/, error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_performed_job
+    assert_performed_with(job: NestedJob, queue: 'default') do
+      NestedJob.perform_later
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_performed_job_returns
+    job = assert_performed_with(job: NestedJob, queue: 'default') do
+      NestedJob.perform_later
+    end
+
+    assert_instance_of NestedJob, job
+    assert_nil job.scheduled_at
+    assert_equal [], job.arguments
+    assert_equal 'default', job.queue_name
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_performed_job_failure
+    assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_performed_with(job: LoggingJob) do
+        HelloJob.perform_later
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_performed_with(job: HelloJob, queue: 'low') do
+        HelloJob.set(queue: 'important').perform_later
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_performed_job_with_at_option
+    assert_performed_with(job: HelloJob, at: Date.tomorrow.noon) do
+      HelloJob.set(wait_until: Date.tomorrow.noon).perform_later
+    end
+
+    assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_performed_with(job: HelloJob, at: Date.today.noon) do
+        HelloJob.set(wait_until: Date.tomorrow.noon).perform_later
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_performed_job_with_global_id_args
+    ricardo = Person.new(9)
+    assert_performed_with(job: HelloJob, args: [ricardo]) do
+      HelloJob.perform_later(ricardo)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_performed_job_failure_with_global_id_args
+    ricardo = Person.new(9)
+    wilma = Person.new(11)
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_performed_with(job: HelloJob, args: [wilma]) do
+        HelloJob.perform_later(ricardo)
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal "No performed job found with {:job=>HelloJob, :args=>[#{wilma.inspect}]}", error.message
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_performed_job_does_not_change_jobs_count
+    assert_performed_with(job: HelloJob) do
+      HelloJob.perform_later
+    end
+
+    assert_performed_with(job: HelloJob) do
+      HelloJob.perform_later
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 2, ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter.performed_jobs.count
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/translation_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/translation_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d5e3aaf9e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/translation_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+require 'helper'
+require 'jobs/translated_hello_job'
+
+class TranslationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  setup do
+    JobBuffer.clear
+    I18n.available_locales = [:en, :de]
+    @job = TranslatedHelloJob.new('Johannes')
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    I18n.available_locales = [:en]
+  end
+
+  test 'it performs the job in the given locale' do
+    @job.locale = :de
+    @job.perform_now
+    assert_equal "Johannes says Guten Tag", JobBuffer.last_value
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/helper.rb b/activejob/test/helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7e86415f48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+require File.expand_path('../../../load_paths', __FILE__)
+
+require 'active_job'
+require 'support/job_buffer'
+
+ActiveSupport.halt_callback_chains_on_return_false = false
+GlobalID.app = 'aj'
+
+@adapter  = ENV['AJ_ADAPTER'] || 'inline'
+
+if ENV['AJ_INTEGRATION_TESTS']
+  require 'support/integration/helper'
+else
+  ActiveJob::Base.logger = Logger.new(nil)
+  require "adapters/#{@adapter}"
+end
+
+require 'active_support/testing/autorun'
diff --git a/activejob/test/integration/queuing_test.rb b/activejob/test/integration/queuing_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d8425c9706
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/integration/queuing_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+require 'helper'
+require 'jobs/logging_job'
+require 'jobs/hello_job'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/numeric/time'
+
+class QueuingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test 'should run jobs enqueued on a listening queue' do
+    TestJob.perform_later @id
+    wait_for_jobs_to_finish_for(5.seconds)
+    assert job_executed
+  end
+
+  test 'should not run jobs queued on a non-listening queue' do
+    skip if adapter_is?(:inline, :async, :sucker_punch, :que)
+    old_queue = TestJob.queue_name
+
+    begin
+      TestJob.queue_as :some_other_queue
+      TestJob.perform_later @id
+      wait_for_jobs_to_finish_for(2.seconds)
+      assert_not job_executed
+    ensure
+      TestJob.queue_name = old_queue
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'should supply a wrapped class name to Sidekiq' do
+    skip unless adapter_is?(:sidekiq)
+    Sidekiq::Testing.fake! do
+      ::HelloJob.perform_later
+      hash = ActiveJob::QueueAdapters::SidekiqAdapter::JobWrapper.jobs.first
+      assert_equal "ActiveJob::QueueAdapters::SidekiqAdapter::JobWrapper", hash['class']
+      assert_equal "HelloJob", hash['wrapped']
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'should not run job enqueued in the future' do
+    begin
+      TestJob.set(wait: 10.minutes).perform_later @id
+      wait_for_jobs_to_finish_for(5.seconds)
+      assert_not job_executed
+    rescue NotImplementedError
+      skip
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'should run job enqueued in the future at the specified time' do
+    begin
+      TestJob.set(wait: 5.seconds).perform_later @id
+      wait_for_jobs_to_finish_for(2.seconds)
+      assert_not job_executed
+      wait_for_jobs_to_finish_for(10.seconds)
+      assert job_executed
+    rescue NotImplementedError
+      skip
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'should supply a provider_job_id when available for immediate jobs' do
+    skip unless adapter_is?(:delayed_job, :sidekiq, :qu, :que, :queue_classic)
+    test_job = TestJob.perform_later @id
+    assert test_job.provider_job_id, 'Provider job id should be set by provider'
+  end
+
+  test 'should supply a provider_job_id when available for delayed jobs' do
+    skip unless adapter_is?(:delayed_job, :sidekiq, :que, :queue_classic)
+    delayed_test_job = TestJob.set(wait: 1.minute).perform_later @id
+    assert delayed_test_job.provider_job_id, 'Provider job id should by set for delayed jobs by provider'
+  end
+
+  test 'current locale is kept while running perform_later' do
+    skip if adapter_is?(:inline)
+
+    begin
+      I18n.available_locales = [:en, :de]
+      I18n.locale = :de
+
+      TestJob.perform_later @id
+      wait_for_jobs_to_finish_for(5.seconds)
+      assert job_executed
+      assert_equal 'de', job_executed_in_locale
+    ensure
+      I18n.available_locales = [:en]
+      I18n.locale = :en
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'should run job with higher priority first' do
+    skip unless adapter_is?(:delayed_job, :que)
+
+    wait_until = Time.now + 3.seconds
+    TestJob.set(wait_until: wait_until, priority: 20).perform_later "#{@id}.1"
+    TestJob.set(wait_until: wait_until, priority: 10).perform_later "#{@id}.2"
+    wait_for_jobs_to_finish_for(10.seconds)
+    assert job_executed "#{@id}.1"
+    assert job_executed "#{@id}.2"
+    assert job_executed_at("#{@id}.2") < job_executed_at("#{@id}.1")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/jobs/callback_job.rb b/activejob/test/jobs/callback_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..891ed9464e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/jobs/callback_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+class CallbackJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  before_perform ->(job) { job.history << "CallbackJob ran before_perform" }
+  after_perform ->(job) { job.history << "CallbackJob ran after_perform" }
+
+  before_enqueue ->(job) { job.history << "CallbackJob ran before_enqueue" }
+  after_enqueue ->(job) { job.history << "CallbackJob ran after_enqueue" }
+
+  around_perform do |job, block|
+    job.history << "CallbackJob ran around_perform_start"
+    block.call
+    job.history << "CallbackJob ran around_perform_stop"
+  end
+
+  around_enqueue do |job, block|
+    job.history << "CallbackJob ran around_enqueue_start"
+    block.call
+    job.history << "CallbackJob ran around_enqueue_stop"
+  end
+
+
+  def perform(person = "david")
+    # NOTHING!
+  end
+
+  def history
+    @history ||= []
+  end
+
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/jobs/gid_job.rb b/activejob/test/jobs/gid_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e485bfa2dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/jobs/gid_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+require_relative '../support/job_buffer'
+
+class GidJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  def perform(person)
+    JobBuffer.add("Person with ID: #{person.id}")
+  end
+end
+
diff --git a/activejob/test/jobs/hello_job.rb b/activejob/test/jobs/hello_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..022fa58e4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/jobs/hello_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+require_relative '../support/job_buffer'
+
+class HelloJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  def perform(greeter = "David")
+    JobBuffer.add("#{greeter} says hello")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/jobs/kwargs_job.rb b/activejob/test/jobs/kwargs_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2df17d15ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/jobs/kwargs_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+require_relative '../support/job_buffer'
+
+class KwargsJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  def perform(argument: 1)
+    JobBuffer.add("Job with argument: #{argument}")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/jobs/logging_job.rb b/activejob/test/jobs/logging_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d84ed8589b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/jobs/logging_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+class LoggingJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  def perform(dummy)
+    logger.info "Dummy, here is it: #{dummy}"
+  end
+
+  def job_id
+    "LOGGING-JOB-ID"
+  end
+end
+
diff --git a/activejob/test/jobs/nested_job.rb b/activejob/test/jobs/nested_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8c4ec549a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/jobs/nested_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+class NestedJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  def perform
+    LoggingJob.perform_later "NestedJob"
+  end
+
+  def job_id
+    "NESTED-JOB-ID"
+  end
+end
+
diff --git a/activejob/test/jobs/queue_as_job.rb b/activejob/test/jobs/queue_as_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..897aef52e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/jobs/queue_as_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+require_relative '../support/job_buffer'
+
+class QueueAsJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  MY_QUEUE = :low_priority
+  queue_as MY_QUEUE
+
+  def perform(greeter = "David")
+    JobBuffer.add("#{greeter} says hello")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/jobs/rescue_job.rb b/activejob/test/jobs/rescue_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4f6376c850
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/jobs/rescue_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+require_relative '../support/job_buffer'
+
+class RescueJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  class OtherError < StandardError; end
+
+  rescue_from(ArgumentError) do
+    JobBuffer.add('rescued from ArgumentError')
+    arguments[0] = "DIFFERENT!"
+    retry_job
+  end
+
+  rescue_from(ActiveJob::DeserializationError) do |e|
+    JobBuffer.add('rescued from DeserializationError')
+    JobBuffer.add("DeserializationError original exception was #{e.cause.class.name}")
+  end
+
+  def perform(person = "david")
+    case person
+    when "david"
+      raise ArgumentError, "Hair too good"
+    when "other"
+      raise OtherError
+    else
+      JobBuffer.add('performed beautifully')
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/jobs/translated_hello_job.rb b/activejob/test/jobs/translated_hello_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9657cd3f54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/jobs/translated_hello_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+require_relative '../support/job_buffer'
+
+class TranslatedHelloJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  def perform(greeter = "David")
+    translations = { en: 'Hello', de: 'Guten Tag' }
+    hello        = translations[I18n.locale]
+
+    JobBuffer.add("#{greeter} says #{hello}")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/models/person.rb b/activejob/test/models/person.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..76a8f40616
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/models/person.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+class Person
+  class RecordNotFound < StandardError; end
+
+  include GlobalID::Identification
+
+  attr_reader :id
+
+  def self.find(id)
+    raise RecordNotFound.new("Cannot find person with ID=404") if id.to_i==404
+    new(id)
+  end
+
+  def initialize(id)
+    @id = id
+  end
+
+  def ==(other_person)
+    other_person.is_a?(Person) && id.to_s == other_person.id.to_s
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/backburner/inline.rb b/activejob/test/support/backburner/inline.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f761b53e27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/backburner/inline.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+require 'backburner'
+
+Backburner::Worker.class_eval do
+  class << self; alias_method :original_enqueue, :enqueue; end
+  def self.enqueue(job_class, args=[], opts={})
+    job_class.perform(*args)
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/delayed_job/delayed/backend/test.rb b/activejob/test/support/delayed_job/delayed/backend/test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f80ec3a5a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/delayed_job/delayed/backend/test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+#copied from https://github.com/collectiveidea/delayed_job/blob/master/spec/delayed/backend/test.rb
+require 'ostruct'
+
+# An in-memory backend suitable only for testing. Tries to behave as if it were an ORM.
+module Delayed
+  module Backend
+    module Test
+      class Job
+        attr_accessor :id
+        attr_accessor :priority
+        attr_accessor :attempts
+        attr_accessor :handler
+        attr_accessor :last_error
+        attr_accessor :run_at
+        attr_accessor :locked_at
+        attr_accessor :locked_by
+        attr_accessor :failed_at
+        attr_accessor :queue
+
+        include Delayed::Backend::Base
+
+        cattr_accessor :id
+        self.id = 0
+
+        def initialize(hash = {})
+          self.attempts = 0
+          self.priority = 0
+          self.id = (self.class.id += 1)
+          hash.each{|k,v| send(:"#{k}=", v)}
+        end
+
+        @jobs = []
+        def self.all
+          @jobs
+        end
+
+        def self.count
+          all.size
+        end
+
+        def self.delete_all
+          all.clear
+        end
+
+        def self.create(attrs = {})
+          new(attrs).tap(&:save)
+        end
+
+        def self.create!(*args); create(*args); end
+
+        def self.clear_locks!(worker_name)
+          all.select{|j| j.locked_by == worker_name}.each {|j| j.locked_by = nil; j.locked_at = nil}
+        end
+
+        # Find a few candidate jobs to run (in case some immediately get locked by others).
+        def self.find_available(worker_name, limit = 5, max_run_time = Worker.max_run_time)
+          jobs = all.select do |j|
+            j.run_at <= db_time_now &&
+            (j.locked_at.nil? || j.locked_at < db_time_now - max_run_time || j.locked_by == worker_name) &&
+            !j.failed?
+          end
+
+          jobs = jobs.select{|j| Worker.queues.include?(j.queue)}   if Worker.queues.any?
+          jobs = jobs.select{|j| j.priority >= Worker.min_priority} if Worker.min_priority
+          jobs = jobs.select{|j| j.priority <= Worker.max_priority} if Worker.max_priority
+          jobs.sort_by{|j| [j.priority, j.run_at]}[0..limit-1]
+        end
+
+        # Lock this job for this worker.
+        # Returns true if we have the lock, false otherwise.
+        def lock_exclusively!(max_run_time, worker)
+          now = self.class.db_time_now
+          if locked_by != worker
+            # We don't own this job so we will update the locked_by name and the locked_at
+            self.locked_at = now
+            self.locked_by = worker
+          end
+
+          return true
+        end
+
+        def self.db_time_now
+          Time.current
+        end
+
+        def update_attributes(attrs = {})
+          attrs.each{|k,v| send(:"#{k}=", v)}
+          save
+        end
+
+        def destroy
+          self.class.all.delete(self)
+        end
+
+        def save
+          self.run_at ||= Time.current
+
+          self.class.all << self unless self.class.all.include?(self)
+          true
+        end
+
+        def save!; save; end
+
+        def reload
+          reset
+          self
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/concerns/.keep b/activejob/test/support/delayed_job/delayed/serialization/test.rb
index e69de29bb2..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/concerns/.keep
+++ b/activejob/test/support/delayed_job/delayed/serialization/test.rb
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/async.rb b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/async.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..42beb12b1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/async.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+module AsyncJobsManager
+  def setup
+    ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :async
+  end
+
+  def clear_jobs
+    ActiveJob::AsyncJob::QUEUES.clear
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/backburner.rb b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/backburner.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2e82562948
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/backburner.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+module BackburnerJobsManager
+  def setup
+    ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :backburner
+    Backburner.configure do |config|
+      config.logger = Rails.logger
+    end
+    unless can_run?
+      puts "Cannot run integration tests for backburner. To be able to run integration tests for backburner you need to install and start beanstalkd.\n"
+      exit
+    end
+  end
+
+  def clear_jobs
+    tube.clear
+  end
+
+  def start_workers
+    @thread = Thread.new { Backburner.work "integration-tests" } # backburner dasherizes the queue name
+  end
+
+  def stop_workers
+    @thread.kill
+  end
+
+  def tube
+    @tube ||= Beaneater::Tube.new(Backburner::Worker.connection, "backburner.worker.queue.integration-tests") # backburner dasherizes the queue name
+  end
+
+  def can_run?
+    begin
+      Backburner::Worker.connection.send :connect!
+    rescue
+      return false
+    end
+    true
+  end
+end
+
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/delayed_job.rb b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/delayed_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0b591964bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/delayed_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+require 'delayed_job'
+require 'delayed_job_active_record'
+
+module DelayedJobJobsManager
+  def setup
+    ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :delayed_job
+  end
+  def clear_jobs
+    Delayed::Job.delete_all
+  end
+
+  def start_workers
+    @worker = Delayed::Worker.new(quiet: true, sleep_delay: 0.5, queues: %w(integration_tests))
+    @thread = Thread.new { @worker.start }
+  end
+
+  def stop_workers
+    @worker.stop
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/inline.rb b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/inline.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..83c38f706f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/inline.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module InlineJobsManager
+  def setup
+    ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :inline
+  end
+
+  def clear_jobs
+  end
+
+  def start_workers
+  end
+
+  def stop_workers
+  end
+end
+
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/qu.rb b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/qu.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..256ddb3cf3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/qu.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+module QuJobsManager
+  def setup
+    require 'qu-rails'
+    require 'qu-redis'
+    ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :qu
+    ENV['REDISTOGO_URL'] = "redis://127.0.0.1:6379/12"
+    backend = Qu::Backend::Redis.new
+    backend.namespace = "active_jobs_int_test"
+    Qu.backend  = backend
+    Qu.logger   = Rails.logger
+    Qu.interval = 0.5
+    unless can_run?
+      puts "Cannot run integration tests for qu. To be able to run integration tests for qu you need to install and start redis.\n"
+      exit
+    end
+  end
+
+  def clear_jobs
+    Qu.clear "integration_tests"
+  end
+
+  def start_workers
+    @thread = Thread.new { Qu::Worker.new("integration_tests").start }
+  end
+
+  def stop_workers
+    @thread.kill
+  end
+
+  def can_run?
+    begin
+      Qu.backend.connection.client.connect
+    rescue
+      return false
+    end
+    true
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/que.rb b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/que.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0cd8952a28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/que.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+module QueJobsManager
+  def setup
+    require 'sequel'
+    ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :que
+    Que.mode = :off
+    Que.worker_count = 1
+  end
+
+  def clear_jobs
+    Que.clear!
+  end
+
+  def start_workers
+    que_url = ENV['QUE_DATABASE_URL'] || 'postgres:///active_jobs_que_int_test'
+    uri = URI.parse(que_url)
+    user = uri.user||ENV['USER']
+    pass = uri.password
+    db   = uri.path[1..-1]
+    %x{#{"PGPASSWORD=\"#{pass}\"" if pass} psql -c 'drop database if exists "#{db}"' -U #{user} -t template1}
+    %x{#{"PGPASSWORD=\"#{pass}\"" if pass} psql -c 'create database "#{db}"' -U #{user} -t template1}
+    Que.connection = Sequel.connect(que_url)
+    Que.migrate!
+
+    @thread = Thread.new do
+      loop do
+        Que::Job.work
+        sleep 0.5
+      end
+    end
+
+  rescue Sequel::DatabaseConnectionError
+    puts "Cannot run integration tests for que. To be able to run integration tests for que you need to install and start postgresql.\n"
+    exit
+  end
+
+  def stop_workers
+    @thread.kill
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/queue_classic.rb b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/queue_classic.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..29c04bf625
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/queue_classic.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+module QueueClassicJobsManager
+  def setup
+    ENV['QC_DATABASE_URL'] ||= 'postgres:///active_jobs_qc_int_test'
+    ENV['QC_RAILS_DATABASE'] = 'false'
+    ENV['QC_LISTEN_TIME']    = "0.5"
+    ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :queue_classic
+  end
+
+  def clear_jobs
+    QC::Queue.new("integration_tests").delete_all
+  end
+
+  def start_workers
+    uri = URI.parse(ENV['QC_DATABASE_URL'])
+    user = uri.user||ENV['USER']
+    pass = uri.password
+    db   = uri.path[1..-1]
+    %x{#{"PGPASSWORD=\"#{pass}\"" if pass} psql -c 'drop database if exists "#{db}"' -U #{user} -t template1}
+    %x{#{"PGPASSWORD=\"#{pass}\"" if pass} psql -c 'create database "#{db}"' -U #{user} -t template1}
+    QC::Setup.create
+
+    QC.default_conn_adapter.disconnect
+    QC.default_conn_adapter = nil
+    @pid = fork do
+      worker = QC::Worker.new(q_name: 'integration_tests')
+      worker.start
+    end
+
+  rescue PG::ConnectionBad
+    puts "Cannot run integration tests for queue_classic. To be able to run integration tests for queue_classic you need to install and start postgresql.\n"
+    exit
+  end
+
+  def stop_workers
+    Process.kill 'HUP', @pid
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/resque.rb b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/resque.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..912f4bc387
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/resque.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+module ResqueJobsManager
+  def setup
+    ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :resque
+    Resque.redis = Redis::Namespace.new 'active_jobs_int_test', redis: Redis.connect(url: "redis://127.0.0.1:6379/12", :thread_safe => true)
+    Resque.logger = Rails.logger
+    unless can_run?
+      puts "Cannot run integration tests for resque. To be able to run integration tests for resque you need to install and start redis.\n"
+      exit
+    end
+  end
+
+  def clear_jobs
+    Resque.queues.each { |queue_name| Resque.redis.del "queue:#{queue_name}" }
+    Resque.redis.keys("delayed:*").each  { |key| Resque.redis.del "#{key}" }
+    Resque.redis.del "delayed_queue_schedule"
+  end
+
+  def start_workers
+    @resque_thread = Thread.new do
+      w = Resque::Worker.new("integration_tests")
+      w.term_child = true
+      w.work(0.5)
+    end
+    @scheduler_thread = Thread.new do
+      Resque::Scheduler.configure do |c|
+        c.poll_sleep_amount = 0.5
+        c.dynamic = true
+        c.quiet = true
+        c.logfile = nil
+      end
+      Resque::Scheduler.master_lock.release!
+      Resque::Scheduler.run
+    end
+  end
+
+  def stop_workers
+    @resque_thread.kill
+    @scheduler_thread.kill
+  end
+
+  def can_run?
+    begin
+      Resque.redis.client.connect
+    rescue
+      return false
+    end
+    true
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/sidekiq.rb b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/sidekiq.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9aa07bcb52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/sidekiq.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+require 'sidekiq/api'
+
+require 'sidekiq/testing'
+Sidekiq::Testing.disable!
+
+module SidekiqJobsManager
+
+  def setup
+    ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :sidekiq
+    unless can_run?
+      puts "Cannot run integration tests for sidekiq. To be able to run integration tests for sidekiq you need to install and start redis.\n"
+      exit
+    end
+  end
+
+  def clear_jobs
+    Sidekiq::ScheduledSet.new.clear
+    Sidekiq::Queue.new("integration_tests").clear
+  end
+
+  def start_workers
+    continue_read, continue_write = IO.pipe
+    death_read, death_write = IO.pipe
+
+    @pid = fork do
+      continue_read.close
+      death_write.close
+
+      # Celluloid & Sidekiq are not warning-clean :(
+      $VERBOSE = false
+
+      $stdin.reopen('/dev/null')
+      $stdout.sync = true
+      $stderr.sync = true
+
+      logfile = Rails.root.join("log/sidekiq.log").to_s
+      Sidekiq::Logging.initialize_logger(logfile)
+
+      self_read, self_write = IO.pipe
+      trap "TERM" do
+        self_write.puts("TERM")
+      end
+
+      Thread.new do
+        begin
+          death_read.read
+        rescue Exception
+        end
+        self_write.puts("TERM")
+      end
+
+      require 'celluloid'
+      Celluloid.logger = nil
+      require 'sidekiq/launcher'
+      sidekiq = Sidekiq::Launcher.new({queues: ["integration_tests"],
+                                       environment: "test",
+                                       concurrency: 1,
+                                       timeout: 1,
+                                      })
+      Sidekiq.average_scheduled_poll_interval = 0.5
+      Sidekiq.options[:poll_interval_average] = 1
+      begin
+        sidekiq.run
+        continue_write.puts "started"
+        while readable_io = IO.select([self_read])
+          signal = readable_io.first[0].gets.strip
+          raise Interrupt if signal == "TERM"
+        end
+      rescue Interrupt
+      end
+
+      sidekiq.stop
+      exit!
+    end
+    continue_write.close
+    death_read.close
+    @worker_lifeline = death_write
+
+    raise "Failed to start worker" unless continue_read.gets == "started\n"
+  end
+
+  def stop_workers
+    if @pid
+      Process.kill 'TERM', @pid
+      Process.wait @pid
+    end
+  end
+
+  def can_run?
+    begin
+      Sidekiq.redis(&:info)
+      Sidekiq.logger = nil
+    rescue
+      return false
+    end
+    true
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/sneakers.rb b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/sneakers.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..875803a2d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/sneakers.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+require 'sneakers/runner'
+require 'sneakers/publisher'
+require 'timeout'
+
+module Sneakers
+  class Publisher
+    def safe_ensure_connected
+      @mutex.synchronize do
+        ensure_connection! unless connected?
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+
+module SneakersJobsManager
+  def setup
+    ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :sneakers
+    Sneakers.configure  :heartbeat => 2,
+                        :amqp => 'amqp://guest:guest@localhost:5672',
+                        :vhost => '/',
+                        :exchange => 'active_jobs_sneakers_int_test',
+                        :exchange_type => :direct,
+                        :daemonize => true,
+                        :threads => 1,
+                        :workers => 1,
+                        :pid_path => Rails.root.join("tmp/sneakers.pid").to_s,
+                        :log => Rails.root.join("log/sneakers.log").to_s
+    unless can_run?
+      puts "Cannot run integration tests for sneakers. To be able to run integration tests for sneakers you need to install and start rabbitmq.\n"
+      exit
+    end
+  end
+
+  def clear_jobs
+    bunny_queue.purge
+  end
+
+  def start_workers
+    @pid = fork do
+      queues = %w(integration_tests)
+      workers = queues.map do |q|
+        worker_klass = "ActiveJobWorker"+Digest::MD5.hexdigest(q)
+        Sneakers.const_set(worker_klass, Class.new(ActiveJob::QueueAdapters::SneakersAdapter::JobWrapper) do
+          from_queue q
+        end)
+      end
+      Sneakers::Runner.new(workers).run
+    end
+    begin
+      Timeout.timeout(10) do
+        while bunny_queue.status[:consumer_count] == 0
+          sleep 0.5
+        end
+      end
+    rescue Timeout::Error
+      stop_workers
+      raise "Failed to start sneakers worker"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def stop_workers
+    Process.kill 'TERM', @pid
+    Process.kill 'TERM', File.open(Rails.root.join("tmp/sneakers.pid").to_s).read.to_i
+  rescue
+  end
+
+  def can_run?
+    begin
+      bunny_publisher
+    rescue
+      return false
+    end
+    true
+  end
+
+  protected
+    def bunny_publisher
+      @bunny_publisher ||= begin
+        p = ActiveJob::QueueAdapters::SneakersAdapter::JobWrapper.send(:publisher)
+        p.safe_ensure_connected
+        p
+      end
+    end
+
+    def bunny_queue
+      @queue ||= bunny_publisher.exchange.channel.queue "integration_tests", durable: true
+    end
+
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/sucker_punch.rb b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/sucker_punch.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9c0d66b469
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/sucker_punch.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+module SuckerPunchJobsManager
+  def setup
+    ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :sucker_punch
+    SuckerPunch.logger = nil
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/integration/dummy_app_template.rb b/activejob/test/support/integration/dummy_app_template.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..262ca72327
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/integration/dummy_app_template.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+if ENV['AJ_ADAPTER'] == 'delayed_job'
+  generate "delayed_job:active_record", "--quiet"
+end
+
+rake("db:migrate")
+
+initializer 'activejob.rb', <<-CODE
+require "#{File.expand_path("../jobs_manager.rb",  __FILE__)}"
+JobsManager.current_manager.setup
+CODE
+
+initializer 'i18n.rb', <<-CODE
+I18n.available_locales = [:en, :de]
+CODE
+
+file 'app/jobs/test_job.rb', <<-CODE
+class TestJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  queue_as :integration_tests
+
+  def perform(x)
+    File.open(Rails.root.join("tmp/\#{x}"), "wb+") do |f|
+      f.write Marshal.dump({
+        "locale" => I18n.locale.to_s || "en",
+        "executed_at" => Time.now.to_r
+      })
+    end
+  end
+end
+CODE
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/integration/helper.rb b/activejob/test/support/integration/helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4a1b0bfbcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/integration/helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+puts "\n\n*** rake aj:integration:#{ENV['AJ_ADAPTER']} ***\n"
+
+ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = "test"
+ActiveJob::Base.queue_name_prefix = nil
+
+require 'rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator'
+
+dummy_app_path     = Dir.mktmpdir + "/dummy"
+dummy_app_template = File.expand_path("../dummy_app_template.rb",  __FILE__)
+args = Rails::Generators::ARGVScrubber.new(["new", dummy_app_path, "--skip-gemfile", "--skip-bundle",
+  "--skip-git", "--skip-spring", "-d", "sqlite3", "--skip-javascript", "--force", "--quiet",
+  "--template", dummy_app_template]).prepare!
+Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.start args
+
+require "#{dummy_app_path}/config/environment.rb"
+
+ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths = [ Rails.root.join('db/migrate').to_s ]
+require 'rails/test_help'
+
+Rails.backtrace_cleaner.remove_silencers!
+
+require_relative 'test_case_helpers'
+ActiveSupport::TestCase.include(TestCaseHelpers)
+
+JobsManager.current_manager.start_workers
+
+Minitest.after_run do
+  JobsManager.current_manager.stop_workers
+  JobsManager.current_manager.clear_jobs
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/integration/jobs_manager.rb b/activejob/test/support/integration/jobs_manager.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..78d48e8d9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/integration/jobs_manager.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+class JobsManager
+  @@managers = {}
+  attr :adapter_name
+
+  def self.current_manager
+    @@managers[ENV['AJ_ADAPTER']] ||= new(ENV['AJ_ADAPTER'])
+  end
+
+  def initialize(adapter_name)
+    @adapter_name = adapter_name
+    require_relative "adapters/#{adapter_name}"
+    extend "#{adapter_name.camelize}JobsManager".constantize
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = nil
+  end
+
+  def clear_jobs
+  end
+
+  def start_workers
+  end
+
+  def stop_workers
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/integration/test_case_helpers.rb b/activejob/test/support/integration/test_case_helpers.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9897f76fd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/integration/test_case_helpers.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+require 'active_support/concern'
+require 'support/integration/jobs_manager'
+
+module TestCaseHelpers
+  extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+  included do
+    self.use_transactional_tests = false
+
+    setup do
+      clear_jobs
+      @id = "AJ-#{SecureRandom.uuid}"
+    end
+
+    teardown do
+      clear_jobs
+    end
+  end
+
+  protected
+
+    def jobs_manager
+      JobsManager.current_manager
+    end
+
+    def clear_jobs
+      jobs_manager.clear_jobs
+    end
+
+    def adapter_is?(*adapter_class_symbols)
+      adapter_class_symbols.map(&:to_s).include?(ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter.class.name.split("::").last.gsub(/Adapter$/, '').underscore)
+    end
+
+    def wait_for_jobs_to_finish_for(seconds=60)
+      begin
+        Timeout.timeout(seconds) do
+          while !job_executed do
+            sleep 0.25
+          end
+        end
+      rescue Timeout::Error
+      end
+    end
+
+    def job_file(id)
+      Dummy::Application.root.join("tmp/#{id}")
+    end
+
+    def job_executed(id=@id)
+      job_file(id).exist?
+    end
+
+    def job_data(id)
+      Marshal.load(File.binread(job_file(id)))
+    end
+
+    def job_executed_at(id=@id)
+      job_data(id)["executed_at"]
+    end
+
+    def job_executed_in_locale(id=@id)
+      job_data(id)["locale"]
+    end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/job_buffer.rb b/activejob/test/support/job_buffer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..620cb5288d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/job_buffer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+module JobBuffer
+  class << self
+    def clear
+      values.clear
+    end
+
+    def add(value)
+      values << value
+    end
+
+    def values
+      @values ||= []
+    end
+
+    def last_value
+      values.last
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/que/inline.rb b/activejob/test/support/que/inline.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0950e52d28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/que/inline.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+require 'que'
+
+Que::Job.class_eval do
+  class << self; alias_method :original_enqueue, :enqueue; end
+  def self.enqueue(*args)
+    if args.last.is_a?(Hash)
+      options = args.pop
+      options.delete(:run_at)
+      options.delete(:priority)
+      args << options unless options.empty?
+    end
+    self.run(*args)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/queue_classic/inline.rb b/activejob/test/support/queue_classic/inline.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5743d5bbb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/queue_classic/inline.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+require 'queue_classic'
+
+module QC
+  class Queue
+    def enqueue(method, *args)
+      receiver_str, _, message = method.rpartition('.')
+      receiver = eval(receiver_str)
+      receiver.send(message, *args)
+    end
+
+    def enqueue_in(seconds, method, *args)
+      receiver_str, _, message = method.rpartition('.')
+      receiver = eval(receiver_str)
+      receiver.send(message, *args)
+    end
+
+    def enqueue_at(not_before, method, *args)
+      receiver_str, _, message = method.rpartition('.')
+      receiver = eval(receiver_str)
+      receiver.send(message, *args)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/sneakers/inline.rb b/activejob/test/support/sneakers/inline.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..16d9b830fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/sneakers/inline.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+require 'sneakers'
+
+module Sneakers
+  module Worker
+    module ClassMethods
+      def enqueue(msg)
+        worker = self.new(nil, nil, {})
+        worker.work(*msg)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md b/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md
index f9246e6c81..a3368cd197 100644
--- a/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1 +1,129 @@
-Please check [4-1-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-1-stable/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+*   Validate multiple contexts on `valid?` and `invalid?` at once.
+
+    Example:
+
+        class Person
+          include ActiveModel::Validations
+
+          attr_reader :name, :title
+          validates_presence_of :name, on: :create
+          validates_presence_of :title, on: :update
+        end
+
+        person = Person.new
+        person.valid?([:create, :update])    # => false
+        person.errors.messages               # => {:name=>["can't be blank"], :title=>["can't be blank"]}
+
+    *Dmitry Polushkin*
+
+*   Add case_sensitive option for confirmation validator in models.
+
+    *Akshat Sharma*
+
+*   Ensure `method_missing` is called for methods passed to
+    `ActiveModel::Serialization#serializable_hash` that don't exist.
+
+    *Jay Elaraj*
+
+*   Remove `ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml` from core.
+
+    *Zachary Scott*
+
+*   Add `ActiveModel::Dirty#[attr_name]_previously_changed?` and
+    `ActiveModel::Dirty#[attr_name]_previous_change` to improve access
+    to recorded changes after the model has been saved.
+
+    It makes the dirty-attributes query methods consistent before and after
+    saving.
+
+    *Fernando Tapia Rico*
+
+*   Deprecate the `:tokenizer` option for `validates_length_of`, in favor of
+    plain Ruby.
+
+    *Sean Griffin*
+
+*   Deprecate `ActiveModel::Errors#add_on_empty` and `ActiveModel::Errors#add_on_blank`
+    with no replacement.
+
+    *Wojciech Wnętrzak*
+
+*   Deprecate `ActiveModel::Errors#get`, `ActiveModel::Errors#set` and
+    `ActiveModel::Errors#[]=` methods that have inconsistent behavior.
+
+    *Wojciech Wnętrzak*
+
+*   Allow symbol as values for `tokenize` of `LengthValidator`.
+
+    *Kensuke Naito*
+
+*   Assigning an unknown attribute key to an `ActiveModel` instance during initialization
+    will now raise `ActiveModel::AttributeAssignment::UnknownAttributeError` instead of
+    `NoMethodError`.
+
+    Example:
+
+        User.new(foo: 'some value')
+        # => ActiveModel::AttributeAssignment::UnknownAttributeError: unknown attribute 'foo' for User.
+
+    *Eugene Gilburg*
+
+*   Extracted `ActiveRecord::AttributeAssignment` to `ActiveModel::AttributeAssignment`
+    allowing to use it for any object as an includable module.
+
+    Example:
+
+        class Cat
+          include ActiveModel::AttributeAssignment
+          attr_accessor :name, :status
+        end
+
+        cat = Cat.new
+        cat.assign_attributes(name: "Gorby", status: "yawning")
+        cat.name   # => 'Gorby'
+        cat.status # => 'yawning'
+        cat.assign_attributes(status: "sleeping")
+        cat.name   # => 'Gorby'
+        cat.status # => 'sleeping'
+
+    *Bogdan Gusiev*
+
+*   Add `ActiveModel::Errors#details`
+
+    To be able to return type of used validator, one can now call `details`
+    on errors instance.
+
+    Example:
+
+        class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+          validates :name, presence: true
+        end
+
+        user = User.new; user.valid?; user.errors.details
+        => {name: [{error: :blank}]}
+
+    *Wojciech Wnętrzak*
+
+*   Change validates_acceptance_of to accept true by default.
+
+    The default for validates_acceptance_of is now "1" and true.
+    In the past, only "1" was the default and you were required to add
+    accept: true.
+
+*   Remove deprecated `ActiveModel::Dirty#reset_#{attribute}` and
+    `ActiveModel::Dirty#reset_changes`.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Change the way in which callback chains can be halted.
+
+    The preferred method to halt a callback chain from now on is to explicitly
+    `throw(:abort)`.
+    In the past, returning `false` in an Active Model `before_` callback had
+    the side effect of halting the callback chain.
+    This is not recommended anymore and, depending on the value of the
+    `ActiveSupport.halt_callback_chains_on_return_false` option, will
+    either not work at all or display a deprecation warning.
+
+
+Please check [4-2-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/activemodel/MIT-LICENSE b/activemodel/MIT-LICENSE
index d58dd9ed9b..3ec7a617cf 100644
--- a/activemodel/MIT-LICENSE
+++ b/activemodel/MIT-LICENSE
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright (c) 2004-2014 David Heinemeier Hansson
+Copyright (c) 2004-2015 David Heinemeier Hansson
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
diff --git a/activemodel/README.rdoc b/activemodel/README.rdoc
index 4c00755532..77f5761993 100644
--- a/activemodel/README.rdoc
+++ b/activemodel/README.rdoc
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ behavior out of the box:
       end
     end
 
+    person = Person.new
     person.clear_name
     person.clear_age
 
@@ -78,7 +79,21 @@ behavior out of the box:
     class Person
       include ActiveModel::Dirty
 
-      attr_accessor :name
+      define_attribute_methods :name
+
+      def name
+        @name
+      end
+
+      def name=(val)
+        name_will_change! unless val == @name
+        @name = val
+      end
+
+      def save
+        # do persistence work
+        changes_applied
+      end
     end
 
     person = Person.new
@@ -88,6 +103,7 @@ behavior out of the box:
     person.changed?         # => true
     person.changed          # => ['name']
     person.changes          # => { 'name' => [nil, 'bob'] }
+    person.save
     person.name = 'robert'
     person.save
     person.previous_changes # => {'name' => ['bob, 'robert']}
@@ -117,6 +133,9 @@ behavior out of the box:
       end
     end
 
+    person = Person.new
+    person.name = nil
+    person.validate!
     person.errors.full_messages
     # => ["Name cannot be nil"]
 
@@ -128,15 +147,15 @@ behavior out of the box:
       extend ActiveModel::Naming
     end
 
-    NamedPerson.model_name        # => "NamedPerson"
+    NamedPerson.model_name.name   # => "NamedPerson"
     NamedPerson.model_name.human  # => "Named person"
 
   {Learn more}[link:classes/ActiveModel/Naming.html]
 
 * Making objects serializable
 
-  ActiveModel::Serialization provides a standard interface for your object
-  to provide +to_json+ or +to_xml+ serialization.
+  <tt>ActiveModel::Serialization</tt> provides a standard interface for your object
+  to provide +to_json+ serialization.
 
     class SerialPerson
       include ActiveModel::Serialization
@@ -158,13 +177,6 @@ behavior out of the box:
     s = SerialPerson.new
     s.to_json             # => "{\"name\":null}"
 
-    class SerialPerson
-      include ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml
-    end
-
-    s = SerialPerson.new
-    s.to_xml              # => "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<serial-person...
-
   {Learn more}[link:classes/ActiveModel/Serialization.html]
 
 * Internationalization (i18n) support
@@ -180,41 +192,41 @@ behavior out of the box:
 
 * Validation support
 
-   class Person
-     include ActiveModel::Validations
+    class Person
+      include ActiveModel::Validations
 
-     attr_accessor :first_name, :last_name
+      attr_accessor :first_name, :last_name
 
-     validates_each :first_name, :last_name do |record, attr, value|
-       record.errors.add attr, 'starts with z.' if value.to_s[0] == ?z
-     end
-   end
+      validates_each :first_name, :last_name do |record, attr, value|
+        record.errors.add attr, 'starts with z.' if value.to_s[0] == ?z
+      end
+    end
 
-   person = Person.new
-   person.first_name = 'zoolander'
-   person.valid?  # => false
+    person = Person.new
+    person.first_name = 'zoolander'
+    person.valid?  # => false
 
   {Learn more}[link:classes/ActiveModel/Validations.html]
 
 * Custom validators
 
-   class ValidatorPerson
-     include ActiveModel::Validations
-     validates_with HasNameValidator
-     attr_accessor :name
-   end
+    class HasNameValidator < ActiveModel::Validator
+      def validate(record)
+        record.errors.add(:name, "must exist") if record.name.blank?
+      end
+    end
 
-   class HasNameValidator < ActiveModel::Validator
-     def validate(record)
-       record.errors[:name] = "must exist" if record.name.blank?
-     end
-   end
+    class ValidatorPerson
+      include ActiveModel::Validations
+      validates_with HasNameValidator
+      attr_accessor :name
+    end
 
-   p = ValidatorPerson.new
-   p.valid?                  # =>  false
-   p.errors.full_messages    # => ["Name must exist"]
-   p.name = "Bob"
-   p.valid?                  # =>  true
+    p = ValidatorPerson.new
+    p.valid?                  # =>  false
+    p.errors.full_messages    # => ["Name must exist"]
+    p.name = "Bob"
+    p.valid?                  # =>  true
 
   {Learn more}[link:classes/ActiveModel/Validator.html]
 
@@ -223,7 +235,7 @@ behavior out of the box:
 
 The latest version of Active Model can be installed with RubyGems:
 
-  % [sudo] gem install activemodel
+  $ gem install activemodel
 
 Source code can be downloaded as part of the Rails project on GitHub
 
@@ -243,6 +255,10 @@ API documentation is at
 
 * http://api.rubyonrails.org
 
-Bug reports and feature requests can be filed with the rest for the Ruby on Rails project here:
+Bug reports can be filed for the Ruby on Rails project here:
 
 * https://github.com/rails/rails/issues
+
+Feature requests should be discussed on the rails-core mailing list here:
+
+* https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/rubyonrails-core
diff --git a/activemodel/Rakefile b/activemodel/Rakefile
index 407dda2ec3..5a67f0a151 100644
--- a/activemodel/Rakefile
+++ b/activemodel/Rakefile
@@ -1,14 +1,15 @@
-dir = File.dirname(__FILE__)
-
 require 'rake/testtask'
 
+dir = File.dirname(__FILE__)
+
 task :default => :test
 
 Rake::TestTask.new do |t|
   t.libs << "test"
-  t.test_files = Dir.glob("#{dir}/test/cases/**/*_test.rb").sort
+  t.test_files = Dir.glob("#{dir}/test/cases/**/*_test.rb")
   t.warning = true
   t.verbose = true
+  t.ruby_opts = ["--dev"] if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
 end
 
 namespace :test do
@@ -18,18 +19,3 @@ namespace :test do
     end or raise "Failures"
   end
 end
-
-require 'rubygems/package_task'
-
-spec = eval(File.read("#{dir}/activemodel.gemspec"))
-
-Gem::PackageTask.new(spec) do |p|
-  p.gem_spec = spec
-end
-
-desc "Release to rubygems"
-task :release => :package do
-  require 'rake/gemcutter'
-  Rake::Gemcutter::Tasks.new(spec).define
-  Rake::Task['gem:push'].invoke
-end
diff --git a/activemodel/activemodel.gemspec b/activemodel/activemodel.gemspec
index 36e565f692..8d00b3aa27 100644
--- a/activemodel/activemodel.gemspec
+++ b/activemodel/activemodel.gemspec
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.summary     = 'A toolkit for building modeling frameworks (part of Rails).'
   s.description = 'A toolkit for building modeling frameworks like Active Record. Rich support for attributes, callbacks, validations, serialization, internationalization, and testing.'
 
-  s.required_ruby_version = '>= 1.9.3'
+  s.required_ruby_version = '>= 2.2.2'
 
   s.license = 'MIT'
 
diff --git a/activemodel/bin/test b/activemodel/bin/test
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..404cabba51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/bin/test
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+COMPONENT_ROOT = File.expand_path("../../", __FILE__)
+require File.expand_path("../tools/test", COMPONENT_ROOT)
+exit Minitest.run(ARGV)
diff --git a/activemodel/examples/validations.rb b/activemodel/examples/validations.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b8e74acd5e..0000000000
--- a/activemodel/examples/validations.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-require File.expand_path('../../../load_paths', __FILE__)
-require 'active_model'
-
-class Person
-  include ActiveModel::Conversion
-  include ActiveModel::Validations
-
-  validates :name, presence: true
-
-  attr_accessor :name
-
-  def initialize(attributes = {})
-    @name = attributes[:name]
-  end
-
-  def persist
-    @persisted = true
-  end
-
-  def persisted?
-    @persisted
-  end
-end
-
-person1 = Person.new
-p person1.valid? # => false
-p person1.errors.messages # => {:name=>["can't be blank"]}
-
-person2 = Person.new(name: 'matz')
-p person2.valid? # => true
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model.rb
index 3e49c34182..4e1b3f7495 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #--
-# Copyright (c) 2004-2014 David Heinemeier Hansson
+# Copyright (c) 2004-2015 David Heinemeier Hansson
 #
 # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 # a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ require 'active_model/version'
 module ActiveModel
   extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
 
+  autoload :AttributeAssignment
   autoload :AttributeMethods
   autoload :BlockValidator, 'active_model/validator'
   autoload :Callbacks
@@ -48,6 +49,8 @@ module ActiveModel
 
   eager_autoload do
     autoload :Errors
+    autoload :StrictValidationFailed, 'active_model/errors'
+    autoload :UnknownAttributeError, 'active_model/errors'
   end
 
   module Serializers
@@ -55,7 +58,6 @@ module ActiveModel
 
     eager_autoload do
       autoload :JSON
-      autoload :Xml
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/attribute_assignment.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/attribute_assignment.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..62014cd1cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/attribute_assignment.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
+
+module ActiveModel
+  module AttributeAssignment
+    include ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesProtection
+
+    # Allows you to set all the attributes by passing in a hash of attributes with
+    # keys matching the attribute names.
+    #
+    # If the passed hash responds to <tt>permitted?</tt> method and the return value
+    # of this method is +false+ an <tt>ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesError</tt>
+    # exception is raised.
+    #
+    #   class Cat
+    #     include ActiveModel::AttributeAssignment
+    #     attr_accessor :name, :status
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   cat = Cat.new
+    #   cat.assign_attributes(name: "Gorby", status: "yawning")
+    #   cat.name # => 'Gorby'
+    #   cat.status => 'yawning'
+    #   cat.assign_attributes(status: "sleeping")
+    #   cat.name # => 'Gorby'
+    #   cat.status => 'sleeping'
+    def assign_attributes(new_attributes)
+      if !new_attributes.respond_to?(:stringify_keys)
+        raise ArgumentError, "When assigning attributes, you must pass a hash as an argument."
+      end
+      return if new_attributes.nil? || new_attributes.empty?
+
+      attributes = new_attributes.stringify_keys
+      _assign_attributes(sanitize_for_mass_assignment(attributes))
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def _assign_attributes(attributes)
+      attributes.each do |k, v|
+        _assign_attribute(k, v)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def _assign_attribute(k, v)
+      if respond_to?("#{k}=")
+        public_send("#{k}=", v)
+      else
+        raise UnknownAttributeError.new(self, k)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/attribute_methods.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/attribute_methods.rb
index ea07c5c039..cc6285f932 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/attribute_methods.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/attribute_methods.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-require 'thread_safe'
+require 'concurrent/map'
 require 'mutex_m'
 
 module ActiveModel
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ module ActiveModel
   # The requirements to implement <tt>ActiveModel::AttributeMethods</tt> are to:
   #
   # * <tt>include ActiveModel::AttributeMethods</tt> in your class.
-  # * Call each of its method you want to add, such as +attribute_method_suffix+
+  # * Call each of its methods you want to add, such as +attribute_method_suffix+
   #   or +attribute_method_prefix+.
   # * Call +define_attribute_methods+ after the other methods are called.
   # * Define the various generic +_attribute+ methods that you have declared.
@@ -225,9 +225,9 @@ module ActiveModel
       end
 
       # Declares the attributes that should be prefixed and suffixed by
-      # ActiveModel::AttributeMethods.
+      # <tt>ActiveModel::AttributeMethods</tt>.
       #
-      # To use, pass attribute names (as strings or symbols), be sure to declare
+      # To use, pass attribute names (as strings or symbols). Be sure to declare
       # +define_attribute_methods+ after you define any prefix, suffix or affix
       # methods, or they will not hook in.
       #
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       #
       #     # Call to define_attribute_methods must appear after the
       #     # attribute_method_prefix, attribute_method_suffix or
-      #     # attribute_method_affix declares.
+      #     # attribute_method_affix declarations.
       #     define_attribute_methods :name, :age, :address
       #
       #     private
@@ -253,9 +253,9 @@ module ActiveModel
       end
 
       # Declares an attribute that should be prefixed and suffixed by
-      # ActiveModel::AttributeMethods.
+      # <tt>ActiveModel::AttributeMethods</tt>.
       #
-      # To use, pass an attribute name (as string or symbol), be sure to declare
+      # To use, pass an attribute name (as string or symbol). Be sure to declare
       # +define_attribute_method+ after you define any prefix, suffix or affix
       # method, or they will not hook in.
       #
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       #
       #     # Call to define_attribute_method must appear after the
       #     # attribute_method_prefix, attribute_method_suffix or
-      #     # attribute_method_affix declares.
+      #     # attribute_method_affix declarations.
       #     define_attribute_method :name
       #
       #     private
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       private
         # The methods +method_missing+ and +respond_to?+ of this module are
         # invoked often in a typical rails, both of which invoke the method
-        # +match_attribute_method?+. The latter method iterates through an
+        # +matched_attribute_method+. The latter method iterates through an
         # array doing regular expression matches, which results in a lot of
         # object creations. Most of the time it returns a +nil+ match. As the
         # match result is always the same given a +method_name+, this cache is
@@ -350,22 +350,20 @@ module ActiveModel
         # significantly (in our case our test suite finishes 10% faster with
         # this cache).
         def attribute_method_matchers_cache #:nodoc:
-          @attribute_method_matchers_cache ||= ThreadSafe::Cache.new(initial_capacity: 4)
+          @attribute_method_matchers_cache ||= Concurrent::Map.new(initial_capacity: 4)
         end
 
-        def attribute_method_matcher(method_name) #:nodoc:
+        def attribute_method_matchers_matching(method_name) #:nodoc:
           attribute_method_matchers_cache.compute_if_absent(method_name) do
             # Must try to match prefixes/suffixes first, or else the matcher with no prefix/suffix
             # will match every time.
             matchers = attribute_method_matchers.partition(&:plain?).reverse.flatten(1)
-            match = nil
-            matchers.detect { |method| match = method.match(method_name) }
-            match
+            matchers.map { |method| method.match(method_name) }.compact
           end
         end
 
         # Define a method `name` in `mod` that dispatches to `send`
-        # using the given `extra` args. This fallbacks `define_method`
+        # using the given `extra` args. This falls back on `define_method`
         # and `send` if the given names cannot be compiled.
         def define_proxy_call(include_private, mod, name, send, *extra) #:nodoc:
           defn = if name =~ NAME_COMPILABLE_REGEXP
@@ -374,7 +372,7 @@ module ActiveModel
             "define_method(:'#{name}') do |*args|"
           end
 
-          extra = (extra.map!(&:inspect) << "*args").join(", ")
+          extra = (extra.map!(&:inspect) << "*args").join(", ".freeze)
 
           target = if send =~ CALL_COMPILABLE_REGEXP
             "#{"self." unless include_private}#{send}(#{extra})"
@@ -421,7 +419,7 @@ module ActiveModel
     # returned by <tt>attributes</tt>, as though they were first-class
     # methods. So a +Person+ class with a +name+ attribute can for example use
     # <tt>Person#name</tt> and <tt>Person#name=</tt> and never directly use
-    # the attributes hash -- except for multiple assigns with
+    # the attributes hash -- except for multiple assignments with
     # <tt>ActiveRecord::Base#attributes=</tt>.
     #
     # It's also possible to instantiate related objects, so a <tt>Client</tt>
@@ -431,7 +429,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       if respond_to_without_attributes?(method, true)
         super
       else
-        match = match_attribute_method?(method.to_s)
+        match = matched_attribute_method(method.to_s)
         match ? attribute_missing(match, *args, &block) : super
       end
     end
@@ -456,7 +454,7 @@ module ActiveModel
         # but found among all methods. Which means that the given method is private.
         false
       else
-        !match_attribute_method?(method.to_s).nil?
+        !matched_attribute_method(method.to_s).nil?
       end
     end
 
@@ -468,9 +466,9 @@ module ActiveModel
     private
       # Returns a struct representing the matching attribute method.
       # The struct's attributes are prefix, base and suffix.
-      def match_attribute_method?(method_name)
-        match = self.class.send(:attribute_method_matcher, method_name)
-        match if match && attribute_method?(match.attr_name)
+      def matched_attribute_method(method_name)
+        matches = self.class.send(:attribute_method_matchers_matching, method_name)
+        matches.detect { |match| attribute_method?(match.attr_name) }
       end
 
       def missing_attribute(attr_name, stack)
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/callbacks.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/callbacks.rb
index b27a39b787..0d6a3dc52d 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/callbacks.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/callbacks.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ module ActiveModel
   # Provides an interface for any class to have Active Record like callbacks.
   #
   # Like the Active Record methods, the callback chain is aborted as soon as
-  # one of the methods in the chain returns +false+.
+  # one of the methods throws +:abort+.
   #
   # First, extend ActiveModel::Callbacks from the class you are creating:
   #
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ module ActiveModel
   #    puts 'block successfully called.'
   #  end
   #
-  # You can choose not to have all three callbacks by passing a hash to the
+  # You can choose to have only specific callbacks by passing a hash to the
   # +define_model_callbacks+ method.
   #
   #   define_model_callbacks :create, only: [:after, :before]
@@ -97,10 +97,13 @@ module ActiveModel
     #       # obj is the MyModel instance that the callback is being called on
     #     end
     #   end
+    #
+    # NOTE: +method_name+ passed to `define_model_callbacks` must not end with
+    # `!`, `?` or `=`.
     def define_model_callbacks(*callbacks)
       options = callbacks.extract_options!
       options = {
-        terminator: ->(_,result) { result == false },
+        terminator: deprecated_false_terminator,
         skip_after_callbacks_if_terminated: true,
         scope: [:kind, :name],
         only: [:before, :around, :after]
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/conversion.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/conversion.rb
index 0a19ef686d..9de6ea65be 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/conversion.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/conversion.rb
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ module ActiveModel
   module Conversion
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
-    # If your object is already designed to implement all of the Active Model
+    # If your object is already designed to implement all of the \Active \Model
     # you can use the default <tt>:to_model</tt> implementation, which simply
     # returns +self+.
     #
@@ -33,20 +33,22 @@ module ActiveModel
     #   person = Person.new
     #   person.to_model == person # => true
     #
-    # If your model does not act like an Active Model object, then you should
+    # If your model does not act like an \Active \Model object, then you should
     # define <tt>:to_model</tt> yourself returning a proxy object that wraps
-    # your object with Active Model compliant methods.
+    # your object with \Active \Model compliant methods.
     def to_model
       self
     end
 
-    # Returns an Enumerable of all key attributes if any is set, regardless if
+    # Returns an Array of all key attributes if any is set, regardless if
     # the object is persisted or not. Returns +nil+ if there are no key attributes.
     #
-    #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #   class Person
+    #     include ActiveModel::Conversion
+    #     attr_accessor :id
     #   end
     #
-    #   person = Person.create
+    #   person = Person.create(id: 1)
     #   person.to_key # => [1]
     def to_key
       key = respond_to?(:id) && id
@@ -56,10 +58,15 @@ module ActiveModel
     # Returns a +string+ representing the object's key suitable for use in URLs,
     # or +nil+ if <tt>persisted?</tt> is +false+.
     #
-    #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #   class Person
+    #     include ActiveModel::Conversion
+    #     attr_accessor :id
+    #     def persisted?
+    #       true
+    #     end
     #   end
     #
-    #   person = Person.create
+    #   person = Person.create(id: 1)
     #   person.to_param # => "1"
     def to_param
       (persisted? && key = to_key) ? key.join('-') : nil
@@ -83,8 +90,8 @@ module ActiveModel
       # internal method and should not be accessed directly.
       def _to_partial_path #:nodoc:
         @_to_partial_path ||= begin
-          element = ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore(ActiveSupport::Inflector.demodulize(self))
-          collection = ActiveSupport::Inflector.tableize(self)
+          element = ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore(ActiveSupport::Inflector.demodulize(name))
+          collection = ActiveSupport::Inflector.tableize(name)
           "#{collection}/#{element}".freeze
         end
       end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/dirty.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/dirty.rb
index 98ffffeb10..6e2e5afd1b 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/dirty.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/dirty.rb
@@ -12,11 +12,12 @@ module ActiveModel
   # * <tt>include ActiveModel::Dirty</tt> in your object.
   # * Call <tt>define_attribute_methods</tt> passing each method you want to
   #   track.
-  # * Call <tt>attr_name_will_change!</tt> before each change to the tracked
+  # * Call <tt>[attr_name]_will_change!</tt> before each change to the tracked
   #   attribute.
   # * Call <tt>changes_applied</tt> after the changes are persisted.
-  # * Call <tt>reset_changes</tt> when you want to reset the changes
+  # * Call <tt>clear_changes_information</tt> when you want to reset the changes
   #   information.
+  # * Call <tt>restore_attributes</tt> when you want to restore previous data.
   #
   # A minimal implementation could be:
   #
@@ -25,6 +26,10 @@ module ActiveModel
   #
   #     define_attribute_methods :name
   #
+  #     def initialize(name)
+  #       @name = name
+  #     end
+  #
   #     def name
   #       @name
   #     end
@@ -36,18 +41,25 @@ module ActiveModel
   #
   #     def save
   #       # do persistence work
+  #
   #       changes_applied
   #     end
   #
   #     def reload!
-  #       reset_changes
+  #       # get the values from the persistence layer
+  #
+  #       clear_changes_information
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     def rollback!
+  #       restore_attributes
   #     end
   #   end
   #
-  # A newly instantiated object is unchanged:
+  # A newly instantiated +Person+ object is unchanged:
   #
-  #   person = Person.find_by(name: 'Uncle Bob')
-  #   person.changed?       # => false
+  #   person = Person.new("Uncle Bob")
+  #   person.changed? # => false
   #
   # Change the name:
   #
@@ -63,45 +75,57 @@ module ActiveModel
   # Save the changes:
   #
   #   person.save
-  #   person.changed?       # => false
-  #   person.name_changed?  # => false
+  #   person.changed?      # => false
+  #   person.name_changed? # => false
   #
   # Reset the changes:
   #
-  #   person.previous_changes # => {"name" => ["Uncle Bob", "Bill"]}
+  #   person.previous_changes         # => {"name" => ["Uncle Bob", "Bill"]}
+  #   person.name_previously_changed? # => true
+  #   person.name_previous_change     # => ["Uncle Bob", "Bill"]
   #   person.reload!
-  #   person.previous_changes # => {}
+  #   person.previous_changes         # => {}
+  #
+  # Rollback the changes:
+  #
+  #   person.name = "Uncle Bob"
+  #   person.rollback!
+  #   person.name          # => "Bill"
+  #   person.name_changed? # => false
   #
   # Assigning the same value leaves the attribute unchanged:
   #
   #   person.name = 'Bill'
-  #   person.name_changed?  # => false
-  #   person.name_change    # => nil
+  #   person.name_changed? # => false
+  #   person.name_change   # => nil
   #
   # Which attributes have changed?
   #
   #   person.name = 'Bob'
-  #   person.changed        # => ["name"]
-  #   person.changes        # => {"name" => ["Bill", "Bob"]}
+  #   person.changed # => ["name"]
+  #   person.changes # => {"name" => ["Bill", "Bob"]}
   #
-  # If an attribute is modified in-place then make use of <tt>[attribute_name]_will_change!</tt>
-  # to mark that the attribute is changing. Otherwise ActiveModel can't track
-  # changes to in-place attributes.
+  # If an attribute is modified in-place then make use of
+  # <tt>[attribute_name]_will_change!</tt> to mark that the attribute is changing.
+  # Otherwise \Active \Model can't track changes to in-place attributes. Note
+  # that Active Record can detect in-place modifications automatically. You do
+  # not need to call <tt>[attribute_name]_will_change!</tt> on Active Record models.
   #
   #   person.name_will_change!
-  #   person.name_change    # => ["Bill", "Bill"]
+  #   person.name_change # => ["Bill", "Bill"]
   #   person.name << 'y'
-  #   person.name_change    # => ["Bill", "Billy"]
+  #   person.name_change # => ["Bill", "Billy"]
   module Dirty
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
     include ActiveModel::AttributeMethods
 
     included do
       attribute_method_suffix '_changed?', '_change', '_will_change!', '_was'
-      attribute_method_affix prefix: 'reset_', suffix: '!'
+      attribute_method_suffix '_previously_changed?', '_previous_change'
+      attribute_method_affix prefix: 'restore_', suffix: '!'
     end
 
-    # Returns +true+ if any attribute have unsaved changes, +false+ otherwise.
+    # Returns +true+ if any of the attributes have unsaved changes, +false+ otherwise.
     #
     #   person.changed? # => false
     #   person.name = 'bob'
@@ -149,39 +173,66 @@ module ActiveModel
       @changed_attributes ||= ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
     end
 
-    # Handle <tt>*_changed?</tt> for +method_missing+.
+    # Handles <tt>*_changed?</tt> for +method_missing+.
     def attribute_changed?(attr, options = {}) #:nodoc:
-      result = changed_attributes.include?(attr)
+      result = changes_include?(attr)
       result &&= options[:to] == __send__(attr) if options.key?(:to)
       result &&= options[:from] == changed_attributes[attr] if options.key?(:from)
       result
     end
 
-    # Handle <tt>*_was</tt> for +method_missing+.
+    # Handles <tt>*_was</tt> for +method_missing+.
     def attribute_was(attr) # :nodoc:
       attribute_changed?(attr) ? changed_attributes[attr] : __send__(attr)
     end
 
+    # Handles <tt>*_previously_changed?</tt> for +method_missing+.
+    def attribute_previously_changed?(attr, options = {}) #:nodoc:
+      previous_changes_include?(attr)
+    end
+
+    # Restore all previous data of the provided attributes.
+    def restore_attributes(attributes = changed)
+      attributes.each { |attr| restore_attribute! attr }
+    end
+
     private
 
+      # Returns +true+ if attr_name is changed, +false+ otherwise.
+      def changes_include?(attr_name)
+        attributes_changed_by_setter.include?(attr_name)
+      end
+      alias attribute_changed_by_setter? changes_include?
+
+      # Returns +true+ if attr_name were changed before the model was saved,
+      # +false+ otherwise.
+      def previous_changes_include?(attr_name)
+        previous_changes.include?(attr_name)
+      end
+
       # Removes current changes and makes them accessible through +previous_changes+.
-      def changes_applied
+      def changes_applied # :doc:
         @previously_changed = changes
         @changed_attributes = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
       end
 
-      # Removes all dirty data: current changes and previous changes
-      def reset_changes
+      # Clears all dirty data: current changes and previous changes.
+      def clear_changes_information # :doc:
         @previously_changed = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
         @changed_attributes = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
       end
 
-      # Handle <tt>*_change</tt> for +method_missing+.
+      # Handles <tt>*_change</tt> for +method_missing+.
       def attribute_change(attr)
         [changed_attributes[attr], __send__(attr)] if attribute_changed?(attr)
       end
 
-      # Handle <tt>*_will_change!</tt> for +method_missing+.
+      # Handles <tt>*_previous_change</tt> for +method_missing+.
+      def attribute_previous_change(attr)
+        previous_changes[attr] if attribute_previously_changed?(attr)
+      end
+
+      # Handles <tt>*_will_change!</tt> for +method_missing+.
       def attribute_will_change!(attr)
         return if attribute_changed?(attr)
 
@@ -191,15 +242,29 @@ module ActiveModel
         rescue TypeError, NoMethodError
         end
 
-        changed_attributes[attr] = value
+        set_attribute_was(attr, value)
       end
 
-      # Handle <tt>reset_*!</tt> for +method_missing+.
-      def reset_attribute!(attr)
+      # Handles <tt>restore_*!</tt> for +method_missing+.
+      def restore_attribute!(attr)
         if attribute_changed?(attr)
           __send__("#{attr}=", changed_attributes[attr])
-          changed_attributes.delete(attr)
+          clear_attribute_changes([attr])
         end
       end
+
+      # This is necessary because `changed_attributes` might be overridden in
+      # other implementations (e.g. in `ActiveRecord`)
+      alias_method :attributes_changed_by_setter, :changed_attributes # :nodoc:
+
+      # Force an attribute to have a particular "before" value
+      def set_attribute_was(attr, old_value)
+        attributes_changed_by_setter[attr] = old_value
+      end
+
+      # Remove changes information for the provided attributes.
+      def clear_attribute_changes(attributes) # :doc:
+        attributes_changed_by_setter.except!(*attributes)
+      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/errors.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/errors.rb
index 9c3bc913e1..ef6141a51d 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/errors.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/errors.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/conversions'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/deep_dup'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/filters'
 
 module ActiveModel
   # == Active \Model \Errors
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ module ActiveModel
   #     attr_reader   :errors
   #
   #     def validate!
-  #       errors.add(:name, "cannot be nil") if name == nil
+  #       errors.add(:name, :blank, message: "cannot be nil") if name.nil?
   #     end
   #
   #     # The following methods are needed to be minimally implemented
@@ -32,20 +32,20 @@ module ActiveModel
   #       send(attr)
   #     end
   #
-  #     def Person.human_attribute_name(attr, options = {})
+  #     def self.human_attribute_name(attr, options = {})
   #       attr
   #     end
   #
-  #     def Person.lookup_ancestors
+  #     def self.lookup_ancestors
   #       [self]
   #     end
   #   end
   #
-  # The last three methods are required in your object for Errors to be
+  # The last three methods are required in your object for +Errors+ to be
   # able to generate error messages correctly and also handle multiple
-  # languages. Of course, if you extend your object with ActiveModel::Translation
+  # languages. Of course, if you extend your object with <tt>ActiveModel::Translation</tt>
   # you will not need to implement the last two. Likewise, using
-  # ActiveModel::Validations will handle the validation related methods
+  # <tt>ActiveModel::Validations</tt> will handle the validation related methods
   # for you.
   #
   # The above allows you to do:
@@ -58,8 +58,9 @@ module ActiveModel
     include Enumerable
 
     CALLBACKS_OPTIONS = [:if, :unless, :on, :allow_nil, :allow_blank, :strict]
+    MESSAGE_OPTIONS = [:message]
 
-    attr_reader :messages
+    attr_reader :messages, :details
 
     # Pass in the instance of the object that is using the errors object.
     #
@@ -70,14 +71,28 @@ module ActiveModel
     #   end
     def initialize(base)
       @base     = base
-      @messages = {}
+      @messages = Hash.new { |messages, attribute| messages[attribute] = [] }
+      @details  = Hash.new { |details, attribute| details[attribute] = [] }
     end
 
     def initialize_dup(other) # :nodoc:
       @messages = other.messages.dup
+      @details  = other.details.deep_dup
       super
     end
 
+    # Copies the errors from <tt>other</tt>.
+    #
+    # other - The ActiveModel::Errors instance.
+    #
+    # Examples
+    #
+    #   person.errors.copy!(other)
+    def copy!(other) # :nodoc:
+      @messages = other.messages.dup
+      @details  = other.details.dup
+    end
+
     # Clear the error messages.
     #
     #   person.errors.full_messages # => ["name cannot be nil"]
@@ -85,6 +100,7 @@ module ActiveModel
     #   person.errors.full_messages # => []
     def clear
       messages.clear
+      details.clear
     end
 
     # Returns +true+ if the error messages include an error for the given key
@@ -96,33 +112,46 @@ module ActiveModel
     def include?(attribute)
       messages[attribute].present?
     end
-    # aliases include?
     alias :has_key? :include?
+    alias :key? :include?
 
     # Get messages for +key+.
     #
     #   person.errors.messages   # => {:name=>["cannot be nil"]}
     #   person.errors.get(:name) # => ["cannot be nil"]
-    #   person.errors.get(:age)  # => nil
+    #   person.errors.get(:age)  # => []
     def get(key)
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MESSAGE.squish)
+        ActiveModel::Errors#get is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.1.
+
+        To achieve the same use model.errors[:#{key}].
+      MESSAGE
+
       messages[key]
     end
 
     # Set messages for +key+ to +value+.
     #
-    #   person.errors.get(:name) # => ["cannot be nil"]
+    #   person.errors[:name] # => ["cannot be nil"]
     #   person.errors.set(:name, ["can't be nil"])
-    #   person.errors.get(:name) # => ["can't be nil"]
+    #   person.errors[:name] # => ["can't be nil"]
     def set(key, value)
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MESSAGE.squish)
+        ActiveModel::Errors#set is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.1.
+
+        Use model.errors.add(:#{key}, #{value.inspect}) instead.
+      MESSAGE
+
       messages[key] = value
     end
 
     # Delete messages for +key+. Returns the deleted messages.
     #
-    #   person.errors.get(:name)    # => ["cannot be nil"]
+    #   person.errors[:name]    # => ["cannot be nil"]
     #   person.errors.delete(:name) # => ["cannot be nil"]
-    #   person.errors.get(:name)    # => nil
+    #   person.errors[:name]    # => []
     def delete(key)
+      details.delete(key)
       messages.delete(key)
     end
 
@@ -132,7 +161,7 @@ module ActiveModel
     #   person.errors[:name]  # => ["cannot be nil"]
     #   person.errors['name'] # => ["cannot be nil"]
     def [](attribute)
-      get(attribute.to_sym) || set(attribute.to_sym, [])
+      messages[attribute.to_sym]
     end
 
     # Adds to the supplied attribute the supplied error message.
@@ -140,38 +169,45 @@ module ActiveModel
     #   person.errors[:name] = "must be set"
     #   person.errors[:name] # => ['must be set']
     def []=(attribute, error)
-      self[attribute] << error
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MESSAGE.squish)
+        ActiveModel::Errors#[]= is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.1.
+
+        Use model.errors.add(:#{attribute}, #{error.inspect}) instead.
+      MESSAGE
+
+      messages[attribute.to_sym] << error
     end
 
     # Iterates through each error key, value pair in the error messages hash.
     # Yields the attribute and the error for that attribute. If the attribute
     # has more than one error message, yields once for each error message.
     #
-    #   person.errors.add(:name, "can't be blank")
+    #   person.errors.add(:name, :blank, message: "can't be blank")
     #   person.errors.each do |attribute, error|
     #     # Will yield :name and "can't be blank"
     #   end
     #
-    #   person.errors.add(:name, "must be specified")
+    #   person.errors.add(:name, :not_specified, message: "must be specified")
     #   person.errors.each do |attribute, error|
     #     # Will yield :name and "can't be blank"
     #     # then yield :name and "must be specified"
     #   end
     def each
       messages.each_key do |attribute|
-        self[attribute].each { |error| yield attribute, error }
+        messages[attribute].each { |error| yield attribute, error }
       end
     end
 
     # Returns the number of error messages.
     #
-    #   person.errors.add(:name, "can't be blank")
+    #   person.errors.add(:name, :blank, message: "can't be blank")
     #   person.errors.size # => 1
-    #   person.errors.add(:name, "must be specified")
+    #   person.errors.add(:name, :not_specified, message: "must be specified")
     #   person.errors.size # => 2
     def size
       values.flatten.size
     end
+    alias :count :size
 
     # Returns all message values.
     #
@@ -189,40 +225,20 @@ module ActiveModel
       messages.keys
     end
 
-    # Returns an array of error messages, with the attribute name included.
-    #
-    #   person.errors.add(:name, "can't be blank")
-    #   person.errors.add(:name, "must be specified")
-    #   person.errors.to_a # => ["name can't be blank", "name must be specified"]
-    def to_a
-      full_messages
-    end
-
-    # Returns the number of error messages.
-    #
-    #   person.errors.add(:name, "can't be blank")
-    #   person.errors.count # => 1
-    #   person.errors.add(:name, "must be specified")
-    #   person.errors.count # => 2
-    def count
-      to_a.size
-    end
-
     # Returns +true+ if no errors are found, +false+ otherwise.
     # If the error message is a string it can be empty.
     #
     #   person.errors.full_messages # => ["name cannot be nil"]
     #   person.errors.empty?        # => false
     def empty?
-      all? { |k, v| v && v.empty? && !v.is_a?(String) }
+      size.zero?
     end
-    # aliases empty?
-    alias_method :blank?, :empty?
+    alias :blank? :empty?
 
     # Returns an xml formatted representation of the Errors hash.
     #
-    #   person.errors.add(:name, "can't be blank")
-    #   person.errors.add(:name, "must be specified")
+    #   person.errors.add(:name, :blank, message: "can't be blank")
+    #   person.errors.add(:name, :not_specified, message: "must be specified")
     #   person.errors.to_xml
     #   # =>
     #   #  <?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>
@@ -251,27 +267,28 @@ module ActiveModel
     #   person.errors.to_hash(true) # => {:name=>["name cannot be nil"]}
     def to_hash(full_messages = false)
       if full_messages
-        messages = {}
-        self.messages.each do |attribute, array|
+        self.messages.each_with_object({}) do |(attribute, array), messages|
           messages[attribute] = array.map { |message| full_message(attribute, message) }
         end
-        messages
       else
         self.messages.dup
       end
     end
 
-    # Adds +message+ to the error messages on +attribute+. More than one error
-    # can be added to the same +attribute+. If no +message+ is supplied,
-    # <tt>:invalid</tt> is assumed.
+    # Adds +message+ to the error messages and used validator type to +details+ on +attribute+.
+    # More than one error can be added to the same +attribute+.
+    # If no +message+ is supplied, <tt>:invalid</tt> is assumed.
     #
     #   person.errors.add(:name)
     #   # => ["is invalid"]
-    #   person.errors.add(:name, 'must be implemented')
+    #   person.errors.add(:name, :not_implemented, message: "must be implemented")
     #   # => ["is invalid", "must be implemented"]
     #
     #   person.errors.messages
-    #   # => {:name=>["must be implemented", "is invalid"]}
+    #   # => {:name=>["is invalid", "must be implemented"]}
+    #
+    #   person.errors.details
+    #   # => {:name=>[{error: :not_implemented}, {error: :invalid}]}
     #
     # If +message+ is a symbol, it will be translated using the appropriate
     # scope (see +generate_message+).
@@ -283,20 +300,33 @@ module ActiveModel
     # ActiveModel::StrictValidationFailed instead of adding the error.
     # <tt>:strict</tt> option can also be set to any other exception.
     #
-    #   person.errors.add(:name, nil, strict: true)
+    #   person.errors.add(:name, :invalid, strict: true)
     #   # => ActiveModel::StrictValidationFailed: name is invalid
-    #   person.errors.add(:name, nil, strict: NameIsInvalid)
+    #   person.errors.add(:name, :invalid, strict: NameIsInvalid)
     #   # => NameIsInvalid: name is invalid
     #
     #   person.errors.messages # => {}
+    #
+    # +attribute+ should be set to <tt>:base</tt> if the error is not
+    # directly associated with a single attribute.
+    #
+    #   person.errors.add(:base, :name_or_email_blank,
+    #     message: "either name or email must be present")
+    #   person.errors.messages
+    #   # => {:base=>["either name or email must be present"]}
+    #   person.errors.details
+    #   # => {:base=>[{error: :name_or_email_blank}]}
     def add(attribute, message = :invalid, options = {})
+      message = message.call if message.respond_to?(:call)
+      detail  = normalize_detail(attribute, message, options)
       message = normalize_message(attribute, message, options)
       if exception = options[:strict]
         exception = ActiveModel::StrictValidationFailed if exception == true
         raise exception, full_message(attribute, message)
       end
 
-      self[attribute] << message
+      details[attribute.to_sym]  << detail
+      messages[attribute.to_sym] << message
     end
 
     # Will add an error message to each of the attributes in +attributes+
@@ -306,6 +336,14 @@ module ActiveModel
     #   person.errors.messages
     #   # => {:name=>["can't be empty"]}
     def add_on_empty(attributes, options = {})
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MESSAGE.squish)
+        ActiveModel::Errors#add_on_empty is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.1
+
+        To achieve the same use:
+
+          errors.add(attribute, :empty, options) if value.nil? || value.empty?
+      MESSAGE
+
       Array(attributes).each do |attribute|
         value = @base.send(:read_attribute_for_validation, attribute)
         is_empty = value.respond_to?(:empty?) ? value.empty? : false
@@ -320,6 +358,14 @@ module ActiveModel
     #   person.errors.messages
     #   # => {:name=>["can't be blank"]}
     def add_on_blank(attributes, options = {})
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MESSAGE.squish)
+        ActiveModel::Errors#add_on_blank is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.1
+
+        To achieve the same use:
+
+          errors.add(attribute, :empty, options) if value.blank?
+      MESSAGE
+
       Array(attributes).each do |attribute|
         value = @base.send(:read_attribute_for_validation, attribute)
         add(attribute, :blank, options) if value.blank?
@@ -332,6 +378,7 @@ module ActiveModel
     #   person.errors.add :name, :blank
     #   person.errors.added? :name, :blank # => true
     def added?(attribute, message = :invalid, options = {})
+      message = message.call if message.respond_to?(:call)
       message = normalize_message(attribute, message, options)
       self[attribute].include? message
     end
@@ -349,6 +396,7 @@ module ActiveModel
     def full_messages
       map { |attribute, message| full_message(attribute, message) }
     end
+    alias :to_a :full_messages
 
     # Returns all the full error messages for a given attribute in an array.
     #
@@ -361,7 +409,7 @@ module ActiveModel
     #   person.errors.full_messages_for(:name)
     #   # => ["Name is too short (minimum is 5 characters)", "Name can't be blank"]
     def full_messages_for(attribute)
-      (get(attribute) || []).map { |message| full_message(attribute, message) }
+      messages[attribute].map { |message| full_message(attribute, message) }
     end
 
     # Returns a full message for a given attribute.
@@ -381,8 +429,8 @@ module ActiveModel
     # Translates an error message in its default scope
     # (<tt>activemodel.errors.messages</tt>).
     #
-    # Error messages are first looked up in <tt>models.MODEL.attributes.ATTRIBUTE.MESSAGE</tt>,
-    # if it's not there, it's looked up in <tt>models.MODEL.MESSAGE</tt> and if
+    # Error messages are first looked up in <tt>activemodel.errors.models.MODEL.attributes.ATTRIBUTE.MESSAGE</tt>,
+    # if it's not there, it's looked up in <tt>activemodel.errors.models.MODEL.MESSAGE</tt> and if
     # that is not there also, it returns the translation of the default message
     # (e.g. <tt>activemodel.errors.messages.MESSAGE</tt>). The translated model
     # name, translated attribute name and the value are available for
@@ -414,7 +462,6 @@ module ActiveModel
         defaults = []
       end
 
-      defaults << options.delete(:message)
       defaults << :"#{@base.class.i18n_scope}.errors.messages.#{type}" if @base.class.respond_to?(:i18n_scope)
       defaults << :"errors.attributes.#{attribute}.#{type}"
       defaults << :"errors.messages.#{type}"
@@ -423,11 +470,12 @@ module ActiveModel
       defaults.flatten!
 
       key = defaults.shift
+      defaults = options.delete(:message) if options[:message]
       value = (attribute != :base ? @base.send(:read_attribute_for_validation, attribute) : nil)
 
       options = {
         default: defaults,
-        model: @base.class.model_name.human,
+        model: @base.model_name.human,
         attribute: @base.class.human_attribute_name(attribute),
         value: value
       }.merge!(options)
@@ -440,12 +488,14 @@ module ActiveModel
       case message
       when Symbol
         generate_message(attribute, message, options.except(*CALLBACKS_OPTIONS))
-      when Proc
-        message.call
       else
         message
       end
     end
+
+    def normalize_detail(attribute, message, options)
+      { error: message }.merge(options.except(*CALLBACKS_OPTIONS + MESSAGE_OPTIONS))
+    end
   end
 
   # Raised when a validation cannot be corrected by end users and are considered
@@ -465,4 +515,15 @@ module ActiveModel
   #   # => ActiveModel::StrictValidationFailed: Name can't be blank
   class StrictValidationFailed < StandardError
   end
+
+  # Raised when unknown attributes are supplied via mass assignment.
+  class UnknownAttributeError < NoMethodError
+    attr_reader :record, :attribute
+
+    def initialize(record, attribute)
+      @record = record
+      @attribute = attribute
+      super("unknown attribute '#{attribute}' for #{@record.class}.")
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/forbidden_attributes_protection.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/forbidden_attributes_protection.rb
index 7468f95548..d2c6a89cc2 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/forbidden_attributes_protection.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/forbidden_attributes_protection.rb
@@ -17,11 +17,13 @@ module ActiveModel
   module ForbiddenAttributesProtection # :nodoc:
     protected
       def sanitize_for_mass_assignment(attributes)
-        if attributes.respond_to?(:permitted?) && !attributes.permitted?
-          raise ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesError
+        if attributes.respond_to?(:permitted?)
+          raise ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesError if !attributes.permitted?
+          attributes.to_h
         else
           attributes
         end
       end
+      alias :sanitize_forbidden_attributes :sanitize_for_mass_assignment
   end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/gem_version.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/gem_version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..762f4fe939
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/gem_version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module ActiveModel
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded \Active \Model as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
+  def self.gem_version
+    Gem::Version.new VERSION::STRING
+  end
+
+  module VERSION
+    MAJOR = 5
+    MINOR = 0
+    TINY  = 0
+    PRE   = "alpha"
+
+    STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE].compact.join(".")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/lint.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/lint.rb
index c6bc18b008..010eaeb170 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/lint.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/lint.rb
@@ -21,28 +21,27 @@ module ActiveModel
     # +self+.
     module Tests
 
-      # == Responds to <tt>to_key</tt>
+      # Passes if the object's model responds to <tt>to_key</tt> and if calling
+      # this method returns +nil+ when the object is not persisted.
+      # Fails otherwise.
       #
-      # Returns an Enumerable of all (primary) key attributes
-      # or nil if <tt>model.persisted?</tt> is false. This is used by
-      # <tt>dom_id</tt> to generate unique ids for the object.
+      # <tt>to_key</tt> returns an Enumerable of all (primary) key attributes
+      # of the model, and is used to a generate unique DOM id for the object.
       def test_to_key
         assert model.respond_to?(:to_key), "The model should respond to to_key"
         def model.persisted?() false end
         assert model.to_key.nil?, "to_key should return nil when `persisted?` returns false"
       end
 
-      # == Responds to <tt>to_param</tt>
-      #
-      # Returns a string representing the object's key suitable for use in URLs
-      # or +nil+ if <tt>model.persisted?</tt> is +false+.
+      # Passes if the object's model responds to <tt>to_param</tt> and if
+      # calling this method returns +nil+ when the object is not persisted.
+      # Fails otherwise.
       #
+      # <tt>to_param</tt> is used to represent the object's key in URLs.
       # Implementers can decide to either raise an exception or provide a
       # default in case the record uses a composite primary key. There are no
       # tests for this behavior in lint because it doesn't make sense to force
       # any of the possible implementation strategies on the implementer.
-      # However, if the resource is not persisted?, then <tt>to_param</tt>
-      # should always return +nil+.
       def test_to_param
         assert model.respond_to?(:to_param), "The model should respond to to_param"
         def model.to_key() [1] end
@@ -50,47 +49,55 @@ module ActiveModel
         assert model.to_param.nil?, "to_param should return nil when `persisted?` returns false"
       end
 
-      # == Responds to <tt>to_partial_path</tt>
+      # Passes if the object's model responds to <tt>to_partial_path</tt> and if
+      # calling this method returns a string. Fails otherwise.
       #
-      # Returns a string giving a relative path. This is used for looking up
-      # partials. For example, a BlogPost model might return "blog_posts/blog_post"
+      # <tt>to_partial_path</tt> is used for looking up partials. For example,
+      # a BlogPost model might return "blog_posts/blog_post".
       def test_to_partial_path
         assert model.respond_to?(:to_partial_path), "The model should respond to to_partial_path"
         assert_kind_of String, model.to_partial_path
       end
 
-      # == Responds to <tt>persisted?</tt>
+      # Passes if the object's model responds to <tt>persisted?</tt> and if
+      # calling this method returns either +true+ or +false+. Fails otherwise.
       #
-      # Returns a boolean that specifies whether the object has been persisted
-      # yet. This is used when calculating the URL for an object. If the object
-      # is not persisted, a form for that object, for instance, will route to
-      # the create action. If it is persisted, a form for the object will routes
-      # to the update action.
+      # <tt>persisted?</tt> is used when calculating the URL for an object.
+      # If the object is not persisted, a form for that object, for instance,
+      # will route to the create action. If it is persisted, a form for the
+      # object will route to the update action.
       def test_persisted?
         assert model.respond_to?(:persisted?), "The model should respond to persisted?"
         assert_boolean model.persisted?, "persisted?"
       end
 
-      # == \Naming
+      # Passes if the object's model responds to <tt>model_name</tt> both as
+      # an instance method and as a class method, and if calling this method
+      # returns a string with some convenience methods: <tt>:human</tt>,
+      # <tt>:singular</tt> and <tt>:plural</tt>.
       #
-      # Model.model_name must return a string with some convenience methods:
-      # <tt>:human</tt>, <tt>:singular</tt> and <tt>:plural</tt>. Check
-      # ActiveModel::Naming for more information.
+      # Check ActiveModel::Naming for more information.
       def test_model_naming
-        assert model.class.respond_to?(:model_name), "The model should respond to model_name"
+        assert model.class.respond_to?(:model_name), "The model class should respond to model_name"
         model_name = model.class.model_name
         assert model_name.respond_to?(:to_str)
         assert model_name.human.respond_to?(:to_str)
         assert model_name.singular.respond_to?(:to_str)
         assert model_name.plural.respond_to?(:to_str)
+
+        assert model.respond_to?(:model_name), "The model instance should respond to model_name"
+        assert_equal model.model_name, model.class.model_name
       end
 
-      # == \Errors Testing
+      # Passes if the object's model responds to <tt>errors</tt> and if calling
+      # <tt>[](attribute)</tt> on the result of this method returns an array.
+      # Fails otherwise.
       #
-      # Returns an object that implements [](attribute) defined which returns an
-      # Array of Strings that are the errors for the attribute in question.
-      # If localization is used, the Strings should be localized for the current
-      # locale. If no error is present, this method should return an empty Array.
+      # <tt>errors[attribute]</tt> is used to retrieve the errors of a model
+      # for a given attribute. If errors are present, the method should return
+      # an array of strings that are the errors for the attribute in question.
+      # If localization is used, the strings should be localized for the current
+      # locale. If no error is present, the method should return an empty array.
       def test_errors_aref
         assert model.respond_to?(:errors), "The model should respond to errors"
         assert model.errors[:hello].is_a?(Array), "errors#[] should return an Array"
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/locale/en.yml b/activemodel/lib/active_model/locale/en.yml
index 540e8132d3..061e35dd1e 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/locale/en.yml
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/locale/en.yml
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ en:
     # The values :model, :attribute and :value are always available for interpolation
     # The value :count is available when applicable. Can be used for pluralization.
     messages:
+      model_invalid: "Validation failed: %{errors}"
       inclusion: "is not included in the list"
       exclusion: "is reserved"
       invalid: "is invalid"
@@ -14,9 +15,15 @@ en:
       empty: "can't be empty"
       blank: "can't be blank"
       present: "must be blank"
-      too_long: "is too long (maximum is %{count} characters)"
-      too_short: "is too short (minimum is %{count} characters)"
-      wrong_length: "is the wrong length (should be %{count} characters)"
+      too_long:
+        one: "is too long (maximum is 1 character)"
+        other: "is too long (maximum is %{count} characters)"
+      too_short:
+        one: "is too short (minimum is 1 character)"
+        other: "is too short (minimum is %{count} characters)"
+      wrong_length:
+        one: "is the wrong length (should be 1 character)"
+        other: "is the wrong length (should be %{count} characters)"
       not_a_number: "is not a number"
       not_an_integer: "must be an integer"
       greater_than: "must be greater than %{count}"
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/model.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/model.rb
index 63716eebb1..dac8d549a7 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/model.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/model.rb
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ module ActiveModel
   #   end
   #
   #   person = Person.new(name: 'bob', age: '18')
-  #   person.name # => 'bob'
-  #   person.age  # => 18
+  #   person.name # => "bob"
+  #   person.age  # => "18"
   #
   # Note that, by default, <tt>ActiveModel::Model</tt> implements <tt>persisted?</tt>
   # to return +false+, which is the most common case. You may want to override
@@ -56,13 +56,14 @@ module ActiveModel
   # refer to the specific modules included in <tt>ActiveModel::Model</tt>
   # (see below).
   module Model
-    def self.included(base) #:nodoc:
-      base.class_eval do
-        extend  ActiveModel::Naming
-        extend  ActiveModel::Translation
-        include ActiveModel::Validations
-        include ActiveModel::Conversion
-      end
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+    include ActiveModel::AttributeAssignment
+    include ActiveModel::Validations
+    include ActiveModel::Conversion
+
+    included do
+      extend ActiveModel::Naming
+      extend ActiveModel::Translation
     end
 
     # Initializes a new model with the given +params+.
@@ -74,11 +75,9 @@ module ActiveModel
     #
     #   person = Person.new(name: 'bob', age: '18')
     #   person.name # => "bob"
-    #   person.age  # => 18
-    def initialize(params={})
-      params.each do |attr, value|
-        self.public_send("#{attr}=", value)
-      end if params
+    #   person.age  # => "18"
+    def initialize(attributes={})
+      assign_attributes(attributes) if attributes
 
       super()
     end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/naming.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/naming.rb
index 11ebfe6cc0..d86ef6224e 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/naming.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/naming.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/except'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/introspection'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/delegation'
 
 module ActiveModel
   class Name
@@ -129,7 +131,7 @@ module ActiveModel
     #
     # Equivalent to +to_s+.
     delegate :==, :===, :<=>, :=~, :"!~", :eql?, :to_s,
-             :to_str, to: :name
+             :to_str, :as_json, to: :name
 
     # Returns a new ActiveModel::Name instance. By default, the +namespace+
     # and +name+ option will take the namespace and name of the given class
@@ -162,7 +164,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       @route_key << "_index" if @plural == @singular
     end
 
-    # Transform the model name into a more humane format, using I18n. By default,
+    # Transform the model name into a more human format, using I18n. By default,
     # it will underscore then humanize the class name.
     #
     #   class BlogPost
@@ -189,8 +191,8 @@ module ActiveModel
 
     private
 
-    def _singularize(string, replacement='_')
-      ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore(string).tr('/', replacement)
+    def _singularize(string)
+      ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore(string).tr('/'.freeze, '_'.freeze)
     end
   end
 
@@ -204,24 +206,30 @@ module ActiveModel
   #     extend ActiveModel::Naming
   #   end
   #
-  #   BookCover.model_name        # => "BookCover"
+  #   BookCover.model_name.name   # => "BookCover"
   #   BookCover.model_name.human  # => "Book cover"
   #
   #   BookCover.model_name.i18n_key              # => :book_cover
   #   BookModule::BookCover.model_name.i18n_key  # => :"book_module/book_cover"
   #
   # Providing the functionality that ActiveModel::Naming provides in your object
-  # is required to pass the Active Model Lint test. So either extending the
+  # is required to pass the \Active \Model Lint test. So either extending the
   # provided method below, or rolling your own is required.
   module Naming
+    def self.extended(base) #:nodoc:
+      base.remove_possible_method :model_name
+      base.delegate :model_name, to: :class
+    end
+
     # Returns an ActiveModel::Name object for module. It can be
     # used to retrieve all kinds of naming-related information
     # (See ActiveModel::Name for more information).
     #
-    #   class Person < ActiveModel::Model
+    #   class Person
+    #     extend ActiveModel::Naming
     #   end
     #
-    #   Person.model_name          # => Person
+    #   Person.model_name.name     # => "Person"
     #   Person.model_name.class    # => ActiveModel::Name
     #   Person.model_name.singular # => "person"
     #   Person.model_name.plural   # => "people"
@@ -298,12 +306,10 @@ module ActiveModel
     end
 
     def self.model_name_from_record_or_class(record_or_class) #:nodoc:
-      if record_or_class.respond_to?(:model_name)
-        record_or_class.model_name
-      elsif record_or_class.respond_to?(:to_model)
-        record_or_class.to_model.class.model_name
+      if record_or_class.respond_to?(:to_model)
+        record_or_class.to_model.model_name
       else
-        record_or_class.class.model_name
+        record_or_class.model_name
       end
     end
     private_class_method :model_name_from_record_or_class
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/secure_password.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/secure_password.rb
index 826e89bf9d..89da74efa8 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/secure_password.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/secure_password.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,11 @@ module ActiveModel
   module SecurePassword
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
+    # BCrypt hash function can handle maximum 72 characters, and if we pass
+    # password of length more than 72 characters it ignores extra characters.
+    # Hence need to put a restriction on password length.
+    MAX_PASSWORD_LENGTH_ALLOWED = 72
+
     class << self
       attr_accessor :min_cost # :nodoc:
     end
@@ -11,16 +16,20 @@ module ActiveModel
       # Adds methods to set and authenticate against a BCrypt password.
       # This mechanism requires you to have a +password_digest+ attribute.
       #
-      # Validations for presence of password on create, confirmation of password
-      # (using a +password_confirmation+ attribute) are automatically added. If
-      # you wish to turn off validations, pass <tt>validations: false</tt> as an
-      # argument. You can add more validations by hand if need be.
+      # The following validations are added automatically:
+      # * Password must be present on creation
+      # * Password length should be less than or equal to 72 characters
+      # * Confirmation of password (using a +password_confirmation+ attribute)
+      #
+      # If password confirmation validation is not needed, simply leave out the
+      # value for +password_confirmation+ (i.e. don't provide a form field for
+      # it). When this attribute has a +nil+ value, the validation will not be
+      # triggered.
       #
-      # If you don't need the confirmation validation, just don't set any
-      # value to the password_confirmation attribute and the validation
-      # will not be triggered.
+      # For further customizability, it is possible to suppress the default
+      # validations by passing <tt>validations: false</tt> as an argument.
       #
-      # You need to add bcrypt (~> 3.1.7) to Gemfile to use #has_secure_password:
+      # Add bcrypt (~> 3.1.7) to Gemfile to use #has_secure_password:
       #
       #   gem 'bcrypt', '~> 3.1.7'
       #
@@ -52,11 +61,11 @@ module ActiveModel
           raise
         end
 
-        attr_reader :password
-
         include InstanceMethodsOnActivation
 
         if options.fetch(:validations, true)
+          include ActiveModel::Validations
+
           # This ensures the model has a password by checking whether the password_digest
           # is present, so that this works with both new and existing records. However,
           # when there is an error, the message is added to the password attribute instead
@@ -65,13 +74,8 @@ module ActiveModel
             record.errors.add(:password, :blank) unless record.password_digest.present?
           end
 
-          validates_confirmation_of :password, if: ->{ password.present? }
-        end
-
-        if respond_to?(:attributes_protected_by_default)
-          def self.attributes_protected_by_default #:nodoc:
-            super + ['password_digest']
-          end
+          validates_length_of :password, maximum: ActiveModel::SecurePassword::MAX_PASSWORD_LENGTH_ALLOWED
+          validates_confirmation_of :password, allow_blank: true
         end
       end
     end
@@ -88,11 +92,13 @@ module ActiveModel
       #   user.authenticate('notright')      # => false
       #   user.authenticate('mUc3m00RsqyRe') # => user
       def authenticate(unencrypted_password)
-        BCrypt::Password.new(password_digest) == unencrypted_password && self
+        BCrypt::Password.new(password_digest).is_password?(unencrypted_password) && self
       end
 
+      attr_reader :password
+
       # Encrypts the password into the +password_digest+ attribute, only if the
-      # new password is not blank.
+      # new password is not empty.
       #
       #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
       #     has_secure_password validations: false
@@ -106,7 +112,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       def password=(unencrypted_password)
         if unencrypted_password.nil?
           self.password_digest = nil
-        elsif unencrypted_password.present?
+        elsif !unencrypted_password.empty?
           @password = unencrypted_password
           cost = ActiveModel::SecurePassword.min_cost ? BCrypt::Engine::MIN_COST : BCrypt::Engine.cost
           self.password_digest = BCrypt::Password.create(unencrypted_password, cost: cost)
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/serialization.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/serialization.rb
index 36a6c00290..70e10fa06d 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/serialization.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/serialization.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice'
 module ActiveModel
   # == Active \Model \Serialization
   #
-  # Provides a basic serialization to a serializable_hash for your object.
+  # Provides a basic serialization to a serializable_hash for your objects.
   #
   # A minimal implementation could be:
   #
@@ -25,22 +25,20 @@ module ActiveModel
   #   person.name = "Bob"
   #   person.serializable_hash   # => {"name"=>"Bob"}
   #
-  # You need to declare an attributes hash which contains the attributes you
-  # want to serialize. Attributes must be strings, not symbols. When called,
-  # serializable hash will use instance methods that match the name of the
-  # attributes hash's keys. In order to override this behavior, take a look at
-  # the private method +read_attribute_for_serialization+.
+  # An +attributes+ hash must be defined and should contain any attributes you
+  # need to be serialized. Attributes must be strings, not symbols.
+  # When called, serializable hash will use instance methods that match the name
+  # of the attributes hash's keys. In order to override this behavior, take a look
+  # at the private method +read_attribute_for_serialization+.
   #
-  # Most of the time though, you will want to include the JSON or XML
-  # serializations. Both of these modules automatically include the
-  # <tt>ActiveModel::Serialization</tt> module, so there is no need to
-  # explicitly include it.
+  # ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON module automatically includes
+  # the <tt>ActiveModel::Serialization</tt> module, so there is no need to
+  # explicitly include <tt>ActiveModel::Serialization</tt>.
   #
-  # A minimal implementation including XML and JSON would be:
+  # A minimal implementation including JSON would be:
   #
   #   class Person
   #     include ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON
-  #     include ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml
   #
   #     attr_accessor :name
   #
@@ -55,13 +53,11 @@ module ActiveModel
   #   person.serializable_hash   # => {"name"=>nil}
   #   person.as_json             # => {"name"=>nil}
   #   person.to_json             # => "{\"name\":null}"
-  #   person.to_xml              # => "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<serial-person...
   #
   #   person.name = "Bob"
   #   person.serializable_hash   # => {"name"=>"Bob"}
   #   person.as_json             # => {"name"=>"Bob"}
   #   person.to_json             # => "{\"name\":\"Bob\"}"
-  #   person.to_xml              # => "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<serial-person...
   #
   # Valid options are <tt>:only</tt>, <tt>:except</tt>, <tt>:methods</tt> and
   # <tt>:include</tt>. The following are all valid examples:
@@ -94,6 +90,37 @@ module ActiveModel
     #   person.serializable_hash(except: :name) # => {"age"=>22}
     #   person.serializable_hash(methods: :capitalized_name)
     #   # => {"name"=>"bob", "age"=>22, "capitalized_name"=>"Bob"}
+    #
+    # Example with <tt>:include</tt> option
+    #
+    #   class User
+    #     include ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON
+    #     attr_accessor :name, :notes # Emulate has_many :notes
+    #     def attributes
+    #       {'name' => nil}
+    #     end
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   class Note
+    #     include ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON
+    #     attr_accessor :title, :text
+    #     def attributes
+    #       {'title' => nil, 'text' => nil}
+    #     end
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   note = Note.new
+    #   note.title = 'Battle of Austerlitz'
+    #   note.text = 'Some text here'
+    #
+    #   user = User.new
+    #   user.name = 'Napoleon'
+    #   user.notes = [note]
+    #
+    #   user.serializable_hash
+    #   # => {"name" => "Napoleon"}
+    #   user.serializable_hash(include: { notes: { only: 'title' }})
+    #   # => {"name" => "Napoleon", "notes" => [{"title"=>"Battle of Austerlitz"}]}
     def serializable_hash(options = nil)
       options ||= {}
 
@@ -107,7 +134,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       hash = {}
       attribute_names.each { |n| hash[n] = read_attribute_for_serialization(n) }
 
-      Array(options[:methods]).each { |m| hash[m.to_s] = send(m) if respond_to?(m) }
+      Array(options[:methods]).each { |m| hash[m.to_s] = send(m) }
 
       serializable_add_includes(options) do |association, records, opts|
         hash[association.to_s] = if records.respond_to?(:to_ary)
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/serializers/json.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/serializers/json.rb
index c58e73f6a7..b66dbf1afe 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/serializers/json.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/serializers/json.rb
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ module ActiveModel
         end
 
         if root
-          root = self.class.model_name.element if root == true
+          root = model_name.element if root == true
           { root => serializable_hash(options) }
         else
           serializable_hash(options)
@@ -130,10 +130,10 @@ module ActiveModel
       #
       #   json = { person: { name: 'bob', age: 22, awesome:true } }.to_json
       #   person = Person.new
-      #   person.from_json(json) # => #<Person:0x007fec5e7a0088 @age=22, @awesome=true, @name="bob">
-      #   person.name            # => "bob"
-      #   person.age             # => 22
-      #   person.awesome         # => true
+      #   person.from_json(json, true) # => #<Person:0x007fec5e7a0088 @age=22, @awesome=true, @name="bob">
+      #   person.name                  # => "bob"
+      #   person.age                   # => 22
+      #   person.awesome               # => true
       def from_json(json, include_root=include_root_in_json)
         hash = ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(json)
         hash = hash.values.first if include_root
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/serializers/xml.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/serializers/xml.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7f99536dbb..0000000000
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/serializers/xml.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,238 +0,0 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/array/conversions'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/time/acts_like'
-
-module ActiveModel
-  module Serializers
-    # == Active Model XML Serializer
-    module Xml
-      extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-      include ActiveModel::Serialization
-
-      included do
-        extend ActiveModel::Naming
-      end
-
-      class Serializer #:nodoc:
-        class Attribute #:nodoc:
-          attr_reader :name, :value, :type
-
-          def initialize(name, serializable, value)
-            @name, @serializable = name, serializable
-
-            if value.acts_like?(:time) && value.respond_to?(:in_time_zone)
-              value  = value.in_time_zone
-            end
-
-            @value = value
-            @type  = compute_type
-          end
-
-          def decorations
-            decorations = {}
-            decorations[:encoding] = 'base64' if type == :binary
-            decorations[:type] = (type == :string) ? nil : type
-            decorations[:nil] = true if value.nil?
-            decorations
-          end
-
-        protected
-
-          def compute_type
-            return if value.nil?
-            type = ActiveSupport::XmlMini::TYPE_NAMES[value.class.name]
-            type ||= :string if value.respond_to?(:to_str)
-            type ||= :yaml
-            type
-          end
-        end
-
-        class MethodAttribute < Attribute #:nodoc:
-        end
-
-        attr_reader :options
-
-        def initialize(serializable, options = nil)
-          @serializable = serializable
-          @options = options ? options.dup : {}
-        end
-
-        def serializable_hash
-          @serializable.serializable_hash(@options.except(:include))
-        end
-
-        def serializable_collection
-          methods = Array(options[:methods]).map(&:to_s)
-          serializable_hash.map do |name, value|
-            name = name.to_s
-            if methods.include?(name)
-              self.class::MethodAttribute.new(name, @serializable, value)
-            else
-              self.class::Attribute.new(name, @serializable, value)
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        def serialize
-          require 'builder' unless defined? ::Builder
-
-          options[:indent]  ||= 2
-          options[:builder] ||= ::Builder::XmlMarkup.new(indent: options[:indent])
-
-          @builder = options[:builder]
-          @builder.instruct! unless options[:skip_instruct]
-
-          root = (options[:root] || @serializable.class.model_name.element).to_s
-          root = ActiveSupport::XmlMini.rename_key(root, options)
-
-          args = [root]
-          args << { xmlns: options[:namespace] } if options[:namespace]
-          args << { type: options[:type] } if options[:type] && !options[:skip_types]
-
-          @builder.tag!(*args) do
-            add_attributes_and_methods
-            add_includes
-            add_extra_behavior
-            add_procs
-            yield @builder if block_given?
-          end
-        end
-
-      private
-
-        def add_extra_behavior
-        end
-
-        def add_attributes_and_methods
-          serializable_collection.each do |attribute|
-            key = ActiveSupport::XmlMini.rename_key(attribute.name, options)
-            ActiveSupport::XmlMini.to_tag(key, attribute.value,
-              options.merge(attribute.decorations))
-          end
-        end
-
-        def add_includes
-          @serializable.send(:serializable_add_includes, options) do |association, records, opts|
-            add_associations(association, records, opts)
-          end
-        end
-
-        # TODO: This can likely be cleaned up to simple use ActiveSupport::XmlMini.to_tag as well.
-        def add_associations(association, records, opts)
-          merged_options = opts.merge(options.slice(:builder, :indent))
-          merged_options[:skip_instruct] = true
-
-          [:skip_types, :dasherize, :camelize].each do |key|
-            merged_options[key] = options[key] if merged_options[key].nil? && !options[key].nil?
-          end
-
-          if records.respond_to?(:to_ary)
-            records = records.to_ary
-
-            tag  = ActiveSupport::XmlMini.rename_key(association.to_s, options)
-            type = options[:skip_types] ? { } : { type: "array" }
-            association_name = association.to_s.singularize
-            merged_options[:root] = association_name
-
-            if records.empty?
-              @builder.tag!(tag, type)
-            else
-              @builder.tag!(tag, type) do
-                records.each do |record|
-                  if options[:skip_types]
-                    record_type = {}
-                  else
-                    record_class = (record.class.to_s.underscore == association_name) ? nil : record.class.name
-                    record_type = { type: record_class }
-                  end
-
-                  record.to_xml merged_options.merge(record_type)
-                end
-              end
-            end
-          else
-            merged_options[:root] = association.to_s
-
-            unless records.class.to_s.underscore == association.to_s
-              merged_options[:type] = records.class.name
-            end
-
-            records.to_xml merged_options
-          end
-        end
-
-        def add_procs
-          if procs = options.delete(:procs)
-            Array(procs).each do |proc|
-              if proc.arity == 1
-                proc.call(options)
-              else
-                proc.call(options, @serializable)
-              end
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Returns XML representing the model. Configuration can be
-      # passed through +options+.
-      #
-      # Without any +options+, the returned XML string will include all the
-      # model's attributes.
-      #
-      #   user = User.find(1)
-      #   user.to_xml
-      #
-      #   <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
-      #   <user>
-      #     <id type="integer">1</id>
-      #     <name>David</name>
-      #     <age type="integer">16</age>
-      #     <created-at type="dateTime">2011-01-30T22:29:23Z</created-at>
-      #   </user>
-      #
-      # The <tt>:only</tt> and <tt>:except</tt> options can be used to limit the
-      # attributes included, and work similar to the +attributes+ method.
-      #
-      # To include the result of some method calls on the model use <tt>:methods</tt>.
-      #
-      # To include associations use <tt>:include</tt>.
-      #
-      # For further documentation, see <tt>ActiveRecord::Serialization#to_xml</tt>
-      def to_xml(options = {}, &block)
-        Serializer.new(self, options).serialize(&block)
-      end
-
-      # Sets the model +attributes+ from an XML string. Returns +self+.
-      #
-      #   class Person
-      #     include ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml
-      #
-      #     attr_accessor :name, :age, :awesome
-      #
-      #     def attributes=(hash)
-      #       hash.each do |key, value|
-      #         instance_variable_set("@#{key}", value)
-      #       end
-      #     end
-      #
-      #     def attributes
-      #       instance_values
-      #     end
-      #   end
-      #
-      #   xml = { name: 'bob', age: 22, awesome:true }.to_xml
-      #   person = Person.new
-      #   person.from_xml(xml) # => #<Person:0x007fec5e3b3c40 @age=22, @awesome=true, @name="bob">
-      #   person.name          # => "bob"
-      #   person.age           # => 22
-      #   person.awesome       # => true
-      def from_xml(xml)
-        self.attributes = Hash.from_xml(xml).values.first
-        self
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bec851594f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+require 'active_model/type/helpers'
+require 'active_model/type/value'
+
+require 'active_model/type/big_integer'
+require 'active_model/type/binary'
+require 'active_model/type/boolean'
+require 'active_model/type/date'
+require 'active_model/type/date_time'
+require 'active_model/type/decimal'
+require 'active_model/type/decimal_without_scale'
+require 'active_model/type/float'
+require 'active_model/type/immutable_string'
+require 'active_model/type/integer'
+require 'active_model/type/string'
+require 'active_model/type/text'
+require 'active_model/type/time'
+require 'active_model/type/unsigned_integer'
+
+require 'active_model/type/registry'
+
+module ActiveModel
+  module Type
+    @registry = Registry.new
+
+    class << self
+      attr_accessor :registry # :nodoc:
+      delegate :add_modifier, to: :registry
+
+      # Add a new type to the registry, allowing it to be referenced as a
+      # symbol by ActiveModel::Attributes::ClassMethods#attribute.  If your
+      # type is only meant to be used with a specific database adapter, you can
+      # do so by passing +adapter: :postgresql+. If your type has the same
+      # name as a native type for the current adapter, an exception will be
+      # raised unless you specify an +:override+ option. +override: true+ will
+      # cause your type to be used instead of the native type. +override:
+      # false+ will cause the native type to be used over yours if one exists.
+      def register(type_name, klass = nil, **options, &block)
+        registry.register(type_name, klass, **options, &block)
+      end
+
+      def lookup(*args, **kwargs) # :nodoc:
+        registry.lookup(*args, **kwargs)
+      end
+    end
+
+    register(:big_integer, Type::BigInteger)
+    register(:binary, Type::Binary)
+    register(:boolean, Type::Boolean)
+    register(:date, Type::Date)
+    register(:date_time, Type::DateTime)
+    register(:decimal, Type::Decimal)
+    register(:float, Type::Float)
+    register(:immutable_string, Type::ImmutableString)
+    register(:integer, Type::Integer)
+    register(:string, Type::String)
+    register(:text, Type::Text)
+    register(:time, Type::Time)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/big_integer.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/big_integer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4168cbfce7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/big_integer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+require 'active_model/type/integer'
+
+module ActiveModel
+  module Type
+    class BigInteger < Integer # :nodoc:
+      private
+
+      def max_value
+        ::Float::INFINITY
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/binary.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/binary.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a0cc45b4c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/binary.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+module ActiveModel
+  module Type
+    class Binary < Value # :nodoc:
+      def type
+        :binary
+      end
+
+      def binary?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def cast(value)
+        if value.is_a?(Data)
+          value.to_s
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      def serialize(value)
+        return if value.nil?
+        Data.new(super)
+      end
+
+      def changed_in_place?(raw_old_value, value)
+        old_value = deserialize(raw_old_value)
+        old_value != value
+      end
+
+      class Data # :nodoc:
+        def initialize(value)
+          @value = value.to_s
+        end
+
+        def to_s
+          @value
+        end
+        alias_method :to_str, :to_s
+
+        def hex
+          @value.unpack('H*')[0]
+        end
+
+        def ==(other)
+          other == to_s || super
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/boolean.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/boolean.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c1bce98c87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/boolean.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+module ActiveModel
+  module Type
+    class Boolean < Value # :nodoc:
+      FALSE_VALUES = [false, 0, '0', 'f', 'F', 'false', 'FALSE', 'off', 'OFF'].to_set
+
+      def type
+        :boolean
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def cast_value(value)
+        if value == ''
+          nil
+        else
+          !FALSE_VALUES.include?(value)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/date.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/date.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f74243a22c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/date.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+module ActiveModel
+  module Type
+    class Date < Value # :nodoc:
+      include Helpers::AcceptsMultiparameterTime.new
+
+      def type
+        :date
+      end
+
+      def type_cast_for_schema(value)
+        "'#{value.to_s(:db)}'"
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def cast_value(value)
+        if value.is_a?(::String)
+          return if value.empty?
+          fast_string_to_date(value) || fallback_string_to_date(value)
+        elsif value.respond_to?(:to_date)
+          value.to_date
+        else
+          value
+        end
+      end
+
+      ISO_DATE = /\A(\d{4})-(\d\d)-(\d\d)\z/
+      def fast_string_to_date(string)
+        if string =~ ISO_DATE
+          new_date $1.to_i, $2.to_i, $3.to_i
+        end
+      end
+
+      def fallback_string_to_date(string)
+        new_date(*::Date._parse(string, false).values_at(:year, :mon, :mday))
+      end
+
+      def new_date(year, mon, mday)
+        if year && year != 0
+          ::Date.new(year, mon, mday) rescue nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      def value_from_multiparameter_assignment(*)
+        time = super
+        time && time.to_date
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/date_time.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/date_time.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2f2df4320f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/date_time.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+module ActiveModel
+  module Type
+    class DateTime < Value # :nodoc:
+      include Helpers::TimeValue
+      include Helpers::AcceptsMultiparameterTime.new(
+        defaults: { 4 => 0, 5 => 0 }
+      )
+
+      def type
+        :datetime
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def cast_value(value)
+        return apply_seconds_precision(value) unless value.is_a?(::String)
+        return if value.empty?
+
+        fast_string_to_time(value) || fallback_string_to_time(value)
+      end
+
+      # '0.123456' -> 123456
+      # '1.123456' -> 123456
+      def microseconds(time)
+        time[:sec_fraction] ? (time[:sec_fraction] * 1_000_000).to_i : 0
+      end
+
+      def fallback_string_to_time(string)
+        time_hash = ::Date._parse(string)
+        time_hash[:sec_fraction] = microseconds(time_hash)
+
+        new_time(*time_hash.values_at(:year, :mon, :mday, :hour, :min, :sec, :sec_fraction, :offset))
+      end
+
+      def value_from_multiparameter_assignment(values_hash)
+        missing_parameter = (1..3).detect { |key| !values_hash.key?(key) }
+        if missing_parameter
+          raise ArgumentError, missing_parameter
+        end
+        super
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/decimal.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/decimal.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d19d8baada
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/decimal.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+require "bigdecimal/util"
+
+module ActiveModel
+  module Type
+    class Decimal < Value # :nodoc:
+      include Helpers::Numeric
+
+      def type
+        :decimal
+      end
+
+      def type_cast_for_schema(value)
+        value.to_s.inspect
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def cast_value(value)
+        casted_value = case value
+        when ::Float
+          convert_float_to_big_decimal(value)
+        when ::Numeric, ::String
+          BigDecimal(value, precision.to_i)
+        else
+          if value.respond_to?(:to_d)
+            value.to_d
+          else
+            cast_value(value.to_s)
+          end
+        end
+
+        scale ? casted_value.round(scale) : casted_value
+      end
+
+      def convert_float_to_big_decimal(value)
+        if precision
+          BigDecimal(value, float_precision)
+        else
+          value.to_d
+        end
+      end
+
+      def float_precision
+        if precision.to_i > ::Float::DIG + 1
+          ::Float::DIG + 1
+        else
+          precision.to_i
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/decimal_without_scale.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/decimal_without_scale.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..129baa0c10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/decimal_without_scale.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+require 'active_model/type/big_integer'
+
+module ActiveModel
+  module Type
+    class DecimalWithoutScale < BigInteger # :nodoc:
+      def type
+        :decimal
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/float.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/float.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0f925bc7e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/float.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+module ActiveModel
+  module Type
+    class Float < Value # :nodoc:
+      include Helpers::Numeric
+
+      def type
+        :float
+      end
+
+      alias serialize cast
+
+      private
+
+      def cast_value(value)
+        case value
+        when ::Float then value
+        when "Infinity" then ::Float::INFINITY
+        when "-Infinity" then -::Float::INFINITY
+        when "NaN" then ::Float::NAN
+        else value.to_f
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/helpers.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/helpers.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a805a359ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/helpers.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+require 'active_model/type/helpers/accepts_multiparameter_time'
+require 'active_model/type/helpers/numeric'
+require 'active_model/type/helpers/mutable'
+require 'active_model/type/helpers/time_value'
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/helpers/accepts_multiparameter_time.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/helpers/accepts_multiparameter_time.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..facea12704
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/helpers/accepts_multiparameter_time.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+module ActiveModel
+  module Type
+    module Helpers
+      class AcceptsMultiparameterTime < Module # :nodoc:
+        def initialize(defaults: {})
+          define_method(:cast) do |value|
+            if value.is_a?(Hash)
+              value_from_multiparameter_assignment(value)
+            else
+              super(value)
+            end
+          end
+
+          define_method(:assert_valid_value) do |value|
+            if value.is_a?(Hash)
+              value_from_multiparameter_assignment(value)
+            else
+              super(value)
+            end
+          end
+
+          define_method(:value_from_multiparameter_assignment) do |values_hash|
+            defaults.each do |k, v|
+              values_hash[k] ||= v
+            end
+            return unless values_hash[1] && values_hash[2] && values_hash[3]
+            values = values_hash.sort.map(&:last)
+            ::Time.send(default_timezone, *values)
+          end
+          private :value_from_multiparameter_assignment
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/helpers/mutable.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/helpers/mutable.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4dddbe4e5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/helpers/mutable.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+module ActiveModel
+  module Type
+    module Helpers
+      module Mutable # :nodoc:
+        def cast(value)
+          deserialize(serialize(value))
+        end
+
+        # +raw_old_value+ will be the `_before_type_cast` version of the
+        # value (likely a string). +new_value+ will be the current, type
+        # cast value.
+        def changed_in_place?(raw_old_value, new_value)
+          raw_old_value != serialize(new_value)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/helpers/numeric.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/helpers/numeric.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c883010506
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/helpers/numeric.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+module ActiveModel
+  module Type
+    module Helpers
+      module Numeric # :nodoc:
+        def cast(value)
+          value = case value
+                  when true then 1
+                  when false then 0
+                  when ::String then value.presence
+                  else value
+                  end
+          super(value)
+        end
+
+        def changed?(old_value, _new_value, new_value_before_type_cast) # :nodoc:
+          super || number_to_non_number?(old_value, new_value_before_type_cast)
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def number_to_non_number?(old_value, new_value_before_type_cast)
+          old_value != nil && non_numeric_string?(new_value_before_type_cast)
+        end
+
+        def non_numeric_string?(value)
+          # 'wibble'.to_i will give zero, we want to make sure
+          # that we aren't marking int zero to string zero as
+          # changed.
+          value.to_s !~ /\A-?\d+\.?\d*\z/
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/helpers/time_value.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/helpers/time_value.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..63993c0d93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/helpers/time_value.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+require "active_support/core_ext/time/zones"
+
+module ActiveModel
+  module Type
+    module Helpers
+      module TimeValue # :nodoc:
+        def serialize(value)
+          value = apply_seconds_precision(value)
+
+          if value.acts_like?(:time)
+            zone_conversion_method = is_utc? ? :getutc : :getlocal
+
+            if value.respond_to?(zone_conversion_method)
+              value = value.send(zone_conversion_method)
+            end
+          end
+
+          value
+        end
+
+        def is_utc?
+          ::Time.zone_default.nil? || ::Time.zone_default =~ 'UTC'
+        end
+
+        def default_timezone
+          if is_utc?
+            :utc
+          else
+            :local
+          end
+        end
+
+        def apply_seconds_precision(value)
+          return value unless precision && value.respond_to?(:usec)
+          number_of_insignificant_digits = 6 - precision
+          round_power = 10 ** number_of_insignificant_digits
+          value.change(usec: value.usec / round_power * round_power)
+        end
+
+        def type_cast_for_schema(value)
+          "'#{value.to_s(:db)}'"
+        end
+
+        def user_input_in_time_zone(value)
+          value.in_time_zone
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def new_time(year, mon, mday, hour, min, sec, microsec, offset = nil)
+          # Treat 0000-00-00 00:00:00 as nil.
+          return if year.nil? || (year == 0 && mon == 0 && mday == 0)
+
+          if offset
+            time = ::Time.utc(year, mon, mday, hour, min, sec, microsec) rescue nil
+            return unless time
+
+            time -= offset
+            is_utc? ? time : time.getlocal
+          else
+            ::Time.public_send(default_timezone, year, mon, mday, hour, min, sec, microsec) rescue nil
+          end
+        end
+
+        ISO_DATETIME = /\A(\d{4})-(\d\d)-(\d\d) (\d\d):(\d\d):(\d\d)(\.\d+)?\z/
+
+        # Doesn't handle time zones.
+        def fast_string_to_time(string)
+          if string =~ ISO_DATETIME
+            microsec = ($7.to_r * 1_000_000).to_i
+            new_time $1.to_i, $2.to_i, $3.to_i, $4.to_i, $5.to_i, $6.to_i, microsec
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/immutable_string.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/immutable_string.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..20b8ca0cc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/immutable_string.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+module ActiveModel
+  module Type
+    class ImmutableString < Value # :nodoc:
+      def type
+        :string
+      end
+
+      def serialize(value)
+        case value
+        when ::Numeric, ActiveSupport::Duration then value.to_s
+        when true then "t"
+        when false then "f"
+        else super
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def cast_value(value)
+        result = case value
+                 when true then "t"
+                 when false then "f"
+                 else value.to_s
+                 end
+        result.freeze
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/integer.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/integer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2f73ede009
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/integer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+module ActiveModel
+  module Type
+    class Integer < Value # :nodoc:
+      include Helpers::Numeric
+
+      # Column storage size in bytes.
+      # 4 bytes means a MySQL int or Postgres integer as opposed to smallint etc.
+      DEFAULT_LIMIT = 4
+
+      def initialize(*)
+        super
+        @range = min_value...max_value
+      end
+
+      def type
+        :integer
+      end
+
+      def deserialize(value)
+        return if value.nil?
+        value.to_i
+      end
+
+      def serialize(value)
+        result = cast(value)
+        if result
+          ensure_in_range(result)
+        end
+        result
+      end
+
+      protected
+
+      attr_reader :range
+
+      private
+
+      def cast_value(value)
+        case value
+        when true then 1
+        when false then 0
+        else
+          value.to_i rescue nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      def ensure_in_range(value)
+        unless range.cover?(value)
+          raise RangeError, "#{value} is out of range for #{self.class} with limit #{_limit}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def max_value
+        1 << (_limit * 8 - 1) # 8 bits per byte with one bit for sign
+      end
+
+      def min_value
+        -max_value
+      end
+
+      def _limit
+        self.limit || DEFAULT_LIMIT
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/registry.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/registry.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..adc88eb624
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/registry.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+module ActiveModel
+  # :stopdoc:
+  module Type
+    class Registry
+      def initialize
+        @registrations = []
+      end
+
+      def register(type_name, klass = nil, **options, &block)
+        block ||= proc { |_, *args| klass.new(*args) }
+        registrations << registration_klass.new(type_name, block, **options)
+      end
+
+      def lookup(symbol, *args)
+        registration = find_registration(symbol, *args)
+
+        if registration
+          registration.call(self, symbol, *args)
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError, "Unknown type #{symbol.inspect}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      protected
+
+      attr_reader :registrations
+
+      private
+
+      def registration_klass
+        Registration
+      end
+
+      def find_registration(symbol, *args)
+        registrations.find { |r| r.matches?(symbol, *args) }
+      end
+    end
+
+    class Registration
+      # Options must be taken because of https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/10856
+      def initialize(name, block, **)
+        @name = name
+        @block = block
+      end
+
+      def call(_registry, *args, **kwargs)
+        if kwargs.any? # https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/10856
+          block.call(*args, **kwargs)
+        else
+          block.call(*args)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def matches?(type_name, *args, **kwargs)
+        type_name == name
+      end
+
+      protected
+
+      attr_reader :name, :block
+    end
+  end
+  # :startdoc:
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/string.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/string.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8a91410998
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/string.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+require "active_model/type/immutable_string"
+
+module ActiveModel
+  module Type
+    class String < ImmutableString # :nodoc:
+      def changed_in_place?(raw_old_value, new_value)
+        if new_value.is_a?(::String)
+          raw_old_value != new_value
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def cast_value(value)
+        ::String.new(super)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/text.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/text.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1ad04daba4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/text.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+require 'active_model/type/string'
+
+module ActiveModel
+  module Type
+    class Text < String # :nodoc:
+      def type
+        :text
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/time.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/time.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fe09f63a87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/time.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+module ActiveModel
+  module Type
+    class Time < Value # :nodoc:
+      include Helpers::TimeValue
+      include Helpers::AcceptsMultiparameterTime.new(
+        defaults: { 1 => 1970, 2 => 1, 3 => 1, 4 => 0, 5 => 0 }
+      )
+
+      def type
+        :time
+      end
+
+      def user_input_in_time_zone(value)
+        return unless value.present?
+
+        case value
+        when ::String
+          value = "2000-01-01 #{value}"
+        when ::Time
+          value = value.change(year: 2000, day: 1, month: 1)
+        end
+
+        super(value)
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def cast_value(value)
+        return value unless value.is_a?(::String)
+        return if value.empty?
+
+        if value =~ /^2000-01-01/
+          dummy_time_value = value
+        else
+          dummy_time_value = "2000-01-01 #{value}"
+        end
+
+        fast_string_to_time(dummy_time_value) || begin
+          time_hash = ::Date._parse(dummy_time_value)
+          return if time_hash[:hour].nil?
+          new_time(*time_hash.values_at(:year, :mon, :mday, :hour, :min, :sec, :sec_fraction))
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/unsigned_integer.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/unsigned_integer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3f49f9f5f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/unsigned_integer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module ActiveModel
+  module Type
+    class UnsignedInteger < Integer # :nodoc:
+      private
+
+      def max_value
+        super * 2
+      end
+
+      def min_value
+        0
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/value.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/value.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9d1f267b41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/type/value.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+module ActiveModel
+  module Type
+    class Value
+      attr_reader :precision, :scale, :limit
+
+      def initialize(precision: nil, limit: nil, scale: nil)
+        @precision = precision
+        @scale = scale
+        @limit = limit
+      end
+
+      def type # :nodoc:
+      end
+
+      # Converts a value from database input to the appropriate ruby type. The
+      # return value of this method will be returned from
+      # ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::Read#read_attribute. The default
+      # implementation just calls Value#cast.
+      #
+      # +value+ The raw input, as provided from the database.
+      def deserialize(value)
+        cast(value)
+      end
+
+      # Type casts a value from user input (e.g. from a setter). This value may
+      # be a string from the form builder, or a ruby object passed to a setter.
+      # There is currently no way to differentiate between which source it came
+      # from.
+      #
+      # The return value of this method will be returned from
+      # ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::Read#read_attribute. See also:
+      # Value#cast_value.
+      #
+      # +value+ The raw input, as provided to the attribute setter.
+      def cast(value)
+        cast_value(value) unless value.nil?
+      end
+
+      # Casts a value from the ruby type to a type that the database knows how
+      # to understand. The returned value from this method should be a
+      # +String+, +Numeric+, +Date+, +Time+, +Symbol+, +true+, +false+, or
+      # +nil+.
+      def serialize(value)
+        value
+      end
+
+      # Type casts a value for schema dumping. This method is private, as we are
+      # hoping to remove it entirely.
+      def type_cast_for_schema(value) # :nodoc:
+        value.inspect
+      end
+
+      # These predicates are not documented, as I need to look further into
+      # their use, and see if they can be removed entirely.
+      def binary? # :nodoc:
+        false
+      end
+
+      # Determines whether a value has changed for dirty checking. +old_value+
+      # and +new_value+ will always be type-cast. Types should not need to
+      # override this method.
+      def changed?(old_value, new_value, _new_value_before_type_cast)
+        old_value != new_value
+      end
+
+      # Determines whether the mutable value has been modified since it was
+      # read. Returns +false+ by default. If your type returns an object
+      # which could be mutated, you should override this method. You will need
+      # to either:
+      #
+      # - pass +new_value+ to Value#serialize and compare it to
+      #   +raw_old_value+
+      #
+      # or
+      #
+      # - pass +raw_old_value+ to Value#deserialize and compare it to
+      #   +new_value+
+      #
+      # +raw_old_value+ The original value, before being passed to
+      # +deserialize+.
+      #
+      # +new_value+ The current value, after type casting.
+      def changed_in_place?(raw_old_value, new_value)
+        false
+      end
+
+      def ==(other)
+        self.class == other.class &&
+          precision == other.precision &&
+          scale == other.scale &&
+          limit == other.limit
+      end
+      alias eql? ==
+
+      def hash
+        [self.class, precision, scale, limit].hash
+      end
+
+      def assert_valid_value(*)
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      # Convenience method for types which do not need separate type casting
+      # behavior for user and database inputs. Called by Value#cast for
+      # values except +nil+.
+      def cast_value(value) # :doc:
+        value
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations.rb
index e9674d5143..f23c920d87 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations.rb
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ module ActiveModel
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     included do
+      extend ActiveModel::Naming
       extend ActiveModel::Callbacks
       extend ActiveModel::Translation
 
@@ -67,8 +68,9 @@ module ActiveModel
       #
       # Options:
       # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies the contexts where this validation is active.
-      #   You can pass a symbol or an array of symbols.
-      #   (e.g. <tt>on: :create</tt> or <tt>on: :custom_validation_context</tt> or
+      #   Runs in all validation contexts by default (nil). You can pass a symbol
+      #   or an array of symbols. (e.g. <tt>on: :create</tt> or
+      #   <tt>on: :custom_validation_context</tt> or
       #   <tt>on: [:create, :custom_validation_context]</tt>)
       # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - Skip validation if attribute is +nil+.
       # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - Skip validation if attribute is blank.
@@ -85,6 +87,8 @@ module ActiveModel
         validates_with BlockValidator, _merge_attributes(attr_names), &block
       end
 
+      VALID_OPTIONS_FOR_VALIDATE = [:on, :if, :unless, :prepend].freeze # :nodoc:
+
       # Adds a validation method or block to the class. This is useful when
       # overriding the +validate+ instance method becomes too unwieldy and
       # you're looking for more descriptive declaration of your validations.
@@ -125,10 +129,14 @@ module ActiveModel
       #     end
       #   end
       #
+      # Note that the return value of validation methods is not relevant.
+      # It's not possible to halt the validate callback chain.
+      #
       # Options:
       # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies the contexts where this validation is active.
-      #   You can pass a symbol or an array of symbols.
-      #   (e.g. <tt>on: :create</tt> or <tt>on: :custom_validation_context</tt> or
+      #   Runs in all validation contexts by default (nil). You can pass a symbol
+      #   or an array of symbols. (e.g. <tt>on: :create</tt> or
+      #   <tt>on: :custom_validation_context</tt> or
       #   <tt>on: [:create, :custom_validation_context]</tt>)
       # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine
       #   if the validation should occur (e.g. <tt>if: :allow_validation</tt>,
@@ -141,13 +149,23 @@ module ActiveModel
       #   value.
       def validate(*args, &block)
         options = args.extract_options!
+
+        if args.all? { |arg| arg.is_a?(Symbol) }
+          options.each_key do |k|
+            unless VALID_OPTIONS_FOR_VALIDATE.include?(k)
+              raise ArgumentError.new("Unknown key: #{k.inspect}. Valid keys are: #{VALID_OPTIONS_FOR_VALIDATE.map(&:inspect).join(', ')}. Perhaps you meant to call `validates` instead of `validate`?")
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
         if options.key?(:on)
           options = options.dup
           options[:if] = Array(options[:if])
-          options[:if].unshift lambda { |o|
-            Array(options[:on]).include?(o.validation_context)
+          options[:if].unshift ->(o) {
+            !(Array(options[:on]) & Array(o.validation_context)).empty?
           }
         end
+
         args << options
         set_callback(:validate, *args, &block)
       end
@@ -285,6 +303,8 @@ module ActiveModel
     # Runs all the specified validations and returns +true+ if no errors were
     # added otherwise +false+.
     #
+    # Aliased as validate.
+    #
     #   class Person
     #     include ActiveModel::Validations
     #
@@ -319,6 +339,8 @@ module ActiveModel
       self.validation_context = current_context
     end
 
+    alias_method :validate, :valid?
+
     # Performs the opposite of <tt>valid?</tt>. Returns +true+ if errors were
     # added, +false+ otherwise.
     #
@@ -352,6 +374,15 @@ module ActiveModel
       !valid?(context)
     end
 
+    # Runs all the validations within the specified context. Returns +true+ if
+    # no errors are found, raises +ValidationError+ otherwise.
+    #
+    # Validations with no <tt>:on</tt> option will run no matter the context. Validations with
+    # some <tt>:on</tt> option will only run in the specified context.
+    def validate!(context = nil)
+      valid?(context) || raise_validation_error
+    end
+
     # Hook method defining how an attribute value should be retrieved. By default
     # this is assumed to be an instance named after the attribute. Override this
     # method in subclasses should you need to retrieve the value for a given
@@ -373,9 +404,33 @@ module ActiveModel
   protected
 
     def run_validations! #:nodoc:
-      run_callbacks :validate
+      _run_validate_callbacks
       errors.empty?
     end
+
+    def raise_validation_error
+      raise(ValidationError.new(self))
+    end
+  end
+
+  # = Active Model ValidationError
+  #
+  # Raised by <tt>validate!</tt> when the model is invalid. Use the
+  # +model+ method to retrieve the record which did not validate.
+  #
+  #   begin
+  #     complex_operation_that_internally_calls_validate!
+  #   rescue ActiveModel::ValidationError => invalid
+  #     puts invalid.model.errors
+  #   end
+  class ValidationError < StandardError
+    attr_reader :model
+
+    def initialize(model)
+      @model = model
+      errors = @model.errors.full_messages.join(", ")
+      super(I18n.t(:"#{@model.class.i18n_scope}.errors.messages.model_invalid", errors: errors, default: :"errors.messages.model_invalid"))
+    end
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/absence.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/absence.rb
index 9b5416fb1d..75bf655578 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/absence.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/absence.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module ActiveModel
   module Validations
-    # == Active Model Absence Validator
+    # == \Active \Model Absence Validator
     class AbsenceValidator < EachValidator #:nodoc:
       def validate_each(record, attr_name, value)
         record.errors.add(attr_name, :present, options) if value.present?
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/acceptance.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/acceptance.rb
index ac5e79859b..c5c0cd4636 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/acceptance.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/acceptance.rb
@@ -3,22 +3,73 @@ module ActiveModel
   module Validations
     class AcceptanceValidator < EachValidator # :nodoc:
       def initialize(options)
-        super({ allow_nil: true, accept: "1" }.merge!(options))
+        super({ allow_nil: true, accept: ["1", true] }.merge!(options))
         setup!(options[:class])
       end
 
       def validate_each(record, attribute, value)
-        unless value == options[:accept]
+        unless acceptable_option?(value)
           record.errors.add(attribute, :accepted, options.except(:accept, :allow_nil))
         end
       end
 
       private
+
       def setup!(klass)
-        attr_readers = attributes.reject { |name| klass.attribute_method?(name) }
-        attr_writers = attributes.reject { |name| klass.attribute_method?("#{name}=") }
-        klass.send(:attr_reader, *attr_readers)
-        klass.send(:attr_writer, *attr_writers)
+        klass.include(LazilyDefineAttributes.new(AttributeDefinition.new(attributes)))
+      end
+
+      def acceptable_option?(value)
+        Array(options[:accept]).include?(value)
+      end
+
+      class LazilyDefineAttributes < Module
+        def initialize(attribute_definition)
+          define_method(:respond_to_missing?) do |method_name, include_private=false|
+            super(method_name, include_private) || attribute_definition.matches?(method_name)
+          end
+
+          define_method(:method_missing) do |method_name, *args, &block|
+            if attribute_definition.matches?(method_name)
+              attribute_definition.define_on(self.class)
+              send(method_name, *args, &block)
+            else
+              super(method_name, *args, &block)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      class AttributeDefinition
+        def initialize(attributes)
+          @attributes = attributes.map(&:to_s)
+        end
+
+        def matches?(method_name)
+          attr_name = convert_to_reader_name(method_name)
+          attributes.include?(attr_name)
+        end
+
+        def define_on(klass)
+          attr_readers = attributes.reject { |name| klass.attribute_method?(name) }
+          attr_writers = attributes.reject { |name| klass.attribute_method?("#{name}=") }
+          klass.send(:attr_reader, *attr_readers)
+          klass.send(:attr_writer, *attr_writers)
+        end
+
+        protected
+
+        attr_reader :attributes
+
+        private
+
+        def convert_to_reader_name(method_name)
+          attr_name = method_name.to_s
+          if attr_name.end_with?("=")
+            attr_name = attr_name[0..-2]
+          end
+          attr_name
+        end
       end
     end
 
@@ -38,9 +89,10 @@ module ActiveModel
       # Configuration options:
       # * <tt>:message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "must be
       #   accepted").
-      # * <tt>:accept</tt> - Specifies value that is considered accepted.
-      #   The default value is a string "1", which makes it easy to relate to
-      #   an HTML checkbox. This should be set to +true+ if you are validating
+      # * <tt>:accept</tt> - Specifies a value that is considered accepted.
+      #   Also accepts an array of possible values. The default value is
+      #   an array ["1", true], which makes it easy to relate to an HTML
+      #   checkbox. This should be set to, or include, +true+ if you are validating
       #   a database column, since the attribute is typecast from "1" to +true+
       #   before validation.
       #
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/callbacks.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/callbacks.rb
index edfffdd3ce..52111e5442 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/callbacks.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/callbacks.rb
@@ -15,15 +15,15 @@ module ActiveModel
     #     after_validation  :do_stuff_after_validation
     #   end
     #
-    # Like other <tt>before_*</tt> callbacks if +before_validation+ returns
-    # +false+ then <tt>valid?</tt> will not be called.
+    # Like other <tt>before_*</tt> callbacks if +before_validation+ throws
+    # +:abort+ then <tt>valid?</tt> will not be called.
     module Callbacks
       extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
       included do
         include ActiveSupport::Callbacks
         define_callbacks :validation,
-                         terminator: ->(_,result) { result == false },
+                         terminator: deprecated_false_terminator,
                          skip_after_callbacks_if_terminated: true,
                          scope: [:kind, :name]
       end
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ module ActiveModel
           if options.is_a?(Hash) && options[:on]
             options[:if] = Array(options[:if])
             options[:on] = Array(options[:on])
-            options[:if].unshift lambda { |o|
+            options[:if].unshift ->(o) {
               options[:on].include? o.validation_context
             }
           end
@@ -98,7 +98,9 @@ module ActiveModel
           options[:if] = Array(options[:if])
           if options[:on]
             options[:on] = Array(options[:on])
-            options[:if].unshift("#{options[:on]}.include? self.validation_context")
+            options[:if].unshift ->(o) {
+              options[:on].include? o.validation_context
+            }
           end
           set_callback(:validation, :after, *(args << options), &block)
         end
@@ -108,7 +110,7 @@ module ActiveModel
 
       # Overwrite run validations to include callbacks.
       def run_validations! #:nodoc:
-        run_callbacks(:validation) { super }
+        _run_validation_callbacks { super }
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/confirmation.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/confirmation.rb
index a51523912f..8f8ade90bb 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/confirmation.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/confirmation.rb
@@ -3,14 +3,16 @@ module ActiveModel
   module Validations
     class ConfirmationValidator < EachValidator # :nodoc:
       def initialize(options)
-        super
+        super({ case_sensitive: true }.merge!(options))
         setup!(options[:class])
       end
 
       def validate_each(record, attribute, value)
-        if (confirmed = record.send("#{attribute}_confirmation")) && (value != confirmed)
-          human_attribute_name = record.class.human_attribute_name(attribute)
-          record.errors.add(:"#{attribute}_confirmation", :confirmation, options.merge(attribute: human_attribute_name))
+        if (confirmed = record.send("#{attribute}_confirmation"))
+          unless confirmation_value_equal?(record, attribute, value, confirmed)
+            human_attribute_name = record.class.human_attribute_name(attribute)
+            record.errors.add(:"#{attribute}_confirmation", :confirmation, options.except(:case_sensitive).merge!(attribute: human_attribute_name))
+          end
         end
       end
 
@@ -24,6 +26,14 @@ module ActiveModel
           :"#{attribute}_confirmation" unless klass.method_defined?(:"#{attribute}_confirmation=")
         end.compact)
       end
+
+      def confirmation_value_equal?(record, attribute, value, confirmed)
+        if !options[:case_sensitive] && value.is_a?(String)
+          value.casecmp(confirmed) == 0
+        else
+          value == confirmed
+        end
+      end
     end
 
     module HelperMethods
@@ -54,7 +64,9 @@ module ActiveModel
       #
       # Configuration options:
       # * <tt>:message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "doesn't match
-      #   confirmation").
+      #   <tt>%{translated_attribute_name}</tt>").
+      # * <tt>:case_sensitive</tt> - Looks for an exact match. Ignored by
+      #   non-text columns (+true+ by default).
       #
       # There is also a list of default options supported by every validator:
       # +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+, +:allow_nil+, +:allow_blank+, and +:strict+.
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/exclusion.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/exclusion.rb
index f342d27275..6f4276cc2a 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/exclusion.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/exclusion.rb
@@ -29,7 +29,9 @@ module ActiveModel
       # Configuration options:
       # * <tt>:in</tt> - An enumerable object of items that the value shouldn't
       #   be part of. This can be supplied as a proc, lambda or symbol which returns an
-      #   enumerable. If the enumerable is a range the test is performed with
+      #   enumerable. If the enumerable is a numerical, time or datetime range the test
+      #   is performed with <tt>Range#cover?</tt>, otherwise with <tt>include?</tt>. When
+      #   using a proc or lambda the instance under validation is passed as an argument.
       # * <tt>:within</tt> - A synonym(or alias) for <tt>:in</tt>
       #   <tt>Range#cover?</tt>, otherwise with <tt>include?</tt>.
       # * <tt>:message</tt> - Specifies a custom error message (default is: "is
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/format.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/format.rb
index ff3e95da34..46a2e54fba 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/format.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/format.rb
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ module ActiveModel
 
     module HelperMethods
       # Validates whether the value of the specified attribute is of the correct
-      # form, going by the regular expression provided.You can require that the
+      # form, going by the regular expression provided. You can require that the
       # attribute matches the regular expression:
       #
       #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       #                         with: ->(person) { person.admin? ? /\A[a-z0-9][a-z0-9_\-]*\z/i : /\A[a-z][a-z0-9_\-]*\z/i }
       #   end
       #
-      # Note: use <tt>\A</tt> and <tt>\Z</tt> to match the start and end of the
+      # Note: use <tt>\A</tt> and <tt>\z</tt> to match the start and end of the
       # string, <tt>^</tt> and <tt>$</tt> match the start/end of a line.
       #
       # Due to frequent misuse of <tt>^</tt> and <tt>$</tt>, you need to pass
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/helper_methods.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/helper_methods.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2176115334
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/helper_methods.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+module ActiveModel
+  module Validations
+    module HelperMethods # :nodoc:
+      private
+        def _merge_attributes(attr_names)
+          options = attr_names.extract_options!.symbolize_keys
+          attr_names.flatten!
+          options[:attributes] = attr_names
+          options
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/inclusion.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/inclusion.rb
index c84025f083..03e0ef56d8 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/inclusion.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/inclusion.rb
@@ -28,9 +28,9 @@ module ActiveModel
       # Configuration options:
       # * <tt>:in</tt> - An enumerable object of available items. This can be
       #   supplied as a proc, lambda or symbol which returns an enumerable. If the
-      #   enumerable is a numerical range the test is performed with <tt>Range#cover?</tt>,
-      #   otherwise with <tt>include?</tt>. When using a proc or lambda the instance
-      #   under validation is passed as an argument.
+      #   enumerable is a numerical, time or datetime range the test is performed
+      #   with <tt>Range#cover?</tt>, otherwise with <tt>include?</tt>. When using
+      #   a proc or lambda the instance under validation is passed as an argument.
       # * <tt>:within</tt> - A synonym(or alias) for <tt>:in</tt>
       # * <tt>:message</tt> - Specifies a custom error message (default is: "is
       #   not included in the list").
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/length.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/length.rb
index a96b30cadd..910cca2f49 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/length.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/length.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-module ActiveModel
+require "active_support/core_ext/string/strip"
 
-  # == Active \Model Length Validator
+module ActiveModel
   module Validations
     class LengthValidator < EachValidator # :nodoc:
       MESSAGES  = { is: :wrong_length, minimum: :too_short, maximum: :too_long }.freeze
@@ -18,6 +18,27 @@ module ActiveModel
           options[:minimum] = 1
         end
 
+        if options[:tokenizer]
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-EOS.strip_heredoc)
+            The `:tokenizer` option is deprecated, and will be removed in Rails 5.1.
+            You can achieve the same functionality by defining an instance method
+            with the value that you want to validate the length of. For example,
+
+                validates_length_of :essay, minimum: 100,
+                  tokenizer: ->(str) { str.scan(/\w+/) }
+
+            should be written as
+
+                validates_length_of :words_in_essay, minimum: 100
+
+                private
+
+                def words_in_essay
+                  essay.scan(/\w+/)
+                end
+          EOS
+        end
+
         super
       end
 
@@ -38,7 +59,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       end
 
       def validate_each(record, attribute, value)
-        value = tokenize(value)
+        value = tokenize(record, value)
         value_length = value.respond_to?(:length) ? value.length : value.to_s.length
         errors_options = options.except(*RESERVED_OPTIONS)
 
@@ -59,10 +80,14 @@ module ActiveModel
       end
 
       private
-
-      def tokenize(value)
-        if options[:tokenizer] && value.kind_of?(String)
-          options[:tokenizer].call(value)
+      def tokenize(record, value)
+        tokenizer = options[:tokenizer]
+        if tokenizer && value.kind_of?(String)
+          if tokenizer.kind_of?(Proc)
+            tokenizer.call(value)
+          elsif record.respond_to?(tokenizer)
+            record.send(tokenizer, value)
+          end
         end || value
       end
 
@@ -73,8 +98,9 @@ module ActiveModel
 
     module HelperMethods
 
-      # Validates that the specified attribute matches the length restrictions
-      # supplied. Only one option can be used at a time:
+      # Validates that the specified attributes match the length restrictions
+      # supplied. Only one constraint option can be used at a time apart from
+      # +:minimum+ and +:maximum+ that can be combined together:
       #
       #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
       #     validates_length_of :first_name, maximum: 30
@@ -84,18 +110,27 @@ module ActiveModel
       #     validates_length_of :user_name, within: 6..20, too_long: 'pick a shorter name', too_short: 'pick a longer name'
       #     validates_length_of :zip_code, minimum: 5, too_short: 'please enter at least 5 characters'
       #     validates_length_of :smurf_leader, is: 4, message: "papa is spelled with 4 characters... don't play me."
-      #     validates_length_of :essay, minimum: 100, too_short: 'Your essay must be at least 100 words.',
-      #                         tokenizer: ->(str) { str.scan(/\w+/) }
+      #     validates_length_of :words_in_essay, minimum: 100, too_short: 'Your essay must be at least 100 words.'
+      #
+      #     private
+      #
+      #     def words_in_essay
+      #       essay.scan(/\w+/)
+      #     end
       #   end
       #
-      # Configuration options:
+      # Constraint options:
+      #
       # * <tt>:minimum</tt> - The minimum size of the attribute.
       # * <tt>:maximum</tt> - The maximum size of the attribute. Allows +nil+ by
-      #   default if not used with :minimum.
+      #   default if not used with +:minimum+.
       # * <tt>:is</tt> - The exact size of the attribute.
       # * <tt>:within</tt> - A range specifying the minimum and maximum size of
       #   the attribute.
       # * <tt>:in</tt> - A synonym (or alias) for <tt>:within</tt>.
+      #
+      # Other options:
+      #
       # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - Attribute may be +nil+; skip validation.
       # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - Attribute may be blank; skip validation.
       # * <tt>:too_long</tt> - The error message if the attribute goes over the
@@ -108,10 +143,6 @@ module ActiveModel
       # * <tt>:message</tt> - The error message to use for a <tt>:minimum</tt>,
       #   <tt>:maximum</tt>, or <tt>:is</tt> violation. An alias of the appropriate
       #   <tt>too_long</tt>/<tt>too_short</tt>/<tt>wrong_length</tt> message.
-      # * <tt>:tokenizer</tt> - Specifies how to split up the attribute string.
-      #   (e.g. <tt>tokenizer: ->(str) { str.scan(/\w+/) }</tt> to count words
-      #   as in above example). Defaults to <tt>->(value) { value.split(//) }</tt>
-      #   which counts individual characters.
       #
       # There is also a list of default options supported by every validator:
       # +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+ and +:strict+.
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/numericality.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/numericality.rb
index a9fb9804d4..9c1e8b4ba7 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/numericality.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/numericality.rb
@@ -20,21 +20,23 @@ module ActiveModel
       def validate_each(record, attr_name, value)
         before_type_cast = :"#{attr_name}_before_type_cast"
 
-        raw_value = record.send(before_type_cast) if record.respond_to?(before_type_cast)
+        raw_value = record.send(before_type_cast) if record.respond_to?(before_type_cast) && record.send(before_type_cast) != value
         raw_value ||= value
 
+        if record_attribute_changed_in_place?(record, attr_name)
+          raw_value = value
+        end
+
         return if options[:allow_nil] && raw_value.nil?
 
-        unless value = parse_raw_value_as_a_number(raw_value)
+        unless is_number?(raw_value)
           record.errors.add(attr_name, :not_a_number, filtered_options(raw_value))
           return
         end
 
-        if options[:only_integer]
-          unless value = parse_raw_value_as_an_integer(raw_value)
-            record.errors.add(attr_name, :not_an_integer, filtered_options(raw_value))
-            return
-          end
+        if allow_only_integer?(record) && !is_integer?(raw_value)
+          record.errors.add(attr_name, :not_an_integer, filtered_options(raw_value))
+          return
         end
 
         options.slice(*CHECKS.keys).each do |option, option_value|
@@ -60,14 +62,15 @@ module ActiveModel
 
     protected
 
-      def parse_raw_value_as_a_number(raw_value)
-        Kernel.Float(raw_value) if raw_value !~ /\A0[xX]/
+      def is_number?(raw_value)
+        parsed_value = Kernel.Float(raw_value) if raw_value !~ /\A0[xX]/
+        !parsed_value.nil?
       rescue ArgumentError, TypeError
-        nil
+        false
       end
 
-      def parse_raw_value_as_an_integer(raw_value)
-        raw_value.to_i if raw_value.to_s =~ /\A[+-]?\d+\Z/
+      def is_integer?(raw_value)
+        /\A[+-]?\d+\z/ === raw_value.to_s
       end
 
       def filtered_options(value)
@@ -75,6 +78,24 @@ module ActiveModel
         filtered[:value] = value
         filtered
       end
+
+      def allow_only_integer?(record)
+        case options[:only_integer]
+        when Symbol
+          record.send(options[:only_integer])
+        when Proc
+          options[:only_integer].call(record)
+        else
+          options[:only_integer]
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def record_attribute_changed_in_place?(record, attr_name)
+        record.respond_to?(:attribute_changed_in_place?) &&
+          record.attribute_changed_in_place?(attr_name.to_s)
+      end
     end
 
     module HelperMethods
@@ -121,6 +142,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       # * <tt>:equal_to</tt>
       # * <tt>:less_than</tt>
       # * <tt>:less_than_or_equal_to</tt>
+      # * <tt>:only_integer</tt>
       #
       # For example:
       #
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/validates.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/validates.rb
index ae8d377fdf..1da4df21e7 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/validates.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/validates.rb
@@ -71,9 +71,11 @@ module ActiveModel
       #
       # There is also a list of options that could be used along with validators:
       #
-      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active. Runs in all
-      #   validation contexts by default (+nil+), other options are <tt>:create</tt>
-      #   and <tt>:update</tt>.
+      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies the contexts where this validation is active.
+      #   Runs in all validation contexts by default (nil). You can pass a symbol
+      #   or an array of symbols. (e.g. <tt>on: :create</tt> or
+      #   <tt>on: :custom_validation_context</tt> or
+      #   <tt>on: [:create, :custom_validation_context]</tt>)
       # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine
       #   if the validation should occur (e.g. <tt>if: :allow_validation</tt>,
       #   or <tt>if: Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>). The method,
@@ -113,7 +115,7 @@ module ActiveModel
           key = "#{key.to_s.camelize}Validator"
 
           begin
-            validator = key.include?('::') ? key.constantize : const_get(key)
+            validator = key.include?('::'.freeze) ? key.constantize : const_get(key)
           rescue NameError
             raise ArgumentError, "Unknown validator: '#{key}'"
           end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/with.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/with.rb
index 16bd6670d1..6de01b3392 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/with.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/with.rb
@@ -1,15 +1,5 @@
 module ActiveModel
   module Validations
-    module HelperMethods
-      private
-        def _merge_attributes(attr_names)
-          options = attr_names.extract_options!.symbolize_keys
-          attr_names.flatten!
-          options[:attributes] = attr_names
-          options
-        end
-    end
-
     class WithValidator < EachValidator # :nodoc:
       def validate_each(record, attr, val)
         method_name = options[:with]
@@ -52,8 +42,11 @@ module ActiveModel
       #   end
       #
       # Configuration options:
-      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active
-      #   (<tt>:create</tt> or <tt>:update</tt>.
+      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies the contexts where this validation is active.
+      #   Runs in all validation contexts by default (nil). You can pass a symbol
+      #   or an array of symbols. (e.g. <tt>on: :create</tt> or
+      #   <tt>on: :custom_validation_context</tt> or
+      #   <tt>on: [:create, :custom_validation_context]</tt>)
       # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine
       #   if the validation should occur (e.g. <tt>if: :allow_validation</tt>,
       #   or <tt>if: Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>).
@@ -139,6 +132,8 @@ module ActiveModel
     # class version of this method for more information.
     def validates_with(*args, &block)
       options = args.extract_options!
+      options[:class] = self.class
+
       args.each do |klass|
         validator = klass.new(options, &block)
         validator.validate(self)
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validator.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validator.rb
index bddacc8c45..1d2888a818 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validator.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validator.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ module ActiveModel
   #   class MyValidator < ActiveModel::Validator
   #     def validate(record)
   #       if some_complex_logic
-  #         record.errors[:base] = "This record is invalid"
+  #         record.errors.add(:base, "This record is invalid")
   #       end
   #     end
   #
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ module ActiveModel
   #     include ActiveModel::Validations
   #     attr_accessor :title
   #
-  #     validates :title, presence: true
+  #     validates :title, presence: true, title: true
   #   end
   #
   # It can be useful to access the class that is using that validator when there are prerequisites such
@@ -106,7 +106,6 @@ module ActiveModel
     # Accepts options that will be made available through the +options+ reader.
     def initialize(options = {})
       @options  = options.except(:class).freeze
-      deprecated_setup(options)
     end
 
     # Returns the kind for this validator.
@@ -122,28 +121,13 @@ module ActiveModel
     def validate(record)
       raise NotImplementedError, "Subclasses must implement a validate(record) method."
     end
-
-    private
-    def deprecated_setup(options) # TODO: remove me in 4.2.
-      return unless respond_to?(:setup)
-      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "The `Validator#setup` instance method is deprecated and will be removed on Rails 4.2. Do your setup in the constructor instead:
-
-class MyValidator < ActiveModel::Validator
-  def initialize(options={})
-    super
-    options[:class].send :attr_accessor, :custom_attribute
-  end
-end
-"
-      setup(options[:class])
-    end
   end
 
   # +EachValidator+ is a validator which iterates through the attributes given
   # in the options hash invoking the <tt>validate_each</tt> method passing in the
   # record, attribute and value.
   #
-  # All Active Model validations are built on top of this validator.
+  # All \Active \Model validations are built on top of this validator.
   class EachValidator < Validator #:nodoc:
     attr_reader :attributes
 
@@ -179,6 +163,10 @@ end
     # +ArgumentError+ when invalid options are supplied.
     def check_validity!
     end
+
+    def should_validate?(record) # :nodoc:
+      !record.persisted? || record.changed? || record.marked_for_destruction?
+    end
   end
 
   # +BlockValidator+ is a special +EachValidator+ which receives a block on initialization
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/version.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/version.rb
index 5c9d2bc6bc..6da3b4117b 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/version.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/version.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
+require_relative 'gem_version'
+
 module ActiveModel
-  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActiveModel as a Gem::Version
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded \Active \Model as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
   def self.version
-    Gem::Version.new "4.2.0.alpha"
-  end
-
-  module VERSION #:nodoc:
-    MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE = ActiveModel.version.segments
-    STRING = ActiveModel.version.to_s
+    gem_version
   end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/attribute_assignment_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/attribute_assignment_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..287bea719c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/attribute_assignment_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require "active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access"
+require "active_support/hash_with_indifferent_access"
+
+class AttributeAssignmentTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
+  class Model
+    include ActiveModel::AttributeAssignment
+
+    attr_accessor :name, :description
+
+    def initialize(attributes = {})
+      assign_attributes(attributes)
+    end
+
+    def broken_attribute=(value)
+      raise ErrorFromAttributeWriter
+    end
+
+    protected
+
+    attr_writer :metadata
+  end
+
+  class ErrorFromAttributeWriter < StandardError
+  end
+
+  class ProtectedParams
+    attr_accessor :permitted
+    alias :permitted? :permitted
+
+    delegate :keys, :key?, :has_key?, :empty?, to: :@parameters
+
+    def initialize(attributes)
+      @parameters = attributes.with_indifferent_access
+      @permitted = false
+    end
+
+    def permit!
+      @permitted = true
+      self
+    end
+
+    def [](key)
+      @parameters[key]
+    end
+
+    def to_h
+      @parameters
+    end
+
+    def stringify_keys
+      dup
+    end
+
+    def dup
+      super.tap do |duplicate|
+        duplicate.instance_variable_set :@permitted, permitted?
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "simple assignment" do
+    model = Model.new
+
+    model.assign_attributes(name: "hello", description: "world")
+    assert_equal "hello", model.name
+    assert_equal "world", model.description
+  end
+
+  test "assign non-existing attribute" do
+    model = Model.new
+    error = assert_raises(ActiveModel::UnknownAttributeError) do
+      model.assign_attributes(hz: 1)
+    end
+
+    assert_equal model, error.record
+    assert_equal "hz", error.attribute
+  end
+
+  test "assign private attribute" do
+    model = Model.new
+    assert_raises(ActiveModel::UnknownAttributeError) do
+      model.assign_attributes(metadata: { a: 1 })
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "does not swallow errors raised in an attribute writer" do
+    assert_raises(ErrorFromAttributeWriter) do
+      Model.new(broken_attribute: 1)
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "an ArgumentError is raised if a non-hash-like object is passed" do
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      Model.new(1)
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "forbidden attributes cannot be used for mass assignment" do
+    params = ProtectedParams.new(name: "Guille", description: "m")
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesError) do
+      Model.new(params)
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "permitted attributes can be used for mass assignment" do
+    params = ProtectedParams.new(name: "Guille", description: "desc")
+    params.permit!
+    model = Model.new(params)
+
+    assert_equal "Guille", model.name
+    assert_equal "desc", model.description
+  end
+
+  test "regular hash should still be used for mass assignment" do
+    model = Model.new(name: "Guille", description: "m")
+
+    assert_equal "Guille", model.name
+    assert_equal "m", model.description
+  end
+
+  test "assigning no attributes should not raise, even if the hash is un-permitted" do
+    model = Model.new
+    assert_nil model.assign_attributes(ProtectedParams.new({}))
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
index e9cb5ccc96..e81b7ac424 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
@@ -104,10 +104,14 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test '#define_attribute_method generates attribute method' do
-    ModelWithAttributes.define_attribute_method(:foo)
+    begin
+      ModelWithAttributes.define_attribute_method(:foo)
 
-    assert_respond_to ModelWithAttributes.new, :foo
-    assert_equal "value of foo", ModelWithAttributes.new.foo
+      assert_respond_to ModelWithAttributes.new, :foo
+      assert_equal "value of foo", ModelWithAttributes.new.foo
+    ensure
+      ModelWithAttributes.undefine_attribute_methods
+    end
   end
 
   test '#define_attribute_method does not generate attribute method if already defined in attribute module' do
@@ -134,24 +138,36 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test '#define_attribute_method generates attribute method with invalid identifier characters' do
-    ModelWithWeirdNamesAttributes.define_attribute_method(:'a?b')
+    begin
+      ModelWithWeirdNamesAttributes.define_attribute_method(:'a?b')
 
-    assert_respond_to ModelWithWeirdNamesAttributes.new, :'a?b'
-    assert_equal "value of a?b", ModelWithWeirdNamesAttributes.new.send('a?b')
+      assert_respond_to ModelWithWeirdNamesAttributes.new, :'a?b'
+      assert_equal "value of a?b", ModelWithWeirdNamesAttributes.new.send('a?b')
+    ensure
+      ModelWithWeirdNamesAttributes.undefine_attribute_methods
+    end
   end
 
   test '#define_attribute_methods works passing multiple arguments' do
-    ModelWithAttributes.define_attribute_methods(:foo, :baz)
+    begin
+      ModelWithAttributes.define_attribute_methods(:foo, :baz)
 
-    assert_equal "value of foo", ModelWithAttributes.new.foo
-    assert_equal "value of baz", ModelWithAttributes.new.baz
+      assert_equal "value of foo", ModelWithAttributes.new.foo
+      assert_equal "value of baz", ModelWithAttributes.new.baz
+    ensure
+      ModelWithAttributes.undefine_attribute_methods
+    end
   end
 
   test '#define_attribute_methods generates attribute methods' do
-    ModelWithAttributes.define_attribute_methods(:foo)
+    begin
+      ModelWithAttributes.define_attribute_methods(:foo)
 
-    assert_respond_to ModelWithAttributes.new, :foo
-    assert_equal "value of foo", ModelWithAttributes.new.foo
+      assert_respond_to ModelWithAttributes.new, :foo
+      assert_equal "value of foo", ModelWithAttributes.new.foo
+    ensure
+      ModelWithAttributes.undefine_attribute_methods
+    end
   end
 
   test '#alias_attribute generates attribute_aliases lookup hash' do
@@ -164,26 +180,38 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test '#define_attribute_methods generates attribute methods with spaces in their names' do
-    ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.define_attribute_methods(:'foo bar')
+    begin
+      ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.define_attribute_methods(:'foo bar')
 
-    assert_respond_to ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.new, :'foo bar'
-    assert_equal "value of foo bar", ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.new.send(:'foo bar')
+      assert_respond_to ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.new, :'foo bar'
+      assert_equal "value of foo bar", ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.new.send(:'foo bar')
+    ensure
+      ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.undefine_attribute_methods
+    end
   end
 
   test '#alias_attribute works with attributes with spaces in their names' do
-    ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.define_attribute_methods(:'foo bar')
-    ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.alias_attribute(:'foo_bar', :'foo bar')
+    begin
+      ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.define_attribute_methods(:'foo bar')
+      ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.alias_attribute(:'foo_bar', :'foo bar')
 
-    assert_equal "value of foo bar", ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.new.foo_bar
+      assert_equal "value of foo bar", ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.new.foo_bar
+    ensure
+      ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.undefine_attribute_methods
+    end
   end
 
   test '#alias_attribute works with attributes named as a ruby keyword' do
-    ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.define_attribute_methods([:begin, :end])
-    ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.alias_attribute(:from, :begin)
-    ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.alias_attribute(:to, :end)
-
-    assert_equal "value of begin", ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.new.from
-    assert_equal "value of end", ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.new.to
+    begin
+      ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.define_attribute_methods([:begin, :end])
+      ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.alias_attribute(:from, :begin)
+      ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.alias_attribute(:to, :end)
+
+      assert_equal "value of begin", ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.new.from
+      assert_equal "value of end", ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.new.to
+    ensure
+      ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.undefine_attribute_methods
+    end
   end
 
   test '#undefine_attribute_methods removes attribute methods' do
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb
index 5fede098d1..85455c112c 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ class CallbacksTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
       model.callbacks << :before_around_create
       yield
       model.callbacks << :after_around_create
+      false
     end
   end
 
@@ -24,16 +25,22 @@ class CallbacksTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
     after_create do |model|
       model.callbacks << :after_create
+      false
     end
 
     after_create "@callbacks << :final_callback"
 
-    def initialize(valid=true)
-      @callbacks, @valid = [], valid
+    def initialize(options = {})
+      @callbacks = []
+      @valid = options[:valid]
+      @before_create_returns = options.fetch(:before_create_returns, true)
+      @before_create_throws = options[:before_create_throws]
     end
 
     def before_create
       @callbacks << :before_create
+      throw(@before_create_throws) if @before_create_throws
+      @before_create_returns
     end
 
     def create
@@ -51,14 +58,28 @@ class CallbacksTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
                                     :after_around_create, :after_create, :final_callback]
   end
 
-  test "after callbacks are always appended" do
+  test "the callback chain is not halted when around or after callbacks return false" do
     model = ModelCallbacks.new
     model.create
     assert_equal model.callbacks.last, :final_callback
   end
 
+  test "the callback chain is halted when a before callback returns false (deprecated)" do
+    model = ModelCallbacks.new(before_create_returns: false)
+    assert_deprecated do
+      model.create
+      assert_equal model.callbacks.last, :before_create
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "the callback chain is halted when a callback throws :abort" do
+    model = ModelCallbacks.new(before_create_throws: :abort)
+    model.create
+    assert_equal model.callbacks, [:before_create]
+  end
+
   test "after callbacks are not executed if the block returns false" do
-    model = ModelCallbacks.new(false)
+    model = ModelCallbacks.new(valid: false)
     model.create
     assert_equal model.callbacks, [ :before_create, :before_around_create,
                                     :create, :after_around_create]
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/conversion_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/conversion_test.rb
index c5cfbf909d..800cad6d9a 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/conversion_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/conversion_test.rb
@@ -24,6 +24,10 @@ class ConversionTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal "1", Contact.new(id: 1).to_param
   end
 
+  test "to_param returns the string joined by '-'" do
+    assert_equal "abc-xyz", Contact.new(id: ["abc", "xyz"]).to_param
+  end
+
   test "to_param returns nil if to_key is nil" do
     klass = Class.new(Contact) do
       def persisted?
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/dirty_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/dirty_test.rb
index 2853476c91..d17a12ad12 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/dirty_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/dirty_test.rb
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     end
 
     def reload
-      reset_changes
+      clear_changes_information
     end
   end
 
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   test "resetting attribute" do
     @model.name = "Bob"
-    @model.reset_name!
+    @model.restore_name!
     assert_nil @model.name
     assert !@model.name_changed?
   end
@@ -137,6 +137,19 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal [nil, "Jericho Cane"], @model.previous_changes['name']
   end
 
+  test "setting new attributes should not affect previous changes" do
+    @model.name = "Jericho Cane"
+    @model.save
+    @model.name = "DudeFella ManGuy"
+    assert_equal [nil, "Jericho Cane"], @model.name_previous_change
+  end
+
+  test "saving should preserve model's previous changed status" do
+    @model.name = "Jericho Cane"
+    @model.save
+    assert @model.name_previously_changed?
+  end
+
   test "previous value is preserved when changed after save" do
     assert_equal({}, @model.changed_attributes)
     @model.name = "Paul"
@@ -176,4 +189,32 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new, @model.previous_changes
     assert_equal ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new, @model.changed_attributes
   end
+
+  test "restore_attributes should restore all previous data" do
+    @model.name = 'Dmitry'
+    @model.color = 'Red'
+    @model.save
+    @model.name = 'Bob'
+    @model.color = 'White'
+
+    @model.restore_attributes
+
+    assert_not @model.changed?
+    assert_equal 'Dmitry', @model.name
+    assert_equal 'Red', @model.color
+  end
+
+  test "restore_attributes can restore only some attributes" do
+    @model.name = 'Dmitry'
+    @model.color = 'Red'
+    @model.save
+    @model.name = 'Bob'
+    @model.color = 'White'
+
+    @model.restore_attributes(['name'])
+
+    assert @model.changed?
+    assert_equal 'Dmitry', @model.name
+    assert_equal 'White', @model.color
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/errors_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/errors_test.rb
index def28578f8..a5ac055033 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/errors_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/errors_test.rb
@@ -29,28 +29,28 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_delete
     errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(self)
-    errors[:foo] = 'omg'
+    errors[:foo] << 'omg'
     errors.delete(:foo)
     assert_empty errors[:foo]
   end
 
   def test_include?
     errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(self)
-    errors[:foo] = 'omg'
+    errors[:foo] << 'omg'
     assert errors.include?(:foo), 'errors should include :foo'
   end
 
   def test_dup
     errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(self)
-    errors[:foo] = 'bar'
+    errors[:foo] << 'bar'
     errors_dup = errors.dup
-    errors_dup[:bar] = 'omg'
+    errors_dup[:bar] << 'omg'
     assert_not_same errors_dup.messages, errors.messages
   end
 
   def test_has_key?
     errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(self)
-    errors[:foo] = 'omg'
+    errors[:foo] << 'omg'
     assert_equal true, errors.has_key?(:foo), 'errors should have key :foo'
   end
 
@@ -59,6 +59,17 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal false, errors.has_key?(:name), 'errors should not have key :name'
   end
 
+  def test_key?
+    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(self)
+    errors[:foo] << 'omg'
+    assert_equal true, errors.key?(:foo), 'errors should have key :foo'
+  end
+
+  def test_no_key
+    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(self)
+    assert_equal false, errors.key?(:name), 'errors should not have key :name'
+  end
+
   test "clear errors" do
     person = Person.new
     person.validate!
@@ -70,30 +81,41 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   test "get returns the errors for the provided key" do
     errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(self)
-    errors[:foo] = "omg"
+    errors[:foo] << "omg"
 
-    assert_equal ["omg"], errors.get(:foo)
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_equal ["omg"], errors.get(:foo)
+    end
   end
 
   test "sets the error with the provided key" do
     errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(self)
-    errors.set(:foo, "omg")
+    assert_deprecated do
+      errors.set(:foo, "omg")
+    end
 
     assert_equal({ foo: "omg" }, errors.messages)
   end
 
+  test "error access is indifferent" do
+    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(self)
+    errors[:foo] << "omg"
+
+    assert_equal ["omg"], errors["foo"]
+  end
+
   test "values returns an array of messages" do
     errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(self)
-    errors.set(:foo, "omg")
-    errors.set(:baz, "zomg")
+    errors.messages[:foo] = "omg"
+    errors.messages[:baz] = "zomg"
 
     assert_equal ["omg", "zomg"], errors.values
   end
 
   test "keys returns the error keys" do
     errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(self)
-    errors.set(:foo, "omg")
-    errors.set(:baz, "zomg")
+    errors.messages[:foo] << "omg"
+    errors.messages[:baz] << "zomg"
 
     assert_equal [:foo, :baz], errors.keys
   end
@@ -115,7 +137,9 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   test "assign error" do
     person = Person.new
-    person.errors[:name] = 'should not be nil'
+    assert_deprecated do
+      person.errors[:name] = 'should not be nil'
+    end
     assert_equal ["should not be nil"], person.errors[:name]
   end
 
@@ -125,6 +149,12 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal ["cannot be blank"], person.errors[:name]
   end
 
+  test "add an error message on a specific attribute with a defined type" do
+    person = Person.new
+    person.errors.add(:name, :blank, message: "cannot be blank")
+    assert_equal ["cannot be blank"], person.errors[:name]
+  end
+
   test "add an error with a symbol" do
     person = Person.new
     person.errors.add(:name, :blank)
@@ -188,6 +218,12 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal 1, person.errors.size
   end
 
+  test "count calculates the number of error messages" do
+    person = Person.new
+    person.errors.add(:name, "cannot be blank")
+    assert_equal 1, person.errors.count
+  end
+
   test "to_a returns the list of errors with complete messages containing the attribute names" do
     person = Person.new
     person.errors.add(:name, "cannot be blank")
@@ -263,46 +299,125 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   test "add_on_empty generates message" do
     person = Person.new
-    person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:name, :empty, {})
-    person.errors.add_on_empty :name
+    assert_called_with(person.errors, :generate_message, [:name, :empty, {}]) do
+      assert_deprecated do
+        person.errors.add_on_empty :name
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   test "add_on_empty generates message for multiple attributes" do
     person = Person.new
-    person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:name, :empty, {})
-    person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:age, :empty, {})
-    person.errors.add_on_empty [:name, :age]
+    expected_calls = [ [:name, :empty, {}], [:age, :empty, {}] ]
+    assert_called_with(person.errors, :generate_message, expected_calls) do
+      assert_deprecated do
+        person.errors.add_on_empty [:name, :age]
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   test "add_on_empty generates message with custom default message" do
     person = Person.new
-    person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:name, :empty, { message: 'custom' })
-    person.errors.add_on_empty :name, message: 'custom'
+    assert_called_with(person.errors, :generate_message, [:name, :empty, { message: 'custom' }]) do
+      assert_deprecated do
+        person.errors.add_on_empty :name, message: 'custom'
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   test "add_on_empty generates message with empty string value" do
     person = Person.new
     person.name = ''
-    person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:name, :empty, {})
-    person.errors.add_on_empty :name
+    assert_called_with(person.errors, :generate_message, [:name, :empty, {}]) do
+      assert_deprecated do
+        person.errors.add_on_empty :name
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   test "add_on_blank generates message" do
     person = Person.new
-    person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:name, :blank, {})
-    person.errors.add_on_blank :name
+    assert_called_with(person.errors, :generate_message, [:name, :blank, {}]) do
+      assert_deprecated do
+        person.errors.add_on_blank :name
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   test "add_on_blank generates message for multiple attributes" do
     person = Person.new
-    person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:name, :blank, {})
-    person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:age, :blank, {})
-    person.errors.add_on_blank [:name, :age]
+    expected_calls = [ [:name, :blank, {}], [:age, :blank, {}] ]
+    assert_called_with(person.errors, :generate_message, expected_calls) do
+      assert_deprecated do
+        person.errors.add_on_blank [:name, :age]
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   test "add_on_blank generates message with custom default message" do
     person = Person.new
-    person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:name, :blank, { message: 'custom' })
-    person.errors.add_on_blank :name, message: 'custom'
+    assert_called_with(person.errors, :generate_message, [:name, :blank, { message: 'custom' }]) do
+      assert_deprecated do
+        person.errors.add_on_blank :name, message: 'custom'
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "details returns added error detail" do
+    person = Person.new
+    person.errors.add(:name, :invalid)
+    assert_equal({ name: [{ error: :invalid }] }, person.errors.details)
+  end
+
+  test "details returns added error detail with custom option" do
+    person = Person.new
+    person.errors.add(:name, :greater_than, count: 5)
+    assert_equal({ name: [{ error: :greater_than, count: 5 }] }, person.errors.details)
+  end
+
+  test "details do not include message option" do
+    person = Person.new
+    person.errors.add(:name, :invalid, message: "is bad")
+    assert_equal({ name: [{ error: :invalid }] }, person.errors.details)
+  end
+
+  test "dup duplicates details" do
+    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(Person.new)
+    errors.add(:name, :invalid)
+    errors_dup = errors.dup
+    errors_dup.add(:name, :taken)
+    assert_not_equal errors_dup.details, errors.details
+  end
+
+  test "delete removes details on given attribute" do
+    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(Person.new)
+    errors.add(:name, :invalid)
+    errors.delete(:name)
+    assert_empty errors.details[:name]
+  end
+
+  test "delete returns the deleted messages" do
+    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(Person.new)
+    errors.add(:name, :invalid)
+    assert_equal ["is invalid"], errors.delete(:name)
+  end
+
+  test "clear removes details" do
+    person = Person.new
+    person.errors.add(:name, :invalid)
+
+    assert_equal 1, person.errors.details.count
+    person.errors.clear
+    assert person.errors.details.empty?
+  end
+
+  test "copy errors" do
+    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(Person.new)
+    errors.add(:name, :invalid)
+    person = Person.new
+    person.errors.copy!(errors)
+
+    assert_equal [:name], person.errors.messages.keys
+    assert_equal [:name], person.errors.details.keys
   end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/forbidden_attributes_protection_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/forbidden_attributes_protection_test.rb
index 3cb204a2c5..d8d757f52a 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/forbidden_attributes_protection_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/forbidden_attributes_protection_test.rb
@@ -2,12 +2,14 @@ require 'cases/helper'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access'
 require 'models/account'
 
-class ProtectedParams < ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess
+class ProtectedParams
   attr_accessor :permitted
   alias :permitted? :permitted
 
+  delegate :keys, :key?, :has_key?, :empty?, to: :@parameters
+
   def initialize(attributes)
-    super(attributes)
+    @parameters = attributes
     @permitted = false
   end
 
@@ -15,6 +17,10 @@ class ProtectedParams < ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess
     @permitted = true
     self
   end
+
+  def to_h
+    @parameters
+  end
 end
 
 class ActiveModelMassUpdateProtectionTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/helper.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/helper.rb
index 522a7cebb4..27fdbc739c 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/helper.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/helper.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 require File.expand_path('../../../../load_paths', __FILE__)
 
-require 'config'
 require 'active_model'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/access'
 
@@ -11,3 +10,17 @@ ActiveSupport::Deprecation.debug = true
 I18n.enforce_available_locales = false
 
 require 'active_support/testing/autorun'
+require 'active_support/testing/method_call_assertions'
+
+# Skips the current run on Rubinius using Minitest::Assertions#skip
+def rubinius_skip(message = '')
+  skip message if RUBY_ENGINE == 'rbx'
+end
+# Skips the current run on JRuby using Minitest::Assertions#skip
+def jruby_skip(message = '')
+  skip message if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
+end
+
+class ActiveModel::TestCase
+  include ActiveSupport::Testing::MethodCallAssertions
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/model_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/model_test.rb
index ee0fa26546..3017f3541b 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/model_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/model_test.rb
@@ -70,6 +70,8 @@ class ModelTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_mixin_initializer_when_args_dont_exist
-    assert_raises(NoMethodError) { SimpleModel.new(hello: 'world') }
+    assert_raises(ActiveModel::UnknownAttributeError) do
+      SimpleModel.new(hello: 'world')
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/naming_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/naming_test.rb
index aa683f4152..7b8287edbf 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/naming_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/naming_test.rb
@@ -272,3 +272,9 @@ class NameWithAnonymousClassTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal "Anonymous", model_name
   end
 end
+
+class NamingMethodDelegationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
+  def test_model_name
+    assert_equal Blog::Post.model_name, Blog::Post.new.model_name
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/secure_password_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/secure_password_test.rb
index 82fd291064..6d56c8344a 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/secure_password_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/secure_password_test.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ require 'models/visitor'
 
 class SecurePasswordTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   setup do
+    # Used only to speed up tests
+    @original_min_cost = ActiveModel::SecurePassword.min_cost
     ActiveModel::SecurePassword.min_cost = true
 
     @user = User.new
@@ -15,18 +17,32 @@ class SecurePasswordTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   teardown do
-    ActiveModel::SecurePassword.min_cost = false
+    ActiveModel::SecurePassword.min_cost = @original_min_cost
+  end
+
+  test "automatically include ActiveModel::Validations when validations are enabled" do
+    assert_respond_to @user, :valid?
   end
 
-  test "create and updating without validations" do
-    assert @visitor.valid?(:create), 'visitor should be valid'
-    assert @visitor.valid?(:update), 'visitor should be valid'
+  test "don't include ActiveModel::Validations when validations are disabled" do
+    assert_not_respond_to @visitor, :valid?
+  end
+
+  test "create a new user with validations and valid password/confirmation" do
+    @user.password = 'password'
+    @user.password_confirmation = 'password'
+
+    assert @user.valid?(:create), 'user should be valid'
+
+    @user.password = 'a' * 72
+    @user.password_confirmation = 'a' * 72
 
-    @visitor.password = '123'
-    @visitor.password_confirmation = '456'
+    assert @user.valid?(:create), 'user should be valid'
+  end
 
-    assert @visitor.valid?(:create), 'visitor should be valid'
-    assert @visitor.valid?(:update), 'visitor should be valid'
+  test "create a new user with validation and a spaces only password" do
+    @user.password = ' ' * 72
+    assert @user.valid?(:create), 'user should be valid'
   end
 
   test "create a new user with validation and a blank password" do
@@ -43,6 +59,14 @@ class SecurePasswordTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal ["can't be blank"], @user.errors[:password]
   end
 
+  test 'create a new user with validation and password length greater than 72' do
+    @user.password = 'a' * 73
+    @user.password_confirmation = 'a' * 73
+    assert !@user.valid?(:create), 'user should be invalid'
+    assert_equal 1, @user.errors.count
+    assert_equal ["is too long (maximum is 72 characters)"], @user.errors[:password]
+  end
+
   test "create a new user with validation and a blank password confirmation" do
     @user.password = 'password'
     @user.password_confirmation = ''
@@ -65,15 +89,19 @@ class SecurePasswordTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal ["doesn't match Password"], @user.errors[:password_confirmation]
   end
 
-  test "create a new user with validation and a correct password confirmation" do
-    @user.password = 'password'
-    @user.password_confirmation = 'something else'
-    assert !@user.valid?(:create), 'user should be invalid'
-    assert_equal 1, @user.errors.count
-    assert_equal ["doesn't match Password"], @user.errors[:password_confirmation]
+  test "update an existing user with validation and no change in password" do
+    assert @existing_user.valid?(:update), 'user should be valid'
   end
 
-  test "update an existing user with validation and no change in password" do
+  test "update an existing user with validations and valid password/confirmation" do
+    @existing_user.password = 'password'
+    @existing_user.password_confirmation = 'password'
+
+    assert @existing_user.valid?(:update), 'user should be valid'
+
+    @existing_user.password = 'a' * 72
+    @existing_user.password_confirmation = 'a' * 72
+
     assert @existing_user.valid?(:update), 'user should be valid'
   end
 
@@ -82,6 +110,11 @@ class SecurePasswordTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert @existing_user.valid?(:update), 'user should be valid'
   end
 
+  test "updating an existing user with validation and a spaces only password" do
+    @user.password = ' ' * 72
+    assert @user.valid?(:update), 'user should be valid'
+  end
+
   test "updating an existing user with validation and a blank password and password_confirmation" do
     @existing_user.password = ''
     @existing_user.password_confirmation = ''
@@ -95,6 +128,14 @@ class SecurePasswordTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal ["can't be blank"], @existing_user.errors[:password]
   end
 
+  test 'updating an existing user with validation and password length greater than 72' do
+    @existing_user.password = 'a' * 73
+    @existing_user.password_confirmation = 'a' * 73
+    assert !@existing_user.valid?(:update), 'user should be invalid'
+    assert_equal 1, @existing_user.errors.count
+    assert_equal ["is too long (maximum is 72 characters)"], @existing_user.errors[:password]
+  end
+
   test "updating an existing user with validation and a blank password confirmation" do
     @existing_user.password = 'password'
     @existing_user.password_confirmation = ''
@@ -117,14 +158,6 @@ class SecurePasswordTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal ["doesn't match Password"], @existing_user.errors[:password_confirmation]
   end
 
-  test "updating an existing user with validation and a correct password confirmation" do
-    @existing_user.password = 'password'
-    @existing_user.password_confirmation = 'something else'
-    assert !@existing_user.valid?(:update), 'user should be invalid'
-    assert_equal 1, @existing_user.errors.count
-    assert_equal ["doesn't match Password"], @existing_user.errors[:password_confirmation]
-  end
-
   test "updating an existing user with validation and a blank password digest" do
     @existing_user.password_digest = ''
     assert !@existing_user.valid?(:update), 'user should be invalid'
@@ -147,7 +180,7 @@ class SecurePasswordTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   test "setting a nil password should clear an existing password" do
     @existing_user.password = nil
     assert_equal nil, @existing_user.password_digest
-  end  
+  end
 
   test "authenticate" do
     @user.password = "secret"
@@ -164,11 +197,16 @@ class SecurePasswordTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "Password digest cost honors bcrypt cost attribute when min_cost is false" do
-    ActiveModel::SecurePassword.min_cost = false
-    BCrypt::Engine.cost = 5
-
-    @user.password = "secret"
-    assert_equal BCrypt::Engine.cost, @user.password_digest.cost
+    begin
+      original_bcrypt_cost = BCrypt::Engine.cost
+      ActiveModel::SecurePassword.min_cost = false
+      BCrypt::Engine.cost = 5
+
+      @user.password = "secret"
+      assert_equal BCrypt::Engine.cost, @user.password_digest.cost
+    ensure
+      BCrypt::Engine.cost = original_bcrypt_cost
+    end
   end
 
   test "Password digest cost can be set to bcrypt min cost to speed up tests" do
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/serialization_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/serialization_test.rb
index 4ae41aa19c..8d3165cd78 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/serialization_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/serialization_test.rb
@@ -16,6 +16,14 @@ class SerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
       instance_values.except("address", "friends")
     end
 
+    def method_missing(method_name, *args)
+      if method_name == :bar
+        'i_am_bar'
+      else
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
     def foo
       'i_am_foo'
     end
@@ -58,23 +66,22 @@ class SerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_method_serializable_hash_should_work_with_methods_option
-    expected = {"name"=>"David", "gender"=>"male", "foo"=>"i_am_foo", "email"=>"david@example.com"}
-    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(methods: [:foo])
+    expected = {"name"=>"David", "gender"=>"male", "foo"=>"i_am_foo", "bar"=>"i_am_bar", "email"=>"david@example.com"}
+    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(methods: [:foo, :bar])
   end
 
   def test_method_serializable_hash_should_work_with_only_and_methods
-    expected = {"foo"=>"i_am_foo"}
-    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(only: [], methods: [:foo])
+    expected = {"foo"=>"i_am_foo", "bar"=>"i_am_bar"}
+    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(only: [], methods: [:foo, :bar])
   end
 
   def test_method_serializable_hash_should_work_with_except_and_methods
-    expected = {"gender"=>"male", "foo"=>"i_am_foo"}
-    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(except: [:name, :email], methods: [:foo])
+    expected = {"gender"=>"male", "foo"=>"i_am_foo", "bar"=>"i_am_bar"}
+    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(except: [:name, :email], methods: [:foo, :bar])
   end
 
-  def test_should_not_call_methods_that_dont_respond
-    expected = {"name"=>"David", "gender"=>"male", "email"=>"david@example.com"}
-    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(methods: [:bar])
+  def test_should_raise_NoMethodError_for_non_existing_method
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { @user.serializable_hash(methods: [:nada]) }
   end
 
   def test_should_use_read_attribute_for_serialization
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/json_serialization_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/json_serialization_test.rb
index bc185c737f..d765a47636 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/json_serialization_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/json_serialization_test.rb
@@ -1,25 +1,7 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
 require 'models/contact'
-require 'models/automobile'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/instance_variables'
 
-class Contact
-  include ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON
-  include ActiveModel::Validations
-
-  def attributes=(hash)
-    hash.each do |k, v|
-      instance_variable_set("@#{k}", v)
-    end
-  end
-
-  remove_method :attributes if method_defined?(:attributes)
-
-  def attributes
-    instance_values
-  end
-end
-
 class JsonSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   def setup
     @contact = Contact.new
@@ -30,11 +12,6 @@ class JsonSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     @contact.preferences = { 'shows' => 'anime' }
   end
 
-  def teardown
-    # set to the default value
-    Contact.include_root_in_json = false
-  end
-
   test "should not include root in json (class method)" do
     json = @contact.to_json
 
@@ -47,19 +24,25 @@ class JsonSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "should include root in json if include_root_in_json is true" do
-    Contact.include_root_in_json = true
-    json = @contact.to_json
-
-    assert_match %r{^\{"contact":\{}, json
-    assert_match %r{"name":"Konata Izumi"}, json
-    assert_match %r{"age":16}, json
-    assert json.include?(%("created_at":#{ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(Time.utc(2006, 8, 1))}))
-    assert_match %r{"awesome":true}, json
-    assert_match %r{"preferences":\{"shows":"anime"\}}, json
+    begin
+      original_include_root_in_json = Contact.include_root_in_json
+      Contact.include_root_in_json = true
+      json = @contact.to_json
+
+      assert_match %r{^\{"contact":\{}, json
+      assert_match %r{"name":"Konata Izumi"}, json
+      assert_match %r{"age":16}, json
+      assert json.include?(%("created_at":#{ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(Time.utc(2006, 8, 1))}))
+      assert_match %r{"awesome":true}, json
+      assert_match %r{"preferences":\{"shows":"anime"\}}, json
+    ensure
+      Contact.include_root_in_json = original_include_root_in_json
+    end
   end
 
   test "should include root in json (option) even if the default is set to false" do
     json = @contact.to_json(root: true)
+
     assert_match %r{^\{"contact":\{}, json
   end
 
@@ -145,13 +128,18 @@ class JsonSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "as_json should return a hash if include_root_in_json is true" do
-    Contact.include_root_in_json = true
-    json = @contact.as_json
-
-    assert_kind_of Hash, json
-    assert_kind_of Hash, json['contact']
-    %w(name age created_at awesome preferences).each do |field|
-      assert_equal @contact.send(field), json['contact'][field]
+    begin
+      original_include_root_in_json = Contact.include_root_in_json
+      Contact.include_root_in_json = true
+      json = @contact.as_json
+
+      assert_kind_of Hash, json
+      assert_kind_of Hash, json['contact']
+      %w(name age created_at awesome preferences).each do |field|
+        assert_equal @contact.send(field), json['contact'][field]
+      end
+    ensure
+      Contact.include_root_in_json = original_include_root_in_json
     end
   end
 
@@ -207,4 +195,8 @@ class JsonSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_no_match %r{"awesome":}, json
     assert_no_match %r{"preferences":}, json
   end
+
+  test "Class.model_name should be json encodable" do
+    assert_match %r{"Contact"}, Contact.model_name.to_json
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/xml_serialization_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/xml_serialization_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 11ee17bb27..0000000000
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/xml_serialization_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,262 +0,0 @@
-require 'cases/helper'
-require 'models/contact'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/instance_variables'
-require 'ostruct'
-
-class Contact
-  include ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml
-
-  attr_accessor :address, :friends, :contact
-
-  remove_method :attributes if method_defined?(:attributes)
-
-  def attributes
-    instance_values.except("address", "friends", "contact")
-  end
-end
-
-module Admin
-  class Contact < ::Contact
-  end
-end
-
-class Customer < Struct.new(:name)
-end
-
-class Address
-  include ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml
-
-  attr_accessor :street, :city, :state, :zip, :apt_number
-
-  def attributes
-    instance_values
-  end
-end
-
-class SerializableContact < Contact
-  def serializable_hash(options={})
-    super(options.merge(only: [:name, :age]))
-  end
-end
-
-class XmlSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
-  def setup
-    @contact = Contact.new
-    @contact.name = 'aaron stack'
-    @contact.age = 25
-    @contact.created_at = Time.utc(2006, 8, 1)
-    @contact.awesome = false
-    customer = Customer.new
-    customer.name = "John"
-    @contact.preferences = customer
-    @contact.address = Address.new
-    @contact.address.city = "Springfield"
-    @contact.address.apt_number = 35
-    @contact.friends = [Contact.new, Contact.new]
-    @contact.contact = SerializableContact.new
-  end
-
-  test "should serialize default root" do
-    @xml = @contact.to_xml
-    assert_match %r{^<contact>},  @xml
-    assert_match %r{</contact>$}, @xml
-  end
-
-  test "should serialize namespaced root" do
-    @xml = Admin::Contact.new(@contact.attributes).to_xml
-    assert_match %r{^<contact>},  @xml
-    assert_match %r{</contact>$}, @xml
-  end
-
-  test "should serialize default root with namespace" do
-    @xml = @contact.to_xml namespace: "http://xml.rubyonrails.org/contact"
-    assert_match %r{^<contact xmlns="http://xml.rubyonrails.org/contact">}, @xml
-    assert_match %r{</contact>$}, @xml
-  end
-
-  test "should serialize custom root" do
-    @xml = @contact.to_xml root: 'xml_contact'
-    assert_match %r{^<xml-contact>},  @xml
-    assert_match %r{</xml-contact>$}, @xml
-  end
-
-  test "should allow undasherized tags" do
-    @xml = @contact.to_xml root: 'xml_contact', dasherize: false
-    assert_match %r{^<xml_contact>},  @xml
-    assert_match %r{</xml_contact>$}, @xml
-    assert_match %r{<created_at},     @xml
-  end
-
-  test "should allow camelized tags" do
-    @xml = @contact.to_xml root: 'xml_contact', camelize: true
-    assert_match %r{^<XmlContact>},  @xml
-    assert_match %r{</XmlContact>$}, @xml
-    assert_match %r{<CreatedAt},     @xml
-  end
-
-  test "should allow lower-camelized tags" do
-    @xml = @contact.to_xml root: 'xml_contact', camelize: :lower
-    assert_match %r{^<xmlContact>},  @xml
-    assert_match %r{</xmlContact>$}, @xml
-    assert_match %r{<createdAt},     @xml
-  end
-
-  test "should use serializable hash" do
-    @contact = SerializableContact.new
-    @contact.name = 'aaron stack'
-    @contact.age = 25
-
-    @xml = @contact.to_xml
-    assert_match %r{<name>aaron stack</name>}, @xml
-    assert_match %r{<age type="integer">25</age>}, @xml
-    assert_no_match %r{<awesome>}, @xml
-  end
-
-  test "should allow skipped types" do
-    @xml = @contact.to_xml skip_types: true
-    assert_match %r{<age>25</age>}, @xml
-  end
-
-  test "should include yielded additions" do
-    @xml = @contact.to_xml do |xml|
-      xml.creator "David"
-    end
-    assert_match %r{<creator>David</creator>}, @xml
-  end
-
-  test "should serialize string" do
-    assert_match %r{<name>aaron stack</name>}, @contact.to_xml
-  end
-
-  test "should serialize nil" do
-    assert_match %r{<pseudonyms nil="true"/>}, @contact.to_xml(methods: :pseudonyms)
-  end
-
-  test "should serialize integer" do
-    assert_match %r{<age type="integer">25</age>}, @contact.to_xml
-  end
-
-  test "should serialize datetime" do
-    assert_match %r{<created-at type="dateTime">2006-08-01T00:00:00Z</created-at>}, @contact.to_xml
-  end
-
-  test "should serialize boolean" do
-    assert_match %r{<awesome type="boolean">false</awesome>}, @contact.to_xml
-  end
-
-  test "should serialize array" do
-    assert_match %r{<social type="array">\s*<social>twitter</social>\s*<social>github</social>\s*</social>}, @contact.to_xml(methods: :social)
-  end
-
-  test "should serialize hash" do
-    assert_match %r{<network>\s*<git type="symbol">github</git>\s*</network>}, @contact.to_xml(methods: :network)
-  end
-
-  test "should serialize yaml" do
-    assert_match %r{<preferences type="yaml">--- !ruby/struct:Customer(\s*)\nname: John\n</preferences>}, @contact.to_xml
-  end
-
-  test "should call proc on object" do
-    proc = Proc.new { |options| options[:builder].tag!('nationality', 'unknown') }
-    xml = @contact.to_xml(procs: [ proc ])
-    assert_match %r{<nationality>unknown</nationality>}, xml
-  end
-
-  test 'should supply serializable to second proc argument' do
-    proc = Proc.new { |options, record| options[:builder].tag!('name-reverse', record.name.reverse) }
-    xml = @contact.to_xml(procs: [ proc ])
-    assert_match %r{<name-reverse>kcats noraa</name-reverse>}, xml
-  end
-
-  test "should serialize string correctly when type passed" do
-    xml = @contact.to_xml type: 'Contact'
-    assert_match %r{<contact type="Contact">}, xml
-    assert_match %r{<name>aaron stack</name>}, xml
-  end
-
-  test "include option with singular association" do
-    xml = @contact.to_xml include: :address, indent: 0
-    assert xml.include?(@contact.address.to_xml(indent: 0, skip_instruct: true))
-  end
-
-  test "include option with plural association" do
-    xml = @contact.to_xml include: :friends, indent: 0
-    assert_match %r{<friends type="array">}, xml
-    assert_match %r{<friend type="Contact">}, xml
-  end
-
-  class FriendList
-    def initialize(friends)
-      @friends = friends
-    end
-
-    def to_ary
-      @friends
-    end
-  end
-
-  test "include option with ary" do
-    @contact.friends = FriendList.new(@contact.friends)
-    xml = @contact.to_xml include: :friends, indent: 0
-    assert_match %r{<friends type="array">}, xml
-    assert_match %r{<friend type="Contact">}, xml
-  end
-
-  test "multiple includes" do
-    xml = @contact.to_xml indent: 0, skip_instruct: true, include: [ :address, :friends ]
-    assert xml.include?(@contact.address.to_xml(indent: 0, skip_instruct: true))
-    assert_match %r{<friends type="array">}, xml
-    assert_match %r{<friend type="Contact">}, xml
-  end
-
-  test "include with options" do
-    xml = @contact.to_xml indent: 0, skip_instruct: true, include: { address: { only: :city } }
-    assert xml.include?(%(><address><city>Springfield</city></address>))
-  end
-
-  test "propagates skip_types option to included associations" do
-    xml = @contact.to_xml include: :friends, indent: 0, skip_types: true
-    assert_match %r{<friends>}, xml
-    assert_match %r{<friend>}, xml
-  end
-
-  test "propagates skip-types option to included associations and attributes" do
-    xml = @contact.to_xml skip_types: true, include: :address, indent: 0
-    assert_match %r{<address>}, xml
-    assert_match %r{<apt-number>}, xml
-  end
-
-  test "propagates camelize option to included associations and attributes" do
-    xml = @contact.to_xml camelize: true, include: :address, indent: 0
-    assert_match %r{<Address>}, xml
-    assert_match %r{<AptNumber type="integer">}, xml
-  end
-
-  test "propagates dasherize option to included associations and attributes" do
-    xml = @contact.to_xml dasherize: false, include: :address, indent: 0
-    assert_match %r{<apt_number type="integer">}, xml
-  end
-
-  test "don't propagate skip_types if skip_types is defined at the included association level" do
-    xml = @contact.to_xml skip_types: true, include: { address: { skip_types: false } }, indent: 0
-    assert_match %r{<address>}, xml
-    assert_match %r{<apt-number type="integer">}, xml
-  end
-
-  test "don't propagate camelize if camelize is defined at the included association level" do
-    xml = @contact.to_xml camelize: true, include: { address: { camelize: false } }, indent: 0
-    assert_match %r{<address>}, xml
-    assert_match %r{<apt-number type="integer">}, xml
-  end
-
-  test "don't propagate dasherize if dasherize is defined at the included association level" do
-    xml = @contact.to_xml dasherize: false, include: { address: { dasherize: true } }, indent: 0
-    assert_match %r{<address>}, xml
-    assert_match %r{<apt-number type="integer">}, xml
-  end
-
-  test "association with sti" do
-    xml = @contact.to_xml(include: :contact)
-    assert xml.include?(%(<contact type="SerializableContact">))
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/translation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/translation_test.rb
index deb4e1ed0a..2c89388f14 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/translation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/translation_test.rb
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ class ActiveModelI18nTests < ActiveModel::TestCase
     I18n.backend = I18n::Backend::Simple.new
   end
 
+  def teardown
+    I18n.backend.reload!
+  end
+
   def test_translated_model_attributes
     I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', activemodel: { attributes: { person: { name: 'person name attribute' } } }
     assert_equal 'person name attribute', Person.human_attribute_name('name')
@@ -84,6 +88,11 @@ class ActiveModelI18nTests < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal 'child model', Child.model_name.human
   end
 
+  def test_translated_model_with_namespace
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', activemodel: { models: { 'person/gender': 'gender model' } }
+    assert_equal 'gender model', Person::Gender.model_name.human
+  end
+
   def test_translated_model_names_with_ancestors_fallback
     I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', activemodel: { models: { person: 'person model' } }
     assert_equal 'person model', Child.model_name.human
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/type/decimal_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/type/decimal_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..353dbf84ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/type/decimal_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require "active_model/type"
+
+module ActiveModel
+  module Type
+    class DecimalTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
+      def test_type_cast_decimal
+        type = Decimal.new
+        assert_equal BigDecimal.new("0"), type.cast(BigDecimal.new("0"))
+        assert_equal BigDecimal.new("123"), type.cast(123.0)
+        assert_equal BigDecimal.new("1"), type.cast(:"1")
+      end
+
+      def test_type_cast_decimal_from_float_with_large_precision
+        type = Decimal.new(precision: ::Float::DIG + 2)
+        assert_equal BigDecimal.new("123.0"), type.cast(123.0)
+      end
+
+      def test_type_cast_from_float_with_unspecified_precision
+        type = Decimal.new
+        assert_equal 22.68.to_d, type.cast(22.68)
+      end
+
+      def test_type_cast_decimal_from_rational_with_precision
+        type = Decimal.new(precision: 2)
+        assert_equal BigDecimal("0.33"), type.cast(Rational(1, 3))
+      end
+
+      def test_type_cast_decimal_from_rational_with_precision_and_scale
+        type = Decimal.new(precision: 4, scale: 2)
+        assert_equal BigDecimal("0.33"), type.cast(Rational(1, 3))
+      end
+
+      def test_type_cast_decimal_from_rational_without_precision_defaults_to_18_36
+        type = Decimal.new
+        assert_equal BigDecimal("0.333333333333333333E0"), type.cast(Rational(1, 3))
+      end
+
+      def test_type_cast_decimal_from_object_responding_to_d
+        value = Object.new
+        def value.to_d
+          BigDecimal.new("1")
+        end
+        type = Decimal.new
+        assert_equal BigDecimal("1"), type.cast(value)
+      end
+
+      def test_changed?
+        type = Decimal.new
+
+        assert type.changed?(5.0, 5.0, '5.0wibble')
+        assert_not type.changed?(5.0, 5.0, '5.0')
+        assert_not type.changed?(-5.0, -5.0, '-5.0')
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/type/integer_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/type/integer_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dac922db42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/type/integer_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require "active_model/type"
+
+module ActiveModel
+  module Type
+    class IntegerTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
+      test "simple values" do
+        type = Type::Integer.new
+        assert_equal 1, type.cast(1)
+        assert_equal 1, type.cast('1')
+        assert_equal 1, type.cast('1ignore')
+        assert_equal 0, type.cast('bad1')
+        assert_equal 0, type.cast('bad')
+        assert_equal 1, type.cast(1.7)
+        assert_equal 0, type.cast(false)
+        assert_equal 1, type.cast(true)
+        assert_nil type.cast(nil)
+      end
+
+      test "random objects cast to nil" do
+        type = Type::Integer.new
+        assert_nil type.cast([1,2])
+        assert_nil type.cast({1 => 2})
+        assert_nil type.cast(1..2)
+      end
+
+      test "casting objects without to_i" do
+        type = Type::Integer.new
+        assert_nil type.cast(::Object.new)
+      end
+
+      test "casting nan and infinity" do
+        type = Type::Integer.new
+        assert_nil type.cast(::Float::NAN)
+        assert_nil type.cast(1.0/0.0)
+      end
+
+      test "casting booleans for database" do
+        type = Type::Integer.new
+        assert_equal 1, type.serialize(true)
+        assert_equal 0, type.serialize(false)
+      end
+
+      test "changed?" do
+        type = Type::Integer.new
+
+        assert type.changed?(5, 5, '5wibble')
+        assert_not type.changed?(5, 5, '5')
+        assert_not type.changed?(5, 5, '5.0')
+        assert_not type.changed?(-5, -5, '-5')
+        assert_not type.changed?(-5, -5, '-5.0')
+        assert_not type.changed?(nil, nil, nil)
+      end
+
+      test "values below int min value are out of range" do
+        assert_raises(::RangeError) do
+          Integer.new.serialize(-2147483649)
+        end
+      end
+
+      test "values above int max value are out of range" do
+        assert_raises(::RangeError) do
+          Integer.new.serialize(2147483648)
+        end
+      end
+
+      test "very small numbers are out of range" do
+        assert_raises(::RangeError) do
+          Integer.new.serialize(-9999999999999999999999999999999)
+        end
+      end
+
+      test "very large numbers are out of range" do
+        assert_raises(::RangeError) do
+          Integer.new.serialize(9999999999999999999999999999999)
+        end
+      end
+
+      test "normal numbers are in range" do
+        type = Integer.new
+        assert_equal(0, type.serialize(0))
+        assert_equal(-1, type.serialize(-1))
+        assert_equal(1, type.serialize(1))
+      end
+
+      test "int max value is in range" do
+        assert_equal(2147483647, Integer.new.serialize(2147483647))
+      end
+
+      test "int min value is in range" do
+        assert_equal(-2147483648, Integer.new.serialize(-2147483648))
+      end
+
+      test "columns with a larger limit have larger ranges" do
+        type = Integer.new(limit: 8)
+
+        assert_equal(9223372036854775807, type.serialize(9223372036854775807))
+        assert_equal(-9223372036854775808, type.serialize(-9223372036854775808))
+        assert_raises(::RangeError) do
+          type.serialize(-9999999999999999999999999999999)
+        end
+        assert_raises(::RangeError) do
+          type.serialize(9999999999999999999999999999999)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/type/registry_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/type/registry_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2a48998a62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/type/registry_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require "active_model/type"
+
+module ActiveModel
+  class RegistryTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
+    test "a class can be registered for a symbol" do
+      registry = Type::Registry.new
+      registry.register(:foo, ::String)
+      registry.register(:bar, ::Array)
+
+      assert_equal "", registry.lookup(:foo)
+      assert_equal [], registry.lookup(:bar)
+    end
+
+    test "a block can be registered" do
+      registry = Type::Registry.new
+      registry.register(:foo) do |*args|
+        [*args, "block for foo"]
+      end
+      registry.register(:bar) do |*args|
+        [*args, "block for bar"]
+      end
+
+      assert_equal [:foo, 1, "block for foo"], registry.lookup(:foo, 1)
+      assert_equal [:foo, 2, "block for foo"], registry.lookup(:foo, 2)
+      assert_equal [:bar, 1, 2, 3, "block for bar"], registry.lookup(:bar, 1, 2, 3)
+    end
+
+    test "a reasonable error is given when no type is found" do
+      registry = Type::Registry.new
+
+      e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+        registry.lookup(:foo)
+      end
+
+      assert_equal "Unknown type :foo", e.message
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/type/string_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/type/string_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7b25a1ef74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/type/string_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require "active_model/type"
+
+module ActiveModel
+  class StringTypeTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
+    test "type casting" do
+      type = Type::String.new
+      assert_equal "t", type.cast(true)
+      assert_equal "f", type.cast(false)
+      assert_equal "123", type.cast(123)
+    end
+
+    test "immutable strings are not duped coming out" do
+      s = "foo"
+      type = Type::ImmutableString.new
+      assert_same s, type.cast(s)
+      assert_same s, type.deserialize(s)
+    end
+
+    test "values are duped coming out" do
+      s = "foo"
+      type = Type::String.new
+      assert_not_same s, type.cast(s)
+      assert_not_same s, type.deserialize(s)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/type/unsigned_integer_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/type/unsigned_integer_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..16301b3ac0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/type/unsigned_integer_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require "active_model/type"
+
+module ActiveModel
+  module Type
+    class UnsignedIntegerTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
+      test "unsigned int max value is in range" do
+        assert_equal(4294967295, UnsignedInteger.new.serialize(4294967295))
+      end
+
+      test "minus value is out of range" do
+        assert_raises(::RangeError) do
+          UnsignedInteger.new.serialize(-1)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/types_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/types_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f937208580
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/types_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require "active_model/type"
+require "active_support/core_ext/numeric/time"
+
+module ActiveModel
+  class TypesTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
+    def test_type_cast_boolean
+      type = Type::Boolean.new
+      assert type.cast('').nil?
+      assert type.cast(nil).nil?
+
+      assert type.cast(true)
+      assert type.cast(1)
+      assert type.cast('1')
+      assert type.cast('t')
+      assert type.cast('T')
+      assert type.cast('true')
+      assert type.cast('TRUE')
+      assert type.cast('on')
+      assert type.cast('ON')
+      assert type.cast(' ')
+      assert type.cast("\u3000\r\n")
+      assert type.cast("\u0000")
+      assert type.cast('SOMETHING RANDOM')
+
+      # explicitly check for false vs nil
+      assert_equal false, type.cast(false)
+      assert_equal false, type.cast(0)
+      assert_equal false, type.cast('0')
+      assert_equal false, type.cast('f')
+      assert_equal false, type.cast('F')
+      assert_equal false, type.cast('false')
+      assert_equal false, type.cast('FALSE')
+      assert_equal false, type.cast('off')
+      assert_equal false, type.cast('OFF')
+    end
+
+    def test_type_cast_float
+      type = Type::Float.new
+      assert_equal 1.0, type.cast("1")
+    end
+
+    def test_changing_float
+      type = Type::Float.new
+
+      assert type.changed?(5.0, 5.0, '5wibble')
+      assert_not type.changed?(5.0, 5.0, '5')
+      assert_not type.changed?(5.0, 5.0, '5.0')
+      assert_not type.changed?(nil, nil, nil)
+    end
+
+    def test_type_cast_binary
+      type = Type::Binary.new
+      assert_equal nil, type.cast(nil)
+      assert_equal "1", type.cast("1")
+      assert_equal 1, type.cast(1)
+    end
+
+    def test_type_cast_time
+      type = Type::Time.new
+      assert_equal nil, type.cast(nil)
+      assert_equal nil, type.cast('')
+      assert_equal nil, type.cast('ABC')
+
+      time_string = Time.now.utc.strftime("%T")
+      assert_equal time_string, type.cast(time_string).strftime("%T")
+    end
+
+    def test_type_cast_datetime_and_timestamp
+      type = Type::DateTime.new
+      assert_equal nil, type.cast(nil)
+      assert_equal nil, type.cast('')
+      assert_equal nil, type.cast('  ')
+      assert_equal nil, type.cast('ABC')
+
+      datetime_string = Time.now.utc.strftime("%FT%T")
+      assert_equal datetime_string, type.cast(datetime_string).strftime("%FT%T")
+    end
+
+    def test_type_cast_date
+      type = Type::Date.new
+      assert_equal nil, type.cast(nil)
+      assert_equal nil, type.cast('')
+      assert_equal nil, type.cast(' ')
+      assert_equal nil, type.cast('ABC')
+
+      date_string = Time.now.utc.strftime("%F")
+      assert_equal date_string, type.cast(date_string).strftime("%F")
+    end
+
+    def test_type_cast_duration_to_integer
+      type = Type::Integer.new
+      assert_equal 1800, type.cast(30.minutes)
+      assert_equal 7200, type.cast(2.hours)
+    end
+
+    def test_string_to_time_with_timezone
+      ["UTC", "US/Eastern"].each do |zone|
+        with_timezone_config default: zone do
+          type = Type::DateTime.new
+          assert_equal Time.utc(2013, 9, 4, 0, 0, 0), type.cast("Wed, 04 Sep 2013 03:00:00 EAT")
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_type_equality
+      assert_equal Type::Value.new, Type::Value.new
+      assert_not_equal Type::Value.new, Type::Integer.new
+      assert_not_equal Type::Value.new(precision: 1), Type::Value.new(precision: 2)
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def with_timezone_config(default:)
+      old_zone_default = ::Time.zone_default
+      ::Time.zone_default = ::Time.find_zone(default)
+      yield
+    ensure
+      ::Time.zone_default = old_zone_default
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/absence_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/absence_validation_test.rb
index 795ce16d28..9cbc77dfb5 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/absence_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/absence_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'cases/helper'
 require 'models/topic'
 require 'models/person'
@@ -11,7 +10,7 @@ class AbsenceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     CustomReader.clear_validators!
   end
 
-  def test_validate_absences
+  def test_validates_absence_of
     Topic.validates_absence_of(:title, :content)
     t = Topic.new
     t.title = "foo"
@@ -23,11 +22,12 @@ class AbsenceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     t.content  = "something"
     assert t.invalid?
     assert_equal ["must be blank"], t.errors[:content]
+    assert_equal [], t.errors[:title]
     t.content = ""
     assert t.valid?
   end
 
-  def test_accepts_array_arguments
+  def test_validates_absence_of_with_array_arguments
     Topic.validates_absence_of %w(title content)
     t = Topic.new
     t.title = "foo"
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class AbsenceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal ["must be blank"], t.errors[:content]
   end
 
-  def test_validates_acceptance_of_with_custom_error_using_quotes
+  def test_validates_absence_of_with_custom_error_using_quotes
     Person.validates_absence_of :karma, message: "This string contains 'single' and \"double\" quotes"
     p = Person.new
     p.karma = "good"
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/acceptance_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/acceptance_validation_test.rb
index e78aa1adaf..d3995ad5af 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/acceptance_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/acceptance_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'cases/helper'
 
 require 'models/topic'
@@ -51,6 +50,20 @@ class AcceptanceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert t.valid?
   end
 
+  def test_terms_of_service_agreement_with_multiple_accept_values
+    Topic.validates_acceptance_of(:terms_of_service, accept: [1, "I concur."])
+
+    t = Topic.new("title" => "We should be confirmed", "terms_of_service" => "")
+    assert t.invalid?
+    assert_equal ["must be accepted"], t.errors[:terms_of_service]
+
+    t.terms_of_service = 1
+    assert t.valid?
+
+    t.terms_of_service = "I concur."
+    assert t.valid?
+  end
+
   def test_validates_acceptance_of_for_ruby_class
     Person.validates_acceptance_of :karma
 
@@ -65,4 +78,10 @@ class AcceptanceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   ensure
     Person.clear_validators!
   end
+
+  def test_validates_acceptance_of_true
+    Topic.validates_acceptance_of(:terms_of_service)
+
+    assert Topic.new(terms_of_service: true).valid?
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/callbacks_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/callbacks_test.rb
index 6cd0f4ed4d..75eb18e795 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/callbacks_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/callbacks_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'cases/helper'
 
 class Dog
@@ -30,16 +29,34 @@ class DogWithTwoValidators < Dog
   before_validation { self.history << 'before_validation_marker2' }
 end
 
-class DogValidatorReturningFalse < Dog
+class DogDeprecatedBeforeValidatorReturningFalse < Dog
   before_validation { false }
   before_validation { self.history << 'before_validation_marker2' }
 end
 
+class DogBeforeValidatorThrowingAbort < Dog
+  before_validation { throw :abort }
+  before_validation { self.history << 'before_validation_marker2' }
+end
+
+class DogAfterValidatorReturningFalse < Dog
+  after_validation { false }
+  after_validation { self.history << 'after_validation_marker' }
+end
+
 class DogWithMissingName < Dog
   before_validation { self.history << 'before_validation_marker' }
   validates_presence_of :name
 end
 
+class DogValidatorWithOnCondition < Dog
+  before_validation :set_before_validation_marker, on: :create
+  after_validation :set_after_validation_marker, on: :create
+
+  def set_before_validation_marker; self.history << 'before_validation_marker'; end
+  def set_after_validation_marker;  self.history << 'after_validation_marker' ; end
+end
+
 class DogValidatorWithIfCondition < Dog
   before_validation :set_before_validation_marker1, if: -> { true }
   before_validation :set_before_validation_marker2, if: -> { false }
@@ -63,6 +80,24 @@ class CallbacksWithMethodNamesShouldBeCalled < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal ["before_validation_marker1", "after_validation_marker1"], d.history
   end
 
+  def test_on_condition_is_respected_for_validation_with_matching_context
+    d = DogValidatorWithOnCondition.new
+    d.valid?(:create)
+    assert_equal ["before_validation_marker", "after_validation_marker"], d.history
+  end
+
+  def test_on_condition_is_respected_for_validation_without_matching_context
+    d = DogValidatorWithOnCondition.new
+    d.valid?(:save)
+    assert_equal [], d.history
+  end
+
+  def test_on_condition_is_respected_for_validation_without_context
+    d = DogValidatorWithOnCondition.new
+    d.valid?
+    assert_equal [], d.history
+  end
+
   def test_before_validation_and_after_validation_callbacks_should_be_called
     d = DogWithMethodCallbacks.new
     d.valid?
@@ -81,13 +116,28 @@ class CallbacksWithMethodNamesShouldBeCalled < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal ['before_validation_marker1', 'before_validation_marker2'], d.history
   end
 
-  def test_further_callbacks_should_not_be_called_if_before_validation_returns_false
-    d = DogValidatorReturningFalse.new
+  def test_further_callbacks_should_not_be_called_if_before_validation_throws_abort
+    d = DogBeforeValidatorThrowingAbort.new
     output = d.valid?
     assert_equal [], d.history
     assert_equal false, output
   end
 
+  def test_deprecated_further_callbacks_should_not_be_called_if_before_validation_returns_false
+    d = DogDeprecatedBeforeValidatorReturningFalse.new
+    assert_deprecated do
+      output = d.valid?
+      assert_equal [], d.history
+      assert_equal false, output
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_further_callbacks_should_be_called_if_after_validation_returns_false
+    d = DogAfterValidatorReturningFalse.new
+    d.valid?
+    assert_equal ['after_validation_marker'], d.history
+  end
+
   def test_validation_test_should_be_done
     d = DogWithMissingName.new
     output = d.valid?
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/conditional_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/conditional_validation_test.rb
index 1261937b56..296d3b4407 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/conditional_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/conditional_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'cases/helper'
 
 require 'models/topic'
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/confirmation_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/confirmation_validation_test.rb
index 4957ba5d0a..c56bf1c0ad 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/confirmation_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/confirmation_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'cases/helper'
 
 require 'models/topic'
@@ -53,22 +52,25 @@ class ConfirmationValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_title_confirmation_with_i18n_attribute
-    @old_load_path, @old_backend = I18n.load_path.dup, I18n.backend
-    I18n.load_path.clear
-    I18n.backend = I18n::Backend::Simple.new
-    I18n.backend.store_translations('en', {
-      errors: { messages: { confirmation: "doesn't match %{attribute}" } },
-      activemodel: { attributes: { topic: { title: 'Test Title'} } }
-    })
-
-    Topic.validates_confirmation_of(:title)
-
-    t = Topic.new("title" => "We should be confirmed","title_confirmation" => "")
-    assert t.invalid?
-    assert_equal ["doesn't match Test Title"], t.errors[:title_confirmation]
-
-    I18n.load_path.replace @old_load_path
-    I18n.backend = @old_backend
+    begin
+      @old_load_path, @old_backend = I18n.load_path.dup, I18n.backend
+      I18n.load_path.clear
+      I18n.backend = I18n::Backend::Simple.new
+      I18n.backend.store_translations('en', {
+        errors: { messages: { confirmation: "doesn't match %{attribute}" } },
+        activemodel: { attributes: { topic: { title: 'Test Title'} } }
+      })
+
+      Topic.validates_confirmation_of(:title)
+
+      t = Topic.new("title" => "We should be confirmed","title_confirmation" => "")
+      assert t.invalid?
+      assert_equal ["doesn't match Test Title"], t.errors[:title_confirmation]
+    ensure
+      I18n.load_path.replace @old_load_path
+      I18n.backend = @old_backend
+      I18n.backend.reload!
+    end
   end
 
   test "does not override confirmation reader if present" do
@@ -102,4 +104,18 @@ class ConfirmationValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal "expected title", model.title_confirmation,
      "confirmation validation should not override the writer"
   end
+
+  def test_title_confirmation_with_case_sensitive_option_true
+    Topic.validates_confirmation_of(:title, case_sensitive: true)
+
+    t = Topic.new(title: "title", title_confirmation: "Title")
+    assert t.invalid?
+  end
+
+  def test_title_confirmation_with_case_sensitive_option_false
+    Topic.validates_confirmation_of(:title, case_sensitive: false)
+
+    t = Topic.new(title: "title", title_confirmation: "Title")
+    assert t.valid?
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/exclusion_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/exclusion_validation_test.rb
index 1ce41f9bc9..005bc15df5 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/exclusion_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/exclusion_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'cases/helper'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/numeric/time'
 
 require 'models/topic'
 require 'models/person'
@@ -65,6 +65,22 @@ class ExclusionValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert t.valid?
   end
 
+  def test_validates_exclusion_of_with_range
+    Topic.validates_exclusion_of :content, in: ("a".."g")
+
+    assert Topic.new(content: 'g').invalid?
+    assert Topic.new(content: 'h').valid?
+  end
+
+  def test_validates_exclusion_of_with_time_range
+    Topic.validates_exclusion_of :created_at, in: 6.days.ago..2.days.ago
+
+    assert Topic.new(created_at: 5.days.ago).invalid?
+    assert Topic.new(created_at: 3.days.ago).invalid?
+    assert Topic.new(created_at: 7.days.ago).valid?
+    assert Topic.new(created_at: 1.day.ago).valid?
+  end
+
   def test_validates_inclusion_of_with_symbol
     Person.validates_exclusion_of :karma, in: :reserved_karmas
 
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/format_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/format_validation_test.rb
index 0f91b73cd7..86bbbe6ebe 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/format_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/format_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'cases/helper'
 
 require 'models/topic'
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb
index 93600c587a..da63df9152 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ class I18nGenerateMessageValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal 'custom message', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :empty, message: 'custom message')
   end
 
-  # add_on_blank: generate_message(attr, :blank, message: custom_message)
+  # validates_presence_of: generate_message(attr, :blank, message: custom_message)
   def test_generate_message_blank_with_default_message
     assert_equal "can't be blank", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :blank)
   end
@@ -72,28 +72,40 @@ class I18nGenerateMessageValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   # validates_length_of: generate_message(attr, :too_long, message: custom_message, count: option_value.end)
-  def test_generate_message_too_long_with_default_message
+  def test_generate_message_too_long_with_default_message_plural
     assert_equal "is too long (maximum is 10 characters)", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :too_long, count: 10)
   end
 
+  def test_generate_message_too_long_with_default_message_singular
+    assert_equal "is too long (maximum is 1 character)", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :too_long, count: 1)
+  end
+
   def test_generate_message_too_long_with_custom_message
     assert_equal 'custom message 10', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :too_long, message: 'custom message %{count}', count: 10)
   end
 
   # validates_length_of: generate_message(attr, :too_short, default: custom_message, count: option_value.begin)
-  def test_generate_message_too_short_with_default_message
+  def test_generate_message_too_short_with_default_message_plural
     assert_equal "is too short (minimum is 10 characters)", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :too_short, count: 10)
   end
 
+  def test_generate_message_too_short_with_default_message_singular
+    assert_equal "is too short (minimum is 1 character)", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :too_short, count: 1)
+  end
+
   def test_generate_message_too_short_with_custom_message
     assert_equal 'custom message 10', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :too_short, message: 'custom message %{count}', count: 10)
   end
 
   # validates_length_of: generate_message(attr, :wrong_length, message: custom_message, count: option_value)
-  def test_generate_message_wrong_length_with_default_message
+  def test_generate_message_wrong_length_with_default_message_plural
     assert_equal "is the wrong length (should be 10 characters)", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :wrong_length, count: 10)
   end
 
+  def test_generate_message_wrong_length_with_default_message_singular
+    assert_equal "is the wrong length (should be 1 character)", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :wrong_length, count: 1)
+  end
+
   def test_generate_message_wrong_length_with_custom_message
     assert_equal 'custom message 10', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :wrong_length, message: 'custom message %{count}', count: 10)
   end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb
index d10010537e..09d7226b5a 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
 require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/person'
 
@@ -19,6 +17,7 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     Person.clear_validators!
     I18n.load_path.replace @old_load_path
     I18n.backend = @old_backend
+    I18n.backend.reload!
   end
 
   def test_full_message_encoding
@@ -31,8 +30,9 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_errors_full_messages_translates_human_attribute_name_for_model_attributes
     @person.errors.add(:name, 'not found')
-    Person.expects(:human_attribute_name).with(:name, default: 'Name').returns("Person's name")
-    assert_equal ["Person's name not found"], @person.errors.full_messages
+    assert_called_with(Person, :human_attribute_name, [:name, default: 'Name'], returns: "Person's name") do
+      assert_equal ["Person's name not found"], @person.errors.full_messages
+    end
   end
 
   def test_errors_full_messages_uses_format
@@ -55,176 +55,175 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     [ "given option that is not reserved", { format: "jpg" },             { format: "jpg" }]
   ]
 
-  # validates_confirmation_of w/ mocha
-
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_confirmation_of on generated message #{name}" do
       Person.validates_confirmation_of :title, validation_options
       @person.title_confirmation = 'foo'
-      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title_confirmation, :confirmation, generate_message_options.merge(attribute: 'Title'))
-      @person.valid?
+      call = [:title_confirmation, :confirmation, generate_message_options.merge(attribute: 'Title')]
+      assert_called_with(@person.errors, :generate_message, call) do
+        @person.valid?
+      end
     end
   end
 
-  # validates_acceptance_of w/ mocha
-
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_acceptance_of on generated message #{name}" do
       Person.validates_acceptance_of :title, validation_options.merge(allow_nil: false)
-      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :accepted, generate_message_options)
-      @person.valid?
+      call = [:title, :accepted, generate_message_options]
+      assert_called_with(@person.errors, :generate_message, call) do
+        @person.valid?
+      end
     end
   end
 
-  # validates_presence_of w/ mocha
-
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_presence_of on generated message #{name}" do
       Person.validates_presence_of :title, validation_options
-      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :blank, generate_message_options)
-      @person.valid?
+      call = [:title, :blank, generate_message_options]
+      assert_called_with(@person.errors, :generate_message, call) do
+        @person.valid?
+      end
     end
   end
 
-  # validates_length_of :within too short w/ mocha
-
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
-    test "validates_length_of for :withing on generated message when too short #{name}" do
+    test "validates_length_of for :within on generated message when too short #{name}" do
       Person.validates_length_of :title, validation_options.merge(within: 3..5)
-      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :too_short, generate_message_options.merge(count: 3))
-      @person.valid?
+      call = [:title, :too_short, generate_message_options.merge(count: 3)]
+      assert_called_with(@person.errors, :generate_message, call) do
+        @person.valid?
+      end
     end
   end
 
-  # validates_length_of :within too long w/ mocha
-
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_length_of for :too_long generated message #{name}" do
       Person.validates_length_of :title, validation_options.merge(within: 3..5)
       @person.title = 'this title is too long'
-      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :too_long, generate_message_options.merge(count: 5))
-      @person.valid?
+      call = [:title, :too_long, generate_message_options.merge(count: 5)]
+      assert_called_with(@person.errors, :generate_message, call) do
+        @person.valid?
+      end
     end
   end
 
-  # validates_length_of :is w/ mocha
-
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_length_of for :is on generated message #{name}" do
       Person.validates_length_of :title, validation_options.merge(is: 5)
-      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :wrong_length, generate_message_options.merge(count: 5))
-      @person.valid?
+      call = [:title, :wrong_length, generate_message_options.merge(count: 5)]
+      assert_called_with(@person.errors, :generate_message, call) do
+        @person.valid?
+      end
     end
   end
 
-  # validates_format_of w/ mocha
-
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_format_of on generated message #{name}" do
       Person.validates_format_of :title, validation_options.merge(with: /\A[1-9][0-9]*\z/)
       @person.title = '72x'
-      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :invalid, generate_message_options.merge(value: '72x'))
-      @person.valid?
+      call = [:title, :invalid, generate_message_options.merge(value: '72x')]
+      assert_called_with(@person.errors, :generate_message, call) do
+        @person.valid?
+      end
     end
   end
 
-  # validates_inclusion_of w/ mocha
-
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_inclusion_of on generated message #{name}" do
       Person.validates_inclusion_of :title, validation_options.merge(in: %w(a b c))
       @person.title = 'z'
-      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :inclusion, generate_message_options.merge(value: 'z'))
-      @person.valid?
+      call = [:title, :inclusion, generate_message_options.merge(value: 'z')]
+      assert_called_with(@person.errors, :generate_message, call) do
+        @person.valid?
+      end
     end
   end
 
-  # validates_inclusion_of using :within w/ mocha
-
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_inclusion_of using :within on generated message #{name}" do
       Person.validates_inclusion_of :title, validation_options.merge(within: %w(a b c))
       @person.title = 'z'
-      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :inclusion, generate_message_options.merge(value: 'z'))
-      @person.valid?
+      call = [:title, :inclusion, generate_message_options.merge(value: 'z')]
+      assert_called_with(@person.errors, :generate_message, call) do
+        @person.valid?
+      end
     end
   end
 
-  # validates_exclusion_of w/ mocha
-
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_exclusion_of generated message #{name}" do
       Person.validates_exclusion_of :title, validation_options.merge(in: %w(a b c))
       @person.title = 'a'
-      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :exclusion, generate_message_options.merge(value: 'a'))
-      @person.valid?
+      call = [:title, :exclusion, generate_message_options.merge(value: 'a')]
+      assert_called_with(@person.errors, :generate_message, call) do
+        @person.valid?
+      end
     end
   end
 
-  # validates_exclusion_of using :within w/ mocha
-
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_exclusion_of using :within generated message #{name}" do
       Person.validates_exclusion_of :title, validation_options.merge(within: %w(a b c))
       @person.title = 'a'
-      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :exclusion, generate_message_options.merge(value: 'a'))
-      @person.valid?
+      call = [:title, :exclusion, generate_message_options.merge(value: 'a')]
+      assert_called_with(@person.errors, :generate_message, call) do
+        @person.valid?
+      end
     end
   end
 
-  # validates_numericality_of without :only_integer w/ mocha
-
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_numericality_of generated message #{name}" do
       Person.validates_numericality_of :title, validation_options
       @person.title = 'a'
-      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :not_a_number, generate_message_options.merge(value: 'a'))
-      @person.valid?
+      call = [:title, :not_a_number, generate_message_options.merge(value: 'a')]
+      assert_called_with(@person.errors, :generate_message, call) do
+        @person.valid?
+      end
     end
   end
 
-  # validates_numericality_of with :only_integer w/ mocha
-
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_numericality_of for :only_integer on generated message #{name}" do
       Person.validates_numericality_of :title, validation_options.merge(only_integer: true)
       @person.title = '0.0'
-      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :not_an_integer, generate_message_options.merge(value: '0.0'))
-      @person.valid?
+      call = [:title, :not_an_integer, generate_message_options.merge(value: '0.0')]
+      assert_called_with(@person.errors, :generate_message, call) do
+        @person.valid?
+      end
     end
   end
 
-  # validates_numericality_of :odd w/ mocha
-
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_numericality_of for :odd on generated message #{name}" do
       Person.validates_numericality_of :title, validation_options.merge(only_integer: true, odd: true)
       @person.title = 0
-      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :odd, generate_message_options.merge(value: 0))
-      @person.valid?
+      call = [:title, :odd, generate_message_options.merge(value: 0)]
+      assert_called_with(@person.errors, :generate_message, call) do
+        @person.valid?
+      end
     end
   end
 
-  # validates_numericality_of :less_than w/ mocha
-
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_numericality_of for :less_than on generated message #{name}" do
       Person.validates_numericality_of :title, validation_options.merge(only_integer: true, less_than: 0)
       @person.title = 1
-      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :less_than, generate_message_options.merge(value: 1, count: 0))
-      @person.valid?
+      call = [:title, :less_than, generate_message_options.merge(value: 1, count: 0)]
+      assert_called_with(@person.errors, :generate_message, call) do
+        @person.valid?
+      end
     end
   end
 
-
-  # To make things DRY this macro is defined to define 3 tests for every validation case.
+  # To make things DRY this macro is created to define 3 tests for every validation case.
   def self.set_expectations_for_validation(validation, error_type, &block_that_sets_validation)
     if error_type == :confirmation
       attribute = :title_confirmation
     else
       attribute = :title
     end
-    # test "validates_confirmation_of finds custom model key translation when blank"
+
     test "#{validation} finds custom model key translation when #{error_type}" do
       I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', activemodel: { errors: { models: { person: { attributes: { attribute => { error_type => 'custom message' } } } } } }
       I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', errors: { messages: { error_type => 'global message'}}
@@ -234,7 +233,6 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
       assert_equal ['custom message'], @person.errors[attribute]
     end
 
-    # test "validates_confirmation_of finds custom model key translation with interpolation when blank"
     test "#{validation} finds custom model key translation with interpolation when #{error_type}" do
       I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', activemodel: { errors: { models: { person: { attributes: { attribute => { error_type => 'custom message with %{extra}' } } } } } }
       I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', errors: { messages: {error_type => 'global message'} }
@@ -244,7 +242,6 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
       assert_equal ['custom message with extra information'], @person.errors[attribute]
     end
 
-    # test "validates_confirmation_of finds global default key translation when blank"
     test "#{validation} finds global default key translation when #{error_type}" do
       I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', errors: { messages: {error_type => 'global message'} }
 
@@ -254,27 +251,19 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  # validates_confirmation_of w/o mocha
-
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_confirmation_of", :confirmation do |person, options_to_merge|
     Person.validates_confirmation_of :title, options_to_merge
     person.title_confirmation = 'foo'
   end
 
-  # validates_acceptance_of w/o mocha
-
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_acceptance_of", :accepted do |person, options_to_merge|
     Person.validates_acceptance_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(allow_nil: false)
   end
 
-  # validates_presence_of w/o mocha
-
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_presence_of", :blank do |person, options_to_merge|
     Person.validates_presence_of :title, options_to_merge
   end
 
-  # validates_length_of :within w/o mocha
-
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_length_of", :too_short do |person, options_to_merge|
     Person.validates_length_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(within: 3..5)
   end
@@ -284,61 +273,43 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     person.title = "too long"
   end
 
-  # validates_length_of :is w/o mocha
-
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_length_of", :wrong_length do |person, options_to_merge|
     Person.validates_length_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(is: 5)
   end
 
-  # validates_format_of w/o mocha
-
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_format_of", :invalid do |person, options_to_merge|
     Person.validates_format_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(with: /\A[1-9][0-9]*\z/)
   end
 
-  # validates_inclusion_of w/o mocha
-
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_inclusion_of", :inclusion do |person, options_to_merge|
     Person.validates_inclusion_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(in: %w(a b c))
   end
 
-  # validates_exclusion_of w/o mocha
-
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_exclusion_of", :exclusion do |person, options_to_merge|
     Person.validates_exclusion_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(in: %w(a b c))
     person.title = 'a'
   end
 
-  # validates_numericality_of without :only_integer w/o mocha
-
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_numericality_of", :not_a_number do |person, options_to_merge|
     Person.validates_numericality_of :title, options_to_merge
     person.title = 'a'
   end
 
-  # validates_numericality_of with :only_integer w/o mocha
-
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_numericality_of", :not_an_integer do |person, options_to_merge|
     Person.validates_numericality_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(only_integer: true)
     person.title = '1.0'
   end
 
-  # validates_numericality_of :odd w/o mocha
-
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_numericality_of", :odd do |person, options_to_merge|
     Person.validates_numericality_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(only_integer: true, odd: true)
     person.title = 0
   end
 
-  # validates_numericality_of :less_than w/o mocha
-
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_numericality_of", :less_than do |person, options_to_merge|
     Person.validates_numericality_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(only_integer: true, less_than: 0)
     person.title = 1
   end
 
-  # test with validates_with
-
   def test_validations_with_message_symbol_must_translate
     I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', errors: { messages: { custom_error: "I am a custom error" } }
     Person.validates_presence_of :title, message: :custom_error
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/inclusion_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/inclusion_validation_test.rb
index 3a8f3080e1..55d1fb4dcb 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/inclusion_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/inclusion_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'cases/helper'
 require 'active_support/all'
 
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/length_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/length_validation_test.rb
index 046ffcb16f..ee901b75fb 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/length_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/length_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'cases/helper'
 
 require 'models/topic'
@@ -320,8 +319,33 @@ class LengthValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_length_of_with_block
-    Topic.validates_length_of :content, minimum: 5, too_short: "Your essay must be at least %{count} words.",
-                                        tokenizer: lambda {|str| str.scan(/\w+/) }
+    assert_deprecated do
+      Topic.validates_length_of(
+        :content,
+        minimum: 5,
+        too_short: "Your essay must be at least %{count} words.",
+        tokenizer: lambda {|str| str.scan(/\w+/) },
+      )
+    end
+    t = Topic.new(content: "this content should be long enough")
+    assert t.valid?
+
+    t.content = "not long enough"
+    assert t.invalid?
+    assert t.errors[:content].any?
+    assert_equal ["Your essay must be at least 5 words."], t.errors[:content]
+  end
+
+
+  def test_validates_length_of_with_symbol
+    assert_deprecated do
+      Topic.validates_length_of(
+        :content,
+        minimum: 5,
+        too_short: "Your essay must be at least %{count} words.",
+        tokenizer: :my_word_tokenizer,
+      )
+    end
     t = Topic.new(content: "this content should be long enough")
     assert t.valid?
 
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/numericality_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/numericality_validation_test.rb
index f77cf47fb7..04ec74bad3 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/numericality_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/numericality_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'cases/helper'
 
 require 'models/topic'
 require 'models/person'
 
 require 'bigdecimal'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/big_decimal'
 
 class NumericalityValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
@@ -50,6 +50,21 @@ class NumericalityValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     valid!(NIL + INTEGERS)
   end
 
+  def test_validates_numericality_of_with_integer_only_and_symbol_as_value
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, only_integer: :condition_is_true_but_its_not
+
+    invalid!(NIL + BLANK + JUNK)
+    valid!(FLOATS + INTEGERS + BIGDECIMAL + INFINITY)
+  end
+
+  def test_validates_numericality_of_with_integer_only_and_proc_as_value
+    Topic.send(:define_method, :allow_only_integers?, lambda { false })
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, only_integer: Proc.new(&:allow_only_integers?)
+
+    invalid!(NIL + BLANK + JUNK)
+    valid!(FLOATS + INTEGERS + BIGDECIMAL + INFINITY)
+  end
+
   def test_validates_numericality_with_greater_than
     Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, greater_than: 10
 
@@ -57,6 +72,13 @@ class NumericalityValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     valid!([11])
   end
 
+  def test_validates_numericality_with_greater_than_using_differing_numeric_types
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, greater_than: BigDecimal.new('97.18')
+
+    invalid!([-97.18, BigDecimal.new('97.18'), BigDecimal('-97.18')], 'must be greater than 97.18')
+    valid!([97.18, 98, BigDecimal.new('98')]) # Notice the 97.18 as a float is greater than 97.18 as a BigDecimal due to floating point precision
+  end
+
   def test_validates_numericality_with_greater_than_or_equal
     Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, greater_than_or_equal_to: 10
 
@@ -64,6 +86,13 @@ class NumericalityValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     valid!([10])
   end
 
+  def test_validates_numericality_with_greater_than_or_equal_using_differing_numeric_types
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, greater_than_or_equal_to: BigDecimal.new('97.18') 
+
+    invalid!([-97.18, 97.17, 97, BigDecimal.new('97.17'), BigDecimal.new('-97.18')], 'must be greater than or equal to 97.18')
+    valid!([97.18, 98, BigDecimal.new('97.19')])
+  end
+
   def test_validates_numericality_with_equal_to
     Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, equal_to: 10
 
@@ -71,6 +100,13 @@ class NumericalityValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     valid!([10])
   end
 
+  def test_validates_numericality_with_equal_to_using_differing_numeric_types
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, equal_to: BigDecimal.new('97.18')
+
+    invalid!([-97.18, 97.18], 'must be equal to 97.18')
+    valid!([BigDecimal.new('97.18')])
+  end
+
   def test_validates_numericality_with_less_than
     Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, less_than: 10
 
@@ -78,6 +114,13 @@ class NumericalityValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     valid!([-9, 9])
   end
 
+  def test_validates_numericality_with_less_than_using_differing_numeric_types
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, less_than: BigDecimal.new('97.18')
+
+    invalid!([97.18, BigDecimal.new('97.18')], 'must be less than 97.18')
+    valid!([-97.0, 97.0, -97, 97, BigDecimal.new('-97'), BigDecimal.new('97')])
+  end
+
   def test_validates_numericality_with_less_than_or_equal_to
     Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, less_than_or_equal_to: 10
 
@@ -85,6 +128,13 @@ class NumericalityValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     valid!([-10, 10])
   end
 
+  def test_validates_numericality_with_less_than_or_equal_to_using_differing_numeric_types
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, less_than_or_equal_to: BigDecimal.new('97.18')
+
+    invalid!([97.18, 98], 'must be less than or equal to 97.18')
+    valid!([-97.18, BigDecimal.new('-97.18'), BigDecimal.new('97.18')])
+  end
+
   def test_validates_numericality_with_odd
     Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, odd: true
 
@@ -115,10 +165,11 @@ class NumericalityValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_validates_numericality_with_proc
     Topic.send(:define_method, :min_approved, lambda { 5 })
-    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, greater_than_or_equal_to: Proc.new {|topic| topic.min_approved }
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, greater_than_or_equal_to: Proc.new(&:min_approved)
 
     invalid!([3, 4])
     valid!([5, 6])
+  ensure
     Topic.send(:remove_method, :min_approved)
   end
 
@@ -128,6 +179,7 @@ class NumericalityValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
     invalid!([6])
     valid!([4, 5])
+  ensure
     Topic.send(:remove_method, :max_approved)
   end
 
@@ -180,7 +232,7 @@ class NumericalityValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def valid!(values)
     with_each_topic_approved_value(values) do |topic, value|
-      assert topic.valid?, "#{value.inspect} not accepted as a number"
+      assert topic.valid?, "#{value.inspect} not accepted as a number with validation error: #{topic.errors[:approved].first}"
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb
index ecf16d1e16..59b9db0795 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'cases/helper'
 
 require 'models/topic'
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/validates_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/validates_test.rb
index 699a872e42..04101f3545 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/validates_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/validates_test.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'cases/helper'
 require 'models/person'
 require 'models/topic'
 require 'models/person_with_validator'
-require 'validators/email_validator'
 require 'validators/namespace/email_validator'
 
 class ValidatesTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/validations_context_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/validations_context_test.rb
index 005bf118c6..b901a1523e 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/validations_context_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/validations_context_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'cases/helper'
 
 require 'models/topic'
@@ -9,6 +8,7 @@ class ValidationsContextTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   ERROR_MESSAGE = "Validation error from validator"
+  ANOTHER_ERROR_MESSAGE = "Another validation error from validator"
 
   class ValidatorThatAddsErrors < ActiveModel::Validator
     def validate(record)
@@ -16,6 +16,12 @@ class ValidationsContextTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  class AnotherValidatorThatAddsErrors < ActiveModel::Validator
+    def validate(record)
+      record.errors[:base] << ANOTHER_ERROR_MESSAGE
+    end
+  end
+
   test "with a class that adds errors on create and validating a new model with no arguments" do
     Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatAddsErrors, on: :create)
     topic = Topic.new
@@ -47,4 +53,16 @@ class ValidationsContextTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert topic.invalid?(:context2), "Validation did not run on context2 when 'on' is set to context1 and context2"
     assert topic.errors[:base].include?(ERROR_MESSAGE)
   end
+
+  test "with a class that validating a model for a multiple contexts" do
+    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatAddsErrors, on: :context1)
+    Topic.validates_with(AnotherValidatorThatAddsErrors, on: :context2)
+
+    topic = Topic.new
+    assert topic.valid?, "Validation ran with no context given when 'on' is set to context1 and context2"
+
+    assert topic.invalid?([:context1, :context2]), "Validation did not run on context1 when 'on' is set to context1 and context2"
+    assert topic.errors[:base].include?(ERROR_MESSAGE)
+    assert topic.errors[:base].include?(ANOTHER_ERROR_MESSAGE)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/with_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/with_validation_test.rb
index 736c2deea8..03c7943308 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/with_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/with_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'cases/helper'
 
 require 'models/topic'
@@ -98,12 +97,14 @@ class ValidatesWithTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   test "passes all configuration options to the validator class" do
     topic = Topic.new
-    validator = mock()
-    validator.expects(:new).with(foo: :bar, if: "1 == 1", class: Topic).returns(validator)
-    validator.expects(:validate).with(topic)
+    validator = Minitest::Mock.new
+    validator.expect(:new, validator, [{foo: :bar, if: "1 == 1", class: Topic}])
+    validator.expect(:validate, nil, [topic])
+    validator.expect(:is_a?, false, [Symbol])
 
     Topic.validates_with(validator, if: "1 == 1", foo: :bar)
     assert topic.valid?
+    validator.verify
   end
 
   test "validates_with with options" do
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations_test.rb
index bee8ece992..f0317ad219 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations_test.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'cases/helper'
 
 require 'models/topic'
 require 'models/reply'
 require 'models/custom_reader'
-require 'models/automobile'
 
 require 'active_support/json'
 require 'active_support/xml_mini'
@@ -19,11 +17,11 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   def test_single_field_validation
     r = Reply.new
     r.title = "There's no content!"
-    assert r.invalid?, "A reply without content shouldn't be savable"
+    assert r.invalid?, "A reply without content should be invalid"
     assert r.after_validation_performed, "after_validation callback should be called"
 
     r.content = "Messa content!"
-    assert r.valid?, "A reply with content should be savable"
+    assert r.valid?, "A reply with content should be valid"
     assert r.after_validation_performed, "after_validation callback should be called"
   end
 
@@ -139,6 +137,8 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal 4, hits
     assert_equal %w(gotcha gotcha), t.errors[:title]
     assert_equal %w(gotcha gotcha), t.errors[:content]
+  ensure
+    CustomReader.clear_validators!
   end
 
   def test_validate_block
@@ -165,6 +165,50 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_invalid_options_to_validate
+    error = assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      # A common mistake -- we meant to call 'validates'
+      Topic.validate :title, presence: true
+    end
+    message = 'Unknown key: :presence. Valid keys are: :on, :if, :unless, :prepend. Perhaps you meant to call `validates` instead of `validate`?'
+    assert_equal message, error.message
+  end
+
+  def test_callback_options_to_validate
+    klass = Class.new(Topic) do
+      attr_reader :call_sequence
+
+      def initialize(*)
+        super
+        @call_sequence = []
+      end
+
+      private
+        def validator_a
+          @call_sequence << :a
+        end
+
+        def validator_b
+          @call_sequence << :b
+        end
+
+        def validator_c
+          @call_sequence << :c
+        end
+    end
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      klass.validate :validator_a, if: ->{ true }
+      klass.validate :validator_b, prepend: true
+      klass.validate :validator_c, unless: ->{ true }
+    end
+
+    t = klass.new
+
+    assert_predicate t, :valid?
+    assert_equal [:b, :a], t.call_sequence
+  end
+
   def test_errors_conversions
     Topic.validates_presence_of %w(title content)
     t = Topic.new
@@ -272,7 +316,7 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
       ActiveModel::Validations::FormatValidator,
       ActiveModel::Validations::LengthValidator,
       ActiveModel::Validations::PresenceValidator
-    ], validators.map { |v| v.class }.sort_by { |c| c.to_s }
+    ], validators.map(&:class).sort_by(&:to_s)
   end
 
   def test_list_of_validators_will_be_empty_when_empty
@@ -281,15 +325,49 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validations_on_the_instance_level
-    auto = Automobile.new
+    Topic.validates :title, :author_name, presence: true
+    Topic.validates :content, length: { minimum: 10 }
+
+    topic = Topic.new
+    assert topic.invalid?
+    assert_equal 3, topic.errors.size
+
+    topic.title = 'Some Title'
+    topic.author_name = 'Some Author'
+    topic.content = 'Some Content Whose Length is more than 10.'
+    assert topic.valid?
+  end
+
+  def test_validate
+    Topic.validate do
+      validates_presence_of :title, :author_name
+      validates_length_of :content, minimum: 10
+    end
+
+    topic = Topic.new
+    assert_empty topic.errors
+
+    topic.validate
+    assert_not_empty topic.errors
+  end
+
+  def test_validate_with_bang
+    Topic.validates :title, presence: true
 
-    assert          auto.invalid?
-    assert_equal 2, auto.errors.size
+    assert_raise(ActiveModel::ValidationError) do
+      Topic.new.validate!
+    end
+  end
 
-    auto.make  = 'Toyota'
-    auto.model = 'Corolla'
+  def test_validate_with_bang_and_context
+    Topic.validates :title, presence: true, on: :context
 
-    assert auto.valid?
+    assert_raise(ActiveModel::ValidationError) do
+      Topic.new.validate!(:context)
+    end
+
+    t = Topic.new(title: "Valid title")
+    assert t.validate!(:context)
   end
 
   def test_strict_validation_in_validates
@@ -366,25 +444,4 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert topic.invalid?
     assert duped.valid?
   end
-
-   # validator test:
-  def test_setup_is_deprecated_but_still_receives_klass # TODO: remove me in 4.2.
-    validator_class = Class.new(ActiveModel::Validator) do
-      def setup(klass)
-        @old_klass = klass
-      end
-
-      def validate(*)
-        @old_klass == Topic or raise "#setup didn't work"
-      end
-    end
-
-    assert_deprecated do
-      Topic.validates_with validator_class
-    end
-
-    t = Topic.new
-    t.valid?
-  end
-
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/config.rb b/activemodel/test/config.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 0b577a9936..0000000000
--- a/activemodel/test/config.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-TEST_ROOT       = File.expand_path(File.dirname(__FILE__))
-FIXTURES_ROOT   = TEST_ROOT + "/fixtures"
-SCHEMA_FILE     = TEST_ROOT + "/schema.rb"
diff --git a/activemodel/test/models/automobile.rb b/activemodel/test/models/automobile.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index ece644c40c..0000000000
--- a/activemodel/test/models/automobile.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-class Automobile
-  include ActiveModel::Validations
-
-  validate :validations
-
-  attr_accessor :make, :model
-
-  def validations
-    validates_presence_of :make
-    validates_length_of   :model, within: 2..10
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/models/contact.rb b/activemodel/test/models/contact.rb
index c25be28e1d..113ab0bc1f 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/models/contact.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/models/contact.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
 class Contact
   extend ActiveModel::Naming
   include ActiveModel::Conversion
+  include ActiveModel::Validations
+
+  include ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON
 
   attr_accessor :id, :name, :age, :created_at, :awesome, :preferences
+  attr_accessor :address, :friends, :contact
 
   def social
     %w(twitter github)
@@ -23,4 +27,14 @@ class Contact
   def persisted?
     id
   end
+
+  def attributes=(hash)
+    hash.each do |k, v|
+      instance_variable_set("@#{k}", v)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def attributes
+    instance_values.except("address", "friends", "contact")
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/models/topic.rb b/activemodel/test/models/topic.rb
index 1411a093e9..fed50bc361 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/models/topic.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/models/topic.rb
@@ -37,4 +37,8 @@ class Topic
     errors.add attr, "is missing" unless send(attr)
   end
 
+  def my_word_tokenizer(str)
+   str.scan(/\w+/)
+  end
+
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/models/user.rb b/activemodel/test/models/user.rb
index cbe259b1ad..1ec6001c48 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/models/user.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/models/user.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 class User
   extend ActiveModel::Callbacks
-  include ActiveModel::Validations
   include ActiveModel::SecurePassword
   
   define_model_callbacks :create
diff --git a/activemodel/test/models/visitor.rb b/activemodel/test/models/visitor.rb
index 4d7f4be097..22ad1a3c3d 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/models/visitor.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/models/visitor.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 class Visitor
   extend ActiveModel::Callbacks
-  include ActiveModel::Validations
   include ActiveModel::SecurePassword
 
   define_model_callbacks :create
diff --git a/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md b/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md
index 58f680a03f..87420a0746 100644
--- a/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,42 +1,1679 @@
-* `before_add` callbacks are fired before the record is saved on
-  `has_and_belongs_to_many` assocations *and* on `has_many :through`
-  associations.  Before this change, `before_add` callbacks would be fired
-  before the record was saved on `has_and_belongs_to_many` associations, but
-  *not* on `has_many :through` associations.
+*   Version the API presented to migration classes, so we can change parameter
+    defaults without breaking existing migrations, or forcing them to be
+    rewritten through a deprecation cycle.
 
-  Fixes #14144
+    *Matthew Draper*, *Ravil Bayramgalin*
 
-*   Fixed STI classes not defining an attribute method if there is a
-    conflicting private method defined on its ancestors.
+*   Use bind params for `limit` and `offset`. This will generate significantly
+    fewer prepared statements for common tasks like pagination. To support this
+    change, passing a string containing a comma to `limit` has been deprecated,
+    and passing an Arel node to `limit` is no longer supported.
 
-    Fixes #11569.
+    Fixes #22250
 
-    *Godfrey Chan*
+    *Sean Griffin*
 
-*   Coerce strings when reading attributes.
-    Fixes #10485.
+*   Introduce after_{create,update,delete}_commit callbacks.
+
+    Before:
+
+        after_commit :add_to_index_later, on: :create
+        after_commit :update_in_index_later, on: :update
+        after_commit :remove_from_index_later, on: :destroy
+
+    After:
+
+        after_create_commit  :add_to_index_later
+        after_update_commit  :update_in_index_later
+        after_destroy_commit :remove_from_index_later
+
+    Fixes #22515.
+
+    *Genadi Samokovarov*
+
+*   Respect the column default values for `inheritance_column` when
+    instantiating records through the base class.
+
+    Fixes #17121.
 
     Example:
 
-        book = Book.new(title: 12345)
-        book.save!
-        book.title # => "12345"
+        # The schema of BaseModel has `t.string :type, default: 'SubType'`
+        subtype = BaseModel.new
+        assert_equals SubType, subtype.class
+
+    *Kuldeep Aggarwal*
+
+*   Fix `rake db:structure:dump` on Postgres when multiple schemas are used.
+
+    Fixes #22346.
+
+    *Nick Muerdter*, *ckoenig*
+
+*   Add schema dumping support for PostgreSQL geometric data types.
+
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+
+*   Except keys of `build_record`'s argument from `create_scope` in `initialize_attributes`.
+
+    Fixes #21893.
+
+    *Yuichiro Kaneko*
+
+*   Deprecate `connection.tables` on the SQLite3 and MySQL adapters.
+    Also deprecate passing arguments to `#tables`.
+    And deprecate `table_exists?`.
+
+    The `#tables` method of some adapters (mysql, mysql2, sqlite3) would return
+    both tables and views while others (postgresql) just return tables. To make
+    their behavior consistent, `#tables` will return only tables in the future.
+
+    The `#table_exists?` method would check both tables and views. To make
+    their behavior consistent with `#tables`, `#table_exists?` will check only
+    tables in the future.
+
+    *Yuichiro Kaneko*
+
+*   Improve support for non Active Record objects on `validates_associated`
+
+    Skipping `marked_for_destruction?` when the associated object does not responds
+    to it make easier to validate virtual associations built on top of Active Model
+    objects and/or serialized objects that implement a `valid?` instance method.
+
+    *Kassio Borges*, *Lucas Mazza*
+
+*   Change connection management middleware to return a new response with
+    a body proxy, rather than mutating the original.
+
+    *Kevin Buchanan*
+
+*   Make `db:migrate:status` to render `1_some.rb` format migrate files.
+
+    These files are in `db/migrate`:
+
+        * 1_valid_people_have_last_names.rb
+        * 20150819202140_irreversible_migration.rb
+        * 20150823202140_add_admin_flag_to_users.rb
+        * 20150823202141_migration_tests.rb
+        * 2_we_need_reminders.rb
+        * 3_innocent_jointable.rb
+
+    Before:
+
+        $ bundle exec rake db:migrate:status
+        ...
+
+         Status   Migration ID    Migration Name
+        --------------------------------------------------
+           up     001             ********** NO FILE **********
+           up     002             ********** NO FILE **********
+           up     003             ********** NO FILE **********
+           up     20150819202140  Irreversible migration
+           up     20150823202140  Add admin flag to users
+           up     20150823202141  Migration tests
+
+    After:
+
+        $ bundle exec rake db:migrate:status
+        ...
+
+         Status   Migration ID    Migration Name
+        --------------------------------------------------
+           up     001             Valid people have last names
+           up     002             We need reminders
+           up     003             Innocent jointable
+           up     20150819202140  Irreversible migration
+           up     20150823202140  Add admin flag to users
+           up     20150823202141  Migration tests
+
+    *Yuichiro Kaneko*
+
+*   Define `ActiveRecord::Sanitization.sanitize_sql_for_order` and use it inside
+    `preprocess_order_args`.
+
+    *Yuichiro Kaneko*
+
+*   Allow bigint with default nil for avoiding auto increment primary key.
+
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+
+*   Remove `DEFAULT_CHARSET` and `DEFAULT_COLLATION` in `MySQLDatabaseTasks`.
+
+    We should omit the collation entirely rather than providing a default.
+    Then the choice is the responsibility of the server and MySQL distribution.
+
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+
+*   Alias `ActiveRecord::Relation#left_joins` to
+    `ActiveRecord::Relation#left_outer_joins`.
+
+    *Takashi Kokubun*
+
+*   Use advisory locking to raise a `ConcurrentMigrationError` instead of
+    attempting to migrate when another migration is currently running.
+
+    *Sam Davies*
+
+*   Added `ActiveRecord::Relation#left_outer_joins`.
+
+    Example:
+
+        User.left_outer_joins(:posts)
+        # => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" LEFT OUTER JOIN "posts" ON
+             "posts"."user_id" = "users"."id"
+
+    *Florian Thomas*
+
+*   Support passing an array to `order` for SQL parameter sanitization.
+
+    *Aaron Suggs*
+
+*   Avoid disabling errors on the PostgreSQL connection when enabling the
+    `standard_conforming_strings` setting. Errors were previously disabled because
+    the setting wasn't writable in Postgres 8.1 and didn't exist in earlier
+    versions. Now Rails only supports Postgres 8.2+ we're fine to assume the
+    setting exists. Disabling errors caused problems when using a connection
+    pooling tool like PgBouncer because it's not guaranteed to have the same
+    connection between calls to `execute` and it could leave the connection
+    with errors disabled.
+
+    Fixes #22101.
+
+    *Harry Marr*
+
+*   Set `scope.reordering_value` to `true` if `:reordering`-values are specified.
+
+    Fixes #21886.
+
+    *Hiroaki Izu*
+
+*   Add support for bidirectional destroy dependencies.
+
+    Fixes #13609.
+
+    Example:
+
+        class Content < ActiveRecord::Base
+          has_one :position, dependent: :destroy
+        end
+
+        class Position < ActiveRecord::Base
+          belongs_to :content, dependent: :destroy
+        end
+
+    *Seb Jacobs*
+
+*   Includes HABTM returns correct size now. It's caused by the join dependency
+    only instantiates one HABTM object because the join table hasn't a primary key.
+
+    Fixes #16032.
+
+    Examples:
+
+        before:
+
+        Project.first.salaried_developers.size # => 3
+        Project.includes(:salaried_developers).first.salaried_developers.size # => 1
+
+        after:
+
+        Project.first.salaried_developers.size # => 3
+        Project.includes(:salaried_developers).first.salaried_developers.size # => 3
+
+    *Bigxiang*
+
+*   Add option to index errors in nested attributes
+
+    For models which have nested attributes, errors within those models will
+    now be indexed if :index_errors is specified when defining a
+    has_many relationship, or if its set in the global config.
+
+    Example:
+
+        class Guitar < ActiveRecord::Base
+          has_many :tuning_pegs
+          accepts_nested_attributes_for :tuning_pegs
+        end
+
+        class TuningPeg < ActiveRecord::Base
+          belongs_to :guitar
+          validates_numericality_of :pitch
+        end
+
+        # Old style
+        guitar.errors["tuning_pegs.pitch"] = ["is not a number"]
+
+        # New style (if defined globally, or set in has_many_relationship)
+        guitar.errors["tuning_pegs[1].pitch"] = ["is not a number"]
+
+    *Michael Probber*, *Terence Sun*
+
+*   Exit with non-zero status for failed database rake tasks.
+
+    *Jay Hayes*
+
+*   Queries such as `Computer.joins(:monitor).group(:status).count` will now be
+    interpreted as  `Computer.joins(:monitor).group('computers.status').count`
+    so that when `Computer` and `Monitor` have both `status` columns we don't
+    have conflicts in projection.
+
+    *Rafael Sales*
+
+*   Add ability to default to `uuid` as primary key when generating database migrations.
+
+    Example:
+
+        config.generators do |g|
+          g.orm :active_record, primary_key_type: :uuid
+        end
+
+    *Jon McCartie*
+
+*   Don't cache arguments in `#find_by` if they are an `ActiveRecord::Relation`.
+
+    Fixes #20817
+
+    *Hiroaki Izu*
+
+*   Qualify column name inserted by `group` in calculation.
+
+    Giving `group` an unqualified column name now works, even if the relation
+    has `JOIN` with another table which also has a column of the name.
+
+    *Soutaro Matsumoto*
+
+*   Don't cache prepared statements containing an IN clause or a SQL literal, as
+    these queries will change often and are unlikely to have a cache hit.
+
+    *Sean Griffin*
+
+*   Fix `rewhere` in a `has_many` association.
+
+    Fixes #21955.
+
+    *Josh Branchaud*, *Kal*
+
+*   `where` raises ArgumentError on unsupported types.
+
+    Fixes #20473.
+
+    *Jake Worth*
+
+*   Add an immutable string type to help reduce memory usage for apps which do
+    not need mutation detection on strings.
+
+    *Sean Griffin*
+
+*   Give `AcriveRecord::Relation#update` its own deprecation warning when
+    passed an `ActiveRecord::Base` instance.
+
+    Fixes #21945.
+
+    *Ted Johansson*
+
+*   Make it possible to pass `:to_table` when adding a foreign key through
+    `add_reference`.
+
+    Fixes #21563.
 
     *Yves Senn*
 
-*   Deprecate half-baked support for PostgreSQL range values with excluding beginnings.
-    We currently map PostgreSQL ranges to Ruby ranges. This conversion is not fully
-    possible because the Ruby range does not support excluded beginnings.
+*   No longer pass deprecated option `-i` to `pg_dump`.
+
+    *Paul Sadauskas*
+
+*   Concurrent `AR::Base#increment!` and `#decrement!` on the same record
+    are all reflected in the database rather than overwriting each other.
+
+    *Bogdan Gusiev*
+
+*   Avoid leaking the first relation we call `first` on, per model.
+
+    Fixes #21921.
+
+    *Matthew Draper*, *Jean Boussier*
+
+*   Remove unused `pk_and_sequence_for` in `AbstractMysqlAdapter`.
+
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+
+*   Allow fixtures files to set the model class in the YAML file itself.
+
+    To load the fixtures file `accounts.yml` as the `User` model, use:
+
+        _fixture:
+          model_class: User
+        david:
+          name: David
+
+    Fixes #9516.
+
+    *Roque Pinel*
+
+*   Don't require a database connection to load a class which uses acceptance
+    validations.
+
+    *Sean Griffin*
+
+*   Correctly apply `unscope` when preloading through associations.
+
+    *Jimmy Bourassa*
+
+*   Fixed taking precision into count when assigning a value to timestamp attribute.
+
+    Timestamp column can have less precision than ruby timestamp
+    In result in how big a fraction of a second can be stored in the
+    database.
+
+
+        m = Model.create!
+        m.created_at.usec == m.reload.created_at.usec # => false
+        # due to different precision in Time.now and database column
+
+    If the precision is low enough, (mysql default is 0, so it is always low
+    enough by default) the value changes when model is reloaded from the
+    database. This patch fixes that issue ensuring that any timestamp
+    assigned as an attribute is converted to column precision under the
+    attribute.
+
+    *Bogdan Gusiev*
+
+*   Introduce `connection.data_sources` and `connection.data_source_exists?`.
+    These methods determine what relations can be used to back Active Record
+    models (usually tables and views).
+
+    Also deprecate `SchemaCache#tables`, `SchemaCache#table_exists?` and
+    `SchemaCache#clear_table_cache!` in favor of their new data source
+    counterparts.
+
+    *Yves Senn*, *Matthew Draper*
+
+*   Add `ActiveRecord::Base.ignored_columns` to make some columns
+    invisible from Active Record.
+
+    *Jean Boussier*
+
+*   `ActiveRecord::Tasks::MySQLDatabaseTasks` fails if shellout to
+    mysql commands (like `mysqldump`) is not successful.
+
+    *Steve Mitchell*
+
+*   Ensure `select` quotes aliased attributes, even when using `from`.
+
+    Fixes #21488
+
+    *Sean Griffin & @johanlunds*
+
+*   MySQL: support `unsigned` numeric data types.
+
+    Example:
+
+        create_table :foos do |t|
+          t.unsigned_integer :quantity
+          t.unsigned_bigint  :total
+          t.unsigned_float   :percentage
+          t.unsigned_decimal :price, precision: 10, scale: 2
+        end
+
+    The `unsigned: true` option may be used for the primary key:
+
+        create_table :foos, id: :bigint, unsigned: true do |t|
+          …
+        end
+
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+
+*   Add `#views` and `#view_exists?` methods on connection adapters.
+
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+
+*   Correctly dump composite primary key.
+
+    Example:
+
+        create_table :barcodes, primary_key: ["region", "code"] do |t|
+          t.string :region
+          t.integer :code
+        end
+
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+
+*   Lookup the attribute name for `restrict_with_error` messages on the
+    model class that defines the association.
+
+    *kuboon*, *Ronak Jangir*
+
+*   Correct query for PostgreSQL 8.2 compatibility.
+
+    *Ben Murphy*, *Matthew Draper*
+
+*   `bin/rake db:migrate` uses
+    `ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrations_paths` instead of
+    `Migrator.migrations_paths`.
+
+    *Tobias Bielohlawek*
+
+*   Support dropping indexes concurrently in PostgreSQL.
+
+    See http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.4/static/sql-dropindex.html for more
+    details.
+
+    *Grey Baker*
+
+*   Deprecate passing conditions to `ActiveRecord::Relation#delete_all`
+    and `ActiveRecord::Relation#destroy_all`.
+
+    *Wojciech Wnętrzak*
+
+*   Instantiating an AR model with `ActionController::Parameters` now raises
+    an `ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesError` if the parameters include a
+    `type` field that has not been explicitly permitted. Previously, the
+    `type` field was simply ignored in the same situation.
 
-    The current solution of incrementing the beginning is not correct and is now
-    deprecated. For subtypes where we don't know how to increment (e.g. `#succ`
-    is not defined) it will raise an ArgumentException for ranges with excluding
-    beginnings.
+    *Prem Sichanugrist*
+
+*   PostgreSQL, `create_schema`, `drop_schema` and `rename_table` now quote
+    schema names.
+
+    Fixes #21418.
+
+    Example:
+
+        create_schema("my.schema")
+        # CREATE SCHEMA "my.schema";
+
+    *Yves Senn*
+
+*   PostgreSQL, add `:if_exists` option to `#drop_schema`. This makes it
+    possible to drop a schema that might exist without raising an exception if
+    it doesn't.
+
+    *Yves Senn*
+
+*   Only try to nullify has_one target association if the record is persisted.
+
+    Fixes #21223.
+
+    *Agis Anastasopoulos*
+
+*   Uniqueness validator raises descriptive error when running on a persisted
+    record without primary key.
+
+    Fixes #21304.
+
+    *Yves Senn*
+
+*   Add a native JSON data type support in MySQL.
+
+    Example:
+
+        create_table :json_data_type do |t|
+          t.json :settings
+        end
+
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+
+*   Descriptive error message when fixtures contain a missing column.
+
+    Fixes #21201.
+
+    *Yves Senn*
+
+*   `ActiveRecord::Tasks::PostgreSQLDatabaseTasks` fail if shellout to
+    postgresql commands (like `pg_dump`) is not successful.
+
+    *Bryan Paxton*, *Nate Berkopec*
+
+*   Add `ActiveRecord::Relation#in_batches` to work with records and relations
+    in batches.
+
+    Available options are `of` (batch size), `load`, `begin_at`, and `end_at`.
+
+    Examples:
+
+        Person.in_batches.each_record(&:party_all_night!)
+        Person.in_batches.update_all(awesome: true)
+        Person.in_batches.delete_all
+        Person.in_batches.each do |relation|
+          relation.delete_all
+          sleep 10 # Throttles the delete queries
+        end
+
+    Fixes #20933.
+
+    *Sina Siadat*
+
+*   Added methods for PostgreSQL geometric data types to use in migrations.
+
+    Example:
+
+        create_table :foo do |t|
+          t.line :foo_line
+          t.lseg :foo_lseg
+          t.box :foo_box
+          t.path :foo_path
+          t.polygon :foo_polygon
+          t.circle :foo_circle
+        end
+
+    *Mehmet Emin İNAÇ*
+
+*   Add `cache_key` to ActiveRecord::Relation.
+
+    Example:
+
+        @users = User.where("name like ?", "%Alberto%")
+        @users.cache_key
+        # => "/users/query-5942b155a43b139f2471b872ac54251f-3-20150714212107656125000"
+
+    *Alberto Fernández-Capel*
+
+*   Properly allow uniqueness validations on primary keys.
+
+    Fixes #20966.
+
+    *Sean Griffin*, *presskey*
+
+*   Don't raise an error if an association failed to destroy when `destroy` was
+    called on the parent (as opposed to `destroy!`).
+
+    Fixes #20991.
+
+    *Sean Griffin*
+
+*   `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` modified to store model name, primary_key and
+    id of the caller model. It allows the catcher of this exception to make
+    a better decision to what to do with it.
+
+    Example:
+
+        class SomeAbstractController < ActionController::Base
+          rescue_from ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound, with: :redirect_to_404
+
+          private def redirect_to_404(e)
+            return redirect_to(posts_url) if e.model == 'Post'
+            raise
+          end
+        end
+
+    *Sameer Rahmani*
+
+*   Deprecate the keys for association `restrict_dependent_destroy` errors in favor
+    of new key names.
+
+    Previously `has_one` and `has_many` associations were using the
+    `one` and `many` keys respectively. Both of these keys have special
+    meaning in I18n (they are considered to be pluralizations) so by
+    renaming them to `has_one` and `has_many` we make the messages more explicit
+    and most importantly they don't clash with linguistical systems that need to
+    validate translation keys (and their pluralizations).
+
+    The `:'restrict_dependent_destroy.one'` key should be replaced with
+    `:'restrict_dependent_destroy.has_one'`, and `:'restrict_dependent_destroy.many'`
+    with `:'restrict_dependent_destroy.has_many'`.
+
+    *Roque Pinel*, *Christopher Dell*
+
+*   Fix state being carried over from previous transaction.
+
+    Considering the following example where `name` is a required attribute.
+    Before we had `new_record?` returning `true` for a persisted record:
+
+        author = Author.create! name: 'foo'
+        author.name = nil
+        author.save        # => false
+        author.new_record? # => true
+
+    Fixes #20824.
+
+    *Roque Pinel*
+
+*   Correctly ignore `mark_for_destruction` when `autosave` isn't set to `true`
+    when validating associations.
+
+    Fixes #20882.
+
+    *Sean Griffin*
+
+*   Fix a bug where counter_cache doesn't always work with polymorphic
+    relations.
+
+    Fixes #16407.
+
+    *Stefan Kanev*, *Sean Griffin*
+
+*   Ensure that cyclic associations with autosave don't cause duplicate errors
+    to be added to the parent record.
+
+    Fixes #20874.
+
+    *Sean Griffin*
+
+*   Ensure that `ActionController::Parameters` can still be passed to nested
+    attributes.
+
+    Fixes #20922.
+
+    *Sean Griffin*
+
+*   Deprecate force association reload by passing a truthy argument to
+    association method.
+
+    For collection association, you can call `#reload` on association proxy to
+    force a reload:
+
+        @user.posts.reload   # Instead of @user.posts(true)
+
+    For singular association, you can call `#reload` on the parent object to
+    clear its association cache then call the association method:
+
+        @user.reload.profile   # Instead of @user.profile(true)
+
+    Passing a truthy argument to force association to reload will be removed in
+    Rails 5.1.
+
+    *Prem Sichanugrist*
+
+*   Replaced `ActiveSupport::Concurrency::Latch` with `Concurrent::CountDownLatch`
+    from the concurrent-ruby gem.
+
+    *Jerry D'Antonio*
+
+*   Fix through associations using scopes having the scope merged multiple
+    times.
+
+    Fixes #20721.
+    Fixes #20727.
+
+    *Sean Griffin*
+
+*   `ActiveRecord::Base.dump_schema_after_migration` applies migration tasks
+    other than `db:migrate`. (eg. `db:rollback`, `db:migrate:dup`, ...)
+
+    Fixes #20743.
+
+    *Yves Senn*
+
+*   Add alternate syntax to make `change_column_default` reversible.
+
+    User can pass in `:from` and `:to` to make `change_column_default` command
+    become reversible.
+
+    Example:
+
+        change_column_default :posts, :status, from: nil, to: "draft"
+        change_column_default :users, :authorized, from: true, to: false
+
+    *Prem Sichanugrist*
+
+*   Prevent error when using `force_reload: true` on an unassigned polymorphic
+    belongs_to association.
+
+    Fixes #20426.
+
+    *James Dabbs*
+
+*   Correctly raise `ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch` when assigning
+    a wrong type to a namespaced association.
+
+    Fixes #20545.
+
+    *Diego Carrion*
+
+*   `validates_absence_of` respects `marked_for_destruction?`.
+
+    Fixes #20449.
+
+    *Yves Senn*
+
+*   Include the `Enumerable` module in `ActiveRecord::Relation`
+
+    *Sean Griffin & bogdan*
+
+*   Use `Enumerable#sum` in `ActiveRecord::Relation` if a block is given.
+
+    *Sean Griffin*
+
+*   Let `WITH` queries (Common Table Expressions) be explainable.
+
+    *Vladimir Kochnev*
+
+*   Make `remove_index :table, :column` reversible.
+
+    *Yves Senn*
+
+*   Fixed an error which would occur in dirty checking when calling
+    `update_attributes` from a getter.
+
+    Fixes #20531.
+
+    *Sean Griffin*
+
+*   Make `remove_foreign_key` reversible. Any foreign key options must be
+    specified, similar to `remove_column`.
+
+    *Aster Ryan*
+
+*   Add `:_prefix` and `:_suffix` options to `enum` definition.
+
+    Fixes #17511, #17415.
+
+    *Igor Kapkov*
+
+*   Correctly handle decimal arrays with defaults in the schema dumper.
+
+    Fixes #20515.
+
+    *Sean Griffin & jmondo*
+
+*   Deprecate the PostgreSQL `:point` type in favor of a new one which will return
+    `Point` objects instead of an `Array`
+
+    *Sean Griffin*
+
+*   Ensure symbols passed to `ActiveRecord::Relation#select` are always treated
+    as columns.
+
+    Fixes #20360.
+
+    *Sean Griffin*
+
+*   Do not set `sql_mode` if `strict: :default` is specified.
+
+        # config/database.yml
+        production:
+          adapter: mysql2
+          database: foo_prod
+          user: foo
+          strict: :default
+
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+
+*   Allow proc defaults to be passed to the attributes API. See documentation
+    for examples.
+
+    *Sean Griffin*, *Kir Shatrov*
+
+*   SQLite: `:collation` support for string and text columns.
+
+    Example:
+
+        create_table :foo do |t|
+          t.string :string_nocase, collation: 'NOCASE'
+          t.text :text_rtrim, collation: 'RTRIM'
+        end
+
+        add_column :foo, :title, :string, collation: 'RTRIM'
+
+        change_column :foo, :title, :string, collation: 'NOCASE'
+
+    *Akshay Vishnoi*
+
+*   Allow the use of symbols or strings to specify enum values in test
+    fixtures:
+
+        awdr:
+          title: "Agile Web Development with Rails"
+          status: :proposed
+
+    *George Claghorn*
+
+*   Clear query cache when `ActiveRecord::Base#reload` is called.
+
+    *Shane Hender, Pierre Nespo*
+
+*   Include stored procedures and function on the MySQL structure dump.
+
+    *Jonathan Worek*
+
+*   Pass `:extend` option for `has_and_belongs_to_many` associations to the
+    underlying `has_many :through`.
+
+    *Jaehyun Shin*
+
+*   Deprecate `Relation#uniq` use `Relation#distinct` instead.
+
+    See #9683.
 
     *Yves Senn*
 
-*   Support for user created range types in PostgreSQL.
+*   Allow single table inheritance instantiation to work when storing
+    demodulized class names.
+
+    *Alex Robbin*
+
+*   Correctly pass MySQL options when using `structure_dump` or
+    `structure_load`.
+
+    Specifically, it fixes an issue when using SSL authentication.
+
+    *Alex Coomans*
+
+*   Dump indexes in `create_table` instead of `add_index`.
+
+    If the adapter supports indexes in `create_table`, generated SQL is
+    slightly more efficient.
+
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+
+*   Correctly dump `:options` on `create_table` for MySQL.
+
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+
+*   PostgreSQL: `:collation` support for string and text columns.
+
+    Example:
+
+        create_table :foos do |t|
+          t.string :string_en, collation: 'en_US.UTF-8'
+          t.text   :text_ja,   collation: 'ja_JP.UTF-8'
+        end
+
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+
+*   Remove `ActiveRecord::Serialization::XmlSerializer` from core.
+
+    *Zachary Scott*
+
+*   Make `unscope` aware of "less than" and "greater than" conditions.
+
+    *TAKAHASHI Kazuaki*
+
+*   `find_by` and `find_by!` raise `ArgumentError` when called without
+    arguments.
+
+    *Kohei Suzuki*
+
+*   Revert behavior of `db:schema:load` back to loading the full
+    environment. This ensures that initializers are run.
+
+    Fixes #19545.
+
+    *Yves Senn*
+
+*   Fix missing index when using `timestamps` with the `index` option.
+
+    The `index` option used with `timestamps` should be passed to both
+    `column` definitions for `created_at` and `updated_at` rather than just
+    the first.
+
+    *Paul Mucur*
+
+*   Rename `:class` to `:anonymous_class` in association options.
+
+    Fixes #19659.
+
+    *Andrew White*
+
+*   Autosave existing records on a has many through association when the parent
+    is new.
+
+    Fixes #19782.
+
+    *Sean Griffin*
+
+*   Fixed a bug where uniqueness validations would error on out of range values,
+    even if an validation should have prevented it from hitting the database.
+
+    *Andrey Voronkov*
+
+*   MySQL: `:charset` and `:collation` support for string and text columns.
+
+    Example:
+
+        create_table :foos do |t|
+          t.string :string_utf8_bin, charset: 'utf8', collation: 'utf8_bin'
+          t.text   :text_ascii,      charset: 'ascii'
+        end
+
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+
+*   Foreign key related methods in the migration DSL respect
+    `ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names = false`.
+
+    Fixes #19643.
+
+    *Mehmet Emin İNAÇ*
+
+*   Reduce memory usage from loading types on PostgreSQL.
+
+    Fixes #19578.
+
+    *Sean Griffin*
+
+*   Add `config.active_record.warn_on_records_fetched_greater_than` option.
+
+    When set to an integer, a warning will be logged whenever a result set
+    larger than the specified size is returned by a query.
+
+    Fixes #16463.
+
+    *Jason Nochlin*
+
+*   Ignore `.psqlrc` when loading database structure.
+
+    *Jason Weathered*
+
+*   Fix referencing wrong table aliases while joining tables of has many through
+    association (only when calling calculation methods).
+
+    Fixes #19276.
+
+    *pinglamb*
+
+*   Correctly persist a serialized attribute that has been returned to
+    its default value by an in-place modification.
+
+    Fixes #19467.
+
+    *Matthew Draper*
+
+*   Fix generating the schema file when using PostgreSQL `BigInt[]` data type.
+    Previously the `limit: 8` was not coming through, and this caused it to
+    become `Int[]` data type after rebuilding from the schema.
+
+    Fixes #19420.
+
+    *Jake Waller*
+
+*   Reuse the `CollectionAssociation#reader` cache when the foreign key is
+    available prior to save.
+
+    *Ben Woosley*
+
+*   Add `config.active_record.dump_schemas` to fix `db:structure:dump`
+    when using schema_search_path and PostgreSQL extensions.
+
+    Fixes #17157.
+
+    *Ryan Wallace*
+
+*   Renaming `use_transactional_fixtures` to `use_transactional_tests` for clarity.
+
+    Fixes #18864.
+
+    *Brandon Weiss*
+
+*   Increase pg gem version requirement to `~> 0.18`. Earlier versions of the
+    pg gem are known to have problems with Ruby 2.2.
+
+    *Matt Brictson*
+
+*   Correctly dump `serial` and `bigserial`.
+
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+
+*   Fix default `format` value in `ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks#schema_file`.
+
+    *James Cox*
+
+*   Don't enroll records in the transaction if they don't have commit callbacks.
+    This was causing a memory leak when creating many records inside a transaction.
+
+    Fixes #15549.
+
+    *Will Bryant*, *Aaron Patterson*
+
+*   Correctly create through records when created on a has many through
+    association when using `where`.
+
+    Fixes #19073.
+
+    *Sean Griffin*
+
+*   Add `SchemaMigration.create_table` support for any unicode charsets with MySQL.
+
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+
+*   PostgreSQL no longer disables user triggers if system triggers can't be
+    disabled. Disabling user triggers does not fulfill what the method promises.
+    Rails currently requires superuser privileges for this method.
+
+    If you absolutely rely on this behavior, consider patching
+    `disable_referential_integrity`.
+
+    *Yves Senn*
+
+*   Restore aborted transaction state when `disable_referential_integrity` fails
+    due to missing permissions.
+
+    *Toby Ovod-Everett*, *Yves Senn*
+
+*   In PostgreSQL, print a warning message if `disable_referential_integrity`
+    fails due to missing permissions.
+
+    *Andrey Nering*, *Yves Senn*
+
+*   Allow a `:limit` option for MySQL bigint primary key support.
+
+    Example:
+
+        create_table :foos, id: :primary_key, limit: 8 do |t|
+        end
+
+        # or
+
+        create_table :foos, id: false do |t|
+          t.primary_key :id, limit: 8
+        end
+
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+
+*   `belongs_to` will now trigger a validation error by default if the association is not present.
+    You can turn this off on a per-association basis with `optional: true`.
+    (Note this new default only applies to new Rails apps that will be generated with
+    `config.active_record.belongs_to_required_by_default = true` in initializer.)
+
+    *Josef Šimánek*
+
+*   Fixed `ActiveRecord::Relation#becomes!` and `changed_attributes` issues for type
+    columns.
+
+    Fixes #17139.
+
+    *Miklos Fazekas*
+
+*   Format the time string according to the precision of the time column.
+
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+
+*   Allow a `:precision` option for time type columns.
+
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+
+*   Add `ActiveRecord::Base.suppress` to prevent the receiver from being saved
+    during the given block.
+
+    For example, here's a pattern of creating notifications when new comments
+    are posted. (The notification may in turn trigger an email, a push
+    notification, or just appear in the UI somewhere):
+
+        class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
+          belongs_to :commentable, polymorphic: true
+          after_create -> { Notification.create! comment: self,
+            recipients: commentable.recipients }
+        end
+
+    That's what you want the bulk of the time. A new comment creates a new
+    Notification. There may be edge cases where you don't want that, like
+    when copying a commentable and its comments, in which case write a
+    concern with something like this:
+
+        module Copyable
+          def copy_to(destination)
+            Notification.suppress do
+              # Copy logic that creates new comments that we do not want triggering
+              # notifications.
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+    *Michael Ryan*
+
+*   `:time` option added for `#touch`.
+
+    Fixes #18905.
+
+    *Hyonjee Joo*
+
+*   Deprecate passing of `start` value to `find_in_batches` and `find_each`
+    in favour of `begin_at` value.
+
+    *Vipul A M*
+
+*   Add `foreign_key_exists?` method.
+
+    *Tõnis Simo*
+
+*   Use SQL COUNT and LIMIT 1 queries for `none?` and `one?` methods
+    if no block or limit is given, instead of loading the entire
+    collection into memory. This applies to relations (e.g. `User.all`)
+    as well as associations (e.g. `account.users`)
+
+        # Before:
+
+        users.none?
+        # SELECT "users".* FROM "users"
+
+        users.one?
+        # SELECT "users".* FROM "users"
+
+        # After:
+
+        users.none?
+        # SELECT 1 AS one FROM "users" LIMIT 1
+
+        users.one?
+        # SELECT COUNT(*) FROM "users"
+
+    *Eugene Gilburg*
+
+*   Have `enum` perform type casting consistently with the rest of Active
+    Record, such as `where`.
+
+    *Sean Griffin*
+
+*   `scoping` no longer pollutes the current scope of sibling classes when using
+    STI. e.x.
+
+        StiOne.none.scoping do
+          StiTwo.all
+        end
+
+    Fixes #18806.
+
+    *Sean Griffin*
+
+*   `remove_reference` with `foreign_key: true` removes the foreign key before
+    removing the column. This fixes a bug where it was not possible to remove
+    the column on MySQL.
+
+    Fixes #18664.
+
+    *Yves Senn*
+
+*   `find_in_batches` now accepts an `:end_at` parameter that complements the `:start`
+     parameter to specify where to stop batch processing.
+
+    *Vipul A M*
+
+*   Fix a rounding problem for PostgreSQL timestamp columns.
+
+    If a timestamp column has a precision specified, it needs to
+    format according to that.
+
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+
+*   Respect the database default charset for `schema_migrations` table.
+
+    The charset of `version` column in `schema_migrations` table depends
+    on the database default charset and collation rather than the encoding
+    of the connection.
+
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+
+*   Raise `ArgumentError` when passing `nil` or `false` to `Relation#merge`.
+
+    These are not valid values to merge in a relation, so it should warn users
+    early.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Use `SCHEMA` instead of `DB_STRUCTURE` for specifying a structure file.
+
+    This makes the db:structure tasks consistent with test:load_structure.
+
+    *Dieter Komendera*
+
+*   Respect custom primary keys for associations when calling `Relation#where`
+
+    Fixes #18813.
+
+    *Sean Griffin*
+
+*   Fix several edge cases which could result in a counter cache updating
+    twice or not updating at all for `has_many` and `has_many :through`.
+
+    Fixes #10865.
+
+    *Sean Griffin*
+
+*   Foreign keys added by migrations were given random, generated names. This
+    meant a different `structure.sql` would be generated every time a developer
+    ran migrations on their machine.
+
+    The generated part of foreign key names is now a hash of the table name and
+    column name, which is consistent every time you run the migration.
+
+    *Chris Sinjakli*
+
+*   Validation errors would be raised for parent records when an association
+    was saved when the parent had `validate: false`. It should not be the
+    responsibility of the model to validate an associated object unless the
+    object was created or modified by the parent.
+
+    This fixes the issue by skipping validations if the parent record is
+    persisted, not changed, and not marked for destruction.
+
+    Fixes #17621.
+
+    *Eileen M. Uchitelle, Aaron Patterson*
+
+*   Fix n+1 query problem when eager loading nil associations (fixes #18312)
+
+    *Sammy Larbi*
+
+*   Change the default error message from `can't be blank` to `must exist` for
+    the presence validator of the `:required` option on `belongs_to`/`has_one`
+    associations.
+
+    *Henrik Nygren*
+
+*   Fixed `ActiveRecord::Relation#group` method when an argument is an SQL
+    reserved keyword:
+
+    Example:
+
+        SplitTest.group(:key).count
+        Property.group(:value).count
+
+    *Bogdan Gusiev*
+
+*   Added the `#or` method on `ActiveRecord::Relation`, allowing use of the OR
+    operator to combine WHERE or HAVING clauses.
+
+    Example:
+
+        Post.where('id = 1').or(Post.where('id = 2'))
+        # => SELECT * FROM posts WHERE (id = 1) OR (id = 2)
+
+    *Sean Griffin*, *Matthew Draper*, *Gael Muller*, *Olivier El Mekki*
+
+*   Don't define autosave association callbacks twice from
+    `accepts_nested_attributes_for`.
+
+    Fixes #18704.
+
+    *Sean Griffin*
+
+*   Integer types will no longer raise a `RangeError` when assigning an
+    attribute, but will instead raise when going to the database.
+
+    Fixes several vague issues which were never reported directly. See the
+    commit message from the commit which added this line for some examples.
+
+    *Sean Griffin*
+
+*   Values which would error while being sent to the database (such as an
+    ASCII-8BIT string with invalid UTF-8 bytes on SQLite3), no longer error on
+    assignment. They will still error when sent to the database, but you are
+    given the ability to re-assign it to a valid value.
+
+    Fixes #18580.
+
+    *Sean Griffin*
+
+*   Don't remove join dependencies in `Relation#exists?`
+
+    Fixes #18632.
+
+    *Sean Griffin*
+
+*   Invalid values assigned to a JSON column are assumed to be `nil`.
+
+    Fixes #18629.
+
+    *Sean Griffin*
+
+*   Add `ActiveRecord::Base#accessed_fields`, which can be used to quickly
+    discover which fields were read from a model when you are looking to only
+    select the data you need from the database.
+
+    *Sean Griffin*
+
+*   Introduce the `:if_exists` option for `drop_table`.
+
+    Example:
+
+        drop_table(:posts, if_exists: true)
+
+    That would execute:
+
+        DROP TABLE IF EXISTS posts
+
+    If the table doesn't exist, `if_exists: false` (the default) raises an
+    exception whereas `if_exists: true` does nothing.
+
+    *Cody Cutrer*, *Stefan Kanev*, *Ryuta Kamizono*
+
+*   Don't run SQL if attribute value is not changed for update_attribute method.
+
+    *Prathamesh Sonpatki*
+
+*   `time` columns can now get affected by `time_zone_aware_attributes`. If you have
+    set `config.time_zone` to a value other than `'UTC'`, they will be treated
+    as in that time zone by default in Rails 5.1. If this is not the desired
+    behavior, you can set
+
+        ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_types = [:datetime]
+
+    A deprecation warning will be emitted if you have a `:time` column, and have
+    not explicitly opted out.
+
+    Fixes #3145.
+
+    *Sean Griffin*
+
+*   Tests now run after_commit callbacks. You no longer have to declare
+    `uses_transaction ‘test name’` to test the results of an after_commit.
+
+    after_commit callbacks run after committing a transaction whose parent
+    is not `joinable?`: un-nested transactions, transactions within test cases,
+    and transactions in `console --sandbox`.
+
+    *arthurnn*, *Ravil Bayramgalin*, *Matthew Draper*
+
+*   `nil` as a value for a binary column in a query no longer logs as
+    "<NULL binary data>", and instead logs as just "nil".
+
+    *Sean Griffin*
+
+*   `attribute_will_change!` will no longer cause non-persistable attributes to
+    be sent to the database.
+
+    Fixes #18407.
+
+    *Sean Griffin*
+
+*   Remove support for the `protected_attributes` gem.
+
+    *Carlos Antonio da Silva*, *Roberto Miranda*
+
+*   Fix accessing of fixtures having non-string labels like Fixnum.
+
+    *Prathamesh Sonpatki*
+
+*   Remove deprecated support to preload instance-dependent associations.
+
+    *Yves Senn*
+
+*   Remove deprecated support for PostgreSQL ranges with exclusive lower bounds.
+
+    *Yves Senn*
+
+*   Remove deprecation when modifying a relation with cached Arel.
+    This raises an `ImmutableRelation` error instead.
+
+    *Yves Senn*
+
+*   Added `ActiveRecord::SecureToken` in order to encapsulate generation of
+    unique tokens for attributes in a model using `SecureRandom`.
+
+    *Roberto Miranda*
+
+*   Change the behavior of boolean columns to be closer to Ruby's semantics.
+
+    Before this change we had a small set of "truthy", and all others are "falsy".
+
+    Now, we have a small set of "falsy" values and all others are "truthy" matching
+    Ruby's semantics.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Deprecate `ActiveRecord::Base.errors_in_transactional_callbacks=`.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Change transaction callbacks to not swallow errors.
+
+    Before this change any errors raised inside a transaction callback
+    were getting rescued and printed in the logs.
+
+    Now these errors are not rescued anymore and just bubble up, as the other callbacks.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Remove deprecated `sanitize_sql_hash_for_conditions`.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Remove deprecated `Reflection#source_macro`.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Remove deprecated `symbolized_base_class` and `symbolized_sti_name`.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Remove deprecated `ActiveRecord::Base.disable_implicit_join_references=`.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Remove deprecated access to connection specification using a string accessor.
+
+    Now all strings will be handled as a URL.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Change the default `null` value for `timestamps` to `false`.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Return an array of pools from `connection_pools`.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Return a null column from `column_for_attribute` when no column exists.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Remove deprecated `serialized_attributes`.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Remove deprecated automatic counter caches on `has_many :through`.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Change the way in which callback chains can be halted.
+
+    The preferred method to halt a callback chain from now on is to explicitly
+    `throw(:abort)`.
+    In the past, returning `false` in an Active Record `before_` callback had the
+    side effect of halting the callback chain.
+    This is not recommended anymore and, depending on the value of the
+    `ActiveSupport.halt_callback_chains_on_return_false` option, will
+    either not work at all or display a deprecation warning.
+
+    *claudiob*
+
+*   Clear query cache on rollback.
+
+    *Florian Weingarten*
+
+*   Fix setting of foreign_key for through associations when building a new record.
+
+    Fixes #12698.
+
+    *Ivan Antropov*
+
+*   Improve dumping of the primary key. If it is not a default primary key,
+    correctly dump the type and options.
+
+    Fixes #14169, #16599.
+
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+
+*   Format the datetime string according to the precision of the datetime field.
+
+    Incompatible to rounding behavior between MySQL 5.6 and earlier.
+
+    In 5.5, when you insert `2014-08-17 12:30:00.999999` the fractional part
+    is ignored. In 5.6, it's rounded to `2014-08-17 12:30:01`:
+
+    http://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=68760
+
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+
+*   Allow a precision option for MySQL datetimes.
+
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+
+*   Fixed automatic `inverse_of` for models nested in a module.
+
+    *Andrew McCloud*
+
+*   Change `ActiveRecord::Relation#update` behavior so that it can
+    be called without passing ids of the records to be updated.
+
+    This change allows updating multiple records returned by
+    `ActiveRecord::Relation` with callbacks and validations.
+
+        # Before
+        # ArgumentError: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)
+        Comment.where(group: 'expert').update(body: "Group of Rails Experts")
+
+        # After
+        # Comments with group expert updated with body "Group of Rails Experts"
+        Comment.where(group: 'expert').update(body: "Group of Rails Experts")
+
+    *Prathamesh Sonpatki*
+
+*   Fix `reaping_frequency` option when the value is a string.
+
+    This usually happens when it is configured using `DATABASE_URL`.
+
+    *korbin*
+
+*   Fix error message when trying to create an associated record and the foreign
+    key is missing.
+
+    Before this fix the following exception was being raised:
+
+        NoMethodError: undefined method `val' for #<Arel::Nodes::BindParam:0x007fc64d19c218>
+
+    Now the message is:
+
+        ActiveRecord::UnknownAttributeError: unknown attribute 'foreign_key' for Model.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Fix change detection problem for PostgreSQL bytea type and
+    `ArgumentError: string contains null byte` exception with pg-0.18.
+
+    Fixes #17680.
+
+    *Lars Kanis*
+
+*   When a table has a composite primary key, the `primary_key` method for
+    SQLite3 and PostgreSQL adapters was only returning the first field of the key.
+    Ensures that it will return nil instead, as Active Record doesn't support
+    composite primary keys.
+
+    Fixes #18070.
+
+    *arthurnn*
+
+*   `validates_size_of` / `validates_length_of` do not count records
+    which are `marked_for_destruction?`.
+
+    Fixes #7247.
+
+    *Yves Senn*
+
+*   Ensure `first!` and friends work on loaded associations.
+
+    Fixes #18237.
+
+    *Sean Griffin*
+
+*   `eager_load` preserves readonly flag for associations.
+
+    Fixes #15853.
+
+    *Takashi Kokubun*
+
+*   Provide `:touch` option to `save()` to accommodate saving without updating
+    timestamps.
+
+    Fixes #18202.
+
+    *Dan Olson*
+
+*   Provide a more helpful error message when an unsupported class is passed to
+    `serialize`.
+
+    Fixes #18224.
+
+    *Sean Griffin*
+
+*   Add bigint primary key support for MySQL.
+
+    Example:
+
+        create_table :foos, id: :bigint do |t|
+        end
+
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+
+*   Support for any type of primary key.
+
+    Fixes #14194.
+
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+
+*   Dump the default `nil` for PostgreSQL UUID primary key.
+
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+
+*   Add a `:foreign_key` option to `references` and associated migration
+    methods. The model and migration generators now use this option, rather than
+    the `add_foreign_key` form.
+
+    *Sean Griffin*
+
+*   Don't raise when writing an attribute with an out-of-range datetime passed
+    by the user.
+
+    *Grey Baker*
+
+*   Replace deprecated `ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks#load_schema` with
+    `ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks#load_schema_for`.
+
+    *Yves Senn*
+
+*   Fix bug with `ActiveRecord::Type::Numeric` that caused negative values to
+    be marked as having changed when set to the same negative value.
+
+    Fixes #18161.
+
+    *Daniel Fox*
+
+*   Introduce `force: :cascade` option for `create_table`. Using this option
+    will recreate tables even if they have dependent objects (like foreign keys).
+    `db/schema.rb` now uses `force: :cascade`. This makes it possible to
+    reload the schema when foreign keys are in place.
+
+    *Matthew Draper*, *Yves Senn*
+
+*   `db:schema:load` and `db:structure:load` no longer purge the database
+    before loading the schema. This is left for the user to do.
+    `db:test:prepare` will still purge the database.
+
+    Fixes #17945.
+
+    *Yves Senn*
+
+*   Fix undesirable RangeError by `Type::Integer`. Add `Type::UnsignedInteger`.
+
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+
+*   Add `foreign_type` option to `has_one` and `has_many` association macros.
+
+    This option enables to define the column name of associated object's type for polymorphic associations.
+
+    *Ulisses Almeida*, *Kassio Borges*
+
+*   Remove deprecated behavior allowing nested arrays to be passed as query
+    values.
+
+    *Melanie Gilman*
+
+*   Deprecate passing a class as a value in a query. Users should pass strings
+    instead.
+
+    *Melanie Gilman*
+
+*   `add_timestamps` and `remove_timestamps` now properly reversible with
+    options.
+
+    *Noam Gagliardi-Rabinovich*
+
+*   `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ColumnDumper#column_spec` and
+    `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ColumnDumper#prepare_column_options` no
+    longer have a `types` argument. They should access
+    `connection#native_database_types` directly.
 
     *Yves Senn*
 
-Please check [4-1-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-1-stable/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+Please check [4-2-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/activerecord/MIT-LICENSE b/activerecord/MIT-LICENSE
index 2950f05b11..7c2197229d 100644
--- a/activerecord/MIT-LICENSE
+++ b/activerecord/MIT-LICENSE
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright (c) 2004-2014 David Heinemeier Hansson
+Copyright (c) 2004-2015 David Heinemeier Hansson
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
diff --git a/activerecord/README.rdoc b/activerecord/README.rdoc
index e04abe9b37..20ce1e8dd2 100644
--- a/activerecord/README.rdoc
+++ b/activerecord/README.rdoc
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-= Active Record -- Object-relational mapping put on rails
+= Active Record -- Object-relational mapping in Rails
 
 Active Record connects classes to relational database tables to establish an
 almost zero-configuration persistence layer for applications. The library
@@ -20,19 +20,19 @@ A short rundown of some of the major features:
    class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
    end
 
-   The Product class is automatically mapped to the table named "products",
-   which might look like this:
+  {Learn more}[link:classes/ActiveRecord/Base.html]
+
+The Product class is automatically mapped to the table named "products",
+which might look like this:
 
    CREATE TABLE products (
-     id int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment,
+     id int NOT NULL auto_increment,
      name varchar(255),
      PRIMARY KEY  (id)
    );
 
-   This would also define the following accessors: `Product#name` and
-   `Product#name=(new_name)`
-
-  {Learn more}[link:classes/ActiveRecord/Base.html]
+This would also define the following accessors: <tt>Product#name</tt> and
+<tt>Product#name=(new_name)</tt>.
 
 
 * Associations between objects defined by simple class methods.
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ A short rundown of some of the major features:
   SQLite3[link:classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/SQLite3Adapter.html].
 
 
-* Logging support for Log4r[http://log4r.rubyforge.org] and Logger[http://www.ruby-doc.org/stdlib/libdoc/logger/rdoc].
+* Logging support for Log4r[https://github.com/colbygk/log4r] and Logger[http://www.ruby-doc.org/stdlib/libdoc/logger/rdoc].
 
     ActiveRecord::Base.logger = ActiveSupport::Logger.new(STDOUT)
     ActiveRecord::Base.logger = Log4r::Logger.new('Application Log')
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ A short rundown of some of the major features:
 
 * Database agnostic schema management with Migrations.
 
-    class AddSystemSettings < ActiveRecord::Migration
+    class AddSystemSettings < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
       def up
         create_table :system_settings do |t|
           t.string  :name
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ Admit the Database:
 
 The latest version of Active Record can be installed with RubyGems:
 
-  % [sudo] gem install activerecord
+  $ gem install activerecord
 
 Source code can be downloaded as part of the Rails project on GitHub:
 
@@ -208,6 +208,10 @@ API documentation is at:
 
 * http://api.rubyonrails.org
 
-Bug reports and feature requests can be filed with the rest for the Ruby on Rails project here:
+Bug reports can be filed for the Ruby on Rails project here:
 
 * https://github.com/rails/rails/issues
+
+Feature requests should be discussed on the rails-core mailing list here:
+
+* https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/rubyonrails-core
diff --git a/activerecord/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc b/activerecord/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc
index ca1f2fd665..bae40604b1 100644
--- a/activerecord/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc
+++ b/activerecord/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc
@@ -16,15 +16,19 @@ To run a set of tests:
 You can also run tests that depend upon a specific database backend. For
 example:
 
-  $ bundle exec rake test_sqlite3
+  $ bundle exec rake test:sqlite3
 
 Simply executing <tt>bundle exec rake test</tt> is equivalent to the following:
 
-  $ bundle exec rake test_mysql
-  $ bundle exec rake test_mysql2
-  $ bundle exec rake test_postgresql
-  $ bundle exec rake test_sqlite3
-  $ bundle exec rake test_sqlite3_mem
+  $ bundle exec rake test:mysql
+  $ bundle exec rake test:mysql2
+  $ bundle exec rake test:postgresql
+  $ bundle exec rake test:sqlite3
+
+Using the SQLite3 adapter with an in-memory database is the fastest way
+to run the tests:
+
+  $ bundle exec rake test:sqlite3_mem
 
 There should be tests available for each database backend listed in the {Config
 File}[rdoc-label:label-Config+File]. (the exact set of available tests is
@@ -32,8 +36,8 @@ defined in +Rakefile+)
 
 == Config File
 
-If +test/config.yml+ is present, it's parameters are obeyed. Otherwise, the
-parameters in +test/config.example.yml+ are obeyed.
+If +test/config.yml+ is present, then its parameters are obeyed; otherwise, the
+parameters in +test/config.example.yml+ are.
 
 You can override the +connections:+ parameter in either file using the +ARCONN+
 (Active Record CONNection) environment variable:
diff --git a/activerecord/Rakefile b/activerecord/Rakefile
index 6f8948f987..c93099a921 100644
--- a/activerecord/Rakefile
+++ b/activerecord/Rakefile
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 require 'rake/testtask'
-require 'rubygems/package_task'
 
 require File.expand_path(File.dirname(__FILE__)) + "/test/config"
 require File.expand_path(File.dirname(__FILE__)) + "/test/support/config"
@@ -38,33 +37,37 @@ namespace :test do
   end
 end
 
+desc 'Build MySQL and PostgreSQL test databases'
 namespace :db do
-  desc 'Build MySQL and PostgreSQL test databases'
-  task create: ['mysql:build_databases', 'postgresql:build_databases']
-  desc 'Drop MySQL and PostgreSQL test databases'
-  task drop: ['mysql:drop_databases', 'postgresql:drop_databases']
+  task :create => ['db:mysql:build', 'db:postgresql:build']
+  task :drop => ['db:mysql:drop', 'db:postgresql:drop']
 end
 
-%w( mysql mysql2 postgresql sqlite3 sqlite3_mem firebird db2 oracle sybase openbase frontbase jdbcmysql jdbcpostgresql jdbcsqlite3 jdbcderby jdbch2 jdbchsqldb ).each do |adapter|
-  Rake::TestTask.new("test_#{adapter}") { |t|
-    adapter_short = adapter == 'db2' ? adapter : adapter[/^[a-z0-9]+/]
-    t.libs << 'test'
-    t.test_files = (Dir.glob( "test/cases/**/*_test.rb" ).reject {
-      |x| x =~ /\/adapters\//
-    } + Dir.glob("test/cases/adapters/#{adapter_short}/**/*_test.rb")).sort
-
-    t.warning = true
-    t.verbose = true
-  }
-
-  task "isolated_test_#{adapter}" do
-    adapter_short = adapter == 'db2' ? adapter : adapter[/^[a-z0-9]+/]
-    puts [adapter, adapter_short].inspect
-    (Dir["test/cases/**/*_test.rb"].reject {
-      |x| x =~ /\/adapters\//
-    } + Dir["test/cases/adapters/#{adapter_short}/**/*_test.rb"]).all? do |file|
-      sh(Gem.ruby, '-w' ,"-Itest", file)
-    end or raise "Failures"
+%w( mysql mysql2 postgresql sqlite3 sqlite3_mem db2 oracle jdbcmysql jdbcpostgresql jdbcsqlite3 jdbcderby jdbch2 jdbchsqldb ).each do |adapter|
+  namespace :test do
+    Rake::TestTask.new(adapter => "#{adapter}:env") { |t|
+      adapter_short = adapter == 'db2' ? adapter : adapter[/^[a-z0-9]+/]
+      t.libs << 'test'
+      t.test_files = (Dir.glob( "test/cases/**/*_test.rb" ).reject {
+        |x| x =~ /\/adapters\//
+      } + Dir.glob("test/cases/adapters/#{adapter_short}/**/*_test.rb"))
+
+      t.warning = true
+      t.verbose = true
+      t.ruby_opts = ["--dev"] if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
+    }
+
+    namespace :isolated do
+      task adapter => "#{adapter}:env" do
+        adapter_short = adapter == 'db2' ? adapter : adapter[/^[a-z0-9]+/]
+        puts [adapter, adapter_short].inspect
+        (Dir["test/cases/**/*_test.rb"].reject {
+          |x| x =~ /\/adapters\//
+        } + Dir["test/cases/adapters/#{adapter_short}/**/*_test.rb"]).all? do |file|
+          sh(Gem.ruby, '-w' ,"-Itest", file)
+        end or raise "Failures"
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   namespace adapter do
@@ -76,153 +79,65 @@ end
   end
 
   # Make sure the adapter test evaluates the env setting task
-  task "test_#{adapter}" => "#{adapter}:env"
-  task "isolated_test_#{adapter}" => "#{adapter}:env"
-end
-
-rule '.sqlite3' do |t|
-  sh %Q{sqlite3 "#{t.name}" "create table a (a integer); drop table a;"}
-end
-
-task :test_sqlite3 => [
-  'test/fixtures/fixture_database.sqlite3',
-  'test/fixtures/fixture_database_2.sqlite3'
-]
-
-namespace :mysql do
-  desc 'Build the MySQL test databases'
-  task :build_databases do
-    config = ARTest.config['connections']['mysql']
-    %x( mysql --user=#{config['arunit']['username']} -e "create DATABASE #{config['arunit']['database']} DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 DEFAULT COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci ")
-    %x( mysql --user=#{config['arunit2']['username']} -e "create DATABASE #{config['arunit2']['database']} DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 DEFAULT COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci ")
-  end
-
-  desc 'Drop the MySQL test databases'
-  task :drop_databases do
-    config = ARTest.config['connections']['mysql']
-    %x( mysqladmin --user=#{config['arunit']['username']} -f drop #{config['arunit']['database']} )
-    %x( mysqladmin --user=#{config['arunit2']['username']} -f drop #{config['arunit2']['database']} )
-  end
-
-  desc 'Rebuild the MySQL test databases'
-  task :rebuild_databases => [:drop_databases, :build_databases]
+  task "test_#{adapter}" => ["#{adapter}:env", "test:#{adapter}"]
+  task "isolated_test_#{adapter}" => ["#{adapter}:env", "test:isolated:#{adapter}"]
 end
 
-task :build_mysql_databases => 'mysql:build_databases'
-task :drop_mysql_databases => 'mysql:drop_databases'
-task :rebuild_mysql_databases => 'mysql:rebuild_databases'
-
-
-namespace :postgresql do
-  desc 'Build the PostgreSQL test databases'
-  task :build_databases do
-    config = ARTest.config['connections']['postgresql']
-    %x( createdb -E UTF8 -T template0 #{config['arunit']['database']} )
-    %x( createdb -E UTF8 -T template0 #{config['arunit2']['database']} )
-
-    # notify about preparing hstore
-    if %x( createdb --version ).strip.gsub(/(.*)(\d\.\d\.\d)$/, "\\2") < "9.1.0"
-      puts "Please prepare hstore data type. See http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.0/static/hstore.html"
+namespace :db do
+  namespace :mysql do
+    desc 'Build the MySQL test databases'
+    task :build do
+      config = ARTest.config['connections']['mysql']
+      %x( mysql --user=#{config['arunit']['username']} --password=#{config['arunit']['password']} -e "create DATABASE #{config['arunit']['database']} DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 DEFAULT COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci ")
+      %x( mysql --user=#{config['arunit2']['username']} --password=#{config['arunit2']['password']} -e "create DATABASE #{config['arunit2']['database']} DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 DEFAULT COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci ")
     end
-  end
-
-  desc 'Drop the PostgreSQL test databases'
-  task :drop_databases do
-    config = ARTest.config['connections']['postgresql']
-    %x( dropdb #{config['arunit']['database']} )
-    %x( dropdb #{config['arunit2']['database']} )
-  end
-
-  desc 'Rebuild the PostgreSQL test databases'
-  task :rebuild_databases => [:drop_databases, :build_databases]
-end
 
-task :build_postgresql_databases => 'postgresql:build_databases'
-task :drop_postgresql_databases => 'postgresql:drop_databases'
-task :rebuild_postgresql_databases => 'postgresql:rebuild_databases'
-
-
-namespace :frontbase do
-  desc 'Build the FrontBase test databases'
-  task :build_databases => :rebuild_frontbase_databases
-
-  desc 'Rebuild the FrontBase test databases'
-  task :rebuild_databases do
-    build_frontbase_database = Proc.new do |db_name, sql_definition_file|
-      %(
-        STOP DATABASE #{db_name};
-        DELETE DATABASE #{db_name};
-        CREATE DATABASE #{db_name};
-
-        CONNECT TO #{db_name} AS SESSION_NAME USER _SYSTEM;
-        SET COMMIT FALSE;
-
-        CREATE USER RAILS;
-        CREATE SCHEMA RAILS AUTHORIZATION RAILS;
-        COMMIT;
-
-        SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION RAILS;
-        SCRIPT '#{sql_definition_file}';
-
-        COMMIT;
-
-        DISCONNECT ALL;
-      )
-    end
-    config = ARTest.config['connections']['frontbase']
-    create_activerecord_unittest  = build_frontbase_database[config['arunit']['database'],  File.join(SCHEMA_ROOT, 'frontbase.sql')]
-    create_activerecord_unittest2 = build_frontbase_database[config['arunit2']['database'], File.join(SCHEMA_ROOT, 'frontbase2.sql')]
-    execute_frontbase_sql = Proc.new do |sql|
-      system(<<-SHELL)
-      /Library/FrontBase/bin/sql92 <<-SQL
-      #{sql}
-      SQL
-      SHELL
+    desc 'Drop the MySQL test databases'
+    task :drop do
+      config = ARTest.config['connections']['mysql']
+      %x( mysqladmin --user=#{config['arunit']['username']} --password=#{config['arunit']['password']} -f drop #{config['arunit']['database']} )
+      %x( mysqladmin --user=#{config['arunit2']['username']} --password=#{config['arunit2']['password']} -f drop #{config['arunit2']['database']} )
     end
-    execute_frontbase_sql[create_activerecord_unittest]
-    execute_frontbase_sql[create_activerecord_unittest2]
-  end
-end
-
-task :build_frontbase_databases => 'frontbase:build_databases'
-task :rebuild_frontbase_databases => 'frontbase:rebuild_databases'
 
-spec = eval(File.read('activerecord.gemspec'))
+    desc 'Rebuild the MySQL test databases'
+    task :rebuild => [:drop, :build]
+  end
 
-Gem::PackageTask.new(spec) do |p|
-  p.gem_spec = spec
-end
+  namespace :postgresql do
+    desc 'Build the PostgreSQL test databases'
+    task :build do
+      config = ARTest.config['connections']['postgresql']
+      %x( createdb -E UTF8 -T template0 #{config['arunit']['database']} )
+      %x( createdb -E UTF8 -T template0 #{config['arunit2']['database']} )
 
-task :lines do
-  lines, codelines, total_lines, total_codelines = 0, 0, 0, 0
-
-  FileList["lib/active_record/**/*.rb"].each do |file_name|
-    next if file_name =~ /vendor/
-    File.open(file_name, 'r') do |f|
-      while line = f.gets
-        lines += 1
-        next if line =~ /^\s*$/
-        next if line =~ /^\s*#/
-        codelines += 1
+      # prepare hstore
+      if %x( createdb --version ).strip.gsub(/(.*)(\d\.\d\.\d)$/, "\\2") < "9.1.0"
+        puts "Please prepare hstore data type. See http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/hstore.html"
       end
     end
-    puts "L: #{sprintf("%4d", lines)}, LOC #{sprintf("%4d", codelines)} | #{file_name}"
 
-    total_lines     += lines
-    total_codelines += codelines
+    desc 'Drop the PostgreSQL test databases'
+    task :drop do
+      config = ARTest.config['connections']['postgresql']
+      %x( dropdb #{config['arunit']['database']} )
+      %x( dropdb #{config['arunit2']['database']} )
+    end
 
-    lines, codelines = 0, 0
+    desc 'Rebuild the PostgreSQL test databases'
+    task :rebuild => [:drop, :build]
   end
-
-  puts "Total: Lines #{total_lines}, LOC #{total_codelines}"
 end
 
+task :build_mysql_databases => 'db:mysql:build'
+task :drop_mysql_databases => 'db:mysql:drop'
+task :rebuild_mysql_databases => 'db:mysql:rebuild'
 
-# Publishing ------------------------------------------------------
+task :build_postgresql_databases => 'db:postgresql:build'
+task :drop_postgresql_databases => 'db:postgresql:drop'
+task :rebuild_postgresql_databases => 'db:postgresql:rebuild'
 
-desc "Release to rubygems"
-task :release => :package do
-  require 'rake/gemcutter'
-  Rake::Gemcutter::Tasks.new(spec).define
-  Rake::Task['gem:push'].invoke
+task :lines do
+  load File.expand_path('..', File.dirname(__FILE__)) + '/tools/line_statistics'
+  files = FileList["lib/active_record/**/*.rb"]
+  CodeTools::LineStatistics.new(files).print_loc
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/activerecord.gemspec b/activerecord/activerecord.gemspec
index d397c9e016..bd95b57303 100644
--- a/activerecord/activerecord.gemspec
+++ b/activerecord/activerecord.gemspec
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.summary     = 'Object-relational mapper framework (part of Rails).'
   s.description = 'Databases on Rails. Build a persistent domain model by mapping database tables to Ruby classes. Strong conventions for associations, validations, aggregations, migrations, and testing come baked-in.'
 
-  s.required_ruby_version = '>= 1.9.3'
+  s.required_ruby_version = '>= 2.2.2'
 
   s.license = 'MIT'
 
@@ -24,5 +24,5 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.add_dependency 'activesupport', version
   s.add_dependency 'activemodel',   version
 
-  s.add_dependency 'arel', '~> 5.0.0'
+  s.add_dependency 'arel', '7.0.0.alpha'
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/bin/test b/activerecord/bin/test
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..f8adf2aabc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/bin/test
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+COMPONENT_ROOT = File.expand_path("../../", __FILE__)
+require File.expand_path("../tools/test", COMPONENT_ROOT)
+module Minitest
+  def self.plugin_active_record_options(opts, options)
+    opts.separator ""
+    opts.separator "Active Record options:"
+    opts.on("-a", "--adapter [ADAPTER]",
+            "Run tests using a specific adapter (sqlite3, sqlite3_mem, mysql, mysql2, postgresql)") do |adapter|
+      ENV["ARCONN"] = adapter.strip
+    end
+
+    opts
+  end
+end
+
+Minitest.extensions.unshift 'active_record'
+
+exit Minitest.run(ARGV)
diff --git a/activerecord/examples/performance.rb b/activerecord/examples/performance.rb
index d3546ce948..a5a1f284a0 100644
--- a/activerecord/examples/performance.rb
+++ b/activerecord/examples/performance.rb
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ class Exhibit < ActiveRecord::Base
     where("notes IS NOT NULL")
   end
 
-  def self.look(exhibits) exhibits.each { |e| e.look } end
-  def self.feel(exhibits) exhibits.each { |e| e.feel } end
+  def self.look(exhibits) exhibits.each(&:look) end
+  def self.feel(exhibits) exhibits.each(&:feel) end
 end
 
 def progress_bar(int); print "." if (int%100).zero? ; end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record.rb
index f856c482d6..264f869c68 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #--
-# Copyright (c) 2004-2014 David Heinemeier Hansson
+# Copyright (c) 2004-2015 David Heinemeier Hansson
 #
 # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 # a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
@@ -27,10 +27,12 @@ require 'active_model'
 require 'arel'
 
 require 'active_record/version'
+require 'active_record/attribute_set'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
 
+  autoload :Attribute
   autoload :Base
   autoload :Callbacks
   autoload :Core
@@ -41,15 +43,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
   autoload :Explain
   autoload :Inheritance
   autoload :Integration
+  autoload :LegacyYamlAdapter
   autoload :Migration
   autoload :Migrator, 'active_record/migration'
   autoload :ModelSchema
   autoload :NestedAttributes
   autoload :NoTouching
+  autoload :TouchLater
   autoload :Persistence
   autoload :QueryCache
   autoload :Querying
+  autoload :CollectionCacheKey
   autoload :ReadonlyAttributes
+  autoload :RecordInvalid, 'active_record/validations'
   autoload :Reflection
   autoload :RuntimeRegistry
   autoload :Sanitization
@@ -60,10 +66,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
   autoload :Serialization
   autoload :StatementCache
   autoload :Store
+  autoload :Suppressor
+  autoload :TableMetadata
   autoload :Timestamp
   autoload :Transactions
   autoload :Translation
   autoload :Validations
+  autoload :SecureToken
 
   eager_autoload do
     autoload :ActiveRecordError, 'active_record/errors'
@@ -95,6 +104,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
   module Coders
     autoload :YAMLColumn, 'active_record/coders/yaml_column'
+    autoload :JSON, 'active_record/coders/json'
   end
 
   module AttributeMethods
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/aggregations.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/aggregations.rb
index 0d5313956b..be88c7c9e8 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/aggregations.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/aggregations.rb
@@ -1,14 +1,31 @@
 module ActiveRecord
-  # = Active Record Aggregations
-  module Aggregations # :nodoc:
+  # See ActiveRecord::Aggregations::ClassMethods for documentation
+  module Aggregations
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
-    def clear_aggregation_cache #:nodoc:
-      @aggregation_cache.clear if persisted?
+    def initialize_dup(*) # :nodoc:
+      @aggregation_cache = {}
+      super
     end
 
-    # Active Record implements aggregation through a macro-like class method called +composed_of+
-    # for representing attributes  as value objects. It expresses relationships like "Account [is]
+    def reload(*) # :nodoc:
+      clear_aggregation_cache
+      super
+    end
+
+    private
+
+      def clear_aggregation_cache # :nodoc:
+        @aggregation_cache.clear if persisted?
+      end
+
+      def init_internals # :nodoc:
+        @aggregation_cache = {}
+        super
+      end
+
+    # Active Record implements aggregation through a macro-like class method called #composed_of
+    # for representing attributes as value objects. It expresses relationships like "Account [is]
     # composed of Money [among other things]" or "Person [is] composed of [an] address". Each call
     # to the macro adds a description of how the value objects are created from the attributes of
     # the entity object (when the entity is initialized either as a new object or from finding an
@@ -87,11 +104,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   customer.address_city   = "Copenhagen"
     #   customer.address        # => Address.new("Hyancintvej", "Copenhagen")
     #
-    #   customer.address_street = "Vesterbrogade"
-    #   customer.address        # => Address.new("Hyancintvej", "Copenhagen")
-    #   customer.clear_aggregation_cache
-    #   customer.address        # => Address.new("Vesterbrogade", "Copenhagen")
-    #
     #   customer.address = Address.new("May Street", "Chicago")
     #   customer.address_street # => "May Street"
     #   customer.address_city   # => "Chicago"
@@ -108,12 +120,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # It's also important to treat the value objects as immutable. Don't allow the Money object to have
     # its amount changed after creation. Create a new Money object with the new value instead. The
-    # Money#exchange_to method is an example of this. It returns a new value object instead of changing
+    # <tt>Money#exchange_to</tt> method is an example of this. It returns a new value object instead of changing
     # its own values. Active Record won't persist value objects that have been changed through means
     # other than the writer method.
     #
     # The immutable requirement is enforced by Active Record by freezing any object assigned as a value
-    # object. Attempting to change it afterwards will result in a RuntimeError.
+    # object. Attempting to change it afterwards will result in a +RuntimeError+.
     #
     # Read more about value objects on http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?ValueObject and on the dangers of not
     # keeping value objects immutable on http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?ValueObjectsShouldBeImmutable
@@ -122,17 +134,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # By default value objects are initialized by calling the <tt>new</tt> constructor of the value
     # class passing each of the mapped attributes, in the order specified by the <tt>:mapping</tt>
-    # option, as arguments. If the value class doesn't support this convention then +composed_of+ allows
+    # option, as arguments. If the value class doesn't support this convention then #composed_of allows
     # a custom constructor to be specified.
     #
     # When a new value is assigned to the value object, the default assumption is that the new value
     # is an instance of the value class. Specifying a custom converter allows the new value to be automatically
     # converted to an instance of value class if necessary.
     #
-    # For example, the NetworkResource model has +network_address+ and +cidr_range+ attributes that
-    # should be aggregated using the NetAddr::CIDR value class (http://netaddr.rubyforge.org). The constructor
-    # for the value class is called +create+ and it expects a CIDR address string as a parameter. New
-    # values can be assigned to the value object using either another NetAddr::CIDR object, a string
+    # For example, the +NetworkResource+ model has +network_address+ and +cidr_range+ attributes that should be
+    # aggregated using the +NetAddr::CIDR+ value class (http://www.rubydoc.info/gems/netaddr/1.5.0/NetAddr/CIDR).
+    # The constructor for the value class is called +create+ and it expects a CIDR address string as a parameter.
+    # New values can be assigned to the value object using either another +NetAddr::CIDR+ object, a string
     # or an array. The <tt>:constructor</tt> and <tt>:converter</tt> options can be used to meet
     # these requirements:
     #
@@ -161,7 +173,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # == Finding records by a value object
     #
-    # Once a +composed_of+ relationship is specified for a model, records can be loaded from the database
+    # Once a #composed_of relationship is specified for a model, records can be loaded from the database
     # by specifying an instance of the value object in the conditions hash. The following example
     # finds all customers with +balance_amount+ equal to 20 and +balance_currency+ equal to "USD":
     #
@@ -174,7 +186,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Options are:
       # * <tt>:class_name</tt> - Specifies the class name of the association. Use it only if that name
       #   can't be inferred from the part id. So <tt>composed_of :address</tt> will by default be linked
-      #   to the Address class, but if the real class name is CompanyAddress, you'll have to specify it
+      #   to the Address class, but if the real class name is +CompanyAddress+, you'll have to specify it
       #   with this option.
       # * <tt>:mapping</tt> - Specifies the mapping of entity attributes to attributes of the value
       #   object. Each mapping is represented as an array where the first item is the name of the
@@ -230,8 +242,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       private
         def reader_method(name, class_name, mapping, allow_nil, constructor)
           define_method(name) do
-            if @aggregation_cache[name].nil? && (!allow_nil || mapping.any? {|pair| !read_attribute(pair.first).nil? })
-              attrs = mapping.collect {|pair| read_attribute(pair.first)}
+            if @aggregation_cache[name].nil? && (!allow_nil || mapping.any? {|key, _| !_read_attribute(key).nil? })
+              attrs = mapping.collect {|key, _| _read_attribute(key)}
               object = constructor.respond_to?(:call) ?
                 constructor.call(*attrs) :
                 class_name.constantize.send(constructor, *attrs)
@@ -244,15 +256,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def writer_method(name, class_name, mapping, allow_nil, converter)
           define_method("#{name}=") do |part|
             klass = class_name.constantize
+            if part.is_a?(Hash)
+              raise ArgumentError unless part.size == part.keys.max
+              part = klass.new(*part.sort.map(&:last))
+            end
+
             unless part.is_a?(klass) || converter.nil? || part.nil?
               part = converter.respond_to?(:call) ? converter.call(part) : klass.send(converter, part)
             end
 
             if part.nil? && allow_nil
-              mapping.each { |pair| self[pair.first] = nil }
+              mapping.each { |key, _| self[key] = nil }
               @aggregation_cache[name] = nil
             else
-              mapping.each { |pair| self[pair.first] = part.send(pair.last) }
+              mapping.each { |key, value| self[key] = part.send(value) }
               @aggregation_cache[name] = part.freeze
             end
           end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/association_relation.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/association_relation.rb
index 20516bba0c..ee0bb8fafe 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/association_relation.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/association_relation.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   class AssociationRelation < Relation
-    def initialize(klass, table, association)
-      super(klass, table)
+    def initialize(klass, table, predicate_builder, association)
+      super(klass, table, predicate_builder)
       @association = association
     end
 
@@ -9,6 +9,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @association
     end
 
+    def ==(other)
+      other == to_a
+    end
+
+    def build(*args, &block)
+      scoping { @association.build(*args, &block) }
+    end
+    alias new build
+
+    def create(*args, &block)
+      scoping { @association.create(*args, &block) }
+    end
+
+    def create!(*args, &block)
+      scoping { @association.create!(*args, &block) }
+    end
+
     private
 
     def exec_queries
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb
index 142d21ce92..04ad45f5da 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb
@@ -4,84 +4,171 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method'
 require 'active_record/errors'
 
 module ActiveRecord
+  class AssociationNotFoundError < ConfigurationError #:nodoc:
+    def initialize(record = nil, association_name = nil)
+      if record && association_name
+        super("Association named '#{association_name}' was not found on #{record.class.name}; perhaps you misspelled it?")
+      else
+        super("Association was not found.")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   class InverseOfAssociationNotFoundError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
-    def initialize(reflection, associated_class = nil)
-      super("Could not find the inverse association for #{reflection.name} (#{reflection.options[:inverse_of].inspect} in #{associated_class.nil? ? reflection.class_name : associated_class.name})")
+    def initialize(reflection = nil, associated_class = nil)
+      if reflection
+        super("Could not find the inverse association for #{reflection.name} (#{reflection.options[:inverse_of].inspect} in #{associated_class.nil? ? reflection.class_name : associated_class.name})")
+      else
+        super("Could not find the inverse association.")
+      end
     end
   end
 
   class HasManyThroughAssociationNotFoundError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
-    def initialize(owner_class_name, reflection)
-      super("Could not find the association #{reflection.options[:through].inspect} in model #{owner_class_name}")
+    def initialize(owner_class_name = nil, reflection = nil)
+      if owner_class_name && reflection
+        super("Could not find the association #{reflection.options[:through].inspect} in model #{owner_class_name}")
+      else
+        super("Could not find the association.")
+      end
     end
   end
 
   class HasManyThroughAssociationPolymorphicSourceError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
-    def initialize(owner_class_name, reflection, source_reflection)
-      super("Cannot have a has_many :through association '#{owner_class_name}##{reflection.name}' on the polymorphic object '#{source_reflection.class_name}##{source_reflection.name}' without 'source_type'. Try adding 'source_type: \"#{reflection.name.to_s.classify}\"' to 'has_many :through' definition.")
+    def initialize(owner_class_name = nil, reflection = nil, source_reflection = nil)
+      if owner_class_name && reflection && source_reflection
+        super("Cannot have a has_many :through association '#{owner_class_name}##{reflection.name}' on the polymorphic object '#{source_reflection.class_name}##{source_reflection.name}' without 'source_type'. Try adding 'source_type: \"#{reflection.name.to_s.classify}\"' to 'has_many :through' definition.")
+      else
+        super("Cannot have a has_many :through association.")
+      end
     end
   end
 
   class HasManyThroughAssociationPolymorphicThroughError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
-    def initialize(owner_class_name, reflection)
-      super("Cannot have a has_many :through association '#{owner_class_name}##{reflection.name}' which goes through the polymorphic association '#{owner_class_name}##{reflection.through_reflection.name}'.")
+    def initialize(owner_class_name = nil, reflection = nil)
+      if owner_class_name && reflection
+        super("Cannot have a has_many :through association '#{owner_class_name}##{reflection.name}' which goes through the polymorphic association '#{owner_class_name}##{reflection.through_reflection.name}'.")
+      else
+        super("Cannot have a has_many :through association.")
+      end
     end
   end
 
   class HasManyThroughAssociationPointlessSourceTypeError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
-    def initialize(owner_class_name, reflection, source_reflection)
-      super("Cannot have a has_many :through association '#{owner_class_name}##{reflection.name}' with a :source_type option if the '#{reflection.through_reflection.class_name}##{source_reflection.name}' is not polymorphic. Try removing :source_type on your association.")
+    def initialize(owner_class_name = nil, reflection = nil, source_reflection = nil)
+      if owner_class_name && reflection && source_reflection
+        super("Cannot have a has_many :through association '#{owner_class_name}##{reflection.name}' with a :source_type option if the '#{reflection.through_reflection.class_name}##{source_reflection.name}' is not polymorphic. Try removing :source_type on your association.")
+      else
+        super("Cannot have a has_many :through association.")
+      end
     end
   end
 
   class HasOneThroughCantAssociateThroughCollection < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
-    def initialize(owner_class_name, reflection, through_reflection)
-      super("Cannot have a has_one :through association '#{owner_class_name}##{reflection.name}' where the :through association '#{owner_class_name}##{through_reflection.name}' is a collection. Specify a has_one or belongs_to association in the :through option instead.")
+    def initialize(owner_class_name = nil, reflection = nil, through_reflection = nil)
+      if owner_class_name && reflection && through_reflection
+        super("Cannot have a has_one :through association '#{owner_class_name}##{reflection.name}' where the :through association '#{owner_class_name}##{through_reflection.name}' is a collection. Specify a has_one or belongs_to association in the :through option instead.")
+      else
+        super("Cannot have a has_one :through association.")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class HasOneAssociationPolymorphicThroughError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
+    def initialize(owner_class_name = nil, reflection = nil)
+      if owner_class_name && reflection
+        super("Cannot have a has_one :through association '#{owner_class_name}##{reflection.name}' which goes through the polymorphic association '#{owner_class_name}##{reflection.through_reflection.name}'.")
+      else
+        super("Cannot have a has_one :through association.")
+      end
     end
   end
 
   class HasManyThroughSourceAssociationNotFoundError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
-    def initialize(reflection)
-      through_reflection      = reflection.through_reflection
-      source_reflection_names = reflection.source_reflection_names
-      source_associations     = reflection.through_reflection.klass.reflect_on_all_associations.collect { |a| a.name.inspect }
-      super("Could not find the source association(s) #{source_reflection_names.collect{ |a| a.inspect }.to_sentence(:two_words_connector => ' or ', :last_word_connector => ', or ', :locale => :en)} in model #{through_reflection.klass}. Try 'has_many #{reflection.name.inspect}, :through => #{through_reflection.name.inspect}, :source => <name>'. Is it one of #{source_associations.to_sentence(:two_words_connector => ' or ', :last_word_connector => ', or ', :locale => :en)}?")
+    def initialize(reflection = nil)
+      if reflection
+        through_reflection      = reflection.through_reflection
+        source_reflection_names = reflection.source_reflection_names
+        source_associations     = reflection.through_reflection.klass._reflections.keys
+        super("Could not find the source association(s) #{source_reflection_names.collect(&:inspect).to_sentence(:two_words_connector => ' or ', :last_word_connector => ', or ', :locale => :en)} in model #{through_reflection.klass}. Try 'has_many #{reflection.name.inspect}, :through => #{through_reflection.name.inspect}, :source => <name>'. Is it one of #{source_associations.to_sentence(:two_words_connector => ' or ', :last_word_connector => ', or ', :locale => :en)}?")
+      else
+        super("Could not find the source association(s).")
+      end
     end
   end
 
-  class HasManyThroughCantAssociateThroughHasOneOrManyReflection < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
-    def initialize(owner, reflection)
-      super("Cannot modify association '#{owner.class.name}##{reflection.name}' because the source reflection class '#{reflection.source_reflection.class_name}' is associated to '#{reflection.through_reflection.class_name}' via :#{reflection.source_reflection.macro}.")
+  class ThroughCantAssociateThroughHasOneOrManyReflection < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
+    def initialize(owner = nil, reflection = nil)
+      if owner && reflection
+        super("Cannot modify association '#{owner.class.name}##{reflection.name}' because the source reflection class '#{reflection.source_reflection.class_name}' is associated to '#{reflection.through_reflection.class_name}' via :#{reflection.source_reflection.macro}.")
+      else
+        super("Cannot modify association.")
+      end
     end
   end
 
+  class HasManyThroughCantAssociateThroughHasOneOrManyReflection < ThroughCantAssociateThroughHasOneOrManyReflection #:nodoc:
+  end
+
+  class HasOneThroughCantAssociateThroughHasOneOrManyReflection < ThroughCantAssociateThroughHasOneOrManyReflection #:nodoc:
+  end
+
   class HasManyThroughCantAssociateNewRecords < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
-    def initialize(owner, reflection)
-      super("Cannot associate new records through '#{owner.class.name}##{reflection.name}' on '#{reflection.source_reflection.class_name rescue nil}##{reflection.source_reflection.name rescue nil}'. Both records must have an id in order to create the has_many :through record associating them.")
+    def initialize(owner = nil, reflection = nil)
+      if owner && reflection
+        super("Cannot associate new records through '#{owner.class.name}##{reflection.name}' on '#{reflection.source_reflection.class_name rescue nil}##{reflection.source_reflection.name rescue nil}'. Both records must have an id in order to create the has_many :through record associating them.")
+      else
+        super("Cannot associate new records.")
+      end
     end
   end
 
   class HasManyThroughCantDissociateNewRecords < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
-    def initialize(owner, reflection)
-      super("Cannot dissociate new records through '#{owner.class.name}##{reflection.name}' on '#{reflection.source_reflection.class_name rescue nil}##{reflection.source_reflection.name rescue nil}'. Both records must have an id in order to delete the has_many :through record associating them.")
+    def initialize(owner = nil, reflection = nil)
+      if owner && reflection
+        super("Cannot dissociate new records through '#{owner.class.name}##{reflection.name}' on '#{reflection.source_reflection.class_name rescue nil}##{reflection.source_reflection.name rescue nil}'. Both records must have an id in order to delete the has_many :through record associating them.")
+      else
+        super("Cannot dissociate new records.")
+      end
     end
   end
 
-  class HasManyThroughNestedAssociationsAreReadonly < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
-    def initialize(owner, reflection)
-      super("Cannot modify association '#{owner.class.name}##{reflection.name}' because it goes through more than one other association.")
+  class ThroughNestedAssociationsAreReadonly < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
+    def initialize(owner = nil, reflection = nil)
+      if owner && reflection
+        super("Cannot modify association '#{owner.class.name}##{reflection.name}' because it goes through more than one other association.")
+      else
+        super("Through nested associations are read-only.")
+      end
     end
   end
 
-  class EagerLoadPolymorphicError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
-    def initialize(reflection)
-      super("Cannot eagerly load the polymorphic association #{reflection.name.inspect}")
+  class HasManyThroughNestedAssociationsAreReadonly < ThroughNestedAssociationsAreReadonly #:nodoc:
+  end
+
+  class HasOneThroughNestedAssociationsAreReadonly < ThroughNestedAssociationsAreReadonly #:nodoc:
+  end
+
+  # This error is raised when trying to eager load a polymorphic association using a JOIN.
+  # Eager loading polymorphic associations is only possible with
+  # {ActiveRecord::Relation#preload}[rdoc-ref:QueryMethods#preload].
+  class EagerLoadPolymorphicError < ActiveRecordError
+    def initialize(reflection = nil)
+      if reflection
+        super("Cannot eagerly load the polymorphic association #{reflection.name.inspect}")
+      else
+        super("Eager load polymorphic error.")
+      end
     end
   end
 
   class ReadOnlyAssociation < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
-    def initialize(reflection)
-      super("Cannot add to a has_many :through association. Try adding to #{reflection.through_reflection.name.inspect}.")
+    def initialize(reflection = nil)
+      if reflection
+        super("Cannot add to a has_many :through association. Try adding to #{reflection.through_reflection.name.inspect}.")
+      else
+        super("Read-only reflection error.")
+      end
     end
   end
 
@@ -89,8 +176,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # (has_many, has_one) when there is at least 1 child associated instance.
   # ex: if @project.tasks.size > 0, DeleteRestrictionError will be raised when trying to destroy @project
   class DeleteRestrictionError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
-    def initialize(name)
-      super("Cannot delete record because of dependent #{name}")
+    def initialize(name = nil)
+      if name
+        super("Cannot delete record because of dependent #{name}")
+      else
+        super("Delete restriction error.")
+      end
     end
   end
 
@@ -101,18 +192,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     # These classes will be loaded when associations are created.
     # So there is no need to eager load them.
-    autoload :Association,           'active_record/associations/association'
-    autoload :SingularAssociation,   'active_record/associations/singular_association'
-    autoload :CollectionAssociation, 'active_record/associations/collection_association'
-    autoload :CollectionProxy,       'active_record/associations/collection_proxy'
+    autoload :Association
+    autoload :SingularAssociation
+    autoload :CollectionAssociation
+    autoload :ForeignAssociation
+    autoload :CollectionProxy
 
-    autoload :BelongsToAssociation,            'active_record/associations/belongs_to_association'
-    autoload :BelongsToPolymorphicAssociation, 'active_record/associations/belongs_to_polymorphic_association'
-    autoload :HasManyAssociation,              'active_record/associations/has_many_association'
-    autoload :HasManyThroughAssociation,       'active_record/associations/has_many_through_association'
-    autoload :HasOneAssociation,               'active_record/associations/has_one_association'
-    autoload :HasOneThroughAssociation,        'active_record/associations/has_one_through_association'
-    autoload :ThroughAssociation,              'active_record/associations/through_association'
+    autoload :BelongsToAssociation
+    autoload :BelongsToPolymorphicAssociation
+    autoload :HasManyAssociation
+    autoload :HasManyThroughAssociation
+    autoload :HasOneAssociation
+    autoload :HasOneThroughAssociation
+    autoload :ThroughAssociation
 
     module Builder #:nodoc:
       autoload :Association,           'active_record/associations/builder/association'
@@ -126,26 +218,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     eager_autoload do
-      autoload :Preloader,        'active_record/associations/preloader'
-      autoload :JoinDependency,   'active_record/associations/join_dependency'
-      autoload :AssociationScope, 'active_record/associations/association_scope'
-      autoload :AliasTracker,     'active_record/associations/alias_tracker'
-    end
-
-    # Clears out the association cache.
-    def clear_association_cache #:nodoc:
-      @association_cache.clear if persisted?
+      autoload :Preloader
+      autoload :JoinDependency
+      autoload :AssociationScope
+      autoload :AliasTracker
     end
 
-    # :nodoc:
-    attr_reader :association_cache
-
     # Returns the association instance for the given name, instantiating it if it doesn't already exist
     def association(name) #:nodoc:
       association = association_instance_get(name)
 
       if association.nil?
-        reflection  = self.class.reflect_on_association(name)
+        unless reflection = self.class._reflect_on_association(name)
+          raise AssociationNotFoundError.new(self, name)
+        end
         association = reflection.association_class.new(self, reflection)
         association_instance_set(name, association)
       end
@@ -153,8 +239,32 @@ module ActiveRecord
       association
     end
 
+    def association_cached?(name) # :nodoc
+      @association_cache.key?(name)
+    end
+
+    def initialize_dup(*) # :nodoc:
+      @association_cache = {}
+      super
+    end
+
+    def reload(*) # :nodoc:
+      clear_association_cache
+      super
+    end
+
     private
-      # Returns the specified association instance if it responds to :loaded?, nil otherwise.
+      # Clears out the association cache.
+      def clear_association_cache # :nodoc:
+        @association_cache.clear if persisted?
+      end
+
+      def init_internals # :nodoc:
+        @association_cache = {}
+        super
+      end
+
+      # Returns the specified association instance if it exists, nil otherwise.
       def association_instance_get(name)
         @association_cache[name]
       end
@@ -191,17 +301,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # === A word of warning
     #
     # Don't create associations that have the same name as instance methods of
-    # <tt>ActiveRecord::Base</tt>. Since the association adds a method with that name to
+    # ActiveRecord::Base. Since the association adds a method with that name to
     # its model, it will override the inherited method and break things.
     # For instance, +attributes+ and +connection+ would be bad choices for association names.
     #
     # == Auto-generated methods
+    # See also Instance Public methods below for more details.
     #
     # === Singular associations (one-to-one)
     #                                     |            |  belongs_to  |
     #   generated methods                 | belongs_to | :polymorphic | has_one
     #   ----------------------------------+------------+--------------+---------
-    #   other                             |     X      |      X       |    X
+    #   other(force_reload=false)         |     X      |      X       |    X
     #   other=(other)                     |     X      |      X       |    X
     #   build_other(attributes={})        |     X      |              |    X
     #   create_other(attributes={})       |     X      |              |    X
@@ -211,7 +322,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #                                     |       |          | has_many
     #   generated methods                 | habtm | has_many | :through
     #   ----------------------------------+-------+----------+----------
-    #   others                            |   X   |    X     |    X
+    #   others(force_reload=false)        |   X   |    X     |    X
     #   others=(other,other,...)          |   X   |    X     |    X
     #   other_ids                         |   X   |    X     |    X
     #   other_ids=(id,id,...)             |   X   |    X     |    X
@@ -234,7 +345,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   others.find(*args)                |   X   |    X     |    X
     #   others.exists?                    |   X   |    X     |    X
     #   others.distinct                   |   X   |    X     |    X
-    #   others.uniq                       |   X   |    X     |    X
     #   others.reset                      |   X   |    X     |    X
     #
     # === Overriding generated methods
@@ -253,7 +363,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   end
     #
     # If your model class is <tt>Project</tt>, the module is
-    # named <tt>Project::GeneratedFeatureMethods</tt>. The GeneratedFeatureMethods module is
+    # named <tt>Project::GeneratedAssociationMethods</tt>. The +GeneratedAssociationMethods+ module is
     # included in the model class immediately after the (anonymous) generated attributes methods
     # module, meaning an association will override the methods for an attribute with the same name.
     #
@@ -261,12 +371,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # Active Record associations can be used to describe one-to-one, one-to-many and many-to-many
     # relationships between models. Each model uses an association to describe its role in
-    # the relation. The +belongs_to+ association is always used in the model that has
+    # the relation. The #belongs_to association is always used in the model that has
     # the foreign key.
     #
     # === One-to-one
     #
-    # Use +has_one+ in the base, and +belongs_to+ in the associated model.
+    # Use #has_one in the base, and #belongs_to in the associated model.
     #
     #   class Employee < ActiveRecord::Base
     #     has_one :office
@@ -277,7 +387,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # === One-to-many
     #
-    # Use +has_many+ in the base, and +belongs_to+ in the associated model.
+    # Use #has_many in the base, and #belongs_to in the associated model.
     #
     #   class Manager < ActiveRecord::Base
     #     has_many :employees
@@ -290,7 +400,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # There are two ways to build a many-to-many relationship.
     #
-    # The first way uses a +has_many+ association with the <tt>:through</tt> option and a join model, so
+    # The first way uses a #has_many association with the <tt>:through</tt> option and a join model, so
     # there are two stages of associations.
     #
     #   class Assignment < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -306,7 +416,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #     has_many :programmers, through: :assignments
     #   end
     #
-    # For the second way, use +has_and_belongs_to_many+ in both models. This requires a join table
+    # For the second way, use #has_and_belongs_to_many in both models. This requires a join table
     # that has no corresponding model or primary key.
     #
     #   class Programmer < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -318,13 +428,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # Choosing which way to build a many-to-many relationship is not always simple.
     # If you need to work with the relationship model as its own entity,
-    # use <tt>has_many :through</tt>. Use +has_and_belongs_to_many+ when working with legacy schemas or when
+    # use #has_many <tt>:through</tt>. Use #has_and_belongs_to_many when working with legacy schemas or when
     # you never work directly with the relationship itself.
     #
-    # == Is it a +belongs_to+ or +has_one+ association?
+    # == Is it a #belongs_to or #has_one association?
     #
     # Both express a 1-1 relationship. The difference is mostly where to place the foreign
-    # key, which goes on the table for the class declaring the +belongs_to+ relationship.
+    # key, which goes on the table for the class declaring the #belongs_to relationship.
     #
     #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
     #     # I reference an account.
@@ -339,14 +449,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # The tables for these classes could look something like:
     #
     #   CREATE TABLE users (
-    #     id int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment,
-    #     account_id int(11) default NULL,
+    #     id int NOT NULL auto_increment,
+    #     account_id int default NULL,
     #     name varchar default NULL,
     #     PRIMARY KEY  (id)
     #   )
     #
     #   CREATE TABLE accounts (
-    #     id int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment,
+    #     id int NOT NULL auto_increment,
     #     name varchar default NULL,
     #     PRIMARY KEY  (id)
     #   )
@@ -357,35 +467,35 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # there is some special behavior you should be aware of, mostly involving the saving of
     # associated objects.
     #
-    # You can set the <tt>:autosave</tt> option on a <tt>has_one</tt>, <tt>belongs_to</tt>,
-    # <tt>has_many</tt>, or <tt>has_and_belongs_to_many</tt> association. Setting it
+    # You can set the <tt>:autosave</tt> option on a #has_one, #belongs_to,
+    # #has_many, or #has_and_belongs_to_many association. Setting it
     # to +true+ will _always_ save the members, whereas setting it to +false+ will
     # _never_ save the members. More details about <tt>:autosave</tt> option is available at
     # AutosaveAssociation.
     #
     # === One-to-one associations
     #
-    # * Assigning an object to a +has_one+ association automatically saves that object and
+    # * Assigning an object to a #has_one association automatically saves that object and
     #   the object being replaced (if there is one), in order to update their foreign
     #   keys - except if the parent object is unsaved (<tt>new_record? == true</tt>).
     # * If either of these saves fail (due to one of the objects being invalid), an
-    #   <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved</tt> exception is raised and the assignment is
+    #   ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved exception is raised and the assignment is
     #   cancelled.
-    # * If you wish to assign an object to a +has_one+ association without saving it,
-    #   use the <tt>build_association</tt> method (documented below). The object being
+    # * If you wish to assign an object to a #has_one association without saving it,
+    #   use the <tt>#build_association</tt> method (documented below). The object being
     #   replaced will still be saved to update its foreign key.
-    # * Assigning an object to a +belongs_to+ association does not save the object, since
+    # * Assigning an object to a #belongs_to association does not save the object, since
     #   the foreign key field belongs on the parent. It does not save the parent either.
     #
     # === Collections
     #
-    # * Adding an object to a collection (+has_many+ or +has_and_belongs_to_many+) automatically
+    # * Adding an object to a collection (#has_many or #has_and_belongs_to_many) automatically
     #   saves that object, except if the parent object (the owner of the collection) is not yet
     #   stored in the database.
     # * If saving any of the objects being added to a collection (via <tt>push</tt> or similar)
     #   fails, then <tt>push</tt> returns +false+.
     # * If saving fails while replacing the collection (via <tt>association=</tt>), an
-    #   <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved</tt> exception is raised and the assignment is
+    #   ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved exception is raised and the assignment is
     #   cancelled.
     # * You can add an object to a collection without automatically saving it by using the
     #   <tt>collection.build</tt> method (documented below).
@@ -394,14 +504,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # == Customizing the query
     #
-    # \Associations are built from <tt>Relation</tt>s, and you can use the <tt>Relation</tt> syntax
+    # \Associations are built from <tt>Relation</tt>s, and you can use the Relation syntax
     # to customize them. For example, to add a condition:
     #
     #   class Blog < ActiveRecord::Base
-    #     has_many :published_posts, -> { where published: true }, class_name: 'Post'
+    #     has_many :published_posts, -> { where(published: true) }, class_name: 'Post'
     #   end
     #
-    # Inside the <tt>-> { ... }</tt> block you can use all of the usual <tt>Relation</tt> methods.
+    # Inside the <tt>-> { ... }</tt> block you can use all of the usual Relation methods.
     #
     # === Accessing the owner object
     #
@@ -410,9 +520,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # events that occur on the user's birthday:
     #
     #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
-    #     has_many :birthday_events, ->(user) { where starts_on: user.birthday }, class_name: 'Event'
+    #     has_many :birthday_events, ->(user) { where(starts_on: user.birthday) }, class_name: 'Event'
     #   end
     #
+    # Note: Joining, eager loading and preloading of these associations is not fully possible.
+    # These operations happen before instance creation and the scope will be called with a +nil+ argument.
+    # This can lead to unexpected behavior and is deprecated.
+    #
     # == Association callbacks
     #
     # Similar to the normal callbacks that hook into the life cycle of an Active Record object,
@@ -436,9 +550,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # Possible callbacks are: +before_add+, +after_add+, +before_remove+ and +after_remove+.
     #
-    # Should any of the +before_add+ callbacks throw an exception, the object does not get
-    # added to the collection. Same with the +before_remove+ callbacks; if an exception is
-    # thrown the object doesn't get removed.
+    # If any of the +before_add+ callbacks throw an exception, the object will not be
+    # added to the collection.
+    #
+    # Similarly, if any of the +before_remove+ callbacks throw an exception, the object
+    # will not be removed from the collection.
     #
     # == Association extensions
     #
@@ -483,8 +599,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # * <tt>record.association(:items).owner</tt> - Returns the object the association is part of.
     # * <tt>record.association(:items).reflection</tt> - Returns the reflection object that describes the association.
-    # * <tt>record.association(:items).target</tt> - Returns the associated object for +belongs_to+ and +has_one+, or
-    #   the collection of associated objects for +has_many+ and +has_and_belongs_to_many+.
+    # * <tt>record.association(:items).target</tt> - Returns the associated object for #belongs_to and #has_one, or
+    #   the collection of associated objects for #has_many and #has_and_belongs_to_many.
     #
     # However, inside the actual extension code, you will not have access to the <tt>record</tt> as
     # above. In this case, you can access <tt>proxy_association</tt>. For example,
@@ -496,7 +612,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # Has Many associations can be configured with the <tt>:through</tt> option to use an
     # explicit join model to retrieve the data. This operates similarly to a
-    # +has_and_belongs_to_many+ association. The advantage is that you're able to add validations,
+    # #has_and_belongs_to_many association. The advantage is that you're able to add validations,
     # callbacks, and extra attributes on the join model. Consider the following schema:
     #
     #   class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -513,7 +629,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   @author.authorships.collect { |a| a.book } # selects all books that the author's authorships belong to
     #   @author.books                              # selects all books by using the Authorship join model
     #
-    # You can also go through a +has_many+ association on the join model:
+    # You can also go through a #has_many association on the join model:
     #
     #   class Firm < ActiveRecord::Base
     #     has_many   :clients
@@ -530,10 +646,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   end
     #
     #   @firm = Firm.first
-    #   @firm.clients.collect { |c| c.invoices }.flatten # select all invoices for all clients of the firm
-    #   @firm.invoices                                   # selects all invoices by going through the Client join model
+    #   @firm.clients.flat_map { |c| c.invoices } # select all invoices for all clients of the firm
+    #   @firm.invoices                            # selects all invoices by going through the Client join model
     #
-    # Similarly you can go through a +has_one+ association on the join model:
+    # Similarly you can go through a #has_one association on the join model:
     #
     #   class Group < ActiveRecord::Base
     #     has_many   :users
@@ -553,7 +669,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   @group.users.collect { |u| u.avatar }.compact # select all avatars for all users in the group
     #   @group.avatars                                # selects all avatars by going through the User join model.
     #
-    # An important caveat with going through +has_one+ or +has_many+ associations on the
+    # An important caveat with going through #has_one or #has_many associations on the
     # join model is that these associations are *read-only*. For example, the following
     # would not work following the previous example:
     #
@@ -562,26 +678,26 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # == Setting Inverses
     #
-    # If you are using a +belongs_to+ on the join model, it is a good idea to set the
-    # <tt>:inverse_of</tt> option on the +belongs_to+, which will mean that the following example
-    # works correctly (where <tt>tags</tt> is a +has_many+ <tt>:through</tt> association):
+    # If you are using a #belongs_to on the join model, it is a good idea to set the
+    # <tt>:inverse_of</tt> option on the #belongs_to, which will mean that the following example
+    # works correctly (where <tt>tags</tt> is a #has_many <tt>:through</tt> association):
     #
     #   @post = Post.first
     #   @tag = @post.tags.build name: "ruby"
     #   @tag.save
     #
-    # The last line ought to save the through record (a <tt>Taggable</tt>). This will only work if the
+    # The last line ought to save the through record (a <tt>Tagging</tt>). This will only work if the
     # <tt>:inverse_of</tt> is set:
     #
-    #   class Taggable < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #   class Tagging < ActiveRecord::Base
     #     belongs_to :post
     #     belongs_to :tag, inverse_of: :taggings
     #   end
     #
     # If you do not set the <tt>:inverse_of</tt> record, the association will
     # do its best to match itself up with the correct inverse. Automatic
-    # inverse detection only works on <tt>has_many</tt>, <tt>has_one</tt>, and
-    # <tt>belongs_to</tt> associations.
+    # inverse detection only works on #has_many, #has_one, and
+    # #belongs_to associations.
     #
     # Extra options on the associations, as defined in the
     # <tt>AssociationReflection::INVALID_AUTOMATIC_INVERSE_OPTIONS</tt> constant, will
@@ -594,7 +710,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # You can turn off the automatic detection of inverse associations by setting
     # the <tt>:inverse_of</tt> option to <tt>false</tt> like so:
     #
-    #   class Taggable < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #   class Tagging < ActiveRecord::Base
     #     belongs_to :tag, inverse_of: false
     #   end
     #
@@ -636,7 +752,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #     belongs_to :commenter
     #   end
     #
-    # When using nested association, you will not be able to modify the association because there
+    # When using a nested association, you will not be able to modify the association because there
     # is not enough information to know what modification to make. For example, if you tried to
     # add a <tt>Commenter</tt> in the example above, there would be no way to tell how to set up the
     # intermediate <tt>Post</tt> and <tt>Comment</tt> objects.
@@ -644,7 +760,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # == Polymorphic \Associations
     #
     # Polymorphic associations on models are not restricted on what types of models they
-    # can be associated with. Rather, they specify an interface that a +has_many+ association
+    # can be associated with. Rather, they specify an interface that a #has_many association
     # must adhere to.
     #
     #   class Asset < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -706,9 +822,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # == Eager loading of associations
     #
     # Eager loading is a way to find objects of a certain class and a number of named associations.
-    # This is one of the easiest ways of to prevent the dreaded 1+N problem in which fetching 100
+    # It is one of the easiest ways to prevent the dreaded N+1 problem in which fetching 100
     # posts that each need to display their author triggers 101 database queries. Through the
-    # use of eager loading, the 101 queries can be reduced to 2.
+    # use of eager loading, the number of queries will be reduced from 101 to 2.
     #
     #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
     #     belongs_to :author
@@ -728,7 +844,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     #   Post.includes(:author).each do |post|
     #
-    # This references the name of the +belongs_to+ association that also used the <tt>:author</tt>
+    # This references the name of the #belongs_to association that also used the <tt>:author</tt>
     # symbol. After loading the posts, find will collect the +author_id+ from each one and load
     # all the referenced authors with one query. Doing so will cut down the number of queries
     # from 201 to 102.
@@ -738,16 +854,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Post.includes(:author, :comments).each do |post|
     #
     # This will load all comments with a single query. This reduces the total number of queries
-    # to 3. More generally the number of queries will be 1 plus the number of associations
-    # named (except if some of the associations are polymorphic +belongs_to+ - see below).
+    # to 3. In general, the number of queries will be 1 plus the number of associations
+    # named (except if some of the associations are polymorphic #belongs_to - see below).
     #
     # To include a deep hierarchy of associations, use a hash:
     #
-    #   Post.includes(:author, {comments: {author: :gravatar}}).each do |post|
+    #   Post.includes(:author, { comments: { author: :gravatar } }).each do |post|
     #
-    # That'll grab not only all the comments but all their authors and gravatar pictures.
-    # You can mix and match symbols, arrays and hashes in any combination to describe the
-    # associations you want to load.
+    # The above code will load all the comments and all of their associated
+    # authors and gravatars. You can mix and match any combination of symbols,
+    # arrays, and hashes to retrieve the associations you want to load.
     #
     # All of this power shouldn't fool you into thinking that you can pull out huge amounts
     # of data with no performance penalty just because you've reduced the number of queries.
@@ -756,8 +872,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # cut down on the number of queries in a situation as the one described above.
     #
     # Since only one table is loaded at a time, conditions or orders cannot reference tables
-    # other than the main one. If this is the case Active Record falls back to the previously
-    # used LEFT OUTER JOIN based strategy. For example
+    # other than the main one. If this is the case, Active Record falls back to the previously
+    # used LEFT OUTER JOIN based strategy. For example:
     #
     #   Post.includes([:author, :comments]).where(['comments.approved = ?', true])
     #
@@ -767,14 +883,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # like this can have unintended consequences.
     # In the above example posts with no approved comments are not returned at all, because
     # the conditions apply to the SQL statement as a whole and not just to the association.
+    #
     # You must disambiguate column references for this fallback to happen, for example
     # <tt>order: "author.name DESC"</tt> will work but <tt>order: "name DESC"</tt> will not.
     #
-    # If you do want eager load only some members of an association it is usually more natural
-    # to include an association which has conditions defined on it:
+    # If you want to load all posts (including posts with no approved comments) then write
+    # your own LEFT OUTER JOIN query using ON
+    #
+    #   Post.joins("LEFT OUTER JOIN comments ON comments.post_id = posts.id AND comments.approved = '1'")
+    #
+    # In this case it is usually more natural to include an association which has conditions defined on it:
     #
     #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-    #     has_many :approved_comments, -> { where approved: true }, class_name: 'Comment'
+    #     has_many :approved_comments, -> { where(approved: true) }, class_name: 'Comment'
     #   end
     #
     #   Post.includes(:approved_comments)
@@ -806,7 +927,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # For example if all the addressables are either of class Person or Company then a total
     # of 3 queries will be executed. The list of addressable types to load is determined on
     # the back of the addresses loaded. This is not supported if Active Record has to fallback
-    # to the previous implementation of eager loading and will raise <tt>ActiveRecord::EagerLoadPolymorphicError</tt>.
+    # to the previous implementation of eager loading and will raise ActiveRecord::EagerLoadPolymorphicError.
     # The reason is that the parent model's type is a column value so its corresponding table
     # name cannot be put in the +FROM+/+JOIN+ clauses of that query.
     #
@@ -848,7 +969,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #                              INNER JOIN categories_posts posts_categories_join INNER JOIN posts posts_categories
     #                              INNER JOIN categories_posts categories_posts_join INNER JOIN categories categories_posts_2
     #
-    # If you wish to specify your own custom joins using <tt>joins</tt> method, those table
+    # If you wish to specify your own custom joins using ActiveRecord::QueryMethods#joins method, those table
     # names will take precedence over the eager associations:
     #
     #   Post.joins(:comments).joins("inner join comments ...")
@@ -913,20 +1034,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # The +traps+ association on +Dungeon+ and the +dungeon+ association on +Trap+ are
     # the inverse of each other and the inverse of the +dungeon+ association on +EvilWizard+
     # is the +evil_wizard+ association on +Dungeon+ (and vice-versa). By default,
-    # Active Record doesn't know anything about these inverse relationships and so no object
-    # loading optimization is possible. For example:
+    # Active Record can guess the inverse of the association based on the name
+    # of the class. The result is the following:
     #
     #    d = Dungeon.first
     #    t = d.traps.first
-    #    d.level == t.dungeon.level # => true
-    #    d.level = 10
-    #    d.level == t.dungeon.level # => false
+    #    d.object_id == t.dungeon.object_id # => true
     #
     # The +Dungeon+ instances +d+ and <tt>t.dungeon</tt> in the above example refer to
-    # the same object data from the database, but are actually different in-memory copies
-    # of that data. Specifying the <tt>:inverse_of</tt> option on associations lets you tell
-    # Active Record about inverse relationships and it will optimise object loading. For
-    # example, if we changed our model definitions to:
+    # the same in-memory instance since the association matches the name of the class.
+    # The result would be the same if we added +:inverse_of+ to our model definitions:
     #
     #    class Dungeon < ActiveRecord::Base
     #      has_many :traps, inverse_of: :dungeon
@@ -941,20 +1058,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #      belongs_to :dungeon, inverse_of: :evil_wizard
     #    end
     #
-    # Then, from our code snippet above, +d+ and <tt>t.dungeon</tt> are actually the same
-    # in-memory instance and our final <tt>d.level == t.dungeon.level</tt> will return +true+.
-    #
     # There are limitations to <tt>:inverse_of</tt> support:
     #
     # * does not work with <tt>:through</tt> associations.
     # * does not work with <tt>:polymorphic</tt> associations.
-    # * for +belongs_to+ associations +has_many+ inverse associations are ignored.
+    # * for #belongs_to associations #has_many inverse associations are ignored.
+    #
+    # For more information, see the documentation for the +:inverse_of+ option.
     #
     # == Deleting from associations
     #
     # === Dependent associations
     #
-    # +has_many+, +has_one+ and +belongs_to+ associations support the <tt>:dependent</tt> option.
+    # #has_many, #has_one and #belongs_to associations support the <tt>:dependent</tt> option.
     # This allows you to specify that associated records should be deleted when the owner is
     # deleted.
     #
@@ -975,20 +1091,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # callbacks declared either before or after the <tt>:dependent</tt> option
     # can affect what it does.
     #
+    # Note that <tt>:dependent</tt> option is ignored for #has_one <tt>:through</tt> associations.
+    #
     # === Delete or destroy?
     #
-    # +has_many+ and +has_and_belongs_to_many+ associations have the methods <tt>destroy</tt>,
+    # #has_many and #has_and_belongs_to_many associations have the methods <tt>destroy</tt>,
     # <tt>delete</tt>, <tt>destroy_all</tt> and <tt>delete_all</tt>.
     #
-    # For +has_and_belongs_to_many+, <tt>delete</tt> and <tt>destroy</tt> are the same: they
+    # For #has_and_belongs_to_many, <tt>delete</tt> and <tt>destroy</tt> are the same: they
     # cause the records in the join table to be removed.
     #
-    # For +has_many+, <tt>destroy</tt> and <tt>destroy_all</tt> will always call the <tt>destroy</tt> method of the
+    # For #has_many, <tt>destroy</tt> and <tt>destroy_all</tt> will always call the <tt>destroy</tt> method of the
     # record(s) being removed so that callbacks are run. However <tt>delete</tt> and <tt>delete_all</tt> will either
     # do the deletion according to the strategy specified by the <tt>:dependent</tt> option, or
     # if no <tt>:dependent</tt> option is given, then it will follow the default strategy.
-    # The default strategy is <tt>:nullify</tt> (set the foreign keys to <tt>nil</tt>), except for
-    # +has_many+ <tt>:through</tt>, where the default strategy is <tt>delete_all</tt> (delete
+    # The default strategy is to do nothing (leave the foreign keys with the parent ids set), except for
+    # #has_many <tt>:through</tt>, where the default strategy is <tt>delete_all</tt> (delete
     # the join records, without running their callbacks).
     #
     # There is also a <tt>clear</tt> method which is the same as <tt>delete_all</tt>, except that
@@ -996,13 +1114,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # === What gets deleted?
     #
-    # There is a potential pitfall here: +has_and_belongs_to_many+ and +has_many+ <tt>:through</tt>
+    # There is a potential pitfall here: #has_and_belongs_to_many and #has_many <tt>:through</tt>
     # associations have records in join tables, as well as the associated records. So when we
     # call one of these deletion methods, what exactly should be deleted?
     #
     # The answer is that it is assumed that deletion on an association is about removing the
     # <i>link</i> between the owner and the associated object(s), rather than necessarily the
-    # associated objects themselves. So with +has_and_belongs_to_many+ and +has_many+
+    # associated objects themselves. So with #has_and_belongs_to_many and #has_many
     # <tt>:through</tt>, the join records will be deleted, but the associated records won't.
     #
     # This makes sense if you think about it: if you were to call <tt>post.tags.delete(Tag.find_by(name: 'food'))</tt>
@@ -1013,20 +1131,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # a person has many projects, and each project has many tasks. If we deleted one of a person's
     # tasks, we would probably not want the project to be deleted. In this scenario, the delete method
     # won't actually work: it can only be used if the association on the join model is a
-    # +belongs_to+. In other situations you are expected to perform operations directly on
+    # #belongs_to. In other situations you are expected to perform operations directly on
     # either the associated records or the <tt>:through</tt> association.
     #
-    # With a regular +has_many+ there is no distinction between the "associated records"
+    # With a regular #has_many there is no distinction between the "associated records"
     # and the "link", so there is only one choice for what gets deleted.
     #
-    # With +has_and_belongs_to_many+ and +has_many+ <tt>:through</tt>, if you want to delete the
+    # With #has_and_belongs_to_many and #has_many <tt>:through</tt>, if you want to delete the
     # associated records themselves, you can always do something along the lines of
     # <tt>person.tasks.each(&:destroy)</tt>.
     #
-    # == Type safety with <tt>ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch</tt>
+    # == Type safety with ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch
     #
     # If you attempt to assign an object to an association that doesn't match the inferred
-    # or specified <tt>:class_name</tt>, you'll get an <tt>ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch</tt>.
+    # or specified <tt>:class_name</tt>, you'll get an ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch.
     #
     # == Options
     #
@@ -1036,6 +1154,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Specifies a one-to-many association. The following methods for retrieval and query of
       # collections of associated objects will be added:
       #
+      # +collection+ is a placeholder for the symbol passed as the +name+ argument, so
+      # <tt>has_many :clients</tt> would add among others <tt>clients.empty?</tt>.
+      #
       # [collection(force_reload = false)]
       #   Returns an array of all the associated objects.
       #   An empty array is returned if none are found.
@@ -1077,10 +1198,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # [collection.size]
       #   Returns the number of associated objects.
       # [collection.find(...)]
-      #   Finds an associated object according to the same rules as <tt>ActiveRecord::Base.find</tt>.
+      #   Finds an associated object according to the same rules as ActiveRecord::FinderMethods#find.
       # [collection.exists?(...)]
       #   Checks whether an associated object with the given conditions exists.
-      #   Uses the same rules as <tt>ActiveRecord::Base.exists?</tt>.
+      #   Uses the same rules as ActiveRecord::FinderMethods#exists?.
       # [collection.build(attributes = {}, ...)]
       #   Returns one or more new objects of the collection type that have been instantiated
       #   with +attributes+ and linked to this object through a foreign key, but have not yet
@@ -1091,12 +1212,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   been saved (if it passed the validation). *Note*: This only works if the base model
       #   already exists in the DB, not if it is a new (unsaved) record!
       # [collection.create!(attributes = {})]
-      #   Does the same as <tt>collection.create</tt>, but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid</tt>
+      #   Does the same as <tt>collection.create</tt>, but raises ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid
       #   if the record is invalid.
       #
-      # (*Note*: +collection+ is replaced with the symbol passed as the first argument, so
-      # <tt>has_many :clients</tt> would add among others <tt>clients.empty?</tt>.)
-      #
       # === Example
       #
       # A <tt>Firm</tt> class declares <tt>has_many :clients</tt>, which will add:
@@ -1115,20 +1233,51 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # * <tt>Firm#clients.build</tt> (similar to <tt>Client.new("firm_id" => id)</tt>)
       # * <tt>Firm#clients.create</tt> (similar to <tt>c = Client.new("firm_id" => id); c.save; c</tt>)
       # * <tt>Firm#clients.create!</tt> (similar to <tt>c = Client.new("firm_id" => id); c.save!</tt>)
-      # The declaration can also include an options hash to specialize the behavior of the association.
+      # The declaration can also include an +options+ hash to specialize the behavior of the association.
+      #
+      # === Scopes
+      #
+      # You can pass a second argument +scope+ as a callable (i.e. proc or
+      # lambda) to retrieve a specific set of records or customize the generated
+      # query when you access the associated collection.
+      #
+      # Scope examples:
+      #   has_many :comments, -> { where(author_id: 1) }
+      #   has_many :employees, -> { joins(:address) }
+      #   has_many :posts, ->(post) { where("max_post_length > ?", post.length) }
+      #
+      # === Extensions
+      #
+      # The +extension+ argument allows you to pass a block into a has_many
+      # association. This is useful for adding new finders, creators and other
+      # factory-type methods to be used as part of the association.
+      #
+      # Extension examples:
+      #   has_many :employees do
+      #     def find_or_create_by_name(name)
+      #       first_name, last_name = name.split(" ", 2)
+      #       find_or_create_by(first_name: first_name, last_name: last_name)
+      #     end
+      #   end
       #
       # === Options
       # [:class_name]
       #   Specify the class name of the association. Use it only if that name can't be inferred
       #   from the association name. So <tt>has_many :products</tt> will by default be linked
-      #   to the Product class, but if the real class name is SpecialProduct, you'll have to
+      #   to the +Product+ class, but if the real class name is +SpecialProduct+, you'll have to
       #   specify it with this option.
       # [:foreign_key]
       #   Specify the foreign key used for the association. By default this is guessed to be the name
-      #   of this class in lower-case and "_id" suffixed. So a Person class that makes a +has_many+
+      #   of this class in lower-case and "_id" suffixed. So a Person class that makes a #has_many
       #   association will use "person_id" as the default <tt>:foreign_key</tt>.
+      # [:foreign_type]
+      #   Specify the column used to store the associated object's type, if this is a polymorphic
+      #   association. By default this is guessed to be the name of the polymorphic association
+      #   specified on "as" option with a "_type" suffix. So a class that defines a
+      #   <tt>has_many :tags, as: :taggable</tt> association will use "taggable_type" as the
+      #   default <tt>:foreign_type</tt>.
       # [:primary_key]
-      #   Specify the method that returns the primary key used for the association. By default this is +id+.
+      #   Specify the name of the column to use as the primary key for the association. By default this is +id+.
       # [:dependent]
       #   Controls what happens to the associated objects when
       #   their owner is destroyed. Note that these are implemented as
@@ -1143,20 +1292,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   * <tt>:restrict_with_error</tt> causes an error to be added to the owner if there are any associated objects.
       #
       #   If using with the <tt>:through</tt> option, the association on the join model must be
-      #   a +belongs_to+, and the records which get deleted are the join records, rather than
+      #   a #belongs_to, and the records which get deleted are the join records, rather than
       #   the associated records.
       # [:counter_cache]
       #   This option can be used to configure a custom named <tt>:counter_cache.</tt> You only need this option,
-      #   when you customized the name of your <tt>:counter_cache</tt> on the <tt>belongs_to</tt> association.
+      #   when you customized the name of your <tt>:counter_cache</tt> on the #belongs_to association.
       # [:as]
-      #   Specifies a polymorphic interface (See <tt>belongs_to</tt>).
+      #   Specifies a polymorphic interface (See #belongs_to).
       # [:through]
       #   Specifies an association through which to perform the query. This can be any other type
       #   of association, including other <tt>:through</tt> associations. Options for <tt>:class_name</tt>,
       #   <tt>:primary_key</tt> and <tt>:foreign_key</tt> are ignored, as the association uses the
       #   source reflection.
       #
-      #   If the association on the join model is a +belongs_to+, the collection can be modified
+      #   If the association on the join model is a #belongs_to, the collection can be modified
       #   and the records on the <tt>:through</tt> model will be automatically created and removed
       #   as appropriate. Otherwise, the collection is read-only, so you should manipulate the
       #   <tt>:through</tt> association directly.
@@ -1167,13 +1316,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   the appropriate join model records when they are saved. (See the 'Association Join Models'
       #   section above.)
       # [:source]
-      #   Specifies the source association name used by <tt>has_many :through</tt> queries.
+      #   Specifies the source association name used by #has_many <tt>:through</tt> queries.
       #   Only use it if the name cannot be inferred from the association.
       #   <tt>has_many :subscribers, through: :subscriptions</tt> will look for either <tt>:subscribers</tt> or
       #   <tt>:subscriber</tt> on Subscription, unless a <tt>:source</tt> is given.
       # [:source_type]
-      #   Specifies type of the source association used by <tt>has_many :through</tt> queries where the source
-      #   association is a polymorphic +belongs_to+.
+      #   Specifies type of the source association used by #has_many <tt>:through</tt> queries where the source
+      #   association is a polymorphic #belongs_to.
       # [:validate]
       #   If +false+, don't validate the associated objects when saving the parent object. true by default.
       # [:autosave]
@@ -1183,18 +1332,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   +before_save+ callback. Because callbacks are run in the order they are defined, associated objects
       #   may need to be explicitly saved in any user-defined +before_save+ callbacks.
       #
-      #   Note that <tt>accepts_nested_attributes_for</tt> sets <tt>:autosave</tt> to <tt>true</tt>.
+      #   Note that NestedAttributes::ClassMethods#accepts_nested_attributes_for sets
+      #   <tt>:autosave</tt> to <tt>true</tt>.
       # [:inverse_of]
-      #   Specifies the name of the <tt>belongs_to</tt> association on the associated object
-      #   that is the inverse of this <tt>has_many</tt> association. Does not work in combination
+      #   Specifies the name of the #belongs_to association on the associated object
+      #   that is the inverse of this #has_many association. Does not work in combination
       #   with <tt>:through</tt> or <tt>:as</tt> options.
       #   See ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods's overview on Bi-directional associations for more detail.
+      # [:extend]
+      #   Specifies a module or array of modules that will be extended into the association object returned.
+      #   Useful for defining methods on associations, especially when they should be shared between multiple
+      #   association objects.
       #
       # Option examples:
-      #   has_many :comments, -> { order "posted_on" }
-      #   has_many :comments, -> { includes :author }
-      #   has_many :people, -> { where("deleted = 0").order("name") }, class_name: "Person"
-      #   has_many :tracks, -> { order "position" }, dependent: :destroy
+      #   has_many :comments, -> { order("posted_on") }
+      #   has_many :comments, -> { includes(:author) }
+      #   has_many :people, -> { where(deleted: false).order("name") }, class_name: "Person"
+      #   has_many :tracks, -> { order("position") }, dependent: :destroy
       #   has_many :comments, dependent: :nullify
       #   has_many :tags, as: :taggable
       #   has_many :reports, -> { readonly }
@@ -1206,11 +1360,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Specifies a one-to-one association with another class. This method should only be used
       # if the other class contains the foreign key. If the current class contains the foreign key,
-      # then you should use +belongs_to+ instead. See also ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods's overview
-      # on when to use +has_one+ and when to use +belongs_to+.
+      # then you should use #belongs_to instead. See also ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods's overview
+      # on when to use #has_one and when to use #belongs_to.
       #
       # The following methods for retrieval and query of a single associated object will be added:
       #
+      # +association+ is a placeholder for the symbol passed as the +name+ argument, so
+      # <tt>has_one :manager</tt> would add among others <tt>manager.nil?</tt>.
+      #
       # [association(force_reload = false)]
       #   Returns the associated object. +nil+ is returned if none is found.
       # [association=(associate)]
@@ -1226,12 +1383,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   with +attributes+, linked to this object through a foreign key, and that
       #   has already been saved (if it passed the validation).
       # [create_association!(attributes = {})]
-      #   Does the same as <tt>create_association</tt>, but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid</tt>
+      #   Does the same as <tt>create_association</tt>, but raises ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid
       #   if the record is invalid.
       #
-      # (+association+ is replaced with the symbol passed as the first argument, so
-      # <tt>has_one :manager</tt> would add among others <tt>manager.nil?</tt>.)
-      #
       # === Example
       #
       # An Account class declares <tt>has_one :beneficiary</tt>, which will add:
@@ -1241,9 +1395,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # * <tt>Account#create_beneficiary</tt> (similar to <tt>b = Beneficiary.new("account_id" => id); b.save; b</tt>)
       # * <tt>Account#create_beneficiary!</tt> (similar to <tt>b = Beneficiary.new("account_id" => id); b.save!; b</tt>)
       #
+      # === Scopes
+      #
+      # You can pass a second argument +scope+ as a callable (i.e. proc or
+      # lambda) to retrieve a specific record or customize the generated query
+      # when you access the associated object.
+      #
+      # Scope examples:
+      #   has_one :author, -> { where(comment_id: 1) }
+      #   has_one :employer, -> { joins(:company) }
+      #   has_one :dob, ->(dob) { where("Date.new(2000, 01, 01) > ?", dob) }
+      #
       # === Options
       #
-      # The declaration can also include an options hash to specialize the behavior of the association.
+      # The declaration can also include an +options+ hash to specialize the behavior of the association.
       #
       # Options are:
       # [:class_name]
@@ -1259,27 +1424,35 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   * <tt>:nullify</tt> causes the foreign key to be set to +NULL+. Callbacks are not executed.
       #   * <tt>:restrict_with_exception</tt> causes an exception to be raised if there is an associated record
       #   * <tt>:restrict_with_error</tt> causes an error to be added to the owner if there is an associated object
+      #
+      #   Note that <tt>:dependent</tt> option is ignored when using <tt>:through</tt> option.
       # [:foreign_key]
       #   Specify the foreign key used for the association. By default this is guessed to be the name
-      #   of this class in lower-case and "_id" suffixed. So a Person class that makes a +has_one+ association
+      #   of this class in lower-case and "_id" suffixed. So a Person class that makes a #has_one association
       #   will use "person_id" as the default <tt>:foreign_key</tt>.
+      # [:foreign_type]
+      #   Specify the column used to store the associated object's type, if this is a polymorphic
+      #   association. By default this is guessed to be the name of the polymorphic association
+      #   specified on "as" option with a "_type" suffix. So a class that defines a
+      #   <tt>has_one :tag, as: :taggable</tt> association will use "taggable_type" as the
+      #   default <tt>:foreign_type</tt>.
       # [:primary_key]
       #   Specify the method that returns the primary key used for the association. By default this is +id+.
       # [:as]
-      #   Specifies a polymorphic interface (See <tt>belongs_to</tt>).
+      #   Specifies a polymorphic interface (See #belongs_to).
       # [:through]
       #   Specifies a Join Model through which to perform the query. Options for <tt>:class_name</tt>,
       #   <tt>:primary_key</tt>, and <tt>:foreign_key</tt> are ignored, as the association uses the
-      #   source reflection. You can only use a <tt>:through</tt> query through a <tt>has_one</tt>
-      #   or <tt>belongs_to</tt> association on the join model.
+      #   source reflection. You can only use a <tt>:through</tt> query through a #has_one
+      #   or #belongs_to association on the join model.
       # [:source]
-      #   Specifies the source association name used by <tt>has_one :through</tt> queries.
+      #   Specifies the source association name used by #has_one <tt>:through</tt> queries.
       #   Only use it if the name cannot be inferred from the association.
       #   <tt>has_one :favorite, through: :favorites</tt> will look for a
       #   <tt>:favorite</tt> on Favorite, unless a <tt>:source</tt> is given.
       # [:source_type]
-      #   Specifies type of the source association used by <tt>has_one :through</tt> queries where the source
-      #   association is a polymorphic +belongs_to+.
+      #   Specifies type of the source association used by #has_one <tt>:through</tt> queries where the source
+      #   association is a polymorphic #belongs_to.
       # [:validate]
       #   If +false+, don't validate the associated object when saving the parent object. +false+ by default.
       # [:autosave]
@@ -1287,23 +1460,29 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   when saving the parent object. If false, never save or destroy the associated object.
       #   By default, only save the associated object if it's a new record.
       #
-      #   Note that <tt>accepts_nested_attributes_for</tt> sets <tt>:autosave</tt> to <tt>true</tt>.
+      #   Note that NestedAttributes::ClassMethods#accepts_nested_attributes_for sets
+      #   <tt>:autosave</tt> to <tt>true</tt>.
       # [:inverse_of]
-      #   Specifies the name of the <tt>belongs_to</tt> association on the associated object
-      #   that is the inverse of this <tt>has_one</tt> association. Does not work in combination
+      #   Specifies the name of the #belongs_to association on the associated object
+      #   that is the inverse of this #has_one association. Does not work in combination
       #   with <tt>:through</tt> or <tt>:as</tt> options.
       #   See ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods's overview on Bi-directional associations for more detail.
+      # [:required]
+      #   When set to +true+, the association will also have its presence validated.
+      #   This will validate the association itself, not the id. You can use
+      #   +:inverse_of+ to avoid an extra query during validation.
       #
       # Option examples:
       #   has_one :credit_card, dependent: :destroy  # destroys the associated credit card
       #   has_one :credit_card, dependent: :nullify  # updates the associated records foreign
       #                                                 # key value to NULL rather than destroying it
-      #   has_one :last_comment, -> { order 'posted_on' }, class_name: "Comment"
-      #   has_one :project_manager, -> { where role: 'project_manager' }, class_name: "Person"
+      #   has_one :last_comment, -> { order('posted_on') }, class_name: "Comment"
+      #   has_one :project_manager, -> { where(role: 'project_manager') }, class_name: "Person"
       #   has_one :attachment, as: :attachable
-      #   has_one :boss, readonly: :true
+      #   has_one :boss, -> { readonly }
       #   has_one :club, through: :membership
-      #   has_one :primary_address, -> { where primary: true }, through: :addressables, source: :addressable
+      #   has_one :primary_address, -> { where(primary: true) }, through: :addressables, source: :addressable
+      #   has_one :credit_card, required: true
       def has_one(name, scope = nil, options = {})
         reflection = Builder::HasOne.build(self, name, scope, options)
         Reflection.add_reflection self, name, reflection
@@ -1311,12 +1490,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Specifies a one-to-one association with another class. This method should only be used
       # if this class contains the foreign key. If the other class contains the foreign key,
-      # then you should use +has_one+ instead. See also ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods's overview
-      # on when to use +has_one+ and when to use +belongs_to+.
+      # then you should use #has_one instead. See also ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods's overview
+      # on when to use #has_one and when to use #belongs_to.
       #
       # Methods will be added for retrieval and query for a single associated object, for which
       # this object holds an id:
       #
+      # +association+ is a placeholder for the symbol passed as the +name+ argument, so
+      # <tt>belongs_to :author</tt> would add among others <tt>author.nil?</tt>.
+      #
       # [association(force_reload = false)]
       #   Returns the associated object. +nil+ is returned if none is found.
       # [association=(associate)]
@@ -1329,12 +1511,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   with +attributes+, linked to this object through a foreign key, and that
       #   has already been saved (if it passed the validation).
       # [create_association!(attributes = {})]
-      #   Does the same as <tt>create_association</tt>, but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid</tt>
+      #   Does the same as <tt>create_association</tt>, but raises ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid
       #   if the record is invalid.
       #
-      # (+association+ is replaced with the symbol passed as the first argument, so
-      # <tt>belongs_to :author</tt> would add among others <tt>author.nil?</tt>.)
-      #
       # === Example
       #
       # A Post class declares <tt>belongs_to :author</tt>, which will add:
@@ -1343,7 +1522,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # * <tt>Post#build_author</tt> (similar to <tt>post.author = Author.new</tt>)
       # * <tt>Post#create_author</tt> (similar to <tt>post.author = Author.new; post.author.save; post.author</tt>)
       # * <tt>Post#create_author!</tt> (similar to <tt>post.author = Author.new; post.author.save!; post.author</tt>)
-      # The declaration can also include an options hash to specialize the behavior of the association.
+      # The declaration can also include an +options+ hash to specialize the behavior of the association.
+      #
+      # === Scopes
+      #
+      # You can pass a second argument +scope+ as a callable (i.e. proc or
+      # lambda) to retrieve a specific record or customize the generated query
+      # when you access the associated object.
+      #
+      # Scope examples:
+      #   belongs_to :firm, -> { where(id: 2) }
+      #   belongs_to :user, -> { joins(:friends) }
+      #   belongs_to :level, ->(level) { where("game_level > ?", level.current) }
       #
       # === Options
       #
@@ -1368,12 +1558,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # [:dependent]
       #   If set to <tt>:destroy</tt>, the associated object is destroyed when this object is. If set to
       #   <tt>:delete</tt>, the associated object is deleted *without* calling its destroy method.
-      #   This option should not be specified when <tt>belongs_to</tt> is used in conjunction with
-      #   a <tt>has_many</tt> relationship on another class because of the potential to leave
+      #   This option should not be specified when #belongs_to is used in conjunction with
+      #   a #has_many relationship on another class because of the potential to leave
       #   orphaned records behind.
       # [:counter_cache]
-      #   Caches the number of belonging objects on the associate class through the use of +increment_counter+
-      #   and +decrement_counter+. The counter cache is incremented when an object of this
+      #   Caches the number of belonging objects on the associate class through the use of CounterCache::ClassMethods#increment_counter
+      #   and CounterCache::ClassMethods#decrement_counter. The counter cache is incremented when an object of this
       #   class is created and decremented when it's destroyed. This requires that a column
       #   named <tt>#{table_name}_count</tt> (such as +comments_count+ for a belonging Comment class)
       #   is used on the associate class (such as a Post class) - that is the migration for
@@ -1395,28 +1585,38 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   If false, never save or destroy the associated object.
       #   By default, only save the associated object if it's a new record.
       #
-      #   Note that <tt>accepts_nested_attributes_for</tt> sets <tt>:autosave</tt> to <tt>true</tt>.
+      #   Note that NestedAttributes::ClassMethods#accepts_nested_attributes_for
+      #   sets <tt>:autosave</tt> to <tt>true</tt>.
       # [:touch]
-      #   If true, the associated object will be touched (the updated_at/on attributes set to now)
+      #   If true, the associated object will be touched (the updated_at/on attributes set to current time)
       #   when this record is either saved or destroyed. If you specify a symbol, that attribute
       #   will be updated with the current time in addition to the updated_at/on attribute.
       # [:inverse_of]
-      #   Specifies the name of the <tt>has_one</tt> or <tt>has_many</tt> association on the associated
-      #   object that is the inverse of this <tt>belongs_to</tt> association. Does not work in
+      #   Specifies the name of the #has_one or #has_many association on the associated
+      #   object that is the inverse of this #belongs_to association. Does not work in
       #   combination with the <tt>:polymorphic</tt> options.
       #   See ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods's overview on Bi-directional associations for more detail.
+      # [:optional]
+      #   When set to +true+, the association will not have its presence validated.
+      # [:required]
+      #   When set to +true+, the association will also have its presence validated.
+      #   This will validate the association itself, not the id. You can use
+      #   +:inverse_of+ to avoid an extra query during validation.
+      #   NOTE: <tt>required</tt> is set to <tt>true</tt> by default and is deprecated. If
+      #   you don't want to have association presence validated, use <tt>optional: true</tt>.
       #
       # Option examples:
       #   belongs_to :firm, foreign_key: "client_of"
       #   belongs_to :person, primary_key: "name", foreign_key: "person_name"
       #   belongs_to :author, class_name: "Person", foreign_key: "author_id"
-      #   belongs_to :valid_coupon, ->(o) { where "discounts > #{o.payments_count}" },
+      #   belongs_to :valid_coupon, ->(o) { where "discounts > ?", o.payments_count },
       #                             class_name: "Coupon", foreign_key: "coupon_id"
       #   belongs_to :attachable, polymorphic: true
-      #   belongs_to :project, readonly: true
+      #   belongs_to :project, -> { readonly }
       #   belongs_to :post, counter_cache: true
-      #   belongs_to :company, touch: true
+      #   belongs_to :comment, touch: true
       #   belongs_to :company, touch: :employees_last_updated_at
+      #   belongs_to :user, optional: true
       def belongs_to(name, scope = nil, options = {})
         reflection = Builder::BelongsTo.build(self, name, scope, options)
         Reflection.add_reflection self, name, reflection
@@ -1439,12 +1639,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # The join table should not have a primary key or a model associated with it. You must manually generate the
       # join table with a migration such as this:
       #
-      #   class CreateDevelopersProjectsJoinTable < ActiveRecord::Migration
+      #   class CreateDevelopersProjectsJoinTable < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
       #     def change
-      #       create_table :developers_projects, id: false do |t|
-      #         t.integer :developer_id
-      #         t.integer :project_id
-      #       end
+      #       create_join_table :developers, :projects
       #     end
       #   end
       #
@@ -1454,6 +1651,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       # Adds the following methods for retrieval and query:
       #
+      # +collection+ is a placeholder for the symbol passed as the +name+ argument, so
+      # <tt>has_and_belongs_to_many :categories</tt> would add among others <tt>categories.empty?</tt>.
+      #
       # [collection(force_reload = false)]
       #   Returns an array of all the associated objects.
       #   An empty array is returned if none are found.
@@ -1483,10 +1683,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # [collection.find(id)]
       #   Finds an associated object responding to the +id+ and that
       #   meets the condition that it has to be associated with this object.
-      #   Uses the same rules as <tt>ActiveRecord::Base.find</tt>.
+      #   Uses the same rules as ActiveRecord::FinderMethods#find.
       # [collection.exists?(...)]
       #   Checks whether an associated object with the given conditions exists.
-      #   Uses the same rules as <tt>ActiveRecord::Base.exists?</tt>.
+      #   Uses the same rules as ActiveRecord::FinderMethods#exists?.
       # [collection.build(attributes = {})]
       #   Returns a new object of the collection type that has been instantiated
       #   with +attributes+ and linked to this object through the join table, but has not yet been saved.
@@ -1495,9 +1695,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   with +attributes+, linked to this object through the join table, and that has already been
       #   saved (if it passed the validation).
       #
-      # (+collection+ is replaced with the symbol passed as the first argument, so
-      # <tt>has_and_belongs_to_many :categories</tt> would add among others <tt>categories.empty?</tt>.)
-      #
       # === Example
       #
       # A Developer class declares <tt>has_and_belongs_to_many :projects</tt>, which will add:
@@ -1515,7 +1712,34 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # * <tt>Developer#projects.exists?(...)</tt>
       # * <tt>Developer#projects.build</tt> (similar to <tt>Project.new("developer_id" => id)</tt>)
       # * <tt>Developer#projects.create</tt> (similar to <tt>c = Project.new("developer_id" => id); c.save; c</tt>)
-      # The declaration may include an options hash to specialize the behavior of the association.
+      # The declaration may include an +options+ hash to specialize the behavior of the association.
+      #
+      # === Scopes
+      #
+      # You can pass a second argument +scope+ as a callable (i.e. proc or
+      # lambda) to retrieve a specific set of records or customize the generated
+      # query when you access the associated collection.
+      #
+      # Scope examples:
+      #   has_and_belongs_to_many :projects, -> { includes(:milestones, :manager) }
+      #   has_and_belongs_to_many :categories, ->(category) {
+      #     where("default_category = ?", category.name)
+      #   }
+      #
+      # === Extensions
+      #
+      # The +extension+ argument allows you to pass a block into a
+      # has_and_belongs_to_many association. This is useful for adding new
+      # finders, creators and other factory-type methods to be used as part of
+      # the association.
+      #
+      # Extension examples:
+      #   has_and_belongs_to_many :contractors do
+      #     def find_or_create_by_name(name)
+      #       first_name, last_name = name.split(" ", 2)
+      #       find_or_create_by(first_name: first_name, last_name: last_name)
+      #     end
+      #   end
       #
       # === Options
       #
@@ -1526,19 +1750,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # [:join_table]
       #   Specify the name of the join table if the default based on lexical order isn't what you want.
       #   <b>WARNING:</b> If you're overwriting the table name of either class, the +table_name+ method
-      #   MUST be declared underneath any +has_and_belongs_to_many+ declaration in order to work.
+      #   MUST be declared underneath any #has_and_belongs_to_many declaration in order to work.
       # [:foreign_key]
       #   Specify the foreign key used for the association. By default this is guessed to be the name
       #   of this class in lower-case and "_id" suffixed. So a Person class that makes
-      #   a +has_and_belongs_to_many+ association to Project will use "person_id" as the
+      #   a #has_and_belongs_to_many association to Project will use "person_id" as the
       #   default <tt>:foreign_key</tt>.
       # [:association_foreign_key]
       #   Specify the foreign key used for the association on the receiving side of the association.
       #   By default this is guessed to be the name of the associated class in lower-case and "_id" suffixed.
-      #   So if a Person class makes a +has_and_belongs_to_many+ association to Project,
+      #   So if a Person class makes a #has_and_belongs_to_many association to Project,
       #   the association will use "project_id" as the default <tt>:association_foreign_key</tt>.
-      # [:readonly]
-      #   If true, all the associated objects are readonly through the association.
       # [:validate]
       #   If +false+, don't validate the associated objects when saving the parent object. +true+ by default.
       # [:autosave]
@@ -1547,11 +1769,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   If false, never save or destroy the associated objects.
       #   By default, only save associated objects that are new records.
       #
-      #   Note that <tt>accepts_nested_attributes_for</tt> sets <tt>:autosave</tt> to <tt>true</tt>.
+      #   Note that NestedAttributes::ClassMethods#accepts_nested_attributes_for sets
+      #   <tt>:autosave</tt> to <tt>true</tt>.
       #
       # Option examples:
       #   has_and_belongs_to_many :projects
-      #   has_and_belongs_to_many :projects, -> { includes :milestones, :manager }
+      #   has_and_belongs_to_many :projects, -> { includes(:milestones, :manager) }
       #   has_and_belongs_to_many :nations, class_name: "Country"
       #   has_and_belongs_to_many :categories, join_table: "prods_cats"
       #   has_and_belongs_to_many :categories, -> { readonly }
@@ -1561,14 +1784,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
           scope   = nil
         end
 
+        habtm_reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection::HasAndBelongsToManyReflection.new(name, scope, options, self)
+
         builder = Builder::HasAndBelongsToMany.new name, self, options
 
         join_model = builder.through_model
 
+        const_set join_model.name, join_model
+        private_constant join_model.name
+
         middle_reflection = builder.middle_reflection join_model
 
         Builder::HasMany.define_callbacks self, middle_reflection
         Reflection.add_reflection self, middle_reflection.name, middle_reflection
+        middle_reflection.parent_reflection = habtm_reflection
 
         include Module.new {
           class_eval <<-RUBY, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
@@ -1584,11 +1813,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         hm_options[:through] = middle_reflection.name
         hm_options[:source] = join_model.right_reflection.name
 
-        [:before_add, :after_add, :before_remove, :after_remove, :autosave].each do |k|
+        [:before_add, :after_add, :before_remove, :after_remove, :autosave, :validate, :join_table, :class_name, :extend].each do |k|
           hm_options[k] = options[k] if options.key? k
         end
 
         has_many name, scope, hm_options, &extension
+        self._reflections[name.to_s].parent_reflection = habtm_reflection
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/alias_tracker.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/alias_tracker.rb
index 85109aee6c..021bc32237 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/alias_tracker.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/alias_tracker.rb
@@ -2,23 +2,25 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/string/conversions'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module Associations
-    # Keeps track of table aliases for ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods::JoinDependency and
-    # ActiveRecord::Associations::ThroughAssociationScope
+    # Keeps track of table aliases for ActiveRecord::Associations::JoinDependency
     class AliasTracker # :nodoc:
-      attr_reader :aliases, :connection
+      attr_reader :aliases
 
-      def self.empty(connection)
-        new connection, Hash.new(0)
+      def self.create(connection, initial_table, type_caster)
+        aliases = Hash.new(0)
+        aliases[initial_table] = 1
+        new connection, aliases, type_caster
       end
 
-      def self.create(connection, table_joins)
-        if table_joins.empty?
-          empty connection
+      def self.create_with_joins(connection, initial_table, joins, type_caster)
+        if joins.empty?
+          create(connection, initial_table, type_caster)
         else
-          aliases = Hash.new { |h,k|
-            h[k] = initial_count_for(connection, k, table_joins)
+          aliases = Hash.new { |h, k|
+            h[k] = initial_count_for(connection, k, joins)
           }
-          new connection, aliases
+          aliases[initial_table] = 1
+          new connection, aliases, type_caster
         end
       end
 
@@ -32,8 +34,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
             join.left.downcase.scan(
               /join(?:\s+\w+)?\s+(\S+\s+)?#{quoted_name}\son/
             ).size
-          else
+          elsif join.respond_to? :left
             join.left.table_name == name ? 1 : 0
+          else
+            # this branch is reached by two tests:
+            #
+            # activerecord/test/cases/associations/cascaded_eager_loading_test.rb:37
+            #   with :posts
+            #
+            # activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_test.rb:1133
+            #   with :comments
+            #
+            0
           end
         end
 
@@ -41,45 +53,37 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # table_joins is an array of arel joins which might conflict with the aliases we assign here
-      def initialize(connection, aliases)
+      def initialize(connection, aliases, type_caster)
         @aliases    = aliases
         @connection = connection
+        @type_caster = type_caster
       end
 
       def aliased_table_for(table_name, aliased_name)
-        table_alias = aliased_name_for(table_name, aliased_name)
-
-        if table_alias == table_name
-          Arel::Table.new(table_name)
-        else
-          Arel::Table.new(table_name).alias(table_alias)
-        end
-      end
-
-      def aliased_name_for(table_name, aliased_name)
         if aliases[table_name].zero?
           # If it's zero, we can have our table_name
           aliases[table_name] = 1
-          table_name
+          Arel::Table.new(table_name, type_caster: @type_caster)
         else
           # Otherwise, we need to use an alias
-          aliased_name = connection.table_alias_for(aliased_name)
+          aliased_name = @connection.table_alias_for(aliased_name)
 
           # Update the count
           aliases[aliased_name] += 1
 
-          if aliases[aliased_name] > 1
+          table_alias = if aliases[aliased_name] > 1
             "#{truncate(aliased_name)}_#{aliases[aliased_name]}"
           else
             aliased_name
           end
+          Arel::Table.new(table_name, type_caster: @type_caster).alias(table_alias)
         end
       end
 
       private
 
         def truncate(name)
-          name.slice(0, connection.table_alias_length - 2)
+          name.slice(0, @connection.table_alias_length - 2)
         end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association.rb
index 9ad2d2fb12..d64ab64c99 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association.rb
@@ -8,12 +8,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     #   Association
     #     SingularAssociation
-    #       HasOneAssociation
+    #       HasOneAssociation + ForeignAssociation
     #         HasOneThroughAssociation + ThroughAssociation
     #       BelongsToAssociation
     #         BelongsToPolymorphicAssociation
     #     CollectionAssociation
-    #       HasManyAssociation
+    #       HasManyAssociation + ForeignAssociation
     #         HasManyThroughAssociation + ThroughAssociation
     class Association #:nodoc:
       attr_reader :owner, :target, :reflection
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Can be overridden (i.e. in ThroughAssociation) to merge in other scopes (i.e. the
       # through association's scope)
       def target_scope
-        AssociationRelation.create(klass, klass.arel_table, self).merge!(klass.all)
+        AssociationRelation.create(klass, klass.arel_table, klass.predicate_builder, self).merge!(klass.all)
       end
 
       # Loads the \target if needed and returns it.
@@ -160,12 +160,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def marshal_load(data)
         reflection_name, ivars = data
         ivars.each { |name, val| instance_variable_set(name, val) }
-        @reflection = @owner.class.reflect_on_association(reflection_name)
+        @reflection = @owner.class._reflect_on_association(reflection_name)
       end
 
-      def initialize_attributes(record) #:nodoc:
+      def initialize_attributes(record, except_from_scope_attributes = nil) #:nodoc:
+        except_from_scope_attributes ||= {}
         skip_assign = [reflection.foreign_key, reflection.type].compact
-        attributes = create_scope.except(*(record.changed - skip_assign))
+        assigned_keys = record.changed
+        assigned_keys += except_from_scope_attributes.keys.map(&:to_s)
+        attributes = create_scope.except(*(assigned_keys - skip_assign))
         record.assign_attributes(attributes)
         set_inverse_instance(record)
       end
@@ -179,7 +182,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def creation_attributes
           attributes = {}
 
-          if (reflection.macro == :has_one || reflection.macro == :has_many) && !options[:through]
+          if (reflection.has_one? || reflection.collection?) && !options[:through]
             attributes[reflection.foreign_key] = owner[reflection.active_record_primary_key]
 
             if reflection.options[:as]
@@ -211,9 +214,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # the kind of the class of the associated objects. Meant to be used as
         # a sanity check when you are about to assign an associated record.
         def raise_on_type_mismatch!(record)
-          unless record.is_a?(reflection.klass) || record.is_a?(reflection.class_name.constantize)
-            message = "#{reflection.class_name}(##{reflection.klass.object_id}) expected, got #{record.class}(##{record.class.object_id})"
-            raise ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch, message
+          unless record.is_a?(reflection.klass)
+            fresh_class = reflection.class_name.safe_constantize
+            unless fresh_class && record.is_a?(fresh_class)
+              message = "#{reflection.class_name}(##{reflection.klass.object_id}) expected, got #{record.class}(##{record.class.object_id})"
+              raise ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch, message
+            end
           end
         end
 
@@ -245,9 +251,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         def build_record(attributes)
           reflection.build_association(attributes) do |record|
-            initialize_attributes(record)
+            initialize_attributes(record, attributes)
           end
         end
+
+        # Returns true if statement cache should be skipped on the association reader.
+        def skip_statement_cache?
+          reflection.scope_chain.any?(&:any?) ||
+            scope.eager_loading? ||
+            klass.scope_attributes? ||
+            reflection.source_reflection.active_record.default_scopes.any?
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_scope.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_scope.rb
index 27fd9e35db..48437a1c9e 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_scope.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_scope.rb
@@ -1,153 +1,165 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   module Associations
     class AssociationScope #:nodoc:
-      INSTANCE = new
-
       def self.scope(association, connection)
-        INSTANCE.scope association, connection
+        INSTANCE.scope(association, connection)
+      end
+
+      def self.create(&block)
+        block ||= lambda { |val| val }
+        new(block)
+      end
+
+      def initialize(value_transformation)
+        @value_transformation = value_transformation
       end
 
+      INSTANCE = create
+
       def scope(association, connection)
-        klass         = association.klass
-        reflection    = association.reflection
-        scope         = klass.unscoped
-        owner         = association.owner
-        alias_tracker = AliasTracker.empty connection
+        klass = association.klass
+        reflection = association.reflection
+        scope = klass.unscoped
+        owner = association.owner
+        alias_tracker = AliasTracker.create connection, association.klass.table_name, klass.type_caster
+        chain_head, chain_tail = get_chain(reflection, association, alias_tracker)
 
         scope.extending! Array(reflection.options[:extend])
-        add_constraints(scope, owner, klass, reflection, alias_tracker)
+        add_constraints(scope, owner, klass, reflection, chain_head, chain_tail)
       end
 
       def join_type
         Arel::Nodes::InnerJoin
       end
 
-      private
+      def self.get_bind_values(owner, chain)
+        binds = []
+        last_reflection = chain.last
 
-      def construct_tables(chain, klass, refl, alias_tracker)
-        chain.map do |reflection|
-          alias_tracker.aliased_table_for(
-            table_name_for(reflection, klass, refl),
-            table_alias_for(reflection, refl, reflection != refl)
-          )
+        binds << last_reflection.join_id_for(owner)
+        if last_reflection.type
+          binds << owner.class.base_class.name
         end
-      end
 
-      def table_alias_for(reflection, refl, join = false)
-        name = "#{reflection.plural_name}_#{alias_suffix(refl)}"
-        name << "_join" if join
-        name
+        chain.each_cons(2).each do |reflection, next_reflection|
+          if reflection.type
+            binds << next_reflection.klass.base_class.name
+          end
+        end
+        binds
       end
 
+      protected
+
+      attr_reader :value_transformation
+
+      private
       def join(table, constraint)
         table.create_join(table, table.create_on(constraint), join_type)
       end
 
-      def column_for(table_name, column_name, alias_tracker)
-        columns = alias_tracker.connection.schema_cache.columns_hash(table_name)
-        columns[column_name]
-      end
+      def last_chain_scope(scope, table, reflection, owner, association_klass)
+        join_keys = reflection.join_keys(association_klass)
+        key = join_keys.key
+        foreign_key = join_keys.foreign_key
+
+        value = transform_value(owner[foreign_key])
+        scope = scope.where(table.name => { key => value })
 
-      def bind_value(scope, column, value, alias_tracker)
-        substitute = alias_tracker.connection.substitute_at(
-          column, scope.bind_values.length)
-        scope.bind_values += [[column, value]]
-        substitute
+        if reflection.type
+          polymorphic_type = transform_value(owner.class.base_class.name)
+          scope = scope.where(table.name => { reflection.type => polymorphic_type })
+        end
+
+        scope
       end
 
-      def bind(scope, table_name, column_name, value, tracker)
-        column   = column_for table_name, column_name, tracker
-        bind_value scope, column, value, tracker
+      def transform_value(value)
+        value_transformation.call(value)
       end
 
-      def add_constraints(scope, owner, assoc_klass, refl, tracker)
-        chain = refl.chain
-        scope_chain = refl.scope_chain
+      def next_chain_scope(scope, table, reflection, association_klass, foreign_table, next_reflection)
+        join_keys = reflection.join_keys(association_klass)
+        key = join_keys.key
+        foreign_key = join_keys.foreign_key
+
+        constraint = table[key].eq(foreign_table[foreign_key])
 
-        tables = construct_tables(chain, assoc_klass, refl, tracker)
+        if reflection.type
+          value = transform_value(next_reflection.klass.base_class.name)
+          scope = scope.where(table.name => { reflection.type => value })
+        end
 
-        chain.each_with_index do |reflection, i|
-          table, foreign_table = tables.shift, tables.first
+        scope = scope.joins(join(foreign_table, constraint))
+      end
 
-          if reflection.source_macro == :belongs_to
-            if reflection.options[:polymorphic]
-              key = reflection.association_primary_key(assoc_klass)
-            else
-              key = reflection.association_primary_key
-            end
+      class ReflectionProxy < SimpleDelegator # :nodoc:
+        attr_accessor :next
+        attr_reader :alias_name
 
-            foreign_key = reflection.foreign_key
-          else
-            key         = reflection.foreign_key
-            foreign_key = reflection.active_record_primary_key
-          end
+        def initialize(reflection, alias_name)
+          super(reflection)
+          @alias_name = alias_name
+        end
 
-          if reflection == chain.last
-            bind_val = bind scope, table.table_name, key.to_s, owner[foreign_key], tracker
-            scope    = scope.where(table[key].eq(bind_val))
+        def all_includes; nil; end
+      end
 
-            if reflection.type
-              value    = owner.class.base_class.name
-              bind_val = bind scope, table.table_name, reflection.type.to_s, value, tracker
-              scope    = scope.where(table[reflection.type].eq(bind_val))
-            end
-          else
-            constraint = table[key].eq(foreign_table[foreign_key])
+      def get_chain(reflection, association, tracker)
+        name = reflection.name
+        runtime_reflection = Reflection::RuntimeReflection.new(reflection, association)
+        previous_reflection = runtime_reflection
+        reflection.chain.drop(1).each do |refl|
+          alias_name = tracker.aliased_table_for(refl.table_name, refl.alias_candidate(name))
+          proxy = ReflectionProxy.new(refl, alias_name)
+          previous_reflection.next = proxy
+          previous_reflection = proxy
+        end
+        [runtime_reflection, previous_reflection]
+      end
 
-            if reflection.type
-              value    = chain[i + 1].klass.base_class.name
-              bind_val = bind scope, table.table_name, reflection.type.to_s, value, tracker
-              scope    = scope.where(table[reflection.type].eq(bind_val))
-            end
+      def add_constraints(scope, owner, association_klass, refl, chain_head, chain_tail)
+        owner_reflection = chain_tail
+        table = owner_reflection.alias_name
+        scope = last_chain_scope(scope, table, owner_reflection, owner, association_klass)
 
-            scope = scope.joins(join(foreign_table, constraint))
-          end
+        reflection = chain_head
+        loop do
+          break unless reflection
+          table = reflection.alias_name
 
-          is_first_chain = i == 0
-          klass = is_first_chain ? assoc_klass : reflection.klass
+          unless reflection == chain_tail
+            next_reflection = reflection.next
+            foreign_table = next_reflection.alias_name
+            scope = next_chain_scope(scope, table, reflection, association_klass, foreign_table, next_reflection)
+          end
 
           # Exclude the scope of the association itself, because that
           # was already merged in the #scope method.
-          scope_chain[i].each do |scope_chain_item|
-            item  = eval_scope(klass, scope_chain_item, owner)
+          reflection.constraints.each do |scope_chain_item|
+            item  = eval_scope(reflection.klass, scope_chain_item, owner)
 
             if scope_chain_item == refl.scope
-              scope.merge! item.except(:where, :includes, :bind)
+              scope.merge! item.except(:where, :includes)
             end
 
-            if is_first_chain
+            reflection.all_includes do
               scope.includes! item.includes_values
             end
 
-            scope.where_values += item.where_values
+            scope.unscope!(*item.unscope_values)
+            scope.where_clause += item.where_clause
             scope.order_values |= item.order_values
           end
+
+          reflection = reflection.next
         end
 
         scope
       end
 
-      def alias_suffix(refl)
-        refl.name
-      end
-
-      def table_name_for(reflection, klass, refl)
-        if reflection == refl
-          # If this is a polymorphic belongs_to, we want to get the klass from the
-          # association because it depends on the polymorphic_type attribute of
-          # the owner
-          klass.table_name
-        else
-          reflection.table_name
-        end
-      end
-
       def eval_scope(klass, scope, owner)
-        if scope.is_a?(Relation)
-          scope
-        else
-          klass.unscoped.instance_exec(owner, &scope)
-        end
+        klass.unscoped.instance_exec(owner, &scope)
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/belongs_to_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/belongs_to_association.rb
index 8272a5584c..41698c5360 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/belongs_to_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/belongs_to_association.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def replace(record)
         if record
           raise_on_type_mismatch!(record)
-          update_counters(record)
+          update_counters_on_replace(record)
           replace_keys(record)
           set_inverse_instance(record)
           @updated = true
@@ -31,43 +31,48 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @updated
       end
 
-      private
+      def decrement_counters # :nodoc:
+        update_counters(-1)
+      end
 
-        def find_target?
-          !loaded? && foreign_key_present? && klass
-        end
+      def increment_counters # :nodoc:
+        update_counters(1)
+      end
 
-        def with_cache_name
-          counter_cache_name = reflection.counter_cache_column
-          return unless counter_cache_name && owner.persisted?
-          yield counter_cache_name
-        end
+      private
 
-        def update_counters(record)
-          with_cache_name do |name|
-            return unless different_target? record
-            record.class.increment_counter(name, record.id)
-            decrement_counter name
+        def update_counters(by)
+          if require_counter_update? && foreign_key_present?
+            if target && !stale_target?
+              target.increment!(reflection.counter_cache_column, by)
+            else
+              klass.update_counters(target_id, reflection.counter_cache_column => by)
+            end
           end
         end
 
-        def decrement_counters
-          with_cache_name { |name| decrement_counter name }
+        def find_target?
+          !loaded? && foreign_key_present? && klass
+        end
+
+        def require_counter_update?
+          reflection.counter_cache_column && owner.persisted?
         end
 
-        def decrement_counter counter_cache_name
-          if foreign_key_present?
-            klass.decrement_counter(counter_cache_name, target_id)
+        def update_counters_on_replace(record)
+          if require_counter_update? && different_target?(record)
+            record.increment!(reflection.counter_cache_column)
+            decrement_counters
           end
         end
 
         # Checks whether record is different to the current target, without loading it
         def different_target?(record)
-          record.id != owner[reflection.foreign_key]
+          record.id != owner._read_attribute(reflection.foreign_key)
         end
 
         def replace_keys(record)
-          owner[reflection.foreign_key] = record[reflection.association_primary_key(record.class)]
+          owner[reflection.foreign_key] = record._read_attribute(reflection.association_primary_key(record.class))
         end
 
         def remove_keys
@@ -75,26 +80,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def foreign_key_present?
-          owner[reflection.foreign_key]
+          owner._read_attribute(reflection.foreign_key)
         end
 
         # NOTE - for now, we're only supporting inverse setting from belongs_to back onto
         # has_one associations.
         def invertible_for?(record)
           inverse = inverse_reflection_for(record)
-          inverse && inverse.macro == :has_one
+          inverse && inverse.has_one?
         end
 
         def target_id
           if options[:primary_key]
             owner.send(reflection.name).try(:id)
           else
-            owner[reflection.foreign_key]
+            owner._read_attribute(reflection.foreign_key)
           end
         end
 
         def stale_state
-          owner[reflection.foreign_key] && owner[reflection.foreign_key].to_s
+          result = owner._read_attribute(reflection.foreign_key) { |n| owner.send(:missing_attribute, n, caller) }
+          result && result.to_s
         end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/association.rb
index f085fd1cfd..d0534056d9 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/association.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
-
 # This is the parent Association class which defines the variables
 # used by all associations.
 #
@@ -11,19 +9,14 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
 #    - CollectionAssociation
 #      - HasManyAssociation
 
-module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
+module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder # :nodoc:
   class Association #:nodoc:
     class << self
       attr_accessor :extensions
-      # TODO: This class accessor is needed to make activerecord-deprecated_finders work.
-      # We can move it to a constant in 5.0.
-      attr_accessor :valid_options
     end
     self.extensions = []
 
-    self.valid_options = [:class_name, :class, :foreign_key, :validate]
-
-    attr_reader :name, :scope, :options
+    VALID_OPTIONS = [:class_name, :anonymous_class, :foreign_key, :validate] # :nodoc:
 
     def self.build(model, name, scope, options, &block)
       if model.dangerous_attribute_method?(name)
@@ -32,60 +25,68 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
                              "Please choose a different association name."
       end
 
-      builder = create_builder model, name, scope, options, &block
-      reflection = builder.build(model)
+      extension = define_extensions model, name, &block
+      reflection = create_reflection model, name, scope, options, extension
       define_accessors model, reflection
       define_callbacks model, reflection
-      builder.define_extensions model
+      define_validations model, reflection
       reflection
     end
 
-    def self.create_builder(model, name, scope, options, &block)
+    def self.create_reflection(model, name, scope, options, extension = nil)
       raise ArgumentError, "association names must be a Symbol" unless name.kind_of?(Symbol)
 
-      new(model, name, scope, options, &block)
-    end
-
-    def initialize(model, name, scope, options)
-      # TODO: Move this to create_builder as soon we drop support to activerecord-deprecated_finders.
       if scope.is_a?(Hash)
         options = scope
         scope   = nil
       end
 
-      # TODO: Remove this model argument as soon we drop support to activerecord-deprecated_finders.
-      @name    = name
-      @scope   = scope
-      @options = options
+      validate_options(options)
 
-      validate_options
+      scope = build_scope(scope, extension)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(macro, name, scope, options, model)
+    end
+
+    def self.build_scope(scope, extension)
+      new_scope = scope
 
       if scope && scope.arity == 0
-        @scope = proc { instance_exec(&scope) }
+        new_scope = proc { instance_exec(&scope) }
+      end
+
+      if extension
+        new_scope = wrap_scope new_scope, extension
       end
+
+      new_scope
     end
 
-    def build(model)
-      ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(macro, name, scope, options, model)
+    def self.wrap_scope(scope, extension)
+      scope
     end
 
-    def macro
+    def self.macro
       raise NotImplementedError
     end
 
-    def valid_options
-      Association.valid_options + Association.extensions.flat_map(&:valid_options)
+    def self.valid_options(options)
+      VALID_OPTIONS + Association.extensions.flat_map(&:valid_options)
     end
 
-    def validate_options
-      options.assert_valid_keys(valid_options)
+    def self.validate_options(options)
+      options.assert_valid_keys(valid_options(options))
     end
 
-    def define_extensions(model)
+    def self.define_extensions(model, name)
     end
 
     def self.define_callbacks(model, reflection)
-      add_before_destroy_callbacks(model, reflection) if reflection.options[:dependent]
+      if dependent = reflection.options[:dependent]
+        check_dependent_options(dependent)
+        add_destroy_callbacks(model, reflection)
+      end
+
       Association.extensions.each do |extension|
         extension.build model, reflection
       end
@@ -120,17 +121,21 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
       CODE
     end
 
+    def self.define_validations(model, reflection)
+      # noop
+    end
+
     def self.valid_dependent_options
       raise NotImplementedError
     end
 
-    private
-
-    def self.add_before_destroy_callbacks(model, reflection)
-      unless valid_dependent_options.include? reflection.options[:dependent]
-        raise ArgumentError, "The :dependent option must be one of #{valid_dependent_options}, but is :#{reflection.options[:dependent]}"
+    def self.check_dependent_options(dependent)
+      unless valid_dependent_options.include? dependent
+        raise ArgumentError, "The :dependent option must be one of #{valid_dependent_options}, but is :#{dependent}"
       end
+    end
 
+    def self.add_destroy_callbacks(model, reflection)
       name = reflection.name
       model.before_destroy lambda { |o| o.association(name).handle_dependency }
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/belongs_to.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/belongs_to.rb
index 5ccaa55a32..f02d146e89 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/belongs_to.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/belongs_to.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
+module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder # :nodoc:
   class BelongsTo < SingularAssociation #:nodoc:
-    def macro
+    def self.macro
       :belongs_to
     end
 
-    def valid_options
-      super + [:foreign_type, :polymorphic, :touch, :counter_cache]
+    def self.valid_options(options)
+      super + [:foreign_type, :polymorphic, :touch, :counter_cache, :optional]
     end
 
     def self.valid_dependent_options
@@ -23,47 +23,34 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
       add_counter_cache_methods mixin
     end
 
-    private
-
     def self.add_counter_cache_methods(mixin)
-      return if mixin.method_defined? :belongs_to_counter_cache_after_create
+      return if mixin.method_defined? :belongs_to_counter_cache_after_update
 
       mixin.class_eval do
-        def belongs_to_counter_cache_after_create(reflection)
-          if record = send(reflection.name)
-            cache_column = reflection.counter_cache_column
-            record.class.increment_counter(cache_column, record.id)
-            @_after_create_counter_called = true
-          end
-        end
-
-        def belongs_to_counter_cache_before_destroy(reflection)
-          foreign_key = reflection.foreign_key.to_sym
-          unless destroyed_by_association && destroyed_by_association.foreign_key.to_sym == foreign_key
-            record = send reflection.name
-            if record && !self.destroyed?
-              cache_column = reflection.counter_cache_column
-              record.class.decrement_counter(cache_column, record.id)
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
         def belongs_to_counter_cache_after_update(reflection)
           foreign_key  = reflection.foreign_key
           cache_column = reflection.counter_cache_column
 
           if (@_after_create_counter_called ||= false)
             @_after_create_counter_called = false
-          elsif attribute_changed?(foreign_key) && !new_record? && reflection.constructable?
-            model           = reflection.klass
+          elsif attribute_changed?(foreign_key) && !new_record?
+            if reflection.polymorphic?
+              model     = attribute(reflection.foreign_type).try(:constantize)
+              model_was = attribute_was(reflection.foreign_type).try(:constantize)
+            else
+              model     = reflection.klass
+              model_was = reflection.klass
+            end
+
             foreign_key_was = attribute_was foreign_key
             foreign_key     = attribute foreign_key
 
             if foreign_key && model.respond_to?(:increment_counter)
               model.increment_counter(cache_column, foreign_key)
             end
-            if foreign_key_was && model.respond_to?(:decrement_counter)
-              model.decrement_counter(cache_column, foreign_key_was)
+
+            if foreign_key_was && model_was.respond_to?(:decrement_counter)
+              model_was.decrement_counter(cache_column, foreign_key_was)
             end
           end
         end
@@ -73,14 +60,6 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
     def self.add_counter_cache_callbacks(model, reflection)
       cache_column = reflection.counter_cache_column
 
-      model.after_create lambda { |record|
-        record.belongs_to_counter_cache_after_create(reflection)
-      }
-
-      model.before_destroy lambda { |record|
-        record.belongs_to_counter_cache_before_destroy(reflection)
-      }
-
       model.after_update lambda { |record|
         record.belongs_to_counter_cache_after_update(reflection)
       }
@@ -89,7 +68,7 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
       klass.attr_readonly cache_column if klass && klass.respond_to?(:attr_readonly)
     end
 
-    def self.touch_record(o, foreign_key, name, touch) # :nodoc:
+    def self.touch_record(o, foreign_key, name, touch, touch_method) # :nodoc:
       old_foreign_id = o.changed_attributes[foreign_key]
 
       if old_foreign_id
@@ -104,9 +83,9 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
 
         if old_record
           if touch != true
-            old_record.touch touch
+            old_record.send(touch_method, touch)
           else
-            old_record.touch
+            old_record.send(touch_method)
           end
         end
       end
@@ -114,9 +93,9 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
       record = o.send name
       if record && record.persisted?
         if touch != true
-          record.touch touch
+          record.send(touch_method, touch)
         else
-          record.touch
+          record.send(touch_method)
         end
       end
     end
@@ -127,12 +106,34 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
       touch       = reflection.options[:touch]
 
       callback = lambda { |record|
-        BelongsTo.touch_record(record, foreign_key, n, touch)
+        BelongsTo.touch_record(record, foreign_key, n, touch, belongs_to_touch_method)
       }
 
-      model.after_save    callback
+      model.after_save    callback, if: :changed?
       model.after_touch   callback
       model.after_destroy callback
     end
+
+    def self.add_destroy_callbacks(model, reflection)
+      model.after_destroy lambda { |o| o.association(reflection.name).handle_dependency }
+    end
+
+    def self.define_validations(model, reflection)
+      if reflection.options.key?(:required)
+        reflection.options[:optional] = !reflection.options.delete(:required)
+      end
+
+      if reflection.options[:optional].nil?
+        required = model.belongs_to_required_by_default
+      else
+        required = !reflection.options[:optional]
+      end
+
+      super
+
+      if required
+        model.validates_presence_of reflection.name, message: :required
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/collection_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/collection_association.rb
index bc15a49996..56a8dc4e18 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/collection_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/collection_association.rb
@@ -2,27 +2,16 @@
 
 require 'active_record/associations'
 
-module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
+module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder # :nodoc:
   class CollectionAssociation < Association #:nodoc:
 
     CALLBACKS = [:before_add, :after_add, :before_remove, :after_remove]
 
-    def valid_options
+    def self.valid_options(options)
       super + [:table_name, :before_add,
                :after_add, :before_remove, :after_remove, :extend]
     end
 
-    attr_reader :block_extension
-
-    def initialize(model, name, scope, options)
-      super
-      @mod = nil
-      if block_given?
-        @mod = Module.new(&Proc.new)
-        @scope = wrap_scope @scope, @mod
-      end
-    end
-
     def self.define_callbacks(model, reflection)
       super
       name    = reflection.name
@@ -32,10 +21,11 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
       }
     end
 
-    def define_extensions(model)
-      if @mod
+    def self.define_extensions(model, name)
+      if block_given?
         extension_module_name = "#{model.name.demodulize}#{name.to_s.camelize}AssociationExtension"
-        model.parent.const_set(extension_module_name, @mod)
+        extension = Module.new(&Proc.new)
+        model.parent.const_set(extension_module_name, extension)
       end
     end
 
@@ -78,9 +68,7 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
       CODE
     end
 
-    private
-
-    def wrap_scope(scope, mod)
+    def self.wrap_scope(scope, mod)
       if scope
         proc { |owner| instance_exec(owner, &scope).extending(mod) }
       else
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_and_belongs_to_many.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_and_belongs_to_many.rb
index e472277374..b888148841 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_and_belongs_to_many.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_and_belongs_to_many.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
+module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder # :nodoc:
   class HasAndBelongsToMany # :nodoc:
-    class JoinTableResolver
+    class JoinTableResolver # :nodoc:
       KnownTable = Struct.new :join_table
 
-      class KnownClass
+      class KnownClass # :nodoc:
         def initialize(lhs_class, rhs_class_name)
           @lhs_class      = lhs_class
           @rhs_class_name = rhs_class_name
@@ -11,11 +11,14 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
         end
 
         def join_table
-          @join_table ||= [@lhs_class.table_name, klass.table_name].sort.join("\0").gsub(/^(.*_)(.+)\0\1(.+)/, '\1\2_\3').gsub("\0", "_")
+          @join_table ||= [@lhs_class.table_name, klass.table_name].sort.join("\0").gsub(/^(.*[._])(.+)\0\1(.+)/, '\1\2_\3').tr("\0", "_")
         end
 
         private
-        def klass; @rhs_class_name.constantize; end
+
+        def klass
+          @lhs_class.send(:compute_type, @rhs_class_name)
+        end
       end
 
       def self.build(lhs_class, name, options)
@@ -43,7 +46,7 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
 
       join_model = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) {
         class << self;
-          attr_accessor :class_resolver
+          attr_accessor :left_model
           attr_accessor :name
           attr_accessor :table_name_resolver
           attr_accessor :left_reflection
@@ -55,47 +58,51 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
         end
 
         def self.compute_type(class_name)
-          class_resolver.compute_type class_name
+          left_model.compute_type class_name
         end
 
         def self.add_left_association(name, options)
-          belongs_to name, options
-          self.left_reflection = reflect_on_association(name)
+          belongs_to name, required: false, **options
+          self.left_reflection = _reflect_on_association(name)
         end
 
         def self.add_right_association(name, options)
           rhs_name = name.to_s.singularize.to_sym
-          belongs_to rhs_name, options
-          self.right_reflection = reflect_on_association(rhs_name)
+          belongs_to rhs_name, required: false, **options
+          self.right_reflection = _reflect_on_association(rhs_name)
+        end
+
+        def self.retrieve_connection
+          left_model.retrieve_connection
         end
 
       }
 
       join_model.name                = "HABTM_#{association_name.to_s.camelize}"
       join_model.table_name_resolver = habtm
-      join_model.class_resolver      = lhs_model
+      join_model.left_model          = lhs_model
 
-      join_model.add_left_association :left_side, class: lhs_model
+      join_model.add_left_association :left_side, anonymous_class: lhs_model
       join_model.add_right_association association_name, belongs_to_options(options)
       join_model
     end
 
     def middle_reflection(join_model)
       middle_name = [lhs_model.name.downcase.pluralize,
-                     association_name].join('_').gsub(/::/, '_').to_sym
+                     association_name].join('_'.freeze).gsub('::'.freeze, '_'.freeze).to_sym
       middle_options = middle_options join_model
-      hm_builder = HasMany.create_builder(lhs_model,
-                                          middle_name,
-                                          nil,
-                                          middle_options)
-      hm_builder.build lhs_model
+
+      HasMany.create_reflection(lhs_model,
+                                middle_name,
+                                nil,
+                                middle_options)
     end
 
     private
 
     def middle_options(join_model)
       middle_options = {}
-      middle_options[:class] = join_model
+      middle_options[:class_name] = "#{lhs_model.name}::#{join_model.name}"
       middle_options[:source] = join_model.left_reflection.name
       if options.key? :foreign_key
         middle_options[:foreign_key] = options[:foreign_key]
@@ -107,7 +114,7 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
       rhs_options = {}
 
       if options.key? :class_name
-        rhs_options[:foreign_key] = options[:class_name].foreign_key
+        rhs_options[:foreign_key] = options[:class_name].to_s.foreign_key
         rhs_options[:class_name] = options[:class_name]
       end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_many.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_many.rb
index 7909b93622..7864d4c536 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_many.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_many.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
+module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder # :nodoc:
   class HasMany < CollectionAssociation #:nodoc:
-    def macro
+    def self.macro
       :has_many
     end
 
-    def valid_options
-      super + [:primary_key, :dependent, :as, :through, :source, :source_type, :inverse_of, :counter_cache]
+    def self.valid_options(options)
+      super + [:primary_key, :dependent, :as, :through, :source, :source_type, :inverse_of, :counter_cache, :join_table, :foreign_type, :index_errors]
     end
 
     def self.valid_dependent_options
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_one.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_one.rb
index f359efd496..9d64ae877b 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_one.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_one.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
+module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder # :nodoc:
   class HasOne < SingularAssociation #:nodoc:
-    def macro
+    def self.macro
       :has_one
     end
 
-    def valid_options
-      valid = super + [:order, :as]
+    def self.valid_options(options)
+      valid = super + [:as, :foreign_type]
       valid += [:through, :source, :source_type] if options[:through]
       valid
     end
@@ -14,10 +14,15 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
       [:destroy, :delete, :nullify, :restrict_with_error, :restrict_with_exception]
     end
 
-    private
-
-    def self.add_before_destroy_callbacks(model, reflection)
+    def self.add_destroy_callbacks(model, reflection)
       super unless reflection.options[:through]
     end
+
+    def self.define_validations(model, reflection)
+      super
+      if reflection.options[:required]
+        model.validates_presence_of reflection.name, message: :required
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/singular_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/singular_association.rb
index e655c389a6..58a9c8ff24 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/singular_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/singular_association.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 # This class is inherited by the has_one and belongs_to association classes
 
-module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
+module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder # :nodoc:
   class SingularAssociation < Association #:nodoc:
-    def valid_options
-      super + [:remote, :dependent, :primary_key, :inverse_of]
+    def self.valid_options(options)
+      super + [:dependent, :primary_key, :inverse_of, :required]
     end
 
     def self.define_accessors(model, reflection)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_association.rb
index 270871c866..473b80a658 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_association.rb
@@ -28,12 +28,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Implements the reader method, e.g. foo.items for Foo.has_many :items
       def reader(force_reload = false)
         if force_reload
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
+            Passing an argument to force an association to reload is now
+            deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.1. Please call `reload`
+            on the result collection proxy instead.
+          MSG
+
           klass.uncached { reload }
         elsif stale_target?
           reload
         end
 
-        @proxy ||= CollectionProxy.create(klass, self)
+        if null_scope?
+          # Cache the proxy separately before the owner has an id
+          # or else a post-save proxy will still lack the id
+          @null_proxy ||= CollectionProxy.create(klass, self)
+        else
+          @proxy ||= CollectionProxy.create(klass, self)
+        end
       end
 
       # Implements the writer method, e.g. foo.items= for Foo.has_many :items
@@ -48,17 +60,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
             record.send(reflection.association_primary_key)
           end
         else
-          column  = "#{reflection.quoted_table_name}.#{reflection.association_primary_key}"
-          scope.pluck(column)
+          @association_ids ||= (
+            column = "#{reflection.quoted_table_name}.#{reflection.association_primary_key}"
+            scope.pluck(column)
+          )
         end
       end
 
       # Implements the ids writer method, e.g. foo.item_ids= for Foo.has_many :items
       def ids_writer(ids)
-        pk_column = reflection.primary_key_column
-        ids = Array(ids).reject { |id| id.blank? }
-        ids.map! { |i| pk_column.type_cast(i) }
-        replace(klass.find(ids).index_by { |r| r.id }.values_at(*ids))
+        pk_type = reflection.primary_key_type
+        ids = Array(ids).reject(&:blank?)
+        ids.map! { |i| pk_type.cast(i) }
+        replace(klass.find(ids).index_by(&:id).values_at(*ids))
       end
 
       def reset
@@ -123,6 +137,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
         first_nth_or_last(:last, *args)
       end
 
+      def take(n = nil)
+        if loaded?
+          n ? target.take(n) : target.first
+        else
+          scope.take(n).tap do |record|
+            set_inverse_instance record if record.is_a? ActiveRecord::Base
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
       def build(attributes = {}, &block)
         if attributes.is_a?(Array)
           attributes.collect { |attr| build(attr, &block) }
@@ -134,20 +158,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def create(attributes = {}, &block)
-        create_record(attributes, &block)
+        _create_record(attributes, &block)
       end
 
       def create!(attributes = {}, &block)
-        create_record(attributes, true, &block)
+        _create_record(attributes, true, &block)
       end
 
       # Add +records+ to this association. Returns +self+ so method calls may
       # be chained. Since << flattens its argument list and inserts each record,
       # +push+ and +concat+ behave identically.
       def concat(*records)
-        load_target if owner.new_record?
-
+        records = records.flatten
         if owner.new_record?
+          load_target
           concat_records(records)
         else
           transaction { concat_records(records) }
@@ -170,8 +194,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Removes all records from the association without calling callbacks
-      # on the associated records. It honors the `:dependent` option. However
-      # if the `:dependent` value is `:destroy` then in that case the `:delete_all`
+      # on the associated records. It honors the +:dependent+ option. However
+      # if the +:dependent+ value is +:destroy+ then in that case the +:delete_all+
       # deletion strategy for the association is applied.
       #
       # You can force a particular deletion strategy by passing a parameter.
@@ -183,11 +207,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       # See delete for more info.
       def delete_all(dependent = nil)
-        if dependent.present? && ![:nullify, :delete_all].include?(dependent)
+        if dependent && ![:nullify, :delete_all].include?(dependent)
           raise ArgumentError, "Valid values are :nullify or :delete_all"
         end
 
-        dependent = if dependent.present?
+        dependent = if dependent
                       dependent
                     elsif options[:dependent] == :destroy
                       :delete_all
@@ -195,7 +219,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
                       options[:dependent]
                     end
 
-        delete(:all, dependent: dependent).tap do
+        delete_or_nullify_all_records(dependent).tap do
           reset
           loaded!
         end
@@ -213,11 +237,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Count all records using SQL.  Construct options and pass them with
       # scope to the target class's +count+.
-      def count(column_name = nil, count_options = {})
-        # TODO: Remove count_options argument as soon we remove support to
-        # activerecord-deprecated_finders.
-        column_name, count_options = nil, column_name if column_name.is_a?(Hash)
-
+      def count(column_name = nil)
         relation = scope
         if association_scope.distinct_value
           # This is needed because 'SELECT count(DISTINCT *)..' is not valid SQL.
@@ -245,19 +265,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # are actually removed from the database, that depends precisely on
       # +delete_records+. They are in any case removed from the collection.
       def delete(*records)
+        return if records.empty?
         _options = records.extract_options!
         dependent = _options[:dependent] || options[:dependent]
 
-        if records.first == :all
-          if loaded? || dependent == :destroy
-            delete_or_destroy(load_target, dependent)
-          else
-            delete_records(:all, dependent)
-          end
-        else
-          records = find(records) if records.any? { |record| record.kind_of?(Fixnum) || record.kind_of?(String) }
-          delete_or_destroy(records, dependent)
-        end
+        records = find(records) if records.any? { |record| record.kind_of?(Fixnum) || record.kind_of?(String) }
+        delete_or_destroy(records, dependent)
       end
 
       # Deletes the +records+ and removes them from this association calling
@@ -266,6 +279,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Note that this method removes records from the database ignoring the
       # +:dependent+ option.
       def destroy(*records)
+        return if records.empty?
         records = find(records) if records.any? { |record| record.kind_of?(Fixnum) || record.kind_of?(String) }
         delete_or_destroy(records, :destroy)
       end
@@ -290,7 +304,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         elsif !loaded? && !association_scope.group_values.empty?
           load_target.size
         elsif !loaded? && !association_scope.distinct_value && target.is_a?(Array)
-          unsaved_records = target.select { |r| r.new_record? }
+          unsaved_records = target.select(&:new_record?)
           unsaved_records.size + count_records
         else
           count_records
@@ -323,7 +337,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Returns true if the collections is not empty.
-      # Equivalent to +!collection.empty?+.
+      # If block given, loads all records and checks for one or more matches.
+      # Otherwise, equivalent to +!collection.empty?+.
       def any?
         if block_given?
           load_target.any? { |*block_args| yield(*block_args) }
@@ -333,7 +348,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Returns true if the collection has more than 1 record.
-      # Equivalent to +collection.size > 1+.
+      # If block given, loads all records and checks for two or more matches.
+      # Otherwise, equivalent to +collection.size > 1+.
       def many?
         if block_given?
           load_target.many? { |*block_args| yield(*block_args) }
@@ -359,7 +375,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         if owner.new_record?
           replace_records(other_array, original_target)
         else
-          transaction { replace_records(other_array, original_target) }
+          replace_common_records_in_memory(other_array, original_target)
+          if other_array != original_target
+            transaction { replace_records(other_array, original_target) }
+          else
+            other_array
+          end
         end
       end
 
@@ -368,7 +389,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           if record.new_record?
             include_in_memory?(record)
           else
-            loaded? ? target.include?(record) : scope.exists?(record)
+            loaded? ? target.include?(record) : scope.exists?(record.id)
           end
         else
           false
@@ -384,14 +405,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
         target
       end
 
-      def add_to_target(record, skip_callbacks = false)
+      def add_to_target(record, skip_callbacks = false, &block)
+        if association_scope.distinct_value
+          index = @target.index(record)
+        end
+        replace_on_target(record, index, skip_callbacks, &block)
+      end
+
+      def replace_on_target(record, index, skip_callbacks)
         callback(:before_add, record) unless skip_callbacks
+
+        was_loaded = loaded?
         yield(record) if block_given?
 
-        if association_scope.distinct_value && index = @target.index(record)
-          @target[index] = record
-        else
-          @target << record
+        unless !was_loaded && loaded?
+          if index
+            @target[index] = record
+          else
+            @target << record
+          end
         end
 
         callback(:after_add, record) unless skip_callbacks
@@ -411,9 +443,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
+      def get_records
+        return scope.to_a if skip_statement_cache?
+
+        conn = klass.connection
+        sc = reflection.association_scope_cache(conn, owner) do
+          StatementCache.create(conn) { |params|
+            as = AssociationScope.create { params.bind }
+            target_scope.merge as.scope(self, conn)
+          }
+        end
+
+        binds = AssociationScope.get_bind_values(owner, reflection.chain)
+        sc.execute binds, klass, klass.connection
+      end
 
         def find_target
-          records = scope.to_a
+          records = get_records
           records.each { |record| set_inverse_instance(record) }
           records
         end
@@ -448,13 +494,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
           persisted + memory
         end
 
-        def create_record(attributes, raise = false, &block)
+        def _create_record(attributes, raise = false, &block)
           unless owner.persisted?
             raise ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved, "You cannot call create unless the parent is saved"
           end
 
           if attributes.is_a?(Array)
-            attributes.collect { |attr| create_record(attr, raise, &block) }
+            attributes.collect { |attr| _create_record(attr, raise, &block) }
           else
             transaction do
               add_to_target(build_record(attributes)) do |record|
@@ -477,7 +523,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def delete_or_destroy(records, method)
           records = records.flatten
           records.each { |record| raise_on_type_mismatch!(record) }
-          existing_records = records.reject { |r| r.new_record? }
+          existing_records = records.reject(&:new_record?)
 
           if existing_records.empty?
             remove_records(existing_records, records, method)
@@ -513,10 +559,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
           target
         end
 
+        def replace_common_records_in_memory(new_target, original_target)
+          common_records = new_target & original_target
+          common_records.each do |record|
+            skip_callbacks = true
+            replace_on_target(record, @target.index(record), skip_callbacks)
+          end
+        end
+
         def concat_records(records, should_raise = false)
           result = true
 
-          records.flatten.each do |record|
+          records.each do |record|
             raise_on_type_mismatch!(record)
             add_to_target(record) do |rec|
               result &&= insert_record(rec, true, should_raise) unless owner.new_record?
@@ -560,8 +614,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
           if reflection.is_a?(ActiveRecord::Reflection::ThroughReflection)
             assoc = owner.association(reflection.through_reflection.name)
             assoc.reader.any? { |source|
-              target = source.send(reflection.source_reflection.name)
-              target.respond_to?(:include?) ? target.include?(record) : target == record
+              target_reflection = source.send(reflection.source_reflection.name)
+              target_reflection.respond_to?(:include?) ? target_reflection.include?(record) : target_reflection == record
             } || target.include?(record)
           else
             target.include?(record)
@@ -572,7 +626,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # specified, then #find scans the entire collection.
         def find_by_scan(*args)
           expects_array = args.first.kind_of?(Array)
-          ids           = args.flatten.compact.map{ |arg| arg.to_s }.uniq
+          ids           = args.flatten.compact.map(&:to_s).uniq
 
           if ids.size == 1
             id = ids.first
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_proxy.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_proxy.rb
index eba688866c..fe693cfbb6 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_proxy.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_proxy.rb
@@ -29,10 +29,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # instantiation of the actual post records.
     class CollectionProxy < Relation
       delegate(*(ActiveRecord::Calculations.public_instance_methods - [:count]), to: :scope)
+      delegate :find_nth, to: :scope
 
       def initialize(klass, association) #:nodoc:
         @association = association
-        super klass, klass.arel_table
+        super klass, klass.arel_table, klass.predicate_builder
         merge! association.scope(nullify: false)
       end
 
@@ -111,7 +112,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Finds an object in the collection responding to the +id+. Uses the same
-      # rules as <tt>ActiveRecord::Base.find</tt>. Returns <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt>
+      # rules as ActiveRecord::Base.find. Returns ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound
       # error if the object cannot be found.
       #
       #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -126,7 +127,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   #    ]
       #
       #   person.pets.find(1) # => #<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: 1>
-      #   person.pets.find(4) # => ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound: Couldn't find Pet with id=4
+      #   person.pets.find(4) # => ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound: Couldn't find Pet with 'id'=4
       #
       #   person.pets.find(2) { |pet| pet.name.downcase! }
       #   # => #<Pet id: 2, name: "fancy-fancy", person_id: 1>
@@ -170,27 +171,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @association.first(*args)
       end
 
-      # Same as +first+ except returns only the second record.
+      # Same as #first except returns only the second record.
       def second(*args)
         @association.second(*args)
       end
 
-      # Same as +first+ except returns only the third record.
+      # Same as #first except returns only the third record.
       def third(*args)
         @association.third(*args)
       end
 
-      # Same as +first+ except returns only the fourth record.
+      # Same as #first except returns only the fourth record.
       def fourth(*args)
         @association.fourth(*args)
       end
 
-      # Same as +first+ except returns only the fifth record.
+      # Same as #first except returns only the fifth record.
       def fifth(*args)
         @association.fifth(*args)
       end
 
-      # Same as +first+ except returns only the forty second record.
+      # Same as #first except returns only the forty second record.
       # Also known as accessing "the reddit".
       def forty_two(*args)
         @association.forty_two(*args)
@@ -226,6 +227,35 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @association.last(*args)
       end
 
+      # Gives a record (or N records if a parameter is supplied) from the collection
+      # using the same rules as <tt>ActiveRecord::Base.take</tt>.
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_many :pets
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   person.pets
+      #   # => [
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #       #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
+      #   #    ]
+      #
+      #   person.pets.take # => #<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: 1>
+      #
+      #   person.pets.take(2)
+      #   # => [
+      #   #      #<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: 1>,
+      #   #      #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>
+      #   #    ]
+      #
+      #   another_person_without.pets         # => []
+      #   another_person_without.pets.take    # => nil
+      #   another_person_without.pets.take(2) # => []
+      def take(n = nil)
+        @association.take(n)
+      end
+
       # Returns a new object of the collection type that has been instantiated
       # with +attributes+ and linked to this object, but have not yet been saved.
       # You can pass an array of attributes hashes, this will return an array
@@ -285,7 +315,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @association.create(attributes, &block)
       end
 
-      # Like +create+, except that if the record is invalid, raises an exception.
+      # Like #create, except that if the record is invalid, raises an exception.
       #
       #   class Person
       #     has_many :pets
@@ -302,8 +332,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Add one or more records to the collection by setting their foreign keys
-      # to the association's primary key. Since << flattens its argument list and
-      # inserts each record, +push+ and +concat+ behave identically. Returns +self+
+      # to the association's primary key. Since #<< flattens its argument list and
+      # inserts each record, +push+ and #concat behave identically. Returns +self+
       # so method calls may be chained.
       #
       #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -355,14 +385,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @association.replace(other_array)
       end
 
-      # Deletes all the records from the collection. For +has_many+ associations,
-      # the deletion is done according to the strategy specified by the <tt>:dependent</tt>
-      # option. Returns an array with the deleted records.
+      # Deletes all the records from the collection according to the strategy
+      # specified by the +:dependent+ option. If no +:dependent+ option is given,
+      # then it will follow the default strategy.
+      #
+      # For <tt>has_many :through</tt> associations, the default deletion strategy is
+      # +:delete_all+.
       #
-      # If no <tt>:dependent</tt> option is given, then it will follow the
-      # default strategy. The default strategy is <tt>:nullify</tt>. This
-      # sets the foreign keys to <tt>NULL</tt>. For, +has_many+ <tt>:through</tt>,
-      # the default strategy is +delete_all+.
+      # For +has_many+ associations, the default deletion strategy is +:nullify+.
+      # This sets the foreign keys to +NULL+.
       #
       #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
       #     has_many :pets # dependent: :nullify option by default
@@ -393,9 +424,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   #       #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: nil>
       #   #    ]
       #
-      # If it is set to <tt>:destroy</tt> all the objects from the collection
-      # are removed by calling their +destroy+ method. See +destroy+ for more
-      # information.
+      # Both +has_many+ and <tt>has_many :through</tt> dependencies default to the
+      # +:delete_all+ strategy if the +:dependent+ option is set to +:destroy+.
+      # Records are not instantiated and callbacks will not be fired.
       #
       #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
       #     has_many :pets, dependent: :destroy
@@ -410,14 +441,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   #    ]
       #
       #   person.pets.delete_all
-      #   # => [
-      #   #       #<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: 1>,
-      #   #       #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>,
-      #   #       #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
-      #   #    ]
       #
       #   Pet.find(1, 2, 3)
-      #   # => ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound
+      #   # => ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound: Couldn't find all Pets with 'id': (1, 2, 3)
       #
       # If it is set to <tt>:delete_all</tt>, all the objects are deleted
       # *without* calling their +destroy+ method.
@@ -435,21 +461,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   #    ]
       #
       #   person.pets.delete_all
-      #   # => [
-      #   #       #<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: 1>,
-      #   #       #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>,
-      #   #       #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
-      #   #    ]
       #
       #   Pet.find(1, 2, 3)
-      #   # => ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound
+      #   # => ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound: Couldn't find all Pets with 'id': (1, 2, 3)
       def delete_all(dependent = nil)
         @association.delete_all(dependent)
       end
 
       # Deletes the records of the collection directly from the database
-      # ignoring the +:dependent+ option. It invokes +before_remove+,
-      # +after_remove+ , +before_destroy+ and +after_destroy+ callbacks.
+      # ignoring the +:dependent+ option. Records are instantiated and it
+      # invokes +before_remove+, +after_remove+ , +before_destroy+ and
+      # +after_destroy+ callbacks.
       #
       #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
       #     has_many :pets
@@ -473,15 +495,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @association.destroy_all
       end
 
-      # Deletes the +records+ supplied and removes them from the collection. For
-      # +has_many+ associations, the deletion is done according to the strategy
-      # specified by the <tt>:dependent</tt> option. Returns an array with the
+      # Deletes the +records+ supplied from the collection according to the strategy
+      # specified by the +:dependent+ option. If no +:dependent+ option is given,
+      # then it will follow the default strategy. Returns an array with the
       # deleted records.
       #
-      # If no <tt>:dependent</tt> option is given, then it will follow the default
-      # strategy. The default strategy is <tt>:nullify</tt>. This sets the foreign
-      # keys to <tt>NULL</tt>. For, +has_many+ <tt>:through</tt>, the default
-      # strategy is +delete_all+.
+      # For <tt>has_many :through</tt> associations, the default deletion strategy is
+      # +:delete_all+.
+      #
+      # For +has_many+ associations, the default deletion strategy is +:nullify+.
+      # This sets the foreign keys to +NULL+.
       #
       #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
       #     has_many :pets # dependent: :nullify option by default
@@ -534,7 +557,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   # => [#<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>]
       #
       #   Pet.find(1, 3)
-      #   # => ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound: Couldn't find all Pets with IDs (1, 3)
+      #   # => ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound: Couldn't find all Pets with 'id': (1, 3)
       #
       # If it is set to <tt>:delete_all</tt>, all the +records+ are deleted
       # *without* calling their +destroy+ method.
@@ -562,7 +585,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   #    ]
       #
       #   Pet.find(1)
-      #   # => ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound: Couldn't find Pet with id=1
+      #   # => ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound: Couldn't find Pet with 'id'=1
       #
       # You can pass +Fixnum+ or +String+ values, it finds the records
       # responding to the +id+ and executes delete on them.
@@ -626,7 +649,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   person.pets.size  # => 0
       #   person.pets       # => []
       #
-      #   Pet.find(1, 2, 3) # => ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound: Couldn't find all Pets with IDs (1, 2, 3)
+      #   Pet.find(1, 2, 3) # => ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound: Couldn't find all Pets with 'id': (1, 2, 3)
       #
       # You can pass +Fixnum+ or +String+ values, it finds the records
       # responding to the +id+ and then deletes them from the database.
@@ -658,7 +681,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   person.pets.size  # => 0
       #   person.pets       # => []
       #
-      #   Pet.find(4, 5, 6) # => ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound: Couldn't find all Pets with IDs (4, 5, 6)
+      #   Pet.find(4, 5, 6) # => ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound: Couldn't find all Pets with 'id': (4, 5, 6)
       def destroy(*records)
         @association.destroy(*records)
       end
@@ -695,10 +718,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   #       #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>,
       #   #       #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
       #   #    ]
-      def count(column_name = nil, options = {})
-        # TODO: Remove options argument as soon we remove support to
-        # activerecord-deprecated_finders.
-        @association.count(column_name, options)
+      def count(column_name = nil)
+        @association.count(column_name)
       end
 
       # Returns the size of the collection. If the collection hasn't been loaded,
@@ -785,10 +806,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   person.pets.any?  # => false
       #
       #   person.pets << Pet.new(name: 'Snoop')
-      #   person.pets.count # => 0
+      #   person.pets.count # => 1
       #   person.pets.any?  # => true
       #
-      # You can also pass a block to define criteria. The behavior
+      # You can also pass a +block+ to define criteria. The behavior
       # is the same, it returns true if the collection based on the
       # criteria is not empty.
       #
@@ -822,7 +843,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   person.pets.count # => 2
       #   person.pets.many? # => true
       #
-      # You can also pass a block to define criteria. The
+      # You can also pass a +block+ to define criteria. The
       # behavior is the same, it returns true if the collection
       # based on the criteria has more than one record.
       #
@@ -846,7 +867,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @association.many?(&block)
       end
 
-      # Returns +true+ if the given object is present in the collection.
+      # Returns +true+ if the given +record+ is present in the collection.
       #
       #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
       #     has_many :pets
@@ -860,6 +881,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         !!@association.include?(record)
       end
 
+      def arel #:nodoc:
+        scope.arel
+      end
+
       def proxy_association
         @association
       end
@@ -880,7 +905,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Equivalent to <tt>Array#==</tt>. Returns +true+ if the two arrays
       # contain the same number of elements and if each element is equal
-      # to the corresponding element in the other array, otherwise returns
+      # to the corresponding element in the +other+ array, otherwise returns
       # +false+.
       #
       #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -971,12 +996,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
       alias_method :append, :<<
 
       def prepend(*args)
-        raise NoMethodError, "prepend on association is not defined. Please use << or append"
+        raise NoMethodError, "prepend on association is not defined. Please use <<, push or append"
       end
 
       # Equivalent to +delete_all+. The difference is that returns +self+, instead
       # of an array with the deleted objects, so methods can be chained. See
       # +delete_all+ for more information.
+      # Note that because +delete_all+ removes records by directly
+      # running an SQL query into the database, the +updated_at+ column of
+      # the object is not changed.
       def clear
         delete_all
         self
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/foreign_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/foreign_association.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3ceec0ee46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/foreign_association.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+module ActiveRecord::Associations
+  module ForeignAssociation # :nodoc:
+    def foreign_key_present?
+      if reflection.klass.primary_key
+        owner.attribute_present?(reflection.active_record_primary_key)
+      else
+        false
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_association.rb
index 6457182195..a9f6aaafef 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_association.rb
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # If the association has a <tt>:through</tt> option further specialization
     # is provided by its child HasManyThroughAssociation.
     class HasManyAssociation < CollectionAssociation #:nodoc:
+      include ForeignAssociation
 
       def handle_dependency
         case options[:dependent]
@@ -14,9 +15,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         when :restrict_with_error
           unless empty?
-            record = klass.human_attribute_name(reflection.name).downcase
-            owner.errors.add(:base, :"restrict_dependent_destroy.many", record: record)
-            false
+            record = owner.class.human_attribute_name(reflection.name).downcase
+            message = owner.errors.generate_message(:base, :'restrict_dependent_destroy.many', record: record, raise: true) rescue nil
+            if message
+              ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MESSAGE.squish)
+                The error key `:'restrict_dependent_destroy.many'` has been deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.1.
+                Please use `:'restrict_dependent_destroy.has_many'` instead.
+              MESSAGE
+            end
+            owner.errors.add(:base, message || :'restrict_dependent_destroy.has_many', record: record)
+            throw(:abort)
           end
 
         else
@@ -41,6 +49,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      def empty?
+        if reflection.has_cached_counter?
+          size.zero?
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
       private
 
         # Returns the number of records in this collection.
@@ -57,8 +73,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # If the collection is empty the target is set to an empty array and
         # the loaded flag is set to true as well.
         def count_records
-          count = if has_cached_counter?
-            owner.send(:read_attribute, cached_counter_attribute_name)
+          count = if reflection.has_cached_counter?
+            owner._read_attribute reflection.counter_cache_column
           else
             scope.count
           end
@@ -71,66 +87,61 @@ module ActiveRecord
           [association_scope.limit_value, count].compact.min
         end
 
-        def has_cached_counter?(reflection = reflection)
-          owner.attribute_present?(cached_counter_attribute_name(reflection))
+        def update_counter(difference, reflection = reflection())
+          if reflection.has_cached_counter?
+            owner.increment!(reflection.counter_cache_column, difference)
+          end
         end
 
-        def cached_counter_attribute_name(reflection = reflection)
-          options[:counter_cache] || "#{reflection.name}_count"
+        def update_counter_in_memory(difference, reflection = reflection())
+          if reflection.counter_must_be_updated_by_has_many?
+            counter = reflection.counter_cache_column
+            owner.increment(counter, difference)
+            owner.send(:clear_attribute_change, counter) # eww
+          end
         end
 
-        def update_counter(difference, reflection = reflection)
-          if has_cached_counter?(reflection)
-            counter = cached_counter_attribute_name(reflection)
-            owner.class.update_counters(owner.id, counter => difference)
-            owner[counter] += difference
-            owner.changed_attributes.delete(counter) # eww
+        def delete_count(method, scope)
+          if method == :delete_all
+            scope.delete_all
+          else
+            scope.update_all(reflection.foreign_key => nil)
           end
         end
 
-        # This shit is nasty. We need to avoid the following situation:
-        #
-        #   * An associated record is deleted via record.destroy
-        #   * Hence the callbacks run, and they find a belongs_to on the record with a
-        #     :counter_cache options which points back at our owner. So they update the
-        #     counter cache.
-        #   * In which case, we must make sure to *not* update the counter cache, or else
-        #     it will be decremented twice.
-        #
-        # Hence this method.
-        def inverse_updates_counter_cache?(reflection = reflection)
-          counter_name = cached_counter_attribute_name(reflection)
-          reflection.klass.reflect_on_all_associations(:belongs_to).any? { |inverse_reflection|
-            inverse_reflection.counter_cache_column == counter_name
-          }
+        def delete_or_nullify_all_records(method)
+          count = delete_count(method, self.scope)
+          update_counter(-count)
         end
 
         # Deletes the records according to the <tt>:dependent</tt> option.
         def delete_records(records, method)
           if method == :destroy
             records.each(&:destroy!)
-            update_counter(-records.length) unless inverse_updates_counter_cache?
+            update_counter(-records.length) unless reflection.inverse_updates_counter_cache?
           else
-            if records == :all || !reflection.klass.primary_key
-              scope = self.scope
-            else
-              scope = self.scope.where(reflection.klass.primary_key => records)
-            end
-
-            if method == :delete_all
-              update_counter(-scope.delete_all)
-            else
-              update_counter(-scope.update_all(reflection.foreign_key => nil))
-            end
+            scope = self.scope.where(reflection.klass.primary_key => records)
+            update_counter(-delete_count(method, scope))
           end
         end
 
-        def foreign_key_present?
-          if reflection.klass.primary_key
-            owner.attribute_present?(reflection.association_primary_key)
+        def concat_records(records, *)
+          update_counter_if_success(super, records.length)
+        end
+
+        def _create_record(attributes, *)
+          if attributes.is_a?(Array)
+            super
           else
-            false
+            update_counter_if_success(super, 1)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def update_counter_if_success(saved_successfully, difference)
+          if saved_successfully
+            update_counter_in_memory(difference)
           end
+          saved_successfully
         end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_through_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_through_association.rb
index 64bc98c642..deb0f8c9f5 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_through_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_through_association.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 module ActiveRecord
   # = Active Record Has Many Through Association
   module Associations
@@ -12,20 +11,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @through_association = nil
       end
 
-      # Returns the size of the collection by executing a SELECT COUNT(*) query if the collection hasn't been
-      # loaded and calling collection.size if it has. If it's more likely than not that the collection does
-      # have a size larger than zero, and you need to fetch that collection afterwards, it'll take one fewer
-      # SELECT query if you use #length.
-      def size
-        if has_cached_counter?
-          owner.send(:read_attribute, cached_counter_attribute_name)
-        elsif loaded?
-          target.size
-        else
-          count
-        end
-      end
-
       def concat(*records)
         unless owner.new_record?
           records.flatten.each do |record|
@@ -53,16 +38,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def insert_record(record, validate = true, raise = false)
         ensure_not_nested
 
-        if record.new_record?
-          if raise
-            record.save!(:validate => validate)
-          else
-            return unless record.save(:validate => validate)
-          end
+        if raise
+          record.save!(:validate => validate)
+        else
+          return unless record.save(:validate => validate)
         end
 
         save_through_record(record)
-        update_counter(1)
+
         record
       end
 
@@ -72,23 +55,31 @@ module ActiveRecord
           @through_association ||= owner.association(through_reflection.name)
         end
 
-        # We temporarily cache through record that has been build, because if we build a
-        # through record in build_record and then subsequently call insert_record, then we
-        # want to use the exact same object.
+        # The through record (built with build_record) is temporarily cached
+        # so that it may be reused if insert_record is subsequently called.
         #
-        # However, after insert_record has been called, we clear the cache entry because
-        # we want it to be possible to have multiple instances of the same record in an
-        # association
+        # However, after insert_record has been called, the cache is cleared in
+        # order to allow multiple instances of the same record in an association.
         def build_through_record(record)
           @through_records[record.object_id] ||= begin
             ensure_mutable
 
-            through_record = through_association.build
+            through_record = through_association.build(*options_for_through_record)
             through_record.send("#{source_reflection.name}=", record)
             through_record
           end
         end
 
+        def options_for_through_record
+          [through_scope_attributes]
+        end
+
+        def through_scope_attributes
+          scope.where_values_hash(through_association.reflection.name.to_s).
+            except!(through_association.reflection.foreign_key,
+                    through_association.reflection.klass.inheritance_column)
+        end
+
         def save_through_record(record)
           build_through_record(record).save!
         ensure
@@ -102,9 +93,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
           inverse = source_reflection.inverse_of
           if inverse
-            if inverse.macro == :has_many
+            if inverse.collection?
               record.send(inverse.name) << build_through_record(record)
-            elsif inverse.macro == :has_one
+            elsif inverse.has_one?
               record.send("#{inverse.name}=", build_through_record(record))
             end
           end
@@ -113,13 +104,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def target_reflection_has_associated_record?
-          !(through_reflection.macro == :belongs_to && owner[through_reflection.foreign_key].blank?)
+          !(through_reflection.belongs_to? && owner[through_reflection.foreign_key].blank?)
         end
 
         def update_through_counter?(method)
           case method
           when :destroy
-            !inverse_updates_counter_cache?(through_reflection)
+            !through_reflection.inverse_updates_counter_cache?
           when :nullify
             false
           else
@@ -127,13 +118,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
 
+        def delete_or_nullify_all_records(method)
+          delete_records(load_target, method)
+        end
+
         def delete_records(records, method)
           ensure_not_nested
 
-          # This is unoptimised; it will load all the target records
-          # even when we just want to delete everything.
-          records = load_target if records == :all
-
           scope = through_association.scope
           scope.where! construct_join_attributes(*records)
 
@@ -142,17 +133,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
             if scope.klass.primary_key
               count = scope.destroy_all.length
             else
-              scope.to_a.each do |record|
-                record.run_callbacks :destroy
-              end
+              scope.each(&:_run_destroy_callbacks)
 
               arel = scope.arel
 
-              stmt = Arel::DeleteManager.new arel.engine
+              stmt = Arel::DeleteManager.new
               stmt.from scope.klass.arel_table
               stmt.wheres = arel.constraints
 
-              count = scope.klass.connection.delete(stmt, 'SQL', scope.bind_values)
+              count = scope.klass.connection.delete(stmt, 'SQL', scope.bound_attributes)
             end
           when :nullify
             count = scope.update_all(source_reflection.foreign_key => nil)
@@ -167,24 +156,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
             klass.decrement_counter counter, records.map(&:id)
           end
 
-          if through_reflection.macro == :has_many && update_through_counter?(method)
+          if through_reflection.collection? && update_through_counter?(method)
             update_counter(-count, through_reflection)
+          else
+            update_counter(-count)
           end
-
-          update_counter(-count)
         end
 
         def through_records_for(record)
           attributes = construct_join_attributes(record)
           candidates = Array.wrap(through_association.target)
-          candidates.find_all { |c| c.attributes.slice(*attributes.keys) == attributes }
+          candidates.find_all do |c|
+            attributes.all? do |key, value|
+              c.public_send(key) == value
+            end
+          end
         end
 
         def delete_through_records(records)
           records.each do |record|
             through_records = through_records_for(record)
 
-            if through_reflection.macro == :has_many
+            if through_reflection.collection?
               through_records.each { |r| through_association.target.delete(r) }
             else
               if through_records.include?(through_association.target)
@@ -198,7 +191,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         def find_target
           return [] unless target_reflection_has_associated_record?
-          scope.to_a
+          get_records
         end
 
         # NOTE - not sure that we can actually cope with inverses here
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_one_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_one_association.rb
index 944caacab6..0fe9b2e81b 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_one_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_one_association.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-
 module ActiveRecord
-  # = Active Record Belongs To Has One Association
+  # = Active Record Has One Association
   module Associations
     class HasOneAssociation < SingularAssociation #:nodoc:
+      include ForeignAssociation
 
       def handle_dependency
         case options[:dependent]
@@ -11,9 +11,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         when :restrict_with_error
           if load_target
-            record = klass.human_attribute_name(reflection.name).downcase
-            owner.errors.add(:base, :"restrict_dependent_destroy.one", record: record)
-            false
+            record = owner.class.human_attribute_name(reflection.name).downcase
+            message = owner.errors.generate_message(:base, :'restrict_dependent_destroy.one', record: record, raise: true) rescue nil
+            if message
+              ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MESSAGE.squish)
+                The error key `:'restrict_dependent_destroy.one'` has been deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.1.
+                Please use `:'restrict_dependent_destroy.has_one'` instead.
+              MESSAGE
+            end
+            owner.errors.add(:base, message || :'restrict_dependent_destroy.has_one', record: record)
+            throw(:abort)
           end
 
         else
@@ -58,7 +65,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             when :destroy
               target.destroy
             when :nullify
-              target.update_columns(reflection.foreign_key => nil)
+              target.update_columns(reflection.foreign_key => nil) if target.persisted?
           end
         end
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency.rb
index 94f69d4c2d..0e4e951269 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency.rb
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def columns
-          @tables.flat_map { |t| t.column_aliases }
+          @tables.flat_map(&:column_aliases)
         end
 
         # An array of [column_name, alias] pairs for the table
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           @alias_cache[node][column]
         end
 
-        class Table < Struct.new(:node, :columns)
+        class Table < Struct.new(:node, :columns) # :nodoc:
           def table
             Arel::Nodes::TableAlias.new node.table, node.aliased_table_name
           end
@@ -93,8 +93,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #    joins # =>  []
       #
       def initialize(base, associations, joins)
-        @alias_tracker = AliasTracker.create(base.connection, joins)
-        @alias_tracker.aliased_name_for(base.table_name, base.table_name) # Updates the count for base.table_name to 1
+        @alias_tracker = AliasTracker.create_with_joins(base.connection, base.table_name, joins, base.type_caster)
         tree = self.class.make_tree associations
         @join_root = JoinBase.new base, build(tree, base)
         @join_root.children.each { |child| construct_tables! @join_root, child }
@@ -104,9 +103,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         join_root.drop(1).map!(&:reflection)
       end
 
-      def join_constraints(outer_joins)
+      def join_constraints(outer_joins, join_type)
         joins = join_root.children.flat_map { |child|
-          make_inner_joins join_root, child
+
+          if join_type == Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin
+            make_left_outer_joins join_root, child
+          else
+            make_inner_joins join_root, child
+          end
         }
 
         joins.concat outer_joins.flat_map { |oj|
@@ -131,11 +135,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def instantiate(result_set, aliases)
         primary_key = aliases.column_alias(join_root, join_root.primary_key)
-        type_caster = result_set.column_type primary_key
 
-        seen = Hash.new { |h,parent_klass|
-          h[parent_klass] = Hash.new { |i,parent_id|
-            i[parent_id] = Hash.new { |j,child_klass| j[child_klass] = {} }
+        seen = Hash.new { |i, object_id|
+          i[object_id] = Hash.new { |j, child_class|
+            j[child_class] = {}
           }
         }
 
@@ -143,12 +146,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
         parents = model_cache[join_root]
         column_aliases = aliases.column_aliases join_root
 
-        result_set.each { |row_hash|
-          primary_id = type_caster.type_cast row_hash[primary_key]
-          parent = parents[primary_id] ||= join_root.instantiate(row_hash, column_aliases)
-          construct(parent, join_root, row_hash, result_set, seen, model_cache, aliases)
+        message_bus = ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrumenter
+
+        payload = {
+          record_count: result_set.length,
+          class_name: join_root.base_klass.name
         }
 
+        message_bus.instrument('instantiation.active_record', payload) do
+          result_set.each { |row_hash|
+            parent_key = primary_key ? row_hash[primary_key] : row_hash
+            parent = parents[parent_key] ||= join_root.instantiate(row_hash, column_aliases)
+            construct(parent, join_root, row_hash, result_set, seen, model_cache, aliases)
+          }
+        end
+
         parents.values
       end
 
@@ -164,17 +176,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def make_outer_joins(parent, child)
         tables    = table_aliases_for(parent, child)
         join_type = Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin
-        joins     = make_constraints parent, child, tables, join_type
+        info      = make_constraints parent, child, tables, join_type
 
-        joins.concat child.children.flat_map { |c| make_outer_joins(child, c) }
+        [info] + child.children.flat_map { |c| make_outer_joins(child, c) }
+      end
+
+      def make_left_outer_joins(parent, child)
+        tables    = child.tables
+        join_type = Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin
+        info      = make_constraints parent, child, tables, join_type
+
+        [info] + child.children.flat_map { |c| make_left_outer_joins(child, c) }
       end
 
       def make_inner_joins(parent, child)
         tables    = child.tables
         join_type = Arel::Nodes::InnerJoin
-        joins     = make_constraints parent, child, tables, join_type
+        info      = make_constraints parent, child, tables, join_type
 
-        joins.concat child.children.flat_map { |c| make_inner_joins(child, c) }
+        [info] + child.children.flat_map { |c| make_inner_joins(child, c) }
       end
 
       def table_aliases_for(parent, node)
@@ -207,7 +227,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def find_reflection(klass, name)
-        klass.reflect_on_association(name) or
+        klass._reflect_on_association(name) or
           raise ConfigurationError, "Association named '#{ name }' was not found on #{ klass.name }; perhaps you misspelled it?"
       end
 
@@ -215,8 +235,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         associations.map do |name, right|
           reflection = find_reflection base_klass, name
           reflection.check_validity!
+          reflection.check_eager_loadable!
 
-          if reflection.options[:polymorphic]
+          if reflection.polymorphic?
             raise EagerLoadPolymorphicError.new(reflection)
           end
 
@@ -225,31 +246,34 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def construct(ar_parent, parent, row, rs, seen, model_cache, aliases)
-        primary_id  = ar_parent.id
+        return if ar_parent.nil?
 
         parent.children.each do |node|
           if node.reflection.collection?
             other = ar_parent.association(node.reflection.name)
             other.loaded!
-          else
-            if ar_parent.association_cache.key?(node.reflection.name)
-              model = ar_parent.association(node.reflection.name).target
-              construct(model, node, row, rs, seen, model_cache, aliases)
-              next
-            end
+          elsif ar_parent.association_cached?(node.reflection.name)
+            model = ar_parent.association(node.reflection.name).target
+            construct(model, node, row, rs, seen, model_cache, aliases)
+            next
           end
 
           key = aliases.column_alias(node, node.primary_key)
           id = row[key]
-          next if id.nil?
+          if id.nil?
+            nil_association = ar_parent.association(node.reflection.name)
+            nil_association.loaded!
+            next
+          end
 
-          model = seen[parent.base_klass][primary_id][node.base_klass][id]
+          model = seen[ar_parent.object_id][node.base_klass][id]
 
           if model
             construct(model, node, row, rs, seen, model_cache, aliases)
           else
             model = construct_model(ar_parent, node, row, model_cache, id, aliases)
-            seen[parent.base_klass][primary_id][node.base_klass][id] = model
+            model.readonly!
+            seen[ar_parent.object_id][node.base_klass][id] = model
             construct(model, node, row, rs, seen, model_cache, aliases)
           end
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_association.rb
index cee3c9999f..a6ad09a38a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_association.rb
@@ -21,8 +21,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
           super && reflection == other.reflection
         end
 
+        JoinInformation = Struct.new :joins, :binds
+
         def join_constraints(foreign_table, foreign_klass, node, join_type, tables, scope_chain, chain)
           joins         = []
+          binds         = []
           tables        = tables.reverse
 
           scope_chain_index = 0
@@ -34,47 +37,55 @@ module ActiveRecord
             table = tables.shift
             klass = reflection.klass
 
-            case reflection.source_macro
-            when :belongs_to
-              key         = reflection.association_primary_key
-              foreign_key = reflection.foreign_key
-            else
-              key         = reflection.foreign_key
-              foreign_key = reflection.active_record_primary_key
-            end
+            join_keys   = reflection.join_keys(klass)
+            key         = join_keys.key
+            foreign_key = join_keys.foreign_key
 
             constraint = build_constraint(klass, table, key, foreign_table, foreign_key)
 
+            predicate_builder = PredicateBuilder.new(TableMetadata.new(klass, table))
             scope_chain_items = scope_chain[scope_chain_index].map do |item|
               if item.is_a?(Relation)
                 item
               else
-                ActiveRecord::Relation.create(klass, table).instance_exec(node, &item)
+                ActiveRecord::Relation.create(klass, table, predicate_builder)
+                  .instance_exec(node, &item)
               end
             end
             scope_chain_index += 1
 
-            scope_chain_items.concat [klass.send(:build_default_scope)].compact
+            relation = ActiveRecord::Relation.create(
+              klass,
+              table,
+              predicate_builder,
+            )
+            scope_chain_items.concat [klass.send(:build_default_scope, relation)].compact
 
             rel = scope_chain_items.inject(scope_chain_items.shift) do |left, right|
               left.merge right
             end
 
-            if reflection.type
-              constraint = constraint.and table[reflection.type].eq foreign_klass.base_class.name
-            end
-
             if rel && !rel.arel.constraints.empty?
+              binds += rel.bound_attributes
               constraint = constraint.and rel.arel.constraints
             end
 
+            if reflection.type
+              value = foreign_klass.base_class.name
+              column = klass.columns_hash[reflection.type.to_s]
+
+              substitute = klass.connection.substitute_at(column)
+              binds << Relation::QueryAttribute.new(column.name, value, klass.type_for_attribute(column.name))
+              constraint = constraint.and table[reflection.type].eq substitute
+            end
+
             joins << table.create_join(table, table.create_on(constraint), join_type)
 
             # The current table in this iteration becomes the foreign table in the next
             foreign_table, foreign_klass = table, klass
           end
 
-          joins
+          JoinInformation.new joins, binds
         end
 
         #  Builds equality condition.
@@ -86,7 +97,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #  end
         #
         #  If I execute `Physician.joins(:appointments).to_a` then
-        #    reflection    # => #<ActiveRecord::Reflection::AssociationReflection @macro=:has_many ...>
+        #    klass         # => Physician
         #    table         # => #<Arel::Table @name="appointments" ...>
         #    key           # =>  physician_id
         #    foreign_table # => #<Arel::Table @name="physicians" ...>
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_part.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_part.rb
index 91e1c6a9d7..9c6573f913 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_part.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_part.rb
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         def initialize(base_klass, children)
           @base_klass = base_klass
-          @column_names_with_alias = nil
           @children = children
         end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader.rb
index 83637a0409..ecf6fb8643 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader.rb
@@ -2,33 +2,42 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module Associations
     # Implements the details of eager loading of Active Record associations.
     #
-    # Note that 'eager loading' and 'preloading' are actually the same thing.
-    # However, there are two different eager loading strategies.
+    # Suppose that you have the following two Active Record models:
     #
-    # The first one is by using table joins. This was only strategy available
-    # prior to Rails 2.1. Suppose that you have an Author model with columns
-    # 'name' and 'age', and a Book model with columns 'name' and 'sales'. Using
-    # this strategy, Active Record would try to retrieve all data for an author
-    # and all of its books via a single query:
+    #   class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     # columns: name, age
+    #     has_many :books
+    #   end
     #
-    #   SELECT * FROM authors
-    #   LEFT OUTER JOIN books ON authors.id = books.author_id
-    #   WHERE authors.name = 'Ken Akamatsu'
+    #   class Book < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     # columns: title, sales, author_id
+    #   end
     #
-    # However, this could result in many rows that contain redundant data. After
-    # having received the first row, we already have enough data to instantiate
-    # the Author object. In all subsequent rows, only the data for the joined
-    # 'books' table is useful; the joined 'authors' data is just redundant, and
-    # processing this redundant data takes memory and CPU time. The problem
-    # quickly becomes worse and worse as the level of eager loading increases
-    # (i.e. if Active Record is to eager load the associations' associations as
-    # well).
+    # When you load an author with all associated books Active Record will make
+    # multiple queries like this:
+    #
+    #   Author.includes(:books).where(name: ['bell hooks', 'Homer']).to_a
+    #
+    #   => SELECT `authors`.* FROM `authors` WHERE `name` IN ('bell hooks', 'Homer')
+    #   => SELECT `books`.* FROM `books` WHERE `author_id` IN (2, 5)
+    #
+    # Active Record saves the ids of the records from the first query to use in
+    # the second. Depending on the number of associations involved there can be
+    # arbitrarily many SQL queries made.
+    #
+    # However, if there is a WHERE clause that spans across tables Active
+    # Record will fall back to a slightly more resource-intensive single query:
+    #
+    #   Author.includes(:books).where(books: {title: 'Illiad'}).to_a
+    #   => SELECT `authors`.`id` AS t0_r0, `authors`.`name` AS t0_r1, `authors`.`age` AS t0_r2,
+    #             `books`.`id`   AS t1_r0, `books`.`title`  AS t1_r1, `books`.`sales` AS t1_r2
+    #      FROM `authors`
+    #      LEFT OUTER JOIN `books` ON `authors`.`id` =  `books`.`author_id`
+    #      WHERE `books`.`title` = 'Illiad'
+    #
+    # This could result in many rows that contain redundant data and it performs poorly at scale
+    # and is therefore only used when necessary.
     #
-    # The second strategy is to use multiple database queries, one for each
-    # level of association. Since Rails 2.1, this is the default strategy. In
-    # situations where a table join is necessary (e.g. when the +:conditions+
-    # option references an association's column), it will fallback to the table
-    # join strategy.
     class Preloader #:nodoc:
       extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
 
@@ -45,6 +54,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         autoload :BelongsTo,           'active_record/associations/preloader/belongs_to'
       end
 
+      NULL_RELATION = Struct.new(:values, :where_clause, :joins_values).new({}, Relation::WhereClause.empty, [])
+
       # Eager loads the named associations for the given Active Record record(s).
       #
       # In this description, 'association name' shall refer to the name passed
@@ -79,9 +90,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   [ :books, :author ]
       #   { author: :avatar }
       #   [ :books, { author: :avatar } ]
-
-      NULL_RELATION = Struct.new(:values).new({})
-
       def preload(records, associations, preload_scope = nil)
         records       = Array.wrap(records).compact.uniq
         associations  = Array.wrap(associations)
@@ -98,6 +106,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       private
 
+      # Loads all the given data into +records+ for the +association+.
       def preloaders_on(association, records, scope)
         case association
         when Hash
@@ -107,21 +116,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
         when String
           preloaders_for_one(association.to_sym, records, scope)
         else
-          raise ArgumentError, "#{association.inspect} was not recognised for preload"
+          raise ArgumentError, "#{association.inspect} was not recognized for preload"
         end
       end
 
       def preloaders_for_hash(association, records, scope)
-        parent, child = association.to_a.first # hash should only be of length 1
-
-        loaders = preloaders_for_one parent, records, scope
+        association.flat_map { |parent, child|
+          loaders = preloaders_for_one parent, records, scope
 
-        recs = loaders.flat_map(&:preloaded_records).uniq
-        loaders.concat Array.wrap(child).flat_map { |assoc|
-          preloaders_on assoc, recs, scope
+          recs = loaders.flat_map(&:preloaded_records).uniq
+          loaders.concat Array.wrap(child).flat_map { |assoc|
+            preloaders_on assoc, recs, scope
+          }
+          loaders
         }
       end
 
+      # Loads all the given data into +records+ for a singular +association+.
+      #
+      # Functions by instantiating a preloader class such as Preloader::HasManyThrough and
+      # call the +run+ method for each passed in class in the +records+ argument.
+      #
       # Not all records have the same class, so group then preload group on the reflection
       # itself so that if various subclass share the same association then we do not split
       # them unnecessarily
@@ -140,39 +155,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def grouped_records(association, records)
-        reflection_records = records_by_reflection(association, records)
-
-        reflection_records.each_with_object({}) do |(reflection, r_records),h|
-          h[reflection] = r_records.group_by { |record|
-            association_klass(reflection, record)
-          }
-        end
-      end
-
-      def records_by_reflection(association, records)
-        records.group_by do |record|
-          reflection = record.class.reflect_on_association(association)
-
-          reflection || raise_config_error(record, association)
-        end
-      end
-
-      def raise_config_error(record, association)
-        raise ActiveRecord::ConfigurationError,
-              "Association named '#{association}' was not found on #{record.class.name}; " \
-              "perhaps you misspelled it?"
-      end
-
-      def association_klass(reflection, record)
-        if reflection.macro == :belongs_to && reflection.options[:polymorphic]
-          klass = record.read_attribute(reflection.foreign_type.to_s)
-          klass && klass.constantize
-        else
-          reflection.klass
+        h = {}
+        records.each do |record|
+          next unless record
+          assoc = record.association(association)
+          klasses = h[assoc.reflection] ||= {}
+          (klasses[assoc.klass] ||= []) << record
         end
+        h
       end
 
-      class AlreadyLoaded
+      class AlreadyLoaded # :nodoc:
         attr_reader :owners, :reflection
 
         def initialize(klass, owners, reflection, preload_scope)
@@ -187,17 +180,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      class NullPreloader
+      class NullPreloader # :nodoc:
         def self.new(klass, owners, reflection, preload_scope); self; end
         def self.run(preloader); end
+        def self.preloaded_records; []; end
       end
 
+      # Returns a class containing the logic needed to load preload the data
+      # and attach it to a relation. For example +Preloader::Association+ or
+      # +Preloader::HasManyThrough+. The class returned implements a `run` method
+      # that accepts a preloader.
       def preloader_for(reflection, owners, rhs_klass)
         return NullPreloader unless rhs_klass
 
         if owners.first.association(reflection.name).loaded?
           return AlreadyLoaded
         end
+        reflection.check_preloadable!
 
         case reflection.macro
         when :has_many
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/association.rb
index 69b65982b3..e11a5cfb8a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/association.rb
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           @preload_scope = preload_scope
           @model         = owners.first && owners.first.class
           @scope         = nil
-          @owners_by_key = nil
           @preloaded_records = []
         end
 
@@ -33,7 +32,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def query_scope(ids)
-          scope.where(association_key.in(ids))
+          scope.where(association_key_name => ids)
         end
 
         def table
@@ -56,12 +55,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           raise NotImplementedError
         end
 
-        def owners_by_key
-          @owners_by_key ||= owners.group_by do |owner|
-            owner[owner_key_name]
-          end
-        end
-
         def options
           reflection.options
         end
@@ -69,38 +62,54 @@ module ActiveRecord
         private
 
         def associated_records_by_owner(preloader)
-          owners_map = owners_by_key
-          owner_keys = owners_map.keys.compact
+          records = load_records
+          owners.each_with_object({}) do |owner, result|
+            result[owner] = records[convert_key(owner[owner_key_name])] || []
+          end
+        end
 
-          # Each record may have multiple owners, and vice-versa
-          records_by_owner = owners.each_with_object({}) do |owner,h|
-            h[owner] = []
+        def owner_keys
+          unless defined?(@owner_keys)
+            @owner_keys = owners.map do |owner|
+              owner[owner_key_name]
+            end
+            @owner_keys.uniq!
+            @owner_keys.compact!
           end
+          @owner_keys
+        end
 
-          if owner_keys.any?
-            # Some databases impose a limit on the number of ids in a list (in Oracle it's 1000)
-            # Make several smaller queries if necessary or make one query if the adapter supports it
-            sliced  = owner_keys.each_slice(klass.connection.in_clause_length || owner_keys.size)
+        def key_conversion_required?
+          @key_conversion_required ||= association_key_type != owner_key_type
+        end
 
-            records = load_slices sliced
-            records.each do |record, owner_key|
-              owners_map[owner_key].each do |owner|
-                records_by_owner[owner] << record
-              end
-            end
+        def convert_key(key)
+          if key_conversion_required?
+            key.to_s
+          else
+            key
           end
+        end
 
-          records_by_owner
+        def association_key_type
+          @klass.type_for_attribute(association_key_name.to_s).type
         end
 
-        def load_slices(slices)
-          @preloaded_records = slices.flat_map { |slice|
-            records_for(slice)
-          }
+        def owner_key_type
+          @model.type_for_attribute(owner_key_name.to_s).type
+        end
 
-          @preloaded_records.map { |record|
-            [record, record[association_key_name]]
-          }
+        def load_records
+          return {} if owner_keys.empty?
+          # Some databases impose a limit on the number of ids in a list (in Oracle it's 1000)
+          # Make several smaller queries if necessary or make one query if the adapter supports it
+          slices  = owner_keys.each_slice(klass.connection.in_clause_length || owner_keys.size)
+          @preloaded_records = slices.flat_map do |slice|
+            records_for(slice)
+          end
+          @preloaded_records.group_by do |record| 
+            convert_key(record[association_key_name])
+          end
         end
 
         def reflection_scope
@@ -110,27 +119,39 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def build_scope
           scope = klass.unscoped
 
-          values         = reflection_scope.values
+          values = reflection_scope.values
           preload_values = preload_scope.values
 
-          scope.where_values      = Array(values[:where])      + Array(preload_values[:where])
+          scope.where_clause = reflection_scope.where_clause + preload_scope.where_clause
           scope.references_values = Array(values[:references]) + Array(preload_values[:references])
 
-          scope.select!   preload_values[:select] || values[:select] || table[Arel.star]
+          if preload_values[:select] || values[:select]
+            scope._select!(preload_values[:select] || values[:select])
+          end
           scope.includes! preload_values[:includes] || values[:includes]
-
-          if preload_values.key? :order
-            scope.order! preload_values[:order]
+          if preload_scope.joins_values.any?
+            scope.joins!(preload_scope.joins_values)
           else
-            if values.key? :order
-              scope.order! values[:order]
-            end
+            scope.joins!(reflection_scope.joins_values)
+          end
+
+          if order_values = preload_values[:order] || values[:order]
+            scope.order!(order_values)
+          end
+
+          if preload_values[:reordering] || values[:reordering]
+            scope.reordering_value = true
+          end
+
+          if preload_values[:readonly] || values[:readonly]
+            scope.readonly!
           end
 
           if options[:as]
             scope.where!(klass.table_name => { reflection.type => model.base_class.sti_name })
           end
 
+          scope.unscope_values = Array(values[:unscope]) + Array(preload_values[:unscope])
           klass.default_scoped.merge(scope)
         end
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/collection_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/collection_association.rb
index 5adffcd831..9939280fa4 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/collection_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/collection_association.rb
@@ -2,13 +2,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module Associations
     class Preloader
       class CollectionAssociation < Association #:nodoc:
-
         private
 
-        def build_scope
-          super.order(preload_scope.values[:order] || reflection_scope.values[:order])
-        end
-
         def preload(preloader)
           associated_records_by_owner(preloader).each do |owner, records|
             association = owner.association(reflection.name)
@@ -17,7 +12,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
             records.each { |record| association.set_inverse_instance(record) }
           end
         end
-
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/has_many_through.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/has_many_through.rb
index 7b37b5942d..2029871f39 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/has_many_through.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/has_many_through.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           records_by_owner = super
 
           if reflection_scope.distinct_value
-            records_by_owner.each_value { |records| records.uniq! }
+            records_by_owner.each_value(&:uniq!)
           end
 
           records_by_owner
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/has_one.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/has_one.rb
index 24728e9f01..c4add621ca 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/has_one.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/has_one.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module Associations
     class Preloader
       class HasOne < SingularAssociation #:nodoc:
-
         def association_key_name
           reflection.foreign_key
         end
@@ -10,13 +9,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def owner_key_name
           reflection.active_record_primary_key
         end
-
-        private
-
-        def build_scope
-          super.order(preload_scope.values[:order] || reflection_scope.values[:order])
-        end
-
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/through_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/through_association.rb
index 2a8530af62..24aa47bb51 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/through_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/through_association.rb
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
           reset_association owners, through_reflection.name
 
-          middle_records = through_records.map { |(_,rec)| rec }.flatten
+          middle_records = through_records.flat_map { |(_,rec)| rec }
 
           preloaders = preloader.preload(middle_records,
                                          source_reflection.name,
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           should_reset = (through_scope != through_reflection.klass.unscoped) ||
              (reflection.options[:source_type] && through_reflection.collection?)
 
-          # Dont cache the association - we would only be caching a subset
+          # Don't cache the association - we would only be caching a subset
           if should_reset
             owners.each { |owner|
               owner.association(association_name).reset
@@ -78,13 +78,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
           if options[:source_type]
             scope.where! reflection.foreign_type => options[:source_type]
           else
-            unless reflection_scope.where_values.empty?
+            unless reflection_scope.where_clause.empty?
               scope.includes_values = Array(reflection_scope.values[:includes] || options[:source])
-              scope.where_values    = reflection_scope.values[:where]
+              scope.where_clause = reflection_scope.where_clause
             end
 
             scope.references! reflection_scope.values[:references]
-            scope.order! reflection_scope.values[:order] if scope.eager_loading?
+            if scope.eager_loading? && order_values = reflection_scope.values[:order]
+              scope = scope.order(order_values)
+            end
           end
 
           scope
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/singular_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/singular_association.rb
index 399aff378a..c7cc48ba16 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/singular_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/singular_association.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     class SingularAssociation < Association #:nodoc:
       # Implements the reader method, e.g. foo.bar for Foo.has_one :bar
       def reader(force_reload = false)
-        if force_reload
+        if force_reload && klass
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
+            Passing an argument to force an association to reload is now
+            deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.1. Please call `reload`
+            on the parent object instead.
+          MSG
+
           klass.uncached { reload }
         elsif !loaded? || stale_target?
           reload
@@ -18,11 +24,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def create(attributes = {}, &block)
-        create_record(attributes, &block)
+        _create_record(attributes, &block)
       end
 
       def create!(attributes = {}, &block)
-        create_record(attributes, true, &block)
+        _create_record(attributes, true, &block)
       end
 
       def build(attributes = {})
@@ -38,8 +44,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
           scope.scope_for_create.stringify_keys.except(klass.primary_key)
         end
 
+        def get_records
+          return scope.limit(1).to_a if skip_statement_cache?
+
+          conn = klass.connection
+          sc = reflection.association_scope_cache(conn, owner) do
+            StatementCache.create(conn) { |params|
+              as = AssociationScope.create { params.bind }
+              target_scope.merge(as.scope(self, conn)).limit(1)
+            }
+          end
+
+          binds = AssociationScope.get_bind_values(owner, reflection.chain)
+          sc.execute binds, klass, klass.connection
+        end
+
         def find_target
-          if record = scope.take
+          if record = get_records.first
             set_inverse_instance record
           end
         end
@@ -52,7 +73,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           replace(record)
         end
 
-        def create_record(attributes, raise_error = false)
+        def _create_record(attributes, raise_error = false)
           record = build_record(attributes)
           yield(record) if block_given?
           saved = record.save
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/through_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/through_association.rb
index ba7d2a3782..d0ec3e8015 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/through_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/through_association.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module Associations
     module ThroughAssociation #:nodoc:
 
-      delegate :source_reflection, :through_reflection, :chain, :to => :reflection
+      delegate :source_reflection, :through_reflection, :to => :reflection
 
       protected
 
@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #   2. To get the type conditions for any STI models in the chain
         def target_scope
           scope = super
-          chain.drop(1).each do |reflection|
+          reflection.chain.drop(1).each do |reflection|
+            relation = reflection.klass.all
             scope.merge!(
-              reflection.klass.all.
-                except(:select, :create_with, :includes, :preload, :joins, :eager_load)
+              relation.except(:select, :create_with, :includes, :preload, :joins, :eager_load)
             )
           end
           scope
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # Construct attributes for :through pointing to owner and associate. This is used by the
         # methods which create and delete records on the association.
         #
-        # We only support indirectly modifying through associations which has a belongs_to source.
+        # We only support indirectly modifying through associations which have a belongs_to source.
         # This is the "has_many :tags, through: :taggings" situation, where the join model
         # typically has a belongs_to on both side. In other words, associations which could also
         # be represented as has_and_belongs_to_many associations.
@@ -39,12 +39,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def construct_join_attributes(*records)
           ensure_mutable
 
-          join_attributes = {
-            source_reflection.foreign_key =>
-              records.map { |record|
-                record.send(source_reflection.association_primary_key(reflection.klass))
-              }
-          }
+          if source_reflection.association_primary_key(reflection.klass) == reflection.klass.primary_key
+            join_attributes = { source_reflection.name => records }
+          else
+            join_attributes = {
+              source_reflection.foreign_key =>
+                records.map { |record|
+                  record.send(source_reflection.association_primary_key(reflection.klass))
+                }
+            }
+          end
 
           if options[:source_type]
             join_attributes[source_reflection.foreign_type] =
@@ -61,27 +65,45 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # Note: this does not capture all cases, for example it would be crazy to try to
         # properly support stale-checking for nested associations.
         def stale_state
-          if through_reflection.macro == :belongs_to
+          if through_reflection.belongs_to?
             owner[through_reflection.foreign_key] && owner[through_reflection.foreign_key].to_s
           end
         end
 
         def foreign_key_present?
-          through_reflection.macro == :belongs_to &&
-          !owner[through_reflection.foreign_key].nil?
+          through_reflection.belongs_to? && !owner[through_reflection.foreign_key].nil?
         end
 
         def ensure_mutable
-          if source_reflection.macro != :belongs_to
-            raise HasManyThroughCantAssociateThroughHasOneOrManyReflection.new(owner, reflection)
+          unless source_reflection.belongs_to?
+            if reflection.has_one?
+              raise HasOneThroughCantAssociateThroughHasOneOrManyReflection.new(owner, reflection)
+            else
+              raise HasManyThroughCantAssociateThroughHasOneOrManyReflection.new(owner, reflection)
+            end
           end
         end
 
         def ensure_not_nested
           if reflection.nested?
-            raise HasManyThroughNestedAssociationsAreReadonly.new(owner, reflection)
+            if reflection.has_one?
+              raise HasOneThroughNestedAssociationsAreReadonly.new(owner, reflection)
+            else
+              raise HasManyThroughNestedAssociationsAreReadonly.new(owner, reflection)
+            end
           end
         end
+
+        def build_record(attributes)
+          inverse = source_reflection.inverse_of
+          target = through_association.target
+
+          if inverse && target && !target.is_a?(Array)
+            attributes[inverse.foreign_key] = target.id
+          end
+
+          super(attributes)
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3c4c8f10ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  class Attribute # :nodoc:
+    class << self
+      def from_database(name, value, type)
+        FromDatabase.new(name, value, type)
+      end
+
+      def from_user(name, value, type, original_attribute = nil)
+        FromUser.new(name, value, type, original_attribute)
+      end
+
+      def with_cast_value(name, value, type)
+        WithCastValue.new(name, value, type)
+      end
+
+      def null(name)
+        Null.new(name)
+      end
+
+      def uninitialized(name, type)
+        Uninitialized.new(name, type)
+      end
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :name, :value_before_type_cast, :type
+
+    # This method should not be called directly.
+    # Use #from_database or #from_user
+    def initialize(name, value_before_type_cast, type, original_attribute = nil)
+      @name = name
+      @value_before_type_cast = value_before_type_cast
+      @type = type
+      @original_attribute = original_attribute
+    end
+
+    def value
+      # `defined?` is cheaper than `||=` when we get back falsy values
+      @value = type_cast(value_before_type_cast) unless defined?(@value)
+      @value
+    end
+
+    def original_value
+      if assigned?
+        original_attribute.original_value
+      else
+        type_cast(value_before_type_cast)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def value_for_database
+      type.serialize(value)
+    end
+
+    def changed?
+      changed_from_assignment? || changed_in_place?
+    end
+
+    def changed_in_place?
+      has_been_read? && type.changed_in_place?(original_value_for_database, value)
+    end
+
+    def forgetting_assignment
+      with_value_from_database(value_for_database)
+    end
+
+    def with_value_from_user(value)
+      type.assert_valid_value(value)
+      self.class.from_user(name, value, type, self)
+    end
+
+    def with_value_from_database(value)
+      self.class.from_database(name, value, type)
+    end
+
+    def with_cast_value(value)
+      self.class.with_cast_value(name, value, type)
+    end
+
+    def with_type(type)
+      self.class.new(name, value_before_type_cast, type, original_attribute)
+    end
+
+    def type_cast(*)
+      raise NotImplementedError
+    end
+
+    def initialized?
+      true
+    end
+
+    def came_from_user?
+      false
+    end
+
+    def has_been_read?
+      defined?(@value)
+    end
+
+    def ==(other)
+      self.class == other.class &&
+        name == other.name &&
+        value_before_type_cast == other.value_before_type_cast &&
+        type == other.type
+    end
+    alias eql? ==
+
+    def hash
+      [self.class, name, value_before_type_cast, type].hash
+    end
+
+    protected
+
+    attr_reader :original_attribute
+    alias_method :assigned?, :original_attribute
+
+    def initialize_dup(other)
+      if defined?(@value) && @value.duplicable?
+        @value = @value.dup
+      end
+    end
+
+    def changed_from_assignment?
+      assigned? && type.changed?(original_value, value, value_before_type_cast)
+    end
+
+    def original_value_for_database
+      if assigned?
+        original_attribute.original_value_for_database
+      else
+        _original_value_for_database
+      end
+    end
+
+    def _original_value_for_database
+      value_for_database
+    end
+
+    class FromDatabase < Attribute # :nodoc:
+      def type_cast(value)
+        type.deserialize(value)
+      end
+
+      def _original_value_for_database
+        value_before_type_cast
+      end
+    end
+
+    class FromUser < Attribute # :nodoc:
+      def type_cast(value)
+        type.cast(value)
+      end
+
+      def came_from_user?
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    class WithCastValue < Attribute # :nodoc:
+      def type_cast(value)
+        value
+      end
+
+      def changed_in_place_from?(old_value)
+        false
+      end
+    end
+
+    class Null < Attribute # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(name)
+        super(name, nil, Type::Value.new)
+      end
+
+      def value
+        nil
+      end
+
+      def with_type(type)
+        self.class.with_cast_value(name, nil, type)
+      end
+
+      def with_value_from_database(value)
+        raise ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError, "can't write unknown attribute `#{name}`"
+      end
+      alias_method :with_value_from_user, :with_value_from_database
+    end
+
+    class Uninitialized < Attribute # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(name, type)
+        super(name, nil, type)
+      end
+
+      def value
+        if block_given?
+          yield name
+        end
+      end
+
+      def value_for_database
+      end
+
+      def initialized?
+        false
+      end
+    end
+    private_constant :FromDatabase, :FromUser, :Null, :Uninitialized, :WithCastValue
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute/user_provided_default.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute/user_provided_default.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6dbd92ce28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute/user_provided_default.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+require 'active_record/attribute'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class Attribute # :nodoc:
+    class UserProvidedDefault < FromUser # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(name, value, type, database_default)
+        super(name, value, type, database_default)
+      end
+
+      def type_cast(value)
+        if value.is_a?(Proc)
+          super(value.call)
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      def with_type(type)
+        self.class.new(name, value_before_type_cast, type, original_attribute)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_assignment.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_assignment.rb
index 30fa2c8ba5..a6d81c82b4 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_assignment.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_assignment.rb
@@ -3,52 +3,38 @@ require 'active_model/forbidden_attributes_protection'
 module ActiveRecord
   module AttributeAssignment
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-    include ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesProtection
-
-    # Allows you to set all the attributes by passing in a hash of attributes with
-    # keys matching the attribute names (which again matches the column names).
-    #
-    # If the passed hash responds to <tt>permitted?</tt> method and the return value
-    # of this method is +false+ an <tt>ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesError</tt>
-    # exception is raised.
-    def assign_attributes(new_attributes)
-      if !new_attributes.respond_to?(:stringify_keys)
-        raise ArgumentError, "When assigning attributes, you must pass a hash as an argument."
-      end
-      return if new_attributes.blank?
+    include ActiveModel::AttributeAssignment
+
+    # Alias for ActiveModel::AttributeAssignment#assign_attributes. See ActiveModel::AttributeAssignment.
+    def attributes=(attributes)
+      assign_attributes(attributes)
+    end
 
-      attributes                  = new_attributes.stringify_keys
-      multi_parameter_attributes  = []
-      nested_parameter_attributes = []
+    private
 
-      attributes = sanitize_for_mass_assignment(attributes)
+    def _assign_attributes(attributes) # :nodoc:
+      multi_parameter_attributes  = {}
+      nested_parameter_attributes = {}
 
       attributes.each do |k, v|
         if k.include?("(")
-          multi_parameter_attributes << [ k, v ]
+          multi_parameter_attributes[k] = attributes.delete(k)
         elsif v.is_a?(Hash)
-          nested_parameter_attributes << [ k, v ]
-        else
-          _assign_attribute(k, v)
+          nested_parameter_attributes[k] = attributes.delete(k)
         end
       end
+      super(attributes)
 
       assign_nested_parameter_attributes(nested_parameter_attributes) unless nested_parameter_attributes.empty?
       assign_multiparameter_attributes(multi_parameter_attributes) unless multi_parameter_attributes.empty?
     end
 
-    alias attributes= assign_attributes
-
-    private
-
-    def _assign_attribute(k, v)
-      public_send("#{k}=", v)
-    rescue NoMethodError
-      if respond_to?("#{k}=")
-        raise
-      else
-        raise UnknownAttributeError.new(self, k)
-      end
+    # Tries to assign given value to given attribute.
+    # In case of an error, re-raises with the ActiveRecord constant.
+    def _assign_attribute(k, v) # :nodoc:
+      super
+    rescue ActiveModel::UnknownAttributeError
+      raise UnknownAttributeError.new(self, k)
     end
 
     # Assign any deferred nested attributes after the base attributes have been set.
@@ -72,13 +58,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
       errors = []
       callstack.each do |name, values_with_empty_parameters|
         begin
-          send("#{name}=", MultiparameterAttribute.new(self, name, values_with_empty_parameters).read_value)
+          if values_with_empty_parameters.each_value.all?(&:nil?)
+            values = nil
+          else
+            values = values_with_empty_parameters
+          end
+          send("#{name}=", values)
         rescue => ex
           errors << AttributeAssignmentError.new("error on assignment #{values_with_empty_parameters.values.inspect} to #{name} (#{ex.message})", ex, name)
         end
       end
       unless errors.empty?
-        error_descriptions = errors.map { |ex| ex.message }.join(",")
+        error_descriptions = errors.map(&:message).join(",")
         raise MultiparameterAssignmentErrors.new(errors), "#{errors.size} error(s) on assignment of multiparameter attributes [#{error_descriptions}]"
       end
     end
@@ -104,101 +95,5 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def find_parameter_position(multiparameter_name)
       multiparameter_name.scan(/\(([0-9]*).*\)/).first.first.to_i
     end
-
-    class MultiparameterAttribute #:nodoc:
-      attr_reader :object, :name, :values, :column
-
-      def initialize(object, name, values)
-        @object = object
-        @name   = name
-        @values = values
-      end
-
-      def read_value
-        return if values.values.compact.empty?
-
-        @column = object.class.reflect_on_aggregation(name.to_sym) || object.column_for_attribute(name)
-        klass   = column.klass
-
-        if klass == Time
-          read_time
-        elsif klass == Date
-          read_date
-        else
-          read_other(klass)
-        end
-      end
-
-      private
-
-      def instantiate_time_object(set_values)
-        if object.class.send(:create_time_zone_conversion_attribute?, name, column)
-          Time.zone.local(*set_values)
-        else
-          Time.send(object.class.default_timezone, *set_values)
-        end
-      end
-
-      def read_time
-        # If column is a :time (and not :date or :timestamp) there is no need to validate if
-        # there are year/month/day fields
-        if column.type == :time
-          # if the column is a time set the values to their defaults as January 1, 1970, but only if they're nil
-          { 1 => 1970, 2 => 1, 3 => 1 }.each do |key,value|
-            values[key] ||= value
-          end
-        else
-          # else column is a timestamp, so if Date bits were not provided, error
-          validate_required_parameters!([1,2,3])
-
-          # If Date bits were provided but blank, then return nil
-          return if blank_date_parameter?
-        end
-
-        max_position = extract_max_param(6)
-        set_values   = values.values_at(*(1..max_position))
-        # If Time bits are not there, then default to 0
-        (3..5).each { |i| set_values[i] = set_values[i].presence || 0 }
-        instantiate_time_object(set_values)
-      end
-
-      def read_date
-        return if blank_date_parameter?
-        set_values = values.values_at(1,2,3)
-        begin
-          Date.new(*set_values)
-        rescue ArgumentError # if Date.new raises an exception on an invalid date
-          instantiate_time_object(set_values).to_date # we instantiate Time object and convert it back to a date thus using Time's logic in handling invalid dates
-        end
-      end
-
-      def read_other(klass)
-        max_position = extract_max_param
-        positions    = (1..max_position)
-        validate_required_parameters!(positions)
-
-        set_values = values.values_at(*positions)
-        klass.new(*set_values)
-      end
-
-      # Checks whether some blank date parameter exists. Note that this is different
-      # than the validate_required_parameters! method, since it just checks for blank
-      # positions instead of missing ones, and does not raise in case one blank position
-      # exists. The caller is responsible to handle the case of this returning true.
-      def blank_date_parameter?
-        (1..3).any? { |position| values[position].blank? }
-      end
-
-      # If some position is not provided, it errors out a missing parameter exception.
-      def validate_required_parameters!(positions)
-        if missing_parameter = positions.detect { |position| !values.key?(position) }
-          raise ArgumentError.new("Missing Parameter - #{name}(#{missing_parameter})")
-        end
-      end
-
-      def extract_max_param(upper_cap = 100)
-        [values.keys.max, upper_cap].min
-      end
-    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_decorators.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_decorators.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7d0ae32411
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_decorators.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module AttributeDecorators # :nodoc:
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    included do
+      class_attribute :attribute_type_decorations, instance_accessor: false # :internal:
+      self.attribute_type_decorations = TypeDecorator.new
+    end
+
+    module ClassMethods # :nodoc:
+      def decorate_attribute_type(column_name, decorator_name, &block)
+        matcher = ->(name, _) { name == column_name.to_s }
+        key = "_#{column_name}_#{decorator_name}"
+        decorate_matching_attribute_types(matcher, key, &block)
+      end
+
+      def decorate_matching_attribute_types(matcher, decorator_name, &block)
+        reload_schema_from_cache
+        decorator_name = decorator_name.to_s
+
+        # Create new hashes so we don't modify parent classes
+        self.attribute_type_decorations = attribute_type_decorations.merge(decorator_name => [matcher, block])
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def load_schema!
+        super
+        attribute_types.each do |name, type|
+          decorated_type = attribute_type_decorations.apply(name, type)
+          define_attribute(name, decorated_type)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    class TypeDecorator # :nodoc:
+      delegate :clear, to: :@decorations
+
+      def initialize(decorations = {})
+        @decorations = decorations
+      end
+
+      def merge(*args)
+        TypeDecorator.new(@decorations.merge(*args))
+      end
+
+      def apply(name, type)
+        decorations = decorators_for(name, type)
+        decorations.inject(type) do |new_type, block|
+          block.call(new_type)
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def decorators_for(name, type)
+        matching(name, type).map(&:last)
+      end
+
+      def matching(name, type)
+        @decorations.values.select do |(matcher, _)|
+          matcher.call(name, type)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods.rb
index 57ceec2fc5..423a93964e 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/enumerable'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/filters'
 require 'mutex_m'
-require 'thread_safe'
+require 'concurrent/map'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   # = Active Record Attribute Methods
@@ -18,6 +19,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       include TimeZoneConversion
       include Dirty
       include Serialization
+
+      delegate :column_for_attribute, to: :class
     end
 
     AttrNames = Module.new {
@@ -29,15 +32,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     }
 
+    BLACKLISTED_CLASS_METHODS = %w(private public protected allocate new name parent superclass)
+
     class AttributeMethodCache
       def initialize
         @module = Module.new
-        @method_cache = ThreadSafe::Cache.new
+        @method_cache = Concurrent::Map.new
       end
 
       def [](name)
         @method_cache.compute_if_absent(name) do
-          safe_name = name.unpack('h*').first
+          safe_name = name.unpack('h*'.freeze).first
           temp_method = "__temp__#{safe_name}"
           ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::AttrNames.set_name_cache safe_name, name
           @module.module_eval method_body(temp_method, safe_name), __FILE__, __LINE__
@@ -46,9 +51,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-      def method_body; raise NotImplementedError; end
+
+      # Override this method in the subclasses for method body.
+      def method_body(method_name, const_name)
+        raise NotImplementedError, "Subclasses must implement a method_body(method_name, const_name) method."
+      end
     end
 
+    class GeneratedAttributeMethods < Module; end # :nodoc:
+
     module ClassMethods
       def inherited(child_class) #:nodoc:
         child_class.initialize_generated_modules
@@ -56,20 +67,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def initialize_generated_modules # :nodoc:
-        @generated_attribute_methods = Module.new { extend Mutex_m }
+        @generated_attribute_methods = GeneratedAttributeMethods.new { extend Mutex_m }
         @attribute_methods_generated = false
         include @generated_attribute_methods
+
+        super
       end
 
       # Generates all the attribute related methods for columns in the database
       # accessors, mutators and query methods.
       def define_attribute_methods # :nodoc:
-        # Use a mutex; we don't want two thread simultaneously trying to define
+        return false if @attribute_methods_generated
+        # Use a mutex; we don't want two threads simultaneously trying to define
         # attribute methods.
         generated_attribute_methods.synchronize do
           return false if @attribute_methods_generated
           superclass.define_attribute_methods unless self == base_class
-          super(column_names)
+          super(attribute_names)
           @attribute_methods_generated = true
         end
         true
@@ -77,12 +91,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def undefine_attribute_methods # :nodoc:
         generated_attribute_methods.synchronize do
-          super if @attribute_methods_generated
+          super if defined?(@attribute_methods_generated) && @attribute_methods_generated
           @attribute_methods_generated = false
         end
       end
 
-      # Raises a <tt>ActiveRecord::DangerousAttributeError</tt> exception when an
+      # Raises an ActiveRecord::DangerousAttributeError exception when an
       # \Active \Record method is defined in the model, otherwise +false+.
       #
       #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -92,21 +106,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   end
       #
       #   Person.instance_method_already_implemented?(:save)
-      #   # => ActiveRecord::DangerousAttributeError: save is defined by ActiveRecord
+      #   # => ActiveRecord::DangerousAttributeError: save is defined by Active Record. Check to make sure that you don't have an attribute or method with the same name.
       #
       #   Person.instance_method_already_implemented?(:name)
       #   # => false
       def instance_method_already_implemented?(method_name)
         if dangerous_attribute_method?(method_name)
-          raise DangerousAttributeError, "#{method_name} is defined by Active Record"
+          raise DangerousAttributeError, "#{method_name} is defined by Active Record. Check to make sure that you don't have an attribute or method with the same name."
         end
 
         if superclass == Base
           super
         else
-          # If B < A and A defines its own attribute method, then we don't want to overwrite that.
-          defined = method_defined_within?(method_name, superclass) &&
-            superclass.instance_method(method_name).owner != superclass.generated_attribute_methods
+          # If ThisClass < ... < SomeSuperClass < ... < Base and SomeSuperClass
+          # defines its own attribute method, then we don't want to overwrite that.
+          defined = method_defined_within?(method_name, superclass, Base) &&
+            ! superclass.instance_method(method_name).owner.is_a?(GeneratedAttributeMethods)
           defined || super
         end
       end
@@ -132,10 +147,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # A class method is 'dangerous' if it is already (re)defined by Active Record, but
       # not by any ancestors. (So 'puts' is not dangerous but 'new' is.)
       def dangerous_class_method?(method_name)
-        class_method_defined_within?(method_name, Base)
+        BLACKLISTED_CLASS_METHODS.include?(method_name.to_s) || class_method_defined_within?(method_name, Base)
       end
 
-      def class_method_defined_within?(name, klass, superklass = klass.superclass) # :nodoc
+      def class_method_defined_within?(name, klass, superklass = klass.superclass) # :nodoc:
         if klass.respond_to?(name, true)
           if superklass.respond_to?(name, true)
             klass.method(name).owner != superklass.method(name).owner
@@ -147,16 +162,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def find_generated_attribute_method(method_name) # :nodoc:
-        klass = self
-        until klass == Base
-          gen_methods = klass.generated_attribute_methods
-          return gen_methods.instance_method(method_name) if method_defined_within?(method_name, gen_methods, Object)
-          klass = klass.superclass
-        end
-        nil
-      end
-
       # Returns +true+ if +attribute+ is an attribute method and table exists,
       # +false+ otherwise.
       #
@@ -180,34 +185,48 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   # => ["id", "created_at", "updated_at", "name", "age"]
       def attribute_names
         @attribute_names ||= if !abstract_class? && table_exists?
-            column_names
+            attribute_types.keys
           else
             []
           end
       end
-    end
 
-    # If we haven't generated any methods yet, generate them, then
-    # see if we've created the method we're looking for.
-    def method_missing(method, *args, &block) # :nodoc:
-      self.class.define_attribute_methods
-      if respond_to_without_attributes?(method)
-        # make sure to invoke the correct attribute method, as we might have gotten here via a `super`
-        # call in a overwritten attribute method
-        if attribute_method = self.class.find_generated_attribute_method(method)
-          # this is probably horribly slow, but should only happen at most once for a given AR class
-          attribute_method.bind(self).call(*args, &block)
-        else
-          send(method, *args, &block)
+      # Returns true if the given attribute exists, otherwise false.
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   Person.has_attribute?('name')   # => true
+      #   Person.has_attribute?(:age)     # => true
+      #   Person.has_attribute?(:nothing) # => false
+      def has_attribute?(attr_name)
+        attribute_types.key?(attr_name.to_s)
+      end
+
+      # Returns the column object for the named attribute.
+      # Returns a +ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::NullColumn+ if the
+      # named attribute does not exist.
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   person = Person.new
+      #   person.column_for_attribute(:name) # the result depends on the ConnectionAdapter
+      #   # => #<ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Column:0x007ff4ab083980 @name="name", @sql_type="varchar(255)", @null=true, ...>
+      #
+      #   person.column_for_attribute(:nothing)
+      #   # => #<ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::NullColumn:0xXXX @name=nil, @sql_type=nil, @cast_type=#<Type::Value>, ...>
+      def column_for_attribute(name)
+        name = name.to_s
+        columns_hash.fetch(name) do
+          ConnectionAdapters::NullColumn.new(name)
         end
-      else
-        super
       end
     end
 
     # A Person object with a name attribute can ask <tt>person.respond_to?(:name)</tt>,
     # <tt>person.respond_to?(:name=)</tt>, and <tt>person.respond_to?(:name?)</tt>
-    # which will all return +true+. It also define the attribute methods if they have
+    # which will all return +true+. It also defines the attribute methods if they have
     # not been generated.
     #
     #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -222,18 +241,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   person.respond_to('age?')   # => true
     #   person.respond_to(:nothing) # => false
     def respond_to?(name, include_private = false)
-      name = name.to_s
-      self.class.define_attribute_methods
-      result = super
+      return false unless super
 
-      # If the result is false the answer is false.
-      return false unless result
+      case name
+      when :to_partial_path
+        name = "to_partial_path".freeze
+      when :to_model
+        name = "to_model".freeze
+      else
+        name = name.to_s
+      end
 
       # If the result is true then check for the select case.
       # For queries selecting a subset of columns, return false for unselected columns.
       # We check defined?(@attributes) not to issue warnings if called on objects that
       # have been allocated but not yet initialized.
-      if defined?(@attributes) && @attributes.any? && self.class.column_names.include?(name)
+      if defined?(@attributes) && self.class.column_names.include?(name)
         return has_attribute?(name)
       end
 
@@ -250,7 +273,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   person.has_attribute?('age')    # => true
     #   person.has_attribute?(:nothing) # => false
     def has_attribute?(attr_name)
-      @attributes.has_key?(attr_name.to_s)
+      @attributes.key?(attr_name.to_s)
     end
 
     # Returns an array of names for the attributes available on this object.
@@ -274,20 +297,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   person.attributes
     #   # => {"id"=>3, "created_at"=>Sun, 21 Oct 2012 04:53:04, "updated_at"=>Sun, 21 Oct 2012 04:53:04, "name"=>"Francesco", "age"=>22}
     def attributes
-      attribute_names.each_with_object({}) { |name, attrs|
-        attrs[name] = read_attribute(name)
-      }
-    end
-
-    # Placeholder so it can be overriden when needed by serialization
-    def attributes_for_coder # :nodoc:
-      attributes
+      @attributes.to_hash
     end
 
     # Returns an <tt>#inspect</tt>-like string for the value of the
-    # attribute +attr_name+. String attributes are truncated upto 50
+    # attribute +attr_name+. String attributes are truncated up to 50
     # characters, Date and Time attributes are returned in the
-    # <tt>:db</tt> format, Array attributes are truncated upto 10 values.
+    # <tt>:db</tt> format, Array attributes are truncated up to 10 values.
     # Other attributes return the value of <tt>#inspect</tt> without
     # modification.
     #
@@ -324,40 +340,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   class Task < ActiveRecord::Base
     #   end
     #
-    #   person = Task.new(title: '', is_done: false)
-    #   person.attribute_present?(:title)   # => false
-    #   person.attribute_present?(:is_done) # => true
-    #   person.name = 'Francesco'
-    #   person.is_done = true
-    #   person.attribute_present?(:title)   # => true
-    #   person.attribute_present?(:is_done) # => true
+    #   task = Task.new(title: '', is_done: false)
+    #   task.attribute_present?(:title)   # => false
+    #   task.attribute_present?(:is_done) # => true
+    #   task.title = 'Buy milk'
+    #   task.is_done = true
+    #   task.attribute_present?(:title)   # => true
+    #   task.attribute_present?(:is_done) # => true
     def attribute_present?(attribute)
-      value = read_attribute(attribute)
+      value = _read_attribute(attribute)
       !value.nil? && !(value.respond_to?(:empty?) && value.empty?)
     end
 
-    # Returns the column object for the named attribute. Returns +nil+ if the
-    # named attribute not exists.
-    #
-    #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-    #   end
-    #
-    #   person = Person.new
-    #   person.column_for_attribute(:name) # the result depends on the ConnectionAdapter
-    #   # => #<ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Column:0x007ff4ab083980 @name="name", @sql_type="varchar(255)", @null=true, ...>
-    #
-    #   person.column_for_attribute(:nothing)
-    #   # => nil
-    def column_for_attribute(name)
-      # FIXME: should this return a null object for columns that don't exist?
-      self.class.columns_hash[name.to_s]
-    end
-
     # Returns the value of the attribute identified by <tt>attr_name</tt> after it has been typecast (for example,
     # "2004-12-12" in a date column is cast to a date object, like Date.new(2004, 12, 12)). It raises
     # <tt>ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError</tt> if the identified attribute is missing.
     #
-    # Alias for the <tt>read_attribute</tt> method.
+    # Note: +:id+ is always present.
+    #
+    # Alias for the #read_attribute method.
     #
     #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
     #     belongs_to :organization
@@ -375,7 +376,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     # Updates the attribute identified by <tt>attr_name</tt> with the specified +value+.
-    # (Alias for the protected <tt>write_attribute</tt> method).
+    # (Alias for the protected #write_attribute method).
     #
     #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
     #   end
@@ -388,15 +389,41 @@ module ActiveRecord
       write_attribute(attr_name, value)
     end
 
-    protected
-
-    def clone_attributes(reader_method = :read_attribute, attributes = {}) # :nodoc:
-      attribute_names.each do |name|
-        attributes[name] = clone_attribute_value(reader_method, name)
-      end
-      attributes
+    # Returns the name of all database fields which have been read from this
+    # model. This can be useful in development mode to determine which fields
+    # need to be selected. For performance critical pages, selecting only the
+    # required fields can be an easy performance win (assuming you aren't using
+    # all of the fields on the model).
+    #
+    # For example:
+    #
+    #   class PostsController < ActionController::Base
+    #     after_action :print_accessed_fields, only: :index
+    #
+    #     def index
+    #       @posts = Post.all
+    #     end
+    #
+    #     private
+    #
+    #     def print_accessed_fields
+    #       p @posts.first.accessed_fields
+    #     end
+    #   end
+    #
+    # Which allows you to quickly change your code to:
+    #
+    #   class PostsController < ActionController::Base
+    #     def index
+    #       @posts = Post.select(:id, :title, :author_id, :updated_at)
+    #     end
+    #   end
+    def accessed_fields
+      @attributes.accessed
     end
 
+    protected
+
     def clone_attribute_value(reader_method, attribute_name) # :nodoc:
       value = send(reader_method, attribute_name)
       value.duplicable? ? value.clone : value
@@ -414,7 +441,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     def attribute_method?(attr_name) # :nodoc:
       # We check defined? because Syck calls respond_to? before actually calling initialize.
-      defined?(@attributes) && @attributes.include?(attr_name)
+      defined?(@attributes) && @attributes.key?(attr_name)
     end
 
     private
@@ -433,16 +460,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     # Filters the primary keys and readonly attributes from the attribute names.
     def attributes_for_update(attribute_names)
-      attribute_names.select do |name|
-        column_for_attribute(name) && !readonly_attribute?(name)
+      attribute_names.reject do |name|
+        readonly_attribute?(name)
       end
     end
 
     # Filters out the primary keys, from the attribute names, when the primary
     # key is to be generated (e.g. the id attribute has no value).
     def attributes_for_create(attribute_names)
-      attribute_names.select do |name|
-        column_for_attribute(name) && !(pk_attribute?(name) && id.nil?)
+      attribute_names.reject do |name|
+        pk_attribute?(name) && id.nil?
       end
     end
 
@@ -451,14 +478,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def pk_attribute?(name)
-      column_for_attribute(name).primary
+      name == self.class.primary_key
     end
 
     def typecasted_attribute_value(name)
-      # FIXME: we need @attributes to be used consistently.
-      # If the values stored in @attributes were already typecasted, this code
-      # could be simplified
-      read_attribute(name)
+      _read_attribute(name)
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/before_type_cast.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/before_type_cast.rb
index f596a8b02e..1db6776688 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/before_type_cast.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/before_type_cast.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module AttributeMethods
     # = Active Record Attribute Methods Before Type Cast
     #
-    # <tt>ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::BeforeTypeCast</tt> provides a way to
+    # ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::BeforeTypeCast provides a way to
     # read the value of the attributes before typecasting and deserialization.
     #
     #   class Task < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       included do
         attribute_method_suffix "_before_type_cast"
+        attribute_method_suffix "_came_from_user?"
       end
 
       # Returns the value of the attribute identified by +attr_name+ before
@@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   task.read_attribute_before_type_cast('completed_on') # => "2012-10-21"
       #   task.read_attribute_before_type_cast(:completed_on)  # => "2012-10-21"
       def read_attribute_before_type_cast(attr_name)
-        @attributes[attr_name.to_s]
+        @attributes[attr_name.to_s].value_before_type_cast
       end
 
       # Returns a hash of attributes before typecasting and deserialization.
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   task.attributes_before_type_cast
       #   # => {"id"=>nil, "title"=>nil, "is_done"=>true, "completed_on"=>"2012-10-21", "created_at"=>nil, "updated_at"=>nil}
       def attributes_before_type_cast
-        @attributes
+        @attributes.values_before_type_cast
       end
 
       private
@@ -66,6 +67,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def attribute_before_type_cast(attribute_name)
         read_attribute_before_type_cast(attribute_name)
       end
+
+      def attribute_came_from_user?(attribute_name)
+        @attributes[attribute_name].came_from_user?
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/dirty.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/dirty.rb
index 8a1b199997..0bcfa5f00d 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/dirty.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/dirty.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
+require 'active_record/attribute_mutation_tracker'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module AttributeMethods
@@ -34,93 +35,116 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # <tt>reload</tt> the record and clears changed attributes.
       def reload(*)
         super.tap do
-          reset_changes
+          @mutation_tracker = nil
+          @previous_mutation_tracker = nil
+          @changed_attributes = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
         end
       end
 
-    def initialize_dup(other) # :nodoc:
-      super
-      init_changed_attributes
-    end
+      def initialize_dup(other) # :nodoc:
+        super
+        @attributes = self.class._default_attributes.map do |attr|
+          attr.with_value_from_user(@attributes.fetch_value(attr.name))
+        end
+        @mutation_tracker = nil
+      end
+
+      def changes_applied
+        @previous_mutation_tracker = mutation_tracker
+        @changed_attributes = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
+        store_original_attributes
+      end
 
-    private
-      def initialize_internals_callback
+      def clear_changes_information
+        @previous_mutation_tracker = nil
+        @changed_attributes = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
+        store_original_attributes
+      end
+
+      def raw_write_attribute(attr_name, *)
+        result = super
+        clear_attribute_change(attr_name)
+        result
+      end
+
+      def clear_attribute_changes(attr_names)
         super
-        init_changed_attributes
+        attr_names.each do |attr_name|
+          clear_attribute_change(attr_name)
+        end
       end
 
-      def init_changed_attributes
-        @changed_attributes = nil
-        # Intentionally avoid using #column_defaults since overridden defaults (as is done in
-        # optimistic locking) won't get written unless they get marked as changed
-        self.class.columns.each do |c|
-          attr, orig_value = c.name, c.default
-          changed_attributes[attr] = orig_value if _field_changed?(attr, orig_value, @attributes[attr])
+      def changed_attributes
+        # This should only be set by methods which will call changed_attributes
+        # multiple times when it is known that the computed value cannot change.
+        if defined?(@cached_changed_attributes)
+          @cached_changed_attributes
+        else
+          super.reverse_merge(mutation_tracker.changed_values).freeze
         end
       end
 
-      # Wrap write_attribute to remember original attribute value.
-      def write_attribute(attr, value)
-        attr = attr.to_s
+      def changes
+        cache_changed_attributes do
+          super
+        end
+      end
 
-        save_changed_attribute(attr, value)
+      def previous_changes
+        previous_mutation_tracker.changes
+      end
 
-        super(attr, value)
+      def attribute_changed_in_place?(attr_name)
+        mutation_tracker.changed_in_place?(attr_name)
       end
 
-      def save_changed_attribute(attr, value)
-        # The attribute already has an unsaved change.
-        if attribute_changed?(attr)
-          old = changed_attributes[attr]
-          changed_attributes.delete(attr) unless _field_changed?(attr, old, value)
-        else
-          old = clone_attribute_value(:read_attribute, attr)
-          changed_attributes[attr] = old if _field_changed?(attr, old, value)
+      private
+
+      def mutation_tracker
+        unless defined?(@mutation_tracker)
+          @mutation_tracker = nil
         end
+        @mutation_tracker ||= AttributeMutationTracker.new(@attributes)
       end
 
-      def update_record(*)
+      def changes_include?(attr_name)
+        super || mutation_tracker.changed?(attr_name)
+      end
+
+      def clear_attribute_change(attr_name)
+        mutation_tracker.forget_change(attr_name)
+      end
+
+      def _update_record(*)
         partial_writes? ? super(keys_for_partial_write) : super
       end
 
-      def create_record(*)
+      def _create_record(*)
         partial_writes? ? super(keys_for_partial_write) : super
       end
 
-      # Serialized attributes should always be written in case they've been
-      # changed in place.
       def keys_for_partial_write
-        changed
+        changed & self.class.column_names
       end
 
-      def _field_changed?(attr, old, value)
-        if column = column_for_attribute(attr)
-          if column.number? && (changes_from_nil_to_empty_string?(column, old, value) ||
-                                changes_from_zero_to_string?(old, value))
-            value = nil
-          else
-            value = column.type_cast(value)
-          end
-        end
-
-        old != value
+      def store_original_attributes
+        @attributes = @attributes.map(&:forgetting_assignment)
+        @mutation_tracker = nil
       end
 
-      def changes_from_nil_to_empty_string?(column, old, value)
-        # For nullable numeric columns, NULL gets stored in database for blank (i.e. '') values.
-        # Hence we don't record it as a change if the value changes from nil to ''.
-        # If an old value of 0 is set to '' we want this to get changed to nil as otherwise it'll
-        # be typecast back to 0 (''.to_i => 0)
-        column.null && (old.nil? || old == 0) && value.blank?
+      def previous_mutation_tracker
+        @previous_mutation_tracker ||= NullMutationTracker.instance
       end
 
-      def changes_from_zero_to_string?(old, value)
-        # For columns with old 0 and value non-empty string
-        old == 0 && value.is_a?(String) && value.present? && non_zero?(value)
+      def cache_changed_attributes
+        @cached_changed_attributes = changed_attributes
+        yield
+      ensure
+        clear_changed_attributes_cache
       end
 
-      def non_zero?(value)
-        value !~ /\A0+(\.0+)?\z/
+      def clear_changed_attributes_cache
+        remove_instance_variable(:@cached_changed_attributes) if defined?(@cached_changed_attributes)
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/primary_key.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/primary_key.rb
index 931209b07b..0d5cb8b37c 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/primary_key.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/primary_key.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     module PrimaryKey
       extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
-      # Returns this record's primary key value wrapped in an Array if one is
+      # Returns this record's primary key value wrapped in an array if one is
       # available.
       def to_key
         sync_with_transaction_state
@@ -15,8 +15,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Returns the primary key value.
       def id
-        sync_with_transaction_state
-        read_attribute(self.class.primary_key)
+        if pk = self.class.primary_key
+          sync_with_transaction_state
+          _read_attribute(pk)
+        end
       end
 
       # Sets the primary key value.
@@ -37,6 +39,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         read_attribute_before_type_cast(self.class.primary_key)
       end
 
+      # Returns the primary key previous value.
+      def id_was
+        sync_with_transaction_state
+        attribute_was(self.class.primary_key)
+      end
+
       protected
 
       def attribute_method?(attr_name)
@@ -52,7 +60,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
 
-        ID_ATTRIBUTE_METHODS = %w(id id= id? id_before_type_cast).to_set
+        ID_ATTRIBUTE_METHODS = %w(id id= id? id_before_type_cast id_was).to_set
 
         def dangerous_attribute_method?(method_name)
           super && !ID_ATTRIBUTE_METHODS.include?(method_name)
@@ -81,12 +89,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def get_primary_key(base_name) #:nodoc:
-          return 'id' if base_name.blank?
-
-          case primary_key_prefix_type
-          when :table_name
+          if base_name && primary_key_prefix_type == :table_name
             base_name.foreign_key(false)
-          when :table_name_with_underscore
+          elsif base_name && primary_key_prefix_type == :table_name_with_underscore
             base_name.foreign_key
           else
             if ActiveRecord::Base != self && table_exists?
@@ -103,7 +108,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #     self.primary_key = 'sysid'
         #   end
         #
-        # You can also define the +primary_key+ method yourself:
+        # You can also define the #primary_key method yourself:
         #
         #   class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
         #     def self.primary_key
@@ -115,6 +120,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def primary_key=(value)
           @primary_key        = value && value.to_s
           @quoted_primary_key = nil
+          @attributes_builder = nil
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/query.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/query.rb
index 0f9723febb..10498f4322 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/query.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/query.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def query_attribute(attr_name)
-        value = read_attribute(attr_name) { |n| missing_attribute(n, caller) }
+        value = self[attr_name]
 
         case value
         when true        then true
@@ -19,10 +19,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
             if Numeric === value || value !~ /[^0-9]/
               !value.to_i.zero?
             else
-              return false if ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Column::FALSE_VALUES.include?(value)
+              return false if ActiveModel::Type::Boolean::FALSE_VALUES.include?(value)
               !value.blank?
             end
-          elsif column.number?
+          elsif value.respond_to?(:zero?)
             !value.zero?
           else
             !value.blank?
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/read.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/read.rb
index d01e9aea59..5197e21fa4 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/read.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/read.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/module/method_transplanting'
-
 module ActiveRecord
   module AttributeMethods
     module Read
@@ -22,12 +20,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # the attribute name. Using a constant means that we do not have
         # to allocate an object on each call to the attribute method.
         # Making it frozen means that it doesn't get duped when used to
-        # key the @attributes_cache in read_attribute.
+        # key the @attributes in read_attribute.
         def method_body(method_name, const_name)
           <<-EOMETHOD
           def #{method_name}
             name = ::ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::AttrNames::ATTR_#{const_name}
-            read_attribute(name) { |n| missing_attribute(n, caller) }
+            _read_attribute(name) { |n| missing_attribute(n, caller) }
           end
           EOMETHOD
         end
@@ -35,68 +33,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
-      ATTRIBUTE_TYPES_CACHED_BY_DEFAULT = [:datetime, :timestamp, :time, :date]
-
-      included do
-        class_attribute :attribute_types_cached_by_default, instance_writer: false
-        self.attribute_types_cached_by_default = ATTRIBUTE_TYPES_CACHED_BY_DEFAULT
-      end
-
       module ClassMethods
-        # +cache_attributes+ allows you to declare which converted attribute
-        # values should be cached. Usually caching only pays off for attributes
-        # with expensive conversion methods, like time related columns (e.g.
-        # +created_at+, +updated_at+).
-        def cache_attributes(*attribute_names)
-          cached_attributes.merge attribute_names.map { |attr| attr.to_s }
-        end
-
-        # Returns the attributes which are cached. By default time related columns
-        # with datatype <tt>:datetime, :timestamp, :time, :date</tt> are cached.
-        def cached_attributes
-          @cached_attributes ||= columns.select { |c| cacheable_column?(c) }.map { |col| col.name }.to_set
-        end
-
-        # Returns +true+ if the provided attribute is being cached.
-        def cache_attribute?(attr_name)
-          cached_attributes.include?(attr_name)
-        end
-
         protected
 
-        if Module.methods_transplantable?
-          def define_method_attribute(name)
-            method = ReaderMethodCache[name]
-            generated_attribute_methods.module_eval { define_method name, method }
-          end
-        else
-          def define_method_attribute(name)
-            safe_name = name.unpack('h*').first
-            temp_method = "__temp__#{safe_name}"
-
-            ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::AttrNames.set_name_cache safe_name, name
+        def define_method_attribute(name)
+          safe_name = name.unpack('h*'.freeze).first
+          temp_method = "__temp__#{safe_name}"
 
-            generated_attribute_methods.module_eval <<-STR, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-              def #{temp_method}
-                name = ::ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::AttrNames::ATTR_#{safe_name}
-                read_attribute(name) { |n| missing_attribute(n, caller) }
-              end
-            STR
+          ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::AttrNames.set_name_cache safe_name, name
 
-            generated_attribute_methods.module_eval do
-              alias_method name, temp_method
-              undef_method temp_method
+          generated_attribute_methods.module_eval <<-STR, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+            def #{temp_method}
+              name = ::ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::AttrNames::ATTR_#{safe_name}
+              _read_attribute(name) { |n| missing_attribute(n, caller) }
             end
-          end
-        end
-
-        private
+          STR
 
-        def cacheable_column?(column)
-          if attribute_types_cached_by_default == ATTRIBUTE_TYPES_CACHED_BY_DEFAULT
-            ! serialized_attributes.include? column.name
-          else
-            attribute_types_cached_by_default.include?(column.type)
+          generated_attribute_methods.module_eval do
+            alias_method name, temp_method
+            undef_method temp_method
           end
         end
       end
@@ -104,37 +59,29 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Returns the value of the attribute identified by <tt>attr_name</tt> after
       # it has been typecast (for example, "2004-12-12" in a date column is cast
       # to a date object, like Date.new(2004, 12, 12)).
-      def read_attribute(attr_name)
-        # If it's cached, just return it
-        # We use #[] first as a perf optimization for non-nil values. See https://gist.github.com/jonleighton/3552829.
+      def read_attribute(attr_name, &block)
         name = attr_name.to_s
-        @attributes_cache[name] || @attributes_cache.fetch(name) {
-          column = @column_types_override[name] if @column_types_override
-          column ||= @column_types[name]
-
-          return @attributes.fetch(name) {
-            if name == 'id' && self.class.primary_key != name
-              read_attribute(self.class.primary_key)
-            end
-          } unless column
-
-          value = @attributes.fetch(name) {
-            return block_given? ? yield(name) : nil
-          }
+        name = self.class.primary_key if name == 'id'.freeze
+        _read_attribute(name, &block)
+      end
 
-          if self.class.cache_attribute?(name)
-            @attributes_cache[name] = column.type_cast(value)
-          else
-            column.type_cast value
-          end
-        }
+      # This method exists to avoid the expensive primary_key check internally, without
+      # breaking compatibility with the read_attribute API
+      if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
+        # This form is significantly faster on JRuby, and this is one of our biggest hotspots.
+        # https://github.com/jruby/jruby/pull/2562
+        def _read_attribute(attr_name, &block) # :nodoc
+          @attributes.fetch_value(attr_name.to_s, &block)
+        end
+      else
+        def _read_attribute(attr_name) # :nodoc:
+          @attributes.fetch_value(attr_name.to_s) { |n| yield n if block_given? }
+        end
       end
 
-      private
+      alias :attribute :_read_attribute
+      private :attribute
 
-      def attribute(attribute_name)
-        read_attribute(attribute_name)
-      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/serialization.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/serialization.rb
index 67abbbc2a0..65978aea2a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/serialization.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/serialization.rb
@@ -3,34 +3,31 @@ module ActiveRecord
     module Serialization
       extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
-      included do
-        # Returns a hash of all the attributes that have been specified for
-        # serialization as keys and their class restriction as values.
-        class_attribute :serialized_attributes, instance_accessor: false
-        self.serialized_attributes = {}
-      end
-
       module ClassMethods
-        ##
-        # :method: serialized_attributes
-        #
-        # Returns a hash of all the attributes that have been specified for
-        # serialization as keys and their class restriction as values.
-
         # If you have an attribute that needs to be saved to the database as an
         # object, and retrieved as the same object, then specify the name of that
         # attribute using this method and it will be handled automatically. The
         # serialization is done through YAML. If +class_name+ is specified, the
-        # serialized object must be of that class on retrieval or
-        # <tt>SerializationTypeMismatch</tt> will be raised.
+        # serialized object must be of that class on assignment and retrieval.
+        # Otherwise SerializationTypeMismatch will be raised.
         #
-        # A notable side effect of serialized attributes is that the model will
-        # be updated on every save, even if it is not dirty.
+        # Empty objects as <tt>{}</tt>, in the case of +Hash+, or <tt>[]</tt>, in the case of
+        # +Array+, will always be persisted as null.
+        #
+        # Keep in mind that database adapters handle certain serialization tasks
+        # for you. For instance: +json+ and +jsonb+ types in PostgreSQL will be
+        # converted between JSON object/array syntax and Ruby +Hash+ or +Array+
+        # objects transparently. There is no need to use #serialize in this
+        # case.
+        #
+        # For more complex cases, such as conversion to or from your application
+        # domain objects, consider using the ActiveRecord::Attributes API.
         #
         # ==== Parameters
         #
         # * +attr_name+ - The field name that should be serialized.
-        # * +class_name+ - Optional, class name that the object type should be equal to.
+        # * +class_name_or_coder+ - Optional, a coder object, which responds to `.load` / `.dump`
+        #   or a class name that the object type should be equal to.
         #
         # ==== Example
         #
@@ -38,140 +35,30 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
         #     serialize :preferences
         #   end
-        def serialize(attr_name, class_name = Object)
-          include Behavior
-
-          coder = if [:load, :dump].all? { |x| class_name.respond_to?(x) }
-                    class_name
+        #
+        #   # Serialize preferences using JSON as coder.
+        #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+        #     serialize :preferences, JSON
+        #   end
+        #
+        #   # Serialize preferences as Hash using YAML coder.
+        #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+        #     serialize :preferences, Hash
+        #   end
+        def serialize(attr_name, class_name_or_coder = Object)
+          # When ::JSON is used, force it to go through the Active Support JSON encoder
+          # to ensure special objects (e.g. Active Record models) are dumped correctly
+          # using the #as_json hook.
+          coder = if class_name_or_coder == ::JSON
+                    Coders::JSON
+                  elsif [:load, :dump].all? { |x| class_name_or_coder.respond_to?(x) }
+                    class_name_or_coder
                   else
-                    Coders::YAMLColumn.new(class_name)
+                    Coders::YAMLColumn.new(class_name_or_coder)
                   end
 
-          # merge new serialized attribute and create new hash to ensure that each class in inheritance hierarchy
-          # has its own hash of own serialized attributes
-          self.serialized_attributes = serialized_attributes.merge(attr_name.to_s => coder)
-        end
-      end
-
-      class Type # :nodoc:
-        def initialize(column)
-          @column = column
-        end
-
-        def type_cast(value)
-          if value.state == :serialized
-            value.unserialized_value @column.type_cast value.value
-          else
-            value.unserialized_value
-          end
-        end
-
-        def type
-          @column.type
-        end
-
-        def accessor
-          ActiveRecord::Store::IndifferentHashAccessor
-        end
-      end
-
-      class Attribute < Struct.new(:coder, :value, :state) # :nodoc:
-        def unserialized_value(v = value)
-          state == :serialized ? unserialize(v) : value
-        end
-
-        def serialized_value
-          state == :unserialized ? serialize : value
-        end
-
-        def unserialize(v)
-          self.state = :unserialized
-          self.value = coder.load(v)
-        end
-
-        def serialize
-          self.state = :serialized
-          self.value = coder.dump(value)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # This is only added to the model when serialize is called, which
-      # ensures we do not make things slower when serialization is not used.
-      module Behavior # :nodoc:
-        extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-
-        module ClassMethods # :nodoc:
-          def initialize_attributes(attributes, options = {})
-            serialized = (options.delete(:serialized) { true }) ? :serialized : :unserialized
-            super(attributes, options)
-
-            serialized_attributes.each do |key, coder|
-              if attributes.key?(key)
-                attributes[key] = Attribute.new(coder, attributes[key], serialized)
-              end
-            end
-
-            attributes
-          end
-        end
-
-        def should_record_timestamps?
-          super || (self.record_timestamps && (attributes.keys & self.class.serialized_attributes.keys).present?)
-        end
-
-        def keys_for_partial_write
-          super | (attributes.keys & self.class.serialized_attributes.keys)
-        end
-
-        def type_cast_attribute_for_write(column, value)
-          if column && coder = self.class.serialized_attributes[column.name]
-            Attribute.new(coder, value, :unserialized)
-          else
-            super
-          end
-        end
-
-        def _field_changed?(attr, old, value)
-          if self.class.serialized_attributes.include?(attr)
-            old != value
-          else
-            super
-          end
-        end
-
-        def read_attribute_before_type_cast(attr_name)
-          if self.class.serialized_attributes.include?(attr_name)
-            super.unserialized_value
-          else
-            super
-          end
-        end
-
-        def attributes_before_type_cast
-          super.dup.tap do |attributes|
-            self.class.serialized_attributes.each_key do |key|
-              if attributes.key?(key)
-                attributes[key] = attributes[key].unserialized_value
-              end
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        def typecasted_attribute_value(name)
-          if self.class.serialized_attributes.include?(name)
-            @attributes[name].serialized_value
-          else
-            super
-          end
-        end
-
-        def attributes_for_coder
-          attribute_names.each_with_object({}) do |name, attrs|
-            attrs[name] = if self.class.serialized_attributes.include?(name)
-                            @attributes[name].serialized_value
-                          else
-                            read_attribute(name)
-                          end
+          decorate_attribute_type(attr_name, :serialize) do |type|
+            Type::Serialized.new(type, coder)
           end
         end
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/time_zone_conversion.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/time_zone_conversion.rb
index f168282ea3..45d2c855a5 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/time_zone_conversion.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/time_zone_conversion.rb
@@ -1,18 +1,41 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/strip'
+
 module ActiveRecord
   module AttributeMethods
     module TimeZoneConversion
-      class Type # :nodoc:
-        def initialize(column)
-          @column = column
+      class TimeZoneConverter < DelegateClass(Type::Value) # :nodoc:
+        def deserialize(value)
+          convert_time_to_time_zone(super)
         end
 
-        def type_cast(value)
-          value = @column.type_cast(value)
-          value.acts_like?(:time) ? value.in_time_zone : value
+        def cast(value)
+          if value.is_a?(Array)
+            value.map { |v| cast(v) }
+          elsif value.is_a?(Hash)
+            set_time_zone_without_conversion(super)
+          elsif value.respond_to?(:in_time_zone)
+            begin
+              super(user_input_in_time_zone(value)) || super
+            rescue ArgumentError
+              nil
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def convert_time_to_time_zone(value)
+          if value.is_a?(Array)
+            value.map { |v| convert_time_to_time_zone(v) }
+          elsif value.acts_like?(:time)
+            value.in_time_zone
+          else
+            value
+          end
         end
 
-        def type
-          @column.type
+        def set_time_zone_without_conversion(value)
+          ::Time.zone.local_to_utc(value).in_time_zone
         end
       end
 
@@ -24,34 +47,54 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         class_attribute :skip_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes, instance_writer: false
         self.skip_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes = []
+
+        class_attribute :time_zone_aware_types, instance_writer: false
+        self.time_zone_aware_types = [:datetime, :not_explicitly_configured]
       end
 
       module ClassMethods
-        protected
-        # Defined for all +datetime+ and +timestamp+ attributes when +time_zone_aware_attributes+ are enabled.
-        # This enhanced write method will automatically convert the time passed to it to the zone stored in Time.zone.
-        def define_method_attribute=(attr_name)
-          if create_time_zone_conversion_attribute?(attr_name, columns_hash[attr_name])
-            method_body, line = <<-EOV, __LINE__ + 1
-              def #{attr_name}=(time)
-                time_with_zone = time.respond_to?(:in_time_zone) ? time.in_time_zone : nil
-                previous_time = attribute_changed?("#{attr_name}") ? changed_attributes["#{attr_name}"] : read_attribute(:#{attr_name})
-                write_attribute(:#{attr_name}, time)
-                #{attr_name}_will_change! if previous_time != time_with_zone
-                @attributes_cache["#{attr_name}"] = time_with_zone
-              end
-            EOV
-            generated_attribute_methods.module_eval(method_body, __FILE__, line)
-          else
-            super
+        private
+
+        def inherited(subclass)
+          # We need to apply this decorator here, rather than on module inclusion. The closure
+          # created by the matcher would otherwise evaluate for `ActiveRecord::Base`, not the
+          # sub class being decorated. As such, changes to `time_zone_aware_attributes`, or
+          # `skip_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes` would not be picked up.
+          subclass.class_eval do
+            matcher = ->(name, type) { create_time_zone_conversion_attribute?(name, type) }
+            decorate_matching_attribute_types(matcher, :_time_zone_conversion) do |type|
+              TimeZoneConverter.new(type)
+            end
           end
+          super
         end
 
-        private
-        def create_time_zone_conversion_attribute?(name, column)
-          time_zone_aware_attributes &&
-            !self.skip_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes.include?(name.to_sym) &&
-            (:datetime == column.type || :timestamp == column.type)
+        def create_time_zone_conversion_attribute?(name, cast_type)
+          enabled_for_column = time_zone_aware_attributes &&
+            !self.skip_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes.include?(name.to_sym)
+          result = enabled_for_column &&
+            time_zone_aware_types.include?(cast_type.type)
+
+          if enabled_for_column &&
+            !result &&
+            cast_type.type == :time &&
+            time_zone_aware_types.include?(:not_explicitly_configured)
+            ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MESSAGE.strip_heredoc)
+              Time columns will become time zone aware in Rails 5.1. This
+              still causes `String`s to be parsed as if they were in `Time.zone`,
+              and `Time`s to be converted to `Time.zone`.
+
+              To keep the old behavior, you must add the following to your initializer:
+
+                  config.active_record.time_zone_aware_types = [:datetime]
+
+              To silence this deprecation warning, add the following:
+
+                  config.active_record.time_zone_aware_types << :time
+            MESSAGE
+          end
+
+          result
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/write.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/write.rb
index c853fc0917..bbf2a51a0e 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/write.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/write.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/module/method_transplanting'
-
 module ActiveRecord
   module AttributeMethods
     module Write
@@ -25,29 +23,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
       module ClassMethods
         protected
 
-        if Module.methods_transplantable?
-          # See define_method_attribute in read.rb for an explanation of
-          # this code.
-          def define_method_attribute=(name)
-            method = WriterMethodCache[name]
-            generated_attribute_methods.module_eval {
-              define_method "#{name}=", method
-            }
-          end
-        else
-          def define_method_attribute=(name)
-            safe_name = name.unpack('h*').first
-            ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::AttrNames.set_name_cache safe_name, name
+        def define_method_attribute=(name)
+          safe_name = name.unpack('h*'.freeze).first
+          ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::AttrNames.set_name_cache safe_name, name
 
-            generated_attribute_methods.module_eval <<-STR, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-              def __temp__#{safe_name}=(value)
-                name = ::ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::AttrNames::ATTR_#{safe_name}
-                write_attribute(name, value)
-              end
-              alias_method #{(name + '=').inspect}, :__temp__#{safe_name}=
-              undef_method :__temp__#{safe_name}=
-            STR
-          end
+          generated_attribute_methods.module_eval <<-STR, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+            def __temp__#{safe_name}=(value)
+              name = ::ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::AttrNames::ATTR_#{safe_name}
+              write_attribute(name, value)
+            end
+            alias_method #{(name + '=').inspect}, :__temp__#{safe_name}=
+            undef_method :__temp__#{safe_name}=
+          STR
         end
       end
 
@@ -55,24 +42,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # specified +value+. Empty strings for fixnum and float columns are
       # turned into +nil+.
       def write_attribute(attr_name, value)
-        attr_name = attr_name.to_s
-        attr_name = self.class.primary_key if attr_name == 'id' && self.class.primary_key
-        @attributes_cache.delete(attr_name)
-        column = column_for_attribute(attr_name)
-
-        # If we're dealing with a binary column, write the data to the cache
-        # so we don't attempt to typecast multiple times.
-        if column && column.binary?
-          @attributes_cache[attr_name] = value
-        end
+        write_attribute_with_type_cast(attr_name, value, true)
+      end
 
-        if column || @attributes.has_key?(attr_name)
-          @attributes[attr_name] = type_cast_attribute_for_write(column, value)
-        else
-          raise ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError, "can't write unknown attribute `#{attr_name}'"
-        end
+      def raw_write_attribute(attr_name, value) # :nodoc:
+        write_attribute_with_type_cast(attr_name, value, false)
       end
-      alias_method :raw_write_attribute, :write_attribute
 
       private
       # Handle *= for method_missing.
@@ -80,10 +55,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
         write_attribute(attribute_name, value)
       end
 
-      def type_cast_attribute_for_write(column, value)
-        return value unless column
+      def write_attribute_with_type_cast(attr_name, value, should_type_cast)
+        attr_name = attr_name.to_s
+        attr_name = self.class.primary_key if attr_name == 'id' && self.class.primary_key
+
+        if should_type_cast
+          @attributes.write_from_user(attr_name, value)
+        else
+          @attributes.write_cast_value(attr_name, value)
+        end
 
-        column.type_cast_for_write value
+        value
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_mutation_tracker.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_mutation_tracker.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0133b4d0be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_mutation_tracker.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  class AttributeMutationTracker # :nodoc:
+    def initialize(attributes)
+      @attributes = attributes
+    end
+
+    def changed_values
+      attr_names.each_with_object({}.with_indifferent_access) do |attr_name, result|
+        if changed?(attr_name)
+          result[attr_name] = attributes[attr_name].original_value
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def changes
+      attr_names.each_with_object({}.with_indifferent_access) do |attr_name, result|
+        if changed?(attr_name)
+          result[attr_name] = [attributes[attr_name].original_value, attributes.fetch_value(attr_name)]
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def changed?(attr_name)
+      attr_name = attr_name.to_s
+      attributes[attr_name].changed?
+    end
+
+    def changed_in_place?(attr_name)
+      attributes[attr_name].changed_in_place?
+    end
+
+    def forget_change(attr_name)
+      attr_name = attr_name.to_s
+      attributes[attr_name] = attributes[attr_name].forgetting_assignment
+    end
+
+    protected
+
+    attr_reader :attributes
+
+    private
+
+    def attr_names
+      attributes.keys
+    end
+  end
+
+  class NullMutationTracker # :nodoc:
+    include Singleton
+
+    def changed_values
+      {}
+    end
+
+    def changes
+      {}
+    end
+
+    def changed?(*)
+      false
+    end
+
+    def changed_in_place?(*)
+      false
+    end
+
+    def forget_change(*)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_set.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_set.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..be581ac2a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_set.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+require 'active_record/attribute_set/builder'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class AttributeSet # :nodoc:
+    def initialize(attributes)
+      @attributes = attributes
+    end
+
+    def [](name)
+      attributes[name] || Attribute.null(name)
+    end
+
+    def []=(name, value)
+      attributes[name] = value
+    end
+
+    def values_before_type_cast
+      attributes.transform_values(&:value_before_type_cast)
+    end
+
+    def to_hash
+      initialized_attributes.transform_values(&:value)
+    end
+    alias_method :to_h, :to_hash
+
+    def key?(name)
+      attributes.key?(name) && self[name].initialized?
+    end
+
+    def keys
+      attributes.each_key.select { |name| self[name].initialized? }
+    end
+
+    if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
+      # This form is significantly faster on JRuby, and this is one of our biggest hotspots.
+      # https://github.com/jruby/jruby/pull/2562
+      def fetch_value(name, &block)
+        self[name].value(&block)
+      end
+    else
+      def fetch_value(name)
+        self[name].value { |n| yield n if block_given? }
+      end
+    end
+
+    def write_from_database(name, value)
+      attributes[name] = self[name].with_value_from_database(value)
+    end
+
+    def write_from_user(name, value)
+      attributes[name] = self[name].with_value_from_user(value)
+    end
+
+    def write_cast_value(name, value)
+      attributes[name] = self[name].with_cast_value(value)
+    end
+
+    def freeze
+      @attributes.freeze
+      super
+    end
+
+    def deep_dup
+      dup.tap do |copy|
+        copy.instance_variable_set(:@attributes, attributes.deep_dup)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def initialize_dup(_)
+      @attributes = attributes.dup
+      super
+    end
+
+    def initialize_clone(_)
+      @attributes = attributes.clone
+      super
+    end
+
+    def reset(key)
+      if key?(key)
+        write_from_database(key, nil)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def accessed
+      attributes.select { |_, attr| attr.has_been_read? }.keys
+    end
+
+    def map(&block)
+      new_attributes = attributes.transform_values(&block)
+      AttributeSet.new(new_attributes)
+    end
+
+    def ==(other)
+      attributes == other.attributes
+    end
+
+    protected
+
+    attr_reader :attributes
+
+    private
+
+    def initialized_attributes
+      attributes.select { |_, attr| attr.initialized? }
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_set/builder.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_set/builder.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3bd7c7997b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_set/builder.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+require 'active_record/attribute'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class AttributeSet # :nodoc:
+    class Builder # :nodoc:
+      attr_reader :types, :always_initialized
+
+      def initialize(types, always_initialized = nil)
+        @types = types
+        @always_initialized = always_initialized
+      end
+
+      def build_from_database(values = {}, additional_types = {})
+        if always_initialized && !values.key?(always_initialized)
+          values[always_initialized] = nil
+        end
+
+        attributes = LazyAttributeHash.new(types, values, additional_types)
+        AttributeSet.new(attributes)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class LazyAttributeHash # :nodoc:
+    delegate :transform_values, :each_key, to: :materialize
+
+    def initialize(types, values, additional_types)
+      @types = types
+      @values = values
+      @additional_types = additional_types
+      @materialized = false
+      @delegate_hash = {}
+    end
+
+    def key?(key)
+      delegate_hash.key?(key) || values.key?(key) || types.key?(key)
+    end
+
+    def [](key)
+      delegate_hash[key] || assign_default_value(key)
+    end
+
+    def []=(key, value)
+      if frozen?
+        raise RuntimeError, "Can't modify frozen hash"
+      end
+      delegate_hash[key] = value
+    end
+
+    def deep_dup
+      dup.tap do |copy|
+        copy.instance_variable_set(:@delegate_hash, delegate_hash.transform_values(&:dup))
+      end
+    end
+
+    def initialize_dup(_)
+      @delegate_hash = Hash[delegate_hash]
+      super
+    end
+
+    def select
+      keys = types.keys | values.keys | delegate_hash.keys
+      keys.each_with_object({}) do |key, hash|
+        attribute = self[key]
+        if yield(key, attribute)
+          hash[key] = attribute
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def ==(other)
+      if other.is_a?(LazyAttributeHash)
+        materialize == other.materialize
+      else
+        materialize == other
+      end
+    end
+
+    protected
+
+    attr_reader :types, :values, :additional_types, :delegate_hash
+
+    def materialize
+      unless @materialized
+        values.each_key { |key| self[key] }
+        types.each_key { |key| self[key] }
+        unless frozen?
+          @materialized = true
+        end
+      end
+      delegate_hash
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def assign_default_value(name)
+      type = additional_types.fetch(name, types[name])
+      value_present = true
+      value = values.fetch(name) { value_present = false }
+
+      if value_present
+        delegate_hash[name] = Attribute.from_database(name, value, type)
+      elsif types.key?(name)
+        delegate_hash[name] = Attribute.uninitialized(name, type)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attributes.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attributes.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5d0405c3be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attributes.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
+require 'active_record/attribute/user_provided_default'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  # See ActiveRecord::Attributes::ClassMethods for documentation
+  module Attributes
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    included do
+      class_attribute :attributes_to_define_after_schema_loads, instance_accessor: false # :internal:
+      self.attributes_to_define_after_schema_loads = {}
+    end
+
+    module ClassMethods
+      # Defines an attribute with a type on this model. It will override the
+      # type of existing attributes if needed. This allows control over how
+      # values are converted to and from SQL when assigned to a model. It also
+      # changes the behavior of values passed to
+      # {ActiveRecord::Base.where}[rdoc-ref:QueryMethods#where]. This will let you use
+      # your domain objects across much of Active Record, without having to
+      # rely on implementation details or monkey patching.
+      #
+      # +name+ The name of the methods to define attribute methods for, and the
+      # column which this will persist to.
+      #
+      # +cast_type+ A symbol such as +:string+ or +:integer+, or a type object
+      # to be used for this attribute. See the examples below for more
+      # information about providing custom type objects.
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      #
+      # The following options are accepted:
+      #
+      # +default+ The default value to use when no value is provided. If this option
+      # is not passed, the previous default value (if any) will be used.
+      # Otherwise, the default will be +nil+.
+      #
+      # +array+ (PG only) specifies that the type should be an array (see the
+      # examples below).
+      #
+      # +range+ (PG only) specifies that the type should be a range (see the
+      # examples below).
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #
+      # The type detected by Active Record can be overridden.
+      #
+      #   # db/schema.rb
+      #   create_table :store_listings, force: true do |t|
+      #     t.decimal :price_in_cents
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   # app/models/store_listing.rb
+      #   class StoreListing < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   store_listing = StoreListing.new(price_in_cents: '10.1')
+      #
+      #   # before
+      #   store_listing.price_in_cents # => BigDecimal.new(10.1)
+      #
+      #   class StoreListing < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     attribute :price_in_cents, :integer
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   # after
+      #   store_listing.price_in_cents # => 10
+      #
+      # A default can also be provided.
+      #
+      #   create_table :store_listings, force: true do |t|
+      #     t.string :my_string, default: "original default"
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   StoreListing.new.my_string # => "original default"
+      #
+      #   class StoreListing < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     attribute :my_string, :string, default: "new default"
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   StoreListing.new.my_string # => "new default"
+      #
+      #   class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     attribute :my_default_proc, :datetime, default: -> { Time.now }
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   Product.new.my_default_proc # => 2015-05-30 11:04:48 -0600
+      #   sleep 1
+      #   Product.new.my_default_proc # => 2015-05-30 11:04:49 -0600
+      #
+      # \Attributes do not need to be backed by a database column.
+      #
+      #   class MyModel < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     attribute :my_string, :string
+      #     attribute :my_int_array, :integer, array: true
+      #     attribute :my_float_range, :float, range: true
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   model = MyModel.new(
+      #     my_string: "string",
+      #     my_int_array: ["1", "2", "3"],
+      #     my_float_range: "[1,3.5]",
+      #   )
+      #   model.attributes
+      #   # =>
+      #     {
+      #       my_string: "string",
+      #       my_int_array: [1, 2, 3],
+      #       my_float_range: 1.0..3.5
+      #     }
+      #
+      # ==== Creating Custom Types
+      #
+      # Users may also define their own custom types, as long as they respond
+      # to the methods defined on the value type. The method +deserialize+ or
+      # +cast+ will be called on your type object, with raw input from the
+      # database or from your controllers. See ActiveRecord::Type::Value for the
+      # expected API. It is recommended that your type objects inherit from an
+      # existing type, or from ActiveRecord::Type::Value
+      #
+      #   class MoneyType < ActiveRecord::Type::Integer
+      #     def cast(value)
+      #       if !value.kind_of(Numeric) && value.include?('$')
+      #         price_in_dollars = value.gsub(/\$/, '').to_f
+      #         super(price_in_dollars * 100)
+      #       else
+      #         super
+      #       end
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   # config/initializers/types.rb
+      #   ActiveRecord::Type.register(:money, MoneyType)
+      #
+      #   # /app/models/store_listing.rb
+      #   class StoreListing < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     attribute :price_in_cents, :money
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   store_listing = StoreListing.new(price_in_cents: '$10.00')
+      #   store_listing.price_in_cents # => 1000
+      #
+      # For more details on creating custom types, see the documentation for
+      # ActiveRecord::Type::Value. For more details on registering your types
+      # to be referenced by a symbol, see ActiveRecord::Type.register. You can
+      # also pass a type object directly, in place of a symbol.
+      #
+      # ==== \Querying
+      #
+      # When {ActiveRecord::Base.where}[rdoc-ref:QueryMethods#where] is called, it will
+      # use the type defined by the model class to convert the value to SQL,
+      # calling +serialize+ on your type object. For example:
+      #
+      #   class Money < Struct.new(:amount, :currency)
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   class MoneyType < Type::Value
+      #     def initialize(currency_converter)
+      #       @currency_converter = currency_converter
+      #     end
+      #
+      #     # value will be the result of +deserialize+ or
+      #     # +cast+. Assumed to be an instance of +Money+ in
+      #     # this case.
+      #     def serialize(value)
+      #       value_in_bitcoins = @currency_converter.convert_to_bitcoins(value)
+      #       value_in_bitcoins.amount
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   ActiveRecord::Type.register(:money, MoneyType)
+      #
+      #   class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     currency_converter = ConversionRatesFromTheInternet.new
+      #     attribute :price_in_bitcoins, :money, currency_converter
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   Product.where(price_in_bitcoins: Money.new(5, "USD"))
+      #   # => SELECT * FROM products WHERE price_in_bitcoins = 0.02230
+      #
+      #   Product.where(price_in_bitcoins: Money.new(5, "GBP"))
+      #   # => SELECT * FROM products WHERE price_in_bitcoins = 0.03412
+      #
+      # ==== Dirty Tracking
+      #
+      # The type of an attribute is given the opportunity to change how dirty
+      # tracking is performed. The methods +changed?+ and +changed_in_place?+
+      # will be called from ActiveModel::Dirty. See the documentation for those
+      # methods in ActiveRecord::Type::Value for more details.
+      def attribute(name, cast_type, **options)
+        name = name.to_s
+        reload_schema_from_cache
+
+        self.attributes_to_define_after_schema_loads =
+          attributes_to_define_after_schema_loads.merge(
+            name => [cast_type, options]
+          )
+      end
+
+      # This is the low level API which sits beneath +attribute+. It only
+      # accepts type objects, and will do its work immediately instead of
+      # waiting for the schema to load. Automatic schema detection and
+      # ClassMethods#attribute both call this under the hood. While this method
+      # is provided so it can be used by plugin authors, application code
+      # should probably use ClassMethods#attribute.
+      #
+      # +name+ The name of the attribute being defined. Expected to be a +String+.
+      #
+      # +cast_type+ The type object to use for this attribute.
+      #
+      # +default+ The default value to use when no value is provided. If this option
+      # is not passed, the previous default value (if any) will be used.
+      # Otherwise, the default will be +nil+. A proc can also be passed, and
+      # will be called once each time a new value is needed.
+      #
+      # +user_provided_default+ Whether the default value should be cast using
+      # +cast+ or +deserialize+.
+      def define_attribute(
+        name,
+        cast_type,
+        default: NO_DEFAULT_PROVIDED,
+        user_provided_default: true
+      )
+        attribute_types[name] = cast_type
+        define_default_attribute(name, default, cast_type, from_user: user_provided_default)
+      end
+
+      def load_schema! # :nodoc:
+        super
+        attributes_to_define_after_schema_loads.each do |name, (type, options)|
+          if type.is_a?(Symbol)
+            type = ActiveRecord::Type.lookup(type, **options.except(:default))
+          end
+
+          define_attribute(name, type, **options.slice(:default))
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      NO_DEFAULT_PROVIDED = Object.new # :nodoc:
+      private_constant :NO_DEFAULT_PROVIDED
+
+      def define_default_attribute(name, value, type, from_user:)
+        if value == NO_DEFAULT_PROVIDED
+          default_attribute = _default_attributes[name].with_type(type)
+        elsif from_user
+          default_attribute = Attribute::UserProvidedDefault.new(
+            name,
+            value,
+            type,
+            _default_attributes[name],
+          )
+        else
+          default_attribute = Attribute.from_database(name, value, type)
+        end
+        _default_attributes[name] = default_attribute
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/autosave_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/autosave_association.rb
index e9622ca0c1..fc12c3f45a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/autosave_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/autosave_association.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   # = Active Record Autosave Association
   #
-  # +AutosaveAssociation+ is a module that takes care of automatically saving
+  # AutosaveAssociation is a module that takes care of automatically saving
   # associated records when their parent is saved. In addition to saving, it
   # also destroys any associated records that were marked for destruction.
-  # (See +mark_for_destruction+ and <tt>marked_for_destruction?</tt>).
+  # (See #mark_for_destruction and #marked_for_destruction?).
   #
   # Saving of the parent, its associations, and the destruction of marked
   # associations, all happen inside a transaction. This should never leave the
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #
   # === One-to-one Example
   #
-  #   class Post
+  #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
   #     has_one :author, autosave: true
   #   end
   #
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #
   # When <tt>:autosave</tt> is not declared new children are saved when their parent is saved:
   #
-  #   class Post
+  #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
   #     has_many :comments # :autosave option is not declared
   #   end
   #
@@ -95,20 +95,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # When <tt>:autosave</tt> is true all children are saved, no matter whether they
   # are new records or not:
   #
-  #   class Post
+  #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
   #     has_many :comments, autosave: true
   #   end
   #
   #   post = Post.create(title: 'ruby rocks')
   #   post.comments.create(body: 'hello world')
   #   post.comments[0].body = 'hi everyone'
-  #   post.save # => saves both post and comment, with 'hi everyone' as body
+  #   post.comments.build(body: "good morning.")
+  #   post.title += "!"
+  #   post.save # => saves both post and comments.
   #
   # Destroying one of the associated models as part of the parent's save action
   # is as simple as marking it for destruction:
   #
-  #   post.comments.last.mark_for_destruction
-  #   post.comments.last.marked_for_destruction? # => true
+  #   post.comments # => [#<Comment id: 1, ...>, #<Comment id: 2, ...]>
+  #   post.comments[1].mark_for_destruction
+  #   post.comments[1].marked_for_destruction? # => true
   #   post.comments.length # => 2
   #
   # Note that the model is _not_ yet removed from the database:
@@ -122,7 +125,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # Now it _is_ removed from the database:
   #
   #   Comment.find_by(id: id).nil? # => true
-
   module AutosaveAssociation
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
@@ -138,12 +140,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     included do
       Associations::Builder::Association.extensions << AssociationBuilderExtension
+      mattr_accessor :index_nested_attribute_errors, instance_writer: false
+      self.index_nested_attribute_errors = false
     end
 
-    module ClassMethods
+    module ClassMethods # :nodoc:
       private
 
         def define_non_cyclic_method(name, &block)
+          return if method_defined?(name)
           define_method(name) do |*args|
             result = true; @_already_called ||= {}
             # Loop prevention for validation of associations
@@ -173,39 +178,52 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # before actually defining them.
         def add_autosave_association_callbacks(reflection)
           save_method = :"autosave_associated_records_for_#{reflection.name}"
+
+          if reflection.collection?
+            before_save :before_save_collection_association
+
+            define_non_cyclic_method(save_method) { save_collection_association(reflection) }
+            # Doesn't use after_save as that would save associations added in after_create/after_update twice
+            after_create save_method
+            after_update save_method
+          elsif reflection.has_one?
+            define_method(save_method) { save_has_one_association(reflection) } unless method_defined?(save_method)
+            # Configures two callbacks instead of a single after_save so that
+            # the model may rely on their execution order relative to its
+            # own callbacks.
+            #
+            # For example, given that after_creates run before after_saves, if
+            # we configured instead an after_save there would be no way to fire
+            # a custom after_create callback after the child association gets
+            # created.
+            after_create save_method
+            after_update save_method
+          else
+            define_non_cyclic_method(save_method) { throw(:abort) if save_belongs_to_association(reflection) == false }
+            before_save save_method
+          end
+
+          define_autosave_validation_callbacks(reflection)
+        end
+
+        def define_autosave_validation_callbacks(reflection)
           validation_method = :"validate_associated_records_for_#{reflection.name}"
-          collection = reflection.collection?
-
-          unless method_defined?(save_method)
-            if collection
-              before_save :before_save_collection_association
-
-              define_non_cyclic_method(save_method) { save_collection_association(reflection) }
-              # Doesn't use after_save as that would save associations added in after_create/after_update twice
-              after_create save_method
-              after_update save_method
-            elsif reflection.macro == :has_one
-              define_method(save_method) { save_has_one_association(reflection) }
-              # Configures two callbacks instead of a single after_save so that
-              # the model may rely on their execution order relative to its
-              # own callbacks.
-              #
-              # For example, given that after_creates run before after_saves, if
-              # we configured instead an after_save there would be no way to fire
-              # a custom after_create callback after the child association gets
-              # created.
-              after_create save_method
-              after_update save_method
+          if reflection.validate? && !method_defined?(validation_method)
+            if reflection.collection?
+              method = :validate_collection_association
             else
-              define_non_cyclic_method(save_method) { save_belongs_to_association(reflection) }
-              before_save save_method
+              method = :validate_single_association
             end
-          end
 
-          if reflection.validate? && !method_defined?(validation_method)
-            method = (collection ? :validate_collection_association : :validate_single_association)
-            define_non_cyclic_method(validation_method) { send(method, reflection) }
+            define_non_cyclic_method(validation_method) do
+              send(method, reflection)
+              # TODO: remove the following line as soon as the return value of
+              # callbacks is ignored, that is, returning `false` does not
+              # display a deprecation warning or halts the callback chain.
+              true
+            end
             validate validation_method
+            after_validation :_ensure_no_duplicate_errors
           end
         end
     end
@@ -217,7 +235,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       super
     end
 
-    # Marks this record to be destroyed as part of the parents save transaction.
+    # Marks this record to be destroyed as part of the parent's save transaction.
     # This does _not_ actually destroy the record instantly, rather child record will be destroyed
     # when <tt>parent.save</tt> is called.
     #
@@ -226,7 +244,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @marked_for_destruction = true
     end
 
-    # Returns whether or not this record will be destroyed as part of the parents save transaction.
+    # Returns whether or not this record will be destroyed as part of the parent's save transaction.
     #
     # Only useful if the <tt>:autosave</tt> option on the parent is enabled for this associated model.
     def marked_for_destruction?
@@ -261,18 +279,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
         if new_record
           association && association.target
         elsif autosave
-          association.target.find_all { |record| record.changed_for_autosave? }
+          association.target.find_all(&:changed_for_autosave?)
         else
-          association.target.find_all { |record| record.new_record? }
+          association.target.find_all(&:new_record?)
         end
       end
 
       # go through nested autosave associations that are loaded in memory (without loading
       # any new ones), and return true if is changed for autosave
       def nested_records_changed_for_autosave?
-        self.class.reflect_on_all_autosave_associations.any? do |reflection|
-          association = association_instance_get(reflection.name)
-          association && Array.wrap(association.target).any? { |a| a.changed_for_autosave? }
+        @_nested_records_changed_for_autosave_already_called ||= false
+        return false if @_nested_records_changed_for_autosave_already_called
+        begin
+          @_nested_records_changed_for_autosave_already_called = true
+          self.class._reflections.values.any? do |reflection|
+            if reflection.options[:autosave]
+              association = association_instance_get(reflection.name)
+              association && Array.wrap(association.target).any?(&:changed_for_autosave?)
+            end
+          end
+        ensure
+          @_nested_records_changed_for_autosave_already_called = false
         end
       end
 
@@ -290,7 +317,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def validate_collection_association(reflection)
         if association = association_instance_get(reflection.name)
           if records = associated_records_to_validate_or_save(association, new_record?, reflection.options[:autosave])
-            records.each { |record| association_valid?(reflection, record) }
+            records.each_with_index { |record, index| association_valid?(reflection, record, index) }
           end
         end
       end
@@ -298,13 +325,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Returns whether or not the association is valid and applies any errors to
       # the parent, <tt>self</tt>, if it wasn't. Skips any <tt>:autosave</tt>
       # enabled records if they're marked_for_destruction? or destroyed.
-      def association_valid?(reflection, record)
-        return true if record.destroyed? || record.marked_for_destruction?
+      def association_valid?(reflection, record, index=nil)
+        return true if record.destroyed? || (reflection.options[:autosave] && record.marked_for_destruction?)
 
-        unless valid = record.valid?
+        validation_context = self.validation_context unless [:create, :update].include?(self.validation_context)
+        unless valid = record.valid?(validation_context)
           if reflection.options[:autosave]
             record.errors.each do |attribute, message|
-              attribute = "#{reflection.name}.#{attribute}"
+              if index.nil? || (!reflection.options[:index_errors] && !ActiveRecord::Base.index_nested_attribute_errors)
+                attribute = "#{reflection.name}.#{attribute}"
+              else
+                attribute = "#{reflection.name}[#{index}].#{attribute}"
+              end
               errors[attribute] << message
               errors[attribute].uniq!
             end
@@ -326,7 +358,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # <tt>:autosave</tt> is enabled on the association.
       #
       # In addition, it destroys all children that were marked for destruction
-      # with mark_for_destruction.
+      # with #mark_for_destruction.
       #
       # This all happens inside a transaction, _if_ the Transactions module is included into
       # ActiveRecord::Base after the AutosaveAssociation module, which it does by default.
@@ -335,7 +367,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           autosave = reflection.options[:autosave]
 
           if records = associated_records_to_validate_or_save(association, @new_record_before_save, autosave)
-
             if autosave
               records_to_destroy = records.select(&:marked_for_destruction?)
               records_to_destroy.each { |record| association.destroy(record) }
@@ -370,22 +401,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # on the association.
       #
       # In addition, it will destroy the association if it was marked for
-      # destruction with mark_for_destruction.
+      # destruction with #mark_for_destruction.
       #
       # This all happens inside a transaction, _if_ the Transactions module is included into
       # ActiveRecord::Base after the AutosaveAssociation module, which it does by default.
       def save_has_one_association(reflection)
         association = association_instance_get(reflection.name)
         record      = association && association.load_target
+
         if record && !record.destroyed?
           autosave = reflection.options[:autosave]
 
           if autosave && record.marked_for_destruction?
             record.destroy
-          else
+          elsif autosave != false
             key = reflection.options[:primary_key] ? send(reflection.options[:primary_key]) : id
-            if autosave != false && (autosave || new_record? || record_changed?(reflection, record, key))
 
+            if (autosave && record.changed_for_autosave?) || new_record? || record_changed?(reflection, record, key)
               unless reflection.through_reflection
                 record[reflection.foreign_key] = key
               end
@@ -400,7 +432,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # If the record is new or it has changed, returns true.
       def record_changed?(reflection, record, key)
-        record.new_record? || record[reflection.foreign_key] != key || record.attribute_changed?(reflection.foreign_key)
+        record.new_record? ||
+          (record.has_attribute?(reflection.foreign_key) && record[reflection.foreign_key] != key) ||
+          record.attribute_changed?(reflection.foreign_key)
       end
 
       # Saves the associated record if it's new or <tt>:autosave</tt> is enabled.
@@ -428,5 +462,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
       end
+
+      def _ensure_no_duplicate_errors
+        errors.messages.each_key do |attribute|
+          errors[attribute].uniq!
+        end
+      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb
index 9ec1feea97..9782e58299 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb
@@ -1,24 +1,26 @@
 require 'yaml'
-require 'set'
 require 'active_support/benchmarkable'
 require 'active_support/dependencies'
 require 'active_support/descendants_tracker'
 require 'active_support/time'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/transform_values'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/behavior'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/singleton_class'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/introspection'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/class/subclasses'
 require 'arel'
+require 'active_record/attribute_decorators'
 require 'active_record/errors'
 require 'active_record/log_subscriber'
 require 'active_record/explain_subscriber'
 require 'active_record/relation/delegation'
+require 'active_record/attributes'
+require 'active_record/type_caster'
 
 module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
   # = Active Record
@@ -116,28 +118,28 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
   # All column values are automatically available through basic accessors on the Active Record
   # object, but sometimes you want to specialize this behavior. This can be done by overwriting
   # the default accessors (using the same name as the attribute) and calling
-  # <tt>read_attribute(attr_name)</tt> and <tt>write_attribute(attr_name, value)</tt> to actually
-  # change things.
+  # +super+ to actually change things.
   #
   #   class Song < ActiveRecord::Base
   #     # Uses an integer of seconds to hold the length of the song
   #
   #     def length=(minutes)
-  #       write_attribute(:length, minutes.to_i * 60)
+  #       super(minutes.to_i * 60)
   #     end
   #
   #     def length
-  #       read_attribute(:length) / 60
+  #       super / 60
   #     end
   #   end
   #
   # You can alternatively use <tt>self[:attribute]=(value)</tt> and <tt>self[:attribute]</tt>
-  # instead of <tt>write_attribute(:attribute, value)</tt> and <tt>read_attribute(:attribute)</tt>.
+  # or <tt>write_attribute(:attribute, value)</tt> and <tt>read_attribute(:attribute)</tt>.
   #
   # == Attribute query methods
   #
   # In addition to the basic accessors, query methods are also automatically available on the Active Record object.
   # Query methods allow you to test whether an attribute value is present.
+  # Additionally, when dealing with numeric values, a query method will return false if the value is zero.
   #
   # For example, an Active Record User with the <tt>name</tt> attribute has a <tt>name?</tt> method that you can call
   # to determine whether the user has a name:
@@ -168,7 +170,7 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
   # <tt>Person.find_by_user_name(user_name)</tt>.
   #
   # It's possible to add an exclamation point (!) on the end of the dynamic finders to get them to raise an
-  # <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> error if they do not return any records,
+  # ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound error if they do not return any records,
   # like <tt>Person.find_by_last_name!</tt>.
   #
   # It's also possible to use multiple attributes in the same find by separating them with "_and_".
@@ -183,7 +185,8 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
   # == Saving arrays, hashes, and other non-mappable objects in text columns
   #
   # Active Record can serialize any object in text columns using YAML. To do so, you must
-  # specify this with a call to the class method +serialize+.
+  # specify this with a call to the class method
+  # {serialize}[rdoc-ref:AttributeMethods::Serialization::ClassMethods#serialize].
   # This makes it possible to store arrays, hashes, and other non-mappable objects without doing
   # any additional work.
   #
@@ -217,61 +220,53 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
   #
   # == Single table inheritance
   #
-  # Active Record allows inheritance by storing the name of the class in a column that by
-  # default is named "type" (can be changed by overwriting <tt>Base.inheritance_column</tt>).
-  # This means that an inheritance looking like this:
-  #
-  #   class Company < ActiveRecord::Base; end
-  #   class Firm < Company; end
-  #   class Client < Company; end
-  #   class PriorityClient < Client; end
-  #
-  # When you do <tt>Firm.create(name: "37signals")</tt>, this record will be saved in
-  # the companies table with type = "Firm". You can then fetch this row again using
-  # <tt>Company.where(name: '37signals').first</tt> and it will return a Firm object.
-  #
-  # If you don't have a type column defined in your table, single-table inheritance won't
-  # be triggered. In that case, it'll work just like normal subclasses with no special magic
-  # for differentiating between them or reloading the right type with find.
-  #
-  # Note, all the attributes for all the cases are kept in the same table. Read more:
-  # http://www.martinfowler.com/eaaCatalog/singleTableInheritance.html
+  # Active Record allows inheritance by storing the name of the class in a
+  # column that is named "type" by default. See ActiveRecord::Inheritance for
+  # more details.
   #
   # == Connection to multiple databases in different models
   #
-  # Connections are usually created through ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection and retrieved
+  # Connections are usually created through
+  # {ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection}[rdoc-ref:ConnectionHandling#establish_connection] and retrieved
   # by ActiveRecord::Base.connection. All classes inheriting from ActiveRecord::Base will use this
   # connection. But you can also set a class-specific connection. For example, if Course is an
   # ActiveRecord::Base, but resides in a different database, you can just say <tt>Course.establish_connection</tt>
   # and Course and all of its subclasses will use this connection instead.
   #
   # This feature is implemented by keeping a connection pool in ActiveRecord::Base that is
-  # a Hash indexed by the class. If a connection is requested, the retrieve_connection method
+  # a hash indexed by the class. If a connection is requested, the
+  # {ActiveRecord::Base.retrieve_connection}[rdoc-ref:ConnectionHandling#retrieve_connection] method
   # will go up the class-hierarchy until a connection is found in the connection pool.
   #
   # == Exceptions
   #
   # * ActiveRecordError - Generic error class and superclass of all other errors raised by Active Record.
-  # * AdapterNotSpecified - The configuration hash used in <tt>establish_connection</tt> didn't include an
-  #   <tt>:adapter</tt> key.
-  # * AdapterNotFound - The <tt>:adapter</tt> key used in <tt>establish_connection</tt> specified a
-  #   non-existent adapter
+  # * AdapterNotSpecified - The configuration hash used in
+  #   {ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection}[rdoc-ref:ConnectionHandling#establish_connection]
+  #   didn't include an <tt>:adapter</tt> key.
+  # * AdapterNotFound - The <tt>:adapter</tt> key used in
+  #   {ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection}[rdoc-ref:ConnectionHandling#establish_connection]
+  #   specified a non-existent adapter
   #   (or a bad spelling of an existing one).
   # * AssociationTypeMismatch - The object assigned to the association wasn't of the type
   #   specified in the association definition.
   # * AttributeAssignmentError - An error occurred while doing a mass assignment through the
-  #   <tt>attributes=</tt> method.
+  #   {ActiveRecord::Base#attributes=}[rdoc-ref:AttributeAssignment#attributes=] method.
   #   You can inspect the +attribute+ property of the exception object to determine which attribute
   #   triggered the error.
-  # * ConnectionNotEstablished - No connection has been established. Use <tt>establish_connection</tt>
-  #   before querying.
+  # * ConnectionNotEstablished - No connection has been established.
+  #   Use {ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection}[rdoc-ref:ConnectionHandling#establish_connection] before querying.
   # * MultiparameterAssignmentErrors - Collection of errors that occurred during a mass assignment using the
-  #   <tt>attributes=</tt> method. The +errors+ property of this exception contains an array of
+  #   {ActiveRecord::Base#attributes=}[rdoc-ref:AttributeAssignment#attributes=] method.
+  #   The +errors+ property of this exception contains an array of
   #   AttributeAssignmentError
   #   objects that should be inspected to determine which attributes triggered the errors.
-  # * RecordInvalid - raised by save! and create! when the record is invalid.
-  # * RecordNotFound - No record responded to the +find+ method. Either the row with the given ID doesn't exist
-  #   or the row didn't meet the additional restrictions. Some +find+ calls do not raise this exception to signal
+  # * RecordInvalid - raised by {ActiveRecord::Base#save}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#save] and
+  #   {ActiveRecord::Base.create!}[rdoc-ref:Persistence::ClassMethods#create!]
+  #   when the record is invalid.
+  # * RecordNotFound - No record responded to the {ActiveRecord::Base.find}[rdoc-ref:FinderMethods#find] method.
+  #   Either the row with the given ID doesn't exist or the row didn't meet the additional restrictions.
+  #   Some {ActiveRecord::Base.find}[rdoc-ref:FinderMethods#find] calls do not raise this exception to signal
   #   nothing was found, please check its documentation for further details.
   # * SerializationTypeMismatch - The serialized object wasn't of the class specified as the second parameter.
   # * StatementInvalid - The database server rejected the SQL statement. The precise error is added in the message.
@@ -293,10 +288,10 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
     extend Explain
     extend Enum
     extend Delegation::DelegateCache
+    extend CollectionCacheKey
 
     include Core
     include Persistence
-    include NoTouching
     include ReadonlyAttributes
     include ModelSchema
     include Inheritance
@@ -307,6 +302,8 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
     include Integration
     include Validations
     include CounterCache
+    include Attributes
+    include AttributeDecorators
     include Locking::Optimistic
     include Locking::Pessimistic
     include AttributeMethods
@@ -318,9 +315,13 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
     include NestedAttributes
     include Aggregations
     include Transactions
+    include NoTouching
+    include TouchLater
     include Reflection
     include Serialization
     include Store
+    include SecureToken
+    include Suppressor
   end
 
   ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:active_record, Base)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/callbacks.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/callbacks.rb
index 35f19f0bc0..4058affec3 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/callbacks.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/callbacks.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 module ActiveRecord
-  # = Active Record Callbacks
+  # = Active Record \Callbacks
   #
-  # Callbacks are hooks into the life cycle of an Active Record object that allow you to trigger logic
+  # \Callbacks are hooks into the life cycle of an Active Record object that allow you to trigger logic
   # before or after an alteration of the object state. This can be used to make sure that associated and
-  # dependent objects are deleted when +destroy+ is called (by overwriting +before_destroy+) or to massage attributes
-  # before they're validated (by overwriting +before_validation+). As an example of the callbacks initiated, consider
-  # the <tt>Base#save</tt> call for a new record:
+  # dependent objects are deleted when {ActiveRecord::Base#destroy}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#destroy] is called (by overwriting +before_destroy+) or
+  # to massage attributes before they're validated (by overwriting +before_validation+).
+  # As an example of the callbacks initiated, consider the {ActiveRecord::Base#save}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#save] call for a new record:
   #
   # * (-) <tt>save</tt>
   # * (-) <tt>valid</tt>
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # * (7) <tt>after_commit</tt>
   #
   # Also, an <tt>after_rollback</tt> callback can be configured to be triggered whenever a rollback is issued.
-  # Check out <tt>ActiveRecord::Transactions</tt> for more details about <tt>after_commit</tt> and
+  # Check out ActiveRecord::Transactions for more details about <tt>after_commit</tt> and
   # <tt>after_rollback</tt>.
   #
   # Additionally, an <tt>after_touch</tt> callback is triggered whenever an
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # are instantiated as well.
   #
   # There are nineteen callbacks in total, which give you immense power to react and prepare for each state in the
-  # Active Record life cycle. The sequence for calling <tt>Base#save</tt> for an existing record is similar,
+  # Active Record life cycle. The sequence for calling {ActiveRecord::Base#save}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#save] for an existing record is similar,
   # except that each <tt>_create</tt> callback is replaced by the corresponding <tt>_update</tt> callback.
   #
   # Examples:
@@ -192,26 +192,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #
   # == <tt>before_validation*</tt> returning statements
   #
-  # If the returning value of a +before_validation+ callback can be evaluated to +false+, the process will be
-  # aborted and <tt>Base#save</tt> will return +false+. If Base#save! is called it will raise a
-  # ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid exception. Nothing will be appended to the errors object.
+  # If the +before_validation+ callback throws +:abort+, the process will be
+  # aborted and {ActiveRecord::Base#save}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#save] will return +false+.
+  # If {ActiveRecord::Base#save!}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#save!] is called it will raise a ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid exception.
+  # Nothing will be appended to the errors object.
   #
   # == Canceling callbacks
   #
-  # If a <tt>before_*</tt> callback returns +false+, all the later callbacks and the associated action are
-  # cancelled. If an <tt>after_*</tt> callback returns +false+, all the later callbacks are cancelled.
+  # If a <tt>before_*</tt> callback throws +:abort+, all the later callbacks and
+  # the associated action are cancelled.
   # Callbacks are generally run in the order they are defined, with the exception of callbacks defined as
   # methods on the model, which are called last.
   #
   # == Ordering callbacks
   #
   # Sometimes the code needs that the callbacks execute in a specific order. For example, a +before_destroy+
-  # callback (+log_children+ in this case) should be executed before the children get destroyed by the +dependent: destroy+ option.
+  # callback (+log_children+ in this case) should be executed before the children get destroyed by the
+  # <tt>dependent: :destroy</tt> option.
   #
   # Let's look at the code below:
   #
   #   class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base
-  #     has_many :children, dependent: destroy
+  #     has_many :children, dependent: :destroy
   #
   #     before_destroy :log_children
   #
@@ -222,10 +224,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #   end
   #
   # In this case, the problem is that when the +before_destroy+ callback is executed, the children are not available
-  # because the +destroy+ callback gets executed first. You can use the +prepend+ option on the +before_destroy+ callback to avoid this.
+  # because the {ActiveRecord::Base#destroy}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#destroy] callback gets executed first.
+  # You can use the +prepend+ option on the +before_destroy+ callback to avoid this.
   #
   #   class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base
-  #     has_many :children, dependent: destroy
+  #     has_many :children, dependent: :destroy
   #
   #     before_destroy :log_children, prepend: true
   #
@@ -235,23 +238,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #       end
   #   end
   #
-  # This way, the +before_destroy+ gets executed before the <tt>dependent: destroy</tt> is called, and the data is still available.
+  # This way, the +before_destroy+ gets executed before the <tt>dependent: :destroy</tt> is called, and the data is still available.
   #
-  # == Transactions
+  # == \Transactions
   #
-  # The entire callback chain of a +save+, <tt>save!</tt>, or +destroy+ call runs
-  # within a transaction. That includes <tt>after_*</tt> hooks. If everything
-  # goes fine a COMMIT is executed once the chain has been completed.
+  # The entire callback chain of a {#save}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#save], {#save!}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#save!],
+  # or {#destroy}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#destroy] call runs within a transaction. That includes <tt>after_*</tt> hooks.
+  # If everything goes fine a COMMIT is executed once the chain has been completed.
   #
   # If a <tt>before_*</tt> callback cancels the action a ROLLBACK is issued. You
   # can also trigger a ROLLBACK raising an exception in any of the callbacks,
   # including <tt>after_*</tt> hooks. Note, however, that in that case the client
-  # needs to be aware of it because an ordinary +save+ will raise such exception
+  # needs to be aware of it because an ordinary {#save}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#save] will raise such exception
   # instead of quietly returning +false+.
   #
   # == Debugging callbacks
   #
-  # The callback chain is accessible via the <tt>_*_callbacks</tt> method on an object. ActiveModel Callbacks support
+  # The callback chain is accessible via the <tt>_*_callbacks</tt> method on an object. Active Model \Callbacks support
   # <tt>:before</tt>, <tt>:after</tt> and <tt>:around</tt> as values for the <tt>kind</tt> property. The <tt>kind</tt> property
   # defines what part of the chain the callback runs in.
   #
@@ -277,7 +280,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       :before_destroy, :around_destroy, :after_destroy, :after_commit, :after_rollback
     ]
 
-    module ClassMethods
+    module ClassMethods # :nodoc:
       include ActiveModel::Callbacks
     end
 
@@ -289,25 +292,33 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def destroy #:nodoc:
-      run_callbacks(:destroy) { super }
+      @_destroy_callback_already_called ||= false
+      return if @_destroy_callback_already_called
+      @_destroy_callback_already_called = true
+      _run_destroy_callbacks { super }
+    rescue RecordNotDestroyed => e
+      @_association_destroy_exception = e
+      false
+    ensure
+      @_destroy_callback_already_called = false
     end
 
     def touch(*) #:nodoc:
-      run_callbacks(:touch) { super }
+      _run_touch_callbacks { super }
     end
 
   private
 
-    def create_or_update #:nodoc:
-      run_callbacks(:save) { super }
+    def create_or_update(*) #:nodoc:
+      _run_save_callbacks { super }
     end
 
-    def create_record #:nodoc:
-      run_callbacks(:create) { super }
+    def _create_record #:nodoc:
+      _run_create_callbacks { super }
     end
 
-    def update_record(*) #:nodoc:
-      run_callbacks(:update) { super }
+    def _update_record(*) #:nodoc:
+      _run_update_callbacks { super }
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/coders/json.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/coders/json.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..75d3bfe625
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/coders/json.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Coders # :nodoc:
+    class JSON # :nodoc:
+      def self.dump(obj)
+        ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(obj)
+      end
+
+      def self.load(json)
+        ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(json) unless json.nil?
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/coders/yaml_column.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/coders/yaml_column.rb
index d3d7396c91..2456b8ad8c 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/coders/yaml_column.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/coders/yaml_column.rb
@@ -8,15 +8,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def initialize(object_class = Object)
         @object_class = object_class
+        check_arity_of_constructor
       end
 
       def dump(obj)
         return if obj.nil?
 
-        unless obj.is_a?(object_class)
-          raise SerializationTypeMismatch,
-            "Attribute was supposed to be a #{object_class}, but was a #{obj.class}. -- #{obj.inspect}"
-        end
+        assert_valid_value(obj)
         YAML.dump obj
       end
 
@@ -25,14 +23,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
         return yaml unless yaml.is_a?(String) && yaml =~ /^---/
         obj = YAML.load(yaml)
 
-        unless obj.is_a?(object_class) || obj.nil?
-          raise SerializationTypeMismatch,
-            "Attribute was supposed to be a #{object_class}, but was a #{obj.class}"
-        end
+        assert_valid_value(obj)
         obj ||= object_class.new if object_class != Object
 
         obj
       end
+
+      def assert_valid_value(obj)
+        unless obj.nil? || obj.is_a?(object_class)
+          raise SerializationTypeMismatch,
+            "Attribute was supposed to be a #{object_class}, but was a #{obj.class}. -- #{obj.inspect}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def check_arity_of_constructor
+        begin
+          load(nil)
+        rescue ArgumentError
+          raise ArgumentError, "Cannot serialize #{object_class}. Classes passed to `serialize` must have a 0 argument constructor."
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/collection_cache_key.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/collection_cache_key.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3c4ca3d116
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/collection_cache_key.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module CollectionCacheKey
+
+    def collection_cache_key(collection = all, timestamp_column = :updated_at) # :nodoc:
+      query_signature = Digest::MD5.hexdigest(collection.to_sql)
+      key = "#{collection.model_name.cache_key}/query-#{query_signature}"
+
+      if collection.loaded?
+        size = collection.size
+        timestamp = collection.max_by(&timestamp_column).public_send(timestamp_column)
+      else
+        column_type = type_for_attribute(timestamp_column.to_s)
+        column = "#{connection.quote_table_name(collection.table_name)}.#{connection.quote_column_name(timestamp_column)}"
+
+        query = collection
+          .select("COUNT(*) AS size", "MAX(#{column}) AS timestamp")
+          .unscope(:order)
+        result = connection.select_one(query)
+
+        size = result["size"]
+        timestamp = column_type.deserialize(result["timestamp"])
+      end
+
+      if timestamp
+        "#{key}-#{size}-#{timestamp.utc.to_s(cache_timestamp_format)}"
+      else
+        "#{key}-#{size}"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool.rb
index fd185de589..ccd2899489 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 require 'thread'
-require 'thread_safe'
+require 'concurrent/map'
 require 'monitor'
-require 'set'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   # Raised when a connection could not be obtained within the connection
@@ -10,6 +9,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
   class ConnectionTimeoutError < ConnectionNotEstablished
   end
 
+  # Raised when a pool was unable to get ahold of all its connections
+  # to perform a "group" action such as
+  # {ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.disconnect!}[rdoc-ref:ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionPool#disconnect!]
+  # or {ActiveRecord::Base.clear_reloadable_connections!}[rdoc-ref:ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionHandler#clear_reloadable_connections!].
+  class ExclusiveConnectionTimeoutError < ConnectionTimeoutError
+  end
+
   module ConnectionAdapters
     # Connection pool base class for managing Active Record database
     # connections.
@@ -32,17 +38,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Connections can be obtained and used from a connection pool in several
     # ways:
     #
-    # 1. Simply use ActiveRecord::Base.connection as with Active Record 2.1 and
+    # 1. Simply use {ActiveRecord::Base.connection}[rdoc-ref:ConnectionHandling.connection]
+    #    as with Active Record 2.1 and
     #    earlier (pre-connection-pooling). Eventually, when you're done with
     #    the connection(s) and wish it to be returned to the pool, you call
-    #    ActiveRecord::Base.clear_active_connections!. This will be the
-    #    default behavior for Active Record when used in conjunction with
+    #    {ActiveRecord::Base.clear_active_connections!}[rdoc-ref:ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionHandler#clear_active_connections!].
+    #    This will be the default behavior for Active Record when used in conjunction with
     #    Action Pack's request handling cycle.
     # 2. Manually check out a connection from the pool with
-    #    ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.checkout. You are responsible for
+    #    {ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.checkout}[rdoc-ref:#checkout]. You are responsible for
     #    returning this connection to the pool when finished by calling
-    #    ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.checkin(connection).
-    # 3. Use ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.with_connection(&block), which
+    #    {ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.checkin(connection)}[rdoc-ref:#checkin].
+    # 3. Use {ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.with_connection(&block)}[rdoc-ref:#with_connection], which
     #    obtains a connection, yields it as the sole argument to the block,
     #    and returns it to the pool after the block completes.
     #
@@ -58,13 +65,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # * +checkout_timeout+: number of seconds to block and wait for a connection
     #   before giving up and raising a timeout error (default 5 seconds).
     # * +reaping_frequency+: frequency in seconds to periodically run the
-    #   Reaper, which attempts to find and close dead connections, which can
-    #   occur if a programmer forgets to close a connection at the end of a
-    #   thread or a thread dies unexpectedly. (Default nil, which means don't
-    #   run the Reaper).
-    # * +dead_connection_timeout+: number of seconds from last checkout
-    #   after which the Reaper will consider a connection reapable. (default
-    #   5 seconds).
+    #   Reaper, which attempts to find and recover connections from dead
+    #   threads, which can occur if a programmer forgets to close a
+    #   connection at the end of a thread or a thread dies unexpectedly.
+    #   Regardless of this setting, the Reaper will be invoked before every
+    #   blocking wait. (Default nil, which means don't schedule the Reaper).
+    #
+    #--
+    # Synchronization policy:
+    # * all public methods can be called outside +synchronize+
+    # * access to these i-vars needs to be in +synchronize+:
+    #   * @connections
+    #   * @now_connecting
+    # * private methods that require being called in a +synchronize+ blocks
+    #   are now explicitly documented
     class ConnectionPool
       # Threadsafe, fair, FIFO queue.  Meant to be used by ConnectionPool
       # with which it shares a Monitor.  But could be a generic Queue.
@@ -123,25 +137,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # greater than the number of threads currently waiting (that
         # is, don't jump ahead in line).  Otherwise, return nil.
         #
-        # If +timeout+ is given, block if it there is no element
+        # If +timeout+ is given, block if there is no element
         # available, waiting up to +timeout+ seconds for an element to
         # become available.
         #
         # Raises:
-        # - ConnectionTimeoutError if +timeout+ is given and no element
-        # becomes available after +timeout+ seconds,
+        # - ActiveRecord::ConnectionTimeoutError if +timeout+ is given and no element
+        # becomes available within +timeout+ seconds,
         def poll(timeout = nil)
-          synchronize do
-            if timeout
-              no_wait_poll || wait_poll(timeout)
-            else
-              no_wait_poll
-            end
-          end
+          synchronize { internal_poll(timeout) }
         end
 
         private
 
+        def internal_poll(timeout)
+          no_wait_poll || (timeout && wait_poll(timeout))
+        end
+
         def synchronize(&block)
           @lock.synchronize(&block)
         end
@@ -152,7 +164,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         # A thread can remove an element from the queue without
-        # waiting if an only if the number of currently available
+        # waiting if and only if the number of currently available
         # connections is strictly greater than the number of waiting
         # threads.
         def can_remove_no_wait?
@@ -185,7 +197,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
             elapsed = Time.now - t0
             if elapsed >= timeout
-              msg = 'could not obtain a database connection within %0.3f seconds (waited %0.3f seconds)' %
+              msg = 'could not obtain a connection from the pool within %0.3f seconds (waited %0.3f seconds); all pooled connections were in use' %
                 [timeout, elapsed]
               raise ConnectionTimeoutError, msg
             end
@@ -195,6 +207,80 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      # Adds the ability to turn a basic fair FIFO queue into one
+      # biased to some thread.
+      module BiasableQueue # :nodoc:
+        class BiasedConditionVariable # :nodoc:
+          # semantics of condition variables guarantee that +broadcast+, +broadcast_on_biased+,
+          # +signal+ and +wait+ methods are only called while holding a lock
+          def initialize(lock, other_cond, preferred_thread)
+            @real_cond = lock.new_cond
+            @other_cond = other_cond
+            @preferred_thread = preferred_thread
+            @num_waiting_on_real_cond = 0
+          end
+
+          def broadcast
+            broadcast_on_biased
+            @other_cond.broadcast
+          end
+
+          def broadcast_on_biased
+            @num_waiting_on_real_cond = 0
+            @real_cond.broadcast
+          end
+
+          def signal
+            if @num_waiting_on_real_cond > 0
+              @num_waiting_on_real_cond -= 1
+              @real_cond
+            else
+              @other_cond
+            end.signal
+          end
+
+          def wait(timeout)
+            if Thread.current == @preferred_thread
+              @num_waiting_on_real_cond += 1
+              @real_cond
+            else
+              @other_cond
+            end.wait(timeout)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def with_a_bias_for(thread)
+          previous_cond = nil
+          new_cond      = nil
+          synchronize do
+            previous_cond = @cond
+            @cond = new_cond = BiasedConditionVariable.new(@lock, @cond, thread)
+          end
+          yield
+        ensure
+          synchronize do
+            @cond = previous_cond if previous_cond
+            new_cond.broadcast_on_biased if new_cond # wake up any remaining sleepers
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Connections must be leased while holding the main pool mutex. This is
+      # an internal subclass that also +.leases+ returned connections while
+      # still in queue's critical section (queue synchronizes with the same
+      # +@lock+ as the main pool) so that a returned connection is already
+      # leased and there is no need to re-enter synchronized block.
+      class ConnectionLeasingQueue < Queue # :nodoc:
+        include BiasableQueue
+
+        private
+        def internal_poll(timeout)
+          conn = super
+          conn.lease if conn
+          conn
+        end
+      end
+
       # Every +frequency+ seconds, the reaper will call +reap+ on +pool+.
       # A reaper instantiated with a nil frequency will never reap the
       # connection pool.
@@ -222,7 +308,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       include MonitorMixin
 
-      attr_accessor :automatic_reconnect, :checkout_timeout, :dead_connection_timeout
+      attr_accessor :automatic_reconnect, :checkout_timeout, :schema_cache
       attr_reader :spec, :connections, :size, :reaper
 
       # Creates a new ConnectionPool object. +spec+ is a ConnectionSpecification
@@ -236,64 +322,82 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         @spec = spec
 
-        @checkout_timeout = spec.config[:checkout_timeout] || 5
-        @dead_connection_timeout = spec.config[:dead_connection_timeout] || 5
-        @reaper  = Reaper.new self, spec.config[:reaping_frequency]
+        @checkout_timeout = (spec.config[:checkout_timeout] && spec.config[:checkout_timeout].to_f) || 5
+        @reaper = Reaper.new(self, (spec.config[:reaping_frequency] && spec.config[:reaping_frequency].to_f))
         @reaper.run
 
         # default max pool size to 5
         @size = (spec.config[:pool] && spec.config[:pool].to_i) || 5
 
-        # The cache of reserved connections mapped to threads
-        @reserved_connections = ThreadSafe::Cache.new(:initial_capacity => @size)
+        # The cache of threads mapped to reserved connections, the sole purpose
+        # of the cache is to speed-up +connection+ method, it is not the authoritative
+        # registry of which thread owns which connection, that is tracked by
+        # +connection.owner+ attr on each +connection+ instance.
+        # The invariant works like this: if there is mapping of <tt>thread => conn</tt>,
+        # then that +thread+ does indeed own that +conn+, however an absence of a such
+        # mapping does not mean that the +thread+ doesn't own the said connection, in
+        # that case +conn.owner+ attr should be consulted.
+        # Access and modification of +@thread_cached_conns+ does not require
+        # synchronization.
+        @thread_cached_conns = Concurrent::Map.new(:initial_capacity => @size)
 
         @connections         = []
         @automatic_reconnect = true
 
-        @available = Queue.new self
+        # Connection pool allows for concurrent (outside the main +synchronize+ section)
+        # establishment of new connections. This variable tracks the number of threads
+        # currently in the process of independently establishing connections to the DB.
+        @now_connecting = 0
+
+        # A boolean toggle that allows/disallows new connections.
+        @new_cons_enabled = true
+
+        @available = ConnectionLeasingQueue.new self
       end
 
       # Retrieve the connection associated with the current thread, or call
       # #checkout to obtain one if necessary.
       #
       # #connection can be called any number of times; the connection is
-      # held in a hash keyed by the thread id.
+      # held in a cache keyed by a thread.
       def connection
-        # this is correctly done double-checked locking
-        # (ThreadSafe::Cache's lookups have volatile semantics)
-        @reserved_connections[current_connection_id] || synchronize do
-          @reserved_connections[current_connection_id] ||= checkout
-        end
+        @thread_cached_conns[connection_cache_key(Thread.current)] ||= checkout
       end
 
       # Is there an open connection that is being used for the current thread?
+      #
+      # This method only works for connections that have been obtained through
+      # #connection or #with_connection methods, connections obtained through
+      # #checkout will not be detected by #active_connection?
       def active_connection?
-        synchronize do
-          @reserved_connections.fetch(current_connection_id) {
-            return false
-          }.in_use?
-        end
+        @thread_cached_conns[connection_cache_key(Thread.current)]
       end
 
       # Signal that the thread is finished with the current connection.
       # #release_connection releases the connection-thread association
       # and returns the connection to the pool.
-      def release_connection(with_id = current_connection_id)
-        synchronize do
-          conn = @reserved_connections.delete(with_id)
-          checkin conn if conn
+      #
+      # This method only works for connections that have been obtained through
+      # #connection or #with_connection methods, connections obtained through
+      # #checkout will not be automatically released.
+      def release_connection(owner_thread = Thread.current)
+        if conn = @thread_cached_conns.delete(connection_cache_key(owner_thread))
+          checkin conn
         end
       end
 
-      # If a connection already exists yield it to the block. If no connection
+      # If a connection obtained through #connection or #with_connection methods
+      # already exists yield it to the block. If no such connection
       # exists checkout a connection, yield it to the block, and checkin the
       # connection when finished.
       def with_connection
-        connection_id = current_connection_id
-        fresh_connection = true unless active_connection?
-        yield connection
+        unless conn = @thread_cached_conns[connection_cache_key(Thread.current)]
+          conn = connection
+          fresh_connection = true
+        end
+        yield conn
       ensure
-        release_connection(connection_id) if fresh_connection
+        release_connection if fresh_connection
       end
 
       # Returns true if a connection has already been opened.
@@ -302,34 +406,81 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Disconnects all connections in the pool, and clears the pool.
-      def disconnect!
-        synchronize do
-          @reserved_connections.clear
-          @connections.each do |conn|
-            checkin conn
-            conn.disconnect!
+      #
+      # Raises:
+      # - ActiveRecord::ExclusiveConnectionTimeoutError if unable to gain ownership of all
+      #   connections in the pool within a timeout interval (default duration is
+      #   <tt>spec.config[:checkout_timeout] * 2</tt> seconds).
+      def disconnect(raise_on_acquisition_timeout = true)
+        with_exclusively_acquired_all_connections(raise_on_acquisition_timeout) do
+          synchronize do
+            @connections.each do |conn|
+              checkin conn
+              conn.disconnect!
+            end
+            @connections = []
+            @available.clear
           end
-          @connections = []
-          @available.clear
         end
       end
 
-      # Clears the cache which maps classes.
-      def clear_reloadable_connections!
-        synchronize do
-          @reserved_connections.clear
-          @connections.each do |conn|
-            checkin conn
-            conn.disconnect! if conn.requires_reloading?
-          end
-          @connections.delete_if do |conn|
-            conn.requires_reloading?
-          end
-          @available.clear
-          @connections.each do |conn|
-            @available.add conn
+      # Disconnects all connections in the pool, and clears the pool.
+      #
+      # The pool first tries to gain ownership of all connections, if unable to
+      # do so within a timeout interval (default duration is
+      # <tt>spec.config[:checkout_timeout] * 2</tt> seconds), the pool is forcefully
+      # disconnected without any regard for other connection owning threads.
+      def disconnect!
+        disconnect(false)
+      end
+
+      # Clears the cache which maps classes and re-connects connections that
+      # require reloading.
+      #
+      # Raises:
+      # - ActiveRecord::ExclusiveConnectionTimeoutError if unable to gain ownership of all
+      #   connections in the pool within a timeout interval (default duration is
+      #   <tt>spec.config[:checkout_timeout] * 2</tt> seconds).
+      def clear_reloadable_connections(raise_on_acquisition_timeout = true)
+        num_new_conns_required = 0
+
+        with_exclusively_acquired_all_connections(raise_on_acquisition_timeout) do
+          synchronize do
+            @connections.each do |conn|
+              checkin conn
+              conn.disconnect! if conn.requires_reloading?
+            end
+            @connections.delete_if(&:requires_reloading?)
+
+            @available.clear
+
+            if @connections.size < @size
+              # because of the pruning done by this method, we might be running
+              # low on connections, while threads stuck in queue are helpless
+              # (not being able to establish new connections for themselves),
+              # see also more detailed explanation in +remove+
+              num_new_conns_required = num_waiting_in_queue - @connections.size
+            end
+
+            @connections.each do |conn|
+              @available.add conn
+            end
           end
         end
+
+        bulk_make_new_connections(num_new_conns_required) if num_new_conns_required > 0
+      end
+
+      # Clears the cache which maps classes and re-connects connections that
+      # require reloading.
+      #
+      # The pool first tries to gain ownership of all connections, if unable to
+      # do so within a timeout interval (default duration is
+      # <tt>spec.config[:checkout_timeout] * 2</tt> seconds), the pool forcefully
+      # clears the cache and reloads connections without any regard for other
+      # connection owning threads.
+      def clear_reloadable_connections!
+        clear_reloadable_connections(false)
       end
 
       # Check-out a database connection from the pool, indicating that you want
@@ -345,62 +496,193 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Returns: an AbstractAdapter object.
       #
       # Raises:
-      # - ConnectionTimeoutError: no connection can be obtained from the pool.
-      def checkout
-        synchronize do
-          conn = acquire_connection
-          conn.lease
-          checkout_and_verify(conn)
-        end
+      # - ActiveRecord::ConnectionTimeoutError no connection can be obtained from the pool.
+      def checkout(checkout_timeout = @checkout_timeout)
+        checkout_and_verify(acquire_connection(checkout_timeout))
       end
 
       # Check-in a database connection back into the pool, indicating that you
       # no longer need this connection.
       #
       # +conn+: an AbstractAdapter object, which was obtained by earlier by
-      # calling +checkout+ on this pool.
+      # calling #checkout on this pool.
       def checkin(conn)
         synchronize do
-          conn.run_callbacks :checkin do
+          remove_connection_from_thread_cache conn
+
+          conn._run_checkin_callbacks do
             conn.expire
           end
 
-          release conn
-
           @available.add conn
         end
       end
 
-      # Remove a connection from the connection pool.  The connection will
+      # Remove a connection from the connection pool. The connection will
       # remain open and active but will no longer be managed by this pool.
       def remove(conn)
+        needs_new_connection = false
+
         synchronize do
+          remove_connection_from_thread_cache conn
+
           @connections.delete conn
           @available.delete conn
 
-          # FIXME: we might want to store the key on the connection so that removing
-          # from the reserved hash will be a little easier.
-          release conn
-
-          @available.add checkout_new_connection if @available.any_waiting?
+          # @available.any_waiting? => true means that prior to removing this
+          # conn, the pool was at its max size (@connections.size == @size)
+          # this would mean that any threads stuck waiting in the queue wouldn't
+          # know they could checkout_new_connection, so let's do it for them.
+          # Because condition-wait loop is encapsulated in the Queue class
+          # (that in turn is oblivious to ConnectionPool implementation), threads
+          # that are "stuck" there are helpless, they have no way of creating
+          # new connections and are completely reliant on us feeding available
+          # connections into the Queue.
+          needs_new_connection = @available.any_waiting?
         end
+
+        # This is intentionally done outside of the synchronized section as we
+        # would like not to hold the main mutex while checking out new connections,
+        # thus there is some chance that needs_new_connection information is now
+        # stale, we can live with that (bulk_make_new_connections will make
+        # sure not to exceed the pool's @size limit).
+        bulk_make_new_connections(1) if needs_new_connection
       end
 
-      # Removes dead connections from the pool.  A dead connection can occur
-      # if a programmer forgets to close a connection at the end of a thread
+      # Recover lost connections for the pool. A lost connection can occur if
+      # a programmer forgets to checkin a connection at the end of a thread
       # or a thread dies unexpectedly.
       def reap
-        synchronize do
-          stale = Time.now - @dead_connection_timeout
-          connections.dup.each do |conn|
-            if conn.in_use? && stale > conn.last_use && !conn.active_threadsafe?
+        stale_connections = synchronize do
+          @connections.select do |conn|
+            conn.in_use? && !conn.owner.alive?
+          end
+        end
+
+        stale_connections.each do |conn|
+          synchronize do
+            if conn.active?
+              conn.reset!
+              checkin conn
+            else
               remove conn
             end
           end
         end
       end
 
+      def num_waiting_in_queue # :nodoc:
+        @available.num_waiting
+      end
+
       private
+      #--
+      # this is unfortunately not concurrent
+      def bulk_make_new_connections(num_new_conns_needed)
+        num_new_conns_needed.times do
+          # try_to_checkout_new_connection will not exceed pool's @size limit
+          if new_conn = try_to_checkout_new_connection
+            # make the new_conn available to the starving threads stuck @available Queue
+            checkin(new_conn)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      #--
+      # From the discussion on GitHub:
+      #  https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14938#commitcomment-6601951
+      # This hook-in method allows for easier monkey-patching fixes needed by
+      # JRuby users that use Fibers.
+      def connection_cache_key(thread)
+        thread
+      end
+
+      # Take control of all existing connections so a "group" action such as
+      # reload/disconnect can be performed safely. It is no longer enough to
+      # wrap it in +synchronize+ because some pool's actions are allowed
+      # to be performed outside of the main +synchronize+ block.
+      def with_exclusively_acquired_all_connections(raise_on_acquisition_timeout = true)
+        with_new_connections_blocked do
+          attempt_to_checkout_all_existing_connections(raise_on_acquisition_timeout)
+          yield
+        end
+      end
+
+      def attempt_to_checkout_all_existing_connections(raise_on_acquisition_timeout = true)
+        collected_conns = synchronize do
+          # account for our own connections
+          @connections.select {|conn| conn.owner == Thread.current}
+        end
+
+        newly_checked_out = []
+        timeout_time      = Time.now + (@checkout_timeout * 2)
+
+        @available.with_a_bias_for(Thread.current) do
+          while true
+            synchronize do
+              return if collected_conns.size == @connections.size && @now_connecting == 0
+              remaining_timeout = timeout_time - Time.now
+              remaining_timeout = 0 if remaining_timeout < 0
+              conn = checkout_for_exclusive_access(remaining_timeout)
+              collected_conns   << conn
+              newly_checked_out << conn
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      rescue ExclusiveConnectionTimeoutError
+        # <tt>raise_on_acquisition_timeout == false</tt> means we are directed to ignore any
+        # timeouts and are expected to just give up: we've obtained as many connections
+        # as possible, note that in a case like that we don't return any of the
+        # +newly_checked_out+ connections.
+
+        if raise_on_acquisition_timeout
+          release_newly_checked_out = true
+          raise
+        end
+      rescue Exception # if something else went wrong
+        # this can't be a "naked" rescue, because we have should return conns
+        # even for non-StandardErrors
+        release_newly_checked_out = true
+        raise
+      ensure
+        if release_newly_checked_out && newly_checked_out
+          # releasing only those conns that were checked out in this method, conns
+          # checked outside this method (before it was called) are not for us to release
+          newly_checked_out.each {|conn| checkin(conn)}
+        end
+      end
+
+      #--
+      # Must be called in a synchronize block.
+      def checkout_for_exclusive_access(checkout_timeout)
+        checkout(checkout_timeout)
+      rescue ConnectionTimeoutError
+        # this block can't be easily moved into attempt_to_checkout_all_existing_connections's
+        # rescue block, because doing so would put it outside of synchronize section, without
+        # being in a critical section thread_report might become inaccurate
+        msg = "could not obtain ownership of all database connections in #{checkout_timeout} seconds"
+
+        thread_report = []
+        @connections.each do |conn|
+          unless conn.owner == Thread.current
+            thread_report << "#{conn} is owned by #{conn.owner}"
+          end
+        end
+
+        msg << " (#{thread_report.join(', ')})" if thread_report.any?
+
+        raise ExclusiveConnectionTimeoutError, msg
+      end
+
+      def with_new_connections_blocked
+        previous_value = nil
+        synchronize do
+          previous_value, @new_cons_enabled = @new_cons_enabled, false
+        end
+        yield
+      ensure
+        synchronize { @new_cons_enabled = previous_value }
+      end
 
       # Acquire a connection by one of 1) immediately removing one
       # from the queue of available connections, 2) creating a new
@@ -408,51 +690,90 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # queue for a connection to become available.
       #
       # Raises:
-      # - ConnectionTimeoutError if a connection could not be acquired
-      def acquire_connection
-        if conn = @available.poll
+      # - ActiveRecord::ConnectionTimeoutError if a connection could not be acquired
+      #
+      #--
+      # Implementation detail: the connection returned by +acquire_connection+
+      # will already be "+connection.lease+ -ed" to the current thread.
+      def acquire_connection(checkout_timeout)
+        # NOTE: we rely on +@available.poll+ and +try_to_checkout_new_connection+ to
+        # +conn.lease+ the returned connection (and to do this in a +synchronized+
+        # section), this is not the cleanest implementation, as ideally we would
+        # <tt>synchronize { conn.lease }</tt> in this method, but by leaving it to +@available.poll+
+        # and +try_to_checkout_new_connection+ we can piggyback on +synchronize+ sections
+        # of the said methods and avoid an additional +synchronize+ overhead.
+        if conn = @available.poll || try_to_checkout_new_connection
           conn
-        elsif @connections.size < @size
-          checkout_new_connection
         else
-          @available.poll(@checkout_timeout)
+          reap
+          @available.poll(checkout_timeout)
         end
       end
 
-      def release(conn)
-        thread_id = if @reserved_connections[current_connection_id] == conn
-          current_connection_id
-        else
-          @reserved_connections.keys.find { |k|
-            @reserved_connections[k] == conn
-          }
-        end
-
-        @reserved_connections.delete thread_id if thread_id
+      #--
+      # if owner_thread param is omitted, this must be called in synchronize block
+      def remove_connection_from_thread_cache(conn, owner_thread = conn.owner)
+        @thread_cached_conns.delete_pair(connection_cache_key(owner_thread), conn)
       end
+      alias_method :release, :remove_connection_from_thread_cache
 
       def new_connection
-        Base.send(spec.adapter_method, spec.config)
+        Base.send(spec.adapter_method, spec.config).tap do |conn|
+          conn.schema_cache = schema_cache.dup if schema_cache
+        end
+      end
+
+      # If the pool is not at a +@size+ limit, establish new connection. Connecting
+      # to the DB is done outside main synchronized section.
+      #--
+      # Implementation constraint: a newly established connection returned by this
+      # method must be in the +.leased+ state.
+      def try_to_checkout_new_connection
+        # first in synchronized section check if establishing new conns is allowed
+        # and increment @now_connecting, to prevent overstepping this pool's @size
+        # constraint
+        do_checkout = synchronize do
+          if @new_cons_enabled && (@connections.size + @now_connecting) < @size
+            @now_connecting += 1
+          end
+        end
+        if do_checkout
+          begin
+            # if successfully incremented @now_connecting establish new connection
+            # outside of synchronized section
+            conn = checkout_new_connection
+          ensure
+            synchronize do
+              if conn
+                adopt_connection(conn)
+                # returned conn needs to be already leased
+                conn.lease
+              end
+              @now_connecting -= 1
+            end
+          end
+        end
       end
 
-      def current_connection_id #:nodoc:
-        Base.connection_id ||= Thread.current.object_id
+      def adopt_connection(conn)
+        conn.pool = self
+        @connections << conn
       end
 
       def checkout_new_connection
         raise ConnectionNotEstablished unless @automatic_reconnect
-
-        c = new_connection
-        c.pool = self
-        @connections << c
-        c
+        new_connection
       end
 
       def checkout_and_verify(c)
-        c.run_callbacks :checkout do
+        c._run_checkout_callbacks do
           c.verify!
         end
         c
+      rescue
+        remove c
+        c.disconnect!
+        raise
       end
     end
 
@@ -462,47 +783,61 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # For example, suppose that you have 5 models, with the following hierarchy:
     #
-    #  |
-    #  +-- Book
-    #  |    |
-    #  |    +-- ScaryBook
-    #  |    +-- GoodBook
-    #  +-- Author
-    #  +-- BankAccount
+    #   class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   class BankAccount < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   class Book < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     establish_connection "library_db"
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   class ScaryBook < Book
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   class GoodBook < Book
+    #   end
     #
-    # Suppose that Book is to connect to a separate database (i.e. one other
-    # than the default database). Then Book, ScaryBook and GoodBook will all use
-    # the same connection pool. Likewise, Author and BankAccount will use the
-    # same connection pool. However, the connection pool used by Author/BankAccount
-    # is not the same as the one used by Book/ScaryBook/GoodBook.
+    # And a database.yml that looked like this:
     #
-    # Normally there is only a single ConnectionHandler instance, accessible via
-    # ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler. Active Record models use this to
-    # determine the connection pool that they should use.
+    #   development:
+    #     database: my_application
+    #     host: localhost
+    #
+    #   library_db:
+    #     database: library
+    #     host: some.library.org
+    #
+    # Your primary database in the development environment is "my_application"
+    # but the Book model connects to a separate database called "library_db"
+    # (this can even be a database on a different machine).
+    #
+    # Book, ScaryBook and GoodBook will all use the same connection pool to
+    # "library_db" while Author, BankAccount, and any other models you create
+    # will use the default connection pool to "my_application".
+    #
+    # The various connection pools are managed by a single instance of
+    # ConnectionHandler accessible via ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.
+    # All Active Record models use this handler to determine the connection pool that they
+    # should use.
     class ConnectionHandler
       def initialize
         # These caches are keyed by klass.name, NOT klass. Keying them by klass
         # alone would lead to memory leaks in development mode as all previous
         # instances of the class would stay in memory.
-        @owner_to_pool = ThreadSafe::Cache.new(:initial_capacity => 2) do |h,k|
-          h[k] = ThreadSafe::Cache.new(:initial_capacity => 2)
+        @owner_to_pool = Concurrent::Map.new(:initial_capacity => 2) do |h,k|
+          h[k] = Concurrent::Map.new(:initial_capacity => 2)
         end
-        @class_to_pool = ThreadSafe::Cache.new(:initial_capacity => 2) do |h,k|
-          h[k] = ThreadSafe::Cache.new
+        @class_to_pool = Concurrent::Map.new(:initial_capacity => 2) do |h,k|
+          h[k] = Concurrent::Map.new
         end
       end
 
       def connection_pool_list
         owner_to_pool.values.compact
       end
-
-      def connection_pools
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(
-          "In the next release, this will return the same as #connection_pool_list. " \
-          "(An array of pools, rather than a hash mapping specs to pools.)"
-        )
-        Hash[connection_pool_list.map { |pool| [pool.spec, pool] }]
-      end
+      alias :connection_pools :connection_pool_list
 
       def establish_connection(owner, spec)
         @class_to_pool.clear
@@ -524,6 +859,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Clears the cache which maps classes.
+      #
+      # See ConnectionPool#clear_reloadable_connections! for details.
       def clear_reloadable_connections!
         connection_pool_list.each(&:clear_reloadable_connections!)
       end
@@ -600,7 +937,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
             # A connection was established in an ancestor process that must have
             # subsequently forked. We can't reuse the connection, but we can copy
             # the specification and establish a new connection with it.
-            establish_connection owner, ancestor_pool.spec
+            establish_connection(owner, ancestor_pool.spec).tap do |pool|
+              pool.schema_cache = ancestor_pool.schema_cache if ancestor_pool.schema_cache
+            end
           else
             owner_to_pool[owner.name] = nil
           end
@@ -619,14 +958,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def call(env)
-        testing = env.key?('rack.test')
+        testing = env['rack.test']
 
-        response = @app.call(env)
-        response[2] = ::Rack::BodyProxy.new(response[2]) do
+        status, headers, body = @app.call(env)
+        proxy = ::Rack::BodyProxy.new(body) do
           ActiveRecord::Base.clear_active_connections! unless testing
         end
-
-        response
+        [status, headers, proxy]
       rescue Exception
         ActiveRecord::Base.clear_active_connections! unless testing
         raise
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_limits.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_limits.rb
index c0a2111571..6711049588 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_limits.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_limits.rb
@@ -18,9 +18,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Returns the maximum allowed length for an index name. This
-      # limit is enforced by rails and Is less than or equal to
-      # <tt>index_name_length</tt>. The gap between
-      # <tt>index_name_length</tt> is to allow internal rails
+      # limit is enforced by \Rails and is less than or equal to
+      # #index_name_length. The gap between
+      # #index_name_length is to allow internal \Rails
       # operations to use prefixes in temporary operations.
       def allowed_index_name_length
         index_name_length
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb
index 6eb59cc398..848aeb821c 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb
@@ -9,26 +9,37 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Converts an arel AST to SQL
       def to_sql(arel, binds = [])
         if arel.respond_to?(:ast)
-          binds = binds.dup
-          visitor.accept(arel.ast) do
-            quote(*binds.shift.reverse)
-          end
+          collected = visitor.accept(arel.ast, collector)
+          collected.compile(binds.dup, self)
         else
           arel
         end
       end
 
+      # This is used in the StatementCache object. It returns an object that
+      # can be used to query the database repeatedly.
+      def cacheable_query(arel) # :nodoc:
+        if prepared_statements
+          ActiveRecord::StatementCache.query visitor, arel.ast
+        else
+          ActiveRecord::StatementCache.partial_query visitor, arel.ast, collector
+        end
+      end
+
       # Returns an ActiveRecord::Result instance.
       def select_all(arel, name = nil, binds = [])
-        if arel.is_a?(Relation)
-          relation = arel
-          arel = relation.arel
-          if !binds || binds.empty?
-            binds = relation.bind_values
-          end
+        arel, binds = binds_from_relation arel, binds
+        sql = to_sql(arel, binds)
+        if arel.is_a?(String)
+          preparable = false
+        else
+          preparable = visitor.preparable
+        end
+        if prepared_statements && preparable
+          select_prepared(sql, name, binds)
+        else
+          select(sql, name, binds)
         end
-
-        select(to_sql(arel, binds), name, binds)
       end
 
       # Returns a record hash with the column names as keys and column values
@@ -39,18 +50,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Returns a single value from a record
       def select_value(arel, name = nil, binds = [])
-        if result = select_one(arel, name, binds)
-          result.values.first
+        arel, binds = binds_from_relation arel, binds
+        if result = select_rows(to_sql(arel, binds), name, binds).first
+          result.first
         end
       end
 
       # Returns an array of the values of the first column in a select:
       #   select_values("SELECT id FROM companies LIMIT 3") => [1,2,3]
       def select_values(arel, name = nil)
-        binds = []
-        if arel.is_a?(Relation)
-          arel, binds = arel.arel, arel.bind_values
-        end
+        arel, binds = binds_from_relation arel, []
         select_rows(to_sql(arel, binds), name, binds).map(&:first)
       end
 
@@ -68,7 +77,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Executes +sql+ statement in the context of this connection using
       # +binds+ as the bind substitutes. +name+ is logged along with
       # the executed +sql+ statement.
-      def exec_query(sql, name = 'SQL', binds = [])
+      def exec_query(sql, name = 'SQL', binds = [], prepare: false)
       end
 
       # Executes insert +sql+ statement in the context of this connection using
@@ -85,6 +94,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         exec_query(sql, name, binds)
       end
 
+      # Executes the truncate statement.
+      def truncate(table_name, name = nil)
+        raise NotImplementedError
+      end
+
       # Executes update +sql+ statement in the context of this connection using
       # +binds+ as the bind substitutes. +name+ is logged along with
       # the executed +sql+ statement.
@@ -133,7 +147,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       # In order to get around this problem, #transaction will emulate the effect
       # of nested transactions, by using savepoints:
-      # http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/savepoint.html
+      # http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/savepoint.html
       # Savepoints are supported by MySQL and PostgreSQL. SQLite3 version >= '3.6.8'
       # supports savepoints.
       #
@@ -185,78 +199,52 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # You should consult the documentation for your database to understand the
       # semantics of these different levels:
       #
-      # * http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/static/transaction-iso.html
-      # * https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/set-transaction.html
+      # * http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/transaction-iso.html
+      # * https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/set-transaction.html
       #
-      # An <tt>ActiveRecord::TransactionIsolationError</tt> will be raised if:
+      # An ActiveRecord::TransactionIsolationError will be raised if:
       #
       # * The adapter does not support setting the isolation level
       # * You are joining an existing open transaction
       # * You are creating a nested (savepoint) transaction
       #
       # The mysql, mysql2 and postgresql adapters support setting the transaction
-      # isolation level. However, support is disabled for mysql versions below 5,
+      # isolation level. However, support is disabled for MySQL versions below 5,
       # because they are affected by a bug[http://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=39170]
       # which means the isolation level gets persisted outside the transaction.
-      def transaction(options = {})
-        options.assert_valid_keys :requires_new, :joinable, :isolation
-
-        if !options[:requires_new] && current_transaction.joinable?
-          if options[:isolation]
+      def transaction(requires_new: nil, isolation: nil, joinable: true)
+        if !requires_new && current_transaction.joinable?
+          if isolation
             raise ActiveRecord::TransactionIsolationError, "cannot set isolation when joining a transaction"
           end
-
           yield
         else
-          within_new_transaction(options) { yield }
+          transaction_manager.within_new_transaction(isolation: isolation, joinable: joinable) { yield }
         end
       rescue ActiveRecord::Rollback
         # rollbacks are silently swallowed
       end
 
-      def within_new_transaction(options = {}) #:nodoc:
-        transaction = begin_transaction(options)
-        yield
-      rescue Exception => error
-        rollback_transaction if transaction
-        raise
-      ensure
-        begin
-          commit_transaction unless error
-        rescue Exception
-          rollback_transaction
-          raise
-        end
-      end
+      attr_reader :transaction_manager #:nodoc:
 
-      def current_transaction #:nodoc:
-        @transaction
-      end
+      delegate :within_new_transaction, :open_transactions, :current_transaction, :begin_transaction, :commit_transaction, :rollback_transaction, to: :transaction_manager
 
       def transaction_open?
-        @transaction.open?
-      end
-
-      def begin_transaction(options = {}) #:nodoc:
-        @transaction = @transaction.begin(options)
-      end
-
-      def commit_transaction #:nodoc:
-        @transaction = @transaction.commit
-      end
-
-      def rollback_transaction #:nodoc:
-        @transaction = @transaction.rollback
+        current_transaction.open?
       end
 
       def reset_transaction #:nodoc:
-        @transaction = ClosedTransaction.new(self)
+        @transaction_manager = TransactionManager.new(self)
       end
 
       # Register a record with the current transaction so that its after_commit and after_rollback callbacks
       # can be called.
       def add_transaction_record(record)
-        @transaction.add_record(record)
+        current_transaction.add_record(record)
+      end
+
+      def transaction_state
+        current_transaction.state
       end
 
       # Begins the transaction (and turns off auto-committing).
@@ -283,7 +271,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Rolls back the transaction (and turns on auto-committing). Must be
       # done if the transaction block raises an exception or returns false.
-      def rollback_db_transaction() end
+      def rollback_db_transaction
+        exec_rollback_db_transaction
+      end
+
+      def exec_rollback_db_transaction() end #:nodoc:
+
+      def rollback_to_savepoint(name = nil)
+        exec_rollback_to_savepoint(name)
+      end
+
+      def exec_rollback_to_savepoint(name = nil) #:nodoc:
+      end
 
       def default_sequence_name(table, column)
         nil
@@ -299,10 +298,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def insert_fixture(fixture, table_name)
         columns = schema_cache.columns_hash(table_name)
 
-        key_list   = []
-        value_list = fixture.map do |name, value|
-          key_list << quote_column_name(name)
-          quote(value, columns[name])
+        binds = fixture.map do |name, value|
+          if column = columns[name]
+            type = lookup_cast_type_from_column(column)
+            Relation::QueryAttribute.new(name, value, type)
+          else
+            raise Fixture::FixtureError, %(table "#{table_name}" has no column named "#{name}".)
+          end
+        end
+        key_list = fixture.keys.map { |name| quote_column_name(name) }
+        value_list = prepare_binds_for_database(binds).map do |value|
+          begin
+            quote(value)
+          rescue TypeError
+            quote(YAML.dump(value))
+          end
         end
 
         execute "INSERT INTO #{quote_table_name(table_name)} (#{key_list.join(', ')}) VALUES (#{value_list.join(', ')})", 'Fixture Insert'
@@ -312,10 +322,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         "DEFAULT VALUES"
       end
 
-      def limited_update_conditions(where_sql, quoted_table_name, quoted_primary_key)
-        "WHERE #{quoted_primary_key} IN (SELECT #{quoted_primary_key} FROM #{quoted_table_name} #{where_sql})"
-      end
-
       # Sanitizes the given LIMIT parameter in order to prevent SQL injection.
       #
       # The +limit+ may be anything that can evaluate to a string via #to_s. It
@@ -328,7 +334,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def sanitize_limit(limit)
         if limit.is_a?(Integer) || limit.is_a?(Arel::Nodes::SqlLiteral)
           limit
-        elsif limit.to_s =~ /,/
+        elsif limit.to_s.include?(',')
           Arel.sql limit.to_s.split(',').map{ |i| Integer(i) }.join(',')
         else
           Integer(limit)
@@ -336,8 +342,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # The default strategy for an UPDATE with joins is to use a subquery. This doesn't work
-      # on mysql (even when aliasing the tables), but mysql allows using JOIN directly in
-      # an UPDATE statement, so in the mysql adapters we redefine this to do that.
+      # on MySQL (even when aliasing the tables), but MySQL allows using JOIN directly in
+      # an UPDATE statement, so in the MySQL adapters we redefine this to do that.
       def join_to_update(update, select) #:nodoc:
         key = update.key
         subselect = subquery_for(key, select)
@@ -362,8 +368,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         # Returns an ActiveRecord::Result instance.
         def select(sql, name = nil, binds = [])
+          exec_query(sql, name, binds, prepare: false)
+        end
+
+        def select_prepared(sql, name = nil, binds = [])
+          exec_query(sql, name, binds, prepare: true)
         end
-        undef_method :select
 
         # Returns the last auto-generated ID from the affected table.
         def insert_sql(sql, name = nil, pk = nil, id_value = nil, sequence_name = nil)
@@ -389,6 +399,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
           row = result.rows.first
           row && row.first
         end
+
+        def binds_from_relation(relation, binds)
+          if relation.is_a?(Relation) && binds.empty?
+            relation, binds = relation.arel, relation.bound_attributes
+          end
+          [relation, binds]
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/query_cache.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/query_cache.rb
index adc23a6674..5e27cfe507 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/query_cache.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/query_cache.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     module QueryCache
       class << self
         def included(base) #:nodoc:
-          dirties_query_cache base, :insert, :update, :delete
+          dirties_query_cache base, :insert, :update, :delete, :rollback_to_savepoint, :rollback_db_transaction
         end
 
         def dirties_query_cache(base, *method_names)
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def select_all(arel, name = nil, binds = [])
         if @query_cache_enabled && !locked?(arel)
+          arel, binds = binds_from_relation arel, binds
           sql = to_sql(arel, binds)
           cache_sql(sql, binds) { super(sql, name, binds) }
         else
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/quoting.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/quoting.rb
index 75501852ed..9ec0a67c8f 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/quoting.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/quoting.rb
@@ -9,78 +9,75 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # records are quoted as their primary key
         return value.quoted_id if value.respond_to?(:quoted_id)
 
-        case value
-        when String, ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars
-          value = value.to_s
-          return "'#{quote_string(value)}'" unless column
-
-          case column.type
-          when :integer then value.to_i.to_s
-          when :float then value.to_f.to_s
-          else
-            "'#{quote_string(value)}'"
-          end
-
-        when true, false
-          if column && column.type == :integer
-            value ? '1' : '0'
-          else
-            value ? quoted_true : quoted_false
-          end
-          # BigDecimals need to be put in a non-normalized form and quoted.
-        when nil        then "NULL"
-        when BigDecimal then value.to_s('F')
-        when Numeric, ActiveSupport::Duration then value.to_s
-        when Date, Time then "'#{quoted_date(value)}'"
-        when Symbol     then "'#{quote_string(value.to_s)}'"
-        when Class      then "'#{value.to_s}'"
-        else
-          "'#{quote_string(YAML.dump(value))}'"
+        if column
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
+            Passing a column to `quote` has been deprecated. It is only used
+            for type casting, which should be handled elsewhere. See
+            https://github.com/rails/arel/commit/6160bfbda1d1781c3b08a33ec4955f170e95be11
+            for more information.
+          MSG
+          value = type_cast_from_column(column, value)
         end
+
+        _quote(value)
       end
 
       # Cast a +value+ to a type that the database understands. For example,
       # SQLite does not understand dates, so this method will convert a Date
       # to a String.
-      def type_cast(value, column)
+      def type_cast(value, column = nil)
         if value.respond_to?(:quoted_id) && value.respond_to?(:id)
           return value.id
         end
 
-        case value
-        when String, ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars
-          value = value.to_s
-          return value unless column
-
-          case column.type
-          when :integer then value.to_i
-          when :float then value.to_f
-          else
-            value
-          end
+        if column
+          value = type_cast_from_column(column, value)
+        end
 
-        when true, false
-          if column && column.type == :integer
-            value ? 1 : 0
-          else
-            value ? 't' : 'f'
-          end
-          # BigDecimals need to be put in a non-normalized form and quoted.
-        when nil        then nil
-        when BigDecimal then value.to_s('F')
-        when Numeric    then value
-        when Date, Time then quoted_date(value)
-        when Symbol     then value.to_s
+        _type_cast(value)
+      rescue TypeError
+        to_type = column ? " to #{column.type}" : ""
+        raise TypeError, "can't cast #{value.class}#{to_type}"
+      end
+
+      # If you are having to call this function, you are likely doing something
+      # wrong. The column does not have sufficient type information if the user
+      # provided a custom type on the class level either explicitly (via
+      # Attributes::ClassMethods#attribute) or implicitly (via
+      # AttributeMethods::Serialization::ClassMethods#serialize, +time_zone_aware_attributes+).
+      # In almost all cases, the sql type should only be used to change quoting behavior, when the primitive to
+      # represent the type doesn't sufficiently reflect the differences
+      # (varchar vs binary) for example. The type used to get this primitive
+      # should have been provided before reaching the connection adapter.
+      def type_cast_from_column(column, value) # :nodoc:
+        if column
+          type = lookup_cast_type_from_column(column)
+          type.serialize(value)
         else
-          to_type = column ? " to #{column.type}" : ""
-          raise TypeError, "can't cast #{value.class}#{to_type}"
+          value
         end
       end
 
+      # See docs for #type_cast_from_column
+      def lookup_cast_type_from_column(column) # :nodoc:
+        lookup_cast_type(column.sql_type)
+      end
+
+      def fetch_type_metadata(sql_type)
+        cast_type = lookup_cast_type(sql_type)
+        SqlTypeMetadata.new(
+          sql_type: sql_type,
+          type: cast_type.type,
+          limit: cast_type.limit,
+          precision: cast_type.precision,
+          scale: cast_type.scale,
+        )
+      end
+
       # Quotes a string, escaping any ' (single quote) and \ (backslash)
       # characters.
       def quote_string(s)
-        s.gsub(/\\/, '\&\&').gsub(/'/, "''") # ' (for ruby-mode)
+        s.gsub('\\'.freeze, '\&\&'.freeze).gsub("'".freeze, "''".freeze) # ' (for ruby-mode)
       end
 
       # Quotes the column name. Defaults to no quoting.
@@ -99,20 +96,35 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # This works for mysql and mysql2 where table.column can be used to
       # resolve ambiguity.
       #
-      # We override this in the sqlite and postgresql adapters to use only
+      # We override this in the sqlite3 and postgresql adapters to use only
       # the column name (as per syntax requirements).
       def quote_table_name_for_assignment(table, attr)
         quote_table_name("#{table}.#{attr}")
       end
 
+      def quote_default_expression(value, column) #:nodoc:
+        value = lookup_cast_type(column.sql_type).serialize(value)
+        quote(value)
+      end
+
       def quoted_true
         "'t'"
       end
 
+      def unquoted_true
+        't'
+      end
+
       def quoted_false
         "'f'"
       end
 
+      def unquoted_false
+        'f'
+      end
+
+      # Quote date/time values for use in SQL input. Includes microseconds
+      # if the value is a Time responding to usec.
       def quoted_date(value)
         if value.acts_like?(:time)
           zone_conversion_method = ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone == :utc ? :getutc : :getlocal
@@ -122,7 +134,54 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
 
-        value.to_s(:db)
+        result = value.to_s(:db)
+        if value.respond_to?(:usec) && value.usec > 0
+          "#{result}.#{sprintf("%06d", value.usec)}"
+        else
+          result
+        end
+      end
+
+      def prepare_binds_for_database(binds) # :nodoc:
+        binds.map(&:value_for_database)
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def types_which_need_no_typecasting
+        [nil, Numeric, String]
+      end
+
+      def _quote(value)
+        case value
+        when String, ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars, Type::Binary::Data
+          "'#{quote_string(value.to_s)}'"
+        when true       then quoted_true
+        when false      then quoted_false
+        when nil        then "NULL"
+        # BigDecimals need to be put in a non-normalized form and quoted.
+        when BigDecimal then value.to_s('F')
+        when Numeric, ActiveSupport::Duration then value.to_s
+        when Date, Time then "'#{quoted_date(value)}'"
+        when Symbol     then "'#{quote_string(value.to_s)}'"
+        when Class      then "'#{value}'"
+        else raise TypeError, "can't quote #{value.class.name}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def _type_cast(value)
+        case value
+        when Symbol, ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars, Type::Binary::Data
+          value.to_s
+        when true       then unquoted_true
+        when false      then unquoted_false
+        # BigDecimals need to be put in a non-normalized form and quoted.
+        when BigDecimal then value.to_s('F')
+        when Date, Time then quoted_date(value)
+        when *types_which_need_no_typecasting
+          value
+        else raise TypeError
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/savepoints.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/savepoints.rb
index 25c17ce971..c0662f8473 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/savepoints.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/savepoints.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         execute("SAVEPOINT #{name}")
       end
 
-      def rollback_to_savepoint(name = current_savepoint_name)
+      def exec_rollback_to_savepoint(name = current_savepoint_name)
         execute("ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT #{name}")
       end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_creation.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_creation.rb
index a51691bfa8..0ba4d94e3c 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_creation.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_creation.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/strip'
+
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     class AbstractAdapter
@@ -12,35 +14,74 @@ module ActiveRecord
           send m, o
         end
 
-        def visit_AddColumn(o)
-          sql_type = type_to_sql(o.type.to_sym, o.limit, o.precision, o.scale)
-          sql = "ADD #{quote_column_name(o.name)} #{sql_type}"
-          add_column_options!(sql, column_options(o))
-        end
+        delegate :quote_column_name, :quote_table_name, :quote_default_expression, :type_to_sql,
+          :options_include_default?, :supports_indexes_in_create?, :supports_foreign_keys?, :foreign_key_options, to: :@conn
+        private :quote_column_name, :quote_table_name, :quote_default_expression, :type_to_sql,
+          :options_include_default?, :supports_indexes_in_create?, :supports_foreign_keys?, :foreign_key_options
 
         private
 
           def visit_AlterTable(o)
             sql = "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(o.name)} "
-            sql << o.adds.map { |col| visit_AddColumn col }.join(' ')
+            sql << o.adds.map { |col| accept col }.join(' ')
+            sql << o.foreign_key_adds.map { |fk| visit_AddForeignKey fk }.join(' ')
+            sql << o.foreign_key_drops.map { |fk| visit_DropForeignKey fk }.join(' ')
           end
 
           def visit_ColumnDefinition(o)
-            sql_type = type_to_sql(o.type.to_sym, o.limit, o.precision, o.scale)
-            column_sql = "#{quote_column_name(o.name)} #{sql_type}"
-            add_column_options!(column_sql, column_options(o)) unless o.primary_key?
+            o.sql_type ||= type_to_sql(o.type, o.limit, o.precision, o.scale)
+            column_sql = "#{quote_column_name(o.name)} #{o.sql_type}"
+            add_column_options!(column_sql, column_options(o)) unless o.type == :primary_key
             column_sql
           end
 
+          def visit_AddColumnDefinition(o)
+            "ADD #{accept(o.column)}"
+          end
+
           def visit_TableDefinition(o)
-            create_sql = "CREATE#{' TEMPORARY' if o.temporary} TABLE "
-            create_sql << "#{quote_table_name(o.name)} "
-            create_sql << "(#{o.columns.map { |c| accept c }.join(', ')}) " unless o.as
+            create_sql = "CREATE#{' TEMPORARY' if o.temporary} TABLE #{quote_table_name(o.name)} "
+
+            statements = o.columns.map { |c| accept c }
+            statements << accept(o.primary_keys) if o.primary_keys
+
+            if supports_indexes_in_create?
+              statements.concat(o.indexes.map { |column_name, options| index_in_create(o.name, column_name, options) })
+            end
+
+            if supports_foreign_keys?
+              statements.concat(o.foreign_keys.map { |to_table, options| foreign_key_in_create(o.name, to_table, options) })
+            end
+
+            create_sql << "(#{statements.join(', ')}) " if statements.present?
             create_sql << "#{o.options}"
             create_sql << " AS #{@conn.to_sql(o.as)}" if o.as
             create_sql
           end
 
+          def visit_PrimaryKeyDefinition(o)
+            "PRIMARY KEY (#{o.name.join(', ')})"
+          end
+
+          def visit_ForeignKeyDefinition(o)
+            sql = <<-SQL.strip_heredoc
+              CONSTRAINT #{quote_column_name(o.name)}
+              FOREIGN KEY (#{quote_column_name(o.column)})
+                REFERENCES #{quote_table_name(o.to_table)} (#{quote_column_name(o.primary_key)})
+            SQL
+            sql << " #{action_sql('DELETE', o.on_delete)}" if o.on_delete
+            sql << " #{action_sql('UPDATE', o.on_update)}" if o.on_update
+            sql
+          end
+
+          def visit_AddForeignKey(o)
+            "ADD #{accept(o)}"
+          end
+
+          def visit_DropForeignKey(name)
+            "DROP CONSTRAINT #{quote_column_name(name)}"
+          end
+
           def column_options(o)
             column_options = {}
             column_options[:null] = o.null unless o.null.nil?
@@ -48,23 +89,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
             column_options[:column] = o
             column_options[:first] = o.first
             column_options[:after] = o.after
+            column_options[:auto_increment] = o.auto_increment
+            column_options[:primary_key] = o.primary_key
+            column_options[:collation] = o.collation
             column_options
           end
 
-          def quote_column_name(name)
-            @conn.quote_column_name name
-          end
-
-          def quote_table_name(name)
-            @conn.quote_table_name name
-          end
-
-          def type_to_sql(type, limit, precision, scale)
-            @conn.type_to_sql type.to_sym, limit, precision, scale
-          end
-
           def add_column_options!(sql, options)
-            sql << " DEFAULT #{@conn.quote(options[:default], options[:column])}" if options_include_default?(options)
+            sql << " DEFAULT #{quote_default_expression(options[:default], options[:column])}" if options_include_default?(options)
             # must explicitly check for :null to allow change_column to work on migrations
             if options[:null] == false
               sql << " NOT NULL"
@@ -72,11 +104,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
             if options[:auto_increment] == true
               sql << " AUTO_INCREMENT"
             end
+            if options[:primary_key] == true
+              sql << " PRIMARY KEY"
+            end
             sql
           end
 
-          def options_include_default?(options)
-            options.include?(:default) && !(options[:null] == false && options[:default].nil?)
+          def foreign_key_in_create(from_table, to_table, options)
+            options = foreign_key_options(from_table, to_table, options)
+            accept ForeignKeyDefinition.new(from_table, to_table, options)
+          end
+
+          def action_sql(action, dependency)
+            case dependency
+            when :nullify then "ON #{action} SET NULL"
+            when :cascade  then "ON #{action} CASCADE"
+            when :restrict then "ON #{action} RESTRICT"
+            else
+              raise ArgumentError, <<-MSG.strip_heredoc
+                '#{dependency}' is not supported for :on_update or :on_delete.
+                Supported values are: :nullify, :cascade, :restrict
+              MSG
+            end
           end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_definitions.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_definitions.rb
index c39bf15e83..1cda23dc1d 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_definitions.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_definitions.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,3 @@
-require 'date'
-require 'set'
-require 'bigdecimal'
-require 'bigdecimal/util'
-
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters #:nodoc:
     # Abstract representation of an index definition on a table. Instances of
@@ -15,23 +10,187 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # are typically created by methods in TableDefinition, and added to the
     # +columns+ attribute of said TableDefinition object, in order to be used
     # for generating a number of table creation or table changing SQL statements.
-    class ColumnDefinition < Struct.new(:name, :type, :limit, :precision, :scale, :default, :null, :first, :after, :primary_key) #:nodoc:
+    class ColumnDefinition < Struct.new(:name, :type, :limit, :precision, :scale, :default, :null, :first, :after, :auto_increment, :primary_key, :collation, :sql_type) #:nodoc:
 
       def primary_key?
         primary_key || type.to_sym == :primary_key
       end
     end
 
-    class ChangeColumnDefinition < Struct.new(:column, :type, :options) #:nodoc:
+    class AddColumnDefinition < Struct.new(:column) # :nodoc:
+    end
+
+    class ChangeColumnDefinition < Struct.new(:column, :name) #:nodoc:
+    end
+
+    class PrimaryKeyDefinition < Struct.new(:name) # :nodoc:
+    end
+
+    class ForeignKeyDefinition < Struct.new(:from_table, :to_table, :options) #:nodoc:
+      def name
+        options[:name]
+      end
+
+      def column
+        options[:column]
+      end
+
+      def primary_key
+        options[:primary_key] || default_primary_key
+      end
+
+      def on_delete
+        options[:on_delete]
+      end
+
+      def on_update
+        options[:on_update]
+      end
+
+      def custom_primary_key?
+        options[:primary_key] != default_primary_key
+      end
+
+      def defined_for?(options_or_to_table = {})
+        if options_or_to_table.is_a?(Hash)
+          options_or_to_table.all? {|key, value| options[key].to_s == value.to_s }
+        else
+          to_table == options_or_to_table.to_s
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+      def default_primary_key
+        "id"
+      end
+    end
+
+    class ReferenceDefinition # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(
+        name,
+        polymorphic: false,
+        index: false,
+        foreign_key: false,
+        type: :integer,
+        **options
+      )
+        @name = name
+        @polymorphic = polymorphic
+        @index = index
+        @foreign_key = foreign_key
+        @type = type
+        @options = options
+
+        if polymorphic && foreign_key
+          raise ArgumentError, "Cannot add a foreign key to a polymorphic relation"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def add_to(table)
+        columns.each do |column_options|
+          table.column(*column_options)
+        end
+
+        if index
+          table.index(column_names, index_options)
+        end
+
+        if foreign_key
+          table.foreign_key(foreign_table_name, foreign_key_options)
+        end
+      end
+
+      protected
+
+      attr_reader :name, :polymorphic, :index, :foreign_key, :type, :options
+
+      private
+
+      def as_options(value, default = {})
+        if value.is_a?(Hash)
+          value
+        else
+          default
+        end
+      end
+
+      def polymorphic_options
+        as_options(polymorphic, options)
+      end
+
+      def index_options
+        as_options(index)
+      end
+
+      def foreign_key_options
+        as_options(foreign_key).merge(column: column_name)
+      end
+
+      def columns
+        result = [[column_name, type, options]]
+        if polymorphic
+          result.unshift(["#{name}_type", :string, polymorphic_options])
+        end
+        result
+      end
+
+      def column_name
+        "#{name}_id"
+      end
+
+      def column_names
+        columns.map(&:first)
+      end
+
+      def foreign_table_name
+        foreign_key_options.fetch(:to_table) do
+          Base.pluralize_table_names ? name.to_s.pluralize : name
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    module ColumnMethods
+      # Appends a primary key definition to the table definition.
+      # Can be called multiple times, but this is probably not a good idea.
+      def primary_key(name, type = :primary_key, **options)
+        column(name, type, options.merge(primary_key: true))
+      end
+
+      # Appends a column or columns of a specified type.
+      #
+      #  t.string(:goat)
+      #  t.string(:goat, :sheep)
+      #
+      # See TableDefinition#column
+      [
+        :bigint,
+        :binary,
+        :boolean,
+        :date,
+        :datetime,
+        :decimal,
+        :float,
+        :integer,
+        :string,
+        :text,
+        :time,
+        :timestamp,
+      ].each do |column_type|
+        module_eval <<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+          def #{column_type}(*args, **options)
+            args.each { |name| column(name, :#{column_type}, options) }
+          end
+        CODE
+      end
     end
 
     # Represents the schema of an SQL table in an abstract way. This class
     # provides methods for manipulating the schema representation.
     #
-    # Inside migration files, the +t+ object in +create_table+
+    # Inside migration files, the +t+ object in {create_table}[rdoc-ref:SchemaStatements#create_table]
     # is actually of this type:
     #
-    #   class SomeMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
+    #   class SomeMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
     #     def up
     #       create_table :foo do |t|
     #         puts t.class  # => "ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::TableDefinition"
@@ -43,149 +202,77 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #     end
     #   end
     #
-    # The table definitions
-    # The Columns are stored as a ColumnDefinition in the +columns+ attribute.
     class TableDefinition
-      # An array of ColumnDefinition objects, representing the column changes
-      # that have been defined.
+      include ColumnMethods
+
       attr_accessor :indexes
-      attr_reader :name, :temporary, :options, :as
+      attr_reader :name, :temporary, :options, :as, :foreign_keys
 
-      def initialize(types, name, temporary, options, as = nil)
+      def initialize(name, temporary, options, as = nil)
         @columns_hash = {}
         @indexes = {}
-        @native = types
+        @foreign_keys = {}
+        @primary_keys = nil
         @temporary = temporary
         @options = options
         @as = as
         @name = name
       end
 
-      def columns; @columns_hash.values; end
-
-      # Appends a primary key definition to the table definition.
-      # Can be called multiple times, but this is probably not a good idea.
-      def primary_key(name, type = :primary_key, options = {})
-        column(name, type, options.merge(:primary_key => true))
+      def primary_keys(name = nil) # :nodoc:
+        @primary_keys = PrimaryKeyDefinition.new(name) if name
+        @primary_keys
       end
 
+      # Returns an array of ColumnDefinition objects for the columns of the table.
+      def columns; @columns_hash.values; end
+
       # Returns a ColumnDefinition for the column with name +name+.
       def [](name)
         @columns_hash[name.to_s]
       end
 
       # Instantiates a new column for the table.
-      # The +type+ parameter is normally one of the migrations native types,
-      # which is one of the following:
-      # <tt>:primary_key</tt>, <tt>:string</tt>, <tt>:text</tt>,
-      # <tt>:integer</tt>, <tt>:float</tt>, <tt>:decimal</tt>,
-      # <tt>:datetime</tt>, <tt>:timestamp</tt>, <tt>:time</tt>,
-      # <tt>:date</tt>, <tt>:binary</tt>, <tt>:boolean</tt>.
-      #
-      # You may use a type not in this list as long as it is supported by your
-      # database (for example, "polygon" in MySQL), but this will not be database
-      # agnostic and should usually be avoided.
-      #
-      # Available options are (none of these exists by default):
-      # * <tt>:limit</tt> -
-      #   Requests a maximum column length. This is number of characters for <tt>:string</tt> and
-      #   <tt>:text</tt> columns and number of bytes for <tt>:binary</tt> and <tt>:integer</tt> columns.
-      # * <tt>:default</tt> -
-      #   The column's default value. Use nil for NULL.
-      # * <tt>:null</tt> -
-      #   Allows or disallows +NULL+ values in the column. This option could
-      #   have been named <tt>:null_allowed</tt>.
-      # * <tt>:precision</tt> -
-      #   Specifies the precision for a <tt>:decimal</tt> column.
-      # * <tt>:scale</tt> -
-      #   Specifies the scale for a <tt>:decimal</tt> column.
-      #
-      # For clarity's sake: the precision is the number of significant digits,
-      # while the scale is the number of digits that can be stored following
-      # the decimal point. For example, the number 123.45 has a precision of 5
-      # and a scale of 2. A decimal with a precision of 5 and a scale of 2 can
-      # range from -999.99 to 999.99.
-      #
-      # Please be aware of different RDBMS implementations behavior with
-      # <tt>:decimal</tt> columns:
-      # * The SQL standard says the default scale should be 0, <tt>:scale</tt> <=
-      #   <tt>:precision</tt>, and makes no comments about the requirements of
-      #   <tt>:precision</tt>.
-      # * MySQL: <tt>:precision</tt> [1..63], <tt>:scale</tt> [0..30].
-      #   Default is (10,0).
-      # * PostgreSQL: <tt>:precision</tt> [1..infinity],
-      #   <tt>:scale</tt> [0..infinity]. No default.
-      # * SQLite2: Any <tt>:precision</tt> and <tt>:scale</tt> may be used.
-      #   Internal storage as strings. No default.
-      # * SQLite3: No restrictions on <tt>:precision</tt> and <tt>:scale</tt>,
-      #   but the maximum supported <tt>:precision</tt> is 16. No default.
-      # * Oracle: <tt>:precision</tt> [1..38], <tt>:scale</tt> [-84..127].
-      #   Default is (38,0).
-      # * DB2: <tt>:precision</tt> [1..63], <tt>:scale</tt> [0..62].
-      #   Default unknown.
-      # * Firebird: <tt>:precision</tt> [1..18], <tt>:scale</tt> [0..18].
-      #   Default (9,0). Internal types NUMERIC and DECIMAL have different
-      #   storage rules, decimal being better.
-      # * FrontBase?: <tt>:precision</tt> [1..38], <tt>:scale</tt> [0..38].
-      #   Default (38,0). WARNING Max <tt>:precision</tt>/<tt>:scale</tt> for
-      #   NUMERIC is 19, and DECIMAL is 38.
-      # * SqlServer?: <tt>:precision</tt> [1..38], <tt>:scale</tt> [0..38].
-      #   Default (38,0).
-      # * Sybase: <tt>:precision</tt> [1..38], <tt>:scale</tt> [0..38].
-      #   Default (38,0).
-      # * OpenBase?: Documentation unclear. Claims storage in <tt>double</tt>.
+      # See {connection.add_column}[rdoc-ref:ConnectionAdapters::SchemaStatements#add_column]
+      # for available options.
+      #
+      # Additional options are:
+      # * <tt>:index</tt> -
+      #   Create an index for the column. Can be either <tt>true</tt> or an options hash.
       #
       # This method returns <tt>self</tt>.
       #
       # == Examples
-      #  # Assuming +td+ is an instance of TableDefinition
-      #  td.column(:granted, :boolean)
-      #  # granted BOOLEAN
-      #
-      #  td.column(:picture, :binary, limit: 2.megabytes)
-      #  # => picture BLOB(2097152)
-      #
-      #  td.column(:sales_stage, :string, limit: 20, default: 'new', null: false)
-      #  # => sales_stage VARCHAR(20) DEFAULT 'new' NOT NULL
-      #
-      #  td.column(:bill_gates_money, :decimal, precision: 15, scale: 2)
-      #  # => bill_gates_money DECIMAL(15,2)
       #
-      #  td.column(:sensor_reading, :decimal, precision: 30, scale: 20)
-      #  # => sensor_reading DECIMAL(30,20)
-      #
-      #  # While <tt>:scale</tt> defaults to zero on most databases, it
-      #  # probably wouldn't hurt to include it.
-      #  td.column(:huge_integer, :decimal, precision: 30)
-      #  # => huge_integer DECIMAL(30)
-      #
-      #  # Defines a column with a database-specific type.
-      #  td.column(:foo, 'polygon')
-      #  # => foo polygon
+      #  # Assuming +td+ is an instance of TableDefinition
+      #  td.column(:granted, :boolean, index: true)
       #
       # == Short-hand examples
       #
-      # Instead of calling +column+ directly, you can also work with the short-hand definitions for the default types.
+      # Instead of calling #column directly, you can also work with the short-hand definitions for the default types.
       # They use the type as the method name instead of as a parameter and allow for multiple columns to be defined
       # in a single statement.
       #
       # What can be written like this with the regular calls to column:
       #
       #   create_table :products do |t|
-      #     t.column :shop_id,    :integer
-      #     t.column :creator_id, :integer
-      #     t.column :name,       :string, default: "Untitled"
-      #     t.column :value,      :string, default: "Untitled"
-      #     t.column :created_at, :datetime
-      #     t.column :updated_at, :datetime
+      #     t.column :shop_id,     :integer
+      #     t.column :creator_id,  :integer
+      #     t.column :item_number, :string
+      #     t.column :name,        :string, default: "Untitled"
+      #     t.column :value,       :string, default: "Untitled"
+      #     t.column :created_at,  :datetime
+      #     t.column :updated_at,  :datetime
       #   end
+      #   add_index :products, :item_number
       #
       # can also be written as follows using the short-hand:
       #
       #   create_table :products do |t|
       #     t.integer :shop_id, :creator_id
+      #     t.string  :item_number, index: true
       #     t.string  :name, :value, default: "Untitled"
-      #     t.timestamps
+      #     t.timestamps null: false
       #   end
       #
       # There's a short-hand method for each of the type values declared at the top. And then there's
@@ -194,7 +281,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # TableDefinition#references will add an appropriately-named _id column, plus a corresponding _type
       # column if the <tt>:polymorphic</tt> option is supplied. If <tt>:polymorphic</tt> is a hash of
       # options, these will be used when creating the <tt>_type</tt> column. The <tt>:index</tt> option
-      # will also create an index, similar to calling <tt>add_index</tt>. So what can be written like this:
+      # will also create an index, similar to calling {add_index}[rdoc-ref:ConnectionAdapters::SchemaStatements#add_index].
+      # So what can be written like this:
       #
       #   create_table :taggings do |t|
       #     t.integer :tag_id, :tagger_id, :taggable_id
@@ -214,27 +302,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def column(name, type, options = {})
         name = name.to_s
         type = type.to_sym
+        options = options.dup
 
-        if primary_key_column_name == name
+        if @columns_hash[name] && @columns_hash[name].primary_key?
           raise ArgumentError, "you can't redefine the primary key column '#{name}'. To define a custom primary key, pass { id: false } to create_table."
         end
 
+        index_options = options.delete(:index)
+        index(name, index_options.is_a?(Hash) ? index_options : {}) if index_options
         @columns_hash[name] = new_column_definition(name, type, options)
         self
       end
 
+      # remove the column +name+ from the table.
+      #   remove_column(:account_id)
       def remove_column(name)
         @columns_hash.delete name.to_s
       end
 
-      [:string, :text, :integer, :float, :decimal, :datetime, :timestamp, :time, :date, :binary, :boolean].each do |column_type|
-        define_method column_type do |*args|
-          options = args.extract_options!
-          column_names = args
-          column_names.each { |name| column(name, column_type, options) }
-        end
-      end
-
       # Adds index options to the indexes hash, keyed by column name
       # This is primarily used to track indexes that need to be created after the table
       #
@@ -243,41 +328,50 @@ module ActiveRecord
         indexes[column_name] = options
       end
 
+      def foreign_key(table_name, options = {}) # :nodoc:
+        foreign_keys[table_name] = options
+      end
+
       # Appends <tt>:datetime</tt> columns <tt>:created_at</tt> and
-      # <tt>:updated_at</tt> to the table.
+      # <tt>:updated_at</tt> to the table. See {connection.add_timestamps}[rdoc-ref:SchemaStatements#add_timestamps]
+      #
+      #   t.timestamps null: false
       def timestamps(*args)
         options = args.extract_options!
+
+        options[:null] = false if options[:null].nil?
+
         column(:created_at, :datetime, options)
         column(:updated_at, :datetime, options)
       end
 
-      def references(*args)
-        options = args.extract_options!
-        polymorphic = options.delete(:polymorphic)
-        index_options = options.delete(:index)
+      # Adds a reference.
+      #
+      #  t.references(:user)
+      #  t.belongs_to(:supplier, foreign_key: true)
+      #
+      # See {connection.add_reference}[rdoc-ref:SchemaStatements#add_reference] for details of the options you can use.
+      def references(*args, **options)
         args.each do |col|
-          column("#{col}_id", :integer, options)
-          column("#{col}_type", :string, polymorphic.is_a?(Hash) ? polymorphic : options) if polymorphic
-          index(polymorphic ? %w(id type).map { |t| "#{col}_#{t}" } : "#{col}_id", index_options.is_a?(Hash) ? index_options : {}) if index_options
+          ReferenceDefinition.new(col, **options).add_to(self)
         end
       end
       alias :belongs_to :references
 
       def new_column_definition(name, type, options) # :nodoc:
+        type = aliased_types(type.to_s, type)
         column = create_column_definition name, type
-        limit = options.fetch(:limit) do
-          native[type][:limit] if native[type].is_a?(Hash)
-        end
 
-        column.limit       = limit
-        column.array       = options[:array] if column.respond_to?(:array)
+        column.limit       = options[:limit]
         column.precision   = options[:precision]
         column.scale       = options[:scale]
         column.default     = options[:default]
         column.null        = options[:null]
         column.first       = options[:first]
         column.after       = options[:after]
+        column.auto_increment = options[:auto_increment]
         column.primary_key = type == :primary_key || options[:primary_key]
+        column.collation   = options[:collation]
         column
       end
 
@@ -286,39 +380,47 @@ module ActiveRecord
         ColumnDefinition.new name, type
       end
 
-      def primary_key_column_name
-        primary_key_column = columns.detect { |c| c.primary_key? }
-        primary_key_column && primary_key_column.name
-      end
-
-      def native
-        @native
+      def aliased_types(name, fallback)
+        'timestamp' == name ? :datetime : fallback
       end
     end
 
     class AlterTable # :nodoc:
       attr_reader :adds
+      attr_reader :foreign_key_adds
+      attr_reader :foreign_key_drops
 
       def initialize(td)
         @td   = td
         @adds = []
+        @foreign_key_adds = []
+        @foreign_key_drops = []
       end
 
       def name; @td.name; end
 
+      def add_foreign_key(to_table, options)
+        @foreign_key_adds << ForeignKeyDefinition.new(name, to_table, options)
+      end
+
+      def drop_foreign_key(name)
+        @foreign_key_drops << name
+      end
+
       def add_column(name, type, options)
         name = name.to_s
         type = type.to_sym
-        @adds << @td.new_column_definition(name, type, options)
+        @adds << AddColumnDefinition.new(@td.new_column_definition(name, type, options))
       end
     end
 
     # Represents an SQL table in an abstract way for updating a table.
-    # Also see TableDefinition and SchemaStatements#create_table
+    # Also see TableDefinition and {connection.create_table}[rdoc-ref:SchemaStatements#create_table]
     #
     # Available transformations are:
     #
     #   change_table :table do |t|
+    #     t.primary_key
     #     t.column
     #     t.index
     #     t.rename_index
@@ -331,6 +433,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #     t.string
     #     t.text
     #     t.integer
+    #     t.bigint
     #     t.float
     #     t.decimal
     #     t.datetime
@@ -347,156 +450,179 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   end
     #
     class Table
+      include ColumnMethods
+
+      attr_reader :name
+
       def initialize(table_name, base)
-        @table_name = table_name
+        @name = table_name
         @base = base
       end
 
       # Adds a new column to the named table.
-      # See TableDefinition#column for details of the options you can use.
       #
-      # ====== Creating a simple column
       #  t.column(:name, :string)
+      #
+      # See TableDefinition#column for details of the options you can use.
       def column(column_name, type, options = {})
-        @base.add_column(@table_name, column_name, type, options)
+        @base.add_column(name, column_name, type, options)
       end
 
-      # Checks to see if a column exists. See SchemaStatements#column_exists?
+      # Checks to see if a column exists.
+      #
+      # t.string(:name) unless t.column_exists?(:name, :string)
+      #
+      # See {connection.column_exists?}[rdoc-ref:SchemaStatements#column_exists?]
       def column_exists?(column_name, type = nil, options = {})
-        @base.column_exists?(@table_name, column_name, type, options)
+        @base.column_exists?(name, column_name, type, options)
       end
 
       # Adds a new index to the table. +column_name+ can be a single Symbol, or
-      # an Array of Symbols. See SchemaStatements#add_index
+      # an Array of Symbols.
       #
-      # ====== Creating a simple index
       #  t.index(:name)
-      # ====== Creating a unique index
       #  t.index([:branch_id, :party_id], unique: true)
-      # ====== Creating a named index
       #  t.index([:branch_id, :party_id], unique: true, name: 'by_branch_party')
+      #
+      # See {connection.add_index}[rdoc-ref:SchemaStatements#add_index] for details of the options you can use.
       def index(column_name, options = {})
-        @base.add_index(@table_name, column_name, options)
+        @base.add_index(name, column_name, options)
       end
 
-      # Checks to see if an index exists. See SchemaStatements#index_exists?
+      # Checks to see if an index exists.
+      #
+      # unless t.index_exists?(:branch_id)
+      #   t.index(:branch_id)
+      # end
+      #
+      # See {connection.index_exists?}[rdoc-ref:SchemaStatements#index_exists?]
       def index_exists?(column_name, options = {})
-        @base.index_exists?(@table_name, column_name, options)
+        @base.index_exists?(name, column_name, options)
       end
 
       # Renames the given index on the table.
       #
       #  t.rename_index(:user_id, :account_id)
+      #
+      # See {connection.rename_index}[rdoc-ref:SchemaStatements#rename_index]
       def rename_index(index_name, new_index_name)
-        @base.rename_index(@table_name, index_name, new_index_name)
+        @base.rename_index(name, index_name, new_index_name)
       end
 
-      # Adds timestamps (+created_at+ and +updated_at+) columns to the table. See SchemaStatements#add_timestamps
+      # Adds timestamps (+created_at+ and +updated_at+) columns to the table.
+      #
+      #  t.timestamps(null: false)
       #
-      #  t.timestamps
-      def timestamps
-        @base.add_timestamps(@table_name)
+      # See {connection.add_timestamps}[rdoc-ref:SchemaStatements#add_timestamps]
+      def timestamps(options = {})
+        @base.add_timestamps(name, options)
       end
 
       # Changes the column's definition according to the new options.
-      # See TableDefinition#column for details of the options you can use.
       #
       #  t.change(:name, :string, limit: 80)
       #  t.change(:description, :text)
+      #
+      # See TableDefinition#column for details of the options you can use.
       def change(column_name, type, options = {})
-        @base.change_column(@table_name, column_name, type, options)
+        @base.change_column(name, column_name, type, options)
       end
 
-      # Sets a new default value for a column. See SchemaStatements#change_column_default
+      # Sets a new default value for a column.
       #
       #  t.change_default(:qualification, 'new')
       #  t.change_default(:authorized, 1)
-      def change_default(column_name, default)
-        @base.change_column_default(@table_name, column_name, default)
+      #  t.change_default(:status, from: nil, to: "draft")
+      #
+      # See {connection.change_column_default}[rdoc-ref:SchemaStatements#change_column_default]
+      def change_default(column_name, default_or_changes)
+        @base.change_column_default(name, column_name, default_or_changes)
       end
 
       # Removes the column(s) from the table definition.
       #
       #  t.remove(:qualification)
       #  t.remove(:qualification, :experience)
+      #
+      # See {connection.remove_columns}[rdoc-ref:SchemaStatements#remove_columns]
       def remove(*column_names)
-        @base.remove_columns(@table_name, *column_names)
+        @base.remove_columns(name, *column_names)
       end
 
       # Removes the given index from the table.
       #
-      # ====== Remove the index_table_name_on_column in the table_name table
-      #   t.remove_index :column
-      # ====== Remove the index named index_table_name_on_branch_id in the table_name table
-      #   t.remove_index column: :branch_id
-      # ====== Remove the index named index_table_name_on_branch_id_and_party_id in the table_name table
-      #   t.remove_index column: [:branch_id, :party_id]
-      # ====== Remove the index named by_branch_party in the table_name table
-      #   t.remove_index name: :by_branch_party
+      #   t.remove_index(:branch_id)
+      #   t.remove_index(column: [:branch_id, :party_id])
+      #   t.remove_index(name: :by_branch_party)
+      #
+      # See {connection.remove_index}[rdoc-ref:SchemaStatements#remove_index]
       def remove_index(options = {})
-        @base.remove_index(@table_name, options)
+        @base.remove_index(name, options)
       end
 
       # Removes the timestamp columns (+created_at+ and +updated_at+) from the table.
       #
       #  t.remove_timestamps
-      def remove_timestamps
-        @base.remove_timestamps(@table_name)
+      #
+      # See {connection.remove_timestamps}[rdoc-ref:SchemaStatements#remove_timestamps]
+      def remove_timestamps(options = {})
+        @base.remove_timestamps(name, options)
       end
 
       # Renames a column.
       #
       #  t.rename(:description, :name)
+      #
+      # See {connection.rename_column}[rdoc-ref:SchemaStatements#rename_column]
       def rename(column_name, new_column_name)
-        @base.rename_column(@table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
+        @base.rename_column(name, column_name, new_column_name)
       end
 
-      # Adds a reference. Optionally adds a +type+ column, if <tt>:polymorphic</tt> option is provided.
-      # <tt>references</tt> and <tt>belongs_to</tt> are acceptable.
+      # Adds a reference.
       #
       #  t.references(:user)
-      #  t.belongs_to(:supplier, polymorphic: true)
+      #  t.belongs_to(:supplier, foreign_key: true)
       #
+      # See {connection.add_reference}[rdoc-ref:SchemaStatements#add_reference] for details of the options you can use.
       def references(*args)
         options = args.extract_options!
         args.each do |ref_name|
-          @base.add_reference(@table_name, ref_name, options)
+          @base.add_reference(name, ref_name, options)
         end
       end
       alias :belongs_to :references
 
       # Removes a reference. Optionally removes a +type+ column.
-      # <tt>remove_references</tt> and <tt>remove_belongs_to</tt> are acceptable.
       #
       #  t.remove_references(:user)
       #  t.remove_belongs_to(:supplier, polymorphic: true)
       #
+      # See {connection.remove_reference}[rdoc-ref:SchemaStatements#remove_reference]
       def remove_references(*args)
         options = args.extract_options!
         args.each do |ref_name|
-          @base.remove_reference(@table_name, ref_name, options)
+          @base.remove_reference(name, ref_name, options)
         end
       end
       alias :remove_belongs_to :remove_references
 
-      # Adds a column or columns of a specified type
+      # Adds a foreign key.
       #
-      #  t.string(:goat)
-      #  t.string(:goat, :sheep)
-      [:string, :text, :integer, :float, :decimal, :datetime, :timestamp, :time, :date, :binary, :boolean].each do |column_type|
-        define_method column_type do |*args|
-          options = args.extract_options!
-          args.each do |name|
-            @base.add_column(@table_name, name, column_type, options)
-          end
-        end
+      # t.foreign_key(:authors)
+      #
+      # See {connection.add_foreign_key}[rdoc-ref:SchemaStatements#add_foreign_key]
+      def foreign_key(*args) # :nodoc:
+        @base.add_foreign_key(name, *args)
       end
 
-      private
-        def native
-          @base.native_database_types
-        end
+      # Checks to see if a foreign key exists.
+      #
+      # t.foreign_key(:authors) unless t.foreign_key_exists?(:authors)
+      #
+      # See {connection.foreign_key_exists?}[rdoc-ref:SchemaStatements#foreign_key_exists?]
+      def foreign_key_exists?(*args) # :nodoc:
+        @base.foreign_key_exists?(name, *args)
+      end
     end
-
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_dumper.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_dumper.rb
index cdf0cbe218..e252ddb4cf 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_dumper.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_dumper.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-require 'ipaddr'
-
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters # :nodoc:
     # The goal of this module is to move Adapter specific column
@@ -8,63 +6,84 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # We can then redefine how certain data types may be handled in the schema dumper on the
     # Adapter level by over-writing this code inside the database specific adapters
     module ColumnDumper
-      def column_spec(column, types)
-        spec = prepare_column_options(column, types)
-        (spec.keys - [:name, :type]).each{ |k| spec[k].insert(0, "#{k.to_s}: ")}
+      def column_spec(column)
+        spec = prepare_column_options(column)
+        (spec.keys - [:name, :type]).each{ |k| spec[k].insert(0, "#{k}: ")}
         spec
       end
 
-      # This can be overridden on a Adapter level basis to support other
+      def column_spec_for_primary_key(column)
+        return if column.type == :integer
+        spec = { id: column.type.inspect }
+        spec.merge!(prepare_column_options(column).delete_if { |key, _| [:name, :type].include?(key) })
+      end
+
+      # This can be overridden on an Adapter level basis to support other
       # extended datatypes (Example: Adding an array option in the
-      # PostgreSQLAdapter)
-      def prepare_column_options(column, types)
+      # PostgreSQL::ColumnDumper)
+      def prepare_column_options(column)
         spec = {}
         spec[:name]      = column.name.inspect
-
-        # AR has an optimization which handles zero-scale decimals as integers. This
-        # code ensures that the dumper still dumps the column as a decimal.
-        spec[:type]      = if column.type == :integer && /^(numeric|decimal)/ =~ column.sql_type
-                             'decimal'
-                           else
-                             column.type.to_s
-                           end
-        spec[:limit]     = column.limit.inspect if column.limit != types[column.type][:limit] && spec[:type] != 'decimal'
-        spec[:precision] = column.precision.inspect if column.precision
-        spec[:scale]     = column.scale.inspect if column.scale
+        spec[:type]      = schema_type(column)
         spec[:null]      = 'false' unless column.null
-        spec[:default]   = default_string(column.default) if column.has_default?
+
+        if limit = schema_limit(column)
+          spec[:limit] = limit
+        end
+
+        if precision = schema_precision(column)
+          spec[:precision] = precision
+        end
+
+        if scale = schema_scale(column)
+          spec[:scale] = scale
+        end
+
+        default = schema_default(column) if column.has_default?
+        spec[:default]   = default unless default.nil?
+
+        if collation = schema_collation(column)
+          spec[:collation] = collation
+        end
+
         spec
       end
 
       # Lists the valid migration options
       def migration_keys
-        [:name, :limit, :precision, :scale, :default, :null]
+        [:name, :limit, :precision, :scale, :default, :null, :collation]
       end
 
       private
 
-        def default_string(value)
-          case value
-          when BigDecimal
-            value.to_s
-          when Date, DateTime, Time
-            "'#{value.to_s(:db)}'"
-          when Range
-            # infinity dumps as Infinity, which causes uninitialized constant error
-            value.inspect.gsub('Infinity', '::Float::INFINITY')
-          when IPAddr
-            subnet_mask = value.instance_variable_get(:@mask_addr)
-
-            # If the subnet mask is equal to /32, don't output it
-            if subnet_mask == (2**32 - 1)
-              "\"#{value.to_s}\""
-            else
-              "\"#{value.to_s}/#{subnet_mask.to_s(2).count('1')}\""
-            end
-          else
-            value.inspect
-          end
+      def schema_type(column)
+        column.type.to_s
+      end
+
+      def schema_limit(column)
+        limit = column.limit || native_database_types[column.type][:limit]
+        limit.inspect if limit
+      end
+
+      def schema_precision(column)
+        column.precision.inspect if column.precision
+      end
+
+      def schema_scale(column)
+        column.scale.inspect if column.scale
+      end
+
+      def schema_default(column)
+        type = lookup_cast_type_from_column(column)
+        default = type.deserialize(column.default)
+        unless default.nil?
+          type.type_cast_for_schema(default)
         end
+      end
+
+      def schema_collation(column)
+        column.collation.inspect if column.collation
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb
index 7f530ec5e4..b50d28862c 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 require 'active_record/migration/join_table'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/access'
+require 'digest'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters # :nodoc:
@@ -12,11 +14,34 @@ module ActiveRecord
         {}
       end
 
+      def table_options(table_name)
+        nil
+      end
+
       # Truncates a table alias according to the limits of the current adapter.
       def table_alias_for(table_name)
         table_name[0...table_alias_length].tr('.', '_')
       end
 
+      # Returns the relation names useable to back Active Record models.
+      # For most adapters this means all #tables and #views.
+      def data_sources
+        tables | views
+      end
+
+      # Checks to see if the data source +name+ exists on the database.
+      #
+      #   data_source_exists?(:ebooks)
+      #
+      def data_source_exists?(name)
+        data_sources.include?(name.to_s)
+      end
+
+      # Returns an array of table names defined in the database.
+      def tables(name = nil)
+        raise NotImplementedError, "#tables is not implemented"
+      end
+
       # Checks to see if the table +table_name+ exists on the database.
       #
       #   table_exists?(:developers)
@@ -25,6 +50,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
         tables.include?(table_name.to_s)
       end
 
+      # Returns an array of view names defined in the database.
+      def views
+        raise NotImplementedError, "#views is not implemented"
+      end
+
+      # Checks to see if the view +view_name+ exists on the database.
+      #
+      #   view_exists?(:ebooks)
+      #
+      def view_exists?(view_name)
+        views.include?(view_name.to_s)
+      end
+
       # Returns an array of indexes for the given table.
       # def indexes(table_name, name = nil) end
 
@@ -43,13 +81,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   index_exists?(:suppliers, :company_id, name: "idx_company_id")
       #
       def index_exists?(table_name, column_name, options = {})
-        column_names = Array(column_name)
-        index_name = options.key?(:name) ? options[:name].to_s : index_name(table_name, :column => column_names)
-        if options[:unique]
-          indexes(table_name).any?{ |i| i.unique && i.name == index_name }
-        else
-          indexes(table_name).any?{ |i| i.name == index_name }
-        end
+        column_names = Array(column_name).map(&:to_s)
+        index_name = options.key?(:name) ? options[:name].to_s : index_name(table_name, column: column_names)
+        checks = []
+        checks << lambda { |i| i.name == index_name }
+        checks << lambda { |i| i.columns == column_names }
+        checks << lambda { |i| i.unique } if options[:unique]
+
+        indexes(table_name).any? { |i| checks.all? { |check| check[i] } }
       end
 
       # Returns an array of Column objects for the table specified by +table_name+.
@@ -71,7 +110,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   column_exists?(:suppliers, :tax, :decimal, precision: 8, scale: 2)
       #
       def column_exists?(table_name, column_name, type = nil, options = {})
-        columns(table_name).any?{ |c| c.name == column_name.to_s &&
+        column_name = column_name.to_s
+        columns(table_name).any?{ |c| c.name == column_name &&
                                       (!type                     || c.type == type) &&
                                       (!options.key?(:limit)     || c.limit == options[:limit]) &&
                                       (!options.key?(:precision) || c.precision == options[:precision]) &&
@@ -80,10 +120,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
                                       (!options.key?(:null)      || c.null == options[:null]) }
       end
 
+      # Returns just a table's primary key
+      def primary_key(table_name)
+        pks = primary_keys(table_name)
+        pks.first if pks.one?
+      end
+
       # Creates a new table with the name +table_name+. +table_name+ may either
       # be a String or a Symbol.
       #
-      # There are two ways to work with +create_table+. You can use the block
+      # There are two ways to work with #create_table. You can use the block
       # form or the regular form, like this:
       #
       # === Block form
@@ -115,13 +161,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # The +options+ hash can include the following keys:
       # [<tt>:id</tt>]
       #   Whether to automatically add a primary key column. Defaults to true.
-      #   Join tables for +has_and_belongs_to_many+ should set it to false.
+      #   Join tables for {ActiveRecord::Base.has_and_belongs_to_many}[rdoc-ref:Associations::ClassMethods#has_and_belongs_to_many] should set it to false.
+      #
+      #   A Symbol can be used to specify the type of the generated primary key column.
       # [<tt>:primary_key</tt>]
       #   The name of the primary key, if one is to be added automatically.
       #   Defaults to +id+. If <tt>:id</tt> is false this option is ignored.
       #
       #   Note that Active Record models will automatically detect their
-      #   primary key. This can be avoided by using +self.primary_key=+ on the model
+      #   primary key. This can be avoided by using
+      #   {self.primary_key=}[rdoc-ref:AttributeMethods::PrimaryKey::ClassMethods#primary_key=] on the model
       #   to define the key explicitly.
       #
       # [<tt>:options</tt>]
@@ -130,6 +179,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   Make a temporary table.
       # [<tt>:force</tt>]
       #   Set to true to drop the table before creating it.
+      #   Set to +:cascade+ to drop dependent objects as well.
       #   Defaults to false.
       # [<tt>:as</tt>]
       #   SQL to use to generate the table. When this option is used, the block is
@@ -142,7 +192,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # generates:
       #
       #   CREATE TABLE suppliers (
-      #     id int(11) DEFAULT NULL auto_increment PRIMARY KEY
+      #     id int auto_increment PRIMARY KEY
       #   ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
       #
       # ====== Rename the primary key column
@@ -154,10 +204,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # generates:
       #
       #   CREATE TABLE objects (
-      #     guid int(11) DEFAULT NULL auto_increment PRIMARY KEY,
+      #     guid int auto_increment PRIMARY KEY,
       #     name varchar(80)
       #   )
       #
+      # ====== Change the primary key column type
+      #
+      #   create_table(:tags, id: :string) do |t|
+      #     t.column :label, :string
+      #   end
+      #
+      # generates:
+      #
+      #   CREATE TABLE tags (
+      #     id varchar PRIMARY KEY,
+      #     label varchar
+      #   )
+      #
       # ====== Do not add a primary key column
       #
       #   create_table(:categories_suppliers, id: false) do |t|
@@ -186,24 +249,33 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def create_table(table_name, options = {})
         td = create_table_definition table_name, options[:temporary], options[:options], options[:as]
 
-        if !options[:as]
-          unless options[:id] == false
-            pk = options.fetch(:primary_key) {
-              Base.get_primary_key table_name.to_s.singularize
-            }
+        if options[:id] != false && !options[:as]
+          pk = options.fetch(:primary_key) do
+            Base.get_primary_key table_name.to_s.singularize
+          end
 
+          if pk.is_a?(Array)
+            td.primary_keys pk
+          else
             td.primary_key pk, options.fetch(:id, :primary_key), options
           end
-
-          yield td if block_given?
         end
 
-        if options[:force] && table_exists?(table_name)
+        yield td if block_given?
+
+        if options[:force] && data_source_exists?(table_name)
           drop_table(table_name, options)
         end
 
-        execute schema_creation.accept td
-        td.indexes.each_pair { |c,o| add_index table_name, c, o }
+        result = execute schema_creation.accept td
+
+        unless supports_indexes_in_create?
+          td.indexes.each_pair do |column_name, index_options|
+            add_index(table_name, column_name, index_options)
+          end
+        end
+
+        result
       end
 
       # Creates a new join table with the name created using the lexical order of the first two
@@ -225,7 +297,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   Set to true to drop the table before creating it.
       #   Defaults to false.
       #
-      # Note that +create_join_table+ does not create any indices by default; you can use
+      # Note that #create_join_table does not create any indices by default; you can use
       # its block form to do so yourself:
       #
       #   create_join_table :products, :categories do |t|
@@ -260,11 +332,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Drops the join table specified by the given arguments.
-      # See +create_join_table+ for details.
+      # See #create_join_table for details.
       #
       # Although this command ignores the block if one is given, it can be helpful
       # to provide one in a migration's +change+ method so it can be reverted.
-      # In that case, the block will be used by create_join_table.
+      # In that case, the block will be used by #create_join_table.
       def drop_join_table(table_1, table_2, options = {})
         join_table_name = find_join_table_name(table_1, table_2, options)
         drop_table(join_table_name)
@@ -282,7 +354,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # [<tt>:bulk</tt>]
       #   Set this to true to make this a bulk alter query, such as
       #
-      #     ALTER TABLE `users` ADD COLUMN age INT(11), ADD COLUMN birthdate DATETIME ...
+      #     ALTER TABLE `users` ADD COLUMN age INT, ADD COLUMN birthdate DATETIME ...
       #
       #   Defaults to false.
       #
@@ -360,15 +432,95 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Drops a table from the database.
       #
-      # Although this command ignores +options+ and the block if one is given, it can be helpful
-      # to provide these in a migration's +change+ method so it can be reverted.
-      # In that case, +options+ and the block will be used by create_table.
+      # [<tt>:force</tt>]
+      #   Set to +:cascade+ to drop dependent objects as well.
+      #   Defaults to false.
+      # [<tt>:if_exists</tt>]
+      #   Set to +true+ to only drop the table if it exists.
+      #   Defaults to false.
+      #
+      # Although this command ignores most +options+ and the block if one is given,
+      # it can be helpful to provide these in a migration's +change+ method so it can be reverted.
+      # In that case, +options+ and the block will be used by #create_table.
       def drop_table(table_name, options = {})
-        execute "DROP TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)}"
+        execute "DROP TABLE#{' IF EXISTS' if options[:if_exists]} #{quote_table_name(table_name)}"
       end
 
-      # Adds a new column to the named table.
-      # See TableDefinition#column for details of the options you can use.
+      # Add a new +type+ column named +column_name+ to +table_name+.
+      #
+      # The +type+ parameter is normally one of the migrations native types,
+      # which is one of the following:
+      # <tt>:primary_key</tt>, <tt>:string</tt>, <tt>:text</tt>,
+      # <tt>:integer</tt>, <tt>:bigint</tt>, <tt>:float</tt>, <tt>:decimal</tt>,
+      # <tt>:datetime</tt>, <tt>:time</tt>, <tt>:date</tt>,
+      # <tt>:binary</tt>, <tt>:boolean</tt>.
+      #
+      # You may use a type not in this list as long as it is supported by your
+      # database (for example, "polygon" in MySQL), but this will not be database
+      # agnostic and should usually be avoided.
+      #
+      # Available options are (none of these exists by default):
+      # * <tt>:limit</tt> -
+      #   Requests a maximum column length. This is number of characters for a <tt>:string</tt> column
+      #   and number of bytes for <tt>:text</tt>, <tt>:binary</tt> and <tt>:integer</tt> columns.
+      # * <tt>:default</tt> -
+      #   The column's default value. Use nil for NULL.
+      # * <tt>:null</tt> -
+      #   Allows or disallows +NULL+ values in the column. This option could
+      #   have been named <tt>:null_allowed</tt>.
+      # * <tt>:precision</tt> -
+      #   Specifies the precision for a <tt>:decimal</tt> column.
+      # * <tt>:scale</tt> -
+      #   Specifies the scale for a <tt>:decimal</tt> column.
+      #
+      # Note: The precision is the total number of significant digits
+      # and the scale is the number of digits that can be stored following
+      # the decimal point. For example, the number 123.45 has a precision of 5
+      # and a scale of 2. A decimal with a precision of 5 and a scale of 2 can
+      # range from -999.99 to 999.99.
+      #
+      # Please be aware of different RDBMS implementations behavior with
+      # <tt>:decimal</tt> columns:
+      # * The SQL standard says the default scale should be 0, <tt>:scale</tt> <=
+      #   <tt>:precision</tt>, and makes no comments about the requirements of
+      #   <tt>:precision</tt>.
+      # * MySQL: <tt>:precision</tt> [1..63], <tt>:scale</tt> [0..30].
+      #   Default is (10,0).
+      # * PostgreSQL: <tt>:precision</tt> [1..infinity],
+      #   <tt>:scale</tt> [0..infinity]. No default.
+      # * SQLite2: Any <tt>:precision</tt> and <tt>:scale</tt> may be used.
+      #   Internal storage as strings. No default.
+      # * SQLite3: No restrictions on <tt>:precision</tt> and <tt>:scale</tt>,
+      #   but the maximum supported <tt>:precision</tt> is 16. No default.
+      # * Oracle: <tt>:precision</tt> [1..38], <tt>:scale</tt> [-84..127].
+      #   Default is (38,0).
+      # * DB2: <tt>:precision</tt> [1..63], <tt>:scale</tt> [0..62].
+      #   Default unknown.
+      # * SqlServer?: <tt>:precision</tt> [1..38], <tt>:scale</tt> [0..38].
+      #   Default (38,0).
+      #
+      # == Examples
+      #
+      #  add_column(:users, :picture, :binary, limit: 2.megabytes)
+      #  # ALTER TABLE "users" ADD "picture" blob(2097152)
+      #
+      #  add_column(:articles, :status, :string, limit: 20, default: 'draft', null: false)
+      #  # ALTER TABLE "articles" ADD "status" varchar(20) DEFAULT 'draft' NOT NULL
+      #
+      #  add_column(:answers, :bill_gates_money, :decimal, precision: 15, scale: 2)
+      #  # ALTER TABLE "answers" ADD "bill_gates_money" decimal(15,2)
+      #
+      #  add_column(:measurements, :sensor_reading, :decimal, precision: 30, scale: 20)
+      #  # ALTER TABLE "measurements" ADD "sensor_reading" decimal(30,20)
+      #
+      #  # While :scale defaults to zero on most databases, it
+      #  # probably wouldn't hurt to include it.
+      #  add_column(:measurements, :huge_integer, :decimal, precision: 30)
+      #  # ALTER TABLE "measurements" ADD "huge_integer" decimal(30)
+      #
+      #  # Defines a column with a database-specific type.
+      #  add_column(:shapes, :triangle, 'polygon')
+      #  # ALTER TABLE "shapes" ADD "triangle" polygon
       def add_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
         at = create_alter_table table_name
         at.add_column(column_name, type, options)
@@ -416,11 +568,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       #   change_column_default(:users, :email, nil)
       #
-      def change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default)
+      # Passing a hash containing +:from+ and +:to+ will make this change
+      # reversible in migration:
+      #
+      #   change_column_default(:posts, :state, from: nil, to: "draft")
+      #
+      def change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default_or_changes)
         raise NotImplementedError, "change_column_default is not implemented"
       end
 
-      # Sets or removes a +NOT NULL+ constraint on a column. The +null+ flag
+      # Sets or removes a <tt>NOT NULL</tt> constraint on a column. The +null+ flag
       # indicates whether the value can be +NULL+. For example
       #
       #   change_column_null(:users, :nickname, false)
@@ -432,7 +589,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # allows them to be +NULL+ (drops the constraint).
       #
       # The method accepts an optional fourth argument to replace existing
-      # +NULL+s with some other value. Use that one when enabling the
+      # <tt>NULL</tt>s with some other value. Use that one when enabling the
       # constraint if needed, since otherwise those rows would not be valid.
       #
       # Please note the fourth argument does not set a column's default.
@@ -486,6 +643,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       #   CREATE INDEX by_name ON accounts(name(10))
       #
+      # ====== Creating an index with specific key lengths for multiple keys
+      #
       #   add_index(:accounts, [:name, :surname], name: 'by_name_surname', length: {name: 10, surname: 15})
       #
       # generates:
@@ -512,6 +671,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       #   CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_accounts_on_branch_id_and_party_id ON accounts(branch_id, party_id) WHERE active
       #
+      # Note: Partial indexes are only supported for PostgreSQL and SQLite 3.8.0+.
+      #
       # ====== Creating an index with a specific method
       #
       #   add_index(:developers, :name, using: 'btree')
@@ -541,7 +702,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       # Removes the +index_accounts_on_column+ in the +accounts+ table.
       #
-      #   remove_index :accounts, :column
+      #   remove_index :accounts, :branch_id
       #
       # Removes the index named +index_accounts_on_branch_id+ in the +accounts+ table.
       #
@@ -556,10 +717,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   remove_index :accounts, name: :by_branch_party
       #
       def remove_index(table_name, options = {})
-        remove_index!(table_name, index_name_for_remove(table_name, options))
-      end
-
-      def remove_index!(table_name, index_name) #:nodoc:
+        index_name = index_name_for_remove(table_name, options)
         execute "DROP INDEX #{quote_column_name(index_name)} ON #{quote_table_name(table_name)}"
       end
 
@@ -570,6 +728,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   rename_index :people, 'index_people_on_last_name', 'index_users_on_last_name'
       #
       def rename_index(table_name, old_name, new_name)
+        validate_index_length!(table_name, new_name)
+
         # this is a naive implementation; some DBs may support this more efficiently (Postgres, for instance)
         old_index_def = indexes(table_name).detect { |i| i.name == old_name }
         return unless old_index_def
@@ -601,32 +761,50 @@ module ActiveRecord
         indexes(table_name).detect { |i| i.name == index_name }
       end
 
-      # Adds a reference. Optionally adds a +type+ column, if <tt>:polymorphic</tt> option is provided.
-      # <tt>add_reference</tt> and <tt>add_belongs_to</tt> are acceptable.
+      # Adds a reference. The reference column is an integer by default,
+      # the <tt>:type</tt> option can be used to specify a different type.
+      # Optionally adds a +_type+ column, if <tt>:polymorphic</tt> option is provided.
+      # #add_reference and #add_belongs_to are acceptable.
       #
-      # ====== Create a user_id column
+      # The +options+ hash can include the following keys:
+      # [<tt>:type</tt>]
+      #   The reference column type. Defaults to +:integer+.
+      # [<tt>:index</tt>]
+      #   Add an appropriate index. Defaults to false.
+      # [<tt>:foreign_key</tt>]
+      #   Add an appropriate foreign key constraint. Defaults to false.
+      # [<tt>:polymorphic</tt>]
+      #   Whether an additional +_type+ column should be added. Defaults to false.
+      # [<tt>:null</tt>]
+      #   Whether the column allows nulls. Defaults to true.
+      #
+      # ====== Create a user_id integer column
       #
       #   add_reference(:products, :user)
       #
-      # ====== Create a supplier_id and supplier_type columns
+      # ====== Create a user_id string column
       #
-      #   add_belongs_to(:products, :supplier, polymorphic: true)
+      #   add_reference(:products, :user, type: :string)
       #
-      # ====== Create a supplier_id, supplier_type columns and appropriate index
+      # ====== Create supplier_id, supplier_type columns and appropriate index
       #
       #   add_reference(:products, :supplier, polymorphic: true, index: true)
       #
-      def add_reference(table_name, ref_name, options = {})
-        polymorphic = options.delete(:polymorphic)
-        index_options = options.delete(:index)
-        add_column(table_name, "#{ref_name}_id", :integer, options)
-        add_column(table_name, "#{ref_name}_type", :string, polymorphic.is_a?(Hash) ? polymorphic : options) if polymorphic
-        add_index(table_name, polymorphic ? %w[id type].map{ |t| "#{ref_name}_#{t}" } : "#{ref_name}_id", index_options.is_a?(Hash) ? index_options : {}) if index_options
+      # ====== Create a supplier_id column and appropriate foreign key
+      #
+      #   add_reference(:products, :supplier, foreign_key: true)
+      #
+      # ====== Create a supplier_id column and a foreign key to the firms table
+      #
+      #   add_reference(:products, :supplier, foreign_key: {to_table: :firms})
+      #
+      def add_reference(table_name, *args)
+        ReferenceDefinition.new(*args).add_to(update_table_definition(table_name, self))
       end
       alias :add_belongs_to :add_reference
 
       # Removes the reference(s). Also removes a +type+ column if one exists.
-      # <tt>remove_reference</tt>, <tt>remove_references</tt> and <tt>remove_belongs_to</tt> are acceptable.
+      # #remove_reference and #remove_belongs_to are acceptable.
       #
       # ====== Remove the reference
       #
@@ -636,12 +814,147 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       #   remove_reference(:products, :supplier, polymorphic: true)
       #
+      # ====== Remove the reference with a foreign key
+      #
+      #   remove_reference(:products, :user, index: true, foreign_key: true)
+      #
       def remove_reference(table_name, ref_name, options = {})
+        if options[:foreign_key]
+          reference_name = Base.pluralize_table_names ? ref_name.to_s.pluralize : ref_name
+          remove_foreign_key(table_name, reference_name)
+        end
+
         remove_column(table_name, "#{ref_name}_id")
         remove_column(table_name, "#{ref_name}_type") if options[:polymorphic]
       end
       alias :remove_belongs_to :remove_reference
 
+      # Returns an array of foreign keys for the given table.
+      # The foreign keys are represented as ForeignKeyDefinition objects.
+      def foreign_keys(table_name)
+        raise NotImplementedError, "foreign_keys is not implemented"
+      end
+
+      # Adds a new foreign key. +from_table+ is the table with the key column,
+      # +to_table+ contains the referenced primary key.
+      #
+      # The foreign key will be named after the following pattern: <tt>fk_rails_<identifier></tt>.
+      # +identifier+ is a 10 character long string which is deterministically generated from the
+      # +from_table+ and +column+. A custom name can be specified with the <tt>:name</tt> option.
+      #
+      # ====== Creating a simple foreign key
+      #
+      #   add_foreign_key :articles, :authors
+      #
+      # generates:
+      #
+      #   ALTER TABLE "articles" ADD CONSTRAINT articles_author_id_fk FOREIGN KEY ("author_id") REFERENCES "authors" ("id")
+      #
+      # ====== Creating a foreign key on a specific column
+      #
+      #   add_foreign_key :articles, :users, column: :author_id, primary_key: "lng_id"
+      #
+      # generates:
+      #
+      #   ALTER TABLE "articles" ADD CONSTRAINT fk_rails_58ca3d3a82 FOREIGN KEY ("author_id") REFERENCES "users" ("lng_id")
+      #
+      # ====== Creating a cascading foreign key
+      #
+      #   add_foreign_key :articles, :authors, on_delete: :cascade
+      #
+      # generates:
+      #
+      #   ALTER TABLE "articles" ADD CONSTRAINT articles_author_id_fk FOREIGN KEY ("author_id") REFERENCES "authors" ("id") ON DELETE CASCADE
+      #
+      # The +options+ hash can include the following keys:
+      # [<tt>:column</tt>]
+      #   The foreign key column name on +from_table+. Defaults to <tt>to_table.singularize + "_id"</tt>
+      # [<tt>:primary_key</tt>]
+      #   The primary key column name on +to_table+. Defaults to +id+.
+      # [<tt>:name</tt>]
+      #   The constraint name. Defaults to <tt>fk_rails_<identifier></tt>.
+      # [<tt>:on_delete</tt>]
+      #   Action that happens <tt>ON DELETE</tt>. Valid values are +:nullify+, +:cascade+ and +:restrict+
+      # [<tt>:on_update</tt>]
+      #   Action that happens <tt>ON UPDATE</tt>. Valid values are +:nullify+, +:cascade+ and +:restrict+
+      def add_foreign_key(from_table, to_table, options = {})
+        return unless supports_foreign_keys?
+
+        options = foreign_key_options(from_table, to_table, options)
+        at = create_alter_table from_table
+        at.add_foreign_key to_table, options
+
+        execute schema_creation.accept(at)
+      end
+
+      # Removes the given foreign key from the table. Any option parameters provided
+      # will be used to re-add the foreign key in case of a migration rollback.
+      # It is recommended that you provide any options used when creating the foreign
+      # key so that the migration can be reverted properly.
+      #
+      # Removes the foreign key on +accounts.branch_id+.
+      #
+      #   remove_foreign_key :accounts, :branches
+      #
+      # Removes the foreign key on +accounts.owner_id+.
+      #
+      #   remove_foreign_key :accounts, column: :owner_id
+      #
+      # Removes the foreign key named +special_fk_name+ on the +accounts+ table.
+      #
+      #   remove_foreign_key :accounts, name: :special_fk_name
+      #
+      # The +options+ hash accepts the same keys as SchemaStatements#add_foreign_key.
+      def remove_foreign_key(from_table, options_or_to_table = {})
+        return unless supports_foreign_keys?
+
+        fk_name_to_delete = foreign_key_for!(from_table, options_or_to_table).name
+
+        at = create_alter_table from_table
+        at.drop_foreign_key fk_name_to_delete
+
+        execute schema_creation.accept(at)
+      end
+
+      # Checks to see if a foreign key exists on a table for a given foreign key definition.
+      #
+      #   # Check a foreign key exists
+      #   foreign_key_exists?(:accounts, :branches)
+      #
+      #   # Check a foreign key on a specified column exists
+      #   foreign_key_exists?(:accounts, column: :owner_id)
+      #
+      #   # Check a foreign key with a custom name exists
+      #   foreign_key_exists?(:accounts, name: "special_fk_name")
+      #
+      def foreign_key_exists?(from_table, options_or_to_table = {})
+        foreign_key_for(from_table, options_or_to_table).present?
+      end
+
+      def foreign_key_for(from_table, options_or_to_table = {}) # :nodoc:
+        return unless supports_foreign_keys?
+        foreign_keys(from_table).detect {|fk| fk.defined_for? options_or_to_table }
+      end
+
+      def foreign_key_for!(from_table, options_or_to_table = {}) # :nodoc:
+        foreign_key_for(from_table, options_or_to_table) or \
+          raise ArgumentError, "Table '#{from_table}' has no foreign key for #{options_or_to_table}"
+      end
+
+      def foreign_key_column_for(table_name) # :nodoc:
+        prefix = Base.table_name_prefix
+        suffix = Base.table_name_suffix
+        name = table_name.to_s =~ /#{prefix}(.+)#{suffix}/ ? $1 : table_name.to_s
+        "#{name.singularize}_id"
+      end
+
+      def foreign_key_options(from_table, to_table, options) # :nodoc:
+        options = options.dup
+        options[:column] ||= foreign_key_column_for(to_table)
+        options[:name]   ||= foreign_key_name(from_table, options)
+        options
+      end
+
       def dump_schema_information #:nodoc:
         sm_table = ActiveRecord::Migrator.schema_migrations_table_name
 
@@ -656,12 +969,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create_table
       end
 
-      def assume_migrated_upto_version(version, migrations_paths = ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths)
+      def assume_migrated_upto_version(version, migrations_paths)
         migrations_paths = Array(migrations_paths)
         version = version.to_i
         sm_table = quote_table_name(ActiveRecord::Migrator.schema_migrations_table_name)
 
-        migrated = select_values("SELECT version FROM #{sm_table}").map { |v| v.to_i }
+        migrated = select_values("SELECT version FROM #{sm_table}").map(&:to_i)
         paths = migrations_paths.map {|p| "#{p}/[0-9]*_*.rb" }
         versions = Dir[*paths].map do |filename|
           filename.split('/').last.split('_').first.to_i
@@ -699,6 +1012,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
               raise ArgumentError, "Error adding decimal column: precision cannot be empty if scale is specified"
             end
 
+          elsif [:datetime, :time].include?(type) && precision ||= native[:precision]
+            if (0..6) === precision
+              column_type_sql << "(#{precision})"
+            else
+              raise(ActiveRecordError, "No #{native[:name]} type has precision of #{precision}. The allowed range of precision is from 0 to 6")
+            end
           elsif (type != :primary_key) && (limit ||= native.is_a?(Hash) && native[:limit])
             column_type_sql << "(#{limit})"
           end
@@ -718,20 +1037,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
         columns
       end
 
-      # Adds timestamps (+created_at+ and +updated_at+) columns to the named table.
+      # Adds timestamps (+created_at+ and +updated_at+) columns to +table_name+.
+      # Additional options (like <tt>null: false</tt>) are forwarded to #add_column.
       #
-      #   add_timestamps(:suppliers)
+      #   add_timestamps(:suppliers, null: false)
       #
-      def add_timestamps(table_name)
-        add_column table_name, :created_at, :datetime
-        add_column table_name, :updated_at, :datetime
+      def add_timestamps(table_name, options = {})
+        options[:null] = false if options[:null].nil?
+
+        add_column table_name, :created_at, :datetime, options
+        add_column table_name, :updated_at, :datetime, options
       end
 
       # Removes the timestamp columns (+created_at+ and +updated_at+) from the table definition.
       #
       #  remove_timestamps(:suppliers)
       #
-      def remove_timestamps(table_name)
+      def remove_timestamps(table_name, options = {})
         remove_column table_name, :updated_at
         remove_column table_name, :created_at
       end
@@ -740,6 +1062,44 @@ module ActiveRecord
         Table.new(table_name, base)
       end
 
+      def add_index_options(table_name, column_name, options = {}) #:nodoc:
+        column_names = Array(column_name)
+
+        options.assert_valid_keys(:unique, :order, :name, :where, :length, :internal, :using, :algorithm, :type)
+
+        index_type = options[:type].to_s if options.key?(:type)
+        index_type ||= options[:unique] ? "UNIQUE" : ""
+        index_name = options[:name].to_s if options.key?(:name)
+        index_name ||= index_name(table_name, column: column_names)
+        max_index_length = options.fetch(:internal, false) ? index_name_length : allowed_index_name_length
+
+        if options.key?(:algorithm)
+          algorithm = index_algorithms.fetch(options[:algorithm]) {
+            raise ArgumentError.new("Algorithm must be one of the following: #{index_algorithms.keys.map(&:inspect).join(', ')}")
+          }
+        end
+
+        using = "USING #{options[:using]}" if options[:using].present?
+
+        if supports_partial_index?
+          index_options = options[:where] ? " WHERE #{options[:where]}" : ""
+        end
+
+        if index_name.length > max_index_length
+          raise ArgumentError, "Index name '#{index_name}' on table '#{table_name}' is too long; the limit is #{max_index_length} characters"
+        end
+        if data_source_exists?(table_name) && index_name_exists?(table_name, index_name, false)
+          raise ArgumentError, "Index name '#{index_name}' on table '#{table_name}' already exists"
+        end
+        index_columns = quoted_columns_for_index(column_names, options).join(", ")
+
+        [index_name, index_type, index_columns, index_options, algorithm, using]
+      end
+
+      def options_include_default?(options)
+        options.include?(:default) && !(options[:null] == false && options[:default].nil?)
+      end
+
       protected
         def add_index_sort_order(option_strings, column_names, options = {})
           if options.is_a?(Hash) && order = options[:order]
@@ -754,7 +1114,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           return option_strings
         end
 
-        # Overridden by the mysql adapter for supporting index lengths
+        # Overridden by the MySQL adapter for supporting index lengths
         def quoted_columns_for_index(column_names, options = {})
           option_strings = Hash[column_names.map {|name| [name, '']}]
 
@@ -766,44 +1126,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           column_names.map {|name| quote_column_name(name) + option_strings[name]}
         end
 
-        def options_include_default?(options)
-          options.include?(:default) && !(options[:null] == false && options[:default].nil?)
-        end
-
-        def add_index_options(table_name, column_name, options = {})
-          column_names = Array(column_name)
-          index_name   = index_name(table_name, column: column_names)
-
-          options.assert_valid_keys(:unique, :order, :name, :where, :length, :internal, :using, :algorithm, :type)
-
-          index_type = options[:unique] ? "UNIQUE" : ""
-          index_type = options[:type].to_s if options.key?(:type)
-          index_name = options[:name].to_s if options.key?(:name)
-          max_index_length = options.fetch(:internal, false) ? index_name_length : allowed_index_name_length
-
-          if options.key?(:algorithm)
-            algorithm = index_algorithms.fetch(options[:algorithm]) {
-              raise ArgumentError.new("Algorithm must be one of the following: #{index_algorithms.keys.map(&:inspect).join(', ')}")
-            }
-          end
-
-          using = "USING #{options[:using]}" if options[:using].present?
-
-          if supports_partial_index?
-            index_options = options[:where] ? " WHERE #{options[:where]}" : ""
-          end
-
-          if index_name.length > max_index_length
-            raise ArgumentError, "Index name '#{index_name}' on table '#{table_name}' is too long; the limit is #{max_index_length} characters"
-          end
-          if index_name_exists?(table_name, index_name, false)
-            raise ArgumentError, "Index name '#{index_name}' on table '#{table_name}' already exists"
-          end
-          index_columns = quoted_columns_for_index(column_names, options).join(", ")
-
-          [index_name, index_type, index_columns, index_options, algorithm, using]
-        end
-
         def index_name_for_remove(table_name, options = {})
           index_name = index_name(table_name, options)
 
@@ -845,12 +1167,34 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
       private
-      def create_table_definition(name, temporary, options, as = nil)
-        TableDefinition.new native_database_types, name, temporary, options, as
+      def create_table_definition(name, temporary = false, options = nil, as = nil)
+        TableDefinition.new(name, temporary, options, as)
       end
 
       def create_alter_table(name)
-        AlterTable.new create_table_definition(name, false, {})
+        AlterTable.new create_table_definition(name)
+      end
+
+      def foreign_key_name(table_name, options) # :nodoc:
+        identifier = "#{table_name}_#{options.fetch(:column)}_fk"
+        hashed_identifier = Digest::SHA256.hexdigest(identifier).first(10)
+        options.fetch(:name) do
+          "fk_rails_#{hashed_identifier}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def validate_index_length!(table_name, new_name) # :nodoc:
+        if new_name.length > allowed_index_name_length
+          raise ArgumentError, "Index name '#{new_name}' on table '#{table_name}' is too long; the limit is #{allowed_index_name_length} characters"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def extract_new_default_value(default_or_changes)
+        if default_or_changes.is_a?(Hash) && default_or_changes.has_key?(:from) && default_or_changes.has_key?(:to)
+          default_or_changes[:to]
+        else
+          default_or_changes
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/transaction.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/transaction.rb
index bc4884b538..295a7bed87 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/transaction.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/transaction.rb
@@ -1,26 +1,10 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
-    class Transaction #:nodoc:
-      attr_reader :connection
-
-      def initialize(connection)
-        @connection = connection
-        @state = TransactionState.new
-      end
-
-      def state
-        @state
-      end
-    end
-
     class TransactionState
-      attr_accessor :parent
-
       VALID_STATES = Set.new([:committed, :rolledback, nil])
 
       def initialize(state = nil)
         @state = state
-        @parent = nil
       end
 
       def finalized?
@@ -35,135 +19,113 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @state == :rolledback
       end
 
+      def completed?
+        committed? || rolledback?
+      end
+
       def set_state(state)
-        if !VALID_STATES.include?(state)
+        unless VALID_STATES.include?(state)
           raise ArgumentError, "Invalid transaction state: #{state}"
         end
         @state = state
       end
     end
 
-    class ClosedTransaction < Transaction #:nodoc:
-      def number
-        0
-      end
-
-      def begin(options = {})
-        RealTransaction.new(connection, self, options)
-      end
-
-      def closed?
-        true
-      end
-
-      def open?
-        false
-      end
-
-      def joinable?
-        false
-      end
-
-      # This is a noop when there are no open transactions
-      def add_record(record)
-      end
+    class NullTransaction #:nodoc:
+      def initialize; end
+      def closed?; true; end
+      def open?; false; end
+      def joinable?; false; end
+      def add_record(record); end
     end
 
-    class OpenTransaction < Transaction #:nodoc:
-      attr_reader :parent, :records
-      attr_writer :joinable
+    class Transaction #:nodoc:
 
-      def initialize(connection, parent, options = {})
-        super connection
+      attr_reader :connection, :state, :records, :savepoint_name
+      attr_writer :joinable
 
-        @parent    = parent
-        @records   = []
-        @finishing = false
-        @joinable  = options.fetch(:joinable, true)
+      def initialize(connection, options, run_commit_callbacks: false)
+        @connection = connection
+        @state = TransactionState.new
+        @records = []
+        @joinable = options.fetch(:joinable, true)
+        @run_commit_callbacks = run_commit_callbacks
       end
 
-      # This state is necessary so that we correctly handle stuff that might
-      # happen in a commit/rollback. But it's kinda distasteful. Maybe we can
-      # find a better way to structure it in the future.
-      def finishing?
-        @finishing
+      def add_record(record)
+        records << record
       end
 
-      def joinable?
-        @joinable && !finishing?
+      def rollback
+        @state.set_state(:rolledback)
       end
 
-      def number
-        if finishing?
-          parent.number
-        else
-          parent.number + 1
+      def rollback_records
+        ite = records.uniq
+        while record = ite.shift
+          record.rolledback!(force_restore_state: full_rollback?)
         end
-      end
-
-      def begin(options = {})
-        if finishing?
-          parent.begin
-        else
-          SavepointTransaction.new(connection, self, options)
+      ensure
+        ite.each do |i|
+          i.rolledback!(force_restore_state: full_rollback?, should_run_callbacks: false)
         end
       end
 
-      def rollback
-        @finishing = true
-        perform_rollback
-        parent
-      end
-
       def commit
-        @finishing = true
-        perform_commit
-        parent
+        @state.set_state(:committed)
       end
 
-      def add_record(record)
-        if record.has_transactional_callbacks?
-          records << record
-        else
-          record.set_transaction_state(@state)
-        end
+      def before_commit_records
+        records.uniq.each(&:before_committed!) if @run_commit_callbacks
       end
 
-      def rollback_records
-        @state.set_state(:rolledback)
-        records.uniq.each do |record|
-          begin
-            record.rolledback!(parent.closed?)
-          rescue => e
-            record.logger.error(e) if record.respond_to?(:logger) && record.logger
+      def commit_records
+        ite = records.uniq
+        while record = ite.shift
+          if @run_commit_callbacks
+            record.committed!
+          else
+            # if not running callbacks, only adds the record to the parent transaction
+            record.add_to_transaction
           end
         end
+      ensure
+        ite.each { |i| i.committed!(should_run_callbacks: false) }
       end
 
-      def commit_records
-        @state.set_state(:committed)
-        records.uniq.each do |record|
-          begin
-            record.committed!
-          rescue => e
-            record.logger.error(e) if record.respond_to?(:logger) && record.logger
-          end
+      def full_rollback?; true; end
+      def joinable?; @joinable; end
+      def closed?; false; end
+      def open?; !closed?; end
+    end
+
+    class SavepointTransaction < Transaction
+
+      def initialize(connection, savepoint_name, options, *args)
+        super(connection, options, *args)
+        if options[:isolation]
+          raise ActiveRecord::TransactionIsolationError, "cannot set transaction isolation in a nested transaction"
         end
+        connection.create_savepoint(@savepoint_name = savepoint_name)
       end
 
-      def closed?
-        false
+      def rollback
+        connection.rollback_to_savepoint(savepoint_name)
+        super
       end
 
-      def open?
-        true
+      def commit
+        connection.release_savepoint(savepoint_name)
+        super
       end
+
+      def full_rollback?; false; end
     end
 
-    class RealTransaction < OpenTransaction #:nodoc:
-      def initialize(connection, parent, options = {})
-        super
+    class RealTransaction < Transaction
 
+      def initialize(connection, options, *args)
+        super
         if options[:isolation]
           connection.begin_isolated_db_transaction(options[:isolation])
         else
@@ -171,37 +133,82 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def perform_rollback
+      def rollback
         connection.rollback_db_transaction
-        rollback_records
+        super
       end
 
-      def perform_commit
+      def commit
         connection.commit_db_transaction
-        commit_records
+        super
       end
     end
 
-    class SavepointTransaction < OpenTransaction #:nodoc:
-      def initialize(connection, parent, options = {})
-        if options[:isolation]
-          raise ActiveRecord::TransactionIsolationError, "cannot set transaction isolation in a nested transaction"
-        end
+    class TransactionManager #:nodoc:
+      def initialize(connection)
+        @stack = []
+        @connection = connection
+      end
 
-        super
-        connection.create_savepoint
+      def begin_transaction(options = {})
+        run_commit_callbacks = !current_transaction.joinable?
+        transaction =
+          if @stack.empty?
+            RealTransaction.new(@connection, options, run_commit_callbacks: run_commit_callbacks)
+          else
+            SavepointTransaction.new(@connection, "active_record_#{@stack.size}", options,
+                                     run_commit_callbacks: run_commit_callbacks)
+          end
+
+        @stack.push(transaction)
+        transaction
+      end
+
+      def commit_transaction
+        transaction = @stack.last
+        transaction.before_commit_records
+        @stack.pop
+        transaction.commit
+        transaction.commit_records
+      end
+
+      def rollback_transaction(transaction = nil)
+        transaction ||= @stack.pop
+        transaction.rollback
+        transaction.rollback_records
+      end
+
+      def within_new_transaction(options = {})
+        transaction = begin_transaction options
+        yield
+      rescue Exception => error
+        rollback_transaction if transaction
+        raise
+      ensure
+        unless error
+          if Thread.current.status == 'aborting'
+            rollback_transaction if transaction
+          else
+            begin
+              commit_transaction
+            rescue Exception
+              rollback_transaction(transaction) unless transaction.state.completed?
+              raise
+            end
+          end
+        end
       end
 
-      def perform_rollback
-        connection.rollback_to_savepoint
-        rollback_records
+      def open_transactions
+        @stack.size
       end
 
-      def perform_commit
-        @state.set_state(:committed)
-        @state.parent = parent.state
-        connection.release_savepoint
+      def current_transaction
+        @stack.last || NULL_TRANSACTION
       end
+
+      private
+        NULL_TRANSACTION = NullTransaction.new
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb
index 11b28a4858..4b6912c616 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
-require 'date'
-require 'bigdecimal'
-require 'bigdecimal/util'
+require 'active_record/type'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/benchmark'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/determine_if_preparable_visitor'
 require 'active_record/connection_adapters/schema_cache'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/sql_type_metadata'
 require 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_dumper'
 require 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_creation'
-require 'monitor'
+require 'arel/collectors/bind'
+require 'arel/collectors/sql_string'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters # :nodoc:
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       autoload :IndexDefinition
       autoload :ColumnDefinition
       autoload :ChangeColumnDefinition
+      autoload :ForeignKeyDefinition
       autoload :TableDefinition
       autoload :Table
       autoload :AlterTable
@@ -39,7 +41,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     autoload_at 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/transaction' do
-      autoload :ClosedTransaction
+      autoload :TransactionManager
+      autoload :NullTransaction
       autoload :RealTransaction
       autoload :SavepointTransaction
       autoload :TransactionState
@@ -49,21 +52,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # related classes form the abstraction layer which makes this possible.
     # An AbstractAdapter represents a connection to a database, and provides an
     # abstract interface for database-specific functionality such as establishing
-    # a connection, escaping values, building the right SQL fragments for ':offset'
-    # and ':limit' options, etc.
+    # a connection, escaping values, building the right SQL fragments for +:offset+
+    # and +:limit+ options, etc.
     #
     # All the concrete database adapters follow the interface laid down in this class.
-    # ActiveRecord::Base.connection returns an AbstractAdapter object, which
+    # {ActiveRecord::Base.connection}[rdoc-ref:ConnectionHandling#connection] returns an AbstractAdapter object, which
     # you can use.
     #
     # Most of the methods in the adapter are useful during migrations. Most
-    # notably, the instance methods provided by SchemaStatement are very useful.
+    # notably, the instance methods provided by SchemaStatements are very useful.
     class AbstractAdapter
+      ADAPTER_NAME = 'Abstract'.freeze
       include Quoting, DatabaseStatements, SchemaStatements
       include DatabaseLimits
       include QueryCache
       include ActiveSupport::Callbacks
-      include MonitorMixin
       include ColumnDumper
 
       SIMPLE_INT = /\A\d+\z/
@@ -71,8 +74,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       define_callbacks :checkout, :checkin
 
       attr_accessor :visitor, :pool
-      attr_reader :schema_cache, :last_use, :in_use, :logger
-      alias :in_use? :in_use
+      attr_reader :schema_cache, :owner, :logger
+      alias :in_use? :owner
 
       def self.type_cast_config_to_integer(config)
         if config =~ SIMPLE_INT
@@ -90,20 +93,55 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def initialize(connection, logger = nil, pool = nil) #:nodoc:
+      attr_reader :prepared_statements
+
+      def initialize(connection, logger = nil, config = {}) # :nodoc:
         super()
 
         @connection          = connection
-        @in_use              = false
+        @owner               = nil
         @instrumenter        = ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrumenter
-        @last_use            = false
         @logger              = logger
-        @pool                = pool
+        @config              = config
+        @pool                = nil
         @schema_cache        = SchemaCache.new self
         @visitor             = nil
         @prepared_statements = false
       end
 
+      class Version
+        include Comparable
+
+        def initialize(version_string)
+          @version = version_string.split('.').map(&:to_i)
+        end
+
+        def <=>(version_string)
+          @version <=> version_string.split('.').map(&:to_i)
+        end
+      end
+
+      class BindCollector < Arel::Collectors::Bind
+        def compile(bvs, conn)
+          casted_binds = conn.prepare_binds_for_database(bvs)
+          super(casted_binds.map { |value| conn.quote(value) })
+        end
+      end
+
+      class SQLString < Arel::Collectors::SQLString
+        def compile(bvs, conn)
+          super(bvs)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def collector
+        if prepared_statements
+          SQLString.new
+        else
+          BindCollector.new
+        end
+      end
+
       def valid_type?(type)
         true
       end
@@ -112,13 +150,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
         SchemaCreation.new self
       end
 
+      # this method must only be called while holding connection pool's mutex
       def lease
-        synchronize do
-          unless in_use
-            @in_use   = true
-            @last_use = Time.now
+        if in_use?
+          msg = 'Cannot lease connection, '
+          if @owner == Thread.current
+            msg << 'it is already leased by the current thread.'
+          else
+            msg << "it is already in use by a different thread: #{@owner}. " <<
+                   "Current thread: #{Thread.current}."
           end
+          raise ActiveRecordError, msg
         end
+
+        @owner = Thread.current
       end
 
       def schema_cache=(cache)
@@ -126,50 +171,37 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @schema_cache = cache
       end
 
+      # this method must only be called while holding connection pool's mutex
       def expire
-        @in_use = false
-      end
-
-      def unprepared_visitor
-        self.class::BindSubstitution.new self
+        @owner = nil
       end
 
       def unprepared_statement
         old_prepared_statements, @prepared_statements = @prepared_statements, false
-        old_visitor, @visitor = @visitor, unprepared_visitor
         yield
       ensure
-        @visitor, @prepared_statements = old_visitor, old_prepared_statements
+        @prepared_statements = old_prepared_statements
       end
 
       # Returns the human-readable name of the adapter. Use mixed case - one
       # can always use downcase if needed.
       def adapter_name
-        'Abstract'
+        self.class::ADAPTER_NAME
       end
 
-      # Does this adapter support migrations? Backend specific, as the
-      # abstract adapter always returns +false+.
+      # Does this adapter support migrations?
       def supports_migrations?
         false
       end
 
       # Can this adapter determine the primary key for tables not attached
-      # to an Active Record class, such as join tables? Backend specific, as
-      # the abstract adapter always returns +false+.
+      # to an Active Record class, such as join tables?
       def supports_primary_key?
         false
       end
 
-      # Does this adapter support using DISTINCT within COUNT? This is +true+
-      # for all adapters except sqlite.
-      def supports_count_distinct?
-        true
-      end
-
       # Does this adapter support DDL rollbacks in transactions? That is, would
-      # CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE get rolled back by a transaction? PostgreSQL,
-      # SQL Server, and others support this. MySQL and others do not.
+      # CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE get rolled back by a transaction?
       def supports_ddl_transactions?
         false
       end
@@ -178,16 +210,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
         false
       end
 
-      # Does this adapter support savepoints? PostgreSQL and MySQL do,
-      # SQLite < 3.6.8 does not.
+      # Does this adapter support savepoints?
       def supports_savepoints?
         false
       end
 
+      # Does this adapter support application-enforced advisory locking?
+      def supports_advisory_locks?
+        false
+      end
+
       # Should primary key values be selected from their corresponding
       # sequence before the insert statement? If true, next_sequence_value
       # is called before each insert to set the record's primary key.
-      # This is false for all adapters but Firebird.
       def prefetch_primary_key?(table_name = nil)
         false
       end
@@ -202,8 +237,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         false
       end
 
-      # Does this adapter support explain? As of this writing sqlite3,
-      # mysql2, and postgresql are the only ones that do.
+      # Does this adapter support explain?
       def supports_explain?
         false
       end
@@ -213,12 +247,37 @@ module ActiveRecord
         false
       end
 
-      # Does this adapter support database extensions? As of this writing only
-      # postgresql does.
+      # Does this adapter support database extensions?
       def supports_extensions?
         false
       end
 
+      # Does this adapter support creating indexes in the same statement as
+      # creating the table?
+      def supports_indexes_in_create?
+        false
+      end
+
+      # Does this adapter support creating foreign key constraints?
+      def supports_foreign_keys?
+        false
+      end
+
+      # Does this adapter support views?
+      def supports_views?
+        false
+      end
+
+      # Does this adapter support datetime with precision?
+      def supports_datetime_with_precision?
+        false
+      end
+
+      # Does this adapter support json data type?
+      def supports_json?
+        false
+      end
+
       # This is meant to be implemented by the adapters that support extensions
       def disable_extension(name)
       end
@@ -227,24 +286,34 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def enable_extension(name)
       end
 
-      # A list of extensions, to be filled in by adapters that support them. At
-      # the moment only postgresql does.
+      # This is meant to be implemented by the adapters that support advisory
+      # locks
+      #
+      # Return true if we got the lock, otherwise false
+      def get_advisory_lock(lock_id) # :nodoc:
+      end
+
+      # This is meant to be implemented by the adapters that support advisory
+      # locks.
+      #
+      # Return true if we released the lock, otherwise false
+      def release_advisory_lock(lock_id) # :nodoc:
+      end
+
+      # A list of extensions, to be filled in by adapters that support them.
       def extensions
         []
       end
 
       # A list of index algorithms, to be filled by adapters that support them.
-      # MySQL and PostgreSQL have support for them right now.
       def index_algorithms
         {}
       end
 
-      # QUOTING ==================================================
-
-      # Returns a bind substitution value given a bind +index+ and +column+
+      # Returns a bind substitution value given a bind +column+
       # NOTE: The column param is currently being used by the sqlserver-adapter
-      def substitute_at(column, index)
-        Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new '?'
+      def substitute_at(column, _unused = 0)
+        Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new
       end
 
       # REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY ====================================
@@ -262,12 +331,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def active?
       end
 
-      # Adapter should redefine this if it needs a threadsafe way to approximate
-      # if the connection is active
-      def active_threadsafe?
-        active?
-      end
-
       # Disconnects from the database if already connected, and establishes a
       # new connection with the database. Implementors should call super if they
       # override the default implementation.
@@ -301,13 +364,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Returns true if its required to reload the connection between requests for development mode.
-      # This is not the case for Ruby/MySQL and it's not necessary for any adapters except SQLite.
       def requires_reloading?
         false
       end
 
       # Checks whether the connection to the database is still active (i.e. not stale).
-      # This is done under the hood by calling <tt>active?</tt>. If the connection
+      # This is done under the hood by calling #active?. If the connection
       # is no longer active, then this method will reconnect to the database.
       def verify!(*ignored)
         reconnect! unless active?
@@ -323,29 +385,37 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @connection
       end
 
-      def open_transactions
-        @transaction.number
-      end
-
       def create_savepoint(name = nil)
       end
 
-      def rollback_to_savepoint(name = nil)
-      end
-
       def release_savepoint(name = nil)
       end
 
-      def case_sensitive_modifier(node)
+      def case_sensitive_modifier(node, table_attribute)
         node
       end
 
+      def case_sensitive_comparison(table, attribute, column, value)
+        table_attr = table[attribute]
+        value = case_sensitive_modifier(value, table_attr) unless value.nil?
+        table_attr.eq(value)
+      end
+
       def case_insensitive_comparison(table, attribute, column, value)
-        table[attribute].lower.eq(table.lower(value))
+        if can_perform_case_insensitive_comparison_for?(column)
+          table[attribute].lower.eq(table.lower(value))
+        else
+          case_sensitive_comparison(table, attribute, column, value)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def can_perform_case_insensitive_comparison_for?(column)
+        true
       end
+      private :can_perform_case_insensitive_comparison_for?
 
       def current_savepoint_name
-        "active_record_#{open_transactions}"
+        current_transaction.savepoint_name
       end
 
       # Check the connection back in to the connection pool
@@ -353,11 +423,103 @@ module ActiveRecord
         pool.checkin self
       end
 
+      def type_map # :nodoc:
+        @type_map ||= Type::TypeMap.new.tap do |mapping|
+          initialize_type_map(mapping)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def new_column(name, default, sql_type_metadata = nil, null = true, default_function = nil, collation = nil)
+        Column.new(name, default, sql_type_metadata, null, default_function, collation)
+      end
+
+      def lookup_cast_type(sql_type) # :nodoc:
+        type_map.lookup(sql_type)
+      end
+
+      def column_name_for_operation(operation, node) # :nodoc:
+        visitor.accept(node, collector).value
+      end
+
       protected
 
+      def initialize_type_map(m) # :nodoc:
+        register_class_with_limit m, %r(boolean)i,       Type::Boolean
+        register_class_with_limit m, %r(char)i,          Type::String
+        register_class_with_limit m, %r(binary)i,        Type::Binary
+        register_class_with_limit m, %r(text)i,          Type::Text
+        register_class_with_precision m, %r(date)i,      Type::Date
+        register_class_with_precision m, %r(time)i,      Type::Time
+        register_class_with_precision m, %r(datetime)i,  Type::DateTime
+        register_class_with_limit m, %r(float)i,         Type::Float
+        register_class_with_limit m, %r(int)i,           Type::Integer
+
+        m.alias_type %r(blob)i,      'binary'
+        m.alias_type %r(clob)i,      'text'
+        m.alias_type %r(timestamp)i, 'datetime'
+        m.alias_type %r(numeric)i,   'decimal'
+        m.alias_type %r(number)i,    'decimal'
+        m.alias_type %r(double)i,    'float'
+
+        m.register_type(%r(decimal)i) do |sql_type|
+          scale = extract_scale(sql_type)
+          precision = extract_precision(sql_type)
+
+          if scale == 0
+            # FIXME: Remove this class as well
+            Type::DecimalWithoutScale.new(precision: precision)
+          else
+            Type::Decimal.new(precision: precision, scale: scale)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def reload_type_map # :nodoc:
+        type_map.clear
+        initialize_type_map(type_map)
+      end
+
+      def register_class_with_limit(mapping, key, klass) # :nodoc:
+        mapping.register_type(key) do |*args|
+          limit = extract_limit(args.last)
+          klass.new(limit: limit)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def register_class_with_precision(mapping, key, klass) # :nodoc:
+        mapping.register_type(key) do |*args|
+          precision = extract_precision(args.last)
+          klass.new(precision: precision)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def extract_scale(sql_type) # :nodoc:
+        case sql_type
+          when /\((\d+)\)/ then 0
+          when /\((\d+)(,(\d+))\)/ then $3.to_i
+        end
+      end
+
+      def extract_precision(sql_type) # :nodoc:
+        $1.to_i if sql_type =~ /\((\d+)(,\d+)?\)/
+      end
+
+      def extract_limit(sql_type) # :nodoc:
+        case sql_type
+        when /^bigint/i
+          8
+        when /\((.*)\)/
+          $1.to_i
+        end
+      end
+
       def translate_exception_class(e, sql)
-        message = "#{e.class.name}: #{e.message}: #{sql}"
-        @logger.error message if @logger
+        begin
+          message = "#{e.class.name}: #{e.message}: #{sql}"
+        rescue Encoding::CompatibilityError
+          message = "#{e.class.name}: #{e.message.force_encoding sql.encoding}: #{sql}"
+        end
+
         exception = translate_exception(e, message)
         exception.set_backtrace e.backtrace
         exception
@@ -377,11 +539,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def translate_exception(exception, message)
         # override in derived class
-        ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid.new(message, exception)
+        ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid.new(message)
       end
 
       def without_prepared_statement?(binds)
-        !@prepared_statements || binds.empty?
+        !prepared_statements || binds.empty?
+      end
+
+      def column_for(table_name, column_name) # :nodoc:
+        column_name = column_name.to_s
+        columns(table_name).detect { |c| c.name == column_name } ||
+          raise(ActiveRecordError, "No such column: #{table_name}.#{column_name}")
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_mysql_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_mysql_adapter.rb
index 23edc8b955..25ba42e5c9 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_mysql_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_mysql_adapter.rb
@@ -1,66 +1,43 @@
-require 'arel/visitors/bind_visitor'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/schema_creation'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/schema_definitions'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/schema_dumper'
+
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/strip'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     class AbstractMysqlAdapter < AbstractAdapter
+      include MySQL::ColumnDumper
       include Savepoints
 
-      class SchemaCreation < AbstractAdapter::SchemaCreation
-
-        def visit_AddColumn(o)
-          add_column_position!(super, column_options(o))
-        end
-
-        private
-        def visit_ChangeColumnDefinition(o)
-          column = o.column
-          options = o.options
-          sql_type = type_to_sql(o.type, options[:limit], options[:precision], options[:scale])
-          change_column_sql = "CHANGE #{quote_column_name(column.name)} #{quote_column_name(options[:name])} #{sql_type}"
-          add_column_options!(change_column_sql, options)
-          add_column_position!(change_column_sql, options)
-        end
-
-        def add_column_position!(sql, options)
-          if options[:first]
-            sql << " FIRST"
-          elsif options[:after]
-            sql << " AFTER #{quote_column_name(options[:after])}"
-          end
-          sql
-        end
+      def update_table_definition(table_name, base) # :nodoc:
+        MySQL::Table.new(table_name, base)
       end
 
       def schema_creation
-        SchemaCreation.new self
+        MySQL::SchemaCreation.new(self)
       end
 
       class Column < ConnectionAdapters::Column # :nodoc:
-        attr_reader :collation, :strict, :extra
+        delegate :strict, :extra, to: :sql_type_metadata, allow_nil: true
 
-        def initialize(name, default, sql_type = nil, null = true, collation = nil, strict = false, extra = "")
-          @strict    = strict
-          @collation = collation
-          @extra     = extra
-          super(name, default, sql_type, null)
+        def initialize(*)
+          super
+          assert_valid_default(default)
+          extract_default
         end
 
-        def extract_default(default)
+        def extract_default
           if blob_or_text_column?
-            if default.blank?
-              null || strict ? nil : ''
-            else
-              raise ArgumentError, "#{type} columns cannot have a default value: #{default.inspect}"
-            end
+            @default = null || strict ? nil : ''
           elsif missing_default_forged_as_empty_string?(default)
-            nil
-          else
-            super
+            @default = nil
           end
         end
 
         def has_default?
-          return false if blob_or_text_column? #mysql forbids defaults on blob and text columns
+          return false if blob_or_text_column? # MySQL forbids defaults on blob and text columns
           super
         end
 
@@ -68,53 +45,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
           sql_type =~ /blob/i || type == :text
         end
 
-        # Must return the relevant concrete adapter
-        def adapter
-          raise NotImplementedError
+        def unsigned?
+          /unsigned/ === sql_type
         end
 
         def case_sensitive?
           collation && !collation.match(/_ci$/)
         end
 
-        private
-
-        def simplified_type(field_type)
-          return :boolean if adapter.emulate_booleans && field_type.downcase.index("tinyint(1)")
-
-          case field_type
-          when /enum/i, /set/i then :string
-          when /year/i         then :integer
-          when /bit/i          then :binary
-          else
-            super
-          end
+        def auto_increment?
+          extra == 'auto_increment'
         end
 
-        def extract_limit(sql_type)
-          case sql_type
-          when /^enum\((.+)\)/i
-            $1.split(',').map{|enum| enum.strip.length - 2}.max
-          when /blob|text/i
-            case sql_type
-            when /tiny/i
-              255
-            when /medium/i
-              16777215
-            when /long/i
-              2147483647 # mysql only allows 2^31-1, not 2^32-1, somewhat inconsistently with the tiny/medium/normal cases
-            else
-              super # we could return 65535 here, but we leave it undecorated by default
-            end
-          when /^bigint/i;    8
-          when /^int/i;       4
-          when /^mediumint/i; 3
-          when /^smallint/i;  2
-          when /^tinyint/i;   1
-          else
-            super
-          end
-        end
+        private
 
         # MySQL misreports NOT NULL column default when none is given.
         # We can't detect this for columns which may have a legitimate ''
@@ -126,6 +69,39 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def missing_default_forged_as_empty_string?(default)
           type != :string && !null && default == ''
         end
+
+        def assert_valid_default(default)
+          if blob_or_text_column? && default.present?
+            raise ArgumentError, "#{type} columns cannot have a default value: #{default.inspect}"
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      class MysqlTypeMetadata < DelegateClass(SqlTypeMetadata) # :nodoc:
+        attr_reader :extra, :strict
+
+        def initialize(type_metadata, extra: "", strict: false)
+          super(type_metadata)
+          @type_metadata = type_metadata
+          @extra = extra
+          @strict = strict
+        end
+
+        def ==(other)
+          other.is_a?(MysqlTypeMetadata) &&
+            attributes_for_hash == other.attributes_for_hash
+        end
+        alias eql? ==
+
+        def hash
+          attributes_for_hash.hash
+        end
+
+        protected
+
+        def attributes_for_hash
+          [self.class, @type_metadata, extra, strict]
+        end
       end
 
       ##
@@ -148,43 +124,50 @@ module ActiveRecord
       QUOTED_TRUE, QUOTED_FALSE = '1', '0'
 
       NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES = {
-        :primary_key => "int(11) auto_increment PRIMARY KEY",
-        :string      => { :name => "varchar", :limit => 255 },
-        :text        => { :name => "text" },
-        :integer     => { :name => "int", :limit => 4 },
-        :float       => { :name => "float" },
-        :decimal     => { :name => "decimal" },
-        :datetime    => { :name => "datetime" },
-        :timestamp   => { :name => "datetime" },
-        :time        => { :name => "time" },
-        :date        => { :name => "date" },
-        :binary      => { :name => "blob" },
-        :boolean     => { :name => "tinyint", :limit => 1 }
+        primary_key: "int auto_increment PRIMARY KEY",
+        string:      { name: "varchar", limit: 255 },
+        text:        { name: "text" },
+        integer:     { name: "int", limit: 4 },
+        float:       { name: "float" },
+        decimal:     { name: "decimal" },
+        datetime:    { name: "datetime" },
+        time:        { name: "time" },
+        date:        { name: "date" },
+        binary:      { name: "blob" },
+        boolean:     { name: "tinyint", limit: 1 },
+        json:        { name: "json" },
       }
 
       INDEX_TYPES  = [:fulltext, :spatial]
       INDEX_USINGS = [:btree, :hash]
 
-      class BindSubstitution < Arel::Visitors::MySQL # :nodoc:
-        include Arel::Visitors::BindVisitor
-      end
-
       # FIXME: Make the first parameter more similar for the two adapters
       def initialize(connection, logger, connection_options, config)
-        super(connection, logger)
-        @connection_options, @config = connection_options, config
+        super(connection, logger, config)
         @quoted_column_names, @quoted_table_names = {}, {}
 
+        @visitor = Arel::Visitors::MySQL.new self
+
         if self.class.type_cast_config_to_boolean(config.fetch(:prepared_statements) { true })
           @prepared_statements = true
-          @visitor = Arel::Visitors::MySQL.new self
+          @visitor.extend(DetermineIfPreparableVisitor)
         else
-          @visitor = unprepared_visitor
+          @prepared_statements = false
         end
       end
 
-      def adapter_name #:nodoc:
-        self.class::ADAPTER_NAME
+      MAX_INDEX_LENGTH_FOR_CHARSETS_OF_4BYTES_MAXLEN = 191
+      CHARSETS_OF_4BYTES_MAXLEN = ['utf8mb4', 'utf16', 'utf16le', 'utf32']
+      def initialize_schema_migrations_table
+        if CHARSETS_OF_4BYTES_MAXLEN.include?(charset)
+          ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create_table(MAX_INDEX_LENGTH_FOR_CHARSETS_OF_4BYTES_MAXLEN)
+        else
+          ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create_table
+        end
+      end
+
+      def version
+        @version ||= Version.new(full_version.match(/^\d+\.\d+\.\d+/)[0])
       end
 
       # Returns true, since this connection adapter supports migrations.
@@ -206,23 +189,46 @@ module ActiveRecord
         true
       end
 
-      def type_cast(value, column)
-        case value
-        when TrueClass
-          1
-        when FalseClass
-          0
-        else
-          super
-        end
-      end
-
       # MySQL 4 technically support transaction isolation, but it is affected by a bug
       # where the transaction level gets persisted for the whole session:
       #
       # http://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=39170
       def supports_transaction_isolation?
-        version[0] >= 5
+        version >= '5.0.0'
+      end
+
+      def supports_explain?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_indexes_in_create?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_foreign_keys?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_views?
+        version >= '5.0.0'
+      end
+
+      def supports_datetime_with_precision?
+        version >= '5.6.4'
+      end
+
+      # 5.0.0 definitely supports it, possibly supported by earlier versions but
+      # not sure
+      def supports_advisory_locks?
+        version >= '5.0.0'
+      end
+
+      def get_advisory_lock(lock_name, timeout = 0) # :nodoc:
+        select_value("SELECT GET_LOCK('#{lock_name}', #{timeout});").to_s == '1'
+      end
+
+      def release_advisory_lock(lock_name) # :nodoc:
+        select_value("SELECT RELEASE_LOCK('#{lock_name}')").to_s == '1'
       end
 
       def native_database_types
@@ -241,12 +247,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         raise NotImplementedError
       end
 
-      # Overridden by the adapters to instantiate their specific Column type.
-      def new_column(field, default, type, null, collation, extra = "") # :nodoc:
-        Column.new(field, default, type, null, collation, extra)
+      def new_column(field, default, sql_type_metadata = nil, null = true, default_function = nil, collation = nil) # :nodoc:
+        Column.new(field, default, sql_type_metadata, null, default_function, collation)
       end
 
-      # Must return the Mysql error number from the exception, if the exception has an
+      # Must return the MySQL error number from the exception, if the exception has an
       # error number.
       def error_number(exception) # :nodoc:
         raise NotImplementedError
@@ -254,12 +259,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # QUOTING ==================================================
 
-      def quote(value, column = nil)
-        if value.kind_of?(String) && column && column.type == :binary
-          s = value.unpack("H*")[0]
-          "x'#{s}'"
-        elsif value.kind_of?(BigDecimal)
-          value.to_s("F")
+      def _quote(value) # :nodoc:
+        if value.is_a?(Type::Binary::Data)
+          "x'#{value.hex}'"
         else
           super
         end
@@ -277,10 +279,26 @@ module ActiveRecord
         QUOTED_TRUE
       end
 
+      def unquoted_true
+        1
+      end
+
       def quoted_false
         QUOTED_FALSE
       end
 
+      def unquoted_false
+        0
+      end
+
+      def quoted_date(value)
+        if supports_datetime_with_precision?
+          super
+        else
+          super.sub(/\.\d{6}\z/, '')
+        end
+      end
+
       # REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY ====================================
 
       def disable_referential_integrity #:nodoc:
@@ -294,7 +312,88 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      #--
       # DATABASE STATEMENTS ======================================
+      #++
+
+      def explain(arel, binds = [])
+        sql     = "EXPLAIN #{to_sql(arel, binds)}"
+        start   = Time.now
+        result  = exec_query(sql, 'EXPLAIN', binds)
+        elapsed = Time.now - start
+
+        ExplainPrettyPrinter.new.pp(result, elapsed)
+      end
+
+      class ExplainPrettyPrinter # :nodoc:
+        # Pretty prints the result of an EXPLAIN in a way that resembles the output of the
+        # MySQL shell:
+        #
+        #   +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
+        #   | id | select_type | table | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra       |
+        #   +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
+        #   |  1 | SIMPLE      | users | const | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | const |    1 |             |
+        #   |  1 | SIMPLE      | posts | ALL   | NULL          | NULL    | NULL    | NULL  |    1 | Using where |
+        #   +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
+        #   2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
+        #
+        # This is an exercise in Ruby hyperrealism :).
+        def pp(result, elapsed)
+          widths    = compute_column_widths(result)
+          separator = build_separator(widths)
+
+          pp = []
+
+          pp << separator
+          pp << build_cells(result.columns, widths)
+          pp << separator
+
+          result.rows.each do |row|
+            pp << build_cells(row, widths)
+          end
+
+          pp << separator
+          pp << build_footer(result.rows.length, elapsed)
+
+          pp.join("\n") + "\n"
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def compute_column_widths(result)
+          [].tap do |widths|
+            result.columns.each_with_index do |column, i|
+              cells_in_column = [column] + result.rows.map {|r| r[i].nil? ? 'NULL' : r[i].to_s}
+              widths << cells_in_column.map(&:length).max
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        def build_separator(widths)
+          padding = 1
+          '+' + widths.map {|w| '-' * (w + (padding*2))}.join('+') + '+'
+        end
+
+        def build_cells(items, widths)
+          cells = []
+          items.each_with_index do |item, i|
+            item = 'NULL' if item.nil?
+            justifier = item.is_a?(Numeric) ? 'rjust' : 'ljust'
+            cells << item.to_s.send(justifier, widths[i])
+          end
+          '| ' + cells.join(' | ') + ' |'
+        end
+
+        def build_footer(nrows, elapsed)
+          rows_label = nrows == 1 ? 'row' : 'rows'
+          "#{nrows} #{rows_label} in set (%.2f sec)" % elapsed
+        end
+      end
+
+      def clear_cache!
+        super
+        reload_type_map
+      end
 
       # Executes the SQL statement in the context of this connection.
       def execute(sql, name = nil)
@@ -326,7 +425,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         execute "COMMIT"
       end
 
-      def rollback_db_transaction #:nodoc:
+      def exec_rollback_db_transaction #:nodoc:
         execute "ROLLBACK"
       end
 
@@ -394,29 +493,69 @@ module ActiveRecord
         show_variable 'collation_database'
       end
 
-      def tables(name = nil, database = nil, like = nil) #:nodoc:
-        sql = "SHOW TABLES "
-        sql << "IN #{quote_table_name(database)} " if database
-        sql << "LIKE #{quote(like)}" if like
+      def tables(name = nil) # :nodoc:
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
+          #tables currently returns both tables and views.
+          This behavior is deprecated and will be changed with Rails 5.1 to only return tables.
+          Use #data_sources instead.
+        MSG
 
-        execute_and_free(sql, 'SCHEMA') do |result|
-          result.collect { |field| field.first }
+        if name
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
+            Passing arguments to #tables is deprecated without replacement.
+          MSG
         end
+
+        data_sources
       end
 
-      def table_exists?(name)
-        return false unless name
-        return true if tables(nil, nil, name).any?
+      def data_sources
+        sql = "SELECT table_name FROM information_schema.tables "
+        sql << "WHERE table_schema = #{quote(@config[:database])}"
 
-        name          = name.to_s
-        schema, table = name.split('.', 2)
+        select_values(sql, 'SCHEMA')
+      end
 
-        unless table # A table was provided without a schema
-          table  = schema
-          schema = nil
-        end
+      def truncate(table_name, name = nil)
+        execute "TRUNCATE TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)}", name
+      end
+
+      def table_exists?(table_name)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
+          #table_exists? currently checks both tables and views.
+          This behavior is deprecated and will be changed with Rails 5.1 to only check tables.
+          Use #data_source_exists? instead.
+        MSG
+
+        data_source_exists?(table_name)
+      end
 
-        tables(nil, schema, table).any?
+      def data_source_exists?(table_name)
+        return false unless table_name.present?
+
+        schema, name = table_name.to_s.split('.', 2)
+        schema, name = @config[:database], schema unless name # A table was provided without a schema
+
+        sql = "SELECT table_name FROM information_schema.tables "
+        sql << "WHERE table_schema = #{quote(schema)} AND table_name = #{quote(name)}"
+
+        select_values(sql, 'SCHEMA').any?
+      end
+
+      def views # :nodoc:
+        select_values("SHOW FULL TABLES WHERE table_type = 'VIEW'", 'SCHEMA')
+      end
+
+      def view_exists?(view_name) # :nodoc:
+        return false unless view_name.present?
+
+        schema, name = view_name.to_s.split('.', 2)
+        schema, name = @config[:database], schema unless name # A view was provided without a schema
+
+        sql = "SELECT table_name FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_type = 'VIEW'"
+        sql << " AND table_schema = #{quote(schema)} AND table_name = #{quote(name)}"
+
+        select_values(sql, 'SCHEMA').any?
       end
 
       # Returns an array of indexes for the given table.
@@ -448,8 +587,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         sql = "SHOW FULL FIELDS FROM #{quote_table_name(table_name)}"
         execute_and_free(sql, 'SCHEMA') do |result|
           each_hash(result).map do |field|
-            field_name = set_field_encoding(field[:Field])
-            new_column(field_name, field[:Default], field[:Type], field[:Null] == "YES", field[:Collation], field[:Extra])
+            type_metadata = fetch_type_metadata(field[:Type], field[:Extra])
+            new_column(field[:Field], field[:Default], type_metadata, field[:Null] == "YES", nil, field[:Collation])
           end
         end
       end
@@ -459,7 +598,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def bulk_change_table(table_name, operations) #:nodoc:
-        sqls = operations.map do |command, args|
+        sqls = operations.flat_map do |command, args|
           table, arguments = args.shift, args
           method = :"#{command}_sql"
 
@@ -468,7 +607,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           else
             raise "Unknown method called : #{method}(#{arguments.inspect})"
           end
-        end.flatten.join(", ")
+        end.join(", ")
 
         execute("ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} #{sqls}")
       end
@@ -482,24 +621,42 @@ module ActiveRecord
         rename_table_indexes(table_name, new_name)
       end
 
+      # Drops a table from the database.
+      #
+      # [<tt>:force</tt>]
+      #   Set to +:cascade+ to drop dependent objects as well.
+      #   Defaults to false.
+      # [<tt>:if_exists</tt>]
+      #   Set to +true+ to only drop the table if it exists.
+      #   Defaults to false.
+      # [<tt>:temporary</tt>]
+      #   Set to +true+ to drop temporary table.
+      #   Defaults to false.
+      #
+      # Although this command ignores most +options+ and the block if one is given,
+      # it can be helpful to provide these in a migration's +change+ method so it can be reverted.
+      # In that case, +options+ and the block will be used by create_table.
       def drop_table(table_name, options = {})
-        execute "DROP#{' TEMPORARY' if options[:temporary]} TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)}"
+        execute "DROP#{' TEMPORARY' if options[:temporary]} TABLE#{' IF EXISTS' if options[:if_exists]} #{quote_table_name(table_name)}#{' CASCADE' if options[:force] == :cascade}"
       end
 
       def rename_index(table_name, old_name, new_name)
-        if (version[0] == 5 && version[1] >= 7) || version[0] >= 6
+        if supports_rename_index?
+          validate_index_length!(table_name, new_name)
+
           execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} RENAME INDEX #{quote_table_name(old_name)} TO #{quote_table_name(new_name)}"
         else
           super
         end
       end
 
-      def change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default)
+      def change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default_or_changes) #:nodoc:
+        default = extract_new_default_value(default_or_changes)
         column = column_for(table_name, column_name)
         change_column table_name, column_name, column.sql_type, :default => default
       end
 
-      def change_column_null(table_name, column_name, null, default = nil)
+      def change_column_null(table_name, column_name, null, default = nil) #:nodoc:
         column = column_for(table_name, column_name)
 
         unless null || default.nil?
@@ -519,79 +676,108 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def add_index(table_name, column_name, options = {}) #:nodoc:
-        index_name, index_type, index_columns, index_options, index_algorithm, index_using = add_index_options(table_name, column_name, options)
-        execute "CREATE #{index_type} INDEX #{quote_column_name(index_name)} #{index_using} ON #{quote_table_name(table_name)} (#{index_columns})#{index_options} #{index_algorithm}"
+        index_name, index_type, index_columns, _, index_algorithm, index_using = add_index_options(table_name, column_name, options)
+        execute "CREATE #{index_type} INDEX #{quote_column_name(index_name)} #{index_using} ON #{quote_table_name(table_name)} (#{index_columns}) #{index_algorithm}"
+      end
+
+      def foreign_keys(table_name)
+        fk_info = select_all <<-SQL.strip_heredoc
+          SELECT fk.referenced_table_name as 'to_table'
+                ,fk.referenced_column_name as 'primary_key'
+                ,fk.column_name as 'column'
+                ,fk.constraint_name as 'name'
+          FROM information_schema.key_column_usage fk
+          WHERE fk.referenced_column_name is not null
+            AND fk.table_schema = '#{@config[:database]}'
+            AND fk.table_name = '#{table_name}'
+        SQL
+
+        create_table_info = create_table_info(table_name)
+
+        fk_info.map do |row|
+          options = {
+            column: row['column'],
+            name: row['name'],
+            primary_key: row['primary_key']
+          }
+
+          options[:on_update] = extract_foreign_key_action(create_table_info, row['name'], "UPDATE")
+          options[:on_delete] = extract_foreign_key_action(create_table_info, row['name'], "DELETE")
+
+          ForeignKeyDefinition.new(table_name, row['to_table'], options)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def table_options(table_name)
+        create_table_info = create_table_info(table_name)
+
+        # strip create_definitions and partition_options
+        raw_table_options = create_table_info.sub(/\A.*\n\) /m, '').sub(/\n\/\*!.*\*\/\n\z/m, '').strip
+
+        # strip AUTO_INCREMENT
+        raw_table_options.sub(/(ENGINE=\w+)(?: AUTO_INCREMENT=\d+)/, '\1')
       end
 
       # Maps logical Rails types to MySQL-specific data types.
-      def type_to_sql(type, limit = nil, precision = nil, scale = nil)
-        case type.to_s
-        when 'binary'
-          case limit
-          when 0..0xfff;           "varbinary(#{limit})"
-          when nil;                "blob"
-          when 0x1000..0xffffffff; "blob(#{limit})"
-          else raise(ActiveRecordError, "No binary type has character length #{limit}")
-          end
+      def type_to_sql(type, limit = nil, precision = nil, scale = nil, unsigned = nil)
+        sql = case type.to_s
         when 'integer'
-          case limit
-          when 1; 'tinyint'
-          when 2; 'smallint'
-          when 3; 'mediumint'
-          when nil, 4, 11; 'int(11)'  # compatibility with MySQL default
-          when 5..8; 'bigint'
-          else raise(ActiveRecordError, "No integer type has byte size #{limit}")
-          end
+          integer_to_sql(limit)
         when 'text'
-          case limit
-          when 0..0xff;               'tinytext'
-          when nil, 0x100..0xffff;    'text'
-          when 0x10000..0xffffff;     'mediumtext'
-          when 0x1000000..0xffffffff; 'longtext'
-          else raise(ActiveRecordError, "No text type has character length #{limit}")
+          text_to_sql(limit)
+        when 'blob'
+          binary_to_sql(limit)
+        when 'binary'
+          if (0..0xfff) === limit
+            "varbinary(#{limit})"
+          else
+            binary_to_sql(limit)
           end
         else
-          super
+          super(type, limit, precision, scale)
         end
-      end
 
-      def add_column_position!(sql, options)
-        if options[:first]
-          sql << " FIRST"
-        elsif options[:after]
-          sql << " AFTER #{quote_column_name(options[:after])}"
-        end
+        sql << ' unsigned' if unsigned && type != :primary_key
+        sql
       end
 
       # SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'name'
       def show_variable(name)
-        variables = select_all("SHOW VARIABLES LIKE '#{name}'", 'SCHEMA')
+        variables = select_all("select @@#{name} as 'Value'", 'SCHEMA')
         variables.first['Value'] unless variables.empty?
+      rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
+        nil
       end
 
-      # Returns a table's primary key and belonging sequence.
-      def pk_and_sequence_for(table)
-        execute_and_free("SHOW CREATE TABLE #{quote_table_name(table)}", 'SCHEMA') do |result|
-          create_table = each_hash(result).first[:"Create Table"]
-          if create_table.to_s =~ /PRIMARY KEY\s+(?:USING\s+\w+\s+)?\((.+)\)/
-            keys = $1.split(",").map { |key| key.delete('`"') }
-            keys.length == 1 ? [keys.first, nil] : nil
-          else
-            nil
-          end
-        end
-      end
+      def primary_keys(table_name) # :nodoc:
+        raise ArgumentError unless table_name.present?
 
-      # Returns just a table's primary key
-      def primary_key(table)
-        pk_and_sequence = pk_and_sequence_for(table)
-        pk_and_sequence && pk_and_sequence.first
+        schema, name = table_name.to_s.split('.', 2)
+        schema, name = @config[:database], schema unless name # A table was provided without a schema
+
+        select_values(<<-SQL.strip_heredoc, 'SCHEMA')
+          SELECT column_name
+          FROM information_schema.key_column_usage
+          WHERE constraint_name = 'PRIMARY'
+            AND table_schema = #{quote(schema)}
+            AND table_name = #{quote(name)}
+          ORDER BY ordinal_position
+        SQL
       end
 
-      def case_sensitive_modifier(node)
+      def case_sensitive_modifier(node, table_attribute)
+        node = Arel::Nodes.build_quoted node, table_attribute
         Arel::Nodes::Bin.new(node)
       end
 
+      def case_sensitive_comparison(table, attribute, column, value)
+        if column.case_sensitive?
+          table[attribute].eq(value)
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
       def case_insensitive_comparison(table, attribute, column, value)
         if column.case_sensitive?
           super
@@ -600,10 +786,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def limited_update_conditions(where_sql, quoted_table_name, quoted_primary_key)
-        where_sql
-      end
-
       def strict_mode?
         self.class.type_cast_config_to_boolean(@config.fetch(:strict, true))
       end
@@ -614,15 +796,66 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       protected
 
-      # MySQL is too stupid to create a temporary table for use subquery, so we have
-      # to give it some prompting in the form of a subsubquery. Ugh!
-      def subquery_for(key, select)
-        subsubselect = select.clone
-        subsubselect.projections = [key]
+      def initialize_type_map(m) # :nodoc:
+        super
 
-        subselect = Arel::SelectManager.new(select.engine)
-        subselect.project Arel.sql(key.name)
-        subselect.from subsubselect.as('__active_record_temp')
+        register_class_with_limit m, %r(char)i, MysqlString
+
+        m.register_type %r(tinytext)i,   Type::Text.new(limit: 2**8 - 1)
+        m.register_type %r(tinyblob)i,   Type::Binary.new(limit: 2**8 - 1)
+        m.register_type %r(text)i,       Type::Text.new(limit: 2**16 - 1)
+        m.register_type %r(blob)i,       Type::Binary.new(limit: 2**16 - 1)
+        m.register_type %r(mediumtext)i, Type::Text.new(limit: 2**24 - 1)
+        m.register_type %r(mediumblob)i, Type::Binary.new(limit: 2**24 - 1)
+        m.register_type %r(longtext)i,   Type::Text.new(limit: 2**32 - 1)
+        m.register_type %r(longblob)i,   Type::Binary.new(limit: 2**32 - 1)
+        m.register_type %r(^float)i,     Type::Float.new(limit: 24)
+        m.register_type %r(^double)i,    Type::Float.new(limit: 53)
+        m.register_type %r(^json)i,      MysqlJson.new
+
+        register_integer_type m, %r(^bigint)i,    limit: 8
+        register_integer_type m, %r(^int)i,       limit: 4
+        register_integer_type m, %r(^mediumint)i, limit: 3
+        register_integer_type m, %r(^smallint)i,  limit: 2
+        register_integer_type m, %r(^tinyint)i,   limit: 1
+
+        m.alias_type %r(tinyint\(1\))i,  'boolean' if emulate_booleans
+        m.alias_type %r(year)i,          'integer'
+        m.alias_type %r(bit)i,           'binary'
+
+        m.register_type(%r(enum)i) do |sql_type|
+          limit = sql_type[/^enum\((.+)\)/i, 1]
+            .split(',').map{|enum| enum.strip.length - 2}.max
+          MysqlString.new(limit: limit)
+        end
+
+        m.register_type(%r(^set)i) do |sql_type|
+          limit = sql_type[/^set\((.+)\)/i, 1]
+            .split(',').map{|set| set.strip.length - 1}.sum - 1
+          MysqlString.new(limit: limit)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def register_integer_type(mapping, key, options) # :nodoc:
+        mapping.register_type(key) do |sql_type|
+          if /unsigned/i =~ sql_type
+            Type::UnsignedInteger.new(options)
+          else
+            Type::Integer.new(options)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def extract_precision(sql_type)
+        if /time/ === sql_type
+          super || 0
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      def fetch_type_metadata(sql_type, extra = "")
+        MysqlTypeMetadata.new(super(sql_type), extra: extra, strict: strict_mode?)
       end
 
       def add_index_length(option_strings, column_names, options = {})
@@ -653,18 +886,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def translate_exception(exception, message)
         case error_number(exception)
         when 1062
-          RecordNotUnique.new(message, exception)
+          RecordNotUnique.new(message)
         when 1452
-          InvalidForeignKey.new(message, exception)
+          InvalidForeignKey.new(message)
         else
           super
         end
       end
 
       def add_column_sql(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
-        td = create_table_definition table_name, options[:temporary], options[:options]
+        td = create_table_definition(table_name)
         cd = td.new_column_definition(column_name, type, options)
-        schema_creation.visit_AddColumn cd
+        schema_creation.accept(AddColumnDefinition.new(cd))
       end
 
       def change_column_sql(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
@@ -678,23 +911,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
           options[:null] = column.null
         end
 
-        options[:name] = column.name
-        schema_creation.accept ChangeColumnDefinition.new column, type, options
+        td = create_table_definition(table_name)
+        cd = td.new_column_definition(column.name, type, options)
+        schema_creation.accept(ChangeColumnDefinition.new(cd, column.name))
       end
 
       def rename_column_sql(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
-        options = { name: new_column_name }
-
-        if column = columns(table_name).find { |c| c.name == column_name.to_s }
-          options[:default] = column.default
-          options[:null] = column.null
-          options[:auto_increment] = (column.extra == "auto_increment")
-        else
-          raise ActiveRecordError, "No such column: #{table_name}.#{column_name}"
-        end
+        column  = column_for(table_name, column_name)
+        options = {
+          default: column.default,
+          null: column.null,
+          auto_increment: column.auto_increment?
+        }
 
         current_type = select_one("SHOW COLUMNS FROM #{quote_table_name(table_name)} LIKE '#{column_name}'", 'SCHEMA')["Type"]
-        schema_creation.accept ChangeColumnDefinition.new column, current_type, options
+        td = create_table_definition(table_name)
+        cd = td.new_column_definition(new_column_name, current_type, options)
+        schema_creation.accept(ChangeColumnDefinition.new(cd, column.name))
       end
 
       def remove_column_sql(table_name, column_name, type = nil, options = {})
@@ -706,8 +939,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def add_index_sql(table_name, column_name, options = {})
-        index_name, index_type, index_columns = add_index_options(table_name, column_name, options)
-        "ADD #{index_type} INDEX #{index_name} (#{index_columns})"
+        index_name, index_type, index_columns, _, index_algorithm, index_using = add_index_options(table_name, column_name, options)
+        index_algorithm[0, 0] = ", " if index_algorithm.present?
+        "ADD #{index_type} INDEX #{quote_column_name(index_name)} #{index_using} (#{index_columns})#{index_algorithm}"
       end
 
       def remove_index_sql(table_name, options = {})
@@ -715,57 +949,72 @@ module ActiveRecord
         "DROP INDEX #{index_name}"
       end
 
-      def add_timestamps_sql(table_name)
-        [add_column_sql(table_name, :created_at, :datetime), add_column_sql(table_name, :updated_at, :datetime)]
+      def add_timestamps_sql(table_name, options = {})
+        [add_column_sql(table_name, :created_at, :datetime, options), add_column_sql(table_name, :updated_at, :datetime, options)]
       end
 
-      def remove_timestamps_sql(table_name)
+      def remove_timestamps_sql(table_name, options = {})
         [remove_column_sql(table_name, :updated_at), remove_column_sql(table_name, :created_at)]
       end
 
       private
 
-      def supports_views?
-        version[0] >= 5
+      # MySQL is too stupid to create a temporary table for use subquery, so we have
+      # to give it some prompting in the form of a subsubquery. Ugh!
+      def subquery_for(key, select)
+        subsubselect = select.clone
+        subsubselect.projections = [key]
+
+        subselect = Arel::SelectManager.new(select.engine)
+        subselect.project Arel.sql(key.name)
+        # Materialized subquery by adding distinct
+        # to work with MySQL 5.7.6 which sets optimizer_switch='derived_merge=on'
+        subselect.from subsubselect.distinct.as('__active_record_temp')
       end
 
-      def column_for(table_name, column_name)
-        unless column = columns(table_name).find { |c| c.name == column_name.to_s }
-          raise "No such column: #{table_name}.#{column_name}"
-        end
-        column
+      def mariadb?
+        full_version =~ /mariadb/i
+      end
+
+      def supports_rename_index?
+        mariadb? ? false : version >= '5.7.6'
       end
 
       def configure_connection
-        variables = @config[:variables] || {}
+        variables = @config.fetch(:variables, {}).stringify_keys
 
-        # By default, MySQL 'where id is null' selects the last inserted id.
-        # Turn this off. http://dev.rubyonrails.org/ticket/6778
-        variables[:sql_auto_is_null] = 0
+        # By default, MySQL 'where id is null' selects the last inserted id; Turn this off.
+        variables['sql_auto_is_null'] = 0
 
         # Increase timeout so the server doesn't disconnect us.
         wait_timeout = @config[:wait_timeout]
         wait_timeout = 2147483 unless wait_timeout.is_a?(Fixnum)
-        variables[:wait_timeout] = self.class.type_cast_config_to_integer(wait_timeout)
+        variables['wait_timeout'] = self.class.type_cast_config_to_integer(wait_timeout)
+
+        defaults = [':default', :default].to_set
 
         # Make MySQL reject illegal values rather than truncating or blanking them, see
-        # http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/server-sql-mode.html#sqlmode_strict_all_tables
+        # http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/sql-mode.html#sqlmode_strict_all_tables
         # If the user has provided another value for sql_mode, don't replace it.
-        if strict_mode? && !variables.has_key?(:sql_mode)
-          variables[:sql_mode] = 'STRICT_ALL_TABLES'
+        unless variables.has_key?('sql_mode') || defaults.include?(@config[:strict])
+          variables['sql_mode'] = strict_mode? ? 'STRICT_ALL_TABLES' : ''
         end
 
         # NAMES does not have an equals sign, see
-        # http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/set-statement.html#id944430
+        # http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/set-statement.html#id944430
         # (trailing comma because variable_assignments will always have content)
-        encoding = "NAMES #{@config[:encoding]}, " if @config[:encoding]
+        if @config[:encoding]
+          encoding = "NAMES #{@config[:encoding]}"
+          encoding << " COLLATE #{@config[:collation]}" if @config[:collation]
+          encoding << ", "
+        end
 
         # Gather up all of the SET variables...
         variable_assignments = variables.map do |k, v|
-          if v == ':default' || v == :default
-            "@@SESSION.#{k.to_s} = DEFAULT" # Sets the value to the global or compile default
+          if defaults.include?(v)
+            "@@SESSION.#{k} = DEFAULT" # Sets the value to the global or compile default
           elsif !v.nil?
-            "@@SESSION.#{k.to_s} = #{quote(v)}"
+            "@@SESSION.#{k} = #{quote(v)}"
           end
           # or else nil; compact to clear nils out
         end.compact.join(', ')
@@ -773,6 +1022,91 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # ...and send them all in one query
         @connection.query  "SET #{encoding} #{variable_assignments}"
       end
+
+      def extract_foreign_key_action(structure, name, action) # :nodoc:
+        if structure =~ /CONSTRAINT #{quote_column_name(name)} FOREIGN KEY .* REFERENCES .* ON #{action} (CASCADE|SET NULL|RESTRICT)/
+          case $1
+          when 'CASCADE'; :cascade
+          when 'SET NULL'; :nullify
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def create_table_info(table_name) # :nodoc:
+        @create_table_info_cache = {}
+        @create_table_info_cache[table_name] ||= select_one("SHOW CREATE TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)}")["Create Table"]
+      end
+
+      def create_table_definition(name, temporary = false, options = nil, as = nil) # :nodoc:
+        MySQL::TableDefinition.new(name, temporary, options, as)
+      end
+
+      def integer_to_sql(limit) # :nodoc:
+        case limit
+        when 1; 'tinyint'
+        when 2; 'smallint'
+        when 3; 'mediumint'
+        when nil, 4; 'int'
+        when 5..8; 'bigint'
+        when 11; 'int(11)' # backward compatibility with Rails 2.0
+        else raise(ActiveRecordError, "No integer type has byte size #{limit}")
+        end
+      end
+
+      def text_to_sql(limit) # :nodoc:
+        case limit
+        when 0..0xff;               'tinytext'
+        when nil, 0x100..0xffff;    'text'
+        when 0x10000..0xffffff;     'mediumtext'
+        when 0x1000000..0xffffffff; 'longtext'
+        else raise(ActiveRecordError, "No text type has byte length #{limit}")
+        end
+      end
+
+      def binary_to_sql(limit) # :nodoc:
+        case limit
+        when 0..0xff;               'tinyblob'
+        when nil, 0x100..0xffff;    'blob'
+        when 0x10000..0xffffff;     'mediumblob'
+        when 0x1000000..0xffffffff; 'longblob'
+        else raise(ActiveRecordError, "No binary type has byte length #{limit}")
+        end
+      end
+
+      class MysqlJson < Type::Internal::AbstractJson # :nodoc:
+        def changed_in_place?(raw_old_value, new_value)
+          # Normalization is required because MySQL JSON data format includes
+          # the space between the elements.
+          super(serialize(deserialize(raw_old_value)), new_value)
+        end
+      end
+
+      class MysqlString < Type::String # :nodoc:
+        def serialize(value)
+          case value
+          when true then "1"
+          when false then "0"
+          else super
+          end
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def cast_value(value)
+          case value
+          when true then "1"
+          when false then "0"
+          else super
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      ActiveRecord::Type.register(:json, MysqlJson, adapter: :mysql)
+      ActiveRecord::Type.register(:json, MysqlJson, adapter: :mysql2)
+      ActiveRecord::Type.register(:string, MysqlString, adapter: :mysql)
+      ActiveRecord::Type.register(:string, MysqlString, adapter: :mysql2)
+      ActiveRecord::Type.register(:unsigned_integer, Type::UnsignedInteger, adapter: :mysql)
+      ActiveRecord::Type.register(:unsigned_integer, Type::UnsignedInteger, adapter: :mysql2)
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/column.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/column.rb
index 187eefb9e4..81de7c03fb 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/column.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/column.rb
@@ -5,113 +5,32 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     # An abstract definition of a column in a table.
     class Column
-      TRUE_VALUES = [true, 1, '1', 't', 'T', 'true', 'TRUE', 'on', 'ON'].to_set
-      FALSE_VALUES = [false, 0, '0', 'f', 'F', 'false', 'FALSE', 'off', 'OFF'].to_set
+      attr_reader :name, :null, :sql_type_metadata, :default, :default_function, :collation
 
-      module Format
-        ISO_DATE = /\A(\d{4})-(\d\d)-(\d\d)\z/
-        ISO_DATETIME = /\A(\d{4})-(\d\d)-(\d\d) (\d\d):(\d\d):(\d\d)(\.\d+)?\z/
-      end
-
-      attr_reader :name, :default, :type, :limit, :null, :sql_type, :precision, :scale, :default_function
-      attr_accessor :primary, :coder
-
-      alias :encoded? :coder
+      delegate :precision, :scale, :limit, :type, :sql_type, to: :sql_type_metadata, allow_nil: true
 
       # Instantiates a new column in the table.
       #
-      # +name+ is the column's name, such as <tt>supplier_id</tt> in <tt>supplier_id int(11)</tt>.
+      # +name+ is the column's name, such as <tt>supplier_id</tt> in <tt>supplier_id int</tt>.
       # +default+ is the type-casted default value, such as +new+ in <tt>sales_stage varchar(20) default 'new'</tt>.
-      # +sql_type+ is used to extract the column's length, if necessary. For example +60+ in
-      # <tt>company_name varchar(60)</tt>.
-      # It will be mapped to one of the standard Rails SQL types in the <tt>type</tt> attribute.
+      # +sql_type_metadata+ is various information about the type of the column
       # +null+ determines if this column allows +NULL+ values.
-      def initialize(name, default, sql_type = nil, null = true)
-        @name             = name
-        @sql_type         = sql_type
-        @null             = null
-        @limit            = extract_limit(sql_type)
-        @precision        = extract_precision(sql_type)
-        @scale            = extract_scale(sql_type)
-        @type             = simplified_type(sql_type)
-        @default          = extract_default(default)
-        @default_function = nil
-        @primary          = nil
-        @coder            = nil
-      end
-
-      # Returns +true+ if the column is either of type string or text.
-      def text?
-        type == :string || type == :text
-      end
-
-      # Returns +true+ if the column is either of type integer, float or decimal.
-      def number?
-        type == :integer || type == :float || type == :decimal
+      def initialize(name, default, sql_type_metadata = nil, null = true, default_function = nil, collation = nil)
+        @name = name.freeze
+        @sql_type_metadata = sql_type_metadata
+        @null = null
+        @default = default
+        @default_function = default_function
+        @collation = collation
+        @table_name = nil
       end
 
       def has_default?
-        !default.nil?
-      end
-
-      # Returns the Ruby class that corresponds to the abstract data type.
-      def klass
-        case type
-        when :integer                     then Fixnum
-        when :float                       then Float
-        when :decimal                     then BigDecimal
-        when :datetime, :timestamp, :time then Time
-        when :date                        then Date
-        when :text, :string, :binary      then String
-        when :boolean                     then Object
-        end
-      end
-
-      def binary?
-        type == :binary
+        !default.nil? || default_function
       end
 
-      # Casts a Ruby value to something appropriate for writing to the database.
-      def type_cast_for_write(value)
-        return value unless number?
-
-        case value
-        when FalseClass
-          0
-        when TrueClass
-          1
-        when String
-          value.presence
-        else
-          value
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Casts value to an appropriate instance.
-      def type_cast(value)
-        return nil if value.nil?
-        return coder.load(value) if encoded?
-
-        klass = self.class
-
-        case type
-        when :string, :text
-          case value
-          when TrueClass; "1"
-          when FalseClass; "0"
-          else
-            value.to_s
-          end
-        when :integer              then klass.value_to_integer(value)
-        when :float                then value.to_f
-        when :decimal              then klass.value_to_decimal(value)
-        when :datetime, :timestamp then klass.string_to_time(value)
-        when :time                 then klass.string_to_dummy_time(value)
-        when :date                 then klass.value_to_date(value)
-        when :binary               then klass.binary_to_string(value)
-        when :boolean              then klass.value_to_boolean(value)
-        else value
-        end
+      def bigint?
+        /bigint/ === sql_type
       end
 
       # Returns the human name of the column name.
@@ -122,177 +41,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
         Base.human_attribute_name(@name)
       end
 
-      def extract_default(default)
-        type_cast(default)
+      def ==(other)
+        other.is_a?(Column) &&
+          attributes_for_hash == other.attributes_for_hash
       end
+      alias :eql? :==
 
-      class << self
-        # Used to convert from BLOBs to Strings
-        def binary_to_string(value)
-          value
-        end
-
-        def value_to_date(value)
-          if value.is_a?(String)
-            return nil if value.empty?
-            fast_string_to_date(value) || fallback_string_to_date(value)
-          elsif value.respond_to?(:to_date)
-            value.to_date
-          else
-            value
-          end
-        end
-
-        def string_to_time(string)
-          return string unless string.is_a?(String)
-          return nil if string.empty?
-
-          fast_string_to_time(string) || fallback_string_to_time(string)
-        end
-
-        def string_to_dummy_time(string)
-          return string unless string.is_a?(String)
-          return nil if string.empty?
-
-          dummy_time_string = "2000-01-01 #{string}"
-
-          fast_string_to_time(dummy_time_string) || begin
-            time_hash = Date._parse(dummy_time_string)
-            return nil if time_hash[:hour].nil?
-            new_time(*time_hash.values_at(:year, :mon, :mday, :hour, :min, :sec, :sec_fraction))
-          end
-        end
-
-        # convert something to a boolean
-        def value_to_boolean(value)
-          if value.is_a?(String) && value.empty?
-            nil
-          else
-            TRUE_VALUES.include?(value)
-          end
-        end
-
-        # Used to convert values to integer.
-        # handle the case when an integer column is used to store boolean values
-        def value_to_integer(value)
-          case value
-          when TrueClass, FalseClass
-            value ? 1 : 0
-          else
-            value.to_i rescue nil
-          end
-        end
-
-        # convert something to a BigDecimal
-        def value_to_decimal(value)
-          # Using .class is faster than .is_a? and
-          # subclasses of BigDecimal will be handled
-          # in the else clause
-          if value.class == BigDecimal
-            value
-          elsif value.respond_to?(:to_d)
-            value.to_d
-          else
-            value.to_s.to_d
-          end
-        end
-
-        protected
-          # '0.123456' -> 123456
-          # '1.123456' -> 123456
-          def microseconds(time)
-            time[:sec_fraction] ? (time[:sec_fraction] * 1_000_000).to_i : 0
-          end
-
-          def new_date(year, mon, mday)
-            if year && year != 0
-              Date.new(year, mon, mday) rescue nil
-            end
-          end
-
-          def new_time(year, mon, mday, hour, min, sec, microsec, offset = nil)
-            # Treat 0000-00-00 00:00:00 as nil.
-            return nil if year.nil? || (year == 0 && mon == 0 && mday == 0)
-
-            if offset
-              time = Time.utc(year, mon, mday, hour, min, sec, microsec) rescue nil
-              return nil unless time
-
-              time -= offset
-              Base.default_timezone == :utc ? time : time.getlocal
-            else
-              Time.public_send(Base.default_timezone, year, mon, mday, hour, min, sec, microsec) rescue nil
-            end
-          end
-
-          def fast_string_to_date(string)
-            if string =~ Format::ISO_DATE
-              new_date $1.to_i, $2.to_i, $3.to_i
-            end
-          end
-
-          # Doesn't handle time zones.
-          def fast_string_to_time(string)
-            if string =~ Format::ISO_DATETIME
-              microsec = ($7.to_r * 1_000_000).to_i
-              new_time $1.to_i, $2.to_i, $3.to_i, $4.to_i, $5.to_i, $6.to_i, microsec
-            end
-          end
-
-          def fallback_string_to_date(string)
-            new_date(*::Date._parse(string, false).values_at(:year, :mon, :mday))
-          end
-
-          def fallback_string_to_time(string)
-            time_hash = Date._parse(string)
-            time_hash[:sec_fraction] = microseconds(time_hash)
-
-            new_time(*time_hash.values_at(:year, :mon, :mday, :hour, :min, :sec, :sec_fraction, :offset))
-          end
+      def hash
+        attributes_for_hash.hash
       end
 
-      private
-        def extract_limit(sql_type)
-          $1.to_i if sql_type =~ /\((.*)\)/
-        end
+      protected
 
-        def extract_precision(sql_type)
-          $2.to_i if sql_type =~ /^(numeric|decimal|number)\((\d+)(,\d+)?\)/i
-        end
-
-        def extract_scale(sql_type)
-          case sql_type
-            when /^(numeric|decimal|number)\((\d+)\)/i then 0
-            when /^(numeric|decimal|number)\((\d+)(,(\d+))\)/i then $4.to_i
-          end
-        end
+      def attributes_for_hash
+        [self.class, name, default, sql_type_metadata, null, default_function, collation]
+      end
+    end
 
-        def simplified_type(field_type)
-          case field_type
-          when /int/i
-            :integer
-          when /float|double/i
-            :float
-          when /decimal|numeric|number/i
-            extract_scale(field_type) == 0 ? :integer : :decimal
-          when /datetime/i
-            :datetime
-          when /timestamp/i
-            :timestamp
-          when /time/i
-            :time
-          when /date/i
-            :date
-          when /clob/i, /text/i
-            :text
-          when /blob/i, /binary/i
-            :binary
-          when /char/i
-            :string
-          when /boolean/i
-            :boolean
-          end
-        end
+    class NullColumn < Column
+      def initialize(name)
+        super(name, nil)
+      end
     end
   end
   # :startdoc:
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/connection_specification.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/connection_specification.rb
index 3f8b14bf67..08d46fca96 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/connection_specification.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/connection_specification.rb
@@ -32,10 +32,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #   }
         def initialize(url)
           raise "Database URL cannot be empty" if url.blank?
-          @uri     = URI.parse(url)
-          @adapter = @uri.scheme
+          @uri     = uri_parser.parse(url)
+          @adapter = @uri.scheme.tr('-', '_')
           @adapter = "postgresql" if @adapter == "postgres"
-          @query   = @uri.query || ''
+
+          if @uri.opaque
+            @uri.opaque, @query = @uri.opaque.split('?', 2)
+          else
+            @query = @uri.query
+          end
         end
 
         # Converts the given URL to a full connection hash.
@@ -57,38 +62,46 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         # Converts the query parameters of the URI into a hash.
         #
-        #   "localhost?pool=5&reap_frequency=2"
-        #   # => { "pool" => "5", "reap_frequency" => "2" }
+        #   "localhost?pool=5&reaping_frequency=2"
+        #   # => { "pool" => "5", "reaping_frequency" => "2" }
         #
         # returns empty hash if no query present.
         #
         #   "localhost"
         #   # => {}
         def query_hash
-          Hash[@query.split("&").map { |pair| pair.split("=") }]
+          Hash[(@query || '').split("&").map { |pair| pair.split("=") }]
         end
 
         def raw_config
-          query_hash.merge({
-            "adapter"  => @adapter,
-            "username" => uri.user,
-            "password" => uri.password,
-            "port"     => uri.port,
-            "database" => database,
-            "host"     => uri.host })
+          if uri.opaque
+            query_hash.merge({
+              "adapter"  => @adapter,
+              "database" => uri.opaque })
+          else
+            query_hash.merge({
+              "adapter"  => @adapter,
+              "username" => uri.user,
+              "password" => uri.password,
+              "port"     => uri.port,
+              "database" => database_from_path,
+              "host"     => uri.hostname })
+          end
         end
 
         # Returns name of the database.
-        # Sqlite3 expects this to be a full path or `:memory:`.
-        def database
+        def database_from_path
           if @adapter == 'sqlite3'
-            if '/:memory:' == uri.path
-              ':memory:'
-            else
-              uri.path
-            end
+            # 'sqlite3:/foo' is absolute, because that makes sense. The
+            # corresponding relative version, 'sqlite3:foo', is handled
+            # elsewhere, as an "opaque".
+
+            uri.path
           else
-            uri.path.sub(%r{^/},"")
+            # Only SQLite uses a filename as the "database" name; for
+            # anything else, a leading slash would be silly.
+
+            uri.path.sub(%r{^/}, "")
           end
         end
       end
@@ -124,7 +137,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           if config
             resolve_connection config
           elsif env = ActiveRecord::ConnectionHandling::RAILS_ENV.call
-            resolve_env_connection env.to_sym
+            resolve_symbol_connection env.to_sym
           else
             raise AdapterNotSpecified
           end
@@ -147,7 +160,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #   config = { "production" => { "host" => "localhost", "database" => "foo", "adapter" => "sqlite3" } }
         #   spec = Resolver.new(config).spec(:production)
         #   spec.adapter_method
-        #   # => "sqlite3"
+        #   # => "sqlite3_connection"
         #   spec.config
         #   # => { "host" => "localhost", "database" => "foo", "adapter" => "sqlite3" }
         #
@@ -193,42 +206,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #
         def resolve_connection(spec)
           case spec
-          when Symbol, String
-            resolve_env_connection spec
+          when Symbol
+            resolve_symbol_connection spec
+          when String
+            resolve_url_connection spec
           when Hash
             resolve_hash_connection spec
           end
         end
 
-        # Takes the environment such as `:production` or `:development`.
+        # Takes the environment such as +:production+ or +:development+.
         # This requires that the @configurations was initialized with a key that
         # matches.
         #
-        #
-        #   Resolver.new("production" => {}).resolve_env_connection(:production)
+        #   Resolver.new("production" => {}).resolve_symbol_connection(:production)
         #   # => {}
         #
-        # Takes a connection URL.
-        #
-        #   Resolver.new({}).resolve_env_connection("postgresql://localhost/foo")
-        #   # => { "host" => "localhost", "database" => "foo", "adapter" => "postgresql" }
-        #
-        def resolve_env_connection(spec)
-          # Rails has historically accepted a string to mean either
-          # an environment key or a URL spec, so we have deprecated
-          # this ambiguous behaviour and in the future this function
-          # can be removed in favor of resolve_string_connection and
-          # resolve_symbol_connection.
+        def resolve_symbol_connection(spec)
           if config = configurations[spec.to_s]
-            if spec.is_a?(String)
-              ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "Passing a string to ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection " \
-                "for a configuration lookup is deprecated, please pass a symbol (#{spec.to_sym.inspect}) instead"
-            end
             resolve_connection(config)
-          elsif spec.is_a?(String)
-            resolve_string_connection(spec)
           else
-            raise(AdapterNotSpecified, "'#{spec}' database is not configured. Available configuration: #{configurations.inspect}")
+            raise(AdapterNotSpecified, "'#{spec}' database is not configured. Available: #{configurations.keys.inspect}")
           end
         end
 
@@ -237,14 +235,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # hash and merges with the rest of the hash.
         # Connection details inside of the "url" key win any merge conflicts
         def resolve_hash_connection(spec)
-          if url = spec.delete("url")
-            connection_hash = resolve_string_connection(url)
+          if spec["url"] && spec["url"] !~ /^jdbc:/
+            connection_hash = resolve_url_connection(spec.delete("url"))
             spec.merge!(connection_hash)
           end
           spec
         end
 
-        def resolve_string_connection(url)
+        # Takes a connection URL.
+        #
+        #   Resolver.new({}).resolve_url_connection("postgresql://localhost/foo")
+        #   # => { "host" => "localhost", "database" => "foo", "adapter" => "postgresql" }
+        #
+        def resolve_url_connection(url)
           ConnectionUrlResolver.new(url).to_hash
         end
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/determine_if_preparable_visitor.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/determine_if_preparable_visitor.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0fdc185c45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/determine_if_preparable_visitor.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module DetermineIfPreparableVisitor
+      attr_reader :preparable
+
+      def accept(*)
+        @preparable = true
+        super
+      end
+
+      def visit_Arel_Nodes_In(*)
+        @preparable = false
+        super
+      end
+
+      def visit_Arel_Nodes_SqlLiteral(*)
+        @preparable = false
+        super
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/schema_creation.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/schema_creation.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1e2c859af9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/schema_creation.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module MySQL
+      class SchemaCreation < AbstractAdapter::SchemaCreation
+        private
+
+        def visit_DropForeignKey(name)
+          "DROP FOREIGN KEY #{name}"
+        end
+
+        def visit_ColumnDefinition(o)
+          o.sql_type = type_to_sql(o.type, o.limit, o.precision, o.scale, o.unsigned)
+          super
+        end
+
+        def visit_AddColumnDefinition(o)
+          add_column_position!(super, column_options(o.column))
+        end
+
+        def visit_ChangeColumnDefinition(o)
+          change_column_sql = "CHANGE #{quote_column_name(o.name)} #{accept(o.column)}"
+          add_column_position!(change_column_sql, column_options(o.column))
+        end
+
+        def column_options(o)
+          column_options = super
+          column_options[:charset] = o.charset
+          column_options
+        end
+
+        def add_column_options!(sql, options)
+          if options[:charset]
+            sql << " CHARACTER SET #{options[:charset]}"
+          end
+          if options[:collation]
+            sql << " COLLATE #{options[:collation]}"
+          end
+          super
+        end
+
+        def add_column_position!(sql, options)
+          if options[:first]
+            sql << " FIRST"
+          elsif options[:after]
+            sql << " AFTER #{quote_column_name(options[:after])}"
+          end
+          sql
+        end
+
+        def index_in_create(table_name, column_name, options)
+          index_name, index_type, index_columns, _, _, index_using = @conn.add_index_options(table_name, column_name, options)
+          "#{index_type} INDEX #{quote_column_name(index_name)} #{index_using} (#{index_columns}) "
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/schema_definitions.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/schema_definitions.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ca7dfda80d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/schema_definitions.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module MySQL
+      module ColumnMethods
+        def primary_key(name, type = :primary_key, **options)
+          options[:auto_increment] = true if type == :bigint && !options.key?(:default)
+          super
+        end
+
+        def blob(*args, **options)
+          args.each { |name| column(name, :blob, options) }
+        end
+
+        def json(*args, **options)
+          args.each { |name| column(name, :json, options) }
+        end
+
+        def unsigned_integer(*args, **options)
+          args.each { |name| column(name, :unsigned_integer, options) }
+        end
+
+        def unsigned_bigint(*args, **options)
+          args.each { |name| column(name, :unsigned_bigint, options) }
+        end
+
+        def unsigned_float(*args, **options)
+          args.each { |name| column(name, :unsigned_float, options) }
+        end
+
+        def unsigned_decimal(*args, **options)
+          args.each { |name| column(name, :unsigned_decimal, options) }
+        end
+      end
+
+      class ColumnDefinition < ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ColumnDefinition
+        attr_accessor :charset, :unsigned
+      end
+
+      class TableDefinition < ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::TableDefinition
+        include ColumnMethods
+
+        def new_column_definition(name, type, options) # :nodoc:
+          column = super
+          case column.type
+          when :primary_key
+            column.type = :integer
+            column.auto_increment = true
+          when /\Aunsigned_(?<type>.+)\z/
+            column.type = $~[:type].to_sym
+            column.unsigned = true
+          end
+          column.unsigned ||= options[:unsigned]
+          column.charset = options[:charset]
+          column
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def create_column_definition(name, type)
+          MySQL::ColumnDefinition.new(name, type)
+        end
+      end
+
+      class Table < ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Table
+        include ColumnMethods
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/schema_dumper.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/schema_dumper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9dee3172f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/schema_dumper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module MySQL
+      module ColumnDumper
+        def column_spec_for_primary_key(column)
+          spec = {}
+          if column.bigint?
+            spec[:id] = ':bigint'
+            spec[:default] = schema_default(column) || 'nil' unless column.auto_increment?
+            spec[:unsigned] = 'true' if column.unsigned?
+          elsif column.auto_increment?
+            spec[:unsigned] = 'true' if column.unsigned?
+            return if spec.empty?
+          else
+            spec[:id] = column.type.inspect
+            spec.merge!(prepare_column_options(column).delete_if { |key, _| [:name, :type, :null].include?(key) })
+          end
+          spec
+        end
+
+        def prepare_column_options(column)
+          spec = super
+          spec[:unsigned] = 'true' if column.unsigned?
+          spec
+        end
+
+        def migration_keys
+          super + [:unsigned]
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def schema_type(column)
+          if column.sql_type == 'tinyblob'
+            'blob'
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
+
+        def schema_limit(column)
+          super unless column.type == :boolean
+        end
+
+        def schema_precision(column)
+          super unless /time/ === column.sql_type && column.precision == 0
+        end
+
+        def schema_collation(column)
+          if column.collation && table_name = column.instance_variable_get(:@table_name)
+            @table_collation_cache ||= {}
+            @table_collation_cache[table_name] ||= select_one("SHOW TABLE STATUS LIKE '#{table_name}'")["Collation"]
+            column.collation.inspect if column.collation != @table_collation_cache[table_name]
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql2_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql2_adapter.rb
index b07b0cb826..7ca597859d 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql2_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql2_adapter.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 require 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_mysql_adapter'
 
-gem 'mysql2', '~> 0.3.13'
+gem 'mysql2', '>= 0.3.18', '< 0.5'
 require 'mysql2'
 
 module ActiveRecord
@@ -16,45 +16,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       client = Mysql2::Client.new(config)
-      options = [config[:host], config[:username], config[:password], config[:database], config[:port], config[:socket], 0]
-      ConnectionAdapters::Mysql2Adapter.new(client, logger, options, config)
+      ConnectionAdapters::Mysql2Adapter.new(client, logger, nil, config)
     rescue Mysql2::Error => error
       if error.message.include?("Unknown database")
-        raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError.new(error.message)
+        raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError
       else
-        raise error
+        raise
       end
     end
   end
 
   module ConnectionAdapters
     class Mysql2Adapter < AbstractMysqlAdapter
-
-      class Column < AbstractMysqlAdapter::Column # :nodoc:
-        def adapter
-          Mysql2Adapter
-        end
-      end
-
-      ADAPTER_NAME = 'Mysql2'
+      ADAPTER_NAME = 'Mysql2'.freeze
 
       def initialize(connection, logger, connection_options, config)
         super
-        @visitor = BindSubstitution.new self
+        @prepared_statements = false
         configure_connection
       end
 
-      MAX_INDEX_LENGTH_FOR_UTF8MB4 = 191
-      def initialize_schema_migrations_table
-        if @config[:encoding] == 'utf8mb4'
-          ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create_table(MAX_INDEX_LENGTH_FOR_UTF8MB4)
-        else
-          ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create_table
-        end
-      end
-
-      def supports_explain?
-        true
+      def supports_json?
+        version >= '5.7.8'
       end
 
       # HELPER METHODS ===========================================
@@ -69,21 +52,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def new_column(field, default, type, null, collation, extra = "") # :nodoc:
-        Column.new(field, default, type, null, collation, strict_mode?, extra)
-      end
-
       def error_number(exception)
         exception.error_number if exception.respond_to?(:error_number)
       end
 
+      #--
       # QUOTING ==================================================
+      #++
 
       def quote_string(string)
         @connection.escape(string)
       end
 
+      #--
       # CONNECTION MANAGEMENT ====================================
+      #++
 
       def active?
         return false unless @connection
@@ -107,81 +90,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      #--
       # DATABASE STATEMENTS ======================================
-
-      def explain(arel, binds = [])
-        sql     = "EXPLAIN #{to_sql(arel, binds.dup)}"
-        start   = Time.now
-        result  = exec_query(sql, 'EXPLAIN', binds)
-        elapsed = Time.now - start
-
-        ExplainPrettyPrinter.new.pp(result, elapsed)
-      end
-
-      class ExplainPrettyPrinter # :nodoc:
-        # Pretty prints the result of a EXPLAIN in a way that resembles the output of the
-        # MySQL shell:
-        #
-        #   +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
-        #   | id | select_type | table | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra       |
-        #   +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
-        #   |  1 | SIMPLE      | users | const | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | const |    1 |             |
-        #   |  1 | SIMPLE      | posts | ALL   | NULL          | NULL    | NULL    | NULL  |    1 | Using where |
-        #   +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
-        #   2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-        #
-        # This is an exercise in Ruby hyperrealism :).
-        def pp(result, elapsed)
-          widths    = compute_column_widths(result)
-          separator = build_separator(widths)
-
-          pp = []
-
-          pp << separator
-          pp << build_cells(result.columns, widths)
-          pp << separator
-
-          result.rows.each do |row|
-            pp << build_cells(row, widths)
-          end
-
-          pp << separator
-          pp << build_footer(result.rows.length, elapsed)
-
-          pp.join("\n") + "\n"
-        end
-
-        private
-
-        def compute_column_widths(result)
-          [].tap do |widths|
-            result.columns.each_with_index do |column, i|
-              cells_in_column = [column] + result.rows.map {|r| r[i].nil? ? 'NULL' : r[i].to_s}
-              widths << cells_in_column.map(&:length).max
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        def build_separator(widths)
-          padding = 1
-          '+' + widths.map {|w| '-' * (w + (padding*2))}.join('+') + '+'
-        end
-
-        def build_cells(items, widths)
-          cells = []
-          items.each_with_index do |item, i|
-            item = 'NULL' if item.nil?
-            justifier = item.is_a?(Numeric) ? 'rjust' : 'ljust'
-            cells << item.to_s.send(justifier, widths[i])
-          end
-          '| ' + cells.join(' | ') + ' |'
-        end
-
-        def build_footer(nrows, elapsed)
-          rows_label = nrows == 1 ? 'row' : 'rows'
-          "#{nrows} #{rows_label} in set (%.2f sec)" % elapsed
-        end
-      end
+      #++
 
       # FIXME: re-enable the following once a "better" query_cache solution is in core
       #
@@ -214,7 +125,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Returns an array of arrays containing the field values.
       # Order is the same as that returned by +columns+.
       def select_rows(sql, name = nil, binds = [])
-        execute(sql, name).to_a
+        result = execute(sql, name)
+        @connection.next_result while @connection.more_results?
+        result.to_a
       end
 
       # Executes the SQL statement in the context of this connection.
@@ -228,18 +141,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         super
       end
 
-      def exec_query(sql, name = 'SQL', binds = [])
+      def exec_query(sql, name = 'SQL', binds = [], prepare: false)
         result = execute(sql, name)
+        @connection.next_result while @connection.more_results?
         ActiveRecord::Result.new(result.fields, result.to_a)
       end
 
       alias exec_without_stmt exec_query
 
-      # Returns an ActiveRecord::Result instance.
-      def select(sql, name = nil, binds = [])
-        exec_query(sql, name)
-      end
-
       def insert_sql(sql, name = nil, pk = nil, id_value = nil, sequence_name = nil)
         super
         id_value || @connection.last_id
@@ -272,12 +181,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         super
       end
 
-      def version
-        @version ||= @connection.info[:version].scan(/^(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)/).flatten.map { |v| v.to_i }
-      end
-
-      def set_field_encoding field_name
-        field_name
+      def full_version
+        @full_version ||= @connection.server_info[:version]
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql_adapter.rb
index 49f0bfbcde..76f1b91e6b 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql_adapter.rb
@@ -5,8 +5,10 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
 gem 'mysql', '~> 2.9'
 require 'mysql'
 
-class Mysql
+class Mysql # :nodoc: all
   class Time
+    # Used for casting DateTime fields to a MySQL friendly Time.
+    # This was documented in 48498da0dfed5239ea1eafb243ce47d7e3ce9e8e
     def to_date
       Date.new(year, month, day)
     end
@@ -36,9 +38,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       ConnectionAdapters::MysqlAdapter.new(mysql, logger, options, config)
     rescue Mysql::Error => error
       if error.message.include?("Unknown database")
-        raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError.new(error.message)
+        raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError
       else
-        raise error
+        raise
       end
     end
   end
@@ -56,9 +58,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # * <tt>:password</tt> - Defaults to nothing.
     # * <tt>:database</tt> - The name of the database. No default, must be provided.
     # * <tt>:encoding</tt> - (Optional) Sets the client encoding by executing "SET NAMES <encoding>" after connection.
-    # * <tt>:reconnect</tt> - Defaults to false (See MySQL documentation: http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/auto-reconnect.html).
-    # * <tt>:strict</tt> - Defaults to true. Enable STRICT_ALL_TABLES. (See MySQL documentation: http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/server-sql-mode.html)
-    # * <tt>:variables</tt> - (Optional) A hash session variables to send as `SET @@SESSION.key = value` on each database connection. Use the value `:default` to set a variable to its DEFAULT value. (See MySQL documentation: http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/set-statement.html).
+    # * <tt>:reconnect</tt> - Defaults to false (See MySQL documentation: http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/auto-reconnect.html).
+    # * <tt>:strict</tt> - Defaults to true. Enable STRICT_ALL_TABLES. (See MySQL documentation: http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/sql-mode.html)
+    # * <tt>:variables</tt> - (Optional) A hash session variables to send as <tt>SET @@SESSION.key = value</tt> on each database connection. Use the value +:default+ to set a variable to its DEFAULT value. (See MySQL documentation: http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/set-statement.html).
     # * <tt>:sslca</tt> - Necessary to use MySQL with an SSL connection.
     # * <tt>:sslkey</tt> - Necessary to use MySQL with an SSL connection.
     # * <tt>:sslcert</tt> - Necessary to use MySQL with an SSL connection.
@@ -66,74 +68,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # * <tt>:sslcipher</tt> - Necessary to use MySQL with an SSL connection.
     #
     class MysqlAdapter < AbstractMysqlAdapter
-
-      class Column < AbstractMysqlAdapter::Column #:nodoc:
-        def self.string_to_time(value)
-          return super unless Mysql::Time === value
-          new_time(
-            value.year,
-            value.month,
-            value.day,
-            value.hour,
-            value.minute,
-            value.second,
-            value.second_part)
-        end
-
-        def self.string_to_dummy_time(v)
-          return super unless Mysql::Time === v
-          new_time(2000, 01, 01, v.hour, v.minute, v.second, v.second_part)
-        end
-
-        def self.string_to_date(v)
-          return super unless Mysql::Time === v
-          new_date(v.year, v.month, v.day)
-        end
-
-        def adapter
-          MysqlAdapter
-        end
-      end
-
-      ADAPTER_NAME = 'MySQL'
+      ADAPTER_NAME = 'MySQL'.freeze
 
       class StatementPool < ConnectionAdapters::StatementPool
-        def initialize(connection, max = 1000)
-          super
-          @cache = Hash.new { |h,pid| h[pid] = {} }
-        end
-
-        def each(&block); cache.each(&block); end
-        def key?(key);    cache.key?(key); end
-        def [](key);      cache[key]; end
-        def length;       cache.length; end
-        def delete(key);  cache.delete(key); end
-
-        def []=(sql, key)
-          while @max <= cache.size
-            cache.shift.last[:stmt].close
-          end
-          cache[sql] = key
-        end
-
-        def clear
-          cache.values.each do |hash|
-            hash[:stmt].close
-          end
-          cache.clear
-        end
-
         private
-        def cache
-          @cache[Process.pid]
+
+        def dealloc(stmt)
+          stmt[:stmt].close
         end
       end
 
       def initialize(connection, logger, connection_options, config)
         super
-        @statements = StatementPool.new(@connection,
-                                        self.class.type_cast_config_to_integer(config.fetch(:statement_limit) { 1000 }))
+        @statements = StatementPool.new(self.class.type_cast_config_to_integer(config.fetch(:statement_limit) { 1000 }))
         @client_encoding = nil
+        @connection_options = connection_options
         connect
       end
 
@@ -156,8 +105,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def new_column(field, default, type, null, collation, extra = "") # :nodoc:
-        Column.new(field, default, type, null, collation, strict_mode?, extra)
+      def new_column(field, default, sql_type_metadata = nil, null = true, default_function = nil, collation = nil) # :nodoc:
+        field = set_field_encoding(field)
+        super
       end
 
       def error_number(exception) # :nodoc:
@@ -170,7 +120,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @connection.quote(string)
       end
 
+      #--
       # CONNECTION MANAGEMENT ====================================
+      #++
 
       def active?
         if @connection.respond_to?(:stat)
@@ -211,7 +163,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      #--
       # DATABASE STATEMENTS ======================================
+      #++
+
+      def select_all(arel, name = nil, binds = [])
+        if ExplainRegistry.collect? && prepared_statements
+          unprepared_statement { super }
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
 
       def select_rows(sql, name = nil, binds = [])
         @connection.query_with_result = true
@@ -222,6 +184,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Clears the prepared statements cache.
       def clear_cache!
+        super
         @statements.clear
       end
 
@@ -273,16 +236,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
         return @client_encoding if @client_encoding
 
         result = exec_query(
-          "SHOW VARIABLES WHERE Variable_name = 'character_set_client'",
+          "select @@character_set_client",
           'SCHEMA')
         @client_encoding = ENCODINGS[result.rows.last.last]
       end
 
-      def exec_query(sql, name = 'SQL', binds = [])
+      def exec_query(sql, name = 'SQL', binds = [], prepare: false)
         if without_prepared_statement?(binds)
           result_set, affected_rows = exec_without_stmt(sql, name)
         else
-          result_set, affected_rows = exec_stmt(sql, name, binds)
+          result_set, affected_rows = exec_stmt(sql, name, binds, cache_stmt: prepare)
         end
 
         yield affected_rows if block_given?
@@ -294,126 +257,70 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @connection.insert_id
       end
 
-      module Fields
-        class Type
-          def type; end
-
-          def type_cast_for_write(value)
-            value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Identity < Type
-          def type_cast(value); value; end
-        end
-
-        class Integer < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            value.to_i rescue value ? 1 : 0
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Date < Type
-          def type; :date; end
-
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            # FIXME: probably we can improve this since we know it is mysql
-            # specific
-            ConnectionAdapters::Column.value_to_date value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class DateTime < Type
-          def type; :datetime; end
-
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            # FIXME: probably we can improve this since we know it is mysql
-            # specific
-            ConnectionAdapters::Column.string_to_time value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Time < Type
-          def type; :time; end
-
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            # FIXME: probably we can improve this since we know it is mysql
-            # specific
-            ConnectionAdapters::Column.string_to_dummy_time value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Float < Type
-          def type; :float; end
-
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            value.to_f
+      module Fields # :nodoc:
+        class DateTime < Type::DateTime # :nodoc:
+          def cast_value(value)
+            if Mysql::Time === value
+              new_time(
+                value.year,
+                value.month,
+                value.day,
+                value.hour,
+                value.minute,
+                value.second,
+                value.second_part)
+            else
+              super
+            end
           end
         end
 
-        class Decimal < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            ConnectionAdapters::Column.value_to_decimal value
+        class Time < Type::Time # :nodoc:
+          def cast_value(value)
+            if Mysql::Time === value
+              new_time(
+                2000,
+                01,
+                01,
+                value.hour,
+                value.minute,
+                value.second,
+                value.second_part)
+            else
+              super
+            end
           end
         end
 
-        class Boolean < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
+        class << self
+          TYPES = Type::HashLookupTypeMap.new # :nodoc:
 
-            ConnectionAdapters::Column.value_to_boolean value
-          end
-        end
+          delegate :register_type, :alias_type, to: :TYPES
 
-        TYPES = {}
-
-        # Register an MySQL +type_id+ with a typecasting object in
-        # +type+.
-        def self.register_type(type_id, type)
-          TYPES[type_id] = type
-        end
-
-        def self.alias_type(new, old)
-          TYPES[new] = TYPES[old]
-        end
-
-        def self.find_type(field)
-          if field.type == Mysql::Field::TYPE_TINY && field.length > 1
-            TYPES[Mysql::Field::TYPE_LONG]
-          else
-            TYPES.fetch(field.type) { Fields::Identity.new }
+          def find_type(field)
+            if field.type == Mysql::Field::TYPE_TINY && field.length > 1
+              TYPES.lookup(Mysql::Field::TYPE_LONG)
+            else
+              TYPES.lookup(field.type)
+            end
           end
         end
 
-        register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_TINY,    Fields::Boolean.new
-        register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_LONG,    Fields::Integer.new
+        register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_TINY,    Type::Boolean.new
+        register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_LONG,    Type::Integer.new
         alias_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_LONGLONG,   Mysql::Field::TYPE_LONG
         alias_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_NEWDECIMAL, Mysql::Field::TYPE_LONG
 
-        register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_VAR_STRING, Fields::Identity.new
-        register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_BLOB, Fields::Identity.new
-        register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_DATE, Fields::Date.new
+        register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_DATE, Type::Date.new
         register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_DATETIME, Fields::DateTime.new
         register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_TIME, Fields::Time.new
-        register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_FLOAT, Fields::Float.new
+        register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_FLOAT, Type::Float.new
+      end
 
-        Mysql::Field.constants.grep(/TYPE/).map { |class_name|
-          Mysql::Field.const_get class_name
-        }.reject { |const| TYPES.key? const }.each do |const|
-          register_type const, Fields::Identity.new
-        end
+      def initialize_type_map(m) # :nodoc:
+        super
+        register_class_with_precision m, %r(datetime)i, Fields::DateTime
+        register_class_with_precision m, %r(time)i,     Fields::Time
       end
 
       def exec_without_stmt(sql, name = 'SQL') # :nodoc:
@@ -431,7 +338,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
               fields << field_name
 
               if field.decimals > 0
-                types[field_name] = Fields::Decimal.new
+                types[field_name] = Type::Decimal.new
               else
                 types[field_name] = Fields.find_type field
               end
@@ -447,7 +354,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def execute_and_free(sql, name = nil)
+      def execute_and_free(sql, name = nil) # :nodoc:
         result = execute(sql, name)
         ret = yield result
         result.free
@@ -460,7 +367,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
       alias :create :insert_sql
 
-      def exec_delete(sql, name, binds)
+      def exec_delete(sql, name, binds) # :nodoc:
         affected_rows = 0
 
         exec_query(sql, name, binds) do |n|
@@ -477,14 +384,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       private
 
-      def exec_stmt(sql, name, binds)
+      def exec_stmt(sql, name, binds, cache_stmt: false)
         cache = {}
-        type_casted_binds = binds.map { |col, val|
-          [col, type_cast(val, col)]
-        }
+        type_casted_binds = binds.map { |attr| type_cast(attr.value_for_database) }
 
-        log(sql, name, type_casted_binds) do
-          if binds.empty?
+        log(sql, name, binds) do
+          if !cache_stmt
             stmt = @connection.prepare(sql)
           else
             cache = @statements[sql] ||= {
@@ -494,22 +399,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
 
           begin
-            stmt.execute(*type_casted_binds.map { |_, val| val })
+            stmt.execute(*type_casted_binds)
           rescue Mysql::Error => e
             # Older versions of MySQL leave the prepared statement in a bad
-            # place when an error occurs. To support older mysql versions, we
+            # place when an error occurs. To support older MySQL versions, we
             # need to close the statement and delete the statement from the
             # cache.
-            stmt.close
-            @statements.delete sql
+            if !cache_stmt
+              stmt.close
+            else
+              @statements.delete sql
+            end
             raise e
           end
 
           cols = nil
           if metadata = stmt.result_metadata
-            cols = cache[:cols] ||= metadata.fetch_fields.map { |field|
-              field.name
-            }
+            cols = cache[:cols] ||= metadata.fetch_fields.map(&:name)
             metadata.free
           end
 
@@ -517,7 +423,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           affected_rows = stmt.affected_rows
 
           stmt.free_result
-          stmt.close if binds.empty?
+          stmt.close if !cache_stmt
 
           [result_set, affected_rows]
         end
@@ -553,17 +459,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def select(sql, name = nil, binds = [])
         @connection.query_with_result = true
-        rows = exec_query(sql, name, binds)
+        rows = super
         @connection.more_results && @connection.next_result    # invoking stored procedures with CLIENT_MULTI_RESULTS requires this to tidy up else connection will be dropped
         rows
       end
 
-      # Returns the version of the connected MySQL server.
-      def version
-        @version ||= @connection.server_info.scan(/^(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)/).flatten.map { |v| v.to_i }
+      # Returns the full version of the connected MySQL server.
+      def full_version
+        @full_version ||= @connection.server_info
       end
 
-      def set_field_encoding field_name
+      def set_field_encoding(field_name)
         field_name.force_encoding(client_encoding)
         if internal_enc = Encoding.default_internal
           field_name = field_name.encode!(internal_enc)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/array_parser.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/array_parser.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 0b218f2bfd..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/array_parser.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,105 +0,0 @@
-module ActiveRecord
-  module ConnectionAdapters
-    class PostgreSQLColumn < Column
-      module ArrayParser
-
-        DOUBLE_QUOTE = '"'
-        BACKSLASH = "\\"
-        COMMA = ','
-        BRACKET_OPEN = '{'
-        BRACKET_CLOSE = '}'
-
-        private
-          # Loads pg_array_parser if available. String parsing can be
-          # performed quicker by a native extension, which will not create
-          # a large amount of Ruby objects that will need to be garbage
-          # collected. pg_array_parser has a C and Java extension
-          begin
-            require 'pg_array_parser'
-            include PgArrayParser
-          rescue LoadError
-            def parse_pg_array(string)
-              parse_data(string)
-            end
-          end
-
-          def parse_data(string)
-            local_index = 0
-            array = []
-            while(local_index < string.length)
-              case string[local_index]
-              when BRACKET_OPEN
-                local_index,array = parse_array_contents(array, string, local_index + 1)
-              when BRACKET_CLOSE
-                return array
-              end
-              local_index += 1
-            end
-
-            array
-          end
-
-          def parse_array_contents(array, string, index)
-            is_escaping  = false
-            is_quoted    = false
-            was_quoted   = false
-            current_item = ''
-
-            local_index = index
-            while local_index
-              token = string[local_index]
-              if is_escaping
-                current_item << token
-                is_escaping = false
-              else
-                if is_quoted
-                  case token
-                  when DOUBLE_QUOTE
-                    is_quoted = false
-                    was_quoted = true
-                  when BACKSLASH
-                    is_escaping = true
-                  else
-                    current_item << token
-                  end
-                else
-                  case token
-                  when BACKSLASH
-                    is_escaping = true
-                  when COMMA
-                    add_item_to_array(array, current_item, was_quoted)
-                    current_item = ''
-                    was_quoted = false
-                  when DOUBLE_QUOTE
-                    is_quoted = true
-                  when BRACKET_OPEN
-                    internal_items = []
-                    local_index,internal_items = parse_array_contents(internal_items, string, local_index + 1)
-                    array.push(internal_items)
-                  when BRACKET_CLOSE
-                    add_item_to_array(array, current_item, was_quoted)
-                    return local_index,array
-                  else
-                    current_item << token
-                  end
-                end
-              end
-
-              local_index += 1
-            end
-            return local_index,array
-          end
-
-          def add_item_to_array(array, current_item, quoted)
-            return if !quoted && current_item.length == 0
-
-            if !quoted && current_item == 'NULL'
-              array.push nil
-            else
-              array.push current_item
-            end
-          end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/cast.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/cast.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 551a9289c3..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/cast.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,168 +0,0 @@
-module ActiveRecord
-  module ConnectionAdapters
-    class PostgreSQLColumn < Column
-      module Cast
-        def point_to_string(point)
-          "(#{point[0]},#{point[1]})"
-        end
-
-        def string_to_point(string)
-          if string[0] == '(' && string[-1] == ')'
-            string = string[1...-1]
-          end
-          string.split(',').map{ |v| Float(v) }
-        end
-
-        def string_to_time(string)
-          return string unless String === string
-
-          case string
-          when 'infinity'; Float::INFINITY
-          when '-infinity'; -Float::INFINITY
-          when / BC$/
-            super("-" + string.sub(/ BC$/, ""))
-          else
-            super
-          end
-        end
-
-        def string_to_bit(value)
-          case value
-          when /^0x/i
-            value[2..-1].hex.to_s(2) # Hexadecimal notation
-          else
-            value                    # Bit-string notation
-          end
-        end
-
-        def hstore_to_string(object, array_member = false)
-          if Hash === object
-            string = object.map { |k, v| "#{escape_hstore(k)}=>#{escape_hstore(v)}" }.join(',')
-            string = escape_hstore(string) if array_member
-            string
-          else
-            object
-          end
-        end
-
-        def string_to_hstore(string)
-          if string.nil?
-            nil
-          elsif String === string
-            Hash[string.scan(HstorePair).map { |k, v|
-              v = v.upcase == 'NULL' ? nil : v.gsub(/\A"(.*)"\Z/m,'\1').gsub(/\\(.)/, '\1')
-              k = k.gsub(/\A"(.*)"\Z/m,'\1').gsub(/\\(.)/, '\1')
-              [k, v]
-            }]
-          else
-            string
-          end
-        end
-
-        def json_to_string(object)
-          if Hash === object || Array === object
-            ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(object)
-          else
-            object
-          end
-        end
-
-        def array_to_string(value, column, adapter)
-          casted_values = value.map do |val|
-            if String === val
-              if val == "NULL"
-                "\"#{val}\""
-              else
-                quote_and_escape(adapter.type_cast(val, column, true))
-              end
-            else
-              adapter.type_cast(val, column, true)
-            end
-          end
-          "{#{casted_values.join(',')}}"
-        end
-
-        def range_to_string(object)
-          from = object.begin.respond_to?(:infinite?) && object.begin.infinite? ? '' : object.begin
-          to   = object.end.respond_to?(:infinite?) && object.end.infinite? ? '' : object.end
-          "[#{from},#{to}#{object.exclude_end? ? ')' : ']'}"
-        end
-
-        def string_to_json(string)
-          if String === string
-            ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(string)
-          else
-            string
-          end
-        end
-
-        def string_to_cidr(string)
-          if string.nil?
-            nil
-          elsif String === string
-            begin
-              IPAddr.new(string)
-            rescue ArgumentError
-              nil
-            end
-          else
-            string
-          end
-        end
-
-        def cidr_to_string(object)
-          if IPAddr === object
-            "#{object.to_s}/#{object.instance_variable_get(:@mask_addr).to_s(2).count('1')}"
-          else
-            object
-          end
-        end
-
-        def string_to_array(string, oid)
-          parse_pg_array(string).map {|val| type_cast_array(oid, val)}
-        end
-
-        private
-
-          HstorePair = begin
-            quoted_string = /"[^"\\]*(?:\\.[^"\\]*)*"/
-            unquoted_string = /(?:\\.|[^\s,])[^\s=,\\]*(?:\\.[^\s=,\\]*|=[^,>])*/
-            /(#{quoted_string}|#{unquoted_string})\s*=>\s*(#{quoted_string}|#{unquoted_string})/
-          end
-
-          def escape_hstore(value)
-            if value.nil?
-              'NULL'
-            else
-              if value == ""
-                '""'
-              else
-                '"%s"' % value.to_s.gsub(/(["\\])/, '\\\\\1')
-              end
-            end
-          end
-
-          ARRAY_ESCAPE = "\\" * 2 * 2 # escape the backslash twice for PG arrays
-
-          def quote_and_escape(value)
-            case value
-            when "NULL", Numeric
-              value
-            else
-              value = value.gsub(/\\/, ARRAY_ESCAPE)
-              value.gsub!(/"/,"\\\"")
-              "\"#{value}\""
-            end
-          end
-
-          def type_cast_array(oid, value)
-            if ::Array === value
-              value.map {|item| type_cast_array(oid, item)}
-            else
-              oid.type_cast value
-            end
-          end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/column.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/column.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bfa03fa136
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/column.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    # PostgreSQL-specific extensions to column definitions in a table.
+    class PostgreSQLColumn < Column #:nodoc:
+      delegate :array, :oid, :fmod, to: :sql_type_metadata
+      alias :array? :array
+
+      def serial?
+        return unless default_function
+
+        table_name = @table_name || '(?<table_name>.+)'
+        %r{\Anextval\('"?#{table_name}_#{name}_seq"?'::regclass\)\z} === default_function
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/database_statements.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/database_statements.rb
index 51ee2829b2..0e0c0e993a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/database_statements.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/database_statements.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
-    class PostgreSQLAdapter < AbstractAdapter
+    module PostgreSQL
       module DatabaseStatements
         def explain(arel, binds = [])
           sql = "EXPLAIN #{to_sql(arel, binds)}"
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         class ExplainPrettyPrinter # :nodoc:
-          # Pretty prints the result of a EXPLAIN in a way that resembles the output of the
+          # Pretty prints the result of an EXPLAIN in a way that resembles the output of the
           # PostgreSQL shell:
           #
           #                                     QUERY PLAN
@@ -44,10 +44,32 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
 
+        def select_value(arel, name = nil, binds = [])
+          arel, binds = binds_from_relation arel, binds
+          sql = to_sql(arel, binds)
+          execute_and_clear(sql, name, binds) do |result|
+            result.getvalue(0, 0) if result.ntuples > 0 && result.nfields > 0
+          end
+        end
+
+        def select_values(arel, name = nil)
+          arel, binds = binds_from_relation arel, []
+          sql = to_sql(arel, binds)
+          execute_and_clear(sql, name, binds) do |result|
+            if result.nfields > 0
+              result.column_values(0)
+            else
+              []
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
         # Executes a SELECT query and returns an array of rows. Each row is an
         # array of field values.
         def select_rows(sql, name = nil, binds = [])
-          exec_query(sql, name, binds).rows
+          execute_and_clear(sql, name, binds) do |result|
+            result.values
+          end
         end
 
         # Executes an INSERT query and returns the new record's ID
@@ -72,6 +94,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
           super.insert
         end
 
+        # The internal PostgreSQL identifier of the money data type.
+        MONEY_COLUMN_TYPE_OID = 790 #:nodoc:
+        # The internal PostgreSQL identifier of the BYTEA data type.
+        BYTEA_COLUMN_TYPE_OID = 17 #:nodoc:
+
         # create a 2D array representing the result set
         def result_as_array(res) #:nodoc:
           # check if we have any binary column and if they need escaping
@@ -129,36 +156,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
 
-        def substitute_at(column, index)
-          Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new "$#{index + 1}"
-        end
-
-        def exec_query(sql, name = 'SQL', binds = [])
-          result = without_prepared_statement?(binds) ? exec_no_cache(sql, name, binds) :
-                                                        exec_cache(sql, name, binds)
-
-          types = {}
-          fields = result.fields
-          fields.each_with_index do |fname, i|
-            ftype = result.ftype i
-            fmod  = result.fmod i
-            types[fname] = type_map.fetch(ftype, fmod) { |oid, mod|
-              warn "unknown OID: #{fname}(#{oid}) (#{sql})"
-              OID::Identity.new
-            }
+        def exec_query(sql, name = 'SQL', binds = [], prepare: false)
+          execute_and_clear(sql, name, binds, prepare: prepare) do |result|
+            types = {}
+            fields = result.fields
+            fields.each_with_index do |fname, i|
+              ftype = result.ftype i
+              fmod  = result.fmod i
+              types[fname] = get_oid_type(ftype, fmod, fname)
+            end
+            ActiveRecord::Result.new(fields, result.values, types)
           end
-
-          ret = ActiveRecord::Result.new(fields, result.values, types)
-          result.clear
-          return ret
         end
 
         def exec_delete(sql, name = 'SQL', binds = [])
-          result = without_prepared_statement?(binds) ? exec_no_cache(sql, name, binds) :
-                                                        exec_cache(sql, name, binds)
-          affected = result.cmd_tuples
-          result.clear
-          affected
+          execute_and_clear(sql, name, binds) {|result| result.cmd_tuples }
         end
         alias :exec_update :exec_delete
 
@@ -211,7 +223,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         # Aborts a transaction.
-        def rollback_db_transaction
+        def exec_rollback_db_transaction
           execute "ROLLBACK"
         end
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid.rb
index e7df073627..68752cdd80 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid.rb
@@ -1,378 +1,30 @@
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/array'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/bit'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/bit_varying'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/bytea'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/cidr'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/date_time'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/decimal'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/enum'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/hstore'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/inet'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/json'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/jsonb'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/money'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/point'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/rails_5_1_point'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/range'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/specialized_string'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/uuid'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/vector'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/xml'
+
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/type_map_initializer'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
-    class PostgreSQLAdapter < AbstractAdapter
-      module OID
-        class Type
-          def type; end
-
-          def infinity(options = {})
-            ::Float::INFINITY * (options[:negative] ? -1 : 1)
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Identity < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Text < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            value.to_s
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Bit < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            if String === value
-              ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn.string_to_bit value
-            else
-              value
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Bytea < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-            PGconn.unescape_bytea value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Money < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-            return value unless String === value
-
-            # Because money output is formatted according to the locale, there are two
-            # cases to consider (note the decimal separators):
-            #  (1) $12,345,678.12
-            #  (2) $12.345.678,12
-            # Negative values are represented as follows:
-            #  (3) -$2.55
-            #  (4) ($2.55)
-
-            value.sub!(/^\((.+)\)$/, '-\1') # (4)
-            case value
-            when /^-?\D+[\d,]+\.\d{2}$/  # (1)
-              value.gsub!(/[^-\d.]/, '')
-            when /^-?\D+[\d.]+,\d{2}$/  # (2)
-              value.gsub!(/[^-\d,]/, '').sub!(/,/, '.')
-            end
-
-            ConnectionAdapters::Column.value_to_decimal value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Vector < Type
-          attr_reader :delim, :subtype
-
-          # +delim+ corresponds to the `typdelim` column in the pg_types
-          # table.  +subtype+ is derived from the `typelem` column in the
-          # pg_types table.
-          def initialize(delim, subtype)
-            @delim   = delim
-            @subtype = subtype
-          end
-
-          # FIXME: this should probably split on +delim+ and use +subtype+
-          # to cast the values.  Unfortunately, the current Rails behavior
-          # is to just return the string.
-          def type_cast(value)
-            value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Point < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            if String === value
-              ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn.string_to_point value
-            else
-              value
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Array < Type
-          attr_reader :subtype
-          def initialize(subtype)
-            @subtype = subtype
-          end
-
-          def type_cast(value)
-            if String === value
-              ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn.string_to_array value, @subtype
-            else
-              value
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Range < Type
-          attr_reader :subtype
-          def initialize(subtype)
-            @subtype = subtype
-          end
-
-          def extract_bounds(value)
-            from, to = value[1..-2].split(',')
-            {
-              from:          (value[1] == ',' || from == '-infinity') ? @subtype.infinity(negative: true) : from,
-              to:            (value[-2] == ',' || to == 'infinity') ? @subtype.infinity : to,
-              exclude_start: (value[0] == '('),
-              exclude_end:   (value[-1] == ')')
-            }
-          end
-
-          def infinity?(value)
-            value.respond_to?(:infinite?) && value.infinite?
-          end
-
-          def type_cast_single(value)
-            infinity?(value) ? value : @subtype.type_cast(value)
-          end
-
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil? || value == 'empty'
-            return value if value.is_a?(::Range)
-
-            extracted = extract_bounds(value)
-            from = type_cast_single extracted[:from]
-            to = type_cast_single extracted[:to]
-
-            if !infinity?(from) && extracted[:exclude_start]
-              if from.respond_to?(:succ)
-                from = from.succ
-                ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn <<-MESSAGE
-Excluding the beginning of a Range is only partialy supported through `#succ`.
-This is not reliable and will be removed in the future.
-                MESSAGE
-              else
-                raise ArgumentError, "The Ruby Range object does not support excluding the beginning of a Range. (unsupported value: '#{value}')"
-              end
-            end
-            ::Range.new(from, to, extracted[:exclude_end])
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Integer < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            ConnectionAdapters::Column.value_to_integer value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Boolean < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            ConnectionAdapters::Column.value_to_boolean value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Timestamp < Type
-          def type; :timestamp; end
-
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            # FIXME: probably we can improve this since we know it is PG
-            # specific
-            ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn.string_to_time value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Date < Type
-          def type; :datetime; end
-
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            # FIXME: probably we can improve this since we know it is PG
-            # specific
-            ConnectionAdapters::Column.value_to_date value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Time < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            # FIXME: probably we can improve this since we know it is PG
-            # specific
-            ConnectionAdapters::Column.string_to_dummy_time value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Float < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            value.to_f
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Decimal < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            ConnectionAdapters::Column.value_to_decimal value
-          end
-
-          def infinity(options = {})
-            BigDecimal.new("Infinity") * (options[:negative] ? -1 : 1)
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Hstore < Type
-          def type_cast_for_write(value)
-            ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn.hstore_to_string value
-          end
-
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn.string_to_hstore value
-          end
-
-          def accessor
-            ActiveRecord::Store::StringKeyedHashAccessor
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Cidr < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn.string_to_cidr value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Json < Type
-          def type_cast_for_write(value)
-            ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn.json_to_string value
-          end
-
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn.string_to_json value
-          end
-
-          def accessor
-            ActiveRecord::Store::StringKeyedHashAccessor
-          end
-        end
-
-        class TypeMap
-          def initialize
-            @mapping = {}
-          end
-
-          def []=(oid, type)
-            @mapping[oid] = type
-          end
-
-          def [](oid)
-            @mapping[oid]
-          end
-
-          def clear
-            @mapping.clear
-          end
-
-          def key?(oid)
-            @mapping.key? oid
-          end
-
-          def fetch(ftype, fmod)
-            # The type for the numeric depends on the width of the field,
-            # so we'll do something special here.
-            #
-            # When dealing with decimal columns:
-            #
-            # places after decimal  = fmod - 4 & 0xffff
-            # places before decimal = (fmod - 4) >> 16 & 0xffff
-            if ftype == 1700 && (fmod - 4 & 0xffff).zero?
-              ftype = 23
-            end
-
-            @mapping.fetch(ftype) { |oid| yield oid, fmod }
-          end
-        end
-
-        # When the PG adapter connects, the pg_type table is queried. The
-        # key of this hash maps to the `typname` column from the table.
-        # type_map is then dynamically built with oids as the key and type
-        # objects as values.
-        NAMES = Hash.new { |h,k| # :nodoc:
-          h[k] = OID::Identity.new
-        }
-
-        # Register an OID type named +name+ with a typecasting object in
-        # +type+.  +name+ should correspond to the `typname` column in
-        # the `pg_type` table.
-        def self.register_type(name, type)
-          NAMES[name] = type
-        end
-
-        # Alias the +old+ type to the +new+ type.
-        def self.alias_type(new, old)
-          NAMES[new] = NAMES[old]
-        end
-
-        # Is +name+ a registered type?
-        def self.registered_type?(name)
-          NAMES.key? name
-        end
-
-        register_type 'int2', OID::Integer.new
-        alias_type    'int4', 'int2'
-        alias_type    'int8', 'int2'
-        alias_type    'oid',  'int2'
-
-        register_type 'numeric', OID::Decimal.new
-        register_type 'text', OID::Text.new
-        alias_type 'varchar', 'text'
-        alias_type 'char', 'text'
-        alias_type 'bpchar', 'text'
-        alias_type 'xml', 'text'
-
-        # FIXME: why are we keeping these types as strings?
-        alias_type 'tsvector', 'text'
-        alias_type 'interval', 'text'
-        alias_type 'macaddr',  'text'
-        alias_type 'uuid',     'text'
-
-        register_type 'money', OID::Money.new
-        register_type 'bytea', OID::Bytea.new
-        register_type 'bool', OID::Boolean.new
-        register_type 'bit', OID::Bit.new
-        register_type 'varbit', OID::Bit.new
-
-        register_type 'float4', OID::Float.new
-        alias_type 'float8', 'float4'
-
-        register_type 'timestamp', OID::Timestamp.new
-        register_type 'timestamptz', OID::Timestamp.new
-        register_type 'date', OID::Date.new
-        register_type 'time', OID::Time.new
-
-        register_type 'path', OID::Text.new
-        register_type 'point', OID::Point.new
-        register_type 'polygon', OID::Text.new
-        register_type 'circle', OID::Text.new
-        register_type 'hstore', OID::Hstore.new
-        register_type 'json', OID::Json.new
-        register_type 'ltree', OID::Text.new
-
-        register_type 'cidr', OID::Cidr.new
-        alias_type 'inet', 'cidr'
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/array.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/array.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..25961a9869
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/array.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Array < Type::Value # :nodoc:
+          include Type::Helpers::Mutable
+
+          attr_reader :subtype, :delimiter
+          delegate :type, :user_input_in_time_zone, :limit, to: :subtype
+
+          def initialize(subtype, delimiter = ',')
+            @subtype = subtype
+            @delimiter = delimiter
+
+            @pg_encoder = PG::TextEncoder::Array.new name: "#{type}[]", delimiter: delimiter
+            @pg_decoder = PG::TextDecoder::Array.new name: "#{type}[]", delimiter: delimiter
+          end
+
+          def deserialize(value)
+            if value.is_a?(::String)
+              type_cast_array(@pg_decoder.decode(value), :deserialize)
+            else
+              super
+            end
+          end
+
+          def cast(value)
+            if value.is_a?(::String)
+              value = @pg_decoder.decode(value)
+            end
+            type_cast_array(value, :cast)
+          end
+
+          def serialize(value)
+            if value.is_a?(::Array)
+              @pg_encoder.encode(type_cast_array(value, :serialize))
+            else
+              super
+            end
+          end
+
+          def ==(other)
+            other.is_a?(Array) &&
+              subtype == other.subtype &&
+              delimiter == other.delimiter
+          end
+
+          def type_cast_for_schema(value)
+            return super unless value.is_a?(::Array)
+            "[" + value.map { |v| subtype.type_cast_for_schema(v) }.join(", ") + "]"
+          end
+
+          private
+
+          def type_cast_array(value, method)
+            if value.is_a?(::Array)
+              value.map { |item| type_cast_array(item, method) }
+            else
+              @subtype.public_send(method, value)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/bit.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/bit.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ea0fa2517f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/bit.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Bit < Type::Value # :nodoc:
+          def type
+            :bit
+          end
+
+          def cast(value)
+            if ::String === value
+              case value
+              when /^0x/i
+                value[2..-1].hex.to_s(2) # Hexadecimal notation
+              else
+                value                    # Bit-string notation
+              end
+            else
+              value
+            end
+          end
+
+          def serialize(value)
+            Data.new(super) if value
+          end
+
+          class Data
+            def initialize(value)
+              @value = value
+            end
+
+            def to_s
+              value
+            end
+
+            def binary?
+              /\A[01]*\Z/ === value
+            end
+
+            def hex?
+              /\A[0-9A-F]*\Z/i === value
+            end
+
+            protected
+
+            attr_reader :value
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/bit_varying.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/bit_varying.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4c21097d48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/bit_varying.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class BitVarying < OID::Bit # :nodoc:
+          def type
+            :bit_varying
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/bytea.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/bytea.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8f9d6e7f9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/bytea.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Bytea < Type::Binary # :nodoc:
+          def deserialize(value)
+            return if value.nil?
+            return value.to_s if value.is_a?(Type::Binary::Data)
+            PGconn.unescape_bytea(super)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/cidr.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/cidr.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eeccb09bdf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/cidr.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Cidr < Type::Value # :nodoc:
+          def type
+            :cidr
+          end
+
+          def type_cast_for_schema(value)
+            subnet_mask = value.instance_variable_get(:@mask_addr)
+
+            # If the subnet mask is equal to /32, don't output it
+            if subnet_mask == (2**32 - 1)
+              "\"#{value}\""
+            else
+              "\"#{value}/#{subnet_mask.to_s(2).count('1')}\""
+            end
+          end
+
+          def serialize(value)
+            if IPAddr === value
+              "#{value}/#{value.instance_variable_get(:@mask_addr).to_s(2).count('1')}"
+            else
+              value
+            end
+          end
+
+          def cast_value(value)
+            if value.nil?
+              nil
+            elsif String === value
+              begin
+                IPAddr.new(value)
+              rescue ArgumentError
+                nil
+              end
+            else
+              value
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/date_time.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/date_time.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..424769f765
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/date_time.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class DateTime < Type::DateTime # :nodoc:
+          def cast_value(value)
+            case value
+            when 'infinity' then ::Float::INFINITY
+            when '-infinity' then -::Float::INFINITY
+            when / BC$/
+              astronomical_year = format("%04d", -value[/^\d+/].to_i + 1)
+              super(value.sub(/ BC$/, "").sub(/^\d+/, astronomical_year))
+            else
+              super
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/decimal.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/decimal.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..43d22c8daf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/decimal.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Decimal < Type::Decimal # :nodoc:
+          def infinity(options = {})
+            BigDecimal.new("Infinity") * (options[:negative] ? -1 : 1)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/enum.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/enum.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..91d339f32c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/enum.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Enum < Type::Value # :nodoc:
+          def type
+            :enum
+          end
+
+          private
+
+          def cast_value(value)
+            value.to_s
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/hstore.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/hstore.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9270fc9f21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/hstore.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Hstore < Type::Value # :nodoc:
+          include Type::Helpers::Mutable
+
+          def type
+            :hstore
+          end
+
+          def deserialize(value)
+            if value.is_a?(::String)
+              ::Hash[value.scan(HstorePair).map { |k, v|
+                v = v.upcase == 'NULL' ? nil : v.gsub(/\A"(.*)"\Z/m,'\1').gsub(/\\(.)/, '\1')
+                k = k.gsub(/\A"(.*)"\Z/m,'\1').gsub(/\\(.)/, '\1')
+                [k, v]
+              }]
+            else
+              value
+            end
+          end
+
+          def serialize(value)
+            if value.is_a?(::Hash)
+              value.map { |k, v| "#{escape_hstore(k)}=>#{escape_hstore(v)}" }.join(', ')
+            else
+              value
+            end
+          end
+
+          def accessor
+            ActiveRecord::Store::StringKeyedHashAccessor
+          end
+
+          private
+
+          HstorePair = begin
+            quoted_string = /"[^"\\]*(?:\\.[^"\\]*)*"/
+            unquoted_string = /(?:\\.|[^\s,])[^\s=,\\]*(?:\\.[^\s=,\\]*|=[^,>])*/
+            /(#{quoted_string}|#{unquoted_string})\s*=>\s*(#{quoted_string}|#{unquoted_string})/
+          end
+
+          def escape_hstore(value)
+            if value.nil?
+              'NULL'
+            else
+              if value == ""
+                '""'
+              else
+                '"%s"' % value.to_s.gsub(/(["\\])/, '\\\\\1')
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/inet.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/inet.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..96486fa65b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/inet.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Inet < Cidr # :nodoc:
+          def type
+            :inet
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/json.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/json.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dbc879ffd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/json.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Json < Type::Internal::AbstractJson
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/jsonb.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/jsonb.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..87391b5dc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/jsonb.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Jsonb < Json # :nodoc:
+          def type
+            :jsonb
+          end
+
+          def changed_in_place?(raw_old_value, new_value)
+            # Postgres does not preserve insignificant whitespaces when
+            # round-tripping jsonb columns. This causes some false positives for
+            # the comparison here. Therefore, we need to parse and re-dump the
+            # raw value here to ensure the insignificant whitespaces are
+            # consistent with our encoder's output.
+            raw_old_value = serialize(deserialize(raw_old_value))
+            super(raw_old_value, new_value)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/money.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/money.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2163674019
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/money.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Money < Type::Decimal # :nodoc:
+          class_attribute :precision
+
+          def type
+            :money
+          end
+
+          def scale
+            2
+          end
+
+          def cast_value(value)
+            return value unless ::String === value
+
+            # Because money output is formatted according to the locale, there are two
+            # cases to consider (note the decimal separators):
+            #  (1) $12,345,678.12
+            #  (2) $12.345.678,12
+            # Negative values are represented as follows:
+            #  (3) -$2.55
+            #  (4) ($2.55)
+
+            value.sub!(/^\((.+)\)$/, '-\1') # (4)
+            case value
+            when /^-?\D+[\d,]+\.\d{2}$/  # (1)
+              value.gsub!(/[^-\d.]/, '')
+            when /^-?\D+[\d.]+,\d{2}$/  # (2)
+              value.gsub!(/[^-\d,]/, '').sub!(/,/, '.')
+            end
+
+            super(value)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/point.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/point.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bf565bcf47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/point.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Point < Type::Value # :nodoc:
+          include Type::Helpers::Mutable
+
+          def type
+            :point
+          end
+
+          def cast(value)
+            case value
+            when ::String
+              if value[0] == '(' && value[-1] == ')'
+                value = value[1...-1]
+              end
+              cast(value.split(','))
+            when ::Array
+              value.map { |v| Float(v) }
+            else
+              value
+            end
+          end
+
+          def serialize(value)
+            if value.is_a?(::Array)
+              "(#{number_for_point(value[0])},#{number_for_point(value[1])})"
+            else
+              super
+            end
+          end
+
+          private
+
+          def number_for_point(number)
+            number.to_s.gsub(/\.0$/, '')
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/rails_5_1_point.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/rails_5_1_point.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7427a25ad5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/rails_5_1_point.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  Point = Struct.new(:x, :y)
+
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Rails51Point < Type::Value # :nodoc:
+          include Type::Helpers::Mutable
+
+          def type
+            :point
+          end
+
+          def cast(value)
+            case value
+            when ::String
+              if value[0] == '(' && value[-1] == ')'
+                value = value[1...-1]
+              end
+              x, y = value.split(",")
+              build_point(x, y)
+            when ::Array
+              build_point(*value)
+            else
+              value
+            end
+          end
+
+          def serialize(value)
+            if value.is_a?(ActiveRecord::Point)
+              "(#{number_for_point(value.x)},#{number_for_point(value.y)})"
+            else
+              super
+            end
+          end
+
+          private
+
+          def number_for_point(number)
+            number.to_s.gsub(/\.0$/, '')
+          end
+
+          def build_point(x, y)
+            ActiveRecord::Point.new(Float(x), Float(y))
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/range.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/range.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fc201f8fb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/range.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/filters'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Range < Type::Value # :nodoc:
+          attr_reader :subtype, :type
+
+          def initialize(subtype, type = :range)
+            @subtype = subtype
+            @type = type
+          end
+
+          def type_cast_for_schema(value)
+            value.inspect.gsub('Infinity', '::Float::INFINITY')
+          end
+
+          def cast_value(value)
+            return if value == 'empty'
+            return value if value.is_a?(::Range)
+
+            extracted = extract_bounds(value)
+            from = type_cast_single extracted[:from]
+            to = type_cast_single extracted[:to]
+
+            if !infinity?(from) && extracted[:exclude_start]
+              raise ArgumentError, "The Ruby Range object does not support excluding the beginning of a Range. (unsupported value: '#{value}')"
+            end
+            ::Range.new(from, to, extracted[:exclude_end])
+          end
+
+          def serialize(value)
+            if value.is_a?(::Range)
+              from = type_cast_single_for_database(value.begin)
+              to = type_cast_single_for_database(value.end)
+              "[#{from},#{to}#{value.exclude_end? ? ')' : ']'}"
+            else
+              super
+            end
+          end
+
+          def ==(other)
+            other.is_a?(Range) &&
+              other.subtype == subtype &&
+              other.type == type
+          end
+
+          private
+
+          def type_cast_single(value)
+            infinity?(value) ? value : @subtype.deserialize(value)
+          end
+
+          def type_cast_single_for_database(value)
+            infinity?(value) ? '' : @subtype.serialize(value)
+          end
+
+          def extract_bounds(value)
+            from, to = value[1..-2].split(',')
+            {
+              from:          (value[1] == ',' || from == '-infinity') ? infinity(negative: true) : from,
+              to:            (value[-2] == ',' || to == 'infinity') ? infinity : to,
+              exclude_start: (value[0] == '('),
+              exclude_end:   (value[-1] == ')')
+            }
+          end
+
+          def infinity(negative: false)
+            if subtype.respond_to?(:infinity)
+              subtype.infinity(negative: negative)
+            elsif negative
+              -::Float::INFINITY
+            else
+              ::Float::INFINITY
+            end
+          end
+
+          def infinity?(value)
+            value.respond_to?(:infinite?) && value.infinite?
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/specialized_string.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/specialized_string.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2d2fede4e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/specialized_string.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class SpecializedString < Type::String # :nodoc:
+          attr_reader :type
+
+          def initialize(type)
+            @type = type
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/type_map_initializer.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/type_map_initializer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6155e53632
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/type_map_initializer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        # This class uses the data from PostgreSQL pg_type table to build
+        # the OID -> Type mapping.
+        #   - OID is an integer representing the type.
+        #   - Type is an OID::Type object.
+        # This class has side effects on the +store+ passed during initialization.
+        class TypeMapInitializer # :nodoc:
+          def initialize(store)
+            @store = store
+          end
+
+          def run(records)
+            nodes = records.reject { |row| @store.key? row['oid'].to_i }
+            mapped, nodes = nodes.partition { |row| @store.key? row['typname'] }
+            ranges, nodes = nodes.partition { |row| row['typtype'] == 'r'.freeze }
+            enums, nodes = nodes.partition { |row| row['typtype'] == 'e'.freeze }
+            domains, nodes = nodes.partition { |row| row['typtype'] == 'd'.freeze }
+            arrays, nodes = nodes.partition { |row| row['typinput'] == 'array_in'.freeze }
+            composites, nodes = nodes.partition { |row| row['typelem'].to_i != 0 }
+
+            mapped.each     { |row| register_mapped_type(row)    }
+            enums.each      { |row| register_enum_type(row)      }
+            domains.each    { |row| register_domain_type(row)    }
+            arrays.each     { |row| register_array_type(row)     }
+            ranges.each     { |row| register_range_type(row)     }
+            composites.each { |row| register_composite_type(row) }
+          end
+
+          def query_conditions_for_initial_load(type_map)
+            known_type_names = type_map.keys.map { |n| "'#{n}'" }
+            known_type_types = %w('r' 'e' 'd')
+            <<-SQL % [known_type_names.join(", "), known_type_types.join(", ")]
+              WHERE
+                t.typname IN (%s)
+                OR t.typtype IN (%s)
+                OR t.typinput = 'array_in(cstring,oid,integer)'::regprocedure
+                OR t.typelem != 0
+            SQL
+          end
+
+          private
+          def register_mapped_type(row)
+            alias_type row['oid'], row['typname']
+          end
+
+          def register_enum_type(row)
+            register row['oid'], OID::Enum.new
+          end
+
+          def register_array_type(row)
+            register_with_subtype(row['oid'], row['typelem'].to_i) do |subtype|
+              OID::Array.new(subtype, row['typdelim'])
+            end
+          end
+
+          def register_range_type(row)
+            register_with_subtype(row['oid'], row['rngsubtype'].to_i) do |subtype|
+              OID::Range.new(subtype, row['typname'].to_sym)
+            end
+          end
+
+          def register_domain_type(row)
+            if base_type = @store.lookup(row["typbasetype"].to_i)
+              register row['oid'], base_type
+            else
+              warn "unknown base type (OID: #{row["typbasetype"]}) for domain #{row["typname"]}."
+            end
+          end
+
+          def register_composite_type(row)
+            if subtype = @store.lookup(row['typelem'].to_i)
+              register row['oid'], OID::Vector.new(row['typdelim'], subtype)
+            end
+          end
+
+          def register(oid, oid_type = nil, &block)
+            oid = assert_valid_registration(oid, oid_type || block)
+            if block_given?
+              @store.register_type(oid, &block)
+            else
+              @store.register_type(oid, oid_type)
+            end
+          end
+
+          def alias_type(oid, target)
+            oid = assert_valid_registration(oid, target)
+            @store.alias_type(oid, target)
+          end
+
+          def register_with_subtype(oid, target_oid)
+            if @store.key?(target_oid)
+              register(oid) do |_, *args|
+                yield @store.lookup(target_oid, *args)
+              end
+            end
+          end
+
+          def assert_valid_registration(oid, oid_type)
+            raise ArgumentError, "can't register nil type for OID #{oid}" if oid_type.nil?
+            oid.to_i
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/uuid.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/uuid.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5e839228e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/uuid.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Uuid < Type::Value # :nodoc:
+          ACCEPTABLE_UUID = %r{\A\{?([a-fA-F0-9]{4}-?){8}\}?\z}x
+
+          alias_method :serialize, :deserialize
+
+          def type
+            :uuid
+          end
+
+          def cast(value)
+            value.to_s[ACCEPTABLE_UUID, 0]
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/vector.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/vector.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b26e876b54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/vector.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Vector < Type::Value # :nodoc:
+          attr_reader :delim, :subtype
+
+          # +delim+ corresponds to the `typdelim` column in the pg_types
+          # table.  +subtype+ is derived from the `typelem` column in the
+          # pg_types table.
+          def initialize(delim, subtype)
+            @delim   = delim
+            @subtype = subtype
+          end
+
+          # FIXME: this should probably split on +delim+ and use +subtype+
+          # to cast the values.  Unfortunately, the current Rails behavior
+          # is to just return the string.
+          def cast(value)
+            value
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/xml.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/xml.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d40d837cee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/xml.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Xml < Type::String # :nodoc:
+          def type
+            :xml
+          end
+
+          def serialize(value)
+            return unless value
+            Data.new(super)
+          end
+
+          class Data # :nodoc:
+            def initialize(value)
+              @value = value
+            end
+
+            def to_s
+              @value
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/quoting.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/quoting.rb
index 210172cf32..d5879ea7df 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/quoting.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/quoting.rb
@@ -1,139 +1,17 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
-    class PostgreSQLAdapter < AbstractAdapter
+    module PostgreSQL
       module Quoting
         # Escapes binary strings for bytea input to the database.
         def escape_bytea(value)
-          PGconn.escape_bytea(value) if value
+          @connection.escape_bytea(value) if value
         end
 
         # Unescapes bytea output from a database to the binary string it represents.
         # NOTE: This is NOT an inverse of escape_bytea! This is only to be used
         # on escaped binary output from database drive.
         def unescape_bytea(value)
-          PGconn.unescape_bytea(value) if value
-        end
-
-        # Quotes PostgreSQL-specific data types for SQL input.
-        def quote(value, column = nil) #:nodoc:
-          return super unless column
-
-          sql_type = type_to_sql(column.type, column.limit, column.precision, column.scale)
-
-          case value
-          when Range
-            if /range$/ =~ sql_type
-              "'#{PostgreSQLColumn.range_to_string(value)}'::#{sql_type}"
-            else
-              super
-            end
-          when Array
-            case sql_type
-            when 'point' then super(PostgreSQLColumn.point_to_string(value))
-            when 'json' then super(PostgreSQLColumn.json_to_string(value))
-            else
-              if column.array
-                "'#{PostgreSQLColumn.array_to_string(value, column, self).gsub(/'/, "''")}'"
-              else
-                super
-              end
-            end
-          when Hash
-            case sql_type
-            when 'hstore' then super(PostgreSQLColumn.hstore_to_string(value), column)
-            when 'json' then super(PostgreSQLColumn.json_to_string(value), column)
-            else super
-            end
-          when IPAddr
-            case sql_type
-            when 'inet', 'cidr' then super(PostgreSQLColumn.cidr_to_string(value), column)
-            else super
-            end
-          when Float
-            if value.infinite? && column.type == :datetime
-              "'#{value.to_s.downcase}'"
-            elsif value.infinite? || value.nan?
-              "'#{value.to_s}'"
-            else
-              super
-            end
-          when Numeric
-            if sql_type == 'money' || [:string, :text].include?(column.type)
-              # Not truly string input, so doesn't require (or allow) escape string syntax.
-              "'#{value}'"
-            else
-              super
-            end
-          when String
-            case sql_type
-            when 'bytea' then "'#{escape_bytea(value)}'"
-            when 'xml'   then "xml '#{quote_string(value)}'"
-            when /^bit/
-              case value
-              when /^[01]*$/      then "B'#{value}'" # Bit-string notation
-              when /^[0-9A-F]*$/i then "X'#{value}'" # Hexadecimal notation
-              end
-            else
-              super
-            end
-          else
-            super
-          end
-        end
-
-        def type_cast(value, column, array_member = false)
-          return super(value, column) unless column
-
-          case value
-          when Range
-            if /range$/ =~ column.sql_type
-              PostgreSQLColumn.range_to_string(value)
-            else
-              super(value, column)
-            end
-          when NilClass
-            if column.array && array_member
-              'NULL'
-            elsif column.array
-              value
-            else
-              super(value, column)
-            end
-          when Array
-            case column.sql_type
-            when 'point' then PostgreSQLColumn.point_to_string(value)
-            when 'json' then PostgreSQLColumn.json_to_string(value)
-            else
-              if column.array
-                PostgreSQLColumn.array_to_string(value, column, self)
-              else
-                super(value, column)
-              end
-            end
-          when String
-            if 'bytea' == column.sql_type
-              # Return a bind param hash with format as binary.
-              # See http://deveiate.org/code/pg/PGconn.html#method-i-exec_prepared-doc
-              # for more information
-              { value: value, format: 1 }
-            else
-              super(value, column)
-            end
-          when Hash
-            case column.sql_type
-            when 'hstore' then PostgreSQLColumn.hstore_to_string(value, array_member)
-            when 'json' then PostgreSQLColumn.json_to_string(value)
-            else super(value, column)
-            end
-          when IPAddr
-            if %w(inet cidr).include? column.sql_type
-              PostgreSQLColumn.cidr_to_string(value)
-            else
-              super(value, column)
-            end
-          else
-            super(value, column)
-          end
+          @connection.unescape_bytea(value) if value
         end
 
         # Quotes strings for use in SQL input.
@@ -150,14 +28,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # - "schema.name".table_name
         # - "schema.name"."table.name"
         def quote_table_name(name)
-          schema, name_part = extract_pg_identifier_from_name(name.to_s)
+          Utils.extract_schema_qualified_name(name.to_s).quoted
+        end
 
-          unless name_part
-            quote_column_name(schema)
-          else
-            table_name, name_part = extract_pg_identifier_from_name(name_part)
-            "#{quote_column_name(schema)}.#{quote_column_name(table_name)}"
-          end
+        # Quotes schema names for use in SQL queries.
+        def quote_schema_name(name)
+          PGconn.quote_ident(name)
         end
 
         def quote_table_name_for_assignment(table, attr)
@@ -169,18 +45,69 @@ module ActiveRecord
           PGconn.quote_ident(name.to_s)
         end
 
-        # Quote date/time values for use in SQL input. Includes microseconds
-        # if the value is a Time responding to usec.
+        # Quote date/time values for use in SQL input.
         def quoted_date(value) #:nodoc:
-          result = super
-          if value.acts_like?(:time) && value.respond_to?(:usec)
-            result = "#{result}.#{sprintf("%06d", value.usec)}"
+          if value.year <= 0
+            bce_year = format("%04d", -value.year + 1)
+            super.sub(/^-?\d+/, bce_year) + " BC"
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Does not quote function default values for UUID columns
+        def quote_default_expression(value, column) #:nodoc:
+          if column.type == :uuid && value =~ /\(\)/
+            value
+          elsif column.respond_to?(:array?)
+            value = type_cast_from_column(column, value)
+            quote(value)
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
+
+        def lookup_cast_type_from_column(column) # :nodoc:
+          type_map.lookup(column.oid, column.fmod, column.sql_type)
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def _quote(value)
+          case value
+          when Type::Binary::Data
+            "'#{escape_bytea(value.to_s)}'"
+          when OID::Xml::Data
+            "xml '#{quote_string(value.to_s)}'"
+          when OID::Bit::Data
+            if value.binary?
+              "B'#{value}'"
+            elsif value.hex?
+              "X'#{value}'"
+            end
+          when Float
+            if value.infinite? || value.nan?
+              "'#{value}'"
+            else
+              super
+            end
+          else
+            super
           end
+        end
 
-          if value.year < 0
-            result = result.sub(/^-/, "") + " BC"
+        def _type_cast(value)
+          case value
+          when Type::Binary::Data
+            # Return a bind param hash with format as binary.
+            # See http://deveiate.org/code/pg/PGconn.html#method-i-exec_prepared-doc
+            # for more information
+            { value: value.to_s, format: 1 }
+          when OID::Xml::Data, OID::Bit::Data
+            value.to_s
+          else
+            super
           end
-          result
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/referential_integrity.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/referential_integrity.rb
index bc775394a6..44a7338bf5 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/referential_integrity.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/referential_integrity.rb
@@ -1,27 +1,46 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
-    class PostgreSQLAdapter < AbstractAdapter
-      module ReferentialIntegrity
-        def supports_disable_referential_integrity? #:nodoc:
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module ReferentialIntegrity # :nodoc:
+        def supports_disable_referential_integrity? # :nodoc:
           true
         end
 
-        def disable_referential_integrity #:nodoc:
+        def disable_referential_integrity # :nodoc:
           if supports_disable_referential_integrity?
+            original_exception = nil
+
             begin
-              execute(tables.collect { |name| "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(name)} DISABLE TRIGGER ALL" }.join(";"))
-            rescue
-              execute(tables.collect { |name| "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(name)} DISABLE TRIGGER USER" }.join(";"))
+              transaction(requires_new: true) do
+                execute(tables.collect { |name| "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(name)} DISABLE TRIGGER ALL" }.join(";"))
+              end
+            rescue ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError => e
+              original_exception = e
             end
-          end
-          yield
-        ensure
-          if supports_disable_referential_integrity?
+
+            begin
+              yield
+            rescue ActiveRecord::InvalidForeignKey => e
+              warn <<-WARNING
+WARNING: Rails was not able to disable referential integrity.
+
+This is most likely caused due to missing permissions.
+Rails needs superuser privileges to disable referential integrity.
+
+    cause: #{original_exception.try(:message)}
+
+              WARNING
+              raise e
+            end
+
             begin
-              execute(tables.collect { |name| "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(name)} ENABLE TRIGGER ALL" }.join(";"))
-            rescue
-              execute(tables.collect { |name| "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(name)} ENABLE TRIGGER USER" }.join(";"))
+              transaction(requires_new: true) do
+                execute(tables.collect { |name| "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(name)} ENABLE TRIGGER ALL" }.join(";"))
+              end
+            rescue ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError
             end
+          else
+            yield
           end
         end
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_definitions.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_definitions.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6399bddbee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_definitions.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module ColumnMethods
+        # Defines the primary key field.
+        # Use of the native PostgreSQL UUID type is supported, and can be used
+        # by defining your tables as such:
+        #
+        #   create_table :stuffs, id: :uuid do |t|
+        #     t.string :content
+        #     t.timestamps
+        #   end
+        #
+        # By default, this will use the +uuid_generate_v4()+ function from the
+        # +uuid-ossp+ extension, which MUST be enabled on your database. To enable
+        # the +uuid-ossp+ extension, you can use the +enable_extension+ method in your
+        # migrations. To use a UUID primary key without +uuid-ossp+ enabled, you can
+        # set the +:default+ option to +nil+:
+        #
+        #   create_table :stuffs, id: false do |t|
+        #     t.primary_key :id, :uuid, default: nil
+        #     t.uuid :foo_id
+        #     t.timestamps
+        #   end
+        #
+        # You may also pass a different UUID generation function from +uuid-ossp+
+        # or another library.
+        #
+        # Note that setting the UUID primary key default value to +nil+ will
+        # require you to assure that you always provide a UUID value before saving
+        # a record (as primary keys cannot be +nil+). This might be done via the
+        # +SecureRandom.uuid+ method and a +before_save+ callback, for instance.
+        def primary_key(name, type = :primary_key, **options)
+          options[:default] = options.fetch(:default, 'uuid_generate_v4()') if type == :uuid
+          super
+        end
+
+        def bigserial(*args, **options)
+          args.each { |name| column(name, :bigserial, options) }
+        end
+
+        def bit(*args, **options)
+          args.each { |name| column(name, :bit, options) }
+        end
+
+        def bit_varying(*args, **options)
+          args.each { |name| column(name, :bit_varying, options) }
+        end
+
+        def cidr(*args, **options)
+          args.each { |name| column(name, :cidr, options) }
+        end
+
+        def citext(*args, **options)
+          args.each { |name| column(name, :citext, options) }
+        end
+
+        def daterange(*args, **options)
+          args.each { |name| column(name, :daterange, options) }
+        end
+
+        def hstore(*args, **options)
+          args.each { |name| column(name, :hstore, options) }
+        end
+
+        def inet(*args, **options)
+          args.each { |name| column(name, :inet, options) }
+        end
+
+        def int4range(*args, **options)
+          args.each { |name| column(name, :int4range, options) }
+        end
+
+        def int8range(*args, **options)
+          args.each { |name| column(name, :int8range, options) }
+        end
+
+        def json(*args, **options)
+          args.each { |name| column(name, :json, options) }
+        end
+
+        def jsonb(*args, **options)
+          args.each { |name| column(name, :jsonb, options) }
+        end
+
+        def ltree(*args, **options)
+          args.each { |name| column(name, :ltree, options) }
+        end
+
+        def macaddr(*args, **options)
+          args.each { |name| column(name, :macaddr, options) }
+        end
+
+        def money(*args, **options)
+          args.each { |name| column(name, :money, options) }
+        end
+
+        def numrange(*args, **options)
+          args.each { |name| column(name, :numrange, options) }
+        end
+
+        def point(*args, **options)
+          args.each { |name| column(name, :point, options) }
+        end
+
+        def line(*args, **options)
+          args.each { |name| column(name, :line, options) }
+        end
+
+        def lseg(*args, **options)
+          args.each { |name| column(name, :lseg, options) }
+        end
+
+        def box(*args, **options)
+          args.each { |name| column(name, :box, options) }
+        end
+
+        def path(*args, **options)
+          args.each { |name| column(name, :path, options) }
+        end
+
+        def polygon(*args, **options)
+          args.each { |name| column(name, :polygon, options) }
+        end
+
+        def circle(*args, **options)
+          args.each { |name| column(name, :circle, options) }
+        end
+
+        def serial(*args, **options)
+          args.each { |name| column(name, :serial, options) }
+        end
+
+        def tsrange(*args, **options)
+          args.each { |name| column(name, :tsrange, options) }
+        end
+
+        def tstzrange(*args, **options)
+          args.each { |name| column(name, :tstzrange, options) }
+        end
+
+        def tsvector(*args, **options)
+          args.each { |name| column(name, :tsvector, options) }
+        end
+
+        def uuid(*args, **options)
+          args.each { |name| column(name, :uuid, options) }
+        end
+
+        def xml(*args, **options)
+          args.each { |name| column(name, :xml, options) }
+        end
+      end
+
+      class ColumnDefinition < ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ColumnDefinition
+        attr_accessor :array
+      end
+
+      class TableDefinition < ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::TableDefinition
+        include ColumnMethods
+
+        def new_column_definition(name, type, options) # :nodoc:
+          column = super
+          column.array = options[:array]
+          column
+        end
+
+        private
+
+          def create_column_definition(name, type)
+            PostgreSQL::ColumnDefinition.new name, type
+          end
+      end
+
+      class Table < ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Table
+        include ColumnMethods
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_dumper.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_dumper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a4f0742516
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_dumper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module ColumnDumper
+        def column_spec_for_primary_key(column)
+          spec = {}
+          if column.serial?
+            return unless column.bigint?
+            spec[:id] = ':bigserial'
+          elsif column.type == :uuid
+            spec[:id] = ':uuid'
+            spec[:default] = column.default_function.inspect
+          else
+            spec[:id] = column.type.inspect
+            spec.merge!(prepare_column_options(column).delete_if { |key, _| [:name, :type, :null].include?(key) })
+          end
+          spec
+        end
+
+        # Adds +:array+ option to the default set
+        def prepare_column_options(column)
+          spec = super
+          spec[:array] = 'true' if column.array?
+          spec
+        end
+
+        # Adds +:array+ as a valid migration key
+        def migration_keys
+          super + [:array]
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def schema_type(column)
+          return super unless column.serial?
+
+          if column.bigint?
+            'bigserial'
+          else
+            'serial'
+          end
+        end
+
+        def schema_default(column)
+          if column.default_function
+            column.default_function.inspect unless column.serial?
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_statements.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_statements.rb
index ae8ede4b42..a48d64f7bd 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_statements.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_statements.rb
@@ -1,42 +1,22 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
-    class PostgreSQLAdapter < AbstractAdapter
+    module PostgreSQL
       class SchemaCreation < AbstractAdapter::SchemaCreation
         private
 
-        def visit_AddColumn(o)
-          sql_type = type_to_sql(o.type.to_sym, o.limit, o.precision, o.scale)
-          sql = "ADD COLUMN #{quote_column_name(o.name)} #{sql_type}"
-          add_column_options!(sql, column_options(o))
-        end
-
         def visit_ColumnDefinition(o)
-          sql = super
-          if o.primary_key? && o.type == :uuid
-            sql << " PRIMARY KEY "
-            add_column_options!(sql, column_options(o))
-          end
-          sql
+          o.sql_type = type_to_sql(o.type, o.limit, o.precision, o.scale, o.array)
+          super
         end
 
         def add_column_options!(sql, options)
-          if options[:array] || options[:column].try(:array)
-            sql << '[]'
-          end
-
-          column = options.fetch(:column) { return super }
-          if column.type == :uuid && options[:default] =~ /\(\)/
-            sql << " DEFAULT #{options[:default]}"
-          else
-            super
+          if options[:collation]
+            sql << " COLLATE \"#{options[:collation]}\""
           end
+          super
         end
       end
 
-      def schema_creation
-        SchemaCreation.new self
-      end
-
       module SchemaStatements
         # Drops the database specified on the +name+ attribute
         # and creates it again using the provided +options+.
@@ -56,8 +36,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def create_database(name, options = {})
           options = { encoding: 'utf8' }.merge!(options.symbolize_keys)
 
-          option_string = options.sum do |key, value|
-            case key
+          option_string = options.inject("") do |memo, (key, value)|
+            memo += case key
             when :owner
               " OWNER = \"#{value}\""
             when :template
@@ -88,12 +68,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
           execute "DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS #{quote_table_name(name)}"
         end
 
-        # Returns the list of all tables in the schema search path or a specified schema.
+        # Returns the list of all tables in the schema search path.
         def tables(name = nil)
-          query(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA').map { |row| row[0] }
-            SELECT tablename
-            FROM pg_tables
-            WHERE schemaname = ANY (current_schemas(false))
+          if name
+            ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
+              Passing arguments to #tables is deprecated without replacement.
+            MSG
+          end
+
+          select_values("SELECT tablename FROM pg_tables WHERE schemaname = ANY(current_schemas(false))", 'SCHEMA')
+        end
+
+        def data_sources # :nodoc
+          select_values(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA')
+            SELECT c.relname
+            FROM pg_class c
+            LEFT JOIN pg_namespace n ON n.oid = c.relnamespace
+            WHERE c.relkind IN ('r', 'v','m') -- (r)elation/table, (v)iew, (m)aterialized view
+            AND n.nspname = ANY (current_schemas(false))
           SQL
         end
 
@@ -101,41 +93,77 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # If the schema is not specified as part of +name+ then it will only find tables within
         # the current schema search path (regardless of permissions to access tables in other schemas)
         def table_exists?(name)
-          schema, table = Utils.extract_schema_and_table(name.to_s)
-          return false unless table
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
+            #table_exists? currently checks both tables and views.
+            This behavior is deprecated and will be changed with Rails 5.1 to only check tables.
+            Use #data_source_exists? instead.
+          MSG
+
+          data_source_exists?(name)
+        end
 
-          binds = [[nil, table]]
-          binds << [nil, schema] if schema
+        def data_source_exists?(name)
+          name = Utils.extract_schema_qualified_name(name.to_s)
+          return false unless name.identifier
 
-          exec_query(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA').rows.first[0].to_i > 0
+          select_value(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA').to_i > 0
               SELECT COUNT(*)
               FROM pg_class c
               LEFT JOIN pg_namespace n ON n.oid = c.relnamespace
-              WHERE c.relkind in ('v','r')
-              AND c.relname = '#{table.gsub(/(^"|"$)/,'')}'
-              AND n.nspname = #{schema ? "'#{schema}'" : 'ANY (current_schemas(false))'}
+              WHERE c.relkind IN ('r','v','m') -- (r)elation/table, (v)iew, (m)aterialized view
+              AND c.relname = '#{name.identifier}'
+              AND n.nspname = #{name.schema ? "'#{name.schema}'" : 'ANY (current_schemas(false))'}
+          SQL
+        end
+
+        def views # :nodoc:
+          select_values(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA')
+            SELECT c.relname
+            FROM pg_class c
+            LEFT JOIN pg_namespace n ON n.oid = c.relnamespace
+            WHERE c.relkind IN ('v','m') -- (v)iew, (m)aterialized view
+            AND n.nspname = ANY (current_schemas(false))
           SQL
         end
 
+        def view_exists?(view_name) # :nodoc:
+          name = Utils.extract_schema_qualified_name(view_name.to_s)
+          return false unless name.identifier
+
+          select_values(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA').any?
+            SELECT c.relname
+            FROM pg_class c
+            LEFT JOIN pg_namespace n ON n.oid = c.relnamespace
+            WHERE c.relkind IN ('v','m') -- (v)iew, (m)aterialized view
+            AND c.relname = '#{name.identifier}'
+            AND n.nspname = #{name.schema ? "'#{name.schema}'" : 'ANY (current_schemas(false))'}
+          SQL
+        end
+
+        def drop_table(table_name, options = {}) # :nodoc:
+          execute "DROP TABLE#{' IF EXISTS' if options[:if_exists]} #{quote_table_name(table_name)}#{' CASCADE' if options[:force] == :cascade}"
+        end
+
         # Returns true if schema exists.
         def schema_exists?(name)
-          exec_query(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA').rows.first[0].to_i > 0
-            SELECT COUNT(*)
-            FROM pg_namespace
-            WHERE nspname = '#{name}'
-          SQL
+          select_value("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM pg_namespace WHERE nspname = '#{name}'", 'SCHEMA').to_i > 0
         end
 
+        # Verifies existence of an index with a given name.
         def index_name_exists?(table_name, index_name, default)
-          exec_query(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA').rows.first[0].to_i > 0
+          table = Utils.extract_schema_qualified_name(table_name.to_s)
+          index = Utils.extract_schema_qualified_name(index_name.to_s)
+
+          select_value(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA').to_i > 0
             SELECT COUNT(*)
             FROM pg_class t
             INNER JOIN pg_index d ON t.oid = d.indrelid
             INNER JOIN pg_class i ON d.indexrelid = i.oid
+            LEFT JOIN pg_namespace n ON n.oid = i.relnamespace
             WHERE i.relkind = 'i'
-              AND i.relname = '#{index_name}'
-              AND t.relname = '#{table_name}'
-              AND i.relnamespace IN (SELECT oid FROM pg_namespace WHERE nspname = ANY (current_schemas(false)) )
+              AND i.relname = '#{index.identifier}'
+              AND t.relname = '#{table.identifier}'
+              AND n.nspname = #{index.schema ? "'#{index.schema}'" : 'ANY (current_schemas(false))'}
           SQL
         end
 
@@ -155,8 +183,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
           result.map do |row|
             index_name = row[0]
-            unique = row[1] == 't'
-            indkey = row[2].split(" ")
+            unique = row[1]
+            indkey = row[2].split(" ").map(&:to_i)
             inddef = row[3]
             oid = row[4]
 
@@ -184,49 +212,48 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # Returns the list of all column definitions for a table.
         def columns(table_name)
           # Limit, precision, and scale are all handled by the superclass.
-          column_definitions(table_name).map do |column_name, type, default, notnull, oid, fmod|
-            oid = type_map.fetch(oid.to_i, fmod.to_i) {
-              OID::Identity.new
-            }
-            PostgreSQLColumn.new(column_name, default, oid, type, notnull == 'f')
+          column_definitions(table_name).map do |column_name, type, default, notnull, oid, fmod, collation|
+            oid = oid.to_i
+            fmod = fmod.to_i
+            type_metadata = fetch_type_metadata(column_name, type, oid, fmod)
+            default_value = extract_value_from_default(default)
+            default_function = extract_default_function(default_value, default)
+            new_column(column_name, default_value, type_metadata, !notnull, default_function, collation)
           end
         end
 
+        def new_column(name, default, sql_type_metadata = nil, null = true, default_function = nil, collation = nil) # :nodoc:
+          PostgreSQLColumn.new(name, default, sql_type_metadata, null, default_function, collation)
+        end
+
         # Returns the current database name.
         def current_database
-          query('select current_database()', 'SCHEMA')[0][0]
+          select_value('select current_database()', 'SCHEMA')
         end
 
         # Returns the current schema name.
         def current_schema
-          query('SELECT current_schema', 'SCHEMA')[0][0]
+          select_value('SELECT current_schema', 'SCHEMA')
         end
 
         # Returns the current database encoding format.
         def encoding
-          query(<<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA')[0][0]
-            SELECT pg_encoding_to_char(pg_database.encoding) FROM pg_database
-            WHERE pg_database.datname LIKE '#{current_database}'
-          end_sql
+          select_value("SELECT pg_encoding_to_char(encoding) FROM pg_database WHERE datname LIKE '#{current_database}'", 'SCHEMA')
         end
 
         # Returns the current database collation.
         def collation
-          query(<<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA')[0][0]
-            SELECT pg_database.datcollate FROM pg_database WHERE pg_database.datname LIKE '#{current_database}'
-          end_sql
+          select_value("SELECT datcollate FROM pg_database WHERE datname LIKE '#{current_database}'", 'SCHEMA')
         end
 
         # Returns the current database ctype.
         def ctype
-          query(<<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA')[0][0]
-            SELECT pg_database.datctype FROM pg_database WHERE pg_database.datname LIKE '#{current_database}'
-          end_sql
+          select_value("SELECT datctype FROM pg_database WHERE datname LIKE '#{current_database}'", 'SCHEMA')
         end
 
         # Returns an array of schema names.
         def schema_names
-          query(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA').flatten
+          select_values(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA')
             SELECT nspname
               FROM pg_namespace
              WHERE nspname !~ '^pg_.*'
@@ -237,12 +264,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         # Creates a schema for the given schema name.
         def create_schema schema_name
-          execute "CREATE SCHEMA #{schema_name}"
+          execute "CREATE SCHEMA #{quote_schema_name(schema_name)}"
         end
 
         # Drops the schema for the given schema name.
-        def drop_schema schema_name
-          execute "DROP SCHEMA #{schema_name} CASCADE"
+        def drop_schema(schema_name, options = {})
+          execute "DROP SCHEMA#{' IF EXISTS' if options[:if_exists]} #{quote_schema_name(schema_name)} CASCADE"
         end
 
         # Sets the schema search path to a string of comma-separated schema names.
@@ -259,12 +286,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         # Returns the active schema search path.
         def schema_search_path
-          @schema_search_path ||= query('SHOW search_path', 'SCHEMA')[0][0]
+          @schema_search_path ||= select_value('SHOW search_path', 'SCHEMA')
         end
 
         # Returns the current client message level.
         def client_min_messages
-          query('SHOW client_min_messages', 'SCHEMA')[0][0]
+          select_value('SHOW client_min_messages', 'SCHEMA')
         end
 
         # Set the client message level.
@@ -276,16 +303,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def default_sequence_name(table_name, pk = nil) #:nodoc:
           result = serial_sequence(table_name, pk || 'id')
           return nil unless result
-          result.split('.').last
+          Utils.extract_schema_qualified_name(result).to_s
         rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
-          "#{table_name}_#{pk || 'id'}_seq"
+          PostgreSQL::Name.new(nil, "#{table_name}_#{pk || 'id'}_seq").to_s
         end
 
         def serial_sequence(table, column)
-          result = exec_query(<<-eosql, 'SCHEMA')
-            SELECT pg_get_serial_sequence('#{table}', '#{column}')
-          eosql
-          result.rows.first.first
+          select_value("SELECT pg_get_serial_sequence('#{table}', '#{column}')", 'SCHEMA')
+        end
+
+        # Sets the sequence of a table's primary key to the specified value.
+        def set_pk_sequence!(table, value) #:nodoc:
+          pk, sequence = pk_and_sequence_for(table)
+
+          if pk
+            if sequence
+              quoted_sequence = quote_table_name(sequence)
+
+              select_value("SELECT setval('#{quoted_sequence}', #{value})", 'SCHEMA')
+            else
+              @logger.warn "#{table} has primary key #{pk} with no default sequence" if @logger
+            end
+          end
         end
 
         # Resets the sequence of a table's primary key to the maximum value.
@@ -304,7 +343,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           if pk && sequence
             quoted_sequence = quote_table_name(sequence)
 
-            select_value <<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA'
+            select_value(<<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA')
               SELECT setval('#{quoted_sequence}', (SELECT COALESCE(MAX(#{quote_column_name pk})+(SELECT increment_by FROM #{quoted_sequence}), (SELECT min_value FROM #{quoted_sequence})) FROM #{quote_table_name(table)}), false)
             end_sql
           end
@@ -315,24 +354,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
           # First try looking for a sequence with a dependency on the
           # given table's primary key.
           result = query(<<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA')[0]
-            SELECT attr.attname, seq.relname
+            SELECT attr.attname, nsp.nspname, seq.relname
             FROM pg_class      seq,
                  pg_attribute  attr,
                  pg_depend     dep,
-                 pg_constraint cons
+                 pg_constraint cons,
+                 pg_namespace  nsp
             WHERE seq.oid           = dep.objid
               AND seq.relkind       = 'S'
               AND attr.attrelid     = dep.refobjid
               AND attr.attnum       = dep.refobjsubid
               AND attr.attrelid     = cons.conrelid
               AND attr.attnum       = cons.conkey[1]
+              AND seq.relnamespace  = nsp.oid
               AND cons.contype      = 'p'
+              AND dep.classid       = 'pg_class'::regclass
               AND dep.refobjid      = '#{quote_table_name(table)}'::regclass
           end_sql
 
           if result.nil? or result.empty?
             result = query(<<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA')[0]
-              SELECT attr.attname,
+              SELECT attr.attname, nsp.nspname,
                 CASE
                   WHEN pg_get_expr(def.adbin, def.adrelid) !~* 'nextval' THEN NULL
                   WHEN split_part(pg_get_expr(def.adbin, def.adrelid), '''', 2) ~ '.' THEN
@@ -344,33 +386,41 @@ module ActiveRecord
               JOIN pg_attribute   attr ON (t.oid = attrelid)
               JOIN pg_attrdef     def  ON (adrelid = attrelid AND adnum = attnum)
               JOIN pg_constraint  cons ON (conrelid = adrelid AND adnum = conkey[1])
+              JOIN pg_namespace   nsp  ON (t.relnamespace = nsp.oid)
               WHERE t.oid = '#{quote_table_name(table)}'::regclass
                 AND cons.contype = 'p'
                 AND pg_get_expr(def.adbin, def.adrelid) ~* 'nextval|uuid_generate'
             end_sql
           end
 
-          [result.first, result.last]
+          pk = result.shift
+          if result.last
+            [pk, PostgreSQL::Name.new(*result)]
+          else
+            [pk, nil]
+          end
         rescue
           nil
         end
 
-        # Returns just a table's primary key
-        def primary_key(table)
-          row = exec_query(<<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA').rows.first
-            SELECT attr.attname
-            FROM pg_attribute attr
-            INNER JOIN pg_constraint cons ON attr.attrelid = cons.conrelid AND attr.attnum = cons.conkey[1]
-            WHERE cons.contype = 'p'
-              AND cons.conrelid = '#{quote_table_name(table)}'::regclass
-          end_sql
-
-          row && row.first
+        def primary_keys(table_name) # :nodoc:
+          select_values(<<-SQL.strip_heredoc, 'SCHEMA')
+            WITH pk_constraint AS (
+              SELECT conrelid, unnest(conkey) AS connum FROM pg_constraint
+              WHERE contype = 'p'
+                AND conrelid = '#{quote_table_name(table_name)}'::regclass
+            ), cons AS (
+              SELECT conrelid, connum, row_number() OVER() AS rownum FROM pk_constraint
+            )
+            SELECT attr.attname FROM pg_attribute attr
+            INNER JOIN cons ON attr.attrelid = cons.conrelid AND attr.attnum = cons.connum
+            ORDER BY cons.rownum
+          SQL
         end
 
         # Renames a table.
-        # Also renames a table's primary key sequence if the sequence name matches the
-        # Active Record default.
+        # Also renames a table's primary key sequence if the sequence name exists and
+        # matches the Active Record default.
         #
         # Example:
         #   rename_table('octopuses', 'octopi')
@@ -378,49 +428,71 @@ module ActiveRecord
           clear_cache!
           execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} RENAME TO #{quote_table_name(new_name)}"
           pk, seq = pk_and_sequence_for(new_name)
-          if seq == "#{table_name}_#{pk}_seq"
+          if seq && seq.identifier == "#{table_name}_#{pk}_seq"
             new_seq = "#{new_name}_#{pk}_seq"
-            execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(seq)} RENAME TO #{quote_table_name(new_seq)}"
+            idx = "#{table_name}_pkey"
+            new_idx = "#{new_name}_pkey"
+            execute "ALTER TABLE #{seq.quoted} RENAME TO #{quote_table_name(new_seq)}"
+            execute "ALTER INDEX #{quote_table_name(idx)} RENAME TO #{quote_table_name(new_idx)}"
           end
 
           rename_table_indexes(table_name, new_name)
         end
 
-        # Adds a new column to the named table.
-        # See TableDefinition#column for details of the options you can use.
-        def add_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
+        def add_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {}) #:nodoc:
           clear_cache!
           super
         end
 
-        # Changes the column of a table.
-        def change_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
+        def change_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {}) #:nodoc:
           clear_cache!
           quoted_table_name = quote_table_name(table_name)
-          sql_type = type_to_sql(type, options[:limit], options[:precision], options[:scale])
-          sql_type << "[]" if options[:array]
-          execute "ALTER TABLE #{quoted_table_name} ALTER COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} TYPE #{sql_type}"
+          quoted_column_name = quote_column_name(column_name)
+          sql_type = type_to_sql(type, options[:limit], options[:precision], options[:scale], options[:array])
+          sql = "ALTER TABLE #{quoted_table_name} ALTER COLUMN #{quoted_column_name} TYPE #{sql_type}"
+          if options[:collation]
+            sql << " COLLATE \"#{options[:collation]}\""
+          end
+          if options[:using]
+            sql << " USING #{options[:using]}"
+          elsif options[:cast_as]
+            cast_as_type = type_to_sql(options[:cast_as], options[:limit], options[:precision], options[:scale], options[:array])
+            sql << " USING CAST(#{quoted_column_name} AS #{cast_as_type})"
+          end
+          execute sql
 
           change_column_default(table_name, column_name, options[:default]) if options_include_default?(options)
           change_column_null(table_name, column_name, options[:null], options[:default]) if options.key?(:null)
         end
 
         # Changes the default value of a table column.
-        def change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default)
+        def change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default_or_changes) # :nodoc:
           clear_cache!
-          execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} ALTER COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} SET DEFAULT #{quote(default)}"
+          column = column_for(table_name, column_name)
+          return unless column
+
+          default = extract_new_default_value(default_or_changes)
+          alter_column_query = "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} ALTER COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} %s"
+          if default.nil?
+            # <tt>DEFAULT NULL</tt> results in the same behavior as <tt>DROP DEFAULT</tt>. However, PostgreSQL will
+            # cast the default to the columns type, which leaves us with a default like "default NULL::character varying".
+            execute alter_column_query % "DROP DEFAULT"
+          else
+            execute alter_column_query % "SET DEFAULT #{quote_default_expression(default, column)}"
+          end
         end
 
-        def change_column_null(table_name, column_name, null, default = nil)
+        def change_column_null(table_name, column_name, null, default = nil) #:nodoc:
           clear_cache!
           unless null || default.nil?
-            execute("UPDATE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} SET #{quote_column_name(column_name)}=#{quote(default)} WHERE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} IS NULL")
+            column = column_for(table_name, column_name)
+            execute("UPDATE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} SET #{quote_column_name(column_name)}=#{quote_default_expression(default, column)} WHERE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} IS NULL") if column
           end
           execute("ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} ALTER #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{null ? 'DROP' : 'SET'} NOT NULL")
         end
 
         # Renames a column in a table.
-        def rename_column(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
+        def rename_column(table_name, column_name, new_column_name) #:nodoc:
           clear_cache!
           execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} RENAME COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} TO #{quote_column_name(new_column_name)}"
           rename_column_indexes(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
@@ -431,54 +503,96 @@ module ActiveRecord
           execute "CREATE #{index_type} INDEX #{index_algorithm} #{quote_column_name(index_name)} ON #{quote_table_name(table_name)} #{index_using} (#{index_columns})#{index_options}"
         end
 
-        def remove_index!(table_name, index_name) #:nodoc:
-          execute "DROP INDEX #{quote_table_name(index_name)}"
+        def remove_index(table_name, options = {}) #:nodoc:
+          index_name = index_name_for_remove(table_name, options)
+          algorithm =
+            if Hash === options && options.key?(:algorithm)
+              index_algorithms.fetch(options[:algorithm]) do
+                raise ArgumentError.new("Algorithm must be one of the following: #{index_algorithms.keys.map(&:inspect).join(', ')}")
+              end
+            end
+          execute "DROP INDEX #{algorithm} #{quote_table_name(index_name)}"
         end
 
+        # Renames an index of a table. Raises error if length of new
+        # index name is greater than allowed limit.
         def rename_index(table_name, old_name, new_name)
+          validate_index_length!(table_name, new_name)
+
           execute "ALTER INDEX #{quote_column_name(old_name)} RENAME TO #{quote_table_name(new_name)}"
         end
 
+        def foreign_keys(table_name)
+          fk_info = select_all <<-SQL.strip_heredoc
+            SELECT t2.oid::regclass::text AS to_table, a1.attname AS column, a2.attname AS primary_key, c.conname AS name, c.confupdtype AS on_update, c.confdeltype AS on_delete
+            FROM pg_constraint c
+            JOIN pg_class t1 ON c.conrelid = t1.oid
+            JOIN pg_class t2 ON c.confrelid = t2.oid
+            JOIN pg_attribute a1 ON a1.attnum = c.conkey[1] AND a1.attrelid = t1.oid
+            JOIN pg_attribute a2 ON a2.attnum = c.confkey[1] AND a2.attrelid = t2.oid
+            JOIN pg_namespace t3 ON c.connamespace = t3.oid
+            WHERE c.contype = 'f'
+              AND t1.relname = #{quote(table_name)}
+              AND t3.nspname = ANY (current_schemas(false))
+            ORDER BY c.conname
+          SQL
+
+          fk_info.map do |row|
+            options = {
+              column: row['column'],
+              name: row['name'],
+              primary_key: row['primary_key']
+            }
+
+            options[:on_delete] = extract_foreign_key_action(row['on_delete'])
+            options[:on_update] = extract_foreign_key_action(row['on_update'])
+
+            ForeignKeyDefinition.new(table_name, row['to_table'], options)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def extract_foreign_key_action(specifier) # :nodoc:
+          case specifier
+          when 'c'; :cascade
+          when 'n'; :nullify
+          when 'r'; :restrict
+          end
+        end
+
         def index_name_length
           63
         end
 
         # Maps logical Rails types to PostgreSQL-specific data types.
-        def type_to_sql(type, limit = nil, precision = nil, scale = nil)
-          case type.to_s
+        def type_to_sql(type, limit = nil, precision = nil, scale = nil, array = nil)
+          sql = case type.to_s
           when 'binary'
             # PostgreSQL doesn't support limits on binary (bytea) columns.
-            # The hard limit is 1Gb, because of a 32-bit size field, and TOAST.
+            # The hard limit is 1GB, because of a 32-bit size field, and TOAST.
             case limit
             when nil, 0..0x3fffffff; super(type)
             else raise(ActiveRecordError, "No binary type has byte size #{limit}.")
             end
           when 'text'
             # PostgreSQL doesn't support limits on text columns.
-            # The hard limit is 1Gb, according to section 8.3 in the manual.
+            # The hard limit is 1GB, according to section 8.3 in the manual.
             case limit
             when nil, 0..0x3fffffff; super(type)
             else raise(ActiveRecordError, "The limit on text can be at most 1GB - 1byte.")
             end
           when 'integer'
-            return 'integer' unless limit
-
             case limit
-              when 1, 2; 'smallint'
-              when 3, 4; 'integer'
-              when 5..8; 'bigint'
-              else raise(ActiveRecordError, "No integer type has byte size #{limit}. Use a numeric with precision 0 instead.")
-            end
-          when 'datetime'
-            return super unless precision
-
-            case precision
-              when 0..6; "timestamp(#{precision})"
-              else raise(ActiveRecordError, "No timestamp type has precision of #{precision}. The allowed range of precision is from 0 to 6")
+            when 1, 2; 'smallint'
+            when nil, 3, 4; 'integer'
+            when 5..8; 'bigint'
+            else raise(ActiveRecordError, "No integer type has byte size #{limit}. Use a numeric with precision 0 instead.")
             end
           else
-            super
+            super(type, limit, precision, scale)
           end
+
+          sql << '[]' if array && type != :primary_key
+          sql
         end
 
         # PostgreSQL requires the ORDER BY columns in the select list for distinct queries, and
@@ -488,11 +602,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
               # Convert Arel node to string
               s = s.to_sql unless s.is_a?(String)
               # Remove any ASC/DESC modifiers
-              s.gsub(/\s+(ASC|DESC)\s*(NULLS\s+(FIRST|LAST)\s*)?/i, '')
+              s.gsub(/\s+(?:ASC|DESC)\b/i, '')
+               .gsub(/\s+NULLS\s+(?:FIRST|LAST)\b/i, '')
             }.reject(&:blank?).map.with_index { |column, i| "#{column} AS alias_#{i}" }
 
           [super, *order_columns].join(', ')
         end
+
+        def fetch_type_metadata(column_name, sql_type, oid, fmod)
+          cast_type = get_oid_type(oid, fmod, column_name, sql_type)
+          simple_type = SqlTypeMetadata.new(
+            sql_type: sql_type,
+            type: cast_type.type,
+            limit: cast_type.limit,
+            precision: cast_type.precision,
+            scale: cast_type.scale,
+          )
+          PostgreSQLTypeMetadata.new(simple_type, oid: oid, fmod: fmod)
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/type_metadata.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/type_metadata.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b2c49989a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/type_metadata.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    class PostgreSQLTypeMetadata < DelegateClass(SqlTypeMetadata)
+      attr_reader :oid, :fmod, :array
+
+      def initialize(type_metadata, oid: nil, fmod: nil)
+        super(type_metadata)
+        @type_metadata = type_metadata
+        @oid = oid
+        @fmod = fmod
+        @array = /\[\]$/ === type_metadata.sql_type
+      end
+
+      def sql_type
+        super.gsub(/\[\]$/, "".freeze)
+      end
+
+      def ==(other)
+        other.is_a?(PostgreSQLTypeMetadata) &&
+          attributes_for_hash == other.attributes_for_hash
+      end
+      alias eql? ==
+
+      def hash
+        attributes_for_hash.hash
+      end
+
+      protected
+
+      def attributes_for_hash
+        [self.class, @type_metadata, oid, fmod]
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/utils.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/utils.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9a0b80d7d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/utils.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      # Value Object to hold a schema qualified name.
+      # This is usually the name of a PostgreSQL relation but it can also represent
+      # schema qualified type names. +schema+ and +identifier+ are unquoted to prevent
+      # double quoting.
+      class Name # :nodoc:
+        SEPARATOR = "."
+        attr_reader :schema, :identifier
+
+        def initialize(schema, identifier)
+          @schema, @identifier = unquote(schema), unquote(identifier)
+        end
+
+        def to_s
+          parts.join SEPARATOR
+        end
+
+        def quoted
+          if schema
+            PGconn.quote_ident(schema) << SEPARATOR << PGconn.quote_ident(identifier)
+          else
+            PGconn.quote_ident(identifier)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def ==(o)
+          o.class == self.class && o.parts == parts
+        end
+        alias_method :eql?, :==
+
+        def hash
+          parts.hash
+        end
+
+        protected
+          def unquote(part)
+            if part && part.start_with?('"')
+              part[1..-2]
+            else
+              part
+            end
+          end
+
+          def parts
+            @parts ||= [@schema, @identifier].compact
+          end
+      end
+
+      module Utils # :nodoc:
+        extend self
+
+        # Returns an instance of <tt>ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::Name</tt>
+        # extracted from +string+.
+        # +schema+ is nil if not specified in +string+.
+        # +schema+ and +identifier+ exclude surrounding quotes (regardless of whether provided in +string+)
+        # +string+ supports the range of schema/table references understood by PostgreSQL, for example:
+        #
+        # * <tt>table_name</tt>
+        # * <tt>"table.name"</tt>
+        # * <tt>schema_name.table_name</tt>
+        # * <tt>schema_name."table.name"</tt>
+        # * <tt>"schema_name".table_name</tt>
+        # * <tt>"schema.name"."table name"</tt>
+        def extract_schema_qualified_name(string)
+          schema, table = string.scan(/[^".\s]+|"[^"]*"/)
+          if table.nil?
+            table = schema
+            schema = nil
+          end
+          PostgreSQL::Name.new(schema, table)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb
index d1fb132b60..aa43854d01 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb
@@ -1,28 +1,24 @@
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/statement_pool'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/cast'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/array_parser'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/quoting'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_statements'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/database_statements'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/referential_integrity'
-require 'arel/visitors/bind_visitor'
-
-# Make sure we're using pg high enough for PGResult#values
-gem 'pg', '~> 0.11'
+# Make sure we're using pg high enough for type casts and Ruby 2.2+ compatibility
+gem 'pg', '~> 0.18'
 require 'pg'
 
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/column"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/database_statements"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/quoting"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/referential_integrity"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_definitions"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_dumper"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_statements"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/type_metadata"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/utils"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/statement_pool"
+
 require 'ipaddr'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionHandling # :nodoc:
-    VALID_CONN_PARAMS = [:host, :hostaddr, :port, :dbname, :user, :password, :connect_timeout,
-                         :client_encoding, :options, :application_name, :fallback_application_name,
-                         :keepalives, :keepalives_idle, :keepalives_interval, :keepalives_count,
-                         :tty, :sslmode, :requiressl, :sslcompression, :sslcert, :sslkey,
-                         :sslrootcert, :sslcrl, :requirepeer, :krbsrvname, :gsslib, :service]
-
     # Establishes a connection to the database that's used by all Active Record objects
     def postgresql_connection(config)
       conn_params = config.symbolize_keys
@@ -34,7 +30,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       conn_params[:dbname] = conn_params.delete(:database) if conn_params[:database]
 
       # Forward only valid config params to PGconn.connect.
-      conn_params.keep_if { |k, _| VALID_CONN_PARAMS.include?(k) }
+      valid_conn_param_keys = PGconn.conndefaults_hash.keys + [:requiressl]
+      conn_params.slice!(*valid_conn_param_keys)
 
       # The postgres drivers don't allow the creation of an unconnected PGconn object,
       # so just pass a nil connection object for the time being.
@@ -43,222 +40,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
   end
 
   module ConnectionAdapters
-    # PostgreSQL-specific extensions to column definitions in a table.
-    class PostgreSQLColumn < Column #:nodoc:
-      attr_accessor :array
-
-      def initialize(name, default, oid_type, sql_type = nil, null = true)
-        @oid_type = oid_type
-        default_value     = self.class.extract_value_from_default(default)
-
-        if sql_type =~ /\[\]$/
-          @array = true
-          super(name, default_value, sql_type[0..sql_type.length - 3], null)
-        else
-          @array = false
-          super(name, default_value, sql_type, null)
-        end
-
-        @default_function = default if has_default_function?(default_value, default)
-      end
-
-      def number?
-        !array && super
-      end
-
-      def text?
-        !array && super
-      end
-
-      # :stopdoc:
-      class << self
-        include ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn::Cast
-        include ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn::ArrayParser
-        attr_accessor :money_precision
-      end
-      # :startdoc:
-
-      # Extracts the value from a PostgreSQL column default definition.
-      def self.extract_value_from_default(default)
-        # This is a performance optimization for Ruby 1.9.2 in development.
-        # If the value is nil, we return nil straight away without checking
-        # the regular expressions. If we check each regular expression,
-        # Regexp#=== will call NilClass#to_str, which will trigger
-        # method_missing (defined by whiny nil in ActiveSupport) which
-        # makes this method very very slow.
-        return default unless default
-
-        case default
-          when /\A'(.*)'::(num|date|tstz|ts|int4|int8)range\z/m
-            $1
-          # Numeric types
-          when /\A\(?(-?\d+(\.\d*)?\)?(::bigint)?)\z/
-            $1
-          # Character types
-          when /\A\(?'(.*)'::.*\b(?:character varying|bpchar|text)\z/m
-            $1.gsub(/''/, "'")
-          # Binary data types
-          when /\A'(.*)'::bytea\z/m
-            $1
-          # Date/time types
-          when /\A'(.+)'::(?:time(?:stamp)? with(?:out)? time zone|date)\z/
-            $1
-          when /\A'(.*)'::interval\z/
-            $1
-          # Boolean type
-          when 'true'
-            true
-          when 'false'
-            false
-          # Geometric types
-          when /\A'(.*)'::(?:point|line|lseg|box|"?path"?|polygon|circle)\z/
-            $1
-          # Network address types
-          when /\A'(.*)'::(?:cidr|inet|macaddr)\z/
-            $1
-          # Bit string types
-          when /\AB'(.*)'::"?bit(?: varying)?"?\z/
-            $1
-          # XML type
-          when /\A'(.*)'::xml\z/m
-            $1
-          # Arrays
-          when /\A'(.*)'::"?\D+"?\[\]\z/
-            $1
-          # Hstore
-          when /\A'(.*)'::hstore\z/
-            $1
-          # JSON
-          when /\A'(.*)'::json\z/
-            $1
-          # Object identifier types
-          when /\A-?\d+\z/
-            $1
-          else
-            # Anything else is blank, some user type, or some function
-            # and we can't know the value of that, so return nil.
-            nil
-        end
-      end
-
-      def type_cast_for_write(value)
-        if @oid_type.respond_to?(:type_cast_for_write)
-          @oid_type.type_cast_for_write(value)
-        else
-          super
-        end
-      end
-
-      def type_cast(value)
-        return if value.nil?
-        return super if encoded?
-
-        @oid_type.type_cast value
-      end
-
-      def accessor
-        @oid_type.accessor
-      end
-
-      private
-
-        def has_default_function?(default_value, default)
-          !default_value && (%r{\w+\(.*\)} === default)
-        end
-
-        def extract_limit(sql_type)
-          case sql_type
-          when /^bigint/i;    8
-          when /^smallint/i;  2
-          when /^timestamp/i; nil
-          else super
-          end
-        end
-
-        # Extracts the scale from PostgreSQL-specific data types.
-        def extract_scale(sql_type)
-          # Money type has a fixed scale of 2.
-          sql_type =~ /^money/ ? 2 : super
-        end
-
-        # Extracts the precision from PostgreSQL-specific data types.
-        def extract_precision(sql_type)
-          if sql_type == 'money'
-            self.class.money_precision
-          elsif sql_type =~ /timestamp/i
-            $1.to_i if sql_type =~ /\((\d+)\)/
-          else
-            super
-          end
-        end
-
-        # Maps PostgreSQL-specific data types to logical Rails types.
-        def simplified_type(field_type)
-          case field_type
-          # Numeric and monetary types
-          when /^(?:real|double precision)$/
-            :float
-          # Monetary types
-          when 'money'
-            :decimal
-          when 'hstore'
-            :hstore
-          when 'ltree'
-            :ltree
-          # Network address types
-          when 'inet'
-            :inet
-          when 'cidr'
-            :cidr
-          when 'macaddr'
-            :macaddr
-          # Character types
-          when /^(?:character varying|bpchar)(?:\(\d+\))?$/
-            :string
-          # Binary data types
-          when 'bytea'
-            :binary
-          # Date/time types
-          when /^timestamp with(?:out)? time zone$/
-            :datetime
-          when /^interval(?:|\(\d+\))$/
-            :string
-          # Geometric types
-          when /^(?:point|line|lseg|box|"?path"?|polygon|circle)$/
-            :string
-          # Bit strings
-          when /^bit(?: varying)?(?:\(\d+\))?$/
-            :string
-          # XML type
-          when 'xml'
-            :xml
-          # tsvector type
-          when 'tsvector'
-            :tsvector
-          # Arrays
-          when /^\D+\[\]$/
-            :string
-          # Object identifier types
-          when 'oid'
-            :integer
-          # UUID type
-          when 'uuid'
-            :uuid
-          # JSON type
-          when 'json'
-            :json
-          # Small and big integer types
-          when /^(?:small|big)int$/
-            :integer
-          when /(num|date|tstz|ts|int4|int8)range$/
-            field_type.to_sym
-          # Pass through all types that are not specific to PostgreSQL.
-          else
-            super
-          end
-        end
-    end
-
     # The PostgreSQL adapter works with the native C (https://bitbucket.org/ged/ruby-pg) driver.
     #
     # Options:
@@ -277,152 +58,26 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   <tt>SET client_min_messages TO <min_messages></tt> call on the connection.
     # * <tt>:variables</tt> - An optional hash of additional parameters that
     #   will be used in <tt>SET SESSION key = val</tt> calls on the connection.
-    # * <tt>:insert_returning</tt> - An optional boolean to control the use or <tt>RETURNING</tt> for <tt>INSERT</tt> statements
+    # * <tt>:insert_returning</tt> - An optional boolean to control the use of <tt>RETURNING</tt> for <tt>INSERT</tt> statements
     #   defaults to true.
     #
     # Any further options are used as connection parameters to libpq. See
-    # http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/static/libpq-connect.html for the
+    # http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/libpq-connect.html for the
     # list of parameters.
     #
     # In addition, default connection parameters of libpq can be set per environment variables.
-    # See http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/static/libpq-envars.html .
+    # See http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/libpq-envars.html .
     class PostgreSQLAdapter < AbstractAdapter
-      class ColumnDefinition < ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ColumnDefinition
-        attr_accessor :array
-      end
-
-      module ColumnMethods
-        def xml(*args)
-          options = args.extract_options!
-          column(args[0], 'xml', options)
-        end
-
-        def tsvector(*args)
-          options = args.extract_options!
-          column(args[0], 'tsvector', options)
-        end
-
-        def int4range(name, options = {})
-          column(name, 'int4range', options)
-        end
-
-        def int8range(name, options = {})
-          column(name, 'int8range', options)
-        end
-
-        def tsrange(name, options = {})
-          column(name, 'tsrange', options)
-        end
-
-        def tstzrange(name, options = {})
-          column(name, 'tstzrange', options)
-        end
-
-        def numrange(name, options = {})
-          column(name, 'numrange', options)
-        end
-
-        def daterange(name, options = {})
-          column(name, 'daterange', options)
-        end
-
-        def hstore(name, options = {})
-          column(name, 'hstore', options)
-        end
-
-        def ltree(name, options = {})
-          column(name, 'ltree', options)
-        end
-
-        def inet(name, options = {})
-          column(name, 'inet', options)
-        end
-
-        def cidr(name, options = {})
-          column(name, 'cidr', options)
-        end
-
-        def macaddr(name, options = {})
-          column(name, 'macaddr', options)
-        end
-
-        def uuid(name, options = {})
-          column(name, 'uuid', options)
-        end
-
-        def json(name, options = {})
-          column(name, 'json', options)
-        end
-      end
-
-      class TableDefinition < ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::TableDefinition
-        include ColumnMethods
-
-        # Defines the primary key field.
-        # Use of the native PostgreSQL UUID type is supported, and can be used
-        # by defining your tables as such:
-        #
-        #   create_table :stuffs, id: :uuid do |t|
-        #     t.string :content
-        #     t.timestamps
-        #   end
-        #
-        # By default, this will use the +uuid_generate_v4()+ function from the
-        # +uuid-ossp+ extension, which MUST be enabled on your database. To enable
-        # the +uuid-ossp+ extension, you can use the +enable_extension+ method in your
-        # migrations. To use a UUID primary key without +uuid-ossp+ enabled, you can
-        # set the +:default+ option to +nil+:
-        #
-        #   create_table :stuffs, id: false do |t|
-        #     t.primary_key :id, :uuid, default: nil
-        #     t.uuid :foo_id
-        #     t.timestamps
-        #   end
-        #
-        # You may also pass a different UUID generation function from +uuid-ossp+
-        # or another library.
-        #
-        # Note that setting the UUID primary key default value to +nil+ will
-        # require you to assure that you always provide a UUID value before saving
-        # a record (as primary keys cannot be +nil+). This might be done via the
-        # +SecureRandom.uuid+ method and a +before_save+ callback, for instance.
-        def primary_key(name, type = :primary_key, options = {})
-          return super unless type == :uuid
-          options[:default] = options.fetch(:default, 'uuid_generate_v4()')
-          options[:primary_key] = true
-          column name, type, options
-        end
-
-        def column(name, type = nil, options = {})
-          super
-          column = self[name]
-          column.array = options[:array]
-
-          self
-        end
-
-        private
-
-          def create_column_definition(name, type)
-            ColumnDefinition.new name, type
-          end
-      end
-
-      class Table < ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Table
-        include ColumnMethods
-      end
-
-      ADAPTER_NAME = 'PostgreSQL'
+      ADAPTER_NAME = 'PostgreSQL'.freeze
 
       NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES = {
         primary_key: "serial primary key",
-        string:      { name: "character varying", limit: 255 },
+        string:      { name: "character varying" },
         text:        { name: "text" },
         integer:     { name: "integer" },
         float:       { name: "float" },
         decimal:     { name: "decimal" },
         datetime:    { name: "timestamp" },
-        timestamp:   { name: "timestamp" },
         time:        { name: "time" },
         date:        { name: "date" },
         daterange:   { name: "daterange" },
@@ -441,35 +96,35 @@ module ActiveRecord
         macaddr:     { name: "macaddr" },
         uuid:        { name: "uuid" },
         json:        { name: "json" },
-        ltree:       { name: "ltree" }
+        jsonb:       { name: "jsonb" },
+        ltree:       { name: "ltree" },
+        citext:      { name: "citext" },
+        point:       { name: "point" },
+        line:        { name: "line" },
+        lseg:        { name: "lseg" },
+        box:         { name: "box" },
+        path:        { name: "path" },
+        polygon:     { name: "polygon" },
+        circle:      { name: "circle" },
+        bit:         { name: "bit" },
+        bit_varying: { name: "bit varying" },
+        money:       { name: "money" },
       }
 
-      include Quoting
-      include ReferentialIntegrity
-      include SchemaStatements
-      include DatabaseStatements
-      include Savepoints
-
-      # Returns 'PostgreSQL' as adapter name for identification purposes.
-      def adapter_name
-        ADAPTER_NAME
-      end
+      OID = PostgreSQL::OID #:nodoc:
 
-      # Adds `:array` option to the default set provided by the
-      # AbstractAdapter
-      def prepare_column_options(column, types)
-        spec = super
-        spec[:array] = 'true' if column.respond_to?(:array) && column.array
-        spec[:default] = "\"#{column.default_function}\"" if column.default_function
-        spec
-      end
+      include PostgreSQL::Quoting
+      include PostgreSQL::ReferentialIntegrity
+      include PostgreSQL::SchemaStatements
+      include PostgreSQL::DatabaseStatements
+      include PostgreSQL::ColumnDumper
+      include Savepoints
 
-      # Adds `:array` as a valid migration key
-      def migration_keys
-        super + [:array]
+      def schema_creation # :nodoc:
+        PostgreSQL::SchemaCreation.new self
       end
 
-      # Returns +true+, since this connection adapter supports prepared statement
+      # Returns true, since this connection adapter supports prepared statement
       # caching.
       def supports_statement_cache?
         true
@@ -487,52 +142,43 @@ module ActiveRecord
         true
       end
 
+      def supports_foreign_keys?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_views?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_datetime_with_precision?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_json?
+        postgresql_version >= 90200
+      end
+
       def index_algorithms
         { concurrently: 'CONCURRENTLY' }
       end
 
       class StatementPool < ConnectionAdapters::StatementPool
         def initialize(connection, max)
-          super
+          super(max)
+          @connection = connection
           @counter = 0
-          @cache   = Hash.new { |h,pid| h[pid] = {} }
         end
 
-        def each(&block); cache.each(&block); end
-        def key?(key);    cache.key?(key); end
-        def [](key);      cache[key]; end
-        def length;       cache.length; end
-
         def next_key
           "a#{@counter + 1}"
         end
 
         def []=(sql, key)
-          while @max <= cache.size
-            dealloc(cache.shift.last)
-          end
-          @counter += 1
-          cache[sql] = key
-        end
-
-        def clear
-          cache.each_value do |stmt_key|
-            dealloc stmt_key
-          end
-          cache.clear
-        end
-
-        def delete(sql_key)
-          dealloc cache[sql_key]
-          cache.delete sql_key
+          super.tap { @counter += 1 }
         end
 
         private
 
-          def cache
-            @cache[Process.pid]
-          end
-
           def dealloc(key)
             @connection.query "DEALLOCATE #{key}" if connection_active?
           end
@@ -544,28 +190,26 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
       end
 
-      class BindSubstitution < Arel::Visitors::PostgreSQL # :nodoc:
-        include Arel::Visitors::BindVisitor
-      end
-
       # Initializes and connects a PostgreSQL adapter.
       def initialize(connection, logger, connection_parameters, config)
-        super(connection, logger)
+        super(connection, logger, config)
 
+        @visitor = Arel::Visitors::PostgreSQL.new self
         if self.class.type_cast_config_to_boolean(config.fetch(:prepared_statements) { true })
           @prepared_statements = true
-          @visitor = Arel::Visitors::PostgreSQL.new self
+          @visitor.extend(DetermineIfPreparableVisitor)
         else
-          @visitor = unprepared_visitor
+          @prepared_statements = false
         end
 
-        @connection_parameters, @config = connection_parameters, config
+        @connection_parameters = connection_parameters
 
         # @local_tz is initialized as nil to avoid warnings when connect tries to use it
         @local_tz = nil
         @table_alias_length = nil
 
         connect
+        add_pg_encoders
         @statements = StatementPool.new @connection,
                                         self.class.type_cast_config_to_integer(config.fetch(:statement_limit) { 1000 })
 
@@ -573,7 +217,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
           raise "Your version of PostgreSQL (#{postgresql_version}) is too old, please upgrade!"
         end
 
-        @type_map = OID::TypeMap.new
+        add_pg_decoders
+
+        @type_map = Type::HashLookupTypeMap.new
         initialize_type_map(type_map)
         @local_tz = execute('SHOW TIME ZONE', 'SCHEMA').first["TimeZone"]
         @use_insert_returning = @config.key?(:insert_returning) ? self.class.type_cast_config_to_boolean(@config[:insert_returning]) : true
@@ -584,6 +230,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @statements.clear
       end
 
+      def truncate(table_name, name = nil)
+        exec_query "TRUNCATE TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)}", name, []
+      end
+
       # Is this connection alive and ready for queries?
       def active?
         @connection.query 'SELECT 1'
@@ -592,10 +242,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         false
       end
 
-      def active_threadsafe?
-        @connection.connect_poll != PG::PGRES_POLLING_FAILED
-      end
-
       # Close then reopen the connection.
       def reconnect!
         super
@@ -605,7 +251,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def reset!
         clear_cache!
-        super
+        reset_transaction
+        unless @connection.transaction_status == ::PG::PQTRANS_IDLE
+          @connection.query 'ROLLBACK'
+        end
+        @connection.query 'DISCARD ALL'
+        configure_connection
       end
 
       # Disconnects from the database if already connected. Otherwise, this
@@ -629,19 +280,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
         true
       end
 
-      # Enable standard-conforming strings if available.
       def set_standard_conforming_strings
-        old, self.client_min_messages = client_min_messages, 'panic'
-        execute('SET standard_conforming_strings = on', 'SCHEMA') rescue nil
-      ensure
-        self.client_min_messages = old
+        execute('SET standard_conforming_strings = on', 'SCHEMA')
       end
 
-      def supports_insert_with_returning?
+      def supports_ddl_transactions?
         true
       end
 
-      def supports_ddl_transactions?
+      def supports_advisory_locks?
         true
       end
 
@@ -659,6 +306,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
         postgresql_version >= 90200
       end
 
+      def supports_materialized_views?
+        postgresql_version >= 90300
+      end
+
+      def get_advisory_lock(lock_id) # :nodoc:
+        unless lock_id.is_a?(Integer) && lock_id.bit_length <= 63
+          raise(ArgumentError, "Postgres requires advisory lock ids to be a signed 64 bit integer")
+        end
+        select_value("SELECT pg_try_advisory_lock(#{lock_id});")
+      end
+
+      def release_advisory_lock(lock_id) # :nodoc:
+        unless lock_id.is_a?(Integer) && lock_id.bit_length <= 63
+          raise(ArgumentError, "Postgres requires advisory lock ids to be a signed 64 bit integer")
+        end
+        select_value("SELECT pg_advisory_unlock(#{lock_id})")
+      end
+
       def enable_extension(name)
         exec_query("CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS \"#{name}\"").tap {
           reload_type_map
@@ -675,14 +340,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         if supports_extensions?
           res = exec_query "SELECT EXISTS(SELECT * FROM pg_available_extensions WHERE name = '#{name}' AND installed_version IS NOT NULL) as enabled",
             'SCHEMA'
-          res.column_types['enabled'].type_cast res.rows.first.first
+          res.cast_values.first
         end
       end
 
       def extensions
         if supports_extensions?
-          res = exec_query "SELECT extname from pg_extension", "SCHEMA"
-          res.rows.map { |r| res.column_types['extname'].type_cast r.first }
+          exec_query("SELECT extname from pg_extension", "SCHEMA").cast_values
         else
           super
         end
@@ -699,25 +363,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         exec_query "SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION #{user}"
       end
 
-      module Utils
-        extend self
-
-        # Returns an array of <tt>[schema_name, table_name]</tt> extracted from +name+.
-        # +schema_name+ is nil if not specified in +name+.
-        # +schema_name+ and +table_name+ exclude surrounding quotes (regardless of whether provided in +name+)
-        # +name+ supports the range of schema/table references understood by PostgreSQL, for example:
-        #
-        # * <tt>table_name</tt>
-        # * <tt>"table.name"</tt>
-        # * <tt>schema_name.table_name</tt>
-        # * <tt>schema_name."table.name"</tt>
-        # * <tt>"schema.name"."table name"</tt>
-        def extract_schema_and_table(name)
-          table, schema = name.scan(/[^".\s]+|"[^"]*"/)[0..1].collect{|m| m.gsub(/(^"|"$)/,'') }.reverse
-          [schema, table]
-        end
-      end
-
       def use_insert_returning?
         @use_insert_returning
       end
@@ -727,9 +372,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def update_table_definition(table_name, base) #:nodoc:
-        Table.new(table_name, base)
+        PostgreSQL::Table.new(table_name, base)
+      end
+
+      def lookup_cast_type(sql_type) # :nodoc:
+        oid = execute("SELECT #{quote(sql_type)}::regtype::oid", "SCHEMA").first['oid'].to_i
+        super(oid)
+      end
+
+      def column_name_for_operation(operation, node) # :nodoc:
+        OPERATION_ALIASES.fetch(operation) { operation.downcase }
       end
 
+      OPERATION_ALIASES = { # :nodoc:
+        "maximum" => "max",
+        "minimum" => "min",
+        "average" => "avg",
+      }
+
       protected
 
         # Returns the version of the connected PostgreSQL server.
@@ -737,7 +397,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           @connection.server_version
         end
 
-        # See http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/static/errcodes-appendix.html
+        # See http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/errcodes-appendix.html
         FOREIGN_KEY_VIOLATION = "23503"
         UNIQUE_VIOLATION      = "23505"
 
@@ -746,9 +406,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
           case exception.result.try(:error_field, PGresult::PG_DIAG_SQLSTATE)
           when UNIQUE_VIOLATION
-            RecordNotUnique.new(message, exception)
+            RecordNotUnique.new(message)
           when FOREIGN_KEY_VIOLATION
-            InvalidForeignKey.new(message, exception)
+            InvalidForeignKey.new(message)
           else
             super
           end
@@ -756,96 +416,184 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       private
 
-        def type_map
-          @type_map
-        end
+        def get_oid_type(oid, fmod, column_name, sql_type = '') # :nodoc:
+          if !type_map.key?(oid)
+            load_additional_types(type_map, [oid])
+          end
 
-        def reload_type_map
-          type_map.clear
-          initialize_type_map(type_map)
+          type_map.fetch(oid, fmod, sql_type) {
+            warn "unknown OID #{oid}: failed to recognize type of '#{column_name}'. It will be treated as String."
+            Type::Value.new.tap do |cast_type|
+              type_map.register_type(oid, cast_type)
+            end
+          }
         end
 
-        def add_oid(row, records_by_oid, type_map)
-          return type_map if type_map.key? row['type_elem'].to_i
+        def initialize_type_map(m) # :nodoc:
+          register_class_with_limit m, 'int2', Type::Integer
+          register_class_with_limit m, 'int4', Type::Integer
+          register_class_with_limit m, 'int8', Type::Integer
+          m.alias_type 'oid', 'int2'
+          m.register_type 'float4', Type::Float.new
+          m.alias_type 'float8', 'float4'
+          m.register_type 'text', Type::Text.new
+          register_class_with_limit m, 'varchar', Type::String
+          m.alias_type 'char', 'varchar'
+          m.alias_type 'name', 'varchar'
+          m.alias_type 'bpchar', 'varchar'
+          m.register_type 'bool', Type::Boolean.new
+          register_class_with_limit m, 'bit', OID::Bit
+          register_class_with_limit m, 'varbit', OID::BitVarying
+          m.alias_type 'timestamptz', 'timestamp'
+          m.register_type 'date', Type::Date.new
+
+          m.register_type 'money', OID::Money.new
+          m.register_type 'bytea', OID::Bytea.new
+          m.register_type 'point', OID::Point.new
+          m.register_type 'hstore', OID::Hstore.new
+          m.register_type 'json', OID::Json.new
+          m.register_type 'jsonb', OID::Jsonb.new
+          m.register_type 'cidr', OID::Cidr.new
+          m.register_type 'inet', OID::Inet.new
+          m.register_type 'uuid', OID::Uuid.new
+          m.register_type 'xml', OID::Xml.new
+          m.register_type 'tsvector', OID::SpecializedString.new(:tsvector)
+          m.register_type 'macaddr', OID::SpecializedString.new(:macaddr)
+          m.register_type 'citext', OID::SpecializedString.new(:citext)
+          m.register_type 'ltree', OID::SpecializedString.new(:ltree)
+          m.register_type 'line', OID::SpecializedString.new(:line)
+          m.register_type 'lseg', OID::SpecializedString.new(:lseg)
+          m.register_type 'box', OID::SpecializedString.new(:box)
+          m.register_type 'path', OID::SpecializedString.new(:path)
+          m.register_type 'polygon', OID::SpecializedString.new(:polygon)
+          m.register_type 'circle', OID::SpecializedString.new(:circle)
+
+          # FIXME: why are we keeping these types as strings?
+          m.alias_type 'interval', 'varchar'
+
+          register_class_with_precision m, 'time', Type::Time
+          register_class_with_precision m, 'timestamp', OID::DateTime
+
+          m.register_type 'numeric' do |_, fmod, sql_type|
+            precision = extract_precision(sql_type)
+            scale = extract_scale(sql_type)
+
+            # The type for the numeric depends on the width of the field,
+            # so we'll do something special here.
+            #
+            # When dealing with decimal columns:
+            #
+            # places after decimal  = fmod - 4 & 0xffff
+            # places before decimal = (fmod - 4) >> 16 & 0xffff
+            if fmod && (fmod - 4 & 0xffff).zero?
+              # FIXME: Remove this class, and the second argument to
+              # lookups on PG
+              Type::DecimalWithoutScale.new(precision: precision)
+            else
+              OID::Decimal.new(precision: precision, scale: scale)
+            end
+          end
+
+          load_additional_types(m)
+        end
 
-          if OID.registered_type? row['typname']
-            # this composite type is explicitly registered
-            vector = OID::NAMES[row['typname']]
+        def extract_limit(sql_type) # :nodoc:
+          case sql_type
+          when /^bigint/i, /^int8/i
+            8
+          when /^smallint/i
+            2
           else
-            # use the default for composite types
-            unless type_map.key? row['typelem'].to_i
-              add_oid records_by_oid[row['typelem']], records_by_oid, type_map
-            end
+            super
+          end
+        end
 
-            vector = OID::Vector.new row['typdelim'], type_map[row['typelem'].to_i]
+        # Extracts the value from a PostgreSQL column default definition.
+        def extract_value_from_default(default) # :nodoc:
+          case default
+            # Quoted types
+            when /\A[\(B]?'(.*)'::/m
+              $1.gsub("''".freeze, "'".freeze)
+            # Boolean types
+            when 'true'.freeze, 'false'.freeze
+              default
+            # Numeric types
+            when /\A\(?(-?\d+(\.\d*)?)\)?(::bigint)?\z/
+              $1
+            # Object identifier types
+            when /\A-?\d+\z/
+              $1
+            else
+              # Anything else is blank, some user type, or some function
+              # and we can't know the value of that, so return nil.
+              nil
           end
+        end
 
-          type_map[row['oid'].to_i] = vector
-          type_map
+        def extract_default_function(default_value, default) # :nodoc:
+          default if has_default_function?(default_value, default)
         end
 
-        def initialize_type_map(type_map)
+        def has_default_function?(default_value, default) # :nodoc:
+          !default_value && (%r{\w+\(.*\)} === default)
+        end
+
+        def load_additional_types(type_map, oids = nil) # :nodoc:
+          initializer = OID::TypeMapInitializer.new(type_map)
+
           if supports_ranges?
-            result = execute(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA')
-              SELECT t.oid, t.typname, t.typelem, t.typdelim, t.typinput, r.rngsubtype
+            query = <<-SQL
+              SELECT t.oid, t.typname, t.typelem, t.typdelim, t.typinput, r.rngsubtype, t.typtype, t.typbasetype
               FROM pg_type as t
               LEFT JOIN pg_range as r ON oid = rngtypid
             SQL
           else
-            result = execute(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA')
-              SELECT t.oid, t.typname, t.typelem, t.typdelim, t.typinput
+            query = <<-SQL
+              SELECT t.oid, t.typname, t.typelem, t.typdelim, t.typinput, t.typtype, t.typbasetype
               FROM pg_type as t
             SQL
           end
-          ranges, nodes = result.partition { |row| row['typinput'] == 'range_in' }
-          leaves, nodes = nodes.partition { |row| row['typelem'] == '0' }
-          arrays, nodes = nodes.partition { |row| row['typinput'] == 'array_in' }
 
-          # populate the base types
-          leaves.find_all { |row| OID.registered_type? row['typname'] }.each do |row|
-            type_map[row['oid'].to_i] = OID::NAMES[row['typname']]
+          if oids
+            query += "WHERE t.oid::integer IN (%s)" % oids.join(", ")
+          else
+            query += initializer.query_conditions_for_initial_load(type_map)
           end
 
-          records_by_oid = result.group_by { |row| row['oid'] }
-
-          # populate composite types
-          nodes.each do |row|
-            add_oid row, records_by_oid, type_map
+          execute_and_clear(query, 'SCHEMA', []) do |records|
+            initializer.run(records)
           end
+        end
 
-          # populate array types
-          arrays.find_all { |row| type_map.key? row['typelem'].to_i }.each do |row|
-            array = OID::Array.new  type_map[row['typelem'].to_i]
-            type_map[row['oid'].to_i] = array
-          end
+        FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED = "0A000" #:nodoc:
 
-          # populate range types
-          ranges.find_all { |row| type_map.key? row['rngsubtype'].to_i }.each do |row|
-            subtype = type_map[row['rngsubtype'].to_i]
-            range = OID::Range.new type_map[row['rngsubtype'].to_i]
-            type_map[row['oid'].to_i] = range
+        def execute_and_clear(sql, name, binds, prepare: false)
+          if without_prepared_statement?(binds)
+            result = exec_no_cache(sql, name, [])
+          elsif !prepare
+            result = exec_no_cache(sql, name, binds)
+          else
+            result = exec_cache(sql, name, binds)
           end
+          ret = yield result
+          result.clear
+          ret
         end
 
-        FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED = "0A000" #:nodoc:
-
         def exec_no_cache(sql, name, binds)
-          log(sql, name, binds) { @connection.async_exec(sql) }
+          type_casted_binds = binds.map { |attr| type_cast(attr.value_for_database) }
+          log(sql, name, binds) { @connection.async_exec(sql, type_casted_binds) }
         end
 
         def exec_cache(sql, name, binds)
           stmt_key = prepare_statement(sql)
-          type_casted_binds = binds.map { |col, val|
-            [col, type_cast(val, col)]
-          }
+          type_casted_binds = binds.map { |attr| type_cast(attr.value_for_database) }
 
-          log(sql, name, type_casted_binds, stmt_key) do
-            @connection.send_query_prepared(stmt_key, type_casted_binds.map { |_, val| val })
-            @connection.block
-            @connection.get_last_result
+          log(sql, name, binds, stmt_key) do
+            @connection.exec_prepared(stmt_key, type_casted_binds)
           end
         rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid => e
-          pgerror = e.original_exception
+          pgerror = e.cause
 
           # Get the PG code for the failure.  Annoyingly, the code for
           # prepared statements whose return value may have changed is
@@ -888,11 +636,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           @statements[sql_key]
         end
 
-        # The internal PostgreSQL identifier of the money data type.
-        MONEY_COLUMN_TYPE_OID = 790 #:nodoc:
-        # The internal PostgreSQL identifier of the BYTEA data type.
-        BYTEA_COLUMN_TYPE_OID = 17 #:nodoc:
-
         # Connects to a PostgreSQL server and sets up the adapter depending on the
         # connected server's characteristics.
         def connect
@@ -901,14 +644,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
           # Money type has a fixed precision of 10 in PostgreSQL 8.2 and below, and as of
           # PostgreSQL 8.3 it has a fixed precision of 19. PostgreSQLColumn.extract_precision
           # should know about this but can't detect it there, so deal with it here.
-          PostgreSQLColumn.money_precision = (postgresql_version >= 80300) ? 19 : 10
+          OID::Money.precision = (postgresql_version >= 80300) ? 19 : 10
 
           configure_connection
         rescue ::PG::Error => error
           if error.message.include?("does not exist")
-            raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError.new(error.message)
+            raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError
           else
-            raise error
+            raise
           end
         end
 
@@ -921,7 +664,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           self.client_min_messages = @config[:min_messages] || 'warning'
           self.schema_search_path = @config[:schema_search_path] || @config[:schema_order]
 
-          # Use standard-conforming strings if available so we don't have to do the E'...' dance.
+          # Use standard-conforming strings so we don't have to do the E'...' dance.
           set_standard_conforming_strings
 
           # If using Active Record's time zone support configure the connection to return
@@ -934,14 +677,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
 
           # SET statements from :variables config hash
-          # http://www.postgresql.org/docs/8.3/static/sql-set.html
+          # http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-set.html
           variables = @config[:variables] || {}
           variables.map do |k, v|
             if v == ':default' || v == :default
               # Sets the value to the global or compile default
-              execute("SET SESSION #{k.to_s} TO DEFAULT", 'SCHEMA')
+              execute("SET SESSION #{k} TO DEFAULT", 'SCHEMA')
             elsif !v.nil?
-              execute("SET SESSION #{k.to_s} TO #{quote(v)}", 'SCHEMA')
+              execute("SET SESSION #{k} TO #{quote(v)}", 'SCHEMA')
             end
           end
         end
@@ -959,12 +702,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           exec_query("SELECT currval('#{sequence_name}')", 'SQL')
         end
 
-        # Executes a SELECT query and returns the results, performing any data type
-        # conversions that are required to be performed here instead of in PostgreSQLColumn.
-        def select(sql, name = nil, binds = [])
-          exec_query(sql, name, binds)
-        end
-
         # Returns the list of a table's column names, data types, and default values.
         #
         # The underlying query is roughly:
@@ -983,10 +720,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # Query implementation notes:
         #  - format_type includes the column size constraint, e.g. varchar(50)
         #  - ::regclass is a function that gives the id for a table name
-        def column_definitions(table_name) #:nodoc:
-          exec_query(<<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA').rows
+        def column_definitions(table_name) # :nodoc:
+          query(<<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA')
               SELECT a.attname, format_type(a.atttypid, a.atttypmod),
-                     pg_get_expr(d.adbin, d.adrelid), a.attnotnull, a.atttypid, a.atttypmod
+                     pg_get_expr(d.adbin, d.adrelid), a.attnotnull, a.atttypid, a.atttypmod,
+             (SELECT c.collname FROM pg_collation c, pg_type t
+               WHERE c.oid = a.attcollation AND t.oid = a.atttypid AND a.attcollation <> t.typcollation)
                 FROM pg_attribute a LEFT JOIN pg_attrdef d
                   ON a.attrelid = d.adrelid AND a.attnum = d.adnum
                WHERE a.attrelid = '#{quote_table_name(table_name)}'::regclass
@@ -995,24 +734,94 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end_sql
         end
 
-        def extract_pg_identifier_from_name(name)
-          match_data = name.start_with?('"') ? name.match(/\"([^\"]+)\"/) : name.match(/([^\.]+)/)
+        def extract_table_ref_from_insert_sql(sql) # :nodoc:
+          sql[/into\s("[A-Za-z0-9_."\[\]\s]+"|[A-Za-z0-9_."\[\]]+)\s*/im]
+          $1.strip if $1
+        end
 
-          if match_data
-            rest = name[match_data[0].length, name.length]
-            rest = rest[1, rest.length] if rest.start_with? "."
-            [match_data[1], (rest.length > 0 ? rest : nil)]
+        def create_table_definition(name, temporary = false, options = nil, as = nil) # :nodoc:
+          PostgreSQL::TableDefinition.new(name, temporary, options, as)
+        end
+
+        def can_perform_case_insensitive_comparison_for?(column)
+          @case_insensitive_cache ||= {}
+          @case_insensitive_cache[column.sql_type] ||= begin
+            sql = <<-end_sql
+              SELECT exists(
+                SELECT * FROM pg_proc
+                INNER JOIN pg_cast
+                  ON casttarget::text::oidvector = proargtypes
+                WHERE proname = 'lower'
+                  AND castsource = '#{column.sql_type}'::regtype::oid
+              )
+            end_sql
+            execute_and_clear(sql, "SCHEMA", []) do |result|
+              result.getvalue(0, 0)
+            end
           end
         end
 
-        def extract_table_ref_from_insert_sql(sql)
-          sql[/into\s+([^\(]*).*values\s*\(/im]
-          $1.strip if $1
-        end
+        def add_pg_encoders
+          map = PG::TypeMapByClass.new
+          map[Integer] = PG::TextEncoder::Integer.new
+          map[TrueClass] = PG::TextEncoder::Boolean.new
+          map[FalseClass] = PG::TextEncoder::Boolean.new
+          map[Float] = PG::TextEncoder::Float.new
+          @connection.type_map_for_queries = map
+        end
+
+        def add_pg_decoders
+          coders_by_name = {
+            'int2' => PG::TextDecoder::Integer,
+            'int4' => PG::TextDecoder::Integer,
+            'int8' => PG::TextDecoder::Integer,
+            'oid' => PG::TextDecoder::Integer,
+            'float4' => PG::TextDecoder::Float,
+            'float8' => PG::TextDecoder::Float,
+            'bool' => PG::TextDecoder::Boolean,
+          }
+          known_coder_types = coders_by_name.keys.map { |n| quote(n) }
+          query = <<-SQL % known_coder_types.join(", ")
+            SELECT t.oid, t.typname
+            FROM pg_type as t
+            WHERE t.typname IN (%s)
+          SQL
+          coders = execute_and_clear(query, "SCHEMA", []) do |result|
+            result
+              .map { |row| construct_coder(row, coders_by_name[row['typname']]) }
+              .compact
+          end
 
-        def create_table_definition(name, temporary, options, as = nil)
-          TableDefinition.new native_database_types, name, temporary, options, as
-        end
+          map = PG::TypeMapByOid.new
+          coders.each { |coder| map.add_coder(coder) }
+          @connection.type_map_for_results = map
+        end
+
+        def construct_coder(row, coder_class)
+          return unless coder_class
+          coder_class.new(oid: row['oid'].to_i, name: row['typname'])
+        end
+
+        ActiveRecord::Type.add_modifier({ array: true }, OID::Array, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.add_modifier({ range: true }, OID::Range, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:bit, OID::Bit, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:bit_varying, OID::BitVarying, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:binary, OID::Bytea, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:cidr, OID::Cidr, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:date_time, OID::DateTime, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:decimal, OID::Decimal, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:enum, OID::Enum, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:hstore, OID::Hstore, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:inet, OID::Inet, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:json, OID::Json, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:jsonb, OID::Jsonb, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:money, OID::Money, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:point, OID::Point, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:legacy_point, OID::Point, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:rails_5_1_point, OID::Rails51Point, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:uuid, OID::Uuid, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:vector, OID::Vector, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:xml, OID::Xml, adapter: :postgresql)
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/schema_cache.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/schema_cache.rb
index e5c9f6f54a..eee142378c 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/schema_cache.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/schema_cache.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     class SchemaCache
@@ -11,43 +10,58 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @columns      = {}
         @columns_hash = {}
         @primary_keys = {}
-        @tables       = {}
-        prepare_default_proc
+        @data_sources = {}
+      end
+
+      def initialize_dup(other)
+        super
+        @columns      = @columns.dup
+        @columns_hash = @columns_hash.dup
+        @primary_keys = @primary_keys.dup
+        @data_sources = @data_sources.dup
       end
 
       def primary_keys(table_name)
-        @primary_keys[table_name]
+        @primary_keys[table_name] ||= data_source_exists?(table_name) ? connection.primary_key(table_name) : nil
       end
 
       # A cached lookup for table existence.
-      def table_exists?(name)
-        return @tables[name] if @tables.key? name
+      def data_source_exists?(name)
+        prepare_data_sources if @data_sources.empty?
+        return @data_sources[name] if @data_sources.key? name
 
-        @tables[name] = connection.table_exists?(name)
+        @data_sources[name] = connection.data_source_exists?(name)
       end
+      alias table_exists? data_source_exists?
+      deprecate :table_exists? => "use #data_source_exists? instead"
+
 
       # Add internal cache for table with +table_name+.
       def add(table_name)
-        if table_exists?(table_name)
-          @primary_keys[table_name]
-          @columns[table_name]
-          @columns_hash[table_name]
+        if data_source_exists?(table_name)
+          primary_keys(table_name)
+          columns(table_name)
+          columns_hash(table_name)
         end
       end
 
-      def tables(name)
-        @tables[name]
+      def data_sources(name)
+        @data_sources[name]
       end
+      alias tables data_sources
+      deprecate :tables => "use #data_sources instead"
 
       # Get the columns for a table
-      def columns(table)
-        @columns[table]
+      def columns(table_name)
+        @columns[table_name] ||= connection.columns(table_name)
       end
 
       # Get the columns for a table as a hash, key is the column name
       # value is the column object.
-      def columns_hash(table)
-        @columns_hash[table]
+      def columns_hash(table_name)
+        @columns_hash[table_name] ||= Hash[columns(table_name).map { |col|
+          [col.name, col]
+        }]
       end
 
       # Clears out internal caches
@@ -55,54 +69,39 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @columns.clear
         @columns_hash.clear
         @primary_keys.clear
-        @tables.clear
+        @data_sources.clear
         @version = nil
       end
 
       def size
-        [@columns, @columns_hash, @primary_keys, @tables].map { |x|
-          x.size
-        }.inject :+
+        [@columns, @columns_hash, @primary_keys, @data_sources].map(&:size).inject :+
       end
 
-      # Clear out internal caches for table with +table_name+.
-      def clear_table_cache!(table_name)
-        @columns.delete table_name
-        @columns_hash.delete table_name
-        @primary_keys.delete table_name
-        @tables.delete table_name
+      # Clear out internal caches for the data source +name+.
+      def clear_data_source_cache!(name)
+        @columns.delete name
+        @columns_hash.delete name
+        @primary_keys.delete name
+        @data_sources.delete name
       end
+      alias clear_table_cache! clear_data_source_cache!
+      deprecate :clear_table_cache! => "use #clear_data_source_cache! instead"
 
       def marshal_dump
         # if we get current version during initialization, it happens stack over flow.
         @version = ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version
-        [@version] + [@columns, @columns_hash, @primary_keys, @tables].map { |val|
-          Hash[val]
-        }
+        [@version, @columns, @columns_hash, @primary_keys, @data_sources]
       end
 
       def marshal_load(array)
-        @version, @columns, @columns_hash, @primary_keys, @tables = array
-        prepare_default_proc
+        @version, @columns, @columns_hash, @primary_keys, @data_sources = array
       end
 
       private
 
-      def prepare_default_proc
-        @columns.default_proc = Proc.new do |h, table_name|
-          h[table_name] = connection.columns(table_name)
+        def prepare_data_sources
+          connection.data_sources.each { |source| @data_sources[source] = true }
         end
-
-        @columns_hash.default_proc = Proc.new do |h, table_name|
-          h[table_name] = Hash[columns(table_name).map { |col|
-            [col.name, col]
-          }]
-        end
-
-        @primary_keys.default_proc = Proc.new do |h, table_name|
-          h[table_name] = table_exists?(table_name) ? connection.primary_key(table_name) : nil
-        end
-      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sql_type_metadata.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sql_type_metadata.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ccb7e154ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sql_type_metadata.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  # :stopdoc:
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    class SqlTypeMetadata
+      attr_reader :sql_type, :type, :limit, :precision, :scale
+
+      def initialize(sql_type: nil, type: nil, limit: nil, precision: nil, scale: nil)
+        @sql_type = sql_type
+        @type = type
+        @limit = limit
+        @precision = precision
+        @scale = scale
+      end
+
+      def ==(other)
+        other.is_a?(SqlTypeMetadata) &&
+          attributes_for_hash == other.attributes_for_hash
+      end
+      alias eql? ==
+
+      def hash
+        attributes_for_hash.hash
+      end
+
+      protected
+
+      def attributes_for_hash
+        [self.class, sql_type, type, limit, precision, scale]
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3/schema_creation.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3/schema_creation.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fe1dcbd710
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3/schema_creation.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module SQLite3
+      class SchemaCreation < AbstractAdapter::SchemaCreation
+        private
+          def add_column_options!(sql, options)
+            if options[:collation]
+              sql << " COLLATE \"#{options[:collation]}\""
+            end
+            super
+          end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3_adapter.rb
index 3c5f7a981e..163cbb875f 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3_adapter.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 require 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter'
 require 'active_record/connection_adapters/statement_pool'
-require 'arel/visitors/bind_visitor'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3/schema_creation'
 
 gem 'sqlite3', '~> 1.3.6'
 require 'sqlite3'
@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         raise ArgumentError, "No database file specified. Missing argument: database"
       end
 
-      # Allow database path relative to Rails.root, but only if
-      # the database path is not the special path that tells
-      # Sqlite to build a database only in memory.
+      # Allow database path relative to Rails.root, but only if the database
+      # path is not the special path that tells sqlite to build a database only
+      # in memory.
       if ':memory:' != config[:database]
         config[:database] = File.expand_path(config[:database], Rails.root) if defined?(Rails.root)
         dirname = File.dirname(config[:database])
@@ -30,28 +30,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       db.busy_timeout(ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter.type_cast_config_to_integer(config[:timeout])) if config[:timeout]
 
-      ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter.new(db, logger, config)
+      ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter.new(db, logger, nil, config)
     rescue Errno::ENOENT => error
       if error.message.include?("No such file or directory")
-        raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError.new(error.message)
+        raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError
       else
-        raise error
+        raise
       end
     end
   end
 
   module ConnectionAdapters #:nodoc:
-    class SQLite3Column < Column #:nodoc:
-      class <<  self
-        def binary_to_string(value)
-          if value.encoding != Encoding::ASCII_8BIT
-            value = value.force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
-          end
-          value
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
     # The SQLite3 adapter works SQLite 3.6.16 or newer
     # with the sqlite3-ruby drivers (available as gem from https://rubygems.org/gems/sqlite3).
     #
@@ -59,94 +48,52 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # * <tt>:database</tt> - Path to the database file.
     class SQLite3Adapter < AbstractAdapter
+      ADAPTER_NAME = 'SQLite'.freeze
       include Savepoints
 
       NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES = {
         primary_key:  'INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT NOT NULL',
-        string:       { name: "varchar", limit: 255 },
+        string:       { name: "varchar" },
         text:         { name: "text" },
         integer:      { name: "integer" },
         float:        { name: "float" },
         decimal:      { name: "decimal" },
         datetime:     { name: "datetime" },
-        timestamp:    { name: "datetime" },
         time:         { name: "time" },
         date:         { name: "date" },
         binary:       { name: "blob" },
         boolean:      { name: "boolean" }
       }
 
-      class Version
-        include Comparable
-
-        def initialize(version_string)
-          @version = version_string.split('.').map { |v| v.to_i }
-        end
-
-        def <=>(version_string)
-          @version <=> version_string.split('.').map { |v| v.to_i }
-        end
-      end
-
       class StatementPool < ConnectionAdapters::StatementPool
-        def initialize(connection, max)
-          super
-          @cache = Hash.new { |h,pid| h[pid] = {} }
-        end
-
-        def each(&block); cache.each(&block); end
-        def key?(key);    cache.key?(key); end
-        def [](key);      cache[key]; end
-        def length;       cache.length; end
-
-        def []=(sql, key)
-          while @max <= cache.size
-            dealloc(cache.shift.last[:stmt])
-          end
-          cache[sql] = key
-        end
-
-        def clear
-          cache.values.each do |hash|
-            dealloc hash[:stmt]
-          end
-          cache.clear
-        end
-
         private
-        def cache
-          @cache[$$]
-        end
 
         def dealloc(stmt)
-          stmt.close unless stmt.closed?
+          stmt[:stmt].close unless stmt[:stmt].closed?
         end
       end
 
-      class BindSubstitution < Arel::Visitors::SQLite # :nodoc:
-        include Arel::Visitors::BindVisitor
+      def schema_creation # :nodoc:
+        SQLite3::SchemaCreation.new self
       end
 
-      def initialize(connection, logger, config)
-        super(connection, logger)
+      def initialize(connection, logger, connection_options, config)
+        super(connection, logger, config)
 
         @active     = nil
-        @statements = StatementPool.new(@connection,
-                                        self.class.type_cast_config_to_integer(config.fetch(:statement_limit) { 1000 }))
-        @config = config
+        @statements = StatementPool.new(self.class.type_cast_config_to_integer(config.fetch(:statement_limit) { 1000 }))
+
+        @visitor = Arel::Visitors::SQLite.new self
+        @quoted_column_names = {}
 
         if self.class.type_cast_config_to_boolean(config.fetch(:prepared_statements) { true })
           @prepared_statements = true
-          @visitor = Arel::Visitors::SQLite.new self
+          @visitor.extend(DetermineIfPreparableVisitor)
         else
-          @visitor = unprepared_visitor
+          @prepared_statements = false
         end
       end
 
-      def adapter_name #:nodoc:
-        'SQLite'
-      end
-
       def supports_ddl_transactions?
         true
       end
@@ -178,7 +125,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         true
       end
 
-      def supports_add_column?
+      def supports_views?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_datetime_with_precision?
         true
       end
 
@@ -225,10 +176,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # QUOTING ==================================================
 
-      def quote(value, column = nil)
-        if value.kind_of?(String) && column && column.type == :binary
-          s = value.unpack("H*")[0]
-          "x'#{s}'"
+      def _quote(value) # :nodoc:
+        case value
+        when Type::Binary::Data
+          "x'#{value.hex}'"
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      def _type_cast(value) # :nodoc:
+        case value
+        when BigDecimal
+          value.to_f
+        when String
+          if value.encoding == Encoding::ASCII_8BIT
+            super(value.encode(Encoding::UTF_8))
+          else
+            super
+          end
         else
           super
         end
@@ -243,41 +209,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def quote_column_name(name) #:nodoc:
-        %Q("#{name.to_s.gsub('"', '""')}")
-      end
-
-      # Quote date/time values for use in SQL input. Includes microseconds
-      # if the value is a Time responding to usec.
-      def quoted_date(value) #:nodoc:
-        if value.respond_to?(:usec)
-          "#{super}.#{sprintf("%06d", value.usec)}"
-        else
-          super
-        end
-      end
-
-      def type_cast(value, column) # :nodoc:
-        return value.to_f if BigDecimal === value
-        return super unless String === value
-        return super unless column && value
-
-        value = super
-        if column.type == :string && value.encoding == Encoding::ASCII_8BIT
-          logger.error "Binary data inserted for `string` type on column `#{column.name}`" if logger
-          value = value.encode Encoding::UTF_8
-        end
-        value
+        @quoted_column_names[name] ||= %Q("#{name.to_s.gsub('"', '""')}")
       end
 
+      #--
       # DATABASE STATEMENTS ======================================
+      #++
 
       def explain(arel, binds = [])
         sql = "EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN #{to_sql(arel, binds)}"
-        ExplainPrettyPrinter.new.pp(exec_query(sql, 'EXPLAIN', binds))
+        ExplainPrettyPrinter.new.pp(exec_query(sql, 'EXPLAIN', []))
       end
 
       class ExplainPrettyPrinter
-        # Pretty prints the result of a EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN in a way that resembles
+        # Pretty prints the result of an EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN in a way that resembles
         # the output of the SQLite shell:
         #
         #   0|0|0|SEARCH TABLE users USING INTEGER PRIMARY KEY (rowid=?) (~1 rows)
@@ -290,18 +235,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def exec_query(sql, name = nil, binds = [])
-        type_casted_binds = binds.map { |col, val|
-          [col, type_cast(val, col)]
-        }
+      def exec_query(sql, name = nil, binds = [], prepare: false)
+        type_casted_binds = binds.map { |attr| type_cast(attr.value_for_database) }
 
-        log(sql, name, type_casted_binds) do
+        log(sql, name, binds) do
           # Don't cache statements if they are not prepared
-          if without_prepared_statement?(binds)
+          unless prepare
             stmt    = @connection.prepare(sql)
-            cols    = stmt.columns
-            records = stmt.to_a
-            stmt.close
+            begin
+              cols    = stmt.columns
+              unless without_prepared_statement?(binds)
+                stmt.bind_params(type_casted_binds)
+              end
+              records = stmt.to_a
+            ensure
+              stmt.close
+            end
             stmt = records
           else
             cache = @statements[sql] ||= {
@@ -310,7 +259,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             stmt = cache[:stmt]
             cols = cache[:cols] ||= stmt.columns
             stmt.reset!
-            stmt.bind_params type_casted_binds.map { |_, val| val }
+            stmt.bind_params(type_casted_binds)
           end
 
           ActiveRecord::Result.new(cols, stmt.to_a)
@@ -359,30 +308,65 @@ module ActiveRecord
         log('commit transaction',nil) { @connection.commit }
       end
 
-      def rollback_db_transaction #:nodoc:
+      def exec_rollback_db_transaction #:nodoc:
         log('rollback transaction',nil) { @connection.rollback }
       end
 
       # SCHEMA STATEMENTS ========================================
 
-      def tables(name = nil, table_name = nil) #:nodoc:
-        sql = <<-SQL
-          SELECT name
-          FROM sqlite_master
-          WHERE type = 'table' AND NOT name = 'sqlite_sequence'
-        SQL
-        sql << " AND name = #{quote_table_name(table_name)}" if table_name
+      def tables(name = nil) # :nodoc:
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
+          #tables currently returns both tables and views.
+          This behavior is deprecated and will be changed with Rails 5.1 to only return tables.
+          Use #data_sources instead.
+        MSG
 
-        exec_query(sql, 'SCHEMA').map do |row|
-          row['name']
+        if name
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
+            Passing arguments to #tables is deprecated without replacement.
+          MSG
         end
+
+        data_sources
+      end
+
+      def data_sources
+        select_values("SELECT name FROM sqlite_master WHERE type IN ('table','view') AND name <> 'sqlite_sequence'", 'SCHEMA')
       end
 
       def table_exists?(table_name)
-        table_name && tables(nil, table_name).any?
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
+          #table_exists? currently checks both tables and views.
+          This behavior is deprecated and will be changed with Rails 5.1 to only check tables.
+          Use #data_source_exists? instead.
+        MSG
+
+        data_source_exists?(table_name)
       end
 
-      # Returns an array of +SQLite3Column+ objects for the table specified by +table_name+.
+      def data_source_exists?(table_name)
+        return false unless table_name.present?
+
+        sql = "SELECT name FROM sqlite_master WHERE type IN ('table','view') AND name <> 'sqlite_sequence'"
+        sql << " AND name = #{quote(table_name)}"
+
+        select_values(sql, 'SCHEMA').any?
+      end
+
+      def views # :nodoc:
+        select_values("SELECT name FROM sqlite_master WHERE type = 'view' AND name <> 'sqlite_sequence'", 'SCHEMA')
+      end
+
+      def view_exists?(view_name) # :nodoc:
+        return false unless view_name.present?
+
+        sql = "SELECT name FROM sqlite_master WHERE type = 'view' AND name <> 'sqlite_sequence'"
+        sql << " AND name = #{quote(view_name)}"
+
+        select_values(sql, 'SCHEMA').any?
+      end
+
+      # Returns an array of +Column+ objects for the table specified by +table_name+.
       def columns(table_name) #:nodoc:
         table_structure(table_name).map do |field|
           case field["dflt_value"]
@@ -394,7 +378,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
             field["dflt_value"] = $1.gsub('""', '"')
           end
 
-          SQLite3Column.new(field['name'], field['dflt_value'], field['type'], field['notnull'].to_i == 0)
+          collation = field['collation']
+          sql_type = field['type']
+          type_metadata = fetch_type_metadata(sql_type)
+          new_column(field['name'], field['dflt_value'], type_metadata, field['notnull'].to_i == 0, nil, collation)
         end
       end
 
@@ -423,14 +410,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def primary_key(table_name) #:nodoc:
-        column = table_structure(table_name).find { |field|
-          field['pk'] == 1
-        }
-        column && column['name']
+      def primary_keys(table_name) # :nodoc:
+        pks = table_structure(table_name).select { |f| f['pk'] > 0 }
+        pks.sort_by { |f| f['pk'] }.map { |f| f['name'] }
       end
 
-      def remove_index!(table_name, index_name) #:nodoc:
+      def remove_index(table_name, options = {}) #:nodoc:
+        index_name = index_name_for_remove(table_name, options)
         exec_query "DROP INDEX #{quote_column_name(index_name)}"
       end
 
@@ -445,12 +431,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # See: http://www.sqlite.org/lang_altertable.html
       # SQLite has an additional restriction on the ALTER TABLE statement
-      def valid_alter_table_options( type, options)
+      def valid_alter_table_type?(type)
         type.to_sym != :primary_key
       end
 
       def add_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {}) #:nodoc:
-        if supports_add_column? && valid_alter_table_options( type, options )
+        if valid_alter_table_type?(type)
           super(table_name, column_name, type, options)
         else
           alter_table(table_name) do |definition|
@@ -465,13 +451,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default) #:nodoc:
+      def change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default_or_changes) #:nodoc:
+        default = extract_new_default_value(default_or_changes)
+
         alter_table(table_name) do |definition|
           definition[column_name].default = default
         end
       end
 
-      def change_column_null(table_name, column_name, null, default = nil)
+      def change_column_null(table_name, column_name, null, default = nil) #:nodoc:
         unless null || default.nil?
           exec_query("UPDATE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} SET #{quote_column_name(column_name)}=#{quote(default)} WHERE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} IS NULL")
         end
@@ -490,27 +478,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
             self.null    = options[:null] if options.include?(:null)
             self.precision = options[:precision] if options.include?(:precision)
             self.scale   = options[:scale] if options.include?(:scale)
+            self.collation = options[:collation] if options.include?(:collation)
           end
         end
       end
 
       def rename_column(table_name, column_name, new_column_name) #:nodoc:
-        unless columns(table_name).detect{|c| c.name == column_name.to_s }
-          raise ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError, "Missing column #{table_name}.#{column_name}"
-        end
-        alter_table(table_name, :rename => {column_name.to_s => new_column_name.to_s})
-        rename_column_indexes(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
+        column = column_for(table_name, column_name)
+        alter_table(table_name, rename: {column.name => new_column_name.to_s})
+        rename_column_indexes(table_name, column.name, new_column_name)
       end
 
       protected
-        def select(sql, name = nil, binds = []) #:nodoc:
-          exec_query(sql, name, binds)
-        end
 
         def table_structure(table_name)
-          structure = exec_query("PRAGMA table_info(#{quote_table_name(table_name)})", 'SCHEMA').to_hash
+          structure = exec_query("PRAGMA table_info(#{quote_table_name(table_name)})", 'SCHEMA')
           raise(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid, "Could not find table '#{table_name}'") if structure.empty?
-          structure
+          table_structure_with_collation(table_name, structure)
         end
 
         def alter_table(table_name, options = {}) #:nodoc:
@@ -545,13 +529,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
               @definition.column(column_name, column.type,
                 :limit => column.limit, :default => column.default,
                 :precision => column.precision, :scale => column.scale,
-                :null => column.null)
+                :null => column.null, collation: column.collation)
             end
             yield @definition if block_given?
           end
           copy_table_indexes(from, to, options[:rename] || {})
           copy_table_contents(from, to,
-            @definition.columns.map {|column| column.name},
+            @definition.columns.map(&:name),
             options[:rename] || {})
         end
 
@@ -564,7 +548,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
               name = name[1..-1]
             end
 
-            to_column_names = columns(to).map { |c| c.name }
+            to_column_names = columns(to).map(&:name)
             columns = index.columns.map {|c| rename[c] || c }.select do |column|
               to_column_names.include?(column)
             end
@@ -581,25 +565,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def copy_table_contents(from, to, columns, rename = {}) #:nodoc:
           column_mappings = Hash[columns.map {|name| [name, name]}]
           rename.each { |a| column_mappings[a.last] = a.first }
-          from_columns = columns(from).collect {|col| col.name}
+          from_columns = columns(from).collect(&:name)
           columns = columns.find_all{|col| from_columns.include?(column_mappings[col])}
+          from_columns_to_copy = columns.map { |col| column_mappings[col] }
           quoted_columns = columns.map { |col| quote_column_name(col) } * ','
+          quoted_from_columns = from_columns_to_copy.map { |col| quote_column_name(col) } * ','
 
-          quoted_to = quote_table_name(to)
-
-          raw_column_mappings = Hash[columns(from).map { |c| [c.name, c] }]
-
-          exec_query("SELECT * FROM #{quote_table_name(from)}").each do |row|
-            sql = "INSERT INTO #{quoted_to} (#{quoted_columns}) VALUES ("
-
-            column_values = columns.map do |col|
-              quote(row[column_mappings[col]], raw_column_mappings[col])
-            end
-
-            sql << column_values * ', '
-            sql << ')'
-            exec_query sql
-          end
+          exec_query("INSERT INTO #{quote_table_name(to)} (#{quoted_columns})
+                     SELECT #{quoted_from_columns} FROM #{quote_table_name(from)}")
         end
 
         def sqlite_version
@@ -613,11 +586,51 @@ module ActiveRecord
           # Older versions of SQLite return:
           #   column *column_name* is not unique
           when /column(s)? .* (is|are) not unique/, /UNIQUE constraint failed: .*/
-            RecordNotUnique.new(message, exception)
+            RecordNotUnique.new(message)
           else
             super
           end
         end
+
+      private
+        COLLATE_REGEX = /.*\"(\w+)\".*collate\s+\"(\w+)\".*/i.freeze
+
+        def table_structure_with_collation(table_name, basic_structure)
+          collation_hash = {}
+          sql            = "SELECT sql FROM
+                              (SELECT * FROM sqlite_master UNION ALL
+                               SELECT * FROM sqlite_temp_master)
+                            WHERE type='table' and name='#{ table_name }' \;"
+
+          # Result will have following sample string
+          # CREATE TABLE "users" ("id" INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT NOT NULL,
+          #                       "password_digest" varchar COLLATE "NOCASE");
+          result = exec_query(sql, 'SCHEMA').first
+
+          if result
+            # Splitting with left parantheses and picking up last will return all
+            # columns separated with comma(,).
+            columns_string = result["sql"].split('(').last
+
+            columns_string.split(',').each do |column_string|
+              # This regex will match the column name and collation type and will save
+              # the value in $1 and $2 respectively.
+              collation_hash[$1] = $2 if (COLLATE_REGEX =~ column_string)
+            end
+
+            basic_structure.map! do |column|
+              column_name = column['name']
+
+              if collation_hash.has_key? column_name
+                column['collation'] = collation_hash[column_name]
+              end
+
+              column
+            end
+          else
+            basic_structure.to_hash
+          end
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/statement_pool.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/statement_pool.rb
index c6b1bc8b5b..57463dd749 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/statement_pool.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/statement_pool.rb
@@ -3,36 +3,53 @@ module ActiveRecord
     class StatementPool
       include Enumerable
 
-      def initialize(connection, max = 1000)
-        @connection = connection
-        @max        = max
+      def initialize(max = 1000)
+        @cache = Hash.new { |h,pid| h[pid] = {} }
+        @max = max
       end
 
-      def each
-        raise NotImplementedError
+      def each(&block)
+        cache.each(&block)
       end
 
       def key?(key)
-        raise NotImplementedError
+        cache.key?(key)
       end
 
       def [](key)
-        raise NotImplementedError
+        cache[key]
       end
 
       def length
-        raise NotImplementedError
+        cache.length
       end
 
-      def []=(sql, key)
-        raise NotImplementedError
+      def []=(sql, stmt)
+        while @max <= cache.size
+          dealloc(cache.shift.last)
+        end
+        cache[sql] = stmt
       end
 
       def clear
-        raise NotImplementedError
+        cache.each_value do |stmt|
+          dealloc stmt
+        end
+        cache.clear
       end
 
       def delete(key)
+        dealloc cache[key]
+        cache.delete(key)
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def cache
+        @cache[Process.pid]
+      end
+
+      def dealloc(stmt)
         raise NotImplementedError
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_handling.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_handling.rb
index 4ba4e09777..aedef54928 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_handling.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_handling.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionHandling
-    RAILS_ENV   = -> { Rails.env if defined?(Rails) }
+    RAILS_ENV   = -> { (Rails.env if defined?(Rails.env)) || ENV["RAILS_ENV"] || ENV["RACK_ENV"] }
     DEFAULT_ENV = -> { RAILS_ENV.call || "default_env" }
 
     # Establishes the connection to the database. Accepts a hash as input where
     # the <tt>:adapter</tt> key must be specified with the name of a database adapter (in lower-case)
-    # example for regular databases (MySQL, Postgresql, etc):
+    # example for regular databases (MySQL, PostgreSQL, etc):
     #
     #   ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(
     #     adapter:  "mysql",
@@ -18,14 +18,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Example for SQLite database:
     #
     #   ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(
-    #     adapter:  "sqlite",
+    #     adapter:  "sqlite3",
     #     database: "path/to/dbfile"
     #   )
     #
     # Also accepts keys as strings (for parsing from YAML for example):
     #
     #   ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(
-    #     "adapter"  => "sqlite",
+    #     "adapter"  => "sqlite3",
     #     "database" => "path/to/dbfile"
     #   )
     #
@@ -35,14 +35,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #     "postgres://myuser:mypass@localhost/somedatabase"
     #   )
     #
-    # In case <tt>ActiveRecord::Base.configurations</tt> is set (Rails
-    # automatically loads the contents of config/database.yml into it),
+    # In case {ActiveRecord::Base.configurations}[rdoc-ref:Core.configurations]
+    # is set (Rails automatically loads the contents of config/database.yml into it),
     # a symbol can also be given as argument, representing a key in the
     # configuration hash:
     #
     #   ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(:production)
     #
-    # The exceptions AdapterNotSpecified, AdapterNotFound and ArgumentError
+    # The exceptions AdapterNotSpecified, AdapterNotFound and +ArgumentError+
     # may be returned on an error.
     def establish_connection(spec = nil)
       spec     ||= DEFAULT_ENV.call.to_sym
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     class MergeAndResolveDefaultUrlConfig # :nodoc:
-      def initialize(raw_configurations, url = ENV['DATABASE_URL'])
+      def initialize(raw_configurations)
         @raw_config = raw_configurations.dup
-        @url        = url
+        @env = DEFAULT_ENV.call.to_s
       end
 
       # Returns fully resolved connection hashes.
@@ -71,33 +71,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       private
         def config
-          if @url
-            raw_merged_into_default
-          else
-            @raw_config
-          end
-        end
-
-        def raw_merged_into_default
-          default = default_url_hash
-
-          @raw_config.each do |env, values|
-            default[env] = values || {}
-            default[env].merge!("url" => @url) { |h, v1, v2| v1 || v2 } if default[env].is_a?(Hash)
-          end
-          default
-        end
-
-        # When the raw configuration is not present and ENV['DATABASE_URL']
-        # is available we return a hash with the connection information in
-        # the connection URL. This hash responds to any string key with
-        # resolved connection information.
-        def default_url_hash
-          Hash.new do |hash, key|
-            hash[key] = if key.is_a? String
-               ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionSpecification::ConnectionUrlResolver.new(@url).to_hash
-            else
-              nil
+          @raw_config.dup.tap do |cfg|
+            if url = ENV['DATABASE_URL']
+              cfg[@env] ||= {}
+              cfg[@env]["url"] ||= url
             end
           end
         end
@@ -111,7 +88,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def connection_id
-      ActiveRecord::RuntimeRegistry.connection_id
+      ActiveRecord::RuntimeRegistry.connection_id ||= Thread.current.object_id
     end
 
     def connection_id=(connection_id)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/core.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/core.rb
index d9aaf8597f..1250f8a3c3 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/core.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/core.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
+require 'thread'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable'
-require 'thread'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/filters'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module Core
@@ -16,7 +17,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       mattr_accessor :logger, instance_writer: false
 
       ##
-      # :singleton-method:
       # Contains the database configuration - as is typically stored in config/database.yml -
       # as a Hash.
       #
@@ -85,13 +85,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
       mattr_accessor :dump_schema_after_migration, instance_writer: false
       self.dump_schema_after_migration = true
 
-      # :nodoc:
+      ##
+      # :singleton-method:
+      # Specifies which database schemas to dump when calling db:structure:dump.
+      # If the value is :schema_search_path (the default), any schemas listed in
+      # schema_search_path are dumped. Use :all to dump all schemas regardless
+      # of schema_search_path, or a string of comma separated schemas for a
+      # custom list.
+      mattr_accessor :dump_schemas, instance_writer: false
+      self.dump_schemas = :schema_search_path
+
+      ##
+      # :singleton-method:
+      # Specify a threshold for the size of query result sets. If the number of
+      # records in the set exceeds the threshold, a warning is logged. This can
+      # be used to identify queries which load thousands of records and
+      # potentially cause memory bloat.
+      mattr_accessor :warn_on_records_fetched_greater_than, instance_writer: false
+      self.warn_on_records_fetched_greater_than = nil
+
       mattr_accessor :maintain_test_schema, instance_accessor: false
 
-      def self.disable_implicit_join_references=(value)
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("Implicit join references were removed with Rails 4.1." \
-                                        "Make sure to remove this configuration because it does nothing.")
-      end
+      mattr_accessor :belongs_to_required_by_default, instance_accessor: false
 
       class_attribute :default_connection_handler, instance_writer: false
 
@@ -107,9 +122,89 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     module ClassMethods
-      def initialize_generated_modules
+      def allocate
+        define_attribute_methods
         super
+      end
+
+      def initialize_find_by_cache # :nodoc:
+        @find_by_statement_cache = {}.extend(Mutex_m)
+      end
+
+      def inherited(child_class) # :nodoc:
+        # initialize cache at class definition for thread safety
+        child_class.initialize_find_by_cache
+        super
+      end
+
+      def find(*ids) # :nodoc:
+        # We don't have cache keys for this stuff yet
+        return super unless ids.length == 1
+        return super if block_given? ||
+                        primary_key.nil? ||
+                        scope_attributes? ||
+                        columns_hash.include?(inheritance_column) ||
+                        ids.first.kind_of?(Array)
+
+        id  = ids.first
+        if ActiveRecord::Base === id
+          id = id.id
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
+            You are passing an instance of ActiveRecord::Base to `find`.
+            Please pass the id of the object by calling `.id`
+          MSG
+        end
+
+        key = primary_key
 
+        statement = cached_find_by_statement(key) { |params|
+          where(key => params.bind).limit(1)
+        }
+        record = statement.execute([id], self, connection).first
+        unless record
+          raise RecordNotFound.new("Couldn't find #{name} with '#{primary_key}'=#{id}",
+                                   name, primary_key, id)
+        end
+        record
+      rescue RangeError
+        raise RecordNotFound.new("Couldn't find #{name} with an out of range value for '#{primary_key}'",
+                                 name, primary_key)
+      end
+
+      def find_by(*args) # :nodoc:
+        return super if scope_attributes? || !(Hash === args.first) || reflect_on_all_aggregations.any?
+
+        hash = args.first
+
+        return super if hash.values.any? { |v|
+          v.nil? || Array === v || Hash === v || Relation === v
+        }
+
+        # We can't cache Post.find_by(author: david) ...yet
+        return super unless hash.keys.all? { |k| columns_hash.has_key?(k.to_s) }
+
+        keys = hash.keys
+
+        statement = cached_find_by_statement(keys) { |params|
+          wheres = keys.each_with_object({}) { |param, o|
+            o[param] = params.bind
+          }
+          where(wheres).limit(1)
+        }
+        begin
+          statement.execute(hash.values, self, connection).first
+        rescue TypeError
+          raise ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
+        rescue RangeError
+          nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      def find_by!(*args) # :nodoc:
+        find_by(*args) or raise RecordNotFound.new("Couldn't find #{name}", name)
+      end
+
+      def initialize_generated_modules # :nodoc:
         generated_association_methods
       end
 
@@ -130,7 +225,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         elsif !connected?
           "#{super} (call '#{super}.connection' to establish a connection)"
         elsif table_exists?
-          attr_list = columns.map { |c| "#{c.name}: #{c.type}" } * ', '
+          attr_list = attribute_types.map { |name, type| "#{name}: #{type.type}" } * ', '
           "#{super}(#{attr_list})"
         else
           "#{super}(Table doesn't exist)"
@@ -148,7 +243,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #     scope :published_and_commented, -> { published.and(self.arel_table[:comments_count].gt(0)) }
       #   end
       def arel_table # :nodoc:
-        @arel_table ||= Arel::Table.new(table_name, arel_engine)
+        @arel_table ||= Arel::Table.new(table_name, type_caster: type_caster)
       end
 
       # Returns the Arel engine.
@@ -161,10 +256,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
       end
 
+      def predicate_builder # :nodoc:
+        @predicate_builder ||= PredicateBuilder.new(table_metadata)
+      end
+
+      def type_caster # :nodoc:
+        TypeCaster::Map.new(self)
+      end
+
       private
 
-      def relation #:nodoc:
-        relation = Relation.create(self, arel_table)
+      def cached_find_by_statement(key, &block) # :nodoc:
+        @find_by_statement_cache[key] || @find_by_statement_cache.synchronize {
+          @find_by_statement_cache[key] ||= StatementCache.create(connection, &block)
+        }
+      end
+
+      def relation # :nodoc:
+        relation = Relation.create(self, arel_table, predicate_builder)
 
         if finder_needs_type_condition?
           relation.where(type_condition).create_with(inheritance_column.to_sym => sti_name)
@@ -172,6 +281,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
           relation
         end
       end
+
+      def table_metadata # :nodoc:
+        TableMetadata.new(self, arel_table)
+      end
     end
 
     # New objects can be instantiated as either empty (pass no construction parameter) or pre-set with
@@ -182,46 +295,45 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # ==== Example:
     #   # Instantiates a single new object
     #   User.new(first_name: 'Jamie')
-    def initialize(attributes = nil, options = {})
-      defaults = self.class.column_defaults.dup
-      defaults.each { |k, v| defaults[k] = v.dup if v.duplicable? }
-
-      @attributes   = self.class.initialize_attributes(defaults)
-      @column_types_override = nil
-      @column_types = self.class.column_types
+    def initialize(attributes = nil)
+      @attributes = self.class._default_attributes.deep_dup
+      self.class.define_attribute_methods
 
       init_internals
       initialize_internals_callback
 
-      # +options+ argument is only needed to make protected_attributes gem easier to hook.
-      # Remove it when we drop support to this gem.
-      init_attributes(attributes, options) if attributes
+      assign_attributes(attributes) if attributes
 
       yield self if block_given?
-      run_callbacks :initialize unless _initialize_callbacks.empty?
+      _run_initialize_callbacks
     end
 
-    # Initialize an empty model object from +coder+. +coder+ must contain
-    # the attributes necessary for initializing an empty model object. For
-    # example:
+    # Initialize an empty model object from +coder+. +coder+ should be
+    # the result of previously encoding an Active Record model, using
+    # #encode_with.
     #
     #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
     #   end
     #
+    #   old_post = Post.new(title: "hello world")
+    #   coder = {}
+    #   old_post.encode_with(coder)
+    #
     #   post = Post.allocate
-    #   post.init_with('attributes' => { 'title' => 'hello world' })
+    #   post.init_with(coder)
     #   post.title # => 'hello world'
     def init_with(coder)
-      @attributes   = self.class.initialize_attributes(coder['attributes'])
-      @column_types_override = coder['column_types']
-      @column_types = self.class.column_types
+      coder = LegacyYamlAdapter.convert(self.class, coder)
+      @attributes = coder['attributes']
 
       init_internals
 
-      @new_record = false
+      @new_record = coder['new_record']
+
+      self.class.define_attribute_methods
 
-      run_callbacks :find
-      run_callbacks :initialize
+      _run_find_callbacks
+      _run_initialize_callbacks
 
       self
     end
@@ -254,26 +366,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     ##
     def initialize_dup(other) # :nodoc:
-      cloned_attributes = other.clone_attributes(:read_attribute_before_type_cast)
-      self.class.initialize_attributes(cloned_attributes, :serialized => false)
-
-      @attributes = cloned_attributes
-      @attributes[self.class.primary_key] = nil
+      @attributes = @attributes.deep_dup
+      @attributes.reset(self.class.primary_key)
 
-      run_callbacks(:initialize) unless _initialize_callbacks.empty?
-
-      @aggregation_cache = {}
-      @association_cache = {}
-      @attributes_cache  = {}
+      _run_initialize_callbacks
 
       @new_record  = true
+      @destroyed   = false
 
       super
     end
 
     # Populate +coder+ with attributes about this record that should be
     # serialized. The structure of +coder+ defined in this method is
-    # guaranteed to match the structure of +coder+ passed to the +init_with+
+    # guaranteed to match the structure of +coder+ passed to the #init_with
     # method.
     #
     # Example:
@@ -284,7 +390,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Post.new.encode_with(coder)
     #   coder # => {"attributes" => {"id" => nil, ... }}
     def encode_with(coder)
-      coder['attributes'] = attributes_for_coder
+      # FIXME: Remove this when we better serialize attributes
+      coder['raw_attributes'] = attributes_before_type_cast
+      coder['attributes'] = @attributes
+      coder['new_record'] = new_record?
+      coder['active_record_yaml_version'] = 1
     end
 
     # Returns true if +comparison_object+ is the same exact object, or +comparison_object+
@@ -299,7 +409,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def ==(comparison_object)
       super ||
         comparison_object.instance_of?(self.class) &&
-        id &&
+        !id.nil? &&
         comparison_object.id == id
     end
     alias :eql? :==
@@ -307,7 +417,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Delegates to id in order to allow two records of the same type and id to work with something like:
     #   [ Person.find(1), Person.find(2), Person.find(3) ] & [ Person.find(1), Person.find(4) ] # => [ Person.find(1) ]
     def hash
-      id.hash
+      if id
+        id.hash
+      else
+        super
+      end
     end
 
     # Clone and freeze the attributes hash such that associations are still
@@ -363,56 +477,37 @@ module ActiveRecord
       "#<#{self.class} #{inspection}>"
     end
 
+    # Takes a PP and prettily prints this record to it, allowing you to get a nice result from <tt>pp record</tt>
+    # when pp is required.
+    def pretty_print(pp)
+      return super if custom_inspect_method_defined?
+      pp.object_address_group(self) do
+        if defined?(@attributes) && @attributes
+          column_names = self.class.column_names.select { |name| has_attribute?(name) || new_record? }
+          pp.seplist(column_names, proc { pp.text ',' }) do |column_name|
+            column_value = read_attribute(column_name)
+            pp.breakable ' '
+            pp.group(1) do
+              pp.text column_name
+              pp.text ':'
+              pp.breakable
+              pp.pp column_value
+            end
+          end
+        else
+          pp.breakable ' '
+          pp.text 'not initialized'
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
     # Returns a hash of the given methods with their names as keys and returned values as values.
     def slice(*methods)
       Hash[methods.map! { |method| [method, public_send(method)] }].with_indifferent_access
     end
 
-    def set_transaction_state(state) # :nodoc:
-      @transaction_state = state
-    end
-
-    def has_transactional_callbacks? # :nodoc:
-      !_rollback_callbacks.empty? || !_commit_callbacks.empty? || !_create_callbacks.empty?
-    end
-
     private
 
-    # Updates the attributes on this particular ActiveRecord object so that
-    # if it is associated with a transaction, then the state of the AR object
-    # will be updated to reflect the current state of the transaction
-    #
-    # The @transaction_state variable stores the states of the associated
-    # transaction. This relies on the fact that a transaction can only be in
-    # one rollback or commit (otherwise a list of states would be required)
-    # Each AR object inside of a transaction carries that transaction's
-    # TransactionState.
-    #
-    # This method checks to see if the ActiveRecord object's state reflects
-    # the TransactionState, and rolls back or commits the ActiveRecord object
-    # as appropriate.
-    #
-    # Since ActiveRecord objects can be inside multiple transactions, this
-    # method recursively goes through the parent of the TransactionState and
-    # checks if the ActiveRecord object reflects the state of the object.
-    def sync_with_transaction_state
-      update_attributes_from_transaction_state(@transaction_state, 0)
-    end
-
-    def update_attributes_from_transaction_state(transaction_state, depth)
-      if transaction_state && transaction_state.finalized? && !has_transactional_callbacks?
-        unless @reflects_state[depth]
-          restore_transaction_record_state if transaction_state.rolledback?
-          clear_transaction_record_state
-          @reflects_state[depth] = true
-        end
-
-        if transaction_state.parent && !@reflects_state[depth+1]
-          update_attributes_from_transaction_state(transaction_state.parent, depth+1)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
     # Under Ruby 1.9, Array#flatten will call #to_ary (recursively) on each of the elements
     # of the array, and then rescues from the possible NoMethodError. If those elements are
     # ActiveRecord::Base's, then this triggers the various method_missing's that we have,
@@ -426,12 +521,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def init_internals
-      pk = self.class.primary_key
-      @attributes[pk] = nil unless @attributes.key?(pk)
-
-      @aggregation_cache        = {}
-      @association_cache        = {}
-      @attributes_cache         = {}
       @readonly                 = false
       @destroyed                = false
       @marked_for_destruction   = false
@@ -440,16 +529,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @txn                      = nil
       @_start_transaction_state = {}
       @transaction_state        = nil
-      @reflects_state           = [false]
     end
 
     def initialize_internals_callback
     end
 
-    # This method is needed to make protected_attributes gem easier to hook.
-    # Remove it when we drop support to this gem.
-    def init_attributes(attributes, options)
-      assign_attributes(attributes)
+    def thaw
+      if frozen?
+        @attributes = @attributes.dup
+      end
+    end
+
+    def custom_inspect_method_defined?
+      self.class.instance_method(:inspect).owner != ActiveRecord::Base.instance_method(:inspect).owner
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/counter_cache.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/counter_cache.rb
index dcbdf75627..9e7d391c70 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/counter_cache.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/counter_cache.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # ==== Parameters
       #
       # * +id+ - The id of the object you wish to reset a counter on.
-      # * +counters+ - One or more association counters to reset
+      # * +counters+ - One or more association counters to reset. Association name or counter name can be given.
       #
       # ==== Examples
       #
@@ -19,9 +19,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   Post.reset_counters(1, :comments)
       def reset_counters(id, *counters)
         object = find(id)
-        counters.each do |association|
-          has_many_association = reflect_on_association(association.to_sym)
-          raise ArgumentError, "'#{self.name}' has no association called '#{association}'" unless has_many_association
+        counters.each do |counter_association|
+          has_many_association = _reflect_on_association(counter_association)
+          unless has_many_association
+            has_many = reflect_on_all_associations(:has_many)
+            has_many_association = has_many.find { |association| association.counter_cache_column && association.counter_cache_column.to_sym == counter_association.to_sym }
+            counter_association = has_many_association.plural_name if has_many_association
+          end
+          raise ArgumentError, "'#{self.name}' has no association called '#{counter_association}'" unless has_many_association
 
           if has_many_association.is_a? ActiveRecord::Reflection::ThroughReflection
             has_many_association = has_many_association.through_reflection
@@ -29,27 +34,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
           foreign_key  = has_many_association.foreign_key.to_s
           child_class  = has_many_association.klass
-          belongs_to   = child_class.reflect_on_all_associations(:belongs_to)
-          reflection   = belongs_to.find { |e| e.foreign_key.to_s == foreign_key && e.options[:counter_cache].present? }
+          reflection   = child_class._reflections.values.find { |e| e.belongs_to? && e.foreign_key.to_s == foreign_key && e.options[:counter_cache].present? }
           counter_name = reflection.counter_cache_column
 
-          stmt = unscoped.where(arel_table[primary_key].eq(object.id)).arel.compile_update({
-            arel_table[counter_name] => object.send(association).count
-          }, primary_key)
-          connection.update stmt
+          unscoped.where(primary_key => object.id).update_all(
+            counter_name => object.send(counter_association).count(:all)
+          )
         end
         return true
       end
 
       # A generic "counter updater" implementation, intended primarily to be
-      # used by increment_counter and decrement_counter, but which may also
+      # used by #increment_counter and #decrement_counter, but which may also
       # be useful on its own. It simply does a direct SQL update for the record
       # with the given ID, altering the given hash of counters by the amount
       # given by the corresponding value:
       #
       # ==== Parameters
       #
-      # * +id+ - The id of the object you wish to update a counter on or an Array of ids.
+      # * +id+ - The id of the object you wish to update a counter on or an array of ids.
       # * +counters+ - A Hash containing the names of the fields
       #   to update as keys and the amount to update the field by as values.
       #
@@ -83,14 +86,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Increment a numeric field by one, via a direct SQL update.
       #
       # This method is used primarily for maintaining counter_cache columns that are
-      # used to store aggregate values. For example, a DiscussionBoard may cache
+      # used to store aggregate values. For example, a +DiscussionBoard+ may cache
       # posts_count and comments_count to avoid running an SQL query to calculate the
       # number of posts and comments there are, each time it is displayed.
       #
       # ==== Parameters
       #
       # * +counter_name+ - The name of the field that should be incremented.
-      # * +id+ - The id of the object that should be incremented or an Array of ids.
+      # * +id+ - The id of the object that should be incremented or an array of ids.
       #
       # ==== Examples
       #
@@ -102,13 +105,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Decrement a numeric field by one, via a direct SQL update.
       #
-      # This works the same as increment_counter but reduces the column value by
+      # This works the same as #increment_counter but reduces the column value by
       # 1 instead of increasing it.
       #
       # ==== Parameters
       #
       # * +counter_name+ - The name of the field that should be decremented.
-      # * +id+ - The id of the object that should be decremented or an Array of ids.
+      # * +id+ - The id of the object that should be decremented or an array of ids.
       #
       # ==== Examples
       #
@@ -118,5 +121,44 @@ module ActiveRecord
         update_counters(id, counter_name => -1)
       end
     end
+
+    private
+
+      def _create_record(*)
+        id = super
+
+        each_counter_cached_associations do |association|
+          if send(association.reflection.name)
+            association.increment_counters
+            @_after_create_counter_called = true
+          end
+        end
+
+        id
+      end
+
+      def destroy_row
+        affected_rows = super
+
+        if affected_rows > 0
+          each_counter_cached_associations do |association|
+            foreign_key = association.reflection.foreign_key.to_sym
+            unless destroyed_by_association && destroyed_by_association.foreign_key.to_sym == foreign_key
+              if send(association.reflection.name)
+                association.decrement_counters
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        affected_rows
+      end
+
+      def each_counter_cached_associations
+        _reflections.each do |name, reflection|
+          yield association(name.to_sym) if reflection.belongs_to? && reflection.counter_cache_column
+        end
+      end
+
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/dynamic_matchers.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/dynamic_matchers.rb
index e94b74063e..b6dd6814db 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/dynamic_matchers.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/dynamic_matchers.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,5 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   module DynamicMatchers #:nodoc:
-    # This code in this file seems to have a lot of indirection, but the indirection
-    # is there to provide extension points for the activerecord-deprecated_finders
-    # gem. When we stop supporting activerecord-deprecated_finders (from Rails 5),
-    # then we can remove the indirection.
-
     def respond_to?(name, include_private = false)
       if self == Base
         super
@@ -72,26 +67,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         CODE
       end
 
-      def body
-        raise NotImplementedError
-      end
-    end
+      private
 
-    module Finder
-      # Extended in activerecord-deprecated_finders
       def body
-        result
-      end
-
-      # Extended in activerecord-deprecated_finders
-      def result
         "#{finder}(#{attributes_hash})"
       end
 
       # The parameters in the signature may have reserved Ruby words, in order
       # to prevent errors, we start each param name with `_`.
-      #
-      # Extended in activerecord-deprecated_finders
       def signature
         attribute_names.map { |name| "_#{name}" }.join(', ')
       end
@@ -109,7 +92,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     class FindBy < Method
       Method.matchers << self
-      include Finder
 
       def self.prefix
         "find_by"
@@ -122,7 +104,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     class FindByBang < Method
       Method.matchers << self
-      include Finder
 
       def self.prefix
         "find_by"
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/enum.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/enum.rb
index 4aa323fb00..7ded96f8fb 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/enum.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/enum.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/deep_dup'
+
 module ActiveRecord
   # Declare an enum attribute where the values map to integers in the database,
   # but can be queried by name. Example:
@@ -16,17 +18,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #   conversation.archived? # => true
   #   conversation.status    # => "archived"
   #
-  #   # conversation.update! status: 1
+  #   # conversation.status = 1
   #   conversation.status = "archived"
   #
-  #   # conversation.update! status: nil
   #   conversation.status = nil
   #   conversation.status.nil? # => true
   #   conversation.status      # => nil
   #
   # Scopes based on the allowed values of the enum field will be provided
-  # as well. With the above example, it will create an +active+ and +archived+
-  # scope.
+  # as well. With the above example:
+  #
+  #   Conversation.active
+  #   Conversation.archived
+  #
+  # Of course, you can also query them directly if the scopes don't fit your
+  # needs:
+  #
+  #   Conversation.where(status: [:active, :archived])
+  #   Conversation.where.not(status: :active)
   #
   # You can set the default value from the database declaration, like:
   #
@@ -37,13 +46,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # Good practice is to let the first declared status be the default.
   #
   # Finally, it's also possible to explicitly map the relation between attribute and
-  # database integer with a +Hash+:
+  # database integer with a hash:
   #
   #   class Conversation < ActiveRecord::Base
   #     enum status: { active: 0, archived: 1 }
   #   end
   #
-  # Note that when an +Array+ is used, the implicit mapping from the values to database
+  # Note that when an array is used, the implicit mapping from the values to database
   # integers is derived from the order the values appear in the array. In the example,
   # <tt>:active</tt> is mapped to +0+ as it's the first element, and <tt>:archived</tt>
   # is mapped to +1+. In general, the +i+-th element is mapped to <tt>i-1</tt> in the
@@ -51,28 +60,92 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #
   # Therefore, once a value is added to the enum array, its position in the array must
   # be maintained, and new values should only be added to the end of the array. To
-  # remove unused values, the explicit +Hash+ syntax should be used.
+  # remove unused values, the explicit hash syntax should be used.
   #
   # In rare circumstances you might need to access the mapping directly.
   # The mappings are exposed through a class method with the pluralized attribute
-  # name:
+  # name, which return the mapping in a +HashWithIndifferentAccess+:
   #
-  #   Conversation.statuses # => { "active" => 0, "archived" => 1 }
+  #   Conversation.statuses[:active]    # => 0
+  #   Conversation.statuses["archived"] # => 1
   #
-  # Use that class method when you need to know the ordinal value of an enum:
+  # Use that class method when you need to know the ordinal value of an enum.
+  # For example, you can use that when manually building SQL strings:
   #
   #   Conversation.where("status <> ?", Conversation.statuses[:archived])
   #
-  # Where conditions on an enum attribute must use the ordinal value of an enum.
+  # You can use the +:_prefix+ or +:_suffix+ options when you need to define
+  # multiple enums with same values. If the passed value is +true+, the methods
+  # are prefixed/suffixed with the name of the enum. It is also possible to
+  # supply a custom value:
+  #
+  #   class Conversation < ActiveRecord::Base
+  #     enum status: [:active, :archived], _suffix: true
+  #     enum comments_status: [:active, :inactive], _prefix: :comments
+  #   end
+  #
+  # With the above example, the bang and predicate methods along with the
+  # associated scopes are now prefixed and/or suffixed accordingly:
+  #
+  #   conversation.active_status!
+  #   conversation.archived_status? # => false
+  #
+  #   conversation.comments_inactive!
+  #   conversation.comments_active? # => false
+
   module Enum
-    DEFINED_ENUMS = {} # :nodoc:
+    def self.extended(base) # :nodoc:
+      base.class_attribute(:defined_enums)
+      base.defined_enums = {}
+    end
+
+    def inherited(base) # :nodoc:
+      base.defined_enums = defined_enums.deep_dup
+      super
+    end
+
+    class EnumType < Type::Value # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(name, mapping)
+        @name = name
+        @mapping = mapping
+      end
+
+      def cast(value)
+        return if value.blank?
+
+        if mapping.has_key?(value)
+          value.to_s
+        elsif mapping.has_value?(value)
+          mapping.key(value)
+        else
+          assert_valid_value(value)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def deserialize(value)
+        return if value.nil?
+        mapping.key(value.to_i)
+      end
+
+      def serialize(value)
+        mapping.fetch(value, value)
+      end
 
-    def enum_mapping_for(attr_name) # :nodoc:
-      DEFINED_ENUMS[attr_name.to_s]
+      def assert_valid_value(value)
+        unless value.blank? || mapping.has_key?(value) || mapping.has_value?(value)
+          raise ArgumentError, "'#{value}' is not a valid #{name}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      protected
+
+      attr_reader :name, :mapping
     end
 
     def enum(definitions)
       klass = self
+      enum_prefix = definitions.delete(:_prefix)
+      enum_suffix = definitions.delete(:_suffix)
       definitions.each do |name, values|
         # statuses = { }
         enum_values = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
@@ -82,77 +155,49 @@ module ActiveRecord
         detect_enum_conflict!(name, name.to_s.pluralize, true)
         klass.singleton_class.send(:define_method, name.to_s.pluralize) { enum_values }
 
-        _enum_methods_module.module_eval do
-          # def status=(value) self[:status] = statuses[value] end
-          klass.send(:detect_enum_conflict!, name, "#{name}=")
-          define_method("#{name}=") { |value|
-            if enum_values.has_key?(value) || value.blank?
-              self[name] = enum_values[value]
-            elsif enum_values.has_value?(value)
-              # Assigning a value directly is not a end-user feature, hence it's not documented.
-              # This is used internally to make building objects from the generated scopes work
-              # as expected, i.e. +Conversation.archived.build.archived?+ should be true.
-              self[name] = value
-            else
-              raise ArgumentError, "'#{value}' is not a valid #{name}"
-            end
-          }
-
-          # def status() statuses.key self[:status] end
-          klass.send(:detect_enum_conflict!, name, name)
-          define_method(name) { enum_values.key self[name] }
+        detect_enum_conflict!(name, name)
+        detect_enum_conflict!(name, "#{name}=")
 
-          # def status_before_type_cast() statuses.key self[:status] end
-          klass.send(:detect_enum_conflict!, name, "#{name}_before_type_cast")
-          define_method("#{name}_before_type_cast") { enum_values.key self[name] }
+        attribute name, EnumType.new(name, enum_values)
 
+        _enum_methods_module.module_eval do
           pairs = values.respond_to?(:each_pair) ? values.each_pair : values.each_with_index
           pairs.each do |value, i|
+            if enum_prefix == true
+              prefix = "#{name}_"
+            elsif enum_prefix
+              prefix = "#{enum_prefix}_"
+            end
+            if enum_suffix == true
+              suffix = "_#{name}"
+            elsif enum_suffix
+              suffix = "_#{enum_suffix}"
+            end
+
+            value_method_name = "#{prefix}#{value}#{suffix}"
             enum_values[value] = i
 
             # def active?() status == 0 end
-            klass.send(:detect_enum_conflict!, name, "#{value}?")
-            define_method("#{value}?") { self[name] == i }
+            klass.send(:detect_enum_conflict!, name, "#{value_method_name}?")
+            define_method("#{value_method_name}?") { self[name] == value.to_s }
 
             # def active!() update! status: :active end
-            klass.send(:detect_enum_conflict!, name, "#{value}!")
-            define_method("#{value}!") { update! name => value }
+            klass.send(:detect_enum_conflict!, name, "#{value_method_name}!")
+            define_method("#{value_method_name}!") { update! name => value }
 
             # scope :active, -> { where status: 0 }
-            klass.send(:detect_enum_conflict!, name, value, true)
-            klass.scope value, -> { klass.where name => i }
+            klass.send(:detect_enum_conflict!, name, value_method_name, true)
+            klass.scope value_method_name, -> { klass.where name => value }
           end
-
-          DEFINED_ENUMS[name.to_s] = enum_values
         end
+        defined_enums[name.to_s] = enum_values
       end
     end
 
     private
       def _enum_methods_module
         @_enum_methods_module ||= begin
-          mod = Module.new do
-            private
-              def save_changed_attribute(attr_name, value)
-                if (mapping = self.class.enum_mapping_for(attr_name))
-                  if attribute_changed?(attr_name)
-                    old = changed_attributes[attr_name]
-
-                    if mapping[old] == value
-                      changed_attributes.delete(attr_name)
-                    end
-                  else
-                    old = clone_attribute_value(:read_attribute, attr_name)
-
-                    if old != value
-                      changed_attributes[attr_name] = mapping.key old
-                    end
-                  end
-                else
-                  super
-                end
-              end
-          end
+          mod = Module.new
           include mod
           mod
         end
@@ -165,30 +210,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def detect_enum_conflict!(enum_name, method_name, klass_method = false)
         if klass_method && dangerous_class_method?(method_name)
-          raise ArgumentError, ENUM_CONFLICT_MESSAGE % {
-            enum: enum_name,
-            klass: self.name,
-            type: 'class',
-            method: method_name,
-            source: 'Active Record'
-          }
+          raise_conflict_error(enum_name, method_name, type: 'class')
         elsif !klass_method && dangerous_attribute_method?(method_name)
-          raise ArgumentError, ENUM_CONFLICT_MESSAGE % {
-            enum: enum_name,
-            klass: self.name,
-            type: 'instance',
-            method: method_name,
-            source: 'Active Record'
-          }
+          raise_conflict_error(enum_name, method_name)
         elsif !klass_method && method_defined_within?(method_name, _enum_methods_module, Module)
-          raise ArgumentError, ENUM_CONFLICT_MESSAGE % {
-            enum: enum_name,
-            klass: self.name,
-            type: 'instance',
-            method: method_name,
-            source: 'another enum'
-          }
+          raise_conflict_error(enum_name, method_name, source: 'another enum')
         end
       end
+
+      def raise_conflict_error(enum_name, method_name, type: 'instance', source: 'Active Record')
+        raise ArgumentError, ENUM_CONFLICT_MESSAGE % {
+          enum: enum_name,
+          klass: self.name,
+          type: type,
+          method: method_name,
+          source: source
+        }
+      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/errors.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/errors.rb
index 7f6228131f..1cd2c2ef8c 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/errors.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/errors.rb
@@ -7,8 +7,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
   end
 
   # Raised when the single-table inheritance mechanism fails to locate the subclass
-  # (for example due to improper usage of column that +inheritance_column+ points to).
-  class SubclassNotFound < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
+  # (for example due to improper usage of column that
+  # {ActiveRecord::Base.inheritance_column}[rdoc-ref:ModelSchema::ClassMethods#inheritance_column]
+  # points to).
+  class SubclassNotFound < ActiveRecordError
   end
 
   # Raised when an object assigned to an association has an incorrect type.
@@ -30,47 +32,88 @@ module ActiveRecord
   class SerializationTypeMismatch < ActiveRecordError
   end
 
-  # Raised when adapter not specified on connection (or configuration file <tt>config/database.yml</tt>
-  # misses adapter field).
+  # Raised when adapter not specified on connection (or configuration file
+  # +config/database.yml+ misses adapter field).
   class AdapterNotSpecified < ActiveRecordError
   end
 
-  # Raised when Active Record cannot find database adapter specified in <tt>config/database.yml</tt> or programmatically.
+  # Raised when Active Record cannot find database adapter specified in
+  # +config/database.yml+ or programmatically.
   class AdapterNotFound < ActiveRecordError
   end
 
-  # Raised when connection to the database could not been established (for example when <tt>connection=</tt>
+  # Raised when connection to the database could not been established (for example when
+  # {ActiveRecord::Base.connection=}[rdoc-ref:ConnectionHandling#connection]
   # is given a nil object).
   class ConnectionNotEstablished < ActiveRecordError
   end
 
-  # Raised when Active Record cannot find record by given id or set of ids.
+  # Raised when Active Record cannot find a record by given id or set of ids.
   class RecordNotFound < ActiveRecordError
+    attr_reader :model, :primary_key, :id
+
+    def initialize(message = nil, model = nil, primary_key = nil, id = nil)
+      @primary_key = primary_key
+      @model = model
+      @id = id
+
+      super(message)
+    end
   end
 
-  # Raised by ActiveRecord::Base.save! and ActiveRecord::Base.create! methods when record cannot be
-  # saved because record is invalid.
+  # Raised by {ActiveRecord::Base#save!}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#save!] and
+  # {ActiveRecord::Base.create!}[rdoc-ref:Persistence::ClassMethods#create!]
+  # methods when a record is invalid and can not be saved.
   class RecordNotSaved < ActiveRecordError
+    attr_reader :record
+
+    def initialize(message = nil, record = nil)
+      @record = record
+      super(message)
+    end
   end
 
-  # Raised by ActiveRecord::Base.destroy! when a call to destroy would return false.
+  # Raised by {ActiveRecord::Base#destroy!}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#destroy!]
+  # when a call to {#destroy}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#destroy!]
+  # would return false.
+  #
+  #   begin
+  #     complex_operation_that_internally_calls_destroy!
+  #   rescue ActiveRecord::RecordNotDestroyed => invalid
+  #     puts invalid.record.errors
+  #   end
+  #
   class RecordNotDestroyed < ActiveRecordError
+    attr_reader :record
+
+    def initialize(message = nil, record = nil)
+      @record = record
+      super(message)
+    end
   end
 
   # Superclass for all database execution errors.
   #
-  # Wraps the underlying database error as +original_exception+.
+  # Wraps the underlying database error as +cause+.
   class StatementInvalid < ActiveRecordError
-    attr_reader :original_exception
 
-    def initialize(message, original_exception = nil)
-      super(message)
-      @original_exception = original_exception
+    def initialize(message = nil, original_exception = nil)
+      if original_exception
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("Passing #original_exception is deprecated and has no effect. " \
+                                        "Exceptions will automatically capture the original exception.", caller)
+      end
+
+      super(message || $!.try(:message))
+    end
+
+    def original_exception
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("#original_exception is deprecated. Use #cause instead.", caller)
+      cause
     end
   end
 
   # Defunct wrapper class kept for compatibility.
-  # +StatementInvalid+ wraps the original exception now.
+  # StatementInvalid wraps the original exception now.
   class WrappedDatabaseException < StatementInvalid
   end
 
@@ -82,48 +125,46 @@ module ActiveRecord
   class InvalidForeignKey < WrappedDatabaseException
   end
 
-  # Raised when number of bind variables in statement given to <tt>:condition</tt> key (for example,
-  # when using +find+ method)
-  # does not match number of expected variables.
+  # Raised when number of bind variables in statement given to +:condition+ key
+  # (for example, when using {ActiveRecord::Base.find}[rdoc-ref:FinderMethods#find] method)
+  # does not match number of expected values supplied.
   #
-  # For example, in
+  # For example, when there are two placeholders with only one value supplied:
   #
   #   Location.where("lat = ? AND lng = ?", 53.7362)
-  #
-  # two placeholders are given but only one variable to fill them.
   class PreparedStatementInvalid < ActiveRecordError
   end
 
-  # Raised when a given database does not exist
-  class NoDatabaseError < ActiveRecordError
-    def initialize(message)
-      super extend_message(message)
-    end
-
-    # can be over written to add additional error information.
-    def extend_message(message)
-      message
-    end
+  # Raised when a given database does not exist.
+  class NoDatabaseError < StatementInvalid
   end
 
   # Raised on attempt to save stale record. Record is stale when it's being saved in another query after
   # instantiation, for example, when two users edit the same wiki page and one starts editing and saves
   # the page before the other.
   #
-  # Read more about optimistic locking in ActiveRecord::Locking module RDoc.
+  # Read more about optimistic locking in ActiveRecord::Locking module
+  # documentation.
   class StaleObjectError < ActiveRecordError
     attr_reader :record, :attempted_action
 
-    def initialize(record, attempted_action)
-      super("Attempted to #{attempted_action} a stale object: #{record.class.name}")
-      @record = record
-      @attempted_action = attempted_action
+    def initialize(record = nil, attempted_action = nil)
+      if record && attempted_action
+        @record = record
+        @attempted_action = attempted_action
+        super("Attempted to #{attempted_action} a stale object: #{record.class.name}.")
+      else
+        super("Stale object error.")
+      end
     end
 
   end
 
-  # Raised when association is being configured improperly or
-  # user tries to use offset and limit together with has_many or has_and_belongs_to_many associations.
+  # Raised when association is being configured improperly or user tries to use
+  # offset and limit together with
+  # {ActiveRecord::Base.has_many}[rdoc-ref:Associations::ClassMethods#has_many] or
+  # {ActiveRecord::Base.has_and_belongs_to_many}[rdoc-ref:Associations::ClassMethods#has_and_belongs_to_many]
+  # associations.
   class ConfigurationError < ActiveRecordError
   end
 
@@ -131,9 +172,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
   class ReadOnlyRecord < ActiveRecordError
   end
 
-  # ActiveRecord::Transactions::ClassMethods.transaction uses this exception
-  # to distinguish a deliberate rollback from other exceptional situations.
-  # Normally, raising an exception will cause the +transaction+ method to rollback
+  # {ActiveRecord::Base.transaction}[rdoc-ref:Transactions::ClassMethods#transaction]
+  # uses this exception to distinguish a deliberate rollback from other exceptional situations.
+  # Normally, raising an exception will cause the
+  # {.transaction}[rdoc-ref:Transactions::ClassMethods#transaction] method to rollback
   # the database transaction *and* pass on the exception. But if you raise an
   # ActiveRecord::Rollback exception, then the database transaction will be rolled back,
   # without passing on the exception.
@@ -161,41 +203,35 @@ module ActiveRecord
   class Rollback < ActiveRecordError
   end
 
-  # Raised when attribute has a name reserved by Active Record (when attribute has name of one of Active Record instance methods).
+  # Raised when attribute has a name reserved by Active Record (when attribute
+  # has name of one of Active Record instance methods).
   class DangerousAttributeError < ActiveRecordError
   end
 
   # Raised when unknown attributes are supplied via mass assignment.
-  class UnknownAttributeError < NoMethodError
-
-    attr_reader :record, :attribute
-
-    def initialize(record, attribute)
-      @record = record
-      @attribute = attribute.to_s
-      super("unknown attribute: #{attribute}")
-    end
-
-  end
+  UnknownAttributeError = ActiveModel::UnknownAttributeError
 
   # Raised when an error occurred while doing a mass assignment to an attribute through the
-  # <tt>attributes=</tt> method. The exception has an +attribute+ property that is the name of the
-  # offending attribute.
+  # {ActiveRecord::Base#attributes=}[rdoc-ref:AttributeAssignment#attributes=] method.
+  # The exception has an +attribute+ property that is the name of the offending attribute.
   class AttributeAssignmentError < ActiveRecordError
     attr_reader :exception, :attribute
-    def initialize(message, exception, attribute)
+
+    def initialize(message = nil, exception = nil, attribute = nil)
       super(message)
       @exception = exception
       @attribute = attribute
     end
   end
 
-  # Raised when there are multiple errors while doing a mass assignment through the +attributes+
+  # Raised when there are multiple errors while doing a mass assignment through the
+  # {ActiveRecord::Base#attributes=}[rdoc-ref:AttributeAssignment#attributes=]
   # method. The exception has an +errors+ property that contains an array of AttributeAssignmentError
   # objects, each corresponding to the error while assigning to an attribute.
   class MultiparameterAssignmentErrors < ActiveRecordError
     attr_reader :errors
-    def initialize(errors)
+
+    def initialize(errors = nil)
       @errors = errors
     end
   end
@@ -204,11 +240,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
   class UnknownPrimaryKey < ActiveRecordError
     attr_reader :model
 
-    def initialize(model)
-      super("Unknown primary key for table #{model.table_name} in model #{model}.")
-      @model = model
+    def initialize(model = nil, description = nil)
+      if model
+        message = "Unknown primary key for table #{model.table_name} in model #{model}."
+        message += "\n#{description}" if description
+        @model = model
+        super(message)
+      else
+        super("Unknown primary key.")
+      end
     end
-
   end
 
   # Raised when a relation cannot be mutated because it's already loaded.
@@ -225,6 +266,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
   class ImmutableRelation < ActiveRecordError
   end
 
+  # TransactionIsolationError will be raised under the following conditions:
+  #
+  # * The adapter does not support setting the isolation level
+  # * You are joining an existing open transaction
+  # * You are creating a nested (savepoint) transaction
+  #
+  # The mysql, mysql2 and postgresql adapters support setting the transaction isolation level.
   class TransactionIsolationError < ActiveRecordError
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/explain.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/explain.rb
index e65dab07ba..727a9befc1 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/explain.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/explain.rb
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end.join("\n")
       end.join("\n")
 
-      # Overriding inspect to be more human readable, specially in the console.
+      # Overriding inspect to be more human readable, especially in the console.
       def str.inspect
         self
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/explain_registry.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/explain_registry.rb
index f5cd57e075..b652932f9c 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/explain_registry.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/explain_registry.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #
   # returns the collected queries local to the current thread.
   #
-  # See the documentation of <tt>ActiveSupport::PerThreadRegistry</tt>
+  # See the documentation of ActiveSupport::PerThreadRegistry
   # for further details.
   class ExplainRegistry # :nodoc:
     extend ActiveSupport::PerThreadRegistry
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/explain_subscriber.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/explain_subscriber.rb
index 6a49936644..90bcf5a205 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/explain_subscriber.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/explain_subscriber.rb
@@ -14,12 +14,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     # SCHEMA queries cannot be EXPLAINed, also we do not want to run EXPLAIN on
-    # our own EXPLAINs now matter how loopingly beautiful that would be.
+    # our own EXPLAINs no matter how loopingly beautiful that would be.
     #
     # On the other hand, we want to monitor the performance of our real database
     # queries, not the performance of the access to the query cache.
     IGNORED_PAYLOADS = %w(SCHEMA EXPLAIN CACHE)
-    EXPLAINED_SQLS = /\A\s*(select|update|delete|insert)\b/i
+    EXPLAINED_SQLS = /\A\s*(with|select|update|delete|insert)\b/i
     def ignore_payload?(payload)
       payload[:exception] || IGNORED_PAYLOADS.include?(payload[:name]) || payload[:sql] !~ EXPLAINED_SQLS
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixture_set/file.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixture_set/file.rb
index 8132310c91..f969556c50 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixture_set/file.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixture_set/file.rb
@@ -17,24 +17,39 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def initialize(file)
         @file = file
-        @rows = nil
       end
 
       def each(&block)
         rows.each(&block)
       end
 
+      def model_class
+        config_row['model_class']
+      end
 
       private
         def rows
-          return @rows if @rows
+          @rows ||= raw_rows.reject { |fixture_name, _| fixture_name == '_fixture' }
+        end
+
+        def config_row
+          @config_row ||= begin
+            row = raw_rows.find { |fixture_name, _| fixture_name == '_fixture' }
+            if row
+              row.last
+            else
+              {'model_class': nil}
+            end
+          end
+        end
 
-          begin
+        def raw_rows
+          @raw_rows ||= begin
             data = YAML.load(render(IO.read(@file)))
+            data ? validate(data).to_a : []
           rescue ArgumentError, Psych::SyntaxError => error
             raise Fixture::FormatError, "a YAML error occurred parsing #{@file}. Please note that YAML must be consistently indented using spaces. Tabs are not allowed. Please have a look at http://www.yaml.org/faq.html\nThe exact error was:\n  #{error.class}: #{error}", error.backtrace
           end
-          @rows = data ? validate(data).to_a : []
         end
 
         def render(content)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixtures.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixtures.rb
index 59467636d7..deb7d7d06d 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixtures.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixtures.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 require 'erb'
 require 'yaml'
 require 'zlib'
+require 'set'
 require 'active_support/dependencies'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/digest/uuid'
 require 'active_record/fixture_set/file'
 require 'active_record/errors'
 
@@ -14,9 +16,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # They are stored in YAML files, one file per model, which are placed in the directory
   # appointed by <tt>ActiveSupport::TestCase.fixture_path=(path)</tt> (this is automatically
   # configured for Rails, so you can just put your files in <tt><your-rails-app>/test/fixtures/</tt>).
-  # The fixture file ends with the <tt>.yml</tt> file extension (Rails example:
-  # <tt><your-rails-app>/test/fixtures/web_sites.yml</tt>). The format of a fixture file looks
-  # like this:
+  # The fixture file ends with the +.yml+ file extension, for example:
+  # <tt><your-rails-app>/test/fixtures/web_sites.yml</tt>).
+  #
+  # The format of a fixture file looks like this:
   #
   #   rubyonrails:
   #     id: 1
@@ -32,7 +35,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # is followed by an indented list of key/value pairs in the "key: value" format. Records are
   # separated by a blank line for your viewing pleasure.
   #
-  # Note that fixtures are unordered. If you want ordered fixtures, use the omap YAML type.
+  # Note: Fixtures are unordered. If you want ordered fixtures, use the omap YAML type.
   # See http://yaml.org/type/omap.html
   # for the specification. You will need ordered fixtures when you have foreign key constraints
   # on keys in the same table. This is commonly needed for tree structures. Example:
@@ -60,8 +63,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #     end
   #   end
   #
-  # By default, <tt>test_helper.rb</tt> will load all of your fixtures into your test database,
-  # so this test will succeed.
+  # By default, +test_helper.rb+ will load all of your fixtures into your test
+  # database, so this test will succeed.
   #
   # The testing environment will automatically load the all fixtures into the database before each
   # test. To ensure consistent data, the environment deletes the fixtures before running the load.
@@ -86,7 +89,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #   end
   #
   # In order to use these methods to access fixtured data within your testcases, you must specify one of the
-  # following in your <tt>ActiveSupport::TestCase</tt>-derived class:
+  # following in your ActiveSupport::TestCase-derived class:
   #
   # - to fully enable instantiated fixtures (enable alternate methods #1 and #2 above)
   #     self.use_instantiated_fixtures = true
@@ -107,7 +110,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #   <% 1.upto(1000) do |i| %>
   #   fix_<%= i %>:
   #     id: <%= i %>
-  #     name: guy_<%= 1 %>
+  #     name: guy_<%= i %>
   #   <% end %>
   #
   # This will create 1000 very simple fixtures.
@@ -121,28 +124,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #
   # Helper methods defined in a fixture will not be available in other fixtures, to prevent against
   # unwanted inter-test dependencies. Methods used by multiple fixtures should be defined in a module
-  # that is included in <tt>ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.context_class</tt>.
+  # that is included in ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.context_class.
   #
   # - define a helper method in `test_helper.rb`
-  #     class FixtureFileHelpers
+  #     module FixtureFileHelpers
   #       def file_sha(path)
   #         Digest::SHA2.hexdigest(File.read(Rails.root.join('test/fixtures', path)))
   #       end
   #     end
-  #     ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.context_class.send :include, FixtureFileHelpers
+  #     ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.context_class.include FixtureFileHelpers
   #
   # - use the helper method in a fixture
   #     photo:
   #       name: kitten.png
   #       sha: <%= file_sha 'files/kitten.png' %>
   #
-  # = Transactional Fixtures
+  # = Transactional Tests
   #
   # Test cases can use begin+rollback to isolate their changes to the database instead of having to
   # delete+insert for every test case.
   #
   #   class FooTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  #     self.use_transactional_fixtures = true
+  #     self.use_transactional_tests = true
   #
   #     test "godzilla" do
   #       assert !Foo.all.empty?
@@ -156,14 +159,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #   end
   #
   # If you preload your test database with all fixture data (probably in the rake task) and use
-  # transactional fixtures, then you may omit all fixtures declarations in your test cases since
+  # transactional tests, then you may omit all fixtures declarations in your test cases since
   # all the data's already there and every case rolls back its changes.
   #
   # In order to use instantiated fixtures with preloaded data, set +self.pre_loaded_fixtures+ to
   # true. This will provide access to fixture data for every table that has been loaded through
   # fixtures (depending on the value of +use_instantiated_fixtures+).
   #
-  # When *not* to use transactional fixtures:
+  # When *not* to use transactional tests:
   #
   # 1. You're testing whether a transaction works correctly. Nested transactions don't commit until
   #    all parent transactions commit, particularly, the fixtures transaction which is begun in setup
@@ -179,6 +182,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # * Stable, autogenerated IDs
   # * Label references for associations (belongs_to, has_one, has_many)
   # * HABTM associations as inline lists
+  #
+  # There are some more advanced features available even if the id is specified:
+  #
   # * Autofilled timestamp columns
   # * Fixture label interpolation
   # * Support for YAML defaults
@@ -361,6 +367,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #   geeksomnia:
   #     name: Geeksomnia's Account
   #     subdomain: $LABEL
+  #     email: $LABEL@email.com
   #
   # Also, sometimes (like when porting older join table fixtures) you'll need
   # to be able to get a hold of the identifier for a given label. ERB
@@ -372,8 +379,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #
   # == Support for YAML defaults
   #
-  # You probably already know how to use YAML to set and reuse defaults in
-  # your <tt>database.yml</tt> file. You can use the same technique in your fixtures:
+  # You can set and reuse defaults in your fixtures YAML file.
+  # This is the same technique used in the +database.yml+ file to specify
+  # defaults:
   #
   #   DEFAULTS: &DEFAULTS
   #     created_on: <%= 3.weeks.ago.to_s(:db) %>
@@ -387,9 +395,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #     <<: *DEFAULTS
   #
   # Any fixture labeled "DEFAULTS" is safely ignored.
+  #
+  # == Configure the fixture model class
+  #
+  # It's possible to set the fixture's model class directly in the YAML file.
+  # This is helpful when fixtures are loaded outside tests and
+  # +set_fixture_class+ is not available (e.g.
+  # when running <tt>rake db:fixtures:load</tt>).
+  #
+  #   _fixture:
+  #     model_class: User
+  #   david:
+  #     name: David
+  #
+  # Any fixtures labeled "_fixture" are safely ignored.
   class FixtureSet
     #--
-    # An instance of FixtureSet is normally stored in a single YAML file and possibly in a folder with the same name.
+    # An instance of FixtureSet is normally stored in a single YAML file and
+    # possibly in a folder with the same name.
     #++
 
     MAX_ID = 2 ** 30 - 1
@@ -459,13 +482,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @config      = config
 
         # Remove string values that aren't constants or subclasses of AR
-        @class_names.delete_if { |k,klass|
-          unless klass.is_a? Class
-            klass = klass.safe_constantize
-            ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("The ability to pass in strings as a class name to `set_fixture_class` will be removed in Rails 4.2. Use the class itself instead.")
-          end
-          !insert_class(@class_names, k, klass)
-        }
+        @class_names.delete_if { |klass_name, klass| !insert_class(@class_names, klass_name, klass) }
       end
 
       def [](fs_name)
@@ -516,15 +533,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
               ::File.join(fixtures_directory, fs_name))
           end
 
-          all_loaded_fixtures.update(fixtures_map)
+          update_all_loaded_fixtures fixtures_map
 
           connection.transaction(:requires_new => true) do
+            deleted_tables = Set.new
             fixture_sets.each do |fs|
               conn = fs.model_class.respond_to?(:connection) ? fs.model_class.connection : connection
               table_rows = fs.table_rows
 
-              table_rows.keys.each do |table|
-                conn.delete "DELETE FROM #{conn.quote_table_name(table)}", 'Fixture Delete'
+              table_rows.each_key do |table|
+                unless deleted_tables.include? table
+                  conn.delete "DELETE FROM #{conn.quote_table_name(table)}", 'Fixture Delete'
+                end
+                deleted_tables << table
               end
 
               table_rows.each do |fixture_set_name, rows|
@@ -532,12 +553,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
                   conn.insert_fixture(row, fixture_set_name)
                 end
               end
-            end
 
-            # Cap primary key sequences to max(pk).
-            if connection.respond_to?(:reset_pk_sequence!)
-              fixture_sets.each do |fs|
-                connection.reset_pk_sequence!(fs.table_name)
+              # Cap primary key sequences to max(pk).
+              if conn.respond_to?(:reset_pk_sequence!)
+                conn.reset_pk_sequence!(fs.table_name)
               end
             end
           end
@@ -549,9 +568,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     # Returns a consistent, platform-independent identifier for +label+.
-    # Identifiers are positive integers less than 2^30.
-    def self.identify(label)
-      Zlib.crc32(label.to_s) % MAX_ID
+    # Integer identifiers are values less than 2^30. UUIDs are RFC 4122 version 5 SHA-1 hashes.
+    def self.identify(label, column_type = :integer)
+      if column_type == :uuid
+        Digest::UUID.uuid_v5(Digest::UUID::OID_NAMESPACE, label.to_s)
+      else
+        Zlib.crc32(label.to_s) % MAX_ID
+      end
     end
 
     # Superclass for the evaluation contexts used by ERB fixtures.
@@ -559,31 +582,26 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @context_class ||= Class.new
     end
 
+    def self.update_all_loaded_fixtures(fixtures_map) # :nodoc:
+      all_loaded_fixtures.update(fixtures_map)
+    end
+
     attr_reader :table_name, :name, :fixtures, :model_class, :config
 
     def initialize(connection, name, class_name, path, config = ActiveRecord::Base)
       @name     = name
       @path     = path
       @config   = config
-      @model_class = nil
 
-      if class_name.is_a?(String)
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("The ability to pass in strings as a class name to `FixtureSet.new` will be removed in Rails 4.2. Use the class itself instead.")
-      end
+      self.model_class = class_name
 
-      if class_name.is_a?(Class) # TODO: Should be an AR::Base type class, or any?
-        @model_class = class_name
-      else
-        @model_class = class_name.safe_constantize if class_name
-      end
+      @fixtures = read_fixture_files(path)
 
       @connection  = connection
 
       @table_name = ( model_class.respond_to?(:table_name) ?
                       model_class.table_name :
                       self.class.default_fixture_table_name(name, config) )
-
-      @fixtures = read_fixture_files path, @model_class
     end
 
     def [](x)
@@ -606,7 +624,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # a list of rows to insert to that table.
     def table_rows
       now = config.default_timezone == :utc ? Time.now.utc : Time.now
-      now = now.to_s(:db)
 
       # allow a standard key to be used for doing defaults in YAML
       fixtures.delete('DEFAULTS')
@@ -627,12 +644,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
           # interpolate the fixture label
           row.each do |key, value|
-            row[key] = label if "$LABEL" == value
+            row[key] = value.gsub("$LABEL", label.to_s) if value.is_a?(String)
           end
 
           # generate a primary key if necessary
           if has_primary_key_column? && !row.include?(primary_key_name)
-            row[primary_key_name] = ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(label)
+            row[primary_key_name] = ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(label, primary_key_type)
+          end
+
+          # Resolve enums
+          model_class.defined_enums.each do |name, values|
+            if row.include?(name)
+              row[name] = values.fetch(row[name], row[name])
+            end
           end
 
           # If STI is used, find the correct subclass for association reflection
@@ -643,19 +667,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
               model_class
             end
 
-          reflection_class.reflect_on_all_associations.each do |association|
+          reflection_class._reflections.each_value do |association|
             case association.macro
             when :belongs_to
               # Do not replace association name with association foreign key if they are named the same
               fk_name = (association.options[:foreign_key] || "#{association.name}_id").to_s
 
               if association.name.to_s != fk_name && value = row.delete(association.name.to_s)
-                if association.options[:polymorphic] && value.sub!(/\s*\(([^\)]*)\)\s*$/, "")
+                if association.polymorphic? && value.sub!(/\s*\(([^\)]*)\)\s*$/, "")
                   # support polymorphic belongs_to as "label (Type)"
                   row[association.foreign_type] = $1
                 end
 
-                row[fk_name] = ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(value)
+                fk_type = reflection_class.type_for_attribute(fk_name).type
+                row[fk_name] = ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(value, fk_type)
               end
             when :has_many
               if association.options[:through]
@@ -682,6 +707,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def name
         @association.name
       end
+
+      def primary_key_type
+        @association.klass.type_for_attribute(@association.klass.primary_key).type
+      end
     end
 
     class HasManyThroughProxy < ReflectionProxy # :nodoc:
@@ -692,6 +721,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def lhs_key
         @association.through_reflection.foreign_key
       end
+
+      def join_table
+        @association.through_reflection.table_name
+      end
     end
 
     private
@@ -699,17 +732,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @primary_key_name ||= model_class && model_class.primary_key
       end
 
+      def primary_key_type
+        @primary_key_type ||= model_class && model_class.type_for_attribute(model_class.primary_key).type
+      end
+
       def add_join_records(rows, row, association)
         # This is the case when the join table has no fixtures file
         if (targets = row.delete(association.name.to_s))
-          table_name = association.join_table
-          lhs_key    = association.lhs_key
-          rhs_key    = association.rhs_key
+          table_name  = association.join_table
+          column_type = association.primary_key_type
+          lhs_key     = association.lhs_key
+          rhs_key     = association.rhs_key
 
           targets = targets.is_a?(Array) ? targets : targets.split(/\s*,\s*/)
           rows[table_name].concat targets.map { |target|
             { lhs_key => row[primary_key_name],
-              rhs_key => ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(target) }
+              rhs_key => ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(target, column_type) }
           }
         end
       end
@@ -729,16 +767,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def column_names
-        @column_names ||= @connection.columns(@table_name).collect { |c| c.name }
+        @column_names ||= @connection.columns(@table_name).collect(&:name)
       end
 
-      def read_fixture_files(path, model_class)
+      def model_class=(class_name)
+        if class_name.is_a?(Class) # TODO: Should be an AR::Base type class, or any?
+          @model_class = class_name
+        else
+          @model_class = class_name.safe_constantize if class_name
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Loads the fixtures from the YAML file at +path+.
+      # If the file sets the +model_class+ and current instance value is not set,
+      # it uses the file value.
+      def read_fixture_files(path)
         yaml_files = Dir["#{path}/{**,*}/*.yml"].select { |f|
           ::File.file?(f)
         } + [yaml_file_path(path)]
 
         yaml_files.each_with_object({}) do |file, fixtures|
           FixtureSet::File.open(file) do |fh|
+            self.model_class ||= fh.model_class if fh.model_class
             fh.each do |fixture_name, row|
               fixtures[fixture_name] = ActiveRecord::Fixture.new(row, model_class)
             end
@@ -752,12 +802,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
   end
 
-  #--
-  # Deprecate 'Fixtures' in favor of 'FixtureSet'.
-  #++
-  # :nodoc:
-  Fixtures = ActiveSupport::Deprecation::DeprecatedConstantProxy.new('ActiveRecord::Fixtures', 'ActiveRecord::FixtureSet')
-
   class Fixture #:nodoc:
     include Enumerable
 
@@ -790,7 +834,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     def find
       if model_class
-        model_class.find(fixture[model_class.primary_key])
+        model_class.unscoped do
+          model_class.find(fixture[model_class.primary_key])
+        end
       else
         raise FixtureClassNotFound, "No class attached to find."
       end
@@ -802,12 +848,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module TestFixtures
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
-    def before_setup
+    def before_setup # :nodoc:
       setup_fixtures
       super
     end
 
-    def after_teardown
+    def after_teardown # :nodoc:
       super
       teardown_fixtures
     end
@@ -816,19 +862,29 @@ module ActiveRecord
       class_attribute :fixture_path, :instance_writer => false
       class_attribute :fixture_table_names
       class_attribute :fixture_class_names
+      class_attribute :use_transactional_tests
       class_attribute :use_transactional_fixtures
       class_attribute :use_instantiated_fixtures # true, false, or :no_instances
       class_attribute :pre_loaded_fixtures
       class_attribute :config
 
+      singleton_class.deprecate 'use_transactional_fixtures=' => 'use use_transactional_tests= instead'
+
       self.fixture_table_names = []
-      self.use_transactional_fixtures = true
       self.use_instantiated_fixtures = false
       self.pre_loaded_fixtures = false
       self.config = ActiveRecord::Base
 
-      self.fixture_class_names = Hash.new do |h, fixture_set_name|
-        h[fixture_set_name] = ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.default_fixture_model_name(fixture_set_name, self.config)
+      self.fixture_class_names = {}
+
+      silence_warnings do
+        define_singleton_method :use_transactional_tests do
+          if use_transactional_fixtures.nil?
+            true
+          else
+            use_transactional_fixtures
+          end
+        end
       end
     end
 
@@ -850,38 +906,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
           fixture_set_names = Dir["#{fixture_path}/{**,*}/*.{yml}"]
           fixture_set_names.map! { |f| f[(fixture_path.to_s.size + 1)..-5] }
         else
-          fixture_set_names = fixture_set_names.flatten.map { |n| n.to_s }
+          fixture_set_names = fixture_set_names.flatten.map(&:to_s)
         end
 
         self.fixture_table_names |= fixture_set_names
-        require_fixture_classes(fixture_set_names, self.config)
         setup_fixture_accessors(fixture_set_names)
       end
 
-      def try_to_load_dependency(file_name)
-        require_dependency file_name
-      rescue LoadError => e
-        # Let's hope the developer has included it
-        # Let's warn in case this is a subdependency, otherwise
-        # subdependency error messages are totally cryptic
-        if ActiveRecord::Base.logger
-          ActiveRecord::Base.logger.warn("Unable to load #{file_name}, underlying cause #{e.message} \n\n #{e.backtrace.join("\n")}")
-        end
-      end
-
-      def require_fixture_classes(fixture_set_names = nil, config = ActiveRecord::Base)
-        if fixture_set_names
-          fixture_set_names = fixture_set_names.map { |n| n.to_s }
-        else
-          fixture_set_names = fixture_table_names
-        end
-
-        fixture_set_names.each do |file_name|
-          file_name = file_name.singularize if config.pluralize_table_names
-          try_to_load_dependency(file_name)
-        end
-      end
-
       def setup_fixture_accessors(fixture_set_names = nil)
         fixture_set_names = Array(fixture_set_names || fixture_table_names)
         methods = Module.new do
@@ -895,7 +926,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
               @fixture_cache[fs_name] ||= {}
 
               instances = fixture_names.map do |f_name|
-                f_name = f_name.to_s
+                f_name = f_name.to_s if f_name.is_a?(Symbol)
                 @fixture_cache[fs_name].delete(f_name) if force_reload
 
                 if @loaded_fixtures[fs_name][f_name]
@@ -915,7 +946,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def uses_transaction(*methods)
         @uses_transaction = [] unless defined?(@uses_transaction)
-        @uses_transaction.concat methods.map { |m| m.to_s }
+        @uses_transaction.concat methods.map(&:to_s)
       end
 
       def uses_transaction?(method)
@@ -925,13 +956,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def run_in_transaction?
-      use_transactional_fixtures &&
+      use_transactional_tests &&
         !self.class.uses_transaction?(method_name)
     end
 
     def setup_fixtures(config = ActiveRecord::Base)
-      if pre_loaded_fixtures && !use_transactional_fixtures
-        raise RuntimeError, 'pre_loaded_fixtures requires use_transactional_fixtures'
+      if pre_loaded_fixtures && !use_transactional_tests
+        raise RuntimeError, 'pre_loaded_fixtures requires use_transactional_tests'
       end
 
       @fixture_cache = {}
@@ -958,7 +989,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Instantiate fixtures for every test if requested.
-      instantiate_fixtures(config) if use_instantiated_fixtures
+      instantiate_fixtures if use_instantiated_fixtures
     end
 
     def teardown_fixtures
@@ -985,16 +1016,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         Hash[fixtures.map { |f| [f.name, f] }]
       end
 
-      # for pre_loaded_fixtures, only require the classes once. huge speed improvement
-      @@required_fixture_classes = false
-
-      def instantiate_fixtures(config)
+      def instantiate_fixtures
         if pre_loaded_fixtures
           raise RuntimeError, 'Load fixtures before instantiating them.' if ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.all_loaded_fixtures.empty?
-          unless @@required_fixture_classes
-            self.class.require_fixture_classes ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.all_loaded_fixtures.keys, config
-            @@required_fixture_classes = true
-          end
           ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.instantiate_all_loaded_fixtures(self, load_instances?)
         else
           raise RuntimeError, 'Load fixtures before instantiating them.' if @loaded_fixtures.nil?
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/gem_version.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/gem_version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a388b529c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/gem_version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded Active Record as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
+  def self.gem_version
+    Gem::Version.new VERSION::STRING
+  end
+
+  module VERSION
+    MAJOR = 5
+    MINOR = 0
+    TINY  = 0
+    PRE   = "alpha"
+
+    STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE].compact.join(".")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/inheritance.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/inheritance.rb
index 08fc91c9df..6259c4cd33 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/inheritance.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/inheritance.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,37 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access'
 
 module ActiveRecord
+  # == Single table inheritance
+  #
+  # Active Record allows inheritance by storing the name of the class in a column that by
+  # default is named "type" (can be changed by overwriting <tt>Base.inheritance_column</tt>).
+  # This means that an inheritance looking like this:
+  #
+  #   class Company < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+  #   class Firm < Company; end
+  #   class Client < Company; end
+  #   class PriorityClient < Client; end
+  #
+  # When you do <tt>Firm.create(name: "37signals")</tt>, this record will be saved in
+  # the companies table with type = "Firm". You can then fetch this row again using
+  # <tt>Company.where(name: '37signals').first</tt> and it will return a Firm object.
+  #
+  # Be aware that because the type column is an attribute on the record every new
+  # subclass will instantly be marked as dirty and the type column will be included
+  # in the list of changed attributes on the record. This is different from non
+  # STI classes:
+  #
+  #   Company.new.changed? # => false
+  #   Firm.new.changed?    # => true
+  #   Firm.new.changes     # => {"type"=>["","Firm"]}
+  #
+  # If you don't have a type column defined in your table, single-table inheritance won't
+  # be triggered. In that case, it'll work just like normal subclasses with no special magic
+  # for differentiating between them or reloading the right type with find.
+  #
+  # Note, all the attributes for all the cases are kept in the same table. Read more:
+  # http://www.martinfowler.com/eaaCatalog/singleTableInheritance.html
+  #
   module Inheritance
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
@@ -20,11 +51,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         attrs = args.first
-        if subclass_from_attributes?(attrs)
-          subclass = subclass_from_attributes(attrs)
+        if has_attribute?(inheritance_column)
+          subclass = subclass_from_attributes(attrs) || subclass_from_attributes(column_defaults)
         end
 
-        if subclass
+        if subclass && subclass != self
           subclass.new(*args, &block)
         else
           super
@@ -48,20 +79,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         :true == (@finder_needs_type_condition ||= descends_from_active_record? ? :false : :true)
       end
 
-      def symbolized_base_class
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("ActiveRecord::Base.symbolized_base_class is deprecated and will be removed without replacement.")
-        @symbolized_base_class ||= base_class.to_s.to_sym
-      end
-
-      def symbolized_sti_name
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("ActiveRecord::Base.symbolized_sti_name is deprecated and will be removed without replacement.")
-        @symbolized_sti_name ||= sti_name.present? ? sti_name.to_sym : symbolized_base_class
-      end
-
       # Returns the class descending directly from ActiveRecord::Base, or
       # an abstract class, if any, in the inheritance hierarchy.
       #
-      # If A extends AR::Base, A.base_class will return A. If B descends from A
+      # If A extends ActiveRecord::Base, A.base_class will return A. If B descends from A
       # through some arbitrarily deep hierarchy, B.base_class will return A.
       #
       # If B < A and C < B and if A is an abstract_class then both B.base_class
@@ -120,14 +141,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
           candidates << type_name
 
           candidates.each do |candidate|
-            begin
-              constant = ActiveSupport::Dependencies.constantize(candidate)
-              return constant if candidate == constant.to_s
-            # We don't want to swallow NoMethodError < NameError errors
-            rescue NoMethodError
-              raise
-            rescue NameError
-            end
+            constant = ActiveSupport::Dependencies.safe_constantize(candidate)
+            return constant if candidate == constant.to_s
           end
 
           raise NameError.new("uninitialized constant #{candidates.first}", candidates.first)
@@ -148,49 +163,46 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def using_single_table_inheritance?(record)
-        record[inheritance_column].present? && columns_hash.include?(inheritance_column)
+        record[inheritance_column].present? && has_attribute?(inheritance_column)
       end
 
       def find_sti_class(type_name)
-        if store_full_sti_class
-          ActiveSupport::Dependencies.constantize(type_name)
-        else
-          compute_type(type_name)
+        subclass = begin
+          if store_full_sti_class
+            ActiveSupport::Dependencies.constantize(type_name)
+          else
+            compute_type(type_name)
+          end
+        rescue NameError
+          raise SubclassNotFound,
+            "The single-table inheritance mechanism failed to locate the subclass: '#{type_name}'. " \
+            "This error is raised because the column '#{inheritance_column}' is reserved for storing the class in case of inheritance. " \
+            "Please rename this column if you didn't intend it to be used for storing the inheritance class " \
+            "or overwrite #{name}.inheritance_column to use another column for that information."
+        end
+        unless subclass == self || descendants.include?(subclass)
+          raise SubclassNotFound, "Invalid single-table inheritance type: #{subclass.name} is not a subclass of #{name}"
         end
-      rescue NameError
-        raise SubclassNotFound,
-          "The single-table inheritance mechanism failed to locate the subclass: '#{type_name}'. " +
-          "This error is raised because the column '#{inheritance_column}' is reserved for storing the class in case of inheritance. " +
-          "Please rename this column if you didn't intend it to be used for storing the inheritance class " +
-          "or overwrite #{name}.inheritance_column to use another column for that information."
+        subclass
       end
 
       def type_condition(table = arel_table)
         sti_column = table[inheritance_column]
-        sti_names  = ([self] + descendants).map { |model| model.sti_name }
+        sti_names  = ([self] + descendants).map(&:sti_name)
 
         sti_column.in(sti_names)
       end
 
       # Detect the subclass from the inheritance column of attrs. If the inheritance column value
       # is not self or a valid subclass, raises ActiveRecord::SubclassNotFound
-      # If this is a StrongParameters hash, and access to inheritance_column is not permitted,
-      # this will ignore the inheritance column and return nil
-      def subclass_from_attributes?(attrs)
-        columns_hash.include?(inheritance_column) && attrs.is_a?(Hash)
-      end
-
       def subclass_from_attributes(attrs)
-        subclass_name = attrs.with_indifferent_access[inheritance_column]
-
-        if subclass_name.present? && subclass_name != self.name
-          subclass = subclass_name.safe_constantize
+        attrs = attrs.to_h if attrs.respond_to?(:permitted?)
+        if attrs.is_a?(Hash)
+          subclass_name = attrs.with_indifferent_access[inheritance_column]
 
-          unless descendants.include?(subclass)
-            raise ActiveRecord::SubclassNotFound.new("Invalid single-table inheritance type: #{subclass_name} is not a subclass of #{name}")
+          if subclass_name.present?
+            find_sti_class(subclass_name)
           end
-
-          subclass
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/integration.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/integration.rb
index 31e2518540..466c8509a4 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/integration.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/integration.rb
@@ -10,12 +10,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Indicates the format used to generate the timestamp in the cache key.
       # Accepts any of the symbols in <tt>Time::DATE_FORMATS</tt>.
       #
-      # This is +:nsec+, by default.
+      # This is +:usec+, by default.
       class_attribute :cache_timestamp_format, :instance_writer => false
-      self.cache_timestamp_format = :nsec
+      self.cache_timestamp_format = :usec
     end
 
-    # Returns a String, which Action Pack uses for constructing an URL to this
+    # Returns a String, which Action Pack uses for constructing a URL to this
     # object. The default implementation returns this record's id as a String,
     # or nil if this record's unsaved.
     #
@@ -55,16 +55,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def cache_key(*timestamp_names)
       case
       when new_record?
-        "#{self.class.model_name.cache_key}/new"
+        "#{model_name.cache_key}/new"
       when timestamp_names.any?
         timestamp = max_updated_column_timestamp(timestamp_names)
         timestamp = timestamp.utc.to_s(cache_timestamp_format)
-        "#{self.class.model_name.cache_key}/#{id}-#{timestamp}"
+        "#{model_name.cache_key}/#{id}-#{timestamp}"
       when timestamp = max_updated_column_timestamp
         timestamp = timestamp.utc.to_s(cache_timestamp_format)
-        "#{self.class.model_name.cache_key}/#{id}-#{timestamp}"
+        "#{model_name.cache_key}/#{id}-#{timestamp}"
       else
-        "#{self.class.model_name.cache_key}/#{id}"
+        "#{model_name.cache_key}/#{id}"
       end
     end
 
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Values longer than 20 characters will be truncated. The value
       # is truncated word by word.
       #
-      #   user = User.find_by(name: 'David HeinemeierHansson')
+      #   user = User.find_by(name: 'David Heinemeier Hansson')
       #   user.id         # => 125
       #   user_path(user) # => "/users/125-david"
       #
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/legacy_yaml_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/legacy_yaml_adapter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..89dee58423
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/legacy_yaml_adapter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module LegacyYamlAdapter
+    def self.convert(klass, coder)
+      return coder unless coder.is_a?(Psych::Coder)
+
+      case coder["active_record_yaml_version"]
+      when 1 then coder
+      else
+        if coder["attributes"].is_a?(AttributeSet)
+          Rails420.convert(klass, coder)
+        else
+          Rails41.convert(klass, coder)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    module Rails420
+      def self.convert(klass, coder)
+        attribute_set = coder["attributes"]
+
+        klass.attribute_names.each do |attr_name|
+          attribute = attribute_set[attr_name]
+          if attribute.type.is_a?(Delegator)
+            type_from_klass = klass.type_for_attribute(attr_name)
+            attribute_set[attr_name] = attribute.with_type(type_from_klass)
+          end
+        end
+
+        coder
+      end
+    end
+
+    module Rails41
+      def self.convert(klass, coder)
+        attributes = klass.attributes_builder
+          .build_from_database(coder["attributes"])
+        new_record = coder["attributes"][klass.primary_key].blank?
+
+        {
+          "attributes" => attributes,
+          "new_record" => new_record,
+        }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/locale/en.yml b/activerecord/lib/active_record/locale/en.yml
index b1fbd38622..0b35027b2b 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/locale/en.yml
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/locale/en.yml
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ en:
   # Default error messages
   errors:
     messages:
+      required: "must exist"
       taken: "has already been taken"
 
   # Active Record models configuration
@@ -15,8 +16,8 @@ en:
       messages:
         record_invalid: "Validation failed: %{errors}"
         restrict_dependent_destroy:
-          one: "Cannot delete record because a dependent %{record} exists"
-          many: "Cannot delete record because dependent %{record} exist"
+          has_one: "Cannot delete record because a dependent %{record} exists"
+          has_many: "Cannot delete record because dependent %{record} exist"
         # Append your own errors here or at the model/attributes scope.
 
       # You can define own errors for models or model attributes.
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/locking/optimistic.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/locking/optimistic.rb
index 6f54729b3c..2336d23a1c 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/locking/optimistic.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/locking/optimistic.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # == Usage
     #
-    # Active Records support optimistic locking if the field +lock_version+ is present. Each update to the
+    # Active Record supports optimistic locking if the +lock_version+ field is present. Each update to the
     # record increments the +lock_version+ column and the locking facilities ensure that records instantiated twice
     # will let the last one saved raise a +StaleObjectError+ if the first was also updated. Example:
     #
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   p1.save
     #
     #   p2.first_name = "should fail"
-    #   p2.save # Raises a ActiveRecord::StaleObjectError
+    #   p2.save # Raises an ActiveRecord::StaleObjectError
     #
     # Optimistic locking will also check for stale data when objects are destroyed. Example:
     #
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   p1.first_name = "Michael"
     #   p1.save
     #
-    #   p2.destroy # Raises a ActiveRecord::StaleObjectError
+    #   p2.destroy # Raises an ActiveRecord::StaleObjectError
     #
     # You're then responsible for dealing with the conflict by rescuing the exception and either rolling back, merging,
     # or otherwise apply the business logic needed to resolve the conflict.
@@ -66,7 +66,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
           send(lock_col + '=', previous_lock_value + 1)
         end
 
-        def update_record(attribute_names = @attributes.keys) #:nodoc:
+        def _create_record(attribute_names = self.attribute_names, *) # :nodoc:
+          if locking_enabled?
+            # We always want to persist the locking version, even if we don't detect
+            # a change from the default, since the database might have no default
+            attribute_names |= [self.class.locking_column]
+          end
+          super
+        end
+
+        def _update_record(attribute_names = self.attribute_names) #:nodoc:
           return super unless locking_enabled?
           return 0 if attribute_names.empty?
 
@@ -80,17 +89,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
           begin
             relation = self.class.unscoped
 
-            stmt = relation.where(
-              relation.table[self.class.primary_key].eq(id).and(
-                relation.table[lock_col].eq(self.class.quote_value(previous_lock_value, column_for_attribute(lock_col)))
-              )
-            ).arel.compile_update(
-              arel_attributes_with_values_for_update(attribute_names),
-              self.class.primary_key
+            affected_rows = relation.where(
+              self.class.primary_key => id,
+              lock_col => previous_lock_value,
+            ).update_all(
+              attributes_for_update(attribute_names).map do |name|
+                [name, _read_attribute(name)]
+              end.to_h
             )
 
-            affected_rows = self.class.connection.update stmt
-
             unless affected_rows == 1
               raise ActiveRecord::StaleObjectError.new(self, "update")
             end
@@ -118,12 +125,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
           relation = super
 
           if locking_enabled?
-            column_name = self.class.locking_column
-            column      = self.class.columns_hash[column_name]
-            substitute  = self.class.connection.substitute_at(column, relation.bind_values.length)
-
-            relation = relation.where(self.class.arel_table[column_name].eq(substitute))
-            relation.bind_values << [column, self[column_name].to_i]
+            locking_column = self.class.locking_column
+            relation = relation.where(locking_column => _read_attribute(locking_column))
           end
 
           relation
@@ -141,7 +144,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         # Set the column to use for optimistic locking. Defaults to +lock_version+.
         def locking_column=(value)
-          @column_defaults = nil
+          reload_schema_from_cache
           @locking_column = value.to_s
         end
 
@@ -151,12 +154,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           @locking_column
         end
 
-        # Quote the column name used for optimistic locking.
-        def quoted_locking_column
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "ActiveRecord::Base.quoted_locking_column is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 4.2 or later."
-          connection.quote_column_name(locking_column)
-        end
-
         # Reset the column used for optimistic locking back to the +lock_version+ default.
         def reset_locking_column
           self.locking_column = DEFAULT_LOCKING_COLUMN
@@ -169,18 +166,37 @@ module ActiveRecord
           super
         end
 
-        def column_defaults
-          @column_defaults ||= begin
-            defaults = super
-
-            if defaults.key?(locking_column) && lock_optimistically
-              defaults[locking_column] ||= 0
+        private
+
+        # We need to apply this decorator here, rather than on module inclusion. The closure
+        # created by the matcher would otherwise evaluate for `ActiveRecord::Base`, not the
+        # sub class being decorated. As such, changes to `lock_optimistically`, or
+        # `locking_column` would not be picked up.
+        def inherited(subclass)
+          subclass.class_eval do
+            is_lock_column = ->(name, _) { lock_optimistically && name == locking_column }
+            decorate_matching_attribute_types(is_lock_column, :_optimistic_locking) do |type|
+              LockingType.new(type)
             end
-
-            defaults
           end
+          super
         end
       end
     end
+
+    class LockingType < DelegateClass(Type::Value) # :nodoc:
+      def deserialize(value)
+        # `nil` *should* be changed to 0
+        super.to_i
+      end
+
+      def init_with(coder)
+        __setobj__(coder['subtype'])
+      end
+
+      def encode_with(coder)
+        coder['subtype'] = __getobj__
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/locking/pessimistic.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/locking/pessimistic.rb
index ff7102d35b..8ecdf76b72 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/locking/pessimistic.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/locking/pessimistic.rb
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   end
     #
     # Database-specific information on row locking:
-    #   MySQL: http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/innodb-locking-reads.html
+    #   MySQL: http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/innodb-locking-reads.html
     #   PostgreSQL: http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/interactive/sql-select.html#SQL-FOR-UPDATE-SHARE
     module Pessimistic
       # Obtain a row lock on this record. Reloads the record to obtain the requested
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/log_subscriber.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/log_subscriber.rb
index 654ef21b07..b63caa4473 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/log_subscriber.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/log_subscriber.rb
@@ -20,24 +20,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @odd = false
     end
 
-    def render_bind(column, value)
-      if column
-        if column.binary?
-          # This specifically deals with the PG adapter that casts bytea columns into a Hash.
-          value = value[:value] if value.is_a?(Hash)
-          value = "<#{value.bytesize} bytes of binary data>"
-        end
-
-        [column.name, value]
+    def render_bind(attribute)
+      value = if attribute.type.binary? && attribute.value
+        "<#{attribute.value.bytesize} bytes of binary data>"
       else
-        [nil, value]
+        attribute.value_for_database
       end
+
+      [attribute.name, value]
     end
 
     def sql(event)
-      self.class.runtime += event.duration
       return unless logger.debug?
 
+      self.class.runtime += event.duration
+
       payload = event.payload
 
       return if IGNORE_PAYLOAD_NAMES.include?(payload[:name])
@@ -47,23 +44,44 @@ module ActiveRecord
       binds = nil
 
       unless (payload[:binds] || []).empty?
-        binds = "  " + payload[:binds].map { |col,v|
-          render_bind(col, v)
-        }.inspect
+        binds = "  " + payload[:binds].map { |attr| render_bind(attr) }.inspect
       end
 
-      if odd?
-        name = color(name, CYAN, true)
-        sql  = color(sql, nil, true)
-      else
-        name = color(name, MAGENTA, true)
-      end
+      name = colorize_payload_name(name, payload[:name])
+      sql  = color(sql, sql_color(sql), true)
 
       debug "  #{name}  #{sql}#{binds}"
     end
 
-    def odd?
-      @odd = !@odd
+    private
+
+    def colorize_payload_name(name, payload_name)
+      if payload_name.blank? || payload_name == "SQL" # SQL vs Model Load/Exists
+        color(name, MAGENTA, true)
+      else
+        color(name, CYAN, true)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def sql_color(sql)
+      case sql
+        when /\A\s*rollback/mi
+          RED
+        when /\s*.*?select .*for update/mi, /\A\s*lock/mi
+          WHITE
+        when /\A\s*select/i
+          BLUE
+        when /\A\s*insert/i
+          GREEN
+        when /\A\s*update/i
+          YELLOW
+        when /\A\s*delete/i
+          RED
+        when /transaction\s*\Z/i
+          CYAN
+        else
+          MAGENTA
+      end
     end
 
     def logger
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration.rb
index b6b02322d7..43726d795e 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration.rb
@@ -9,44 +9,140 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
   end
 
-  # Exception that can be raised to stop migrations from going backwards.
+  # Exception that can be raised to stop migrations from being rolled back.
+  # For example the following migration is not reversible.
+  # Rolling back this migration will raise an ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration error.
+  #
+  #   class IrreversibleMigrationExample < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
+  #     def change
+  #       create_table :distributors do |t|
+  #         t.string :zipcode
+  #       end
+  #
+  #       execute <<-SQL
+  #         ALTER TABLE distributors
+  #           ADD CONSTRAINT zipchk
+  #             CHECK (char_length(zipcode) = 5) NO INHERIT;
+  #       SQL
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  # There are two ways to mitigate this problem.
+  #
+  # 1. Define <tt>#up</tt> and <tt>#down</tt> methods instead of <tt>#change</tt>:
+  #
+  #  class ReversibleMigrationExample < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
+  #    def up
+  #      create_table :distributors do |t|
+  #        t.string :zipcode
+  #      end
+  #
+  #      execute <<-SQL
+  #        ALTER TABLE distributors
+  #          ADD CONSTRAINT zipchk
+  #            CHECK (char_length(zipcode) = 5) NO INHERIT;
+  #      SQL
+  #    end
+  #
+  #    def down
+  #      execute <<-SQL
+  #        ALTER TABLE distributors
+  #          DROP CONSTRAINT zipchk
+  #      SQL
+  #
+  #      drop_table :distributors
+  #    end
+  #  end
+  #
+  # 2. Use the #reversible method in <tt>#change</tt> method:
+  #
+  #   class ReversibleMigrationExample < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
+  #     def change
+  #       create_table :distributors do |t|
+  #         t.string :zipcode
+  #       end
+  #
+  #       reversible do |dir|
+  #         dir.up do
+  #           execute <<-SQL
+  #             ALTER TABLE distributors
+  #               ADD CONSTRAINT zipchk
+  #                 CHECK (char_length(zipcode) = 5) NO INHERIT;
+  #           SQL
+  #         end
+  #
+  #         dir.down do
+  #           execute <<-SQL
+  #             ALTER TABLE distributors
+  #               DROP CONSTRAINT zipchk
+  #           SQL
+  #         end
+  #       end
+  #     end
+  #   end
   class IrreversibleMigration < MigrationError
   end
 
   class DuplicateMigrationVersionError < MigrationError#:nodoc:
-    def initialize(version)
-      super("Multiple migrations have the version number #{version}")
+    def initialize(version = nil)
+      if version
+        super("Multiple migrations have the version number #{version}.")
+      else
+        super("Duplicate migration version error.")
+      end
     end
   end
 
   class DuplicateMigrationNameError < MigrationError#:nodoc:
-    def initialize(name)
-      super("Multiple migrations have the name #{name}")
+    def initialize(name = nil)
+      if name
+        super("Multiple migrations have the name #{name}.")
+      else
+        super("Duplicate migration name.")
+      end
     end
   end
 
   class UnknownMigrationVersionError < MigrationError #:nodoc:
-    def initialize(version)
-      super("No migration with version number #{version}")
+    def initialize(version = nil)
+      if version
+        super("No migration with version number #{version}.")
+      else
+        super("Unknown migration version.")
+      end
     end
   end
 
   class IllegalMigrationNameError < MigrationError#:nodoc:
-    def initialize(name)
-      super("Illegal name for migration file: #{name}\n\t(only lower case letters, numbers, and '_' allowed)")
+    def initialize(name = nil)
+      if name
+        super("Illegal name for migration file: #{name}\n\t(only lower case letters, numbers, and '_' allowed).")
+      else
+        super("Illegal name for migration.")
+      end
     end
   end
 
   class PendingMigrationError < MigrationError#:nodoc:
-    def initialize
-      if defined?(Rails)
-        super("Migrations are pending. To resolve this issue, run:\n\n\tbin/rake db:migrate RAILS_ENV=#{::Rails.env}")
+    def initialize(message = nil)
+      if !message && defined?(Rails.env)
+        super("Migrations are pending. To resolve this issue, run:\n\n\tbin/rake db:migrate RAILS_ENV=#{::Rails.env}.")
+      elsif !message
+        super("Migrations are pending. To resolve this issue, run:\n\n\tbin/rake db:migrate.")
       else
-        super("Migrations are pending. To resolve this issue, run:\n\n\tbin/rake db:migrate")
+        super
       end
     end
   end
 
+  class ConcurrentMigrationError < MigrationError #:nodoc:
+    DEFAULT_MESSAGE = "Cannot run migrations because another migration process is currently running.".freeze
+
+    def initialize(message = DEFAULT_MESSAGE)
+      super
+    end
+  end
+
   # = Active Record Migrations
   #
   # Migrations can manage the evolution of a schema used by several physical
@@ -59,7 +155,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #
   # Example of a simple migration:
   #
-  #   class AddSsl < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  #   class AddSsl < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
   #     def up
   #       add_column :accounts, :ssl_enabled, :boolean, default: true
   #     end
@@ -79,7 +175,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #
   # Example of a more complex migration that also needs to initialize data:
   #
-  #   class AddSystemSettings < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  #   class AddSystemSettings < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
   #     def up
   #       create_table :system_settings do |t|
   #         t.string  :name
@@ -106,17 +202,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #
   # == Available transformations
   #
+  # === Creation
+  #
+  # * <tt>create_join_table(table_1, table_2, options)</tt>: Creates a join
+  #   table having its name as the lexical order of the first two
+  #   arguments. See
+  #   ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SchemaStatements#create_join_table for
+  #   details.
   # * <tt>create_table(name, options)</tt>: Creates a table called +name+ and
   #   makes the table object available to a block that can then add columns to it,
   #   following the same format as +add_column+. See example above. The options hash
   #   is for fragments like "DEFAULT CHARSET=UTF-8" that are appended to the create
   #   table definition.
-  # * <tt>drop_table(name)</tt>: Drops the table called +name+.
-  # * <tt>change_table(name, options)</tt>: Allows to make column alterations to
-  #   the table called +name+. It makes the table object available to a block that
-  #   can then add/remove columns, indexes or foreign keys to it.
-  # * <tt>rename_table(old_name, new_name)</tt>: Renames the table called +old_name+
-  #   to +new_name+.
   # * <tt>add_column(table_name, column_name, type, options)</tt>: Adds a new column
   #   to the table called +table_name+
   #   named +column_name+ specified to be one of the following types:
@@ -127,21 +224,59 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #   Other options include <tt>:limit</tt> and <tt>:null</tt> (e.g.
   #   <tt>{ limit: 50, null: false }</tt>) -- see
   #   ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::TableDefinition#column for details.
-  # * <tt>rename_column(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)</tt>: Renames
-  #   a column but keeps the type and content.
-  # * <tt>change_column(table_name, column_name, type, options)</tt>:  Changes
-  #   the column to a different type using the same parameters as add_column.
-  # * <tt>remove_column(table_name, column_name, type, options)</tt>: Removes the column
-  #   named +column_name+ from the table called +table_name+.
+  # * <tt>add_foreign_key(from_table, to_table, options)</tt>: Adds a new
+  #   foreign key. +from_table+ is the table with the key column, +to_table+ contains
+  #   the referenced primary key.
   # * <tt>add_index(table_name, column_names, options)</tt>: Adds a new index
   #   with the name of the column. Other options include
   #   <tt>:name</tt>, <tt>:unique</tt> (e.g.
   #   <tt>{ name: 'users_name_index', unique: true }</tt>) and <tt>:order</tt>
   #   (e.g. <tt>{ order: { name: :desc } }</tt>).
-  # * <tt>remove_index(table_name, column: column_name)</tt>: Removes the index
-  #   specified by +column_name+.
+  # * <tt>add_reference(:table_name, :reference_name)</tt>: Adds a new column
+  #   +reference_name_id+ by default an integer. See
+  #   ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SchemaStatements#add_reference for details.
+  # * <tt>add_timestamps(table_name, options)</tt>: Adds timestamps (+created_at+
+  #   and +updated_at+) columns to +table_name+.
+  #
+  # === Modification
+  #
+  # * <tt>change_column(table_name, column_name, type, options)</tt>:  Changes
+  #   the column to a different type using the same parameters as add_column.
+  # * <tt>change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default)</tt>: Sets a
+  #   default value for +column_name+ definded by +default+ on +table_name+.
+  # * <tt>change_column_null(table_name, column_name, null, default = nil)</tt>:
+  #   Sets or removes a +NOT NULL+ constraint on +column_name+. The +null+ flag
+  #   indicates whether the value can be +NULL+. See
+  #   ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SchemaStatements#change_column_null for
+  #   details.
+  # * <tt>change_table(name, options)</tt>: Allows to make column alterations to
+  #   the table called +name+. It makes the table object available to a block that
+  #   can then add/remove columns, indexes or foreign keys to it.
+  # * <tt>rename_column(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)</tt>: Renames
+  #   a column but keeps the type and content.
+  # * <tt>rename_index(table_name, old_name, new_name)</tt>: Renames an index.
+  # * <tt>rename_table(old_name, new_name)</tt>: Renames the table called +old_name+
+  #   to +new_name+.
+  #
+  # === Deletion
+  #
+  # * <tt>drop_table(name)</tt>: Drops the table called +name+.
+  # * <tt>drop_join_table(table_1, table_2, options)</tt>: Drops the join table
+  #   specified by the given arguments.
+  # * <tt>remove_column(table_name, column_name, type, options)</tt>: Removes the column
+  #   named +column_name+ from the table called +table_name+.
+  # * <tt>remove_columns(table_name, *column_names)</tt>: Removes the given
+  #   columns from the table definition.
+  # * <tt>remove_foreign_key(from_table, options_or_to_table)</tt>: Removes the
+  #   given foreign key from the table called +table_name+.
+  # * <tt>remove_index(table_name, column: column_names)</tt>: Removes the index
+  #   specified by +column_names+.
   # * <tt>remove_index(table_name, name: index_name)</tt>: Removes the index
   #   specified by +index_name+.
+  # * <tt>remove_reference(table_name, ref_name, options)</tt>: Removes the
+  #   reference(s) on +table_name+ specified by +ref_name+.
+  # * <tt>remove_timestamps(table_name, options)</tt>: Removes the timestamp
+  #   columns (+created_at+ and +updated_at+) from the table definition.
   #
   # == Irreversible transformations
   #
@@ -161,22 +296,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # in the <tt>db/migrate/</tt> directory where <tt>timestamp</tt> is the
   # UTC formatted date and time that the migration was generated.
   #
-  # You may then edit the <tt>up</tt> and <tt>down</tt> methods of
-  # MyNewMigration.
-  #
   # There is a special syntactic shortcut to generate migrations that add fields to a table.
   #
   #   rails generate migration add_fieldname_to_tablename fieldname:string
   #
-  # This will generate the file <tt>timestamp_add_fieldname_to_tablename</tt>, which will look like this:
-  #   class AddFieldnameToTablename < ActiveRecord::Migration
-  #     def up
+  # This will generate the file <tt>timestamp_add_fieldname_to_tablename.rb</tt>, which will look like this:
+  #   class AddFieldnameToTablename < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
+  #     def change
   #       add_column :tablenames, :fieldname, :string
   #     end
-  #
-  #     def down
-  #       remove_column :tablenames, :fieldname
-  #     end
   #   end
   #
   # To run migrations against the currently configured database, use
@@ -188,20 +316,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #
   # To roll the database back to a previous migration version, use
   # <tt>rake db:migrate VERSION=X</tt> where <tt>X</tt> is the version to which
-  # you wish to downgrade. If any of the migrations throw an
-  # <tt>ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration</tt> exception, that step will fail and you'll
-  # have some manual work to do.
+  # you wish to downgrade. Alternatively, you can also use the STEP option if you
+  # wish to rollback last few migrations. <tt>rake db:migrate STEP=2</tt> will rollback
+  # the latest two migrations.
+  #
+  # If any of the migrations throw an <tt>ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration</tt> exception,
+  # that step will fail and you'll have some manual work to do.
   #
   # == Database support
   #
   # Migrations are currently supported in MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite,
-  # SQL Server, Sybase, and Oracle (all supported databases except DB2).
+  # SQL Server, and Oracle (all supported databases except DB2).
   #
   # == More examples
   #
   # Not all migrations change the schema. Some just fix the data:
   #
-  #   class RemoveEmptyTags < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  #   class RemoveEmptyTags < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
   #     def up
   #       Tag.all.each { |tag| tag.destroy if tag.pages.empty? }
   #     end
@@ -214,7 +345,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #
   # Others remove columns when they migrate up instead of down:
   #
-  #   class RemoveUnnecessaryItemAttributes < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  #   class RemoveUnnecessaryItemAttributes < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
   #     def up
   #       remove_column :items, :incomplete_items_count
   #       remove_column :items, :completed_items_count
@@ -228,7 +359,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #
   # And sometimes you need to do something in SQL not abstracted directly by migrations:
   #
-  #   class MakeJoinUnique < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  #   class MakeJoinUnique < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
   #     def up
   #       execute "ALTER TABLE `pages_linked_pages` ADD UNIQUE `page_id_linked_page_id` (`page_id`,`linked_page_id`)"
   #     end
@@ -245,7 +376,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # <tt>Base#reset_column_information</tt> in order to ensure that the model has the
   # latest column data from after the new column was added. Example:
   #
-  #   class AddPeopleSalary < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  #   class AddPeopleSalary < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
   #     def up
   #       add_column :people, :salary, :integer
   #       Person.reset_column_information
@@ -279,21 +410,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # The phrase "Updating salaries..." would then be printed, along with the
   # benchmark for the block when the block completes.
   #
-  # == About the schema_migrations table
-  #
-  # Rails versions 2.0 and prior used to create a table called
-  # <tt>schema_info</tt> when using migrations. This table contained the
-  # version of the schema as of the last applied migration.
-  #
-  # Starting with Rails 2.1, the <tt>schema_info</tt> table is
-  # (automatically) replaced by the <tt>schema_migrations</tt> table, which
-  # contains the version numbers of all the migrations applied.
-  #
-  # As a result, it is now possible to add migration files that are numbered
-  # lower than the current schema version: when migrating up, those
-  # never-applied "interleaved" migrations will be automatically applied, and
-  # when migrating down, never-applied "interleaved" migrations will be skipped.
-  #
   # == Timestamped Migrations
   #
   # By default, Rails generates migrations that look like:
@@ -311,15 +427,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #
   # == Reversible Migrations
   #
-  # Starting with Rails 3.1, you will be able to define reversible migrations.
   # Reversible migrations are migrations that know how to go +down+ for you.
-  # You simply supply the +up+ logic, and the Migration system will figure out
+  # You simply supply the +up+ logic, and the Migration system figures out
   # how to execute the down commands for you.
   #
   # To define a reversible migration, define the +change+ method in your
   # migration like this:
   #
-  #   class TenderloveMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  #   class TenderloveMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
   #     def change
   #       create_table(:horses) do |t|
   #         t.column :content, :text
@@ -349,7 +464,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # can't execute inside a transaction though, and for these situations
   # you can turn the automatic transactions off.
   #
-  #   class ChangeEnum < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  #   class ChangeEnum < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
   #     disable_ddl_transaction!
   #
   #     def up
@@ -361,7 +476,34 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # are in a Migration with <tt>self.disable_ddl_transaction!</tt>.
   class Migration
     autoload :CommandRecorder, 'active_record/migration/command_recorder'
+    autoload :Compatibility, 'active_record/migration/compatibility'
+
+    # This must be defined before the inherited hook, below
+    class Current < Migration # :nodoc:
+    end
+
+    def self.inherited(subclass) # :nodoc:
+      super
+      if subclass.superclass == Migration
+        subclass.include Compatibility::Legacy
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.[](version)
+      version = version.to_s
+      name = "V#{version.tr('.', '_')}"
+      unless Compatibility.const_defined?(name)
+        versions = Compatibility.constants.grep(/\AV[0-9_]+\z/).map { |s| s.to_s.delete('V').tr('_', '.').inspect }
+        raise "Unknown migration version #{version.inspect}; expected one of #{versions.sort.join(', ')}"
+      end
+      Compatibility.const_get(name)
+    end
+
+    def self.current_version
+      Rails.version.to_f
+    end
 
+    MigrationFilenameRegexp = /\A([0-9]+)_([_a-z0-9]*)\.?([_a-z0-9]*)?\.rb\z/ # :nodoc:
 
     # This class is used to verify that all migrations have been run before
     # loading a web page if config.active_record.migration_error is set to :page_load
@@ -372,26 +514,46 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def call(env)
-        mtime = ActiveRecord::Migrator.last_migration.mtime.to_i
-        if @last_check < mtime
-          ActiveRecord::Migration.check_pending!
-          @last_check = mtime
+        if connection.supports_migrations?
+          mtime = ActiveRecord::Migrator.last_migration.mtime.to_i
+          if @last_check < mtime
+            ActiveRecord::Migration.check_pending!(connection)
+            @last_check = mtime
+          end
         end
         @app.call(env)
       end
+
+      private
+
+      def connection
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+      end
     end
 
     class << self
       attr_accessor :delegate # :nodoc:
       attr_accessor :disable_ddl_transaction # :nodoc:
 
+      def nearest_delegate # :nodoc:
+        delegate || superclass.nearest_delegate
+      end
+
+      # Raises <tt>ActiveRecord::PendingMigrationError</tt> error if any migrations are pending.
       def check_pending!(connection = Base.connection)
         raise ActiveRecord::PendingMigrationError if ActiveRecord::Migrator.needs_migration?(connection)
       end
 
       def load_schema_if_pending!
-        if ActiveRecord::Migrator.needs_migration?
-          ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.load_schema
+        if ActiveRecord::Migrator.needs_migration? || !ActiveRecord::Migrator.any_migrations?
+          # Roundtrip to Rake to allow plugins to hook into database initialization.
+          FileUtils.cd Rails.root do
+            current_config = Base.connection_config
+            Base.clear_all_connections!
+            system("bin/rake db:test:prepare")
+            # Establish a new connection, the old database may be gone (db:test:prepare uses purge)
+            Base.establish_connection(current_config)
+          end
           check_pending!
         end
       end
@@ -403,14 +565,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def method_missing(name, *args, &block) # :nodoc:
-        (delegate || superclass.delegate).send(name, *args, &block)
+        nearest_delegate.send(name, *args, &block)
       end
 
       def migrate(direction)
         new.migrate direction
       end
 
-      # Disable DDL transactions for this migration.
+      # Disable the transaction wrapping this migration.
+      # You can still create your own transactions even after calling #disable_ddl_transaction!
+      #
+      # For more details read the {"Transactional Migrations" section above}[rdoc-ref:Migration].
       def disable_ddl_transaction!
         @disable_ddl_transaction = true
       end
@@ -440,7 +605,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # and create the table 'apples' on the way up, and the reverse
     # on the way down.
     #
-    #   class FixTLMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
+    #   class FixTLMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
     #     def change
     #       revert do
     #         create_table(:horses) do |t|
@@ -457,9 +622,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Or equivalently, if +TenderloveMigration+ is defined as in the
     # documentation for Migration:
     #
-    #   require_relative '2012121212_tenderlove_migration'
+    #   require_relative '20121212123456_tenderlove_migration'
     #
-    #   class FixupTLMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
+    #   class FixupTLMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
     #     def change
     #       revert TenderloveMigration
     #
@@ -473,13 +638,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def revert(*migration_classes)
       run(*migration_classes.reverse, revert: true) unless migration_classes.empty?
       if block_given?
-        if @connection.respond_to? :revert
-          @connection.revert { yield }
+        if connection.respond_to? :revert
+          connection.revert { yield }
         else
-          recorder = CommandRecorder.new(@connection)
+          recorder = CommandRecorder.new(connection)
           @connection = recorder
           suppress_messages do
-            @connection.revert { yield }
+            connection.revert { yield }
           end
           @connection = recorder.delegate
           recorder.commands.each do |cmd, args, block|
@@ -490,7 +655,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def reverting?
-      @connection.respond_to?(:reverting) && @connection.reverting
+      connection.respond_to?(:reverting) && connection.reverting
     end
 
     class ReversibleBlockHelper < Struct.new(:reverting) # :nodoc:
@@ -512,7 +677,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # when the three columns 'first_name', 'last_name' and 'full_name' exist,
     # even when migrating down:
     #
-    #    class SplitNameMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
+    #    class SplitNameMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
     #      def change
     #        add_column :users, :first_name, :string
     #        add_column :users, :last_name, :string
@@ -547,7 +712,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         revert { run(*migration_classes, direction: dir, revert: true) }
       else
         migration_classes.each do |migration_class|
-          migration_class.new.exec_migration(@connection, dir)
+          migration_class.new.exec_migration(connection, dir)
         end
       end
     end
@@ -636,13 +801,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def method_missing(method, *arguments, &block)
-      arg_list = arguments.map{ |a| a.inspect } * ', '
+      arg_list = arguments.map(&:inspect) * ', '
 
       say_with_time "#{method}(#{arg_list})" do
-        unless @connection.respond_to? :revert
-          unless arguments.empty? || method == :execute
+        unless connection.respond_to? :revert
+          unless arguments.empty? || [:execute, :enable_extension, :disable_extension].include?(method)
             arguments[0] = proper_table_name(arguments.first, table_name_options)
-            arguments[1] = proper_table_name(arguments.second, table_name_options) if method == :rename_table
+            if [:rename_table, :add_foreign_key].include?(method) ||
+              (method == :remove_foreign_key && !arguments.second.is_a?(Hash))
+              arguments[1] = proper_table_name(arguments.second, table_name_options)
+            end
           end
         end
         return super unless connection.respond_to?(method)
@@ -711,11 +879,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
       if ActiveRecord::Base.timestamped_migrations
         [Time.now.utc.strftime("%Y%m%d%H%M%S"), "%.14d" % number].max
       else
-        "%.3d" % number
+        SchemaMigration.normalize_migration_number(number)
       end
     end
 
-    def table_name_options(config = ActiveRecord::Base)
+    # Builds a hash for use in ActiveRecord::Migration#proper_table_name using
+    # the Active Record object's table_name prefix and suffix
+    def table_name_options(config = ActiveRecord::Base) #:nodoc:
       {
         table_name_prefix: config.table_name_prefix,
         table_name_suffix: config.table_name_suffix
@@ -804,74 +974,66 @@ module ActiveRecord
         migrations = migrations(migrations_paths)
         migrations.select! { |m| yield m } if block_given?
 
-        self.new(:up, migrations, target_version).migrate
+        new(:up, migrations, target_version).migrate
       end
 
-      def down(migrations_paths, target_version = nil, &block)
+      def down(migrations_paths, target_version = nil)
         migrations = migrations(migrations_paths)
         migrations.select! { |m| yield m } if block_given?
 
-        self.new(:down, migrations, target_version).migrate
+        new(:down, migrations, target_version).migrate
       end
 
       def run(direction, migrations_paths, target_version)
-        self.new(direction, migrations(migrations_paths), target_version).run
+        new(direction, migrations(migrations_paths), target_version).run
       end
 
       def open(migrations_paths)
-        self.new(:up, migrations(migrations_paths), nil)
+        new(:up, migrations(migrations_paths), nil)
       end
 
       def schema_migrations_table_name
         SchemaMigration.table_name
       end
 
-      def get_all_versions
-        SchemaMigration.all.map { |x| x.version.to_i }.sort
+      def get_all_versions(connection = Base.connection)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+          if connection.table_exists?(schema_migrations_table_name)
+            SchemaMigration.all.map { |x| x.version.to_i }.sort
+          else
+            []
+          end
+        end
       end
 
       def current_version(connection = Base.connection)
-        sm_table = schema_migrations_table_name
-        if connection.table_exists?(sm_table)
-          get_all_versions.max || 0
-        else
-          0
-        end
+        get_all_versions(connection).max || 0
       end
 
       def needs_migration?(connection = Base.connection)
-        current_version(connection) < last_version
+        (migrations(migrations_paths).collect(&:version) - get_all_versions(connection)).size > 0
       end
 
-      def last_version
-        last_migration.version
+      def any_migrations?
+        migrations(migrations_paths).any?
       end
 
       def last_migration #:nodoc:
         migrations(migrations_paths).last || NullMigration.new
       end
 
-      def proper_table_name(name, options = {})
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 4.2. Use the proper_table_name instance method on ActiveRecord::Migration instead"
-        options = {
-          table_name_prefix: ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix,
-          table_name_suffix: ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix
-        }.merge(options)
-        if name.respond_to? :table_name
-          name.table_name
-        else
-          "#{options[:table_name_prefix]}#{name}#{options[:table_name_suffix]}"
-        end
-      end
-
       def migrations_paths
         @migrations_paths ||= ['db/migrate']
-        # just to not break things if someone uses: migration_path = some_string
+        # just to not break things if someone uses: migrations_path = some_string
         Array(@migrations_paths)
       end
 
-      def migrations_path
-        migrations_paths.first
+      def match_to_migration_filename?(filename) # :nodoc:
+        File.basename(filename) =~ Migration::MigrationFilenameRegexp
+      end
+
+      def parse_migration_filename(filename) # :nodoc:
+        File.basename(filename).scan(Migration::MigrationFilenameRegexp).first
       end
 
       def migrations(paths)
@@ -880,8 +1042,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         files = Dir[*paths.map { |p| "#{p}/**/[0-9]*_*.rb" }]
 
         migrations = files.map do |file|
-          version, name, scope = file.scan(/([0-9]+)_([_a-z0-9]*)\.?([_a-z0-9]*)?\.rb\z/).first
-
+          version, name, scope = parse_migration_filename(file)
           raise IllegalMigrationNameError.new(file) unless version
           version = version.to_i
           name = name.camelize
@@ -895,7 +1056,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       private
 
       def move(direction, migrations_paths, steps)
-        migrator = self.new(direction, migrations(migrations_paths))
+        migrator = new(direction, migrations(migrations_paths))
         start_index = migrator.migrations.index(migrator.current_migration)
 
         if start_index
@@ -929,32 +1090,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
     alias :current :current_migration
 
     def run
-      migration = migrations.detect { |m| m.version == @target_version }
-      raise UnknownMigrationVersionError.new(@target_version) if migration.nil?
-      unless (up? && migrated.include?(migration.version.to_i)) || (down? && !migrated.include?(migration.version.to_i))
-        begin
-          execute_migration_in_transaction(migration, @direction)
-        rescue => e
-          canceled_msg = use_transaction?(migration) ? ", this migration was canceled" : ""
-          raise StandardError, "An error has occurred#{canceled_msg}:\n\n#{e}", e.backtrace
-        end
+      if use_advisory_lock?
+        with_advisory_lock { run_without_lock }
+      else
+        run_without_lock
       end
     end
 
     def migrate
-      if !target && @target_version && @target_version > 0
-        raise UnknownMigrationVersionError.new(@target_version)
-      end
-
-      runnable.each do |migration|
-        Base.logger.info "Migrating to #{migration.name} (#{migration.version})" if Base.logger
-
-        begin
-          execute_migration_in_transaction(migration, @direction)
-        rescue => e
-          canceled_msg = use_transaction?(migration) ? "this and " : ""
-          raise StandardError, "An error has occurred, #{canceled_msg}all later migrations canceled:\n\n#{e}", e.backtrace
-        end
+      if use_advisory_lock?
+        with_advisory_lock { migrate_without_lock }
+      else
+        migrate_without_lock
       end
     end
 
@@ -979,10 +1126,45 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def migrated
-      @migrated_versions ||= Set.new(self.class.get_all_versions)
+      @migrated_versions || load_migrated
+    end
+
+    def load_migrated
+      @migrated_versions = Set.new(self.class.get_all_versions)
     end
 
     private
+
+    def run_without_lock
+      migration = migrations.detect { |m| m.version == @target_version }
+      raise UnknownMigrationVersionError.new(@target_version) if migration.nil?
+      unless (up? && migrated.include?(migration.version.to_i)) || (down? && !migrated.include?(migration.version.to_i))
+        begin
+          execute_migration_in_transaction(migration, @direction)
+        rescue => e
+          canceled_msg = use_transaction?(migration) ? ", this migration was canceled" : ""
+          raise StandardError, "An error has occurred#{canceled_msg}:\n\n#{e}", e.backtrace
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def migrate_without_lock
+      if !target && @target_version && @target_version > 0
+        raise UnknownMigrationVersionError.new(@target_version)
+      end
+
+      runnable.each do |migration|
+        Base.logger.info "Migrating to #{migration.name} (#{migration.version})" if Base.logger
+
+        begin
+          execute_migration_in_transaction(migration, @direction)
+        rescue => e
+          canceled_msg = use_transaction?(migration) ? "this and " : ""
+          raise StandardError, "An error has occurred, #{canceled_msg}all later migrations canceled:\n\n#{e}", e.backtrace
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
     def ran?(migration)
       migrated.include?(migration.version.to_i)
     end
@@ -1044,5 +1226,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def use_transaction?(migration)
       !migration.disable_ddl_transaction && Base.connection.supports_ddl_transactions?
     end
+
+    def use_advisory_lock?
+      Base.connection.supports_advisory_locks?
+    end
+
+    def with_advisory_lock
+      lock_id = generate_migrator_advisory_lock_id
+      got_lock = Base.connection.get_advisory_lock(lock_id)
+      raise ConcurrentMigrationError unless got_lock
+      load_migrated # reload schema_migrations to be sure it wasn't changed by another process before we got the lock
+      yield
+    ensure
+      Base.connection.release_advisory_lock(lock_id) if got_lock
+    end
+
+    MIGRATOR_SALT = 2053462845
+    def generate_migrator_advisory_lock_id
+      db_name_hash = Zlib.crc32(Base.connection.current_database)
+      MIGRATOR_SALT * db_name_hash
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/command_recorder.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/command_recorder.rb
index c44d8c1665..0fa665c7e0 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/command_recorder.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/command_recorder.rb
@@ -5,15 +5,36 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # knows how to invert the following commands:
     #
     # * add_column
+    # * add_foreign_key
     # * add_index
+    # * add_reference
     # * add_timestamps
-    # * create_table
+    # * change_column
+    # * change_column_default (must supply a :from and :to option)
+    # * change_column_null
     # * create_join_table
+    # * create_table
+    # * disable_extension
+    # * drop_join_table
+    # * drop_table (must supply a block)
+    # * enable_extension
+    # * remove_column (must supply a type)
+    # * remove_columns (must specify at least one column name or more)
+    # * remove_foreign_key (must supply a second table)
+    # * remove_index
+    # * remove_reference
     # * remove_timestamps
     # * rename_column
     # * rename_index
     # * rename_table
     class CommandRecorder
+      ReversibleAndIrreversibleMethods = [:create_table, :create_join_table, :rename_table, :add_column, :remove_column,
+        :rename_index, :rename_column, :add_index, :remove_index, :add_timestamps, :remove_timestamps,
+        :change_column_default, :add_reference, :remove_reference, :transaction,
+        :drop_join_table, :drop_table, :execute_block, :enable_extension, :disable_extension,
+        :change_column, :execute, :remove_columns, :change_column_null,
+        :add_foreign_key, :remove_foreign_key
+      ]
       include JoinTable
 
       attr_accessor :commands, :delegate, :reverting
@@ -41,7 +62,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @reverting = !@reverting
       end
 
-      # record +command+. +command+ should be a method name and arguments.
+      # Record +command+. +command+ should be a method name and arguments.
       # For example:
       #
       #   recorder.record(:method_name, [:arg1, :arg2])
@@ -62,7 +83,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # invert the +command+.
       def inverse_of(command, args, &block)
         method = :"invert_#{command}"
-        raise IrreversibleMigration unless respond_to?(method, true)
+        raise IrreversibleMigration, <<-MSG.strip_heredoc unless respond_to?(method, true)
+          This migration uses #{command}, which is not automatically reversible.
+          To make the migration reversible you can either:
+          1. Define #up and #down methods in place of the #change method.
+          2. Use the #reversible method to define reversible behavior.
+        MSG
         send(method, args, &block)
       end
 
@@ -70,12 +96,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         super || delegate.respond_to?(*args)
       end
 
-      [:create_table, :create_join_table, :rename_table, :add_column, :remove_column,
-        :rename_index, :rename_column, :add_index, :remove_index, :add_timestamps, :remove_timestamps,
-        :change_column_default, :add_reference, :remove_reference, :transaction,
-        :drop_join_table, :drop_table, :execute_block, :enable_extension,
-        :change_column, :execute, :remove_columns, :change_column_null # irreversible methods need to be here too
-      ].each do |method|
+      ReversibleAndIrreversibleMethods.each do |method|
         class_eval <<-EOV, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
           def #{method}(*args, &block)          # def create_table(*args, &block)
             record(:"#{method}", args, &block)  #   record(:create_table, args, &block)
@@ -85,7 +106,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       alias :add_belongs_to :add_reference
       alias :remove_belongs_to :remove_reference
 
-      def change_table(table_name, options = {})
+      def change_table(table_name, options = {}) # :nodoc:
         yield delegate.update_table_definition(table_name, self)
       end
 
@@ -149,24 +170,61 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def invert_remove_index(args)
-        table, options = *args
-
-        unless options && options.is_a?(Hash) && options[:column]
-          raise ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration, "remove_index is only reversible if given a :column option."
+        table, options_or_column = *args
+        if (options = options_or_column).is_a?(Hash)
+          unless options[:column]
+            raise ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration, "remove_index is only reversible if given a :column option."
+          end
+          options = options.dup
+          [:add_index, [table, options.delete(:column), options]]
+        elsif (column = options_or_column).present?
+          [:add_index, [table, column]]
         end
-
-        options = options.dup
-        [:add_index, [table, options.delete(:column), options]]
       end
 
       alias :invert_add_belongs_to :invert_add_reference
       alias :invert_remove_belongs_to :invert_remove_reference
 
+      def invert_change_column_default(args)
+        table, column, options = *args
+
+        unless options && options.is_a?(Hash) && options.has_key?(:from) && options.has_key?(:to)
+          raise ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration, "change_column_default is only reversible if given a :from and :to option."
+        end
+
+        [:change_column_default, [table, column, from: options[:to], to: options[:from]]]
+      end
+
       def invert_change_column_null(args)
         args[2] = !args[2]
         [:change_column_null, args]
       end
 
+      def invert_add_foreign_key(args)
+        from_table, to_table, add_options = args
+        add_options ||= {}
+
+        if add_options[:name]
+          options = { name: add_options[:name] }
+        elsif add_options[:column]
+          options = { column: add_options[:column] }
+        else
+          options = to_table
+        end
+
+        [:remove_foreign_key, [from_table, options]]
+      end
+
+      def invert_remove_foreign_key(args)
+        from_table, to_table, remove_options = args
+        raise ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration, "remove_foreign_key is only reversible if given a second table" if to_table.nil? || to_table.is_a?(Hash)
+
+        reversed_args = [from_table, to_table]
+        reversed_args << remove_options if remove_options
+
+        [:add_foreign_key, reversed_args]
+      end
+
       # Forwards any missing method call to the \target.
       def method_missing(method, *args, &block)
         if @delegate.respond_to?(method)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/compatibility.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/compatibility.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4c8db8a2d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/compatibility.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  class Migration
+    module Compatibility # :nodoc: all
+      V5_0 = Current
+
+      module FourTwoShared
+        module TableDefinition
+          def timestamps(*, **options)
+            options[:null] = true if options[:null].nil?
+            super
+          end
+        end
+
+        def create_table(table_name, options = {})
+          if block_given?
+            super(table_name, options) do |t|
+              class << t
+                prepend TableDefinition
+              end
+              yield t
+            end
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
+
+        def add_timestamps(*, **options)
+          options[:null] = true if options[:null].nil?
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      class V4_2 < V5_0
+        # 4.2 is defined as a module because it needs to be shared with
+        # Legacy. When the time comes, V5_0 should be defined straight
+        # in its class.
+        include FourTwoShared
+      end
+
+      module Legacy
+        include FourTwoShared
+
+        def run(*)
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn \
+            "Directly inheriting from ActiveRecord::Migration is deprecated. " \
+            "Please specify the Rails release the migration was written for:\n" \
+            "\n" \
+            "  class #{self.class.name} < ActiveRecord::Migration[4.2]"
+          super
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/join_table.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/join_table.rb
index ebf64cbcdc..05569fadbd 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/join_table.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/join_table.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def join_table_name(table_1, table_2)
-        [table_1.to_s, table_2.to_s].sort.join("_").to_sym
+        ModelSchema.derive_join_table_name(table_1, table_2).to_sym
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/model_schema.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/model_schema.rb
index dc5ff02882..5df67cdbe7 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/model_schema.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/model_schema.rb
@@ -29,6 +29,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # :singleton-method:
       # Works like +table_name_prefix+, but appends instead of prepends (set to "_basecamp" gives "projects_basecamp",
       # "people_basecamp"). By default, the suffix is the empty string.
+      #
+      # If you are organising your models within modules, you can add a suffix to the models within
+      # a namespace by defining a singleton method in the parent module called table_name_suffix which
+      # returns your chosen suffix.
       class_attribute :table_name_suffix, instance_writer: false
       self.table_name_suffix = ""
 
@@ -46,7 +50,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
       class_attribute :pluralize_table_names, instance_writer: false
       self.pluralize_table_names = true
 
+      ##
+      # :singleton-method:
+      # Accessor for the list of columns names the model should ignore. Ignored columns won't have attribute
+      # accessors defined, and won't be referenced in SQL queries.
+      class_attribute :ignored_columns, instance_accessor: false
+      self.ignored_columns = [].freeze
+
       self.inheritance_column = 'type'
+
+      delegate :type_for_attribute, to: :class
+    end
+
+    # Derives the join table name for +first_table+ and +second_table+. The
+    # table names appear in alphabetical order. A common prefix is removed
+    # (useful for namespaced models like Music::Artist and Music::Record):
+    #
+    #   artists, records => artists_records
+    #   records, artists => artists_records
+    #   music_artists, music_records => music_artists_records
+    def self.derive_join_table_name(first_table, second_table) # :nodoc:
+      [first_table.to_s, second_table.to_s].sort.join("\0").gsub(/^(.*_)(.+)\0\1(.+)/, '\1\2_\3').tr("\0", "_")
     end
 
     module ClassMethods
@@ -94,17 +118,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   class Mouse < ActiveRecord::Base
       #     self.table_name = "mice"
       #   end
-      #
-      # Alternatively, you can override the table_name method to define your
-      # own computation. (Possibly using <tt>super</tt> to manipulate the default
-      # table name.) Example:
-      #
-      #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     def self.table_name
-      #       "special_" + super
-      #     end
-      #   end
-      #   Post.table_name # => "special_posts"
       def table_name
         reset_table_name unless defined?(@table_name)
         @table_name
@@ -115,9 +128,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
       #     self.table_name = "project"
       #   end
-      #
-      # You can also just define your own <tt>self.table_name</tt> method; see
-      # the documentation for ActiveRecord::Base#table_name.
       def table_name=(value)
         value = value && value.to_s
 
@@ -130,7 +140,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @quoted_table_name = nil
         @arel_table        = nil
         @sequence_name     = nil unless defined?(@explicit_sequence_name) && @explicit_sequence_name
-        @relation          = Relation.create(self, arel_table)
+        @predicate_builder = nil
       end
 
       # Returns a quoted version of the table name, used to construct SQL statements.
@@ -153,6 +163,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         (parents.detect{ |p| p.respond_to?(:table_name_prefix) } || self).table_name_prefix
       end
 
+      def full_table_name_suffix #:nodoc:
+        (parents.detect {|p| p.respond_to?(:table_name_suffix) } || self).table_name_suffix
+      end
+
       # Defines the name of the table column which will store the class name on single-table
       # inheritance situations.
       #
@@ -190,7 +204,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # given block. This is required for Oracle and is useful for any
       # database which relies on sequences for primary key generation.
       #
-      # If a sequence name is not explicitly set when using Oracle or Firebird,
+      # If a sequence name is not explicitly set when using Oracle,
       # it will default to the commonly used pattern of: #{table_name}_seq
       #
       # If a sequence name is not explicitly set when using PostgreSQL, it
@@ -206,64 +220,52 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Indicates whether the table associated with this class exists
       def table_exists?
-        connection.schema_cache.table_exists?(table_name)
+        connection.schema_cache.data_source_exists?(table_name)
       end
 
-      # Returns an array of column objects for the table associated with this class.
-      def columns
-        @columns ||= connection.schema_cache.columns(table_name).map do |col|
-          col = col.dup
-          col.primary = (col.name == primary_key)
-          col
-        end
+      def attributes_builder # :nodoc:
+        @attributes_builder ||= AttributeSet::Builder.new(attribute_types, primary_key)
       end
 
-      # Returns a hash of column objects for the table associated with this class.
-      def columns_hash
-        @columns_hash ||= Hash[columns.map { |c| [c.name, c] }]
+      def columns_hash # :nodoc:
+        load_schema
+        @columns_hash
       end
 
-      def column_types # :nodoc:
-        @column_types ||= decorate_columns(columns_hash.dup)
+      def columns
+        load_schema
+        @columns ||= columns_hash.values
       end
 
-      def decorate_columns(columns_hash) # :nodoc:
-        return if columns_hash.empty?
-
-        @serialized_column_names ||= self.columns_hash.keys.find_all do |name|
-          serialized_attributes.key?(name)
-        end
-
-        @serialized_column_names.each do |name|
-          columns_hash[name] = AttributeMethods::Serialization::Type.new(columns_hash[name])
-        end
-
-        @time_zone_column_names ||= self.columns_hash.find_all do |name, col|
-          create_time_zone_conversion_attribute?(name, col)
-        end.map!(&:first)
-
-        @time_zone_column_names.each do |name|
-          columns_hash[name] = AttributeMethods::TimeZoneConversion::Type.new(columns_hash[name])
-        end
+      def attribute_types # :nodoc:
+        load_schema
+        @attribute_types ||= Hash.new(Type::Value.new)
+      end
 
-        columns_hash
+      def type_for_attribute(attr_name) # :nodoc:
+        attribute_types[attr_name]
       end
 
       # Returns a hash where the keys are column names and the values are
-      # default values when instantiating the AR object for this table.
+      # default values when instantiating the Active Record object for this table.
       def column_defaults
-        @column_defaults ||= Hash[columns.map { |c| [c.name, c.default] }]
+        load_schema
+        _default_attributes.to_hash
+      end
+
+      def _default_attributes # :nodoc:
+        @default_attributes ||= AttributeSet.new({})
       end
 
       # Returns an array of column names as strings.
       def column_names
-        @column_names ||= columns.map { |column| column.name }
+        @column_names ||= columns.map(&:name)
       end
 
       # Returns an array of column objects where the primary id, all columns ending in "_id" or "_count",
       # and columns used for single table inheritance have been removed.
       def content_columns
-        @content_columns ||= columns.reject { |c| c.primary || c.name =~ /(_id|_count)$/ || c.name == inheritance_column }
+        @content_columns ||= columns.reject { |c| c.name == primary_key || c.name =~ /(_id|_count)$/ || c.name == inheritance_column }
       end
 
       # Resets all the cached information about columns, which will cause them
@@ -273,7 +275,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # when just after creating a table you want to populate it with some default
       # values, eg:
       #
-      #  class CreateJobLevels < ActiveRecord::Migration
+      #  class CreateJobLevels < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
       #    def up
       #      create_table :job_levels do |t|
       #        t.integer :id
@@ -295,32 +297,53 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def reset_column_information
         connection.clear_cache!
         undefine_attribute_methods
-        connection.schema_cache.clear_table_cache!(table_name) if table_exists?
-
-        @arel_engine             = nil
-        @column_defaults         = nil
-        @column_names            = nil
-        @columns                 = nil
-        @columns_hash            = nil
-        @column_types            = nil
-        @content_columns         = nil
-        @dynamic_methods_hash    = nil
-        @inheritance_column      = nil unless defined?(@explicit_inheritance_column) && @explicit_inheritance_column
-        @relation                = nil
-        @serialized_column_names = nil
-        @time_zone_column_names  = nil
-        @cached_time_zone        = nil
-      end
+        connection.schema_cache.clear_data_source_cache!(table_name)
 
-      # This is a hook for use by modules that need to do extra stuff to
-      # attributes when they are initialized. (e.g. attribute
-      # serialization)
-      def initialize_attributes(attributes, options = {}) #:nodoc:
-        attributes
+        reload_schema_from_cache
       end
 
       private
 
+      def schema_loaded?
+        defined?(@columns_hash) && @columns_hash
+      end
+
+      def load_schema
+        unless schema_loaded?
+          load_schema!
+        end
+      end
+
+      def load_schema!
+        @columns_hash = connection.schema_cache.columns_hash(table_name).except(*ignored_columns)
+        @columns_hash.each do |name, column|
+          warn_if_deprecated_type(column)
+          define_attribute(
+            name,
+            connection.lookup_cast_type_from_column(column),
+            default: column.default,
+            user_provided_default: false
+          )
+        end
+      end
+
+      def reload_schema_from_cache
+        @arel_engine = nil
+        @arel_table = nil
+        @column_names = nil
+        @attribute_types = nil
+        @content_columns = nil
+        @default_attributes = nil
+        @inheritance_column = nil unless defined?(@explicit_inheritance_column) && @explicit_inheritance_column
+        @attributes_builder = nil
+        @columns = nil
+        @columns_hash = nil
+        @attribute_names = nil
+        direct_descendants.each do |descendant|
+          descendant.send(:reload_schema_from_cache)
+        end
+      end
+
       # Guesses the table name, but does not decorate it with prefix and suffix information.
       def undecorated_table_name(class_name = base_class.name)
         table_name = class_name.to_s.demodulize.underscore
@@ -337,12 +360,35 @@ module ActiveRecord
             contained = contained.singularize if parent.pluralize_table_names
             contained += '_'
           end
-          "#{full_table_name_prefix}#{contained}#{undecorated_table_name(name)}#{table_name_suffix}"
+
+          "#{full_table_name_prefix}#{contained}#{undecorated_table_name(name)}#{full_table_name_suffix}"
         else
           # STI subclasses always use their superclass' table.
           base.table_name
         end
       end
+
+      def warn_if_deprecated_type(column)
+        return if attributes_to_define_after_schema_loads.key?(column.name)
+        if column.respond_to?(:oid) && column.sql_type.start_with?("point")
+          if column.array?
+            array_arguments = ", array: true"
+          else
+            array_arguments = ""
+          end
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-WARNING.strip_heredoc)
+            The behavior of the `:point` type will be changing in Rails 5.1 to
+            return a `Point` object, rather than an `Array`. If you'd like to
+            keep the old behavior, you can add this line to #{self.name}:
+
+              attribute :#{column.name}, :legacy_point#{array_arguments}
+
+            If you'd like the new behavior today, you can add this line:
+
+              attribute :#{column.name}, :rails_5_1_point#{array_arguments}
+          WARNING
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/nested_attributes.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/nested_attributes.rb
index 9d92e747d4..c5a1488588 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/nested_attributes.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/nested_attributes.rb
@@ -81,6 +81,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # Note that the model will _not_ be destroyed until the parent is saved.
     #
+    # Also note that the model will not be destroyed unless you also specify
+    # its id in the updated hash.
+    #
     # === One-to-many
     #
     # Consider a member that has a number of posts:
@@ -111,7 +114,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   member.posts.first.title # => 'Kari, the awesome Ruby documentation browser!'
     #   member.posts.second.title # => 'The egalitarian assumption of the modern citizen'
     #
-    # You may also set a :reject_if proc to silently ignore any new record
+    # You may also set a +:reject_if+ proc to silently ignore any new record
     # hashes if they fail to pass your criteria. For example, the previous
     # example could be rewritten as:
     #
@@ -133,7 +136,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   member.posts.first.title # => 'Kari, the awesome Ruby documentation browser!'
     #   member.posts.second.title # => 'The egalitarian assumption of the modern citizen'
     #
-    # Alternatively, :reject_if also accepts a symbol for using methods:
+    # Alternatively, +:reject_if+ also accepts a symbol for using methods:
     #
     #   class Member < ActiveRecord::Base
     #     has_many :posts
@@ -144,8 +147,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #     has_many :posts
     #     accepts_nested_attributes_for :posts, reject_if: :reject_posts
     #
-    #     def reject_posts(attributed)
-    #       attributed['title'].blank?
+    #     def reject_posts(attributes)
+    #       attributes['title'].blank?
     #     end
     #   end
     #
@@ -163,6 +166,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   member.posts.first.title # => '[UPDATED] An, as of yet, undisclosed awesome Ruby documentation browser!'
     #   member.posts.second.title # => '[UPDATED] other post'
     #
+    # However, the above applies if the parent model is being updated as well.
+    # For example, If you wanted to create a +member+ named _joe_ and wanted to
+    # update the +posts+ at the same time, that would give an
+    # ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound error.
+    #
     # By default the associated records are protected from being destroyed. If
     # you want to destroy any of the associated records through the attributes
     # hash, you have to enable it first using the <tt>:allow_destroy</tt>
@@ -205,20 +213,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # Passing attributes for an associated collection in the form of a hash
     # of hashes can be used with hashes generated from HTTP/HTML parameters,
-    # where there maybe no natural way to submit an array of hashes.
+    # where there may be no natural way to submit an array of hashes.
     #
     # === Saving
     #
     # All changes to models, including the destruction of those marked for
     # destruction, are saved and destroyed automatically and atomically when
     # the parent model is saved. This happens inside the transaction initiated
-    # by the parents save method. See ActiveRecord::AutosaveAssociation.
+    # by the parent's save method. See ActiveRecord::AutosaveAssociation.
     #
     # === Validating the presence of a parent model
     #
     # If you want to validate that a child record is associated with a parent
-    # record, you can use <tt>validates_presence_of</tt> and
-    # <tt>inverse_of</tt> as this example illustrates:
+    # record, you can use the +validates_presence_of+ method and the +:inverse_of+
+    # key as this example illustrates:
     #
     #   class Member < ActiveRecord::Base
     #     has_many :posts, inverse_of: :member
@@ -230,7 +238,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #     validates_presence_of :member
     #   end
     #
-    # Note that if you do not specify the <tt>inverse_of</tt> option, then
+    # Note that if you do not specify the +:inverse_of+ option, then
     # Active Record will try to automatically guess the inverse association
     # based on heuristics.
     #
@@ -264,29 +272,31 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   Allows you to specify a Proc or a Symbol pointing to a method
       #   that checks whether a record should be built for a certain attribute
       #   hash. The hash is passed to the supplied Proc or the method
-      #   and it should return either +true+ or +false+. When no :reject_if
+      #   and it should return either +true+ or +false+. When no +:reject_if+
       #   is specified, a record will be built for all attribute hashes that
       #   do not have a <tt>_destroy</tt> value that evaluates to true.
       #   Passing <tt>:all_blank</tt> instead of a Proc will create a proc
       #   that will reject a record where all the attributes are blank excluding
-      #   any value for _destroy.
+      #   any value for +_destroy+.
       # [:limit]
-      #   Allows you to specify the maximum number of the associated records that
-      #   can be processed with the nested attributes. Limit also can be specified as a
-      #   Proc or a Symbol pointing to a method that should return number. If the size of the
-      #   nested attributes array exceeds the specified limit, NestedAttributes::TooManyRecords
-      #   exception is raised. If omitted, any number associations can be processed.
-      #   Note that the :limit option is only applicable to one-to-many associations.
+      #   Allows you to specify the maximum number of associated records that
+      #   can be processed with the nested attributes. Limit also can be specified
+      #   as a Proc or a Symbol pointing to a method that should return a number.
+      #   If the size of the nested attributes array exceeds the specified limit,
+      #   NestedAttributes::TooManyRecords exception is raised. If omitted, any
+      #   number of associations can be processed.
+      #   Note that the +:limit+ option is only applicable to one-to-many
+      #   associations.
       # [:update_only]
       #   For a one-to-one association, this option allows you to specify how
-      #   nested attributes are to be used when an associated record already
+      #   nested attributes are going to be used when an associated record already
       #   exists. In general, an existing record may either be updated with the
       #   new set of attribute values or be replaced by a wholly new record
-      #   containing those values. By default the :update_only option is +false+
+      #   containing those values. By default the +:update_only+ option is +false+
       #   and the nested attributes are used to update the existing record only
       #   if they include the record's <tt>:id</tt> value. Otherwise a new
       #   record will be instantiated and used to replace the existing one.
-      #   However if the :update_only option is +true+, the nested attributes
+      #   However if the +:update_only+ option is +true+, the nested attributes
       #   are used to update the record's attributes always, regardless of
       #   whether the <tt>:id</tt> is present. The option is ignored for collection
       #   associations.
@@ -305,9 +315,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         options[:reject_if] = REJECT_ALL_BLANK_PROC if options[:reject_if] == :all_blank
 
         attr_names.each do |association_name|
-          if reflection = reflect_on_association(association_name)
+          if reflection = _reflect_on_association(association_name)
             reflection.autosave = true
-            add_autosave_association_callbacks(reflection)
+            define_autosave_validation_callbacks(reflection)
 
             nested_attributes_options = self.nested_attributes_options.dup
             nested_attributes_options[association_name.to_sym] = options
@@ -376,6 +386,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # then the existing record will be marked for destruction.
     def assign_nested_attributes_for_one_to_one_association(association_name, attributes)
       options = self.nested_attributes_options[association_name]
+      if attributes.respond_to?(:permitted?)
+        attributes = attributes.to_h
+      end
       attributes = attributes.with_indifferent_access
       existing_record = send(association_name)
 
@@ -432,6 +445,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   ])
     def assign_nested_attributes_for_collection_association(association_name, attributes_collection)
       options = self.nested_attributes_options[association_name]
+      if attributes_collection.respond_to?(:permitted?)
+        attributes_collection = attributes_collection.to_h
+      end
 
       unless attributes_collection.is_a?(Hash) || attributes_collection.is_a?(Array)
         raise ArgumentError, "Hash or Array expected, got #{attributes_collection.class.name} (#{attributes_collection.inspect})"
@@ -458,6 +474,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       attributes_collection.each do |attributes|
+        if attributes.respond_to?(:permitted?)
+          attributes = attributes.to_h
+        end
         attributes = attributes.with_indifferent_access
 
         if attributes['id'].blank?
@@ -485,10 +504,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     # Takes in a limit and checks if the attributes_collection has too many
-    # records. The method will take limits in the form of symbols, procs, and
-    # number-like objects (anything that can be compared with an integer).
+    # records. It accepts limit in the form of symbol, proc, or
+    # number-like object (anything that can be compared with an integer).
     #
-    # Will raise an TooManyRecords error if the attributes_collection is
+    # Raises TooManyRecords error if the attributes_collection is
     # larger than the limit.
     def check_record_limit!(limit, attributes_collection)
       if limit
@@ -516,10 +535,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     # Determines if a hash contains a truthy _destroy key.
     def has_destroy_flag?(hash)
-      ConnectionAdapters::Column.value_to_boolean(hash['_destroy'])
+      Type::Boolean.new.cast(hash['_destroy'])
     end
 
-    # Determines if a new record should be build by checking for
+    # Determines if a new record should be rejected by checking
     # has_destroy_flag? or if a <tt>:reject_if</tt> proc exists for this
     # association and evaluates to +true+.
     def reject_new_record?(association_name, attributes)
@@ -542,7 +561,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def raise_nested_attributes_record_not_found!(association_name, record_id)
-      raise RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find #{self.class.reflect_on_association(association_name).klass.name} with ID=#{record_id} for #{self.class.name} with ID=#{id}"
+      model = self.class._reflect_on_association(association_name).klass.name
+      raise RecordNotFound.new("Couldn't find #{model} with ID=#{record_id} for #{self.class.name} with ID=#{id}",
+                               model, 'id', record_id)
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/no_touching.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/no_touching.rb
index dbf4564ae5..edb5066fa0 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/no_touching.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/no_touching.rb
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       NoTouching.applied_to?(self.class)
     end
 
-    def touch(*)
+    def touch(*) # :nodoc:
       super unless no_touching?
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/null_relation.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/null_relation.rb
index 5b255c3fe5..0b500346bc 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/null_relation.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/null_relation.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
 module ActiveRecord
   module NullRelation # :nodoc:
     def exec_queries
@@ -14,7 +12,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       0
     end
 
-    def update_all(_updates, _conditions = nil, _options = {})
+    def update_all(_updates)
       0
     end
 
@@ -23,17 +21,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def size
-      0
+      calculate :size, nil
     end
 
     def empty?
       true
     end
 
+    def none?
+      true
+    end
+
     def any?
       false
     end
 
+    def one?
+      false
+    end
+
     def many?
       false
     end
@@ -43,25 +49,41 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def count(*)
-      0
+      calculate :count, nil
     end
 
     def sum(*)
-      0
+      calculate :sum, nil
+    end
+
+    def average(*)
+      calculate :average, nil
+    end
+
+    def minimum(*)
+      calculate :minimum, nil
     end
 
-    def calculate(operation, _column_name, _options = {})
-      # TODO: Remove _options argument as soon we remove support to
-      # activerecord-deprecated_finders.
-      if operation == :count
-        0
+    def maximum(*)
+      calculate :maximum, nil
+    end
+
+    def calculate(operation, _column_name)
+      if [:count, :sum, :size].include? operation
+        group_values.any? ? Hash.new : 0
+      elsif [:average, :minimum, :maximum].include?(operation) && group_values.any?
+        Hash.new
       else
         nil
       end
     end
 
-    def exists?(_id = false)
+    def exists?(_conditions = :none)
       false
     end
+
+    def or(other)
+      other.spawn
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/persistence.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/persistence.rb
index b1b35ed940..522c35252f 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/persistence.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/persistence.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 module ActiveRecord
-  # = Active Record Persistence
+  # = Active Record \Persistence
   module Persistence
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
@@ -36,8 +36,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      # Creates an object (or multiple objects) and saves it to the database,
+      # if validations pass. Raises a RecordInvalid error if validations fail,
+      # unlike Base#create.
+      #
+      # The +attributes+ parameter can be either a Hash or an Array of Hashes.
+      # These describe which attributes to be created on the object, or
+      # multiple objects when given an Array of Hashes.
+      def create!(attributes = nil, &block)
+        if attributes.is_a?(Array)
+          attributes.collect { |attr| create!(attr, &block) }
+        else
+          object = new(attributes, &block)
+          object.save!
+          object
+        end
+      end
+
       # Given an attributes hash, +instantiate+ returns a new instance of
-      # the appropriate class.
+      # the appropriate class. Accepts only keys as strings.
       #
       # For example, +Post.all+ may return Comments, Messages, and Emails
       # by storing the record's subclass in a +type+ attribute. By calling
@@ -46,10 +63,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       # See +ActiveRecord::Inheritance#discriminate_class_for_record+ to see
       # how this "single-table" inheritance mapping is implemented.
-      def instantiate(record, column_types = {})
-        klass = discriminate_class_for_record(record)
-        column_types = klass.decorate_columns(column_types.dup)
-        klass.allocate.init_with('attributes' => record, 'column_types' => column_types)
+      def instantiate(attributes, column_types = {})
+        klass = discriminate_class_for_record(attributes)
+        attributes = klass.attributes_builder.build_from_database(attributes, column_types)
+        klass.allocate.init_with('attributes' => attributes, 'new_record' => false)
       end
 
       private
@@ -64,7 +81,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     # Returns true if this object hasn't been saved yet -- that is, a record
-    # for the object doesn't exist in the data store yet; otherwise, returns false.
+    # for the object doesn't exist in the database yet; otherwise, returns false.
     def new_record?
       sync_with_transaction_state
       @new_record
@@ -79,7 +96,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Returns true if the record is persisted, i.e. it's not a new record and it was
     # not destroyed, otherwise returns false.
     def persisted?
-      !(new_record? || destroyed?)
+      sync_with_transaction_state
+      !(@new_record || @destroyed)
     end
 
     # Saves the model.
@@ -88,41 +106,49 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # the existing record gets updated.
     #
     # By default, save always run validations. If any of them fail the action
-    # is cancelled and +save+ returns +false+. However, if you supply
+    # is cancelled and #save returns +false+. However, if you supply
     # validate: false, validations are bypassed altogether. See
     # ActiveRecord::Validations for more information.
     #
-    # There's a series of callbacks associated with +save+. If any of the
-    # <tt>before_*</tt> callbacks return +false+ the action is cancelled and
-    # +save+ returns +false+. See ActiveRecord::Callbacks for further
+    # By default, #save also sets the +updated_at+/+updated_on+ attributes to
+    # the current time. However, if you supply <tt>touch: false</tt>, these
+    # timestamps will not be updated.
+    #
+    # There's a series of callbacks associated with #save. If any of the
+    # <tt>before_*</tt> callbacks throws +:abort+ the action is cancelled and
+    # #save returns +false+. See ActiveRecord::Callbacks for further
     # details.
     #
     # Attributes marked as readonly are silently ignored if the record is
     # being updated.
-    def save(*)
-      create_or_update
+    def save(*args)
+      create_or_update(*args)
     rescue ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid
       false
     end
 
     # Saves the model.
     #
-    # If the model is new a record gets created in the database, otherwise
+    # If the model is new, a record gets created in the database, otherwise
     # the existing record gets updated.
     #
-    # With <tt>save!</tt> validations always run. If any of them fail
+    # With #save! validations always run. If any of them fail
     # ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid gets raised. See ActiveRecord::Validations
     # for more information.
     #
-    # There's a series of callbacks associated with <tt>save!</tt>. If any of
-    # the <tt>before_*</tt> callbacks return +false+ the action is cancelled
-    # and <tt>save!</tt> raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved. See
+    # By default, #save! also sets the +updated_at+/+updated_on+ attributes to
+    # the current time. However, if you supply <tt>touch: false</tt>, these
+    # timestamps will not be updated.
+    #
+    # There's a series of callbacks associated with #save!. If any of
+    # the <tt>before_*</tt> callbacks throws +:abort+ the action is cancelled
+    # and #save! raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved. See
     # ActiveRecord::Callbacks for further details.
     #
     # Attributes marked as readonly are silently ignored if the record is
     # being updated.
-    def save!(*)
-      create_or_update || raise(RecordNotSaved)
+    def save!(*args)
+      create_or_update(*args) || raise(RecordNotSaved.new("Failed to save the record", self))
     end
 
     # Deletes the record in the database and freezes this instance to
@@ -132,6 +158,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # The row is simply removed with an SQL +DELETE+ statement on the
     # record's primary key, and no callbacks are executed.
     #
+    # Note that this will also delete records marked as {#readonly?}[rdoc-ref:Core#readonly?].
+    #
     # To enforce the object's +before_destroy+ and +after_destroy+
     # callbacks or any <tt>:dependent</tt> association
     # options, use <tt>#destroy</tt>.
@@ -144,13 +172,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Deletes the record in the database and freezes this instance to reflect
     # that no changes should be made (since they can't be persisted).
     #
-    # There's a series of callbacks associated with <tt>destroy</tt>. If
-    # the <tt>before_destroy</tt> callback return +false+ the action is cancelled
-    # and <tt>destroy</tt> returns +false+. See
-    # ActiveRecord::Callbacks for further details.
+    # There's a series of callbacks associated with #destroy. If the
+    # <tt>before_destroy</tt> callback throws +:abort+ the action is cancelled
+    # and #destroy returns +false+.
+    # See ActiveRecord::Callbacks for further details.
     def destroy
-      raise ReadOnlyRecord if readonly?
+      raise ReadOnlyRecord, "#{self.class} is marked as readonly" if readonly?
       destroy_associations
+      self.class.connection.add_transaction_record(self)
       destroy_row if persisted?
       @destroyed = true
       freeze
@@ -159,12 +188,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Deletes the record in the database and freezes this instance to reflect
     # that no changes should be made (since they can't be persisted).
     #
-    # There's a series of callbacks associated with <tt>destroy!</tt>. If
-    # the <tt>before_destroy</tt> callback return +false+ the action is cancelled
-    # and <tt>destroy!</tt> raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotDestroyed. See
-    # ActiveRecord::Callbacks for further details.
+    # There's a series of callbacks associated with #destroy!. If the
+    # <tt>before_destroy</tt> callback throws +:abort+ the action is cancelled
+    # and #destroy! raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotDestroyed.
+    # See ActiveRecord::Callbacks for further details.
     def destroy!
-      destroy || raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotDestroyed)
+      destroy || _raise_record_not_destroyed
     end
 
     # Returns an instance of the specified +klass+ with the attributes of the
@@ -176,19 +205,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # instance using the companies/company partial instead of clients/client.
     #
     # Note: The new instance will share a link to the same attributes as the original class.
-    # So any change to the attributes in either instance will affect the other.
+    # Therefore the sti column value will still be the same.
+    # Any change to the attributes on either instance will affect both instances.
+    # If you want to change the sti column as well, use #becomes! instead.
     def becomes(klass)
       became = klass.new
       became.instance_variable_set("@attributes", @attributes)
-      became.instance_variable_set("@attributes_cache", @attributes_cache)
-      became.instance_variable_set("@changed_attributes", @changed_attributes) if defined?(@changed_attributes)
+      became.instance_variable_set("@mutation_tracker", @mutation_tracker) if defined?(@mutation_tracker)
+      became.instance_variable_set("@changed_attributes", attributes_changed_by_setter)
       became.instance_variable_set("@new_record", new_record?)
       became.instance_variable_set("@destroyed", destroyed?)
-      became.instance_variable_set("@errors", errors)
+      became.errors.copy!(errors)
       became
     end
 
-    # Wrapper around +becomes+ that also changes the instance's sti column value.
+    # Wrapper around #becomes that also changes the instance's sti column value.
     # This is especially useful if you want to persist the changed class in your
     # database.
     #
@@ -208,17 +239,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # This is especially useful for boolean flags on existing records. Also note that
     #
     # * Validation is skipped.
-    # * Callbacks are invoked.
+    # * \Callbacks are invoked.
     # * updated_at/updated_on column is updated if that column is available.
     # * Updates all the attributes that are dirty in this object.
     #
-    # This method raises an +ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError+  if the
+    # This method raises an ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError  if the
     # attribute is marked as readonly.
+    #
+    # See also #update_column.
     def update_attribute(name, value)
       name = name.to_s
       verify_readonly_attribute(name)
-      send("#{name}=", value)
-      save(validate: false)
+      public_send("#{name}=", value)
+      save(validate: false) if changed?
     end
 
     # Updates the attributes of the model from the passed-in hash and saves the
@@ -235,7 +268,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     alias update_attributes update
 
-    # Updates its receiver just like +update+ but calls <tt>save!</tt> instead
+    # Updates its receiver just like #update but calls #save! instead
     # of +save+, so an exception is raised if the record is invalid.
     def update!(attributes)
       # The following transaction covers any possible database side-effects of the
@@ -262,14 +295,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # the database, but take into account that in consequence the regular update
     # procedures are totally bypassed. In particular:
     #
-    # * Validations are skipped.
-    # * Callbacks are skipped.
+    # * \Validations are skipped.
+    # * \Callbacks are skipped.
     # * +updated_at+/+updated_on+ are not updated.
+    # * However, attributes are serialized with the same rules as ActiveRecord::Relation#update_all
     #
-    # This method raises an +ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError+ when called on new
+    # This method raises an ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError when called on new
     # objects, or when at least one of the attributes is marked as readonly.
     def update_columns(attributes)
-      raise ActiveRecordError, "cannot update on a new record object" unless persisted?
+      raise ActiveRecordError, "cannot update a new record" if new_record?
+      raise ActiveRecordError, "cannot update a destroyed record" if destroyed?
 
       attributes.each_key do |key|
         verify_readonly_attribute(key.to_s)
@@ -293,41 +328,51 @@ module ActiveRecord
       self
     end
 
-    # Wrapper around +increment+ that saves the record. This method differs from
+    # Wrapper around #increment that saves the record. This method differs from
     # its non-bang version in that it passes through the attribute setter.
     # Saving is not subjected to validation checks. Returns +true+ if the
     # record could be saved.
     def increment!(attribute, by = 1)
-      increment(attribute, by).update_attribute(attribute, self[attribute])
+      increment(attribute, by)
+      change = public_send(attribute) - (attribute_was(attribute.to_s) || 0)
+      self.class.update_counters(id, attribute => change)
+      clear_attribute_change(attribute) # eww
+      self
     end
 
     # Initializes +attribute+ to zero if +nil+ and subtracts the value passed as +by+ (default is 1).
     # The decrement is performed directly on the underlying attribute, no setter is invoked.
     # Only makes sense for number-based attributes. Returns +self+.
     def decrement(attribute, by = 1)
-      self[attribute] ||= 0
-      self[attribute] -= by
-      self
+      increment(attribute, -by)
     end
 
-    # Wrapper around +decrement+ that saves the record. This method differs from
+    # Wrapper around #decrement that saves the record. This method differs from
     # its non-bang version in that it passes through the attribute setter.
     # Saving is not subjected to validation checks. Returns +true+ if the
     # record could be saved.
     def decrement!(attribute, by = 1)
-      decrement(attribute, by).update_attribute(attribute, self[attribute])
+      increment!(attribute, -by)
     end
 
     # Assigns to +attribute+ the boolean opposite of <tt>attribute?</tt>. So
     # if the predicate returns +true+ the attribute will become +false+. This
     # method toggles directly the underlying value without calling any setter.
     # Returns +self+.
+    #
+    # Example:
+    #
+    #   user = User.first
+    #   user.banned? # => false
+    #   user.toggle(:banned)
+    #   user.banned? # => true
+    #
     def toggle(attribute)
-      self[attribute] = !send("#{attribute}?")
+      self[attribute] = !public_send("#{attribute}?")
       self
     end
 
-    # Wrapper around +toggle+ that saves the record. This method differs from
+    # Wrapper around #toggle that saves the record. This method differs from
     # its non-bang version in that it passes through the attribute setter.
     # Saving is not subjected to validation checks. Returns +true+ if the
     # record could be saved.
@@ -348,9 +393,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   # => #<Account id: 1, email: 'account@example.com'>
     #
     # Attributes are reloaded from the database, and caches busted, in
-    # particular the associations cache.
+    # particular the associations cache and the QueryCache.
     #
-    # If the record no longer exists in the database <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt>
+    # If the record no longer exists in the database ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound
     # is raised. Otherwise, in addition to the in-place modification the method
     # returns +self+ for convenience.
     #
@@ -384,8 +429,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   end
     #
     def reload(options = nil)
-      clear_aggregation_cache
-      clear_association_cache
+      self.class.connection.clear_query_cache
 
       fresh_object =
         if options && options[:lock]
@@ -394,24 +438,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
           self.class.unscoped { self.class.find(id) }
         end
 
-      @attributes.update(fresh_object.instance_variable_get('@attributes'))
-
-      @column_types           = self.class.column_types
-      @column_types_override  = fresh_object.instance_variable_get('@column_types_override')
-      @attributes_cache       = {}
+      @attributes = fresh_object.instance_variable_get('@attributes')
+      @new_record = false
       self
     end
 
-    # Saves the record with the updated_at/on attributes set to the current time.
-    # Please note that no validation is performed and only the +after_touch+
-    # callback is executed.
-    # If an attribute name is passed, that attribute is updated along with
-    # updated_at/on attributes.
+    # Saves the record with the updated_at/on attributes set to the current time
+    # or the time specified.
+    # Please note that no validation is performed and only the +after_touch+,
+    # +after_commit+ and +after_rollback+ callbacks are executed.
+    #
+    # This method can be passed attribute names and an optional time argument.
+    # If attribute names are passed, they are updated along with updated_at/on
+    # attributes. If no time argument is passed, the current time is used as default.
     #
-    #   product.touch               # updates updated_at/on
-    #   product.touch(:designed_at) # updates the designed_at attribute and updated_at/on
+    #   product.touch                         # updates updated_at/on with current time
+    #   product.touch(time: Time.new(2015, 2, 16, 0, 0, 0)) # updates updated_at/on with specified time
+    #   product.touch(:designed_at)           # updates the designed_at attribute and updated_at/on
+    #   product.touch(:started_at, :ended_at) # updates started_at, ended_at and updated_at/on attributes
     #
-    # If used along with +belongs_to+ then +touch+ will invoke +touch+ method on associated object.
+    # If used along with {belongs_to}[rdoc-ref:Associations::ClassMethods#belongs_to]
+    # then +touch+ will invoke +touch+ method on associated object.
     #
     #   class Brake < ActiveRecord::Base
     #     belongs_to :car, touch: true
@@ -430,26 +477,40 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   ball = Ball.new
     #   ball.touch(:updated_at)   # => raises ActiveRecordError
     #
-    def touch(name = nil)
+    def touch(*names, time: nil)
       raise ActiveRecordError, "cannot touch on a new record object" unless persisted?
 
+      time ||= current_time_from_proper_timezone
       attributes = timestamp_attributes_for_update_in_model
-      attributes << name if name
+      attributes.concat(names)
 
       unless attributes.empty?
-        current_time = current_time_from_proper_timezone
         changes = {}
 
         attributes.each do |column|
           column = column.to_s
-          changes[column] = write_attribute(column, current_time)
+          changes[column] = write_attribute(column, time)
         end
 
-        changes[self.class.locking_column] = increment_lock if locking_enabled?
-
-        changed_attributes.except!(*changes.keys)
+        clear_attribute_changes(changes.keys)
         primary_key = self.class.primary_key
-        self.class.unscoped.where(primary_key => self[primary_key]).update_all(changes) == 1
+        scope = self.class.unscoped.where(primary_key => _read_attribute(primary_key))
+
+        if locking_enabled?
+          locking_column = self.class.locking_column
+          scope = scope.where(locking_column => _read_attribute(locking_column))
+          changes[locking_column] = increment_lock
+        end
+
+        result = scope.update_all(changes) == 1
+
+        if !result && locking_enabled?
+          raise ActiveRecord::StaleObjectError.new(self, "touch")
+        end
+
+        result
+      else
+        true
       end
     end
 
@@ -464,37 +525,29 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def relation_for_destroy
-      pk         = self.class.primary_key
-      column     = self.class.columns_hash[pk]
-      substitute = self.class.connection.substitute_at(column, 0)
-
-      relation = self.class.unscoped.where(
-        self.class.arel_table[pk].eq(substitute))
-
-      relation.bind_values = [[column, id]]
-      relation
+      self.class.unscoped.where(self.class.primary_key => id)
     end
 
-    def create_or_update
-      raise ReadOnlyRecord if readonly?
-      result = new_record? ? create_record : update_record
+    def create_or_update(*args)
+      raise ReadOnlyRecord, "#{self.class} is marked as readonly" if readonly?
+      result = new_record? ? _create_record : _update_record(*args)
       result != false
     end
 
     # Updates the associated record with values matching those of the instance attributes.
     # Returns the number of affected rows.
-    def update_record(attribute_names = @attributes.keys)
+    def _update_record(attribute_names = self.attribute_names)
       attributes_values = arel_attributes_with_values_for_update(attribute_names)
       if attributes_values.empty?
         0
       else
-        self.class.unscoped.update_record attributes_values, id, id_was
+        self.class.unscoped._update_record attributes_values, id, id_was
       end
     end
 
     # Creates a record with values matching those of the instance attributes
     # and returns its id.
-    def create_record(attribute_names = @attributes.keys)
+    def _create_record(attribute_names = self.attribute_names)
       attributes_values = arel_attributes_with_values_for_create(attribute_names)
 
       new_id = self.class.unscoped.insert attributes_values
@@ -507,5 +560,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def verify_readonly_attribute(name)
       raise ActiveRecordError, "#{name} is marked as readonly" if self.class.readonly_attributes.include?(name)
     end
+
+    def _raise_record_not_destroyed
+      @_association_destroy_exception ||= nil
+      raise @_association_destroy_exception || RecordNotDestroyed.new("Failed to destroy the record", self)
+    ensure
+      @_association_destroy_exception = nil
+    end
+
+    def belongs_to_touch_method
+      :touch
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/query_cache.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/query_cache.rb
index df8654e5c1..dcb2bd3d84 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/query_cache.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/query_cache.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 module ActiveRecord
   # = Active Record Query Cache
   class QueryCache
@@ -29,9 +28,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def call(env)
-      enabled       = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.query_cache_enabled
+      connection    = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+      enabled       = connection.query_cache_enabled
       connection_id = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_id
-      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.enable_query_cache!
+      connection.enable_query_cache!
 
       response = @app.call(env)
       response[2] = Rack::BodyProxy.new(response[2]) do
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/querying.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/querying.rb
index ef138c6f80..1f429cfd94 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/querying.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/querying.rb
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     delegate :find_or_create_by, :find_or_create_by!, :find_or_initialize_by, to: :all
     delegate :find_by, :find_by!, to: :all
     delegate :destroy, :destroy_all, :delete, :delete_all, :update, :update_all, to: :all
-    delegate :find_each, :find_in_batches, to: :all
-    delegate :select, :group, :order, :except, :reorder, :limit, :offset, :joins,
+    delegate :find_each, :find_in_batches, :in_batches, to: :all
+    delegate :select, :group, :order, :except, :reorder, :limit, :offset, :joins, :left_joins, :left_outer_joins, :or,
              :where, :rewhere, :preload, :eager_load, :includes, :from, :lock, :readonly,
              :having, :create_with, :uniq, :distinct, :references, :none, :unscope, to: :all
     delegate :count, :average, :minimum, :maximum, :sum, :calculate, to: :all
@@ -37,26 +37,30 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Post.find_by_sql ["SELECT body FROM comments WHERE author = :user_id OR approved_by = :user_id", { :user_id => user_id }]
     def find_by_sql(sql, binds = [])
       result_set = connection.select_all(sanitize_sql(sql), "#{name} Load", binds)
-      column_types = {}
+      column_types = result_set.column_types.dup
+      columns_hash.each_key { |k| column_types.delete k }
+      message_bus = ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrumenter
 
-      if result_set.respond_to? :column_types
-        column_types = result_set.column_types
-      else
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "the object returned from `select_all` must respond to `column_types`"
-      end
+      payload = {
+        record_count: result_set.length,
+        class_name: name
+      }
 
-      result_set.map { |record| instantiate(record, column_types) }
+      message_bus.instrument('instantiation.active_record', payload) do
+        result_set.map { |record| instantiate(record, column_types) }
+      end
     end
 
     # Returns the result of an SQL statement that should only include a COUNT(*) in the SELECT part.
     # The use of this method should be restricted to complicated SQL queries that can't be executed
     # using the ActiveRecord::Calculations class methods. Look into those before using this.
     #
-    # ==== Parameters
+    #   Product.count_by_sql "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sales s, customers c WHERE s.customer_id = c.id"
+    #   # => 12
     #
-    # * +sql+ - An SQL statement which should return a count query from the database, see the example below.
+    # ==== Parameters
     #
-    #   Product.count_by_sql "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sales s, customers c WHERE s.customer_id = c.id"
+    # * +sql+ - An SQL statement which should return a count query from the database, see the example above.
     def count_by_sql(sql)
       sql = sanitize_conditions(sql)
       connection.select_value(sql, "#{name} Count").to_i
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/railtie.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/railtie.rb
index 11b564f8f9..2744673c12 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/railtie.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/railtie.rb
@@ -16,11 +16,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     config.app_generators.orm :active_record, :migration => true,
                                               :timestamps => true
 
-    config.app_middleware.insert_after "::ActionDispatch::Callbacks",
-      "ActiveRecord::QueryCache"
+    config.app_middleware.insert_after ::ActionDispatch::Callbacks,
+      ActiveRecord::QueryCache
 
-    config.app_middleware.insert_after "::ActionDispatch::Callbacks",
-      "ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionManagement"
+    config.app_middleware.insert_after ::ActionDispatch::Callbacks,
+      ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionManagement
 
     config.action_dispatch.rescue_responses.merge!(
       'ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound'   => :not_found,
@@ -36,8 +36,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     config.eager_load_namespaces << ActiveRecord
 
     rake_tasks do
-      require "active_record/base"
-
       namespace :db do
         task :load_config do
           ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.database_configuration = Rails.application.config.database_configuration
@@ -80,8 +78,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     initializer "active_record.migration_error" do
       if config.active_record.delete(:migration_error) == :page_load
-        config.app_middleware.insert_after "::ActionDispatch::Callbacks",
-          "ActiveRecord::Migration::CheckPending"
+        config.app_middleware.insert_after ::ActionDispatch::Callbacks,
+          ActiveRecord::Migration::CheckPending
       end
     end
 
@@ -95,6 +93,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
               cache = Marshal.load File.binread filename
               if cache.version == ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version
                 self.connection.schema_cache = cache
+                self.connection_pool.schema_cache = cache.dup
               else
                 warn "Ignoring db/schema_cache.dump because it has expired. The current schema version is #{ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version}, but the one in the cache is #{cache.version}."
               end
@@ -104,6 +103,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
+    initializer "active_record.warn_on_records_fetched_greater_than" do
+      if config.active_record.warn_on_records_fetched_greater_than
+        ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
+          require 'active_record/relation/record_fetch_warning'
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
     initializer "active_record.set_configs" do |app|
       ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
         app.config.active_record.each do |k,v|
@@ -114,19 +121,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     # This sets the database configuration from Configuration#database_configuration
     # and then establishes the connection.
-    initializer "active_record.initialize_database" do |app|
+    initializer "active_record.initialize_database" do
       ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
+        self.configurations = Rails.application.config.database_configuration
 
-        class ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError
-          remove_possible_method :extend_message
-          def extend_message(message)
-            message << "Run `$ bin/rake db:create db:migrate` to create your database"
-            message
-          end
-        end
+        begin
+          establish_connection
+        rescue ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError
+          warn <<-end_warning
+Oops - You have a database configured, but it doesn't exist yet!
 
-        self.configurations = Rails.application.config.database_configuration
-        establish_connection
+Here's how to get started:
+
+  1. Configure your database in config/database.yml.
+  2. Run `bin/rake db:create` to create the database.
+  3. Run `bin/rake db:setup` to load your database schema.
+end_warning
+          raise
+        end
       end
     end
 
@@ -144,8 +156,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
         ActionDispatch::Reloader.send(hook) do
           if ActiveRecord::Base.connected?
-            ActiveRecord::Base.clear_reloadable_connections!
             ActiveRecord::Base.clear_cache!
+            ActiveRecord::Base.clear_reloadable_connections!
           end
         end
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/railties/controller_runtime.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/railties/controller_runtime.rb
index af4840476c..8727e46cb3 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/railties/controller_runtime.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/railties/controller_runtime.rb
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def cleanup_view_runtime
-        if ActiveRecord::Base.connected?
+        if logger.info? && ActiveRecord::Base.connected?
           db_rt_before_render = ActiveRecord::LogSubscriber.reset_runtime
           self.db_runtime = (db_runtime || 0) + db_rt_before_render
           runtime = super
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/railties/databases.rake b/activerecord/lib/active_record/railties/databases.rake
index 1d5c80bc01..5b1ea16f0b 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/railties/databases.rake
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/railties/databases.rake
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
     end
   end
 
-  desc 'Creates the database from DATABASE_URL or config/database.yml for the current RAILS_ENV (use db:create:all to create all databases in the config). Without RAILS_ENV it defaults to creating the development and test databases.'
+  desc 'Creates the database from DATABASE_URL or config/database.yml for the current RAILS_ENV (use db:create:all to create all databases in the config). Without RAILS_ENV, it defaults to creating the development and test databases.'
   task :create => [:load_config] do
     ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create_current
   end
@@ -23,26 +23,37 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
     end
   end
 
-  desc 'Drops the database from DATABASE_URL or config/database.yml for the current RAILS_ENV (use db:drop:all to drop all databases in the config). Without RAILS_ENV it defaults to dropping the development and test databases.'
+  desc 'Drops the database from DATABASE_URL or config/database.yml for the current RAILS_ENV (use db:drop:all to drop all databases in the config). Without RAILS_ENV, it defaults to dropping the development and test databases.'
   task :drop => [:load_config] do
     ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop_current
   end
 
+  namespace :purge do
+    task :all => :load_config do
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.purge_all
+    end
+  end
+
+  # desc "Empty the database from DATABASE_URL or config/database.yml for the current RAILS_ENV (use db:purge:all to purge all databases in the config). Without RAILS_ENV it defaults to purging the development and test databases."
+  task :purge => [:load_config] do
+    ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.purge_current
+  end
+
   desc "Migrate the database (options: VERSION=x, VERBOSE=false, SCOPE=blog)."
   task :migrate => [:environment, :load_config] do
-    ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = ENV["VERBOSE"] ? ENV["VERBOSE"] == "true" : true
-    ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrate(ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths, ENV["VERSION"] ? ENV["VERSION"].to_i : nil) do |migration|
-      ENV["SCOPE"].blank? || (ENV["SCOPE"] == migration.scope)
-    end
-    db_namespace['_dump'].invoke if ActiveRecord::Base.dump_schema_after_migration
+    ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrate
+    db_namespace['_dump'].invoke
   end
 
+  # IMPORTANT: This task won't dump the schema if ActiveRecord::Base.dump_schema_after_migration is set to false
   task :_dump do
-    case ActiveRecord::Base.schema_format
-    when :ruby then db_namespace["schema:dump"].invoke
-    when :sql  then db_namespace["structure:dump"].invoke
-    else
-      raise "unknown schema format #{ActiveRecord::Base.schema_format}"
+    if ActiveRecord::Base.dump_schema_after_migration
+      case ActiveRecord::Base.schema_format
+      when :ruby then db_namespace["schema:dump"].invoke
+      when :sql  then db_namespace["structure:dump"].invoke
+      else
+        raise "unknown schema format #{ActiveRecord::Base.schema_format}"
+      end
     end
     # Allow this task to be called as many times as required. An example is the
     # migrate:redo task, which calls other two internally that depend on this one.
@@ -68,7 +79,7 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
     task :up => [:environment, :load_config] do
       version = ENV['VERSION'] ? ENV['VERSION'].to_i : nil
       raise 'VERSION is required' unless version
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.run(:up, ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths, version)
+      ActiveRecord::Migrator.run(:up, ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrations_paths, version)
       db_namespace['_dump'].invoke
     end
 
@@ -76,28 +87,29 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
     task :down => [:environment, :load_config] do
       version = ENV['VERSION'] ? ENV['VERSION'].to_i : nil
       raise 'VERSION is required - To go down one migration, run db:rollback' unless version
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.run(:down, ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths, version)
+      ActiveRecord::Migrator.run(:down, ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrations_paths, version)
       db_namespace['_dump'].invoke
     end
 
     desc 'Display status of migrations'
     task :status => [:environment, :load_config] do
-      unless ActiveRecord::Base.connection.table_exists?(ActiveRecord::Migrator.schema_migrations_table_name)
-        puts 'Schema migrations table does not exist yet.'
-        next  # means "return" for rake task
+      unless ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_exists?
+        abort 'Schema migrations table does not exist yet.'
       end
-      db_list = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.select_values("SELECT version FROM #{ActiveRecord::Migrator.schema_migrations_table_name}")
-      db_list.map! { |version| "%.3d" % version }
-      file_list = []
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths.each do |path|
-        Dir.foreach(path) do |file|
-          # match "20091231235959_some_name.rb" and "001_some_name.rb" pattern
-          if match_data = /^(\d{3,})_(.+)\.rb$/.match(file)
-            status = db_list.delete(match_data[1]) ? 'up' : 'down'
-            file_list << [status, match_data[1], match_data[2].humanize]
+      db_list = ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.normalized_versions
+
+      file_list =
+          ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrations_paths.flat_map do |path|
+            Dir.foreach(path).map do |file|
+              next unless ActiveRecord::Migrator.match_to_migration_filename?(file)
+
+              version, name, scope = ActiveRecord::Migrator.parse_migration_filename(file)
+              version = ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.normalize_migration_number(version)
+              status = db_list.delete(version) ? 'up' : 'down'
+              [status, version, (name + scope).humanize]
+            end.compact
           end
-        end
-      end
+
       db_list.map! do |version|
         ['up', version, '********** NO FILE **********']
       end
@@ -105,8 +117,8 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
       puts "\ndatabase: #{ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config[:database]}\n\n"
       puts "#{'Status'.center(8)}  #{'Migration ID'.ljust(14)}  Migration Name"
       puts "-" * 50
-      (db_list + file_list).sort_by {|migration| migration[1]}.each do |migration|
-        puts "#{migration[0].center(8)}  #{migration[1].ljust(14)}  #{migration[2]}"
+      (db_list + file_list).sort_by { |_, version, _| version }.each do |status, version, name|
+        puts "#{status.center(8)}  #{version.ljust(14)}  #{name}"
       end
       puts
     end
@@ -115,22 +127,19 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
   desc 'Rolls the schema back to the previous version (specify steps w/ STEP=n).'
   task :rollback => [:environment, :load_config] do
     step = ENV['STEP'] ? ENV['STEP'].to_i : 1
-    ActiveRecord::Migrator.rollback(ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths, step)
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.rollback(ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrations_paths, step)
     db_namespace['_dump'].invoke
   end
 
   # desc 'Pushes the schema to the next version (specify steps w/ STEP=n).'
   task :forward => [:environment, :load_config] do
     step = ENV['STEP'] ? ENV['STEP'].to_i : 1
-    ActiveRecord::Migrator.forward(ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths, step)
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.forward(ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrations_paths, step)
     db_namespace['_dump'].invoke
   end
 
   # desc 'Drops and recreates the database from db/schema.rb for the current environment and loads the seeds.'
-  task :reset => [:environment, :load_config] do
-    db_namespace["drop"].invoke
-    db_namespace["setup"].invoke
-  end
+  task :reset => [ 'db:drop', 'db:setup' ]
 
   # desc "Retrieves the charset for the current environment's database"
   task :charset => [:environment, :load_config] do
@@ -152,8 +161,8 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
   end
 
   # desc "Raises an error if there are pending migrations"
-  task :abort_if_pending_migrations => :environment do
-    pending_migrations = ActiveRecord::Migrator.open(ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths).pending_migrations
+  task :abort_if_pending_migrations => [:environment, :load_config] do
+    pending_migrations = ActiveRecord::Migrator.open(ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrations_paths).pending_migrations
 
     if pending_migrations.any?
       puts "You have #{pending_migrations.size} pending #{pending_migrations.size > 1 ? 'migrations:' : 'migration:'}"
@@ -164,31 +173,36 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
     end
   end
 
-  desc 'Create the database, load the schema, and initialize with the seed data (use db:reset to also drop the database first)'
+  desc 'Creates the database, loads the schema, and initializes with the seed data (use db:reset to also drop the database first)'
   task :setup => ['db:schema:load_if_ruby', 'db:structure:load_if_sql', :seed]
 
-  desc 'Load the seed data from db/seeds.rb'
+  desc 'Loads the seed data from db/seeds.rb'
   task :seed do
     db_namespace['abort_if_pending_migrations'].invoke
     ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.load_seed
   end
 
   namespace :fixtures do
-    desc "Load fixtures into the current environment's database. Load specific fixtures using FIXTURES=x,y. Load from subdirectory in test/fixtures using FIXTURES_DIR=z. Specify an alternative path (eg. spec/fixtures) using FIXTURES_PATH=spec/fixtures."
+    desc "Loads fixtures into the current environment's database. Load specific fixtures using FIXTURES=x,y. Load from subdirectory in test/fixtures using FIXTURES_DIR=z. Specify an alternative path (eg. spec/fixtures) using FIXTURES_PATH=spec/fixtures."
     task :load => [:environment, :load_config] do
       require 'active_record/fixtures'
 
-      base_dir = if ENV['FIXTURES_PATH']
-        File.join [Rails.root, ENV['FIXTURES_PATH'] || %w{test fixtures}].flatten
-      else
-        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.fixtures_path
-      end
+      base_dir = ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.fixtures_path
 
-      fixtures_dir = File.join [base_dir, ENV['FIXTURES_DIR']].compact
+      fixtures_dir = if ENV['FIXTURES_DIR']
+                       File.join base_dir, ENV['FIXTURES_DIR']
+                     else
+                       base_dir
+                     end
 
-      (ENV['FIXTURES'] ? ENV['FIXTURES'].split(/,/) : Dir["#{fixtures_dir}/**/*.yml"].map {|f| f[(fixtures_dir.size + 1)..-5] }).each do |fixture_file|
-        ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.create_fixtures(fixtures_dir, fixture_file)
-      end
+      fixture_files = if ENV['FIXTURES']
+                        ENV['FIXTURES'].split(',')
+                      else
+                        # The use of String#[] here is to support namespaced fixtures
+                        Dir["#{fixtures_dir}/**/*.yml"].map {|f| f[(fixtures_dir.size + 1)..-5] }
+                      end
+
+      ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.create_fixtures(fixtures_dir, fixture_files)
     end
 
     # desc "Search for a fixture given a LABEL or ID. Specify an alternative path (eg. spec/fixtures) using FIXTURES_PATH=spec/fixtures."
@@ -200,16 +214,11 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
 
       puts %Q(The fixture ID for "#{label}" is #{ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(label)}.) if label
 
-      base_dir = if ENV['FIXTURES_PATH']
-        File.join [Rails.root, ENV['FIXTURES_PATH'] || %w{test fixtures}].flatten
-      else
-        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.fixtures_path
-      end
-
+      base_dir = ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.fixtures_path
 
       Dir["#{base_dir}/**/*.yml"].each do |file|
         if data = YAML::load(ERB.new(IO.read(file)).result)
-          data.keys.each do |key|
+          data.each_key do |key|
             key_id = ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(key)
 
             if key == label || key_id == id.to_i
@@ -222,7 +231,7 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
   end
 
   namespace :schema do
-    desc 'Create a db/schema.rb file that is portable against any DB supported by AR'
+    desc 'Creates a db/schema.rb file that is portable against any DB supported by Active Record'
     task :dump => [:environment, :load_config] do
       require 'active_record/schema_dumper'
       filename = ENV['SCHEMA'] || File.join(ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.db_dir, 'schema.rb')
@@ -232,9 +241,9 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
       db_namespace['schema:dump'].reenable
     end
 
-    desc 'Load a schema.rb file into the database'
+    desc 'Loads a schema.rb file into the database'
     task :load => [:environment, :load_config] do
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.load_schema(:ruby, ENV['SCHEMA'])
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.load_schema_current(:ruby, ENV['SCHEMA'])
     end
 
     task :load_if_ruby => ['db:create', :environment] do
@@ -242,17 +251,17 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
     end
 
     namespace :cache do
-      desc 'Create a db/schema_cache.dump file.'
+      desc 'Creates a db/schema_cache.dump file.'
       task :dump => [:environment, :load_config] do
         con = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
         filename = File.join(ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.db_dir, "schema_cache.dump")
 
         con.schema_cache.clear!
-        con.tables.each { |table| con.schema_cache.add(table) }
+        con.data_sources.each { |table| con.schema_cache.add(table) }
         open(filename, 'wb') { |f| f.write(Marshal.dump(con.schema_cache)) }
       end
 
-      desc 'Clear a db/schema_cache.dump file.'
+      desc 'Clears a db/schema_cache.dump file.'
       task :clear => [:environment, :load_config] do
         filename = File.join(ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.db_dir, "schema_cache.dump")
         FileUtils.rm(filename) if File.exist?(filename)
@@ -262,13 +271,14 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
   end
 
   namespace :structure do
-    desc 'Dump the database structure to db/structure.sql. Specify another file with DB_STRUCTURE=db/my_structure.sql'
+    desc 'Dumps the database structure to db/structure.sql. Specify another file with SCHEMA=db/my_structure.sql'
     task :dump => [:environment, :load_config] do
-      filename = ENV['DB_STRUCTURE'] || File.join(ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.db_dir, "structure.sql")
+      filename = ENV['SCHEMA'] || File.join(ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.db_dir, "structure.sql")
       current_config = ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.current_config
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_dump(current_config, filename)
 
-      if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_migrations?
+      if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_migrations? &&
+          ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_exists?
         File.open(filename, "a") do |f|
           f.puts ActiveRecord::Base.connection.dump_schema_information
           f.print "\n"
@@ -277,9 +287,9 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
       db_namespace['structure:dump'].reenable
     end
 
-    # desc "Recreate the databases from the structure.sql file"
-    task :load => [:environment, :load_config] do
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.load_schema(:sql, ENV['DB_STRUCTURE'])
+    desc "Recreates the databases from the structure.sql file"
+    task :load => [:load_config] do
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.load_schema_current(:sql, ENV['SCHEMA'])
     end
 
     task :load_if_sql => ['db:create', :environment] do
@@ -297,7 +307,7 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
     end
 
     # desc "Recreate the test database from the current schema"
-    task :load => %w(db:test:deprecated db:test:purge) do
+    task :load => %w(db:test:purge) do
       case ActiveRecord::Base.schema_format
         when :ruby
           db_namespace["test:load_schema"].invoke
@@ -307,12 +317,11 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
     end
 
     # desc "Recreate the test database from an existent schema.rb file"
-    task :load_schema => %w(db:test:deprecated db:test:purge) do
+    task :load_schema => %w(db:test:purge) do
       begin
         should_reconnect = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.active_connection?
-        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(ActiveRecord::Base.configurations['test'])
         ActiveRecord::Schema.verbose = false
-        db_namespace["schema:load"].invoke
+        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.load_schema ActiveRecord::Base.configurations['test'], :ruby, ENV['SCHEMA']
       ensure
         if should_reconnect
           ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(ActiveRecord::Base.configurations[ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.env])
@@ -321,13 +330,8 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
     end
 
     # desc "Recreate the test database from an existent structure.sql file"
-    task :load_structure => %w(db:test:deprecated db:test:purge) do
-      begin
-        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.current_config(:config => ActiveRecord::Base.configurations['test'])
-        db_namespace["structure:load"].invoke
-      ensure
-        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.current_config(:config => nil)
-      end
+    task :load_structure => %w(db:test:purge) do
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.load_schema ActiveRecord::Base.configurations['test'], :sql, ENV['SCHEMA']
     end
 
     # desc "Recreate the test database from a fresh schema"
@@ -347,12 +351,12 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
     task :clone_structure => %w(db:test:deprecated db:structure:dump db:test:load_structure)
 
     # desc "Empty the test database"
-    task :purge => %w(db:test:deprecated environment load_config) do
+    task :purge => %w(environment load_config) do
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.purge ActiveRecord::Base.configurations['test']
     end
 
-    # desc 'Check for pending migrations and load the test schema'
-    task :prepare => %w(db:test:deprecated environment load_config) do
+    # desc 'Load the test schema'
+    task :prepare => %w(environment load_config) do
       unless ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.blank?
         db_namespace['test:load'].invoke
       end
@@ -364,9 +368,9 @@ namespace :railties do
   namespace :install do
     # desc "Copies missing migrations from Railties (e.g. engines). You can specify Railties to use with FROM=railtie1,railtie2"
     task :migrations => :'db:load_config' do
-      to_load = ENV['FROM'].blank? ? :all : ENV['FROM'].split(",").map {|n| n.strip }
+      to_load = ENV['FROM'].blank? ? :all : ENV['FROM'].split(",").map(&:strip)
       railties = {}
-      Rails.application.railties.each do |railtie|
+      Rails.application.migration_railties.each do |railtie|
         next unless to_load == :all || to_load.include?(railtie.railtie_name)
 
         if railtie.respond_to?(:paths) && (path = railtie.paths['db/migrate'].first)
@@ -382,7 +386,7 @@ namespace :railties do
         puts "Copied migration #{migration.basename} from #{name}"
       end
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migration.copy(ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths.first, railties,
+      ActiveRecord::Migration.copy(ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrations_paths.first, railties,
                                     :on_skip => on_skip, :on_copy => on_copy)
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/readonly_attributes.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/readonly_attributes.rb
index b3ddfd63d4..ce78f1756d 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/readonly_attributes.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/readonly_attributes.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 module ActiveRecord
   module ReadonlyAttributes
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
@@ -12,7 +11,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Attributes listed as readonly will be used to create a new record but update operations will
       # ignore these fields.
       def attr_readonly(*attributes)
-        self._attr_readonly = Set.new(attributes.map { |a| a.to_s }) + (self._attr_readonly || [])
+        self._attr_readonly = Set.new(attributes.map(&:to_s)) + (self._attr_readonly || [])
       end
 
       # Returns an array of all the attributes that have been specified as readonly.
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/reflection.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/reflection.rb
index bce7766501..a549b28f16 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/reflection.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/reflection.rb
@@ -1,37 +1,48 @@
+require 'thread'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/filters'
+
 module ActiveRecord
   # = Active Record Reflection
   module Reflection # :nodoc:
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     included do
-      class_attribute :reflections
+      class_attribute :_reflections
       class_attribute :aggregate_reflections
-      self.reflections = {}
+      self._reflections = {}
       self.aggregate_reflections = {}
     end
 
     def self.create(macro, name, scope, options, ar)
-      case macro
-      when :has_many, :belongs_to, :has_one
-        klass = options[:through] ? ThroughReflection : AssociationReflection
-      when :composed_of
-        klass = AggregateReflection
-      end
-
-      klass.new(macro, name, scope, options, ar)
+      klass = case macro
+              when :composed_of
+                AggregateReflection
+              when :has_many
+                HasManyReflection
+              when :has_one
+                HasOneReflection
+              when :belongs_to
+                BelongsToReflection
+              else
+                raise "Unsupported Macro: #{macro}"
+              end
+
+      reflection = klass.new(name, scope, options, ar)
+      options[:through] ? ThroughReflection.new(reflection) : reflection
     end
 
     def self.add_reflection(ar, name, reflection)
-      ar.reflections = ar.reflections.merge(name => reflection)
+      ar.clear_reflections_cache
+      ar._reflections = ar._reflections.merge(name.to_s => reflection)
     end
 
     def self.add_aggregate_reflection(ar, name, reflection)
-      ar.aggregate_reflections = ar.aggregate_reflections.merge(name => reflection)
+      ar.aggregate_reflections = ar.aggregate_reflections.merge(name.to_s => reflection)
     end
 
-    # \Reflection enables to interrogate Active Record classes and objects
-    # about their associations and aggregations. This information can,
-    # for example, be used in a form builder that takes an Active Record object
+    # \Reflection enables the ability to examine the associations and aggregations of
+    # Active Record classes and objects. This information, for example,
+    # can be used in a form builder that takes an Active Record object
     # and creates input fields for all of the attributes depending on their type
     # and displays the associations to other objects.
     #
@@ -48,7 +59,30 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   Account.reflect_on_aggregation(:balance) # => the balance AggregateReflection
       #
       def reflect_on_aggregation(aggregation)
-        aggregate_reflections[aggregation]
+        aggregate_reflections[aggregation.to_s]
+      end
+
+      # Returns a Hash of name of the reflection as the key and an AssociationReflection as the value.
+      #
+      #   Account.reflections # => {"balance" => AggregateReflection}
+      #
+      def reflections
+        @__reflections ||= begin
+          ref = {}
+
+          _reflections.each do |name, reflection|
+            parent_reflection = reflection.parent_reflection
+
+            if parent_reflection
+              parent_name = parent_reflection.name
+              ref[parent_name.to_s] = parent_reflection
+            else
+              ref[name] = reflection
+            end
+          end
+
+          ref
+        end
       end
 
       # Returns an array of AssociationReflection objects for all the
@@ -63,7 +97,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       def reflect_on_all_associations(macro = nil)
         association_reflections = reflections.values
-        macro ? association_reflections.select { |reflection| reflection.macro == macro } : association_reflections
+        association_reflections.select! { |reflection| reflection.macro == macro } if macro
+        association_reflections
       end
 
       # Returns the AssociationReflection object for the +association+ (use the symbol).
@@ -72,13 +107,127 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   Invoice.reflect_on_association(:line_items).macro  # returns :has_many
       #
       def reflect_on_association(association)
-        reflections[association]
+        reflections[association.to_s]
+      end
+
+      def _reflect_on_association(association) #:nodoc:
+        _reflections[association.to_s]
       end
 
       # Returns an array of AssociationReflection objects for all associations which have <tt>:autosave</tt> enabled.
       def reflect_on_all_autosave_associations
         reflections.values.select { |reflection| reflection.options[:autosave] }
       end
+
+      def clear_reflections_cache # :nodoc:
+        @__reflections = nil
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Holds all the methods that are shared between MacroReflection, AssociationReflection
+    # and ThroughReflection
+    class AbstractReflection # :nodoc:
+      def table_name
+        klass.table_name
+      end
+
+      # Returns a new, unsaved instance of the associated class. +attributes+ will
+      # be passed to the class's constructor.
+      def build_association(attributes, &block)
+        klass.new(attributes, &block)
+      end
+
+      def quoted_table_name
+        klass.quoted_table_name
+      end
+
+      def primary_key_type
+        klass.type_for_attribute(klass.primary_key)
+      end
+
+      # Returns the class name for the macro.
+      #
+      # <tt>composed_of :balance, class_name: 'Money'</tt> returns <tt>'Money'</tt>
+      # <tt>has_many :clients</tt> returns <tt>'Client'</tt>
+      def class_name
+        @class_name ||= (options[:class_name] || derive_class_name).to_s
+      end
+
+      JoinKeys = Struct.new(:key, :foreign_key) # :nodoc:
+
+      def join_keys(association_klass)
+        JoinKeys.new(foreign_key, active_record_primary_key)
+      end
+
+      def constraints
+        scope_chain.flatten
+      end
+
+      def counter_cache_column
+        if belongs_to?
+          if options[:counter_cache] == true
+            "#{active_record.name.demodulize.underscore.pluralize}_count"
+          elsif options[:counter_cache]
+            options[:counter_cache].to_s
+          end
+        else
+          options[:counter_cache] ? options[:counter_cache].to_s : "#{name}_count"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def inverse_of
+        return unless inverse_name
+
+        @inverse_of ||= klass._reflect_on_association inverse_name
+      end
+
+      def check_validity_of_inverse!
+        unless polymorphic?
+          if has_inverse? && inverse_of.nil?
+            raise InverseOfAssociationNotFoundError.new(self)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # This shit is nasty. We need to avoid the following situation:
+      #
+      #   * An associated record is deleted via record.destroy
+      #   * Hence the callbacks run, and they find a belongs_to on the record with a
+      #     :counter_cache options which points back at our owner. So they update the
+      #     counter cache.
+      #   * In which case, we must make sure to *not* update the counter cache, or else
+      #     it will be decremented twice.
+      #
+      # Hence this method.
+      def inverse_which_updates_counter_cache
+        return @inverse_which_updates_counter_cache if defined?(@inverse_which_updates_counter_cache)
+        @inverse_which_updates_counter_cache = klass.reflect_on_all_associations(:belongs_to).find do |inverse|
+          inverse.counter_cache_column == counter_cache_column
+        end
+      end
+      alias inverse_updates_counter_cache? inverse_which_updates_counter_cache
+
+      def inverse_updates_counter_in_memory?
+        inverse_of && inverse_which_updates_counter_cache == inverse_of
+      end
+
+      # Returns whether a counter cache should be used for this association.
+      #
+      # The counter_cache option must be given on either the owner or inverse
+      # association, and the column must be present on the owner.
+      def has_cached_counter?
+        options[:counter_cache] ||
+          inverse_which_updates_counter_cache && inverse_which_updates_counter_cache.options[:counter_cache] &&
+          !!active_record.columns_hash[counter_cache_column]
+      end
+
+      def counter_must_be_updated_by_has_many?
+        !inverse_updates_counter_in_memory? && has_cached_counter?
+      end
+
+      def alias_candidate(name)
+        "#{plural_name}_#{name}"
+      end
     end
 
     # Base class for AggregateReflection and AssociationReflection. Objects of
@@ -87,20 +236,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   MacroReflection
     #     AggregateReflection
     #     AssociationReflection
-    #       ThroughReflection
-    class MacroReflection
+    #       HasManyReflection
+    #       HasOneReflection
+    #       BelongsToReflection
+    #         ThroughReflection
+    class MacroReflection < AbstractReflection
       # Returns the name of the macro.
       #
       # <tt>composed_of :balance, class_name: 'Money'</tt> returns <tt>:balance</tt>
       # <tt>has_many :clients</tt> returns <tt>:clients</tt>
       attr_reader :name
 
-      # Returns the macro type.
-      #
-      # <tt>composed_of :balance, class_name: 'Money'</tt> returns <tt>:composed_of</tt>
-      # <tt>has_many :clients</tt> returns <tt>:has_many</tt>
-      attr_reader :macro
-
       attr_reader :scope
 
       # Returns the hash of options used for the macro.
@@ -113,13 +259,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       attr_reader :plural_name # :nodoc:
 
-      def initialize(macro, name, scope, options, active_record)
-        @macro         = macro
+      def initialize(name, scope, options, active_record)
         @name          = name
         @scope         = scope
         @options       = options
         @active_record = active_record
-        @klass         = options[:class]
+        @klass         = options[:anonymous_class]
         @plural_name   = active_record.pluralize_table_names ?
                             name.to_s.pluralize : name.to_s
       end
@@ -127,6 +272,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def autosave=(autosave)
         @automatic_inverse_of = false
         @options[:autosave] = autosave
+        parent_reflection = self.parent_reflection
+        if parent_reflection
+          parent_reflection.autosave = autosave
+        end
       end
 
       # Returns the class for the macro.
@@ -134,15 +283,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # <tt>composed_of :balance, class_name: 'Money'</tt> returns the Money class
       # <tt>has_many :clients</tt> returns the Client class
       def klass
-        @klass ||= class_name.constantize
+        @klass ||= compute_class(class_name)
       end
 
-      # Returns the class name for the macro.
-      #
-      # <tt>composed_of :balance, class_name: 'Money'</tt> returns <tt>'Money'</tt>
-      # <tt>has_many :clients</tt> returns <tt>'Client'</tt>
-      def class_name
-        @class_name ||= (options[:class_name] || derive_class_name).to_s
+      def compute_class(name)
+        name.constantize
       end
 
       # Returns +true+ if +self+ and +other_aggregation+ have the same +name+ attribute, +active_record+ attribute,
@@ -151,7 +296,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         super ||
           other_aggregation.kind_of?(self.class) &&
           name == other_aggregation.name &&
-          other_aggregation.options &&
+          !other_aggregation.options.nil? &&
           active_record == other_aggregation.active_record
       end
 
@@ -187,48 +332,46 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # a new association object. Use +build_association+ or +create_association+
       # instead. This allows plugins to hook into association object creation.
       def klass
-        @klass ||= active_record.send(:compute_type, class_name)
+        @klass ||= compute_class(class_name)
+      end
+
+      def compute_class(name)
+        active_record.send(:compute_type, name)
       end
 
       attr_reader :type, :foreign_type
+      attr_accessor :parent_reflection # Reflection
 
-      def initialize(macro, name, scope, options, active_record)
+      def initialize(name, scope, options, active_record)
         super
-        @collection = :has_many == macro
         @automatic_inverse_of = nil
-        @type         = options[:as] && "#{options[:as]}_type"
+        @type         = options[:as] && (options[:foreign_type] || "#{options[:as]}_type")
         @foreign_type = options[:foreign_type] || "#{name}_type"
         @constructable = calculate_constructable(macro, options)
+        @association_scope_cache = {}
+        @scope_lock = Mutex.new
       end
 
-      # Returns a new, unsaved instance of the associated class. +attributes+ will
-      # be passed to the class's constructor.
-      def build_association(attributes, &block)
-        klass.new(attributes, &block)
+      def association_scope_cache(conn, owner)
+        key = conn.prepared_statements
+        if polymorphic?
+          key = [key, owner._read_attribute(@foreign_type)]
+        end
+        @association_scope_cache[key] ||= @scope_lock.synchronize {
+          @association_scope_cache[key] ||= yield
+        }
       end
 
       def constructable? # :nodoc:
         @constructable
       end
 
-      def table_name
-        klass.table_name
-      end
-
-      def quoted_table_name
-        klass.quoted_table_name
-      end
-
       def join_table
         @join_table ||= options[:join_table] || derive_join_table
       end
 
       def foreign_key
-        @foreign_key ||= options[:foreign_key] || derive_foreign_key
-      end
-
-      def primary_key_column
-        klass.columns_hash[klass.primary_key]
+        @foreign_key ||= options[:foreign_key] || derive_foreign_key.freeze
       end
 
       def association_foreign_key
@@ -244,25 +387,26 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @active_record_primary_key ||= options[:primary_key] || primary_key(active_record)
       end
 
-      def counter_cache_column
-        if options[:counter_cache] == true
-          "#{active_record.name.demodulize.underscore.pluralize}_count"
-        elsif options[:counter_cache]
-          options[:counter_cache].to_s
-        end
-      end
-
       def check_validity!
         check_validity_of_inverse!
       end
 
-      def check_validity_of_inverse!
-        unless options[:polymorphic]
-          if has_inverse? && inverse_of.nil?
-            raise InverseOfAssociationNotFoundError.new(self)
-          end
+      def check_preloadable!
+        return unless scope
+
+        if scope.arity > 0
+          raise ArgumentError, <<-MSG.squish
+            The association scope '#{name}' is instance dependent (the scope
+            block takes an argument). Preloading instance dependent scopes is
+            not supported.
+          MSG
         end
       end
+      alias :check_eager_loadable! :check_preloadable!
+
+      def join_id_for(owner) # :nodoc:
+        owner[active_record_primary_key]
+      end
 
       def through_reflection
         nil
@@ -278,6 +422,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         [self]
       end
 
+      # This is for clearing cache on the reflection. Useful for tests that need to compare
+      # SQL queries on associations.
+      def clear_association_scope_cache # :nodoc:
+        @association_scope_cache.clear
+      end
+
       def nested?
         false
       end
@@ -288,21 +438,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         scope ? [[scope]] : [[]]
       end
 
-      alias :source_macro :macro
-
       def has_inverse?
         inverse_name
       end
 
-      def inverse_of
-        return unless inverse_name
-
-        @inverse_of ||= klass.reflect_on_association inverse_name
-      end
-
       def polymorphic_inverse_of(associated_class)
         if has_inverse?
-          if inverse_relationship = associated_class.reflect_on_association(options[:inverse_of])
+          if inverse_relationship = associated_class._reflect_on_association(options[:inverse_of])
             inverse_relationship
           else
             raise InverseOfAssociationNotFoundError.new(self, associated_class)
@@ -310,11 +452,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      # Returns the macro type.
+      #
+      # <tt>has_many :clients</tt> returns <tt>:has_many</tt>
+      def macro; raise NotImplementedError; end
+
       # Returns whether or not this association reflection is for a collection
       # association. Returns +true+ if the +macro+ is either +has_many+ or
       # +has_and_belongs_to_many+, +false+ otherwise.
       def collection?
-        @collection
+        false
       end
 
       # Returns whether or not the association should be validated as part of
@@ -327,18 +474,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # * you use autosave; <tt>autosave: true</tt>
       # * the association is a +has_many+ association
       def validate?
-        !options[:validate].nil? ? options[:validate] : (options[:autosave] == true || macro == :has_many)
+        !options[:validate].nil? ? options[:validate] : (options[:autosave] == true || collection?)
       end
 
       # Returns +true+ if +self+ is a +belongs_to+ reflection.
-      def belongs_to?
-        macro == :belongs_to
-      end
+      def belongs_to?; false; end
+
+      # Returns +true+ if +self+ is a +has_one+ reflection.
+      def has_one?; false; end
 
       def association_class
         case macro
         when :belongs_to
-          if options[:polymorphic]
+          if polymorphic?
             Associations::BelongsToPolymorphicAssociation
           else
             Associations::BelongsToAssociation
@@ -359,7 +507,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def polymorphic?
-        options.key? :polymorphic
+        options[:polymorphic]
       end
 
       VALID_AUTOMATIC_INVERSE_MACROS = [:has_many, :has_one, :belongs_to]
@@ -376,7 +524,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def calculate_constructable(macro, options)
           case macro
           when :belongs_to
-            !options[:polymorphic]
+            !polymorphic?
           when :has_one
             !options[:through]
           else
@@ -400,10 +548,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # returns either nil or the inverse association name that it finds.
         def automatic_inverse_of
           if can_find_inverse_of_automatically?(self)
-            inverse_name = ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore(active_record.name).to_sym
+            inverse_name = ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore(options[:as] || active_record.name.demodulize).to_sym
 
             begin
-              reflection = klass.reflect_on_association(inverse_name)
+              reflection = klass._reflect_on_association(inverse_name)
             rescue NameError
               # Give up: we couldn't compute the klass type so we won't be able
               # to find any associations either.
@@ -449,9 +597,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def derive_class_name
-          class_name = name.to_s.camelize
+          class_name = name.to_s
           class_name = class_name.singularize if collection?
-          class_name
+          class_name.camelize
         end
 
         def derive_foreign_key
@@ -465,7 +613,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def derive_join_table
-          [active_record.table_name, klass.table_name].sort.join("\0").gsub(/^(.*_)(.+)\0\1(.+)/, '\1\2_\3').gsub("\0", "_")
+          ModelSchema.derive_join_table_name active_record.table_name, klass.table_name
         end
 
         def primary_key(klass)
@@ -473,15 +621,72 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
     end
 
+    class HasManyReflection < AssociationReflection # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(name, scope, options, active_record)
+        super(name, scope, options, active_record)
+      end
+
+      def macro; :has_many; end
+
+      def collection?; true; end
+    end
+
+    class HasOneReflection < AssociationReflection # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(name, scope, options, active_record)
+        super(name, scope, options, active_record)
+      end
+
+      def macro; :has_one; end
+
+      def has_one?; true; end
+    end
+
+    class BelongsToReflection < AssociationReflection # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(name, scope, options, active_record)
+        super(name, scope, options, active_record)
+      end
+
+      def macro; :belongs_to; end
+
+      def belongs_to?; true; end
+
+      def join_keys(association_klass)
+        key = polymorphic? ? association_primary_key(association_klass) : association_primary_key
+        JoinKeys.new(key, foreign_key)
+      end
+
+      def join_id_for(owner) # :nodoc:
+        owner[foreign_key]
+      end
+    end
+
+    class HasAndBelongsToManyReflection < AssociationReflection # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(name, scope, options, active_record)
+        super
+      end
+
+      def macro; :has_and_belongs_to_many; end
+
+      def collection?
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
     # Holds all the meta-data about a :through association as it was specified
     # in the Active Record class.
-    class ThroughReflection < AssociationReflection #:nodoc:
+    class ThroughReflection < AbstractReflection #:nodoc:
+      attr_reader :delegate_reflection
       delegate :foreign_key, :foreign_type, :association_foreign_key,
                :active_record_primary_key, :type, :to => :source_reflection
 
-      def initialize(macro, name, scope, options, active_record)
-        super
-        @source_reflection_name = options[:source]
+      def initialize(delegate_reflection)
+        @delegate_reflection = delegate_reflection
+        @klass         = delegate_reflection.options[:anonymous_class]
+        @source_reflection_name = delegate_reflection.options[:source]
+      end
+
+      def klass
+        @klass ||= delegate_reflection.compute_class(class_name)
       end
 
       # Returns the source of the through reflection. It checks both a singularized
@@ -499,10 +704,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       #   tags_reflection = Post.reflect_on_association(:tags)
       #   tags_reflection.source_reflection
-      #   # => <ActiveRecord::Reflection::AssociationReflection: @macro=:belongs_to, @name=:tag, @active_record=Tagging, @plural_name="tags">
+      #   # => <ActiveRecord::Reflection::BelongsToReflection: @name=:tag, @active_record=Tagging, @plural_name="tags">
       #
       def source_reflection
-        through_reflection.klass.reflect_on_association(source_reflection_name)
+        through_reflection.klass._reflect_on_association(source_reflection_name)
       end
 
       # Returns the AssociationReflection object specified in the <tt>:through</tt> option
@@ -515,10 +720,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       #   tags_reflection = Post.reflect_on_association(:tags)
       #   tags_reflection.through_reflection
-      #   # => <ActiveRecord::Reflection::AssociationReflection: @macro=:has_many, @name=:taggings, @active_record=Post, @plural_name="taggings">
+      #   # => <ActiveRecord::Reflection::HasManyReflection: @name=:taggings, @active_record=Post, @plural_name="taggings">
       #
       def through_reflection
-        active_record.reflect_on_association(options[:through])
+        active_record._reflect_on_association(options[:through])
       end
 
       # Returns an array of reflections which are involved in this association. Each item in the
@@ -535,19 +740,33 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       #   tags_reflection = Post.reflect_on_association(:tags)
       #   tags_reflection.chain
-      #   # => [<ActiveRecord::Reflection::ThroughReflection: @macro=:has_many, @name=:tags, @options={:through=>:taggings}, @active_record=Post>,
-      #         <ActiveRecord::Reflection::AssociationReflection: @macro=:has_many, @name=:taggings, @options={}, @active_record=Post>]
+      #   # => [<ActiveRecord::Reflection::ThroughReflection: @delegate_reflection=#<ActiveRecord::Reflection::HasManyReflection: @name=:tags...>,
+      #         <ActiveRecord::Reflection::HasManyReflection: @name=:taggings, @options={}, @active_record=Post>]
       #
       def chain
         @chain ||= begin
           a = source_reflection.chain
-          b = through_reflection.chain
+          b = through_reflection.chain.map(&:dup)
+
+          if options[:source_type]
+            b[0] = PolymorphicReflection.new(b[0], self)
+          end
+
           chain = a + b
           chain[0] = self # Use self so we don't lose the information from :source_type
           chain
         end
       end
 
+      # This is for clearing cache on the reflection. Useful for tests that need to compare
+      # SQL queries on associations.
+      def clear_association_scope_cache # :nodoc:
+        @chain = nil
+        delegate_reflection.clear_association_scope_cache
+        source_reflection.clear_association_scope_cache
+        through_reflection.clear_association_scope_cache
+      end
+
       # Consider the following example:
       #
       #   class Person
@@ -577,8 +796,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
           through_scope_chain = through_reflection.scope_chain.map(&:dup)
 
           if options[:source_type]
-            through_scope_chain.first <<
-              through_reflection.klass.where(foreign_type => options[:source_type])
+            type = foreign_type
+            source_type = options[:source_type]
+            through_scope_chain.first << lambda { |object|
+              where(type => source_type)
+            }
           end
 
           # Recursively fill out the rest of the array from the through reflection
@@ -586,9 +808,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      # The macro used by the source association
-      def source_macro
-        source_reflection.source_macro
+      def join_keys(association_klass)
+        source_reflection.join_keys(association_klass)
       end
 
       # A through association is nested if there would be more than one join table
@@ -617,29 +838,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   # => [:tag, :tags]
       #
       def source_reflection_names
-        (options[:source] ? [options[:source]] : [name.to_s.singularize, name]).collect { |n| n.to_sym }.uniq
+        options[:source] ? [options[:source]] : [name.to_s.singularize, name].uniq
       end
 
       def source_reflection_name # :nodoc:
         return @source_reflection_name if @source_reflection_name
 
-        names = [name.to_s.singularize, name].collect { |n| n.to_sym }.uniq
+        names = [name.to_s.singularize, name].collect(&:to_sym).uniq
         names = names.find_all { |n|
-          through_reflection.klass.reflect_on_association(n)
+          through_reflection.klass._reflect_on_association(n)
         }
 
         if names.length > 1
           example_options = options.dup
           example_options[:source] = source_reflection_names.first
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn <<-eowarn
-Ambiguous source reflection for through association.  Please specify a :source
-directive on your declaration like:
-
-  class #{active_record.name} < ActiveRecord::Base
-    #{macro} :#{name}, #{example_options}
-  end
-
-          eowarn
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn \
+            "Ambiguous source reflection for through association.  Please " \
+            "specify a :source directive on your declaration like:\n" \
+            "\n" \
+            "  class #{active_record.name} < ActiveRecord::Base\n" \
+            "    #{macro} :#{name}, #{example_options}\n" \
+            "  end"
         end
 
         @source_reflection_name = names.first
@@ -653,45 +872,147 @@ directive on your declaration like:
         through_reflection.options
       end
 
+      def join_id_for(owner) # :nodoc:
+        source_reflection.join_id_for(owner)
+      end
+
       def check_validity!
         if through_reflection.nil?
           raise HasManyThroughAssociationNotFoundError.new(active_record.name, self)
         end
 
-        if through_reflection.options[:polymorphic]
-          raise HasManyThroughAssociationPolymorphicThroughError.new(active_record.name, self)
+        if through_reflection.polymorphic?
+          if has_one?
+            raise HasOneAssociationPolymorphicThroughError.new(active_record.name, self)
+          else
+            raise HasManyThroughAssociationPolymorphicThroughError.new(active_record.name, self)
+          end
         end
 
         if source_reflection.nil?
           raise HasManyThroughSourceAssociationNotFoundError.new(self)
         end
 
-        if options[:source_type] && source_reflection.options[:polymorphic].nil?
+        if options[:source_type] && !source_reflection.polymorphic?
           raise HasManyThroughAssociationPointlessSourceTypeError.new(active_record.name, self, source_reflection)
         end
 
-        if source_reflection.options[:polymorphic] && options[:source_type].nil?
+        if source_reflection.polymorphic? && options[:source_type].nil?
           raise HasManyThroughAssociationPolymorphicSourceError.new(active_record.name, self, source_reflection)
         end
 
-        if macro == :has_one && through_reflection.collection?
+        if has_one? && through_reflection.collection?
           raise HasOneThroughCantAssociateThroughCollection.new(active_record.name, self, through_reflection)
         end
 
         check_validity_of_inverse!
       end
 
+      def constraints
+        scope_chain = source_reflection.constraints
+        scope_chain << scope if scope
+        scope_chain
+      end
+
       protected
 
-      def actual_source_reflection # FIXME: this is a horrible name
-        source_reflection.actual_source_reflection
-      end
+        def actual_source_reflection # FIXME: this is a horrible name
+          source_reflection.send(:actual_source_reflection)
+        end
+
+        def primary_key(klass)
+          klass.primary_key || raise(UnknownPrimaryKey.new(klass))
+        end
+
+        def inverse_name; delegate_reflection.send(:inverse_name); end
 
       private
         def derive_class_name
           # get the class_name of the belongs_to association of the through reflection
           options[:source_type] || source_reflection.class_name
         end
+
+        delegate_methods = AssociationReflection.public_instance_methods -
+          public_instance_methods
+
+        delegate(*delegate_methods, to: :delegate_reflection)
+
+    end
+
+    class PolymorphicReflection < ThroughReflection # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(reflection, previous_reflection)
+        @reflection = reflection
+        @previous_reflection = previous_reflection
+      end
+
+      def klass
+        @reflection.klass
+      end
+
+      def scope
+        @reflection.scope
+      end
+
+      def table_name
+        @reflection.table_name
+      end
+
+      def plural_name
+        @reflection.plural_name
+      end
+
+      def join_keys(association_klass)
+        @reflection.join_keys(association_klass)
+      end
+
+      def type
+        @reflection.type
+      end
+
+      def constraints
+        [source_type_info]
+      end
+
+      def source_type_info
+        type = @previous_reflection.foreign_type
+        source_type = @previous_reflection.options[:source_type]
+        lambda { |object| where(type => source_type) }
+      end
+    end
+
+    class RuntimeReflection < PolymorphicReflection # :nodoc:
+      attr_accessor :next
+
+      def initialize(reflection, association)
+        @reflection = reflection
+        @association = association
+      end
+
+      def klass
+        @association.klass
+      end
+
+      def table_name
+        klass.table_name
+      end
+
+      def constraints
+        @reflection.constraints
+      end
+
+      def source_type_info
+        @reflection.source_type_info
+      end
+
+      def alias_candidate(name)
+        "#{plural_name}_#{name}_join"
+      end
+
+      def alias_name
+        Arel::Table.new(table_name)
+      end
+
+      def all_includes; yield; end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation.rb
index fb213dc6f7..2cf19c76c5 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation.rb
@@ -1,38 +1,39 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+require "arel/collectors/bind"
 
 module ActiveRecord
-  # = Active Record Relation
+  # = Active Record \Relation
   class Relation
-    JoinOperation = Struct.new(:relation, :join_class, :on)
-
     MULTI_VALUE_METHODS  = [:includes, :eager_load, :preload, :select, :group,
-                            :order, :joins, :where, :having, :bind, :references,
+                            :order, :joins, :left_joins, :left_outer_joins, :references,
                             :extending, :unscope]
 
-    SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS = [:limit, :offset, :lock, :readonly, :from, :reordering,
-                            :reverse_order, :distinct, :create_with, :uniq]
+    SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS = [:limit, :offset, :lock, :readonly, :reordering,
+                            :reverse_order, :distinct, :create_with]
+    CLAUSE_METHODS = [:where, :having, :from]
+    INVALID_METHODS_FOR_DELETE_ALL = [:limit, :distinct, :offset, :group, :having]
 
-    VALUE_METHODS = MULTI_VALUE_METHODS + SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS
+    VALUE_METHODS = MULTI_VALUE_METHODS + SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS + CLAUSE_METHODS
 
+    include Enumerable
     include FinderMethods, Calculations, SpawnMethods, QueryMethods, Batches, Explain, Delegation
 
-    attr_reader :table, :klass, :loaded
+    attr_reader :table, :klass, :loaded, :predicate_builder
     alias :model :klass
     alias :loaded? :loaded
 
-    def initialize(klass, table, values = {})
+    def initialize(klass, table, predicate_builder, values = {})
       @klass  = klass
       @table  = table
       @values = values
       @offsets = {}
       @loaded = false
+      @predicate_builder = predicate_builder
     end
 
     def initialize_copy(other)
       # This method is a hot spot, so for now, use Hash[] to dup the hash.
       #   https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/7166
       @values        = Hash[@values]
-      @values[:bind] = @values[:bind].dup if @values.key? :bind
       reset
     end
 
@@ -70,24 +71,35 @@ module ActiveRecord
         binds)
     end
 
-    def update_record(values, id, id_was) # :nodoc:
+    def _update_record(values, id, id_was) # :nodoc:
       substitutes, binds = substitute_values values
-      um = @klass.unscoped.where(@klass.arel_table[@klass.primary_key].eq(id_was || id)).arel.compile_update(substitutes, @klass.primary_key)
+
+      scope = @klass.unscoped
+
+      if @klass.finder_needs_type_condition?
+        scope.unscope!(where: @klass.inheritance_column)
+      end
+
+      relation = scope.where(@klass.primary_key => (id_was || id))
+      bvs = binds + relation.bound_attributes
+      um = relation
+        .arel
+        .compile_update(substitutes, @klass.primary_key)
 
       @klass.connection.update(
         um,
         'SQL',
-        binds)
+        bvs,
+      )
     end
 
     def substitute_values(values) # :nodoc:
-      substitutes = values.sort_by { |arel_attr,_| arel_attr.name }
-      binds       = substitutes.map do |arel_attr, value|
-        [@klass.columns_hash[arel_attr.name], value]
+      binds = values.map do |arel_attr, value|
+        QueryAttribute.new(arel_attr.name, value, klass.type_for_attribute(arel_attr.name))
       end
 
-      substitutes.each_with_index do |tuple, i|
-        tuple[1] = @klass.connection.substitute_at(binds[i][0], i)
+      substitutes = values.map do |(arel_attr, _)|
+        [arel_attr, connection.substitute_at(klass.columns_hash[arel_attr.name])]
       end
 
       [substitutes, binds]
@@ -96,7 +108,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Initializes new record from relation while maintaining the current
     # scope.
     #
-    # Expects arguments in the same format as +Base.new+.
+    # Expects arguments in the same format as {ActiveRecord::Base.new}[rdoc-ref:Core.new].
     #
     #   users = User.where(name: 'DHH')
     #   user = users.new # => #<User id: nil, name: "DHH", created_at: nil, updated_at: nil>
@@ -114,28 +126,32 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Tries to create a new record with the same scoped attributes
     # defined in the relation. Returns the initialized object if validation fails.
     #
-    # Expects arguments in the same format as +Base.create+.
+    # Expects arguments in the same format as
+    # {ActiveRecord::Base.create}[rdoc-ref:Persistence::ClassMethods#create].
     #
     # ==== Examples
+    #
     #   users = User.where(name: 'Oscar')
-    #   users.create # #<User id: 3, name: "oscar", ...>
+    #   users.create # => #<User id: 3, name: "oscar", ...>
     #
     #   users.create(name: 'fxn')
-    #   users.create # #<User id: 4, name: "fxn", ...>
+    #   users.create # => #<User id: 4, name: "fxn", ...>
     #
     #   users.create { |user| user.name = 'tenderlove' }
-    #   # #<User id: 5, name: "tenderlove", ...>
+    #   # => #<User id: 5, name: "tenderlove", ...>
     #
     #   users.create(name: nil) # validation on name
-    #   # #<User id: nil, name: nil, ...>
+    #   # => #<User id: nil, name: nil, ...>
     def create(*args, &block)
       scoping { @klass.create(*args, &block) }
     end
 
-    # Similar to #create, but calls +create!+ on the base class. Raises
-    # an exception if a validation error occurs.
+    # Similar to #create, but calls
+    # {create!}[rdoc-ref:Persistence::ClassMethods#create!]
+    # on the base class. Raises an exception if a validation error occurs.
     #
-    # Expects arguments in the same format as <tt>Base.create!</tt>.
+    # Expects arguments in the same format as
+    # {ActiveRecord::Base.create!}[rdoc-ref:Persistence::ClassMethods#create!].
     def create!(*args, &block)
       scoping { @klass.create!(*args, &block) }
     end
@@ -169,7 +185,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   User.create_with(last_name: 'Johansson').find_or_create_by(first_name: 'Scarlett')
     #   # => #<User id: 2, first_name: "Scarlett", last_name: "Johansson">
     #
-    # This method accepts a block, which is passed down to +create+. The last example
+    # This method accepts a block, which is passed down to #create. The last example
     # above can be alternatively written this way:
     #
     #   # Find the first user named "Scarlett" or create a new one with a
@@ -181,7 +197,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # This method always returns a record, but if creation was attempted and
     # failed due to validation errors it won't be persisted, you get what
-    # +create+ returns in such situation.
+    # #create returns in such situation.
     #
     # Please note *this method is not atomic*, it runs first a SELECT, and if
     # there are no results an INSERT is attempted. If there are other threads
@@ -193,7 +209,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # constraint an exception may be raised, just retry:
     #
     #  begin
-    #    CreditAccount.find_or_create_by(user_id: user.id)
+    #    CreditAccount.transaction(requires_new: true) do
+    #      CreditAccount.find_or_create_by(user_id: user.id)
+    #    end
     #  rescue ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique
     #    retry
     #  end
@@ -202,13 +220,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
       find_by(attributes) || create(attributes, &block)
     end
 
-    # Like <tt>find_or_create_by</tt>, but calls <tt>create!</tt> so an exception
+    # Like #find_or_create_by, but calls
+    # {create!}[rdoc-ref:Persistence::ClassMethods#create!] so an exception
     # is raised if the created record is invalid.
     def find_or_create_by!(attributes, &block)
       find_by(attributes) || create!(attributes, &block)
     end
 
-    # Like <tt>find_or_create_by</tt>, but calls <tt>new</tt> instead of <tt>create</tt>.
+    # Like #find_or_create_by, but calls {new}[rdoc-ref:Core#new]
+    # instead of {create}[rdoc-ref:Persistence::ClassMethods#create].
     def find_or_initialize_by(attributes, &block)
       find_by(attributes) || new(attributes, &block)
     end
@@ -223,6 +243,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Please see further details in the
     # {Active Record Query Interface guide}[http://guides.rubyonrails.org/active_record_querying.html#running-explain].
     def explain
+      #TODO: Fix for binds.
       exec_explain(collecting_queries_for_explain { exec_queries })
     end
 
@@ -232,13 +253,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @records
     end
 
+    # Serializes the relation objects Array.
+    def encode_with(coder)
+      coder.represent_seq(nil, to_a)
+    end
+
     def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
       to_a.as_json(options)
     end
 
     # Returns size of the records.
     def size
-      loaded? ? @records.length : count
+      loaded? ? @records.length : count(:all)
     end
 
     # Returns true if there are no records.
@@ -248,28 +274,59 @@ module ActiveRecord
       if limit_value == 0
         true
       else
-        # FIXME: This count is not compatible with #select('authors.*') or other select narrows
-        c = count
+        c = count(:all)
         c.respond_to?(:zero?) ? c.zero? : c.empty?
       end
     end
 
+    # Returns true if there are no records.
+    def none?
+      return super if block_given?
+      empty?
+    end
+
     # Returns true if there are any records.
     def any?
-      if block_given?
-        to_a.any? { |*block_args| yield(*block_args) }
-      else
-        !empty?
-      end
+      return super if block_given?
+      !empty?
+    end
+
+    # Returns true if there is exactly one record.
+    def one?
+      return super if block_given?
+      limit_value ? to_a.one? : size == 1
     end
 
     # Returns true if there is more than one record.
     def many?
-      if block_given?
-        to_a.many? { |*block_args| yield(*block_args) }
-      else
-        limit_value ? to_a.many? : size > 1
-      end
+      return super if block_given?
+      limit_value ? to_a.many? : size > 1
+    end
+
+    # Returns a cache key that can be used to identify the records fetched by
+    # this query. The cache key is built with a fingerprint of the sql query,
+    # the number of records matched by the query and a timestamp of the last
+    # updated record. When a new record comes to match the query, or any of
+    # the existing records is updated or deleted, the cache key changes.
+    #
+    #   Product.where("name like ?", "%Cosmic Encounter%").cache_key
+    #   # => "products/query-1850ab3d302391b85b8693e941286659-1-20150714212553907087000"
+    #
+    # If the collection is loaded, the method will iterate through the records
+    # to generate the timestamp, otherwise it will trigger one SQL query like:
+    #
+    #    SELECT COUNT(*), MAX("products"."updated_at") FROM "products" WHERE (name like '%Cosmic Encounter%')
+    #
+    # You can also pass a custom timestamp column to fetch the timestamp of the
+    # last updated record.
+    #
+    #   Product.where("name like ?", "%Game%").cache_key(:last_reviewed_at)
+    #
+    # You can customize the strategy to generate the key on a per model basis
+    # overriding ActiveRecord::Base#collection_cache_key.
+    def cache_key(timestamp_column = :updated_at)
+      @cache_keys ||= {}
+      @cache_keys[timestamp_column] ||= @klass.collection_cache_key(self, timestamp_column)
     end
 
     # Scope all queries to the current scope.
@@ -288,10 +345,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       klass.current_scope = previous
     end
 
-    # Updates all records with details given if they match a set of conditions supplied, limits and order can
-    # also be supplied. This method constructs a single SQL UPDATE statement and sends it straight to the
-    # database. It does not instantiate the involved models and it does not trigger Active Record callbacks
-    # or validations.
+    # Updates all records in the current relation with details given. This method constructs a single SQL UPDATE
+    # statement and sends it straight to the database. It does not instantiate the involved models and it does not
+    # trigger Active Record callbacks or validations. However, values passed to #update_all will still go through
+    # Active Record's normal type casting and serialization.
     #
     # ==== Parameters
     #
@@ -310,7 +367,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def update_all(updates)
       raise ArgumentError, "Empty list of attributes to change" if updates.blank?
 
-      stmt = Arel::UpdateManager.new(arel.engine)
+      stmt = Arel::UpdateManager.new
 
       stmt.set Arel.sql(@klass.send(:sanitize_sql_for_assignment, updates))
       stmt.table(table)
@@ -324,7 +381,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         stmt.wheres = arel.constraints
       end
 
-      @klass.connection.update stmt, 'SQL', bind_values
+      @klass.connection.update stmt, 'SQL', bound_attributes
     end
 
     # Updates an object (or multiple objects) and saves it to the database, if validations pass.
@@ -343,20 +400,39 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   # Updates multiple records
     #   people = { 1 => { "first_name" => "David" }, 2 => { "first_name" => "Jeremy" } }
     #   Person.update(people.keys, people.values)
-    def update(id, attributes)
+    #
+    #   # Updates multiple records from the result of a relation
+    #   people = Person.where(group: 'expert')
+    #   people.update(group: 'masters')
+    #
+    # Note: Updating a large number of records will run an
+    # UPDATE query for each record, which may cause a performance
+    # issue. So if it is not needed to run callbacks for each update, it is
+    # preferred to use #update_all for updating all records using
+    # a single query.
+    def update(id = :all, attributes)
       if id.is_a?(Array)
         id.map.with_index { |one_id, idx| update(one_id, attributes[idx]) }
+      elsif id == :all
+        to_a.each { |record| record.update(attributes) }
       else
+        if ActiveRecord::Base === id
+          id = id.id
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
+            You are passing an instance of ActiveRecord::Base to `update`.
+            Please pass the id of the object by calling `.id`
+          MSG
+        end
         object = find(id)
         object.update(attributes)
         object
       end
     end
 
-    # Destroys the records matching +conditions+ by instantiating each
-    # record and calling its +destroy+ method. Each object's callbacks are
-    # executed (including <tt>:dependent</tt> association options). Returns the
-    # collection of objects that were destroyed; each will be frozen, to
+    # Destroys the records by instantiating each
+    # record and calling its {#destroy}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#destroy] method.
+    # Each object's callbacks are executed (including <tt>:dependent</tt> association options).
+    # Returns the collection of objects that were destroyed; each will be frozen, to
     # reflect that no changes should be made (since they can't be persisted).
     #
     # Note: Instantiation, callback execution, and deletion of each
@@ -364,31 +440,26 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # once. It generates at least one SQL +DELETE+ query per record (or
     # possibly more, to enforce your callbacks). If you want to delete many
     # rows quickly, without concern for their associations or callbacks, use
-    # +delete_all+ instead.
-    #
-    # ==== Parameters
-    #
-    # * +conditions+ - A string, array, or hash that specifies which records
-    #   to destroy. If omitted, all records are destroyed. See the
-    #   Conditions section in the introduction to ActiveRecord::Base for
-    #   more information.
+    # #delete_all instead.
     #
     # ==== Examples
     #
-    #   Person.destroy_all("last_login < '2004-04-04'")
-    #   Person.destroy_all(status: "inactive")
     #   Person.where(age: 0..18).destroy_all
     def destroy_all(conditions = nil)
       if conditions
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MESSAGE.squish)
+          Passing conditions to destroy_all is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.1.
+          To achieve the same use where(conditions).destroy_all
+        MESSAGE
         where(conditions).destroy_all
       else
-        to_a.each {|object| object.destroy }.tap { reset }
+        to_a.each(&:destroy).tap { reset }
       end
     end
 
     # Destroy an object (or multiple objects) that has the given id. The object is instantiated first,
     # therefore all callbacks and filters are fired off before the object is deleted. This method is
-    # less efficient than ActiveRecord#delete but allows cleanup methods and other actions to be run.
+    # less efficient than #delete but allows cleanup methods and other actions to be run.
     #
     # This essentially finds the object (or multiple objects) with the given id, creates a new object
     # from the attributes, and then calls destroy on it.
@@ -413,32 +484,46 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
-    # Deletes the records matching +conditions+ without instantiating the records
-    # first, and hence not calling the +destroy+ method nor invoking callbacks. This
-    # is a single SQL DELETE statement that goes straight to the database, much more
-    # efficient than +destroy_all+. Be careful with relations though, in particular
+    # Deletes the records without instantiating the records
+    # first, and hence not calling the {#destroy}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#destroy]
+    # method nor invoking callbacks.
+    # This is a single SQL DELETE statement that goes straight to the database, much more
+    # efficient than #destroy_all. Be careful with relations though, in particular
     # <tt>:dependent</tt> rules defined on associations are not honored. Returns the
     # number of rows affected.
     #
-    #   Post.delete_all("person_id = 5 AND (category = 'Something' OR category = 'Else')")
-    #   Post.delete_all(["person_id = ? AND (category = ? OR category = ?)", 5, 'Something', 'Else'])
     #   Post.where(person_id: 5).where(category: ['Something', 'Else']).delete_all
     #
     # Both calls delete the affected posts all at once with a single DELETE statement.
     # If you need to destroy dependent associations or call your <tt>before_*</tt> or
-    # +after_destroy+ callbacks, use the +destroy_all+ method instead.
+    # +after_destroy+ callbacks, use the #destroy_all method instead.
     #
-    # If a limit scope is supplied, +delete_all+ raises an ActiveRecord error:
+    # If an invalid method is supplied, #delete_all raises an ActiveRecordError:
     #
     #   Post.limit(100).delete_all
-    #   # => ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError: delete_all doesn't support limit scope
+    #   # => ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError: delete_all doesn't support limit
     def delete_all(conditions = nil)
-      raise ActiveRecordError.new("delete_all doesn't support limit scope") if self.limit_value
+      invalid_methods = INVALID_METHODS_FOR_DELETE_ALL.select { |method|
+        if MULTI_VALUE_METHODS.include?(method)
+          send("#{method}_values").any?
+        elsif SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS.include?(method)
+          send("#{method}_value")
+        elsif CLAUSE_METHODS.include?(method)
+          send("#{method}_clause").any?
+        end
+      }
+      if invalid_methods.any?
+        raise ActiveRecordError.new("delete_all doesn't support #{invalid_methods.join(', ')}")
+      end
 
       if conditions
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MESSAGE.squish)
+          Passing conditions to delete_all is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.1.
+          To achieve the same use where(conditions).delete_all
+        MESSAGE
         where(conditions).delete_all
       else
-        stmt = Arel::DeleteManager.new(arel.engine)
+        stmt = Arel::DeleteManager.new
         stmt.from(table)
 
         if joins_values.any?
@@ -447,7 +532,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           stmt.wheres = arel.constraints
         end
 
-        affected = @klass.connection.delete(stmt, 'SQL', bind_values)
+        affected = @klass.connection.delete(stmt, 'SQL', bound_attributes)
 
         reset
         affected
@@ -462,7 +547,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # You can delete multiple rows at once by passing an Array of <tt>id</tt>s.
     #
     # Note: Although it is often much faster than the alternative,
-    # <tt>#destroy</tt>, skipping callbacks might bypass business logic in
+    # #destroy, skipping callbacks might bypass business logic in
     # your application that ensures referential integrity or performs other
     # essential jobs.
     #
@@ -517,11 +602,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
                       find_with_associations { |rel| relation = rel }
                     end
 
-                    ast   = relation.arel.ast
-                    binds = relation.bind_values.dup
-                    visitor.accept(ast) do
-                      connection.quote(*binds.shift.reverse)
-                    end
+                    binds = relation.bound_attributes
+                    binds = connection.prepare_binds_for_database(binds)
+                    binds.map! { |value| connection.quote(value) }
+                    collect = visitor.accept(relation.arel.ast, Arel::Collectors::Bind.new)
+                    collect.substitute_binds(binds).join
                   end
     end
 
@@ -529,17 +614,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     #   User.where(name: 'Oscar').where_values_hash
     #   # => {name: "Oscar"}
-    def where_values_hash
-      equalities = where_values.grep(Arel::Nodes::Equality).find_all { |node|
-        node.left.relation.name == table_name
-      }
-
-      binds = Hash[bind_values.find_all(&:first).map { |column, v| [column.name, v] }]
-
-      Hash[equalities.map { |where|
-        name = where.left.name
-        [name, binds.fetch(name.to_s) { where.right }]
-      }]
+    def where_values_hash(relation_table_name = table_name)
+      where_clause.to_h(relation_table_name)
     end
 
     def scope_for_create
@@ -561,15 +637,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
       includes_values & joins_values
     end
 
-    # +uniq+ and +uniq!+ are silently deprecated. +uniq_value+ delegates to +distinct_value+
-    # to maintain backwards compatibility. Use +distinct_value+ instead.
+    # {#uniq}[rdoc-ref:QueryMethods#uniq] and
+    # {#uniq!}[rdoc-ref:QueryMethods#uniq!] are silently deprecated.
+    # #uniq_value delegates to #distinct_value to maintain backwards compatibility.
+    # Use #distinct_value instead.
     def uniq_value
       distinct_value
     end
+    deprecate uniq_value: :distinct_value
 
     # Compares two relations for equality.
     def ==(other)
       case other
+      when Associations::CollectionProxy, AssociationRelation
+        self == other.to_a
       when Relation
         other.to_sql == to_sql
       when Array
@@ -597,27 +678,40 @@ module ActiveRecord
       "#<#{self.class.name} [#{entries.join(', ')}]>"
     end
 
+    protected
+
+      def load_records(records)
+        @records = records
+        @loaded = true
+      end
+
     private
 
     def exec_queries
-      @records = eager_loading? ? find_with_associations : @klass.find_by_sql(arel, bind_values)
+      @records = eager_loading? ? find_with_associations : @klass.find_by_sql(arel, bound_attributes)
 
       preload = preload_values
       preload +=  includes_values unless eager_loading?
-      preloader = ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new
+      preloader = build_preloader
       preload.each do |associations|
         preloader.preload @records, associations
       end
 
-      @records.each { |record| record.readonly! } if readonly_value
+      @records.each(&:readonly!) if readonly_value
 
       @loaded = true
       @records
     end
 
+    def build_preloader
+      ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new
+    end
+
     def references_eager_loaded_tables?
       joined_tables = arel.join_sources.map do |join|
-        unless join.is_a?(Arel::Nodes::StringJoin)
+        if join.is_a?(Arel::Nodes::StringJoin)
+          tables_in_string(join.left)
+        else
           [join.left.table_name, join.left.table_alias]
         end
       end
@@ -625,9 +719,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
       joined_tables += [table.name, table.table_alias]
 
       # always convert table names to downcase as in Oracle quoted table names are in uppercase
-      joined_tables = joined_tables.flatten.compact.map { |t| t.downcase }.uniq
+      joined_tables = joined_tables.flatten.compact.map(&:downcase).uniq
 
       (references_values - joined_tables).any?
     end
+
+    def tables_in_string(string)
+      return [] if string.blank?
+      # always convert table names to downcase as in Oracle quoted table names are in uppercase
+      # ignore raw_sql_ that is used by Oracle adapter as alias for limit/offset subqueries
+      string.scan(/([a-zA-Z_][.\w]+).?\./).flatten.map(&:downcase).uniq - ['raw_sql_']
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/batches.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/batches.rb
index 29fc150b3d..221bc73680 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/batches.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/batches.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
+require "active_record/relation/batches/batch_enumerator"
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module Batches
     # Looping through a collection of records from the database
-    # (using the +all+ method, for example) is very inefficient
-    # since it will try to instantiate all the objects at once.
+    # (using the Scoping::Named::ClassMethods.all method, for example)
+    # is very inefficient since it will try to instantiate all the objects at once.
     #
     # In that case, batch processing methods allow you to work
     # with the records in batches, thereby greatly reducing memory consumption.
@@ -28,37 +29,46 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # ==== Options
     # * <tt>:batch_size</tt> - Specifies the size of the batch. Default to 1000.
-    # * <tt>:start</tt> - Specifies the starting point for the batch processing.
+    # * <tt>:begin_at</tt> - Specifies the primary key value to start from, inclusive of the value.
+    # * <tt>:end_at</tt> - Specifies the primary key value to end at, inclusive of the value.
     # This is especially useful if you want multiple workers dealing with
     # the same processing queue. You can make worker 1 handle all the records
     # between id 0 and 10,000 and worker 2 handle from 10,000 and beyond
-    # (by setting the +:start+ option on that worker).
+    # (by setting the +:begin_at+ and +:end_at+ option on each worker).
     #
     #   # Let's process for a batch of 2000 records, skipping the first 2000 rows
-    #   Person.find_each(start: 2000, batch_size: 2000) do |person|
+    #   Person.find_each(begin_at: 2000, batch_size: 2000) do |person|
     #     person.party_all_night!
     #   end
     #
     # NOTE: It's not possible to set the order. That is automatically set to
     # ascending on the primary key ("id ASC") to make the batch ordering
-    # work. This also means that this method only works with integer-based
-    # primary keys.
+    # work. This also means that this method only works when the primary key is
+    # orderable (e.g. an integer or string).
     #
     # NOTE: You can't set the limit either, that's used to control
     # the batch sizes.
-    def find_each(options = {})
+    def find_each(begin_at: nil, end_at: nil, batch_size: 1000, start: nil)
+      if start
+        begin_at = start
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
+            Passing `start` value to find_each is deprecated, and will be removed in Rails 5.1.
+            Please pass `begin_at` instead.
+        MSG
+      end
       if block_given?
-        find_in_batches(options) do |records|
+        find_in_batches(begin_at: begin_at, end_at: end_at, batch_size: batch_size) do |records|
           records.each { |record| yield record }
         end
       else
-        enum_for :find_each, options do
-          options[:start] ? where(table[primary_key].gteq(options[:start])).size : size
+        enum_for(:find_each, begin_at: begin_at, end_at: end_at, batch_size: batch_size) do
+          relation = self
+          apply_limits(relation, begin_at, end_at).size
         end
       end
     end
 
-    # Yields each batch of records that was found by the find +options+ as
+    # Yields each batch of records that was found by the find options as
     # an array.
     #
     #   Person.where("age > 21").find_in_batches do |group|
@@ -78,60 +88,149 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # ==== Options
     # * <tt>:batch_size</tt> - Specifies the size of the batch. Default to 1000.
-    # * <tt>:start</tt> - Specifies the starting point for the batch processing.
+    # * <tt>:begin_at</tt> - Specifies the primary key value to start from, inclusive of the value.
+    # * <tt>:end_at</tt> - Specifies the primary key value to end at, inclusive of the value.
     # This is especially useful if you want multiple workers dealing with
     # the same processing queue. You can make worker 1 handle all the records
     # between id 0 and 10,000 and worker 2 handle from 10,000 and beyond
-    # (by setting the +:start+ option on that worker).
+    # (by setting the +:begin_at+ and +:end_at+ option on each worker).
     #
     #   # Let's process the next 2000 records
-    #   Person.find_in_batches(start: 2000, batch_size: 2000) do |group|
+    #   Person.find_in_batches(begin_at: 2000, batch_size: 2000) do |group|
     #     group.each { |person| person.party_all_night! }
     #   end
     #
     # NOTE: It's not possible to set the order. That is automatically set to
     # ascending on the primary key ("id ASC") to make the batch ordering
-    # work. This also means that this method only works with integer-based
-    # primary keys.
+    # work. This also means that this method only works when the primary key is
+    # orderable (e.g. an integer or string).
     #
     # NOTE: You can't set the limit either, that's used to control
     # the batch sizes.
-    def find_in_batches(options = {})
-      options.assert_valid_keys(:start, :batch_size)
+    def find_in_batches(begin_at: nil, end_at: nil, batch_size: 1000, start: nil)
+      if start
+        begin_at = start
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
+            Passing `start` value to find_in_batches is deprecated, and will be removed in Rails 5.1.
+            Please pass `begin_at` instead.
+        MSG
+      end
 
       relation = self
-      start = options[:start]
-      batch_size = options[:batch_size] || 1000
-
       unless block_given?
-        return to_enum(:find_in_batches, options) do
-          total = start ? where(table[primary_key].gteq(start)).size : size
+        return to_enum(:find_in_batches, begin_at: begin_at, end_at: end_at, batch_size: batch_size) do
+          total = apply_limits(relation, begin_at, end_at).size
           (total - 1).div(batch_size) + 1
         end
       end
 
+      in_batches(of: batch_size, begin_at: begin_at, end_at: end_at, load: true) do |batch|
+        yield batch.to_a
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Yields ActiveRecord::Relation objects to work with a batch of records.
+    #
+    #   Person.where("age > 21").in_batches do |relation|
+    #     relation.delete_all
+    #     sleep(10) # Throttle the delete queries
+    #   end
+    #
+    # If you do not provide a block to #in_batches, it will return a
+    # BatchEnumerator which is enumerable.
+    #
+    #   Person.in_batches.with_index do |relation, batch_index|
+    #     puts "Processing relation ##{batch_index}"
+    #     relation.each { |relation| relation.delete_all }
+    #   end
+    #
+    # Examples of calling methods on the returned BatchEnumerator object:
+    #
+    #   Person.in_batches.delete_all
+    #   Person.in_batches.update_all(awesome: true)
+    #   Person.in_batches.each_record(&:party_all_night!)
+    #
+    # ==== Options
+    # * <tt>:of</tt> - Specifies the size of the batch. Default to 1000.
+    # * <tt>:load</tt> - Specifies if the relation should be loaded. Default to false.
+    # * <tt>:begin_at</tt> - Specifies the primary key value to start from, inclusive of the value.
+    # * <tt>:end_at</tt> - Specifies the primary key value to end at, inclusive of the value.
+    #
+    # This is especially useful if you want to work with the
+    # ActiveRecord::Relation object instead of the array of records, or if
+    # you want multiple workers dealing with the same processing queue. You can
+    # make worker 1 handle all the records between id 0 and 10,000 and worker 2
+    # handle from 10,000 and beyond (by setting the +:begin_at+ and +:end_at+
+    # option on each worker).
+    #
+    #   # Let's process the next 2000 records
+    #   Person.in_batches(of: 2000, begin_at: 2000).update_all(awesome: true)
+    #
+    # An example of calling where query method on the relation:
+    #
+    #   Person.in_batches.each do |relation|
+    #     relation.update_all('age = age + 1')
+    #     relation.where('age > 21').update_all(should_party: true)
+    #     relation.where('age <= 21').delete_all
+    #   end
+    #
+    # NOTE: If you are going to iterate through each record, you should call
+    # #each_record on the yielded BatchEnumerator:
+    #
+    #   Person.in_batches.each_record(&:party_all_night!)
+    #
+    # NOTE: It's not possible to set the order. That is automatically set to
+    # ascending on the primary key ("id ASC") to make the batch ordering
+    # consistent. Therefore the primary key must be orderable, e.g an integer
+    # or a string.
+    #
+    # NOTE: You can't set the limit either, that's used to control the batch
+    # sizes.
+    def in_batches(of: 1000, begin_at: nil, end_at: nil, load: false)
+      relation = self
+      unless block_given?
+        return BatchEnumerator.new(of: of, begin_at: begin_at, end_at: end_at, relation: self)
+      end
+
       if logger && (arel.orders.present? || arel.taken.present?)
         logger.warn("Scoped order and limit are ignored, it's forced to be batch order and batch size")
       end
 
-      relation = relation.reorder(batch_order).limit(batch_size)
-      records = start ? relation.where(table[primary_key].gteq(start)).to_a : relation.to_a
+      relation = relation.reorder(batch_order).limit(of)
+      relation = apply_limits(relation, begin_at, end_at)
+      batch_relation = relation
 
-      while records.any?
-        records_size = records.size
-        primary_key_offset = records.last.id
-        raise "Primary key not included in the custom select clause" unless primary_key_offset
+      loop do
+        if load
+          records = batch_relation.to_a
+          ids = records.map(&:id)
+          yielded_relation = self.where(primary_key => ids)
+          yielded_relation.load_records(records)
+        else
+          ids = batch_relation.pluck(primary_key)
+          yielded_relation = self.where(primary_key => ids)
+        end
+
+        break if ids.empty?
 
-        yield records
+        primary_key_offset = ids.last
+        raise ArgumentError.new("Primary key not included in the custom select clause") unless primary_key_offset
 
-        break if records_size < batch_size
+        yield yielded_relation
 
-        records = relation.where(table[primary_key].gt(primary_key_offset)).to_a
+        break if ids.length < of
+        batch_relation = relation.where(table[primary_key].gt(primary_key_offset))
       end
     end
 
     private
 
+    def apply_limits(relation, begin_at, end_at)
+      relation = relation.where(table[primary_key].gteq(begin_at)) if begin_at
+      relation = relation.where(table[primary_key].lteq(end_at)) if end_at
+      relation
+    end
+
     def batch_order
       "#{quoted_table_name}.#{quoted_primary_key} ASC"
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/batches/batch_enumerator.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/batches/batch_enumerator.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..153aae9584
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/batches/batch_enumerator.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Batches
+    class BatchEnumerator
+      include Enumerable
+
+      def initialize(of: 1000, begin_at: nil, end_at: nil, relation:) #:nodoc:
+        @of       = of
+        @relation = relation
+        @begin_at = begin_at
+        @end_at   = end_at
+      end
+
+      # Looping through a collection of records from the database (using the
+      # +all+ method, for example) is very inefficient since it will try to
+      # instantiate all the objects at once.
+      #
+      # In that case, batch processing methods allow you to work with the
+      # records in batches, thereby greatly reducing memory consumption.
+      #
+      #   Person.in_batches.each_record do |person|
+      #     person.do_awesome_stuff
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   Person.where("age > 21").in_batches(of: 10).each_record do |person|
+      #     person.party_all_night!
+      #   end
+      #
+      # If you do not provide a block to #each_record, it will return an Enumerator
+      # for chaining with other methods:
+      #
+      #   Person.in_batches.each_record.with_index do |person, index|
+      #     person.award_trophy(index + 1)
+      #   end
+      def each_record
+        return to_enum(:each_record) unless block_given?
+
+        @relation.to_enum(:in_batches, of: @of, begin_at: @begin_at, end_at: @end_at, load: true).each do |relation|
+          relation.to_a.each { |record| yield record }
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Delegates #delete_all, #update_all, #destroy_all methods to each batch.
+      #
+      #   People.in_batches.delete_all
+      #   People.in_batches.destroy_all('age < 10')
+      #   People.in_batches.update_all('age = age + 1')
+      [:delete_all, :update_all, :destroy_all].each do |method|
+        define_method(method) do |*args, &block|
+          @relation.to_enum(:in_batches, of: @of, begin_at: @begin_at, end_at: @end_at, load: false).each do |relation|
+            relation.send(method, *args, &block)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Yields an ActiveRecord::Relation object for each batch of records.
+      #
+      #   Person.in_batches.each do |relation|
+      #     relation.update_all(awesome: true)
+      #   end
+      def each
+        enum = @relation.to_enum(:in_batches, of: @of, begin_at: @begin_at, end_at: @end_at, load: false)
+        return enum.each { |relation| yield relation } if block_given?
+        enum
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/calculations.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/calculations.rb
index 45ffb99868..f45844a9ea 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/calculations.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/calculations.rb
@@ -14,105 +14,112 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Person.distinct.count(:age)
     #   # => counts the number of different age values
     #
-    # If +count+ is used with +group+, it returns a Hash whose keys represent the aggregated column,
+    # If #count is used with {Relation#group}[rdoc-ref:QueryMethods#group],
+    # it returns a Hash whose keys represent the aggregated column,
     # and the values are the respective amounts:
     #
     #   Person.group(:city).count
     #   # => { 'Rome' => 5, 'Paris' => 3 }
-    def count(column_name = nil, options = {})
-      # TODO: Remove options argument as soon we remove support to
-      # activerecord-deprecated_finders.
-      column_name, options = nil, column_name if column_name.is_a?(Hash)
-      calculate(:count, column_name, options)
+    #
+    # If #count is used with {Relation#group}[rdoc-ref:QueryMethods#group] for multiple columns, it returns a Hash whose
+    # keys are an array containing the individual values of each column and the value
+    # of each key would be the #count.
+    #
+    #   Article.group(:status, :category).count
+    #   # =>  {["draft", "business"]=>10, ["draft", "technology"]=>4,
+    #          ["published", "business"]=>0, ["published", "technology"]=>2}
+    #
+    # If #count is used with {Relation#select}[rdoc-ref:QueryMethods#select], it will count the selected columns:
+    #
+    #   Person.select(:age).count
+    #   # => counts the number of different age values
+    #
+    # Note: not all valid {Relation#select}[rdoc-ref:QueryMethods#select] expressions are valid #count expressions. The specifics differ
+    # between databases. In invalid cases, an error from the database is thrown.
+    def count(column_name = nil)
+      calculate(:count, column_name)
     end
 
     # Calculates the average value on a given column. Returns +nil+ if there's
-    # no row. See +calculate+ for examples with options.
+    # no row. See #calculate for examples with options.
     #
     #   Person.average(:age) # => 35.8
-    def average(column_name, options = {})
-      # TODO: Remove options argument as soon we remove support to
-      # activerecord-deprecated_finders.
-      calculate(:average, column_name, options)
+    def average(column_name)
+      calculate(:average, column_name)
     end
 
     # Calculates the minimum value on a given column. The value is returned
     # with the same data type of the column, or +nil+ if there's no row. See
-    # +calculate+ for examples with options.
+    # #calculate for examples with options.
     #
     #   Person.minimum(:age) # => 7
-    def minimum(column_name, options = {})
-      # TODO: Remove options argument as soon we remove support to
-      # activerecord-deprecated_finders.
-      calculate(:minimum, column_name, options)
+    def minimum(column_name)
+      calculate(:minimum, column_name)
     end
 
     # Calculates the maximum value on a given column. The value is returned
     # with the same data type of the column, or +nil+ if there's no row. See
-    # +calculate+ for examples with options.
+    # #calculate for examples with options.
     #
     #   Person.maximum(:age) # => 93
-    def maximum(column_name, options = {})
-      # TODO: Remove options argument as soon we remove support to
-      # activerecord-deprecated_finders.
-      calculate(:maximum, column_name, options)
+    def maximum(column_name)
+      calculate(:maximum, column_name)
     end
 
     # Calculates the sum of values on a given column. The value is returned
-    # with the same data type of the column, 0 if there's no row. See
-    # +calculate+ for examples with options.
+    # with the same data type of the column, +0+ if there's no row. See
+    # #calculate for examples with options.
     #
     #   Person.sum(:age) # => 4562
-    def sum(*args)
-      calculate(:sum, *args)
+    def sum(column_name = nil, &block)
+      return super(&block) if block_given?
+      calculate(:sum, column_name)
     end
 
-    # This calculates aggregate values in the given column. Methods for count, sum, average,
-    # minimum, and maximum have been added as shortcuts.
+    # This calculates aggregate values in the given column. Methods for #count, #sum, #average,
+    # #minimum, and #maximum have been added as shortcuts.
     #
-    # There are two basic forms of output:
+    #   Person.calculate(:count, :all) # The same as Person.count
+    #   Person.average(:age) # SELECT AVG(age) FROM people...
     #
-    #   * Single aggregate value: The single value is type cast to Fixnum for COUNT, Float
-    #     for AVG, and the given column's type for everything else.
+    #   # Selects the minimum age for any family without any minors
+    #   Person.group(:last_name).having("min(age) > 17").minimum(:age)
     #
-    #   * Grouped values: This returns an ordered hash of the values and groups them. It
-    #     takes either a column name, or the name of a belongs_to association.
+    #   Person.sum("2 * age")
     #
-    #       values = Person.group('last_name').maximum(:age)
-    #       puts values["Drake"]
-    #       # => 43
+    # There are two basic forms of output:
     #
-    #       drake  = Family.find_by(last_name: 'Drake')
-    #       values = Person.group(:family).maximum(:age) # Person belongs_to :family
-    #       puts values[drake]
-    #       # => 43
+    # * Single aggregate value: The single value is type cast to Fixnum for COUNT, Float
+    #   for AVG, and the given column's type for everything else.
     #
-    #       values.each do |family, max_age|
-    #       ...
-    #       end
+    # * Grouped values: This returns an ordered hash of the values and groups them. It
+    #   takes either a column name, or the name of a belongs_to association.
     #
-    #   Person.calculate(:count, :all) # The same as Person.count
-    #   Person.average(:age) # SELECT AVG(age) FROM people...
+    #      values = Person.group('last_name').maximum(:age)
+    #      puts values["Drake"]
+    #      # => 43
     #
-    #   # Selects the minimum age for any family without any minors
-    #   Person.group(:last_name).having("min(age) > 17").minimum(:age)
+    #      drake  = Family.find_by(last_name: 'Drake')
+    #      values = Person.group(:family).maximum(:age) # Person belongs_to :family
+    #      puts values[drake]
+    #      # => 43
     #
-    #   Person.sum("2 * age")
-    def calculate(operation, column_name, options = {})
-      # TODO: Remove options argument as soon we remove support to
-      # activerecord-deprecated_finders.
+    #      values.each do |family, max_age|
+    #        ...
+    #      end
+    def calculate(operation, column_name)
       if column_name.is_a?(Symbol) && attribute_alias?(column_name)
         column_name = attribute_alias(column_name)
       end
 
       if has_include?(column_name)
-        construct_relation_for_association_calculations.calculate(operation, column_name, options)
+        construct_relation_for_association_calculations.calculate(operation, column_name)
       else
-        perform_calculation(operation, column_name, options)
+        perform_calculation(operation, column_name)
       end
     end
 
-    # Use <tt>pluck</tt> as a shortcut to select one or more attributes without
+    # Use #pluck as a shortcut to select one or more attributes without
     # loading a bunch of records just to grab the attributes you want.
     #
     #   Person.pluck(:name)
@@ -121,19 +128,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     #   Person.all.map(&:name)
     #
-    # Pluck returns an <tt>Array</tt> of attribute values type-casted to match
+    # Pluck returns an Array of attribute values type-casted to match
     # the plucked column names, if they can be deduced. Plucking an SQL fragment
     # returns String values by default.
     #
-    #   Person.pluck(:id)
-    #   # SELECT people.id FROM people
-    #   # => [1, 2, 3]
+    #   Person.pluck(:name)
+    #   # SELECT people.name FROM people
+    #   # => ['David', 'Jeremy', 'Jose']
     #
     #   Person.pluck(:id, :name)
     #   # SELECT people.id, people.name FROM people
     #   # => [[1, 'David'], [2, 'Jeremy'], [3, 'Jose']]
     #
-    #   Person.pluck('DISTINCT role')
+    #   Person.distinct.pluck(:role)
     #   # SELECT DISTINCT role FROM people
     #   # => ['admin', 'member', 'guest']
     #
@@ -145,6 +152,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   # SELECT DATEDIFF(updated_at, created_at) FROM people
     #   # => ['0', '27761', '173']
     #
+    # See also #ids.
+    #
     def pluck(*column_names)
       column_names.map! do |column_name|
         if column_name.is_a?(Symbol) && attribute_alias?(column_name)
@@ -154,6 +163,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      if loaded? && (column_names - @klass.column_names).empty?
+        return @records.pluck(*column_names)
+      end
+
       if has_include?(column_names.first)
         construct_relation_for_association_calculations.pluck(*column_names)
       else
@@ -161,19 +174,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         relation.select_values = column_names.map { |cn|
           columns_hash.key?(cn) ? arel_table[cn] : cn
         }
-        result = klass.connection.select_all(relation.arel, nil, bind_values)
-        columns = result.columns.map do |key|
-          klass.column_types.fetch(key) {
-            result.column_types.fetch(key) { result.identity_type }
-          }
-        end
-
-        result = result.map do |attributes|
-          values = klass.initialize_attributes(attributes).values
-
-          columns.zip(values).map { |column, value| column.type_cast value }
-        end
-        columns.one? ? result.map!(&:first) : result
+        result = klass.connection.select_all(relation.arel, nil, bound_attributes)
+        result.cast_values(klass.attribute_types)
       end
     end
 
@@ -188,15 +190,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
     private
 
     def has_include?(column_name)
-      eager_loading? || (includes_values.present? && (column_name || references_eager_loaded_tables?))
+      eager_loading? || (includes_values.present? && column_name && column_name != :all)
     end
 
-    def perform_calculation(operation, column_name, options = {})
-      # TODO: Remove options argument as soon we remove support to
-      # activerecord-deprecated_finders.
+    def perform_calculation(operation, column_name)
       operation = operation.to_s.downcase
 
-      # If #count is used with #distinct / #uniq it is considered distinct. (eg. relation.distinct.count)
+      # If #count is used with #distinct (i.e. `relation.distinct.count`) it is
+      # considered distinct.
       distinct = self.distinct_value
 
       if operation == "count"
@@ -218,6 +219,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def aggregate_column(column_name)
+      return column_name if Arel::Expressions === column_name
+
       if @klass.column_names.include?(column_name.to_s)
         Arel::Attribute.new(@klass.unscoped.table, column_name)
       else
@@ -230,8 +233,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def execute_simple_calculation(operation, column_name, distinct) #:nodoc:
-      # Postgresql doesn't like ORDER BY when there are no GROUP BY
-      relation = reorder(nil)
+      # PostgreSQL doesn't like ORDER BY when there are no GROUP BY
+      relation = unscope(:order)
 
       column_alias = column_name
 
@@ -246,16 +249,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
         select_value = operation_over_aggregate_column(column, operation, distinct)
 
         column_alias = select_value.alias
+        column_alias ||= @klass.connection.column_name_for_operation(operation, select_value)
         relation.select_values = [select_value]
 
         query_builder = relation.arel
       end
 
-      result = @klass.connection.select_all(query_builder, nil, relation.bind_values)
+      result = @klass.connection.select_all(query_builder, nil, bound_attributes)
       row    = result.first
       value  = row && row.values.first
       column = result.column_types.fetch(column_alias) do
-        column_for(column_name)
+        type_for(column_name)
       end
 
       type_cast_calculated_value(value, column, operation)
@@ -265,21 +269,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
       group_attrs = group_values
 
       if group_attrs.first.respond_to?(:to_sym)
-        association  = @klass.reflect_on_association(group_attrs.first.to_sym)
-        associated   = group_attrs.size == 1 && association && association.macro == :belongs_to # only count belongs_to associations
+        association  = @klass._reflect_on_association(group_attrs.first)
+        associated   = group_attrs.size == 1 && association && association.belongs_to? # only count belongs_to associations
         group_fields = Array(associated ? association.foreign_key : group_attrs)
       else
         group_fields = group_attrs
       end
+      group_fields = arel_columns(group_fields)
 
-      group_aliases = group_fields.map { |field|
-        column_alias_for(field)
-      }
-      group_columns = group_aliases.zip(group_fields).map { |aliaz,field|
-        [aliaz, field]
-      }
-
-      group = group_fields
+      group_aliases = group_fields.map { |field| column_alias_for(field) }
+      group_columns = group_aliases.zip(group_fields)
 
       if operation == 'count' && column_name == :all
         aggregate_alias = 'count_all'
@@ -293,9 +292,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
           operation,
           distinct).as(aggregate_alias)
       ]
-      select_values += select_values unless having_values.empty?
+      select_values += select_values unless having_clause.empty?
 
-      select_values.concat group_fields.zip(group_aliases).map { |field,aliaz|
+      select_values.concat group_columns.map { |aliaz, field|
         if field.respond_to?(:as)
           field.as(aliaz)
         else
@@ -304,28 +303,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
       }
 
       relation = except(:group)
-      relation.group_values  = group
+      relation.group_values  = group_fields
       relation.select_values = select_values
 
-      calculated_data = @klass.connection.select_all(relation, nil, bind_values)
+      calculated_data = @klass.connection.select_all(relation, nil, relation.bound_attributes)
 
       if association
         key_ids     = calculated_data.collect { |row| row[group_aliases.first] }
-        key_records = association.klass.base_class.find(key_ids)
+        key_records = association.klass.base_class.where(association.klass.base_class.primary_key => key_ids)
         key_records = Hash[key_records.map { |r| [r.id, r] }]
       end
 
       Hash[calculated_data.map do |row|
         key = group_columns.map { |aliaz, col_name|
           column = calculated_data.column_types.fetch(aliaz) do
-            column_for(col_name)
+            type_for(col_name)
           end
           type_cast_calculated_value(row[aliaz], column)
         }
         key = key.first if key.size == 1
         key = key_records[key] if associated
 
-        column_type = calculated_data.column_types.fetch(aggregate_alias) { column_for(column_name) }
+        column_type = calculated_data.column_types.fetch(aggregate_alias) { type_for(column_name) }
         [key, type_cast_calculated_value(row[aggregate_alias], column_type, operation)]
       end]
     end
@@ -337,7 +336,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   column_alias_for("sum(id)")                  # => "sum_id"
     #   column_alias_for("count(distinct users.id)") # => "count_distinct_users_id"
     #   column_alias_for("count(*)")                 # => "count_all"
-    #   column_alias_for("count", "id")              # => "count_id"
     def column_alias_for(keys)
       if keys.respond_to? :name
         keys = "#{keys.relation.name}.#{keys.name}"
@@ -352,27 +350,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @klass.connection.table_alias_for(table_name)
     end
 
-    def column_for(field)
+    def type_for(field)
       field_name = field.respond_to?(:name) ? field.name.to_s : field.to_s.split('.').last
-      @klass.columns_hash[field_name]
+      @klass.type_for_attribute(field_name)
     end
 
-    def type_cast_calculated_value(value, column, operation = nil)
+    def type_cast_calculated_value(value, type, operation = nil)
       case operation
         when 'count'   then value.to_i
-        when 'sum'     then type_cast_using_column(value || 0, column)
+        when 'sum'     then type.deserialize(value || 0)
         when 'average' then value.respond_to?(:to_d) ? value.to_d : value
-        else type_cast_using_column(value, column)
+        else type.deserialize(value)
       end
     end
 
-    def type_cast_using_column(value, column)
-      column ? column.type_cast(value) : value
-    end
-
-    # TODO: refactor to allow non-string `select_values` (eg. Arel nodes).
     def select_for_count
       if select_values.present?
+        return select_values.first if select_values.one?
         select_values.join(", ")
       else
         :all
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/delegation.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/delegation.rb
index 21beed332f..e4e5d63006 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/delegation.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/delegation.rb
@@ -1,15 +1,14 @@
 require 'set'
 require 'active_support/concern'
-require 'active_support/deprecation'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module Delegation # :nodoc:
-    module DelegateCache
-      def relation_delegate_class(klass) # :nodoc:
+    module DelegateCache # :nodoc:
+      def relation_delegate_class(klass)
         @relation_delegate_cache[klass]
       end
 
-      def initialize_relation_delegate_cache # :nodoc:
+      def initialize_relation_delegate_cache
         @relation_delegate_cache = cache = {}
         [
           ActiveRecord::Relation,
@@ -19,7 +18,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           delegate = Class.new(klass) {
             include ClassSpecificRelation
           }
-          const_set klass.name.gsub('::', '_'), delegate
+          const_set klass.name.gsub('::'.freeze, '_'.freeze), delegate
           cache[klass] = delegate
         end
       end
@@ -37,13 +36,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # may vary depending on the klass of a relation, so we create a subclass of Relation
     # for each different klass, and the delegations are compiled into that subclass only.
 
-    BLACKLISTED_ARRAY_METHODS = [
-      :compact!, :flatten!, :reject!, :reverse!, :rotate!, :map!,
-      :shuffle!, :slice!, :sort!, :sort_by!, :delete_if,
-      :keep_if, :pop, :shift, :delete_at, :compact
-    ].to_set # :nodoc:
-
-    delegate :to_xml, :to_yaml, :length, :collect, :map, :each, :all?, :include?, :to_ary, to: :to_a
+    delegate :to_xml, :to_yaml, :length, :collect, :map, :each, :all?, :include?, :to_ary, :join,
+      :[], :&, :|, :+, :-, :sample, :shuffle, :reverse, :compact, to: :to_a
 
     delegate :table_name, :quoted_table_name, :primary_key, :quoted_primary_key,
              :connection, :columns_hash, :to => :klass
@@ -115,21 +109,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     def respond_to?(method, include_private = false)
       super || @klass.respond_to?(method, include_private) ||
-        array_delegable?(method) ||
         arel.respond_to?(method, include_private)
     end
 
     protected
 
-    def array_delegable?(method)
-      Array.method_defined?(method) && BLACKLISTED_ARRAY_METHODS.exclude?(method)
-    end
-
     def method_missing(method, *args, &block)
       if @klass.respond_to?(method)
         scoping { @klass.public_send(method, *args, &block) }
-      elsif array_delegable?(method)
-        to_a.public_send(method, *args, &block)
       elsif arel.respond_to?(method)
         arel.public_send(method, *args, &block)
       else
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb
index 7099bdd285..435cef901b 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/filters'
+
 module ActiveRecord
   module FinderMethods
     ONE_AS_ONE = '1 AS one'
 
     # Find by id - This can either be a specific id (1), a list of ids (1, 5, 6), or an array of ids ([5, 6, 10]).
-    # If no record can be found for all of the listed ids, then RecordNotFound will be raised. If the primary key
+    # If one or more records can not be found for the requested ids, then RecordNotFound will be raised. If the primary key
     # is an integer, find by id coerces its arguments using +to_i+.
     #
     #   Person.find(1)          # returns the object for ID = 1
@@ -14,10 +16,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Person.find([1])        # returns an array for the object with ID = 1
     #   Person.where("administrator = 1").order("created_on DESC").find(1)
     #
-    # <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> will be raised if one or more ids are not found.
-    #
     # NOTE: The returned records may not be in the same order as the ids you
-    # provide since database rows are unordered. You'd need to provide an explicit <tt>order</tt>
+    # provide since database rows are unordered. You'd need to provide an explicit QueryMethods#order
     # option if you want the results are sorted.
     #
     # ==== Find with lock
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #     person.save!
     #   end
     #
-    # ==== Variations of +find+
+    # ==== Variations of #find
     #
     #   Person.where(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4)
     #   # returns a chainable list (which can be empty).
@@ -46,9 +46,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   # returns the first item or returns a new instance (requires you call .save to persist against the database).
     #
     #   Person.where(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4).first_or_create
-    #   # returns the first item or creates it and returns it, available since Rails 3.2.1.
+    #   # returns the first item or creates it and returns it.
     #
-    # ==== Alternatives for +find+
+    # ==== Alternatives for #find
     #
     #   Person.where(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4).exists?(conditions = :none)
     #   # returns a boolean indicating if any record with the given conditions exist.
@@ -57,16 +57,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   # returns a chainable list of instances with only the mentioned fields.
     #
     #   Person.where(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4).ids
-    #   # returns an Array of ids, available since Rails 3.2.1.
+    #   # returns an Array of ids.
     #
     #   Person.where(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4).pluck(:field1, :field2)
-    #   # returns an Array of the required fields, available since Rails 3.1.
+    #   # returns an Array of the required fields.
     def find(*args)
-      if block_given?
-        to_a.find { |*block_args| yield(*block_args) }
-      else
-        find_with_ids(*args)
-      end
+      return super if block_given?
+      find_with_ids(*args)
     end
 
     # Finds the first record matching the specified conditions. There
@@ -77,14 +74,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     #   Post.find_by name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4
     #   Post.find_by "published_at < ?", 2.weeks.ago
-    def find_by(*args)
-      where(*args).take
+    def find_by(arg, *args)
+      where(arg, *args).take
+    rescue RangeError
+      nil
     end
 
-    # Like <tt>find_by</tt>, except that if no record is found, raises
-    # an <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> error.
-    def find_by!(*args)
-      where(*args).take!
+    # Like #find_by, except that if no record is found, raises
+    # an ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound error.
+    def find_by!(arg, *args)
+      where(arg, *args).take!
+    rescue RangeError
+      raise RecordNotFound.new("Couldn't find #{@klass.name} with an out of range value",
+                               @klass.name)
     end
 
     # Gives a record (or N records if a parameter is supplied) without any implied
@@ -98,45 +100,33 @@ module ActiveRecord
       limit ? limit(limit).to_a : find_take
     end
 
-    # Same as +take+ but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> if no record
-    # is found. Note that <tt>take!</tt> accepts no arguments.
+    # Same as #take but raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound if no record
+    # is found. Note that #take! accepts no arguments.
     def take!
-      take or raise RecordNotFound
+      take or raise RecordNotFound.new("Couldn't find #{@klass.name} with [#{arel.where_sql(@klass.arel_engine)}]")
     end
 
     # Find the first record (or first N records if a parameter is supplied).
     # If no order is defined it will order by primary key.
     #
-    #   Person.first # returns the first object fetched by SELECT * FROM people
+    #   Person.first # returns the first object fetched by SELECT * FROM people ORDER BY people.id LIMIT 1
     #   Person.where(["user_name = ?", user_name]).first
     #   Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).first
     #   Person.order("created_on DESC").offset(5).first
-    #   Person.first(3) # returns the first three objects fetched by SELECT * FROM people LIMIT 3
-    #
-    # ==== Rails 3
-    #
-    #   Person.first # SELECT "people".* FROM "people" LIMIT 1
-    #
-    # NOTE: Rails 3 may not order this query by the primary key and the order
-    # will depend on the database implementation. In order to ensure that behavior,
-    # use <tt>User.order(:id).first</tt> instead.
-    #
-    # ==== Rails 4
-    #
-    #   Person.first # SELECT "people".* FROM "people" ORDER BY "people"."id" ASC LIMIT 1
+    #   Person.first(3) # returns the first three objects fetched by SELECT * FROM people ORDER BY people.id LIMIT 3
     #
     def first(limit = nil)
       if limit
-        find_nth_with_limit(offset_value, limit)
+        find_nth_with_limit(offset_index, limit)
       else
-        find_nth(:first, offset_value)
+        find_nth(0, offset_index)
       end
     end
 
-    # Same as +first+ but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> if no record
-    # is found. Note that <tt>first!</tt> accepts no arguments.
+    # Same as #first but raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound if no record
+    # is found. Note that #first! accepts no arguments.
     def first!
-      first or raise RecordNotFound
+      find_nth! 0
     end
 
     # Find the last record (or last N records if a parameter is supplied).
@@ -166,10 +156,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
-    # Same as +last+ but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> if no record
-    # is found. Note that <tt>last!</tt> accepts no arguments.
+    # Same as #last but raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound if no record
+    # is found. Note that #last! accepts no arguments.
     def last!
-      last or raise RecordNotFound
+      last or raise RecordNotFound.new("Couldn't find #{@klass.name} with [#{arel.where_sql(@klass.arel_engine)}]")
     end
 
     # Find the second record.
@@ -179,13 +169,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Person.offset(3).second # returns the second object from OFFSET 3 (which is OFFSET 4)
     #   Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).second
     def second
-      find_nth(:second, offset_value ? offset_value + 1 : 1)
+      find_nth(1, offset_index)
     end
 
-    # Same as +second+ but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> if no record
+    # Same as #second but raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound if no record
     # is found.
     def second!
-      second or raise RecordNotFound
+      find_nth! 1
     end
 
     # Find the third record.
@@ -195,13 +185,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Person.offset(3).third # returns the third object from OFFSET 3 (which is OFFSET 5)
     #   Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).third
     def third
-      find_nth(:third, offset_value ? offset_value + 2 : 2)
+      find_nth(2, offset_index)
     end
 
-    # Same as +third+ but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> if no record
+    # Same as #third but raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound if no record
     # is found.
     def third!
-      third or raise RecordNotFound
+      find_nth! 2
     end
 
     # Find the fourth record.
@@ -211,13 +201,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Person.offset(3).fourth # returns the fourth object from OFFSET 3 (which is OFFSET 6)
     #   Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).fourth
     def fourth
-      find_nth(:fourth, offset_value ? offset_value + 3 : 3)
+      find_nth(3, offset_index)
     end
 
-    # Same as +fourth+ but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> if no record
+    # Same as #fourth but raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound if no record
     # is found.
     def fourth!
-      fourth or raise RecordNotFound
+      find_nth! 3
     end
 
     # Find the fifth record.
@@ -227,33 +217,33 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Person.offset(3).fifth # returns the fifth object from OFFSET 3 (which is OFFSET 7)
     #   Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).fifth
     def fifth
-      find_nth(:fifth, offset_value ? offset_value + 4 : 4)
+      find_nth(4, offset_index)
     end
 
-    # Same as +fifth+ but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> if no record
+    # Same as #fifth but raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound if no record
     # is found.
     def fifth!
-      fifth or raise RecordNotFound
+      find_nth! 4
     end
 
     # Find the forty-second record. Also known as accessing "the reddit".
     # If no order is defined it will order by primary key.
     #
     #   Person.forty_two # returns the forty-second object fetched by SELECT * FROM people
-    #   Person.offset(3).forty_two # returns the fifth object from OFFSET 3 (which is OFFSET 44)
+    #   Person.offset(3).forty_two # returns the forty-second object from OFFSET 3 (which is OFFSET 44)
     #   Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).forty_two
     def forty_two
-      find_nth(:forty_two, offset_value ? offset_value + 41 : 41)
+      find_nth(41, offset_index)
     end
 
-    # Same as +forty_two+ but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> if no record
+    # Same as #forty_two but raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound if no record
     # is found.
     def forty_two!
-      forty_two or raise RecordNotFound
+      find_nth! 41
     end
 
-    # Returns +true+ if a record exists in the table that matches the +id+ or
-    # conditions given, or +false+ otherwise. The argument can take six forms:
+    # Returns true if a record exists in the table that matches the +id+ or
+    # conditions given, or false otherwise. The argument can take six forms:
     #
     # * Integer - Finds the record with this primary key.
     # * String - Finds the record with a primary key corresponding to this
@@ -266,7 +256,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # * No args - Returns +false+ if the table is empty, +true+ otherwise.
     #
     # For more information about specifying conditions as a hash or array,
-    # see the Conditions section in the introduction to <tt>ActiveRecord::Base</tt>.
+    # see the Conditions section in the introduction to ActiveRecord::Base.
     #
     # Note: You can't pass in a condition as a string (like <tt>name =
     # 'Jamie'</tt>), since it would be sanitized and then queried against
@@ -280,7 +270,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Person.exists?(false)
     #   Person.exists?
     def exists?(conditions = :none)
-      conditions = conditions.id if Base === conditions
+      if Base === conditions
+        conditions = conditions.id
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
+          You are passing an instance of ActiveRecord::Base to `exists?`.
+          Please pass the id of the object by calling `.id`
+        MSG
+      end
+
       return false if !conditions
 
       relation = apply_join_dependency(self, construct_join_dependency)
@@ -292,14 +289,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
       when Array, Hash
         relation = relation.where(conditions)
       else
-        relation = relation.where(table[primary_key].eq(conditions)) if conditions != :none
+        unless conditions == :none
+          relation = relation.where(primary_key => conditions)
+        end
       end
 
-      connection.select_value(relation, "#{name} Exists", relation.bind_values) ? true : false
+      connection.select_value(relation, "#{name} Exists", relation.bound_attributes) ? true : false
     end
 
     # This method is called whenever no records are found with either a single
-    # id or multiple ids and raises a +ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound+ exception.
+    # id or multiple ids and raises a ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound exception.
     #
     # The error message is different depending on whether a single id or
     # multiple ids are provided. If multiple ids are provided, then the number
@@ -307,7 +306,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # the expected number of results should be provided in the +expected_size+
     # argument.
     def raise_record_not_found_exception!(ids, result_size, expected_size) #:nodoc:
-      conditions = arel.where_sql
+      conditions = arel.where_sql(@klass.arel_engine)
       conditions = " [#{conditions}]" if conditions
 
       if Array(ids).size == 1
@@ -322,8 +321,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     private
 
+    def offset_index
+      offset_value || 0
+    end
+
     def find_with_associations
-      join_dependency = construct_join_dependency
+      # NOTE: the JoinDependency constructed here needs to know about
+      #       any joins already present in `self`, so pass them in
+      #
+      # failing to do so means that in cases like activerecord/test/cases/associations/inner_join_association_test.rb:136
+      # incorrect SQL is generated. In that case, the join dependency for
+      # SpecialCategorizations is constructed without knowledge of the
+      # preexisting join in joins_values to categorizations (by way of
+      # the `has_many :through` for categories).
+      #
+      join_dependency = construct_join_dependency(joins_values)
 
       aliases  = join_dependency.aliases
       relation = select aliases.columns
@@ -335,7 +347,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         if ActiveRecord::NullRelation === relation
           []
         else
-          rows = connection.select_all(relation.arel, 'SQL', relation.bind_values.dup)
+          arel = relation.arel
+          rows = connection.select_all(arel, 'SQL', relation.bound_attributes)
           join_dependency.instantiate(rows, aliases)
         end
       end
@@ -349,7 +362,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def construct_relation_for_association_calculations
       from = arel.froms.first
       if Arel::Table === from
-        apply_join_dependency(self, construct_join_dependency)
+        apply_join_dependency(self, construct_join_dependency(joins_values))
       else
         # FIXME: as far as I can tell, `from` will always be an Arel::Table.
         # There are no tests that test this branch, but presumably it's
@@ -367,7 +380,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       else
         if relation.limit_value
           limited_ids = limited_ids_for(relation)
-          limited_ids.empty? ? relation.none! : relation.where!(table[primary_key].in(limited_ids))
+          limited_ids.empty? ? relation.none! : relation.where!(primary_key => limited_ids)
         end
         relation.except(:limit, :offset)
       end
@@ -378,13 +391,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         "#{quoted_table_name}.#{quoted_primary_key}", relation.order_values)
 
       relation = relation.except(:select).select(values).distinct!
+      arel = relation.arel
 
-      id_rows = @klass.connection.select_all(relation.arel, 'SQL', relation.bind_values)
+      id_rows = @klass.connection.select_all(arel, 'SQL', relation.bound_attributes)
       id_rows.map {|row| row[primary_key]}
     end
 
     def using_limitable_reflections?(reflections)
-      reflections.none? { |r| r.collection? }
+      reflections.none?(&:collection?)
     end
 
     protected
@@ -406,15 +420,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
       else
         find_some(ids)
       end
+    rescue RangeError
+      raise RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find #{@klass.name} with an out of range ID"
     end
 
     def find_one(id)
-      id = id.id if ActiveRecord::Base === id
+      if ActiveRecord::Base === id
+        id = id.id
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
+          You are passing an instance of ActiveRecord::Base to `find`.
+          Please pass the id of the object by calling `.id`
+        MSG
+      end
 
-      column = columns_hash[primary_key]
-      substitute = connection.substitute_at(column, bind_values.length)
-      relation = where(table[primary_key].eq(substitute))
-      relation.bind_values += [[column, id]]
+      relation = where(primary_key => id)
       record = relation.take
 
       raise_record_not_found_exception!(id, 0, 1) unless record
@@ -423,7 +442,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def find_some(ids)
-      result = where(table[primary_key].in(ids)).to_a
+      result = where(primary_key => ids).to_a
 
       expected_size =
         if limit_value && ids.size > limit_value
@@ -452,20 +471,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
-    def find_nth(ordinal, offset)
+    def find_nth(index, offset)
       if loaded?
-        @records.send(ordinal)
+        @records[index]
       else
+        offset += index
         @offsets[offset] ||= find_nth_with_limit(offset, 1).first
       end
     end
 
+    def find_nth!(index)
+      find_nth(index, offset_index) or raise RecordNotFound.new("Couldn't find #{@klass.name} with [#{arel.where_sql(@klass.arel_engine)}]")
+    end
+
     def find_nth_with_limit(offset, limit)
-      if order_values.empty? && primary_key
-        order(arel_table[primary_key].asc).limit(limit).offset(offset).to_a
-      else
-        limit(limit).offset(offset).to_a
-      end
+      relation = if order_values.empty? && primary_key
+                   order(arel_table[primary_key].asc)
+                 else
+                   self
+                 end
+
+      relation = relation.offset(offset) unless offset.zero?
+      relation.limit(limit).to_a
     end
 
     def find_last
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/from_clause.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/from_clause.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..92340216ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/from_clause.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  class Relation
+    class FromClause # :nodoc:
+      attr_reader :value, :name
+
+      def initialize(value, name)
+        @value = value
+        @name = name
+      end
+
+      def binds
+        if value.is_a?(Relation)
+          value.bound_attributes
+        else
+          []
+        end
+      end
+
+      def merge(other)
+        self
+      end
+
+      def empty?
+        value.nil?
+      end
+
+      def self.empty
+        new(nil, nil)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/merger.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/merger.rb
index 182b9ed89c..cb971eb255 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/merger.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/merger.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
-require "set"
 
 module ActiveRecord
   class Relation
@@ -13,7 +12,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @hash     = hash
       end
 
-      def merge
+      def merge #:nodoc:
         Merger.new(relation, other).merge
       end
 
@@ -22,7 +21,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # build a relation to merge in rather than directly merging
       # the values.
       def other
-        other = Relation.create(relation.klass, relation.table)
+        other = Relation.create(relation.klass, relation.table, relation.predicate_builder)
         hash.each { |k, v|
           if k == :joins
             if Hash === v
@@ -30,6 +29,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
             else
               other.joins!(*v)
             end
+          elsif k == :select
+            other._select!(v)
           else
             other.send("#{k}!", v)
           end
@@ -47,9 +48,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @other    = other
       end
 
-      NORMAL_VALUES = Relation::SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS +
-                      Relation::MULTI_VALUE_METHODS -
-                      [:joins, :where, :order, :bind, :reverse_order, :lock, :create_with, :reordering, :from] # :nodoc:
+      NORMAL_VALUES = Relation::VALUE_METHODS -
+                      Relation::CLAUSE_METHODS -
+                      [:includes, :preload, :joins, :order, :reverse_order, :lock, :create_with, :reordering] # :nodoc:
 
       def normal_values
         NORMAL_VALUES
@@ -62,11 +63,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
           # expensive), most of the time the value is going to be `nil` or `.blank?`, the only catch is that
           # `false.blank?` returns `true`, so there needs to be an extra check so that explicit `false` values
           # don't fall through the cracks.
-          relation.send("#{name}!", *value) unless value.nil? || (value.blank? && false != value)
+          unless value.nil? || (value.blank? && false != value)
+            if name == :select
+              relation._select!(*value)
+            else
+              relation.send("#{name}!", *value)
+            end
+          end
         end
 
         merge_multi_values
         merge_single_values
+        merge_clauses
+        merge_preloads
         merge_joins
 
         relation
@@ -74,13 +83,34 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       private
 
+      def merge_preloads
+        return if other.preload_values.empty? && other.includes_values.empty?
+
+        if other.klass == relation.klass
+          relation.preload!(*other.preload_values) unless other.preload_values.empty?
+          relation.includes!(other.includes_values) unless other.includes_values.empty?
+        else
+          reflection = relation.klass.reflect_on_all_associations.find do |r|
+            r.class_name == other.klass.name
+          end || return
+
+          unless other.preload_values.empty?
+            relation.preload! reflection.name => other.preload_values
+          end
+
+          unless other.includes_values.empty?
+            relation.includes! reflection.name => other.includes_values
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
       def merge_joins
-        return if values[:joins].blank?
+        return if other.joins_values.blank?
 
         if other.klass == relation.klass
-          relation.joins!(*values[:joins])
+          relation.joins!(*other.joins_values)
         else
-          joins_dependency, rest = values[:joins].partition do |join|
+          joins_dependency, rest = other.joins_values.partition do |join|
             case join
             when Hash, Symbol, Array
               true
@@ -99,75 +129,34 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def merge_multi_values
-        lhs_wheres = relation.where_values
-        rhs_wheres = values[:where] || []
-
-        lhs_binds  = relation.bind_values
-        rhs_binds  = values[:bind] || []
-
-        removed, kept = partition_overwrites(lhs_wheres, rhs_wheres)
-
-        where_values = kept + rhs_wheres
-        bind_values  = filter_binds(lhs_binds, removed) + rhs_binds
-
-        conn = relation.klass.connection
-        bv_index = 0
-        where_values.map! do |node|
-          if Arel::Nodes::Equality === node && Arel::Nodes::BindParam === node.right
-            substitute = conn.substitute_at(bind_values[bv_index].first, bv_index)
-            bv_index += 1
-            Arel::Nodes::Equality.new(node.left, substitute)
-          else
-            node
-          end
-        end
-
-        relation.where_values = where_values
-        relation.bind_values  = bind_values
-
-        if values[:reordering]
+        if other.reordering_value
           # override any order specified in the original relation
-          relation.reorder! values[:order]
-        elsif values[:order]
+          relation.reorder! other.order_values
+        elsif other.order_values
           # merge in order_values from relation
-          relation.order! values[:order]
+          relation.order! other.order_values
         end
 
-        relation.extend(*values[:extending]) unless values[:extending].blank?
+        relation.extend(*other.extending_values) unless other.extending_values.blank?
       end
 
       def merge_single_values
-        relation.from_value          = values[:from] unless relation.from_value
-        relation.lock_value          = values[:lock] unless relation.lock_value
-        relation.reverse_order_value = values[:reverse_order]
+        relation.lock_value ||= other.lock_value
 
-        unless values[:create_with].blank?
-          relation.create_with_value = (relation.create_with_value || {}).merge(values[:create_with])
+        unless other.create_with_value.blank?
+          relation.create_with_value = (relation.create_with_value || {}).merge(other.create_with_value)
         end
       end
 
-      def filter_binds(lhs_binds, removed_wheres)
-        return lhs_binds if removed_wheres.empty?
-
-        set = Set.new removed_wheres.map { |x| x.left.name }
-        lhs_binds.dup.delete_if { |col,_| set.include? col.name }
+      CLAUSE_METHOD_NAMES = CLAUSE_METHODS.map do |name|
+        ["#{name}_clause", "#{name}_clause="]
       end
 
-      # Remove equalities from the existing relation with a LHS which is
-      # present in the relation being merged in.
-      # returns [things_to_remove, things_to_keep]
-      def partition_overwrites(lhs_wheres, rhs_wheres)
-        if lhs_wheres.empty? || rhs_wheres.empty?
-          return [[], lhs_wheres]
-        end
-
-        nodes = rhs_wheres.find_all do |w|
-          w.respond_to?(:operator) && w.operator == :==
-        end
-        seen = Set.new(nodes) { |node| node.left }
-
-        lhs_wheres.partition do |w|
-          w.respond_to?(:operator) && w.operator == :== && seen.include?(w.left)
+      def merge_clauses
+        CLAUSE_METHOD_NAMES.each do |(reader, writer)|
+          clause = relation.send(reader)
+          other_clause = other.send(reader)
+          relation.send(writer, clause.merge(other_clause))
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder.rb
index 1252af7635..39e7b42629 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder.rb
@@ -1,82 +1,49 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   class PredicateBuilder # :nodoc:
-    @handlers = []
-
-    autoload :RelationHandler, 'active_record/relation/predicate_builder/relation_handler'
-    autoload :ArrayHandler, 'active_record/relation/predicate_builder/array_handler'
-
-    def self.resolve_column_aliases(klass, hash)
-      hash = hash.dup
-      hash.keys.grep(Symbol) do |key|
-        if klass.attribute_alias? key
-          hash[klass.attribute_alias(key)] = hash.delete key
-        end
-      end
-      hash
+    require 'active_record/relation/predicate_builder/array_handler'
+    require 'active_record/relation/predicate_builder/association_query_handler'
+    require 'active_record/relation/predicate_builder/base_handler'
+    require 'active_record/relation/predicate_builder/basic_object_handler'
+    require 'active_record/relation/predicate_builder/class_handler'
+    require 'active_record/relation/predicate_builder/range_handler'
+    require 'active_record/relation/predicate_builder/relation_handler'
+
+    delegate :resolve_column_aliases, to: :table
+
+    def initialize(table)
+      @table = table
+      @handlers = []
+
+      register_handler(BasicObject, BasicObjectHandler.new(self))
+      register_handler(Class, ClassHandler.new(self))
+      register_handler(Base, BaseHandler.new(self))
+      register_handler(Range, RangeHandler.new(self))
+      register_handler(Relation, RelationHandler.new)
+      register_handler(Array, ArrayHandler.new(self))
+      register_handler(AssociationQueryValue, AssociationQueryHandler.new(self))
     end
 
-    def self.build_from_hash(klass, attributes, default_table)
-      queries = []
-
-      attributes.each do |column, value|
-        table = default_table
-
-        if value.is_a?(Hash)
-          if value.empty?
-            queries << '1=0'
-          else
-            table       = Arel::Table.new(column, default_table.engine)
-            association = klass.reflect_on_association(column.to_sym)
-
-            value.each do |k, v|
-              queries.concat expand(association && association.klass, table, k, v)
-            end
-          end
-        else
-          column = column.to_s
-
-          if column.include?('.')
-            table_name, column = column.split('.', 2)
-            table = Arel::Table.new(table_name, default_table.engine)
-          end
-
-          queries.concat expand(klass, table, column, value)
-        end
-      end
-
-      queries
+    def build_from_hash(attributes)
+      attributes = convert_dot_notation_to_hash(attributes)
+      expand_from_hash(attributes)
     end
 
-    def self.expand(klass, table, column, value)
-      queries = []
+    def create_binds(attributes)
+      attributes = convert_dot_notation_to_hash(attributes)
+      create_binds_for_hash(attributes)
+    end
 
+    def expand(column, value)
       # Find the foreign key when using queries such as:
       # Post.where(author: author)
       #
       # For polymorphic relationships, find the foreign key and type:
       # PriceEstimate.where(estimate_of: treasure)
-      if klass && reflection = klass.reflect_on_association(column.to_sym)
-        if reflection.polymorphic? && base_class = polymorphic_base_class_from_value(value)
-          queries << build(table[reflection.foreign_type], base_class)
-        end
-
-        column = reflection.foreign_key
+      if table.associated_with?(column)
+        value = AssociationQueryValue.new(table.associated_table(column), value)
       end
 
-      queries << build(table[column], value)
-      queries
-    end
-
-    def self.polymorphic_base_class_from_value(value)
-      case value
-      when Relation
-        value.klass.base_class
-      when Array
-        val = value.compact.first
-        val.class.base_class if val.is_a?(Base)
-      when Base
-        value.class.base_class
-      end
+      build(table.arel_attribute(column), value)
     end
 
     def self.references(attributes)
@@ -85,7 +52,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           key
         else
           key = key.to_s
-          key.split('.').first if key.include?('.')
+          key.split('.'.freeze).first if key.include?('.'.freeze)
         end
       end.compact
     end
@@ -100,26 +67,83 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #         Arel::Nodes::And.new([range.start, range.end])
     #       )
     #     end
-    #     ActiveRecord::PredicateBuilder.register_handler(MyCustomDateRange, handler)
-    def self.register_handler(klass, handler)
+    #     ActiveRecord::PredicateBuilder.new("users").register_handler(MyCustomDateRange, handler)
+    def register_handler(klass, handler)
       @handlers.unshift([klass, handler])
     end
 
-    register_handler(BasicObject, ->(attribute, value) { attribute.eq(value) })
-    # FIXME: I think we need to deprecate this behavior
-    register_handler(Class, ->(attribute, value) { attribute.eq(value.name) })
-    register_handler(Base, ->(attribute, value) { attribute.eq(value.id) })
-    register_handler(Range, ->(attribute, value) { attribute.in(value) })
-    register_handler(Relation, RelationHandler.new)
-    register_handler(Array, ArrayHandler.new)
+    def build(attribute, value)
+      handler_for(value).call(attribute, value)
+    end
 
-    private
-      def self.build(attribute, value)
-        handler_for(value).call(attribute, value)
+    protected
+
+    attr_reader :table
+
+    def expand_from_hash(attributes)
+      return ["1=0"] if attributes.empty?
+
+      attributes.flat_map do |key, value|
+        if value.is_a?(Hash)
+          associated_predicate_builder(key).expand_from_hash(value)
+        else
+          expand(key, value)
+        end
       end
+    end
 
-      def self.handler_for(object)
-        @handlers.detect { |klass, _| klass === object }.last
+
+    def create_binds_for_hash(attributes)
+      result = attributes.dup
+      binds = []
+
+      attributes.each do |column_name, value|
+        case value
+        when Hash
+          attrs, bvs = associated_predicate_builder(column_name).create_binds_for_hash(value)
+          result[column_name] = attrs
+          binds += bvs
+        when Relation
+          binds += value.bound_attributes
+        else
+          if can_be_bound?(column_name, value)
+            result[column_name] = Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new
+            binds << Relation::QueryAttribute.new(column_name.to_s, value, table.type(column_name))
+          end
+        end
       end
+
+      [result, binds]
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def associated_predicate_builder(association_name)
+      self.class.new(table.associated_table(association_name))
+    end
+
+    def convert_dot_notation_to_hash(attributes)
+      dot_notation = attributes.keys.select { |s| s.include?(".".freeze) }
+
+      dot_notation.each do |key|
+        table_name, column_name = key.split(".".freeze)
+        value = attributes.delete(key)
+        attributes[table_name] ||= {}
+
+        attributes[table_name] = attributes[table_name].merge(column_name => value)
+      end
+
+      attributes
+    end
+
+    def handler_for(object)
+      @handlers.detect { |klass, _| klass === object }.last
+    end
+
+    def can_be_bound?(column_name, value)
+      !value.nil? &&
+        handler_for(value).is_a?(BasicObjectHandler) &&
+        !table.associated_with?(column_name)
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/array_handler.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/array_handler.rb
index 2f6c34ac08..95dbd6a77f 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/array_handler.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/array_handler.rb
@@ -1,29 +1,43 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   class PredicateBuilder
     class ArrayHandler # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(predicate_builder)
+        @predicate_builder = predicate_builder
+      end
+
       def call(attribute, value)
         values = value.map { |x| x.is_a?(Base) ? x.id : x }
-        ranges, values = values.partition { |v| v.is_a?(Range) }
+        nils, values = values.partition(&:nil?)
 
-        values_predicate = if values.include?(nil)
-          values = values.compact
+        return attribute.in([]) if values.empty? && nils.empty?
 
+        ranges, values = values.partition { |v| v.is_a?(Range) }
+
+        values_predicate =
           case values.length
-          when 0
-            attribute.eq(nil)
-          when 1
-            attribute.eq(values.first).or(attribute.eq(nil))
-          else
-            attribute.in(values).or(attribute.eq(nil))
+          when 0 then NullPredicate
+          when 1 then predicate_builder.build(attribute, values.first)
+          else attribute.in(values)
           end
-        else
-          attribute.in(values)
+
+        unless nils.empty?
+          values_predicate = values_predicate.or(predicate_builder.build(attribute, nil))
         end
 
-        array_predicates = ranges.map { |range| attribute.in(range) }
-        array_predicates << values_predicate
+        array_predicates = ranges.map { |range| predicate_builder.build(attribute, range) }
+        array_predicates.unshift(values_predicate)
         array_predicates.inject { |composite, predicate| composite.or(predicate) }
       end
+
+      protected
+
+      attr_reader :predicate_builder
+
+      module NullPredicate # :nodoc:
+        def self.or(other)
+          other
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/association_query_handler.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/association_query_handler.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e81be63cd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/association_query_handler.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  class PredicateBuilder
+    class AssociationQueryHandler # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(predicate_builder)
+        @predicate_builder = predicate_builder
+      end
+
+      def call(attribute, value)
+        queries = {}
+
+        table = value.associated_table
+        if value.base_class
+          queries[table.association_foreign_type.to_s] = value.base_class.name
+        end
+
+        queries[table.association_foreign_key.to_s] = value.ids
+        predicate_builder.build_from_hash(queries)
+      end
+
+      protected
+
+      attr_reader :predicate_builder
+    end
+
+    class AssociationQueryValue # :nodoc:
+      attr_reader :associated_table, :value
+
+      def initialize(associated_table, value)
+        @associated_table = associated_table
+        @value = value
+      end
+
+      def ids
+        case value
+        when Relation
+          value.select(primary_key)
+        when Array
+          value.map { |v| convert_to_id(v) }
+        else
+          convert_to_id(value)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def base_class
+        if associated_table.polymorphic_association?
+          @base_class ||= polymorphic_base_class_from_value
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def primary_key
+        associated_table.association_primary_key(base_class)
+      end
+
+      def polymorphic_base_class_from_value
+        case value
+        when Relation
+          value.klass.base_class
+        when Array
+          val = value.compact.first
+          val.class.base_class if val.is_a?(Base)
+        when Base
+          value.class.base_class
+        end
+      end
+
+      def convert_to_id(value)
+        case value
+        when Base
+          value._read_attribute(primary_key)
+        else
+          value
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/base_handler.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/base_handler.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6fa5b16f73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/base_handler.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  class PredicateBuilder
+    class BaseHandler # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(predicate_builder)
+        @predicate_builder = predicate_builder
+      end
+
+      def call(attribute, value)
+        predicate_builder.build(attribute, value.id)
+      end
+
+      protected
+
+      attr_reader :predicate_builder
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/basic_object_handler.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/basic_object_handler.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6cec75dc0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/basic_object_handler.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  class PredicateBuilder
+    class BasicObjectHandler # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(predicate_builder)
+        @predicate_builder = predicate_builder
+      end
+
+      def call(attribute, value)
+        attribute.eq(value)
+      end
+
+      protected
+
+      attr_reader :predicate_builder
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/class_handler.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/class_handler.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ed313fc9d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/class_handler.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  class PredicateBuilder
+    class ClassHandler # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(predicate_builder)
+        @predicate_builder = predicate_builder
+      end
+
+      def call(attribute, value)
+        print_deprecation_warning
+        predicate_builder.build(attribute, value.name)
+      end
+
+      protected
+
+      attr_reader :predicate_builder
+
+      private
+
+      def print_deprecation_warning
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
+          Passing a class as a value in an Active Record query is deprecated and
+          will be removed. Pass a string instead.
+        MSG
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/range_handler.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/range_handler.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1b3849e3ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/range_handler.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  class PredicateBuilder
+    class RangeHandler # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(predicate_builder)
+        @predicate_builder = predicate_builder
+      end
+
+      def call(attribute, value)
+        attribute.between(value)
+      end
+
+      protected
+
+      attr_reader :predicate_builder
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/relation_handler.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/relation_handler.rb
index 618fa3cdd9..063150958a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/relation_handler.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/relation_handler.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           value = value.select(value.klass.arel_table[value.klass.primary_key])
         end
 
-        attribute.in(value.arel.ast)
+        attribute.in(value.arel)
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_attribute.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_attribute.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7ba964e802
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_attribute.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+require 'active_record/attribute'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class Relation
+    class QueryAttribute < Attribute # :nodoc:
+      def type_cast(value)
+        value
+      end
+
+      def value_for_database
+        @value_for_database ||= super
+      end
+
+      def with_cast_value(value)
+        QueryAttribute.new(name, value, type)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb
index 5d38f0dce8..983bf019bc 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,21 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/array/wrap'
+require "active_record/relation/from_clause"
+require "active_record/relation/query_attribute"
+require "active_record/relation/where_clause"
+require "active_record/relation/where_clause_factory"
+require 'active_model/forbidden_attributes_protection'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/filters'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module QueryMethods
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
+    include ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesProtection
+
     # WhereChain objects act as placeholder for queries in which #where does not have any parameter.
     # In this case, #where must be chained with #not to return a new relation.
     class WhereChain
+      include ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesProtection
+
       def initialize(scope)
         @scope = scope
       end
@@ -14,7 +23,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Returns a new relation expressing WHERE + NOT condition according to
       # the conditions in the arguments.
       #
-      # +not+ accepts conditions as a string, array, or hash. See #where for
+      # #not accepts conditions as a string, array, or hash. See QueryMethods#where for
       # more details on each format.
       #
       #    User.where.not("name = 'Jon'")
@@ -35,35 +44,26 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #    User.where.not(name: "Jon", role: "admin")
       #    # SELECT * FROM users WHERE name != 'Jon' AND role != 'admin'
       def not(opts, *rest)
-        where_value = @scope.send(:build_where, opts, rest).map do |rel|
-          case rel
-          when NilClass
-            raise ArgumentError, 'Invalid argument for .where.not(), got nil.'
-          when Arel::Nodes::In
-            Arel::Nodes::NotIn.new(rel.left, rel.right)
-          when Arel::Nodes::Equality
-            Arel::Nodes::NotEqual.new(rel.left, rel.right)
-          when String
-            Arel::Nodes::Not.new(Arel::Nodes::SqlLiteral.new(rel))
-          else
-            Arel::Nodes::Not.new(rel)
-          end
-        end
-        @scope.where_values += where_value
+        opts = sanitize_forbidden_attributes(opts)
+
+        where_clause = @scope.send(:where_clause_factory).build(opts, rest)
+
+        @scope.references!(PredicateBuilder.references(opts)) if Hash === opts
+        @scope.where_clause += where_clause.invert
         @scope
       end
     end
 
     Relation::MULTI_VALUE_METHODS.each do |name|
       class_eval <<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-        def #{name}_values                   # def select_values
-          @values[:#{name}] || []            #   @values[:select] || []
-        end                                  # end
-                                             #
-        def #{name}_values=(values)          # def select_values=(values)
-          raise ImmutableRelation if @loaded #   raise ImmutableRelation if @loaded
-          @values[:#{name}] = values         #   @values[:select] = values
-        end                                  # end
+        def #{name}_values                    # def select_values
+          @values[:#{name}] || []             #   @values[:select] || []
+        end                                   # end
+                                              #
+        def #{name}_values=(values)           # def select_values=(values)
+          assert_mutability!                  #   assert_mutability!
+          @values[:#{name}] = values          #   @values[:select] = values
+        end                                   # end
       CODE
     end
 
@@ -78,12 +78,44 @@ module ActiveRecord
     Relation::SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS.each do |name|
       class_eval <<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
         def #{name}_value=(value)            # def readonly_value=(value)
-          raise ImmutableRelation if @loaded #   raise ImmutableRelation if @loaded
+          assert_mutability!                 #   assert_mutability!
           @values[:#{name}] = value          #   @values[:readonly] = value
         end                                  # end
       CODE
     end
 
+    Relation::CLAUSE_METHODS.each do |name|
+      class_eval <<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+        def #{name}_clause                           # def where_clause
+          @values[:#{name}] || new_#{name}_clause    #   @values[:where] || new_where_clause
+        end                                          # end
+                                                     #
+        def #{name}_clause=(value)                   # def where_clause=(value)
+          assert_mutability!                         #   assert_mutability!
+          @values[:#{name}] = value                  #   @values[:where] = value
+        end                                          # end
+      CODE
+    end
+
+    def bound_attributes
+      result = from_clause.binds + arel.bind_values + where_clause.binds + having_clause.binds
+      if limit_value && !string_containing_comma?(limit_value)
+        result << Attribute.with_cast_value(
+          "LIMIT".freeze,
+          connection.sanitize_limit(limit_value),
+          Type::Value.new,
+        )
+      end
+      if offset_value
+        result << Attribute.with_cast_value(
+          "OFFSET".freeze,
+          offset_value.to_i,
+          Type::Value.new,
+        )
+      end
+      result
+    end
+
     def create_with_value # :nodoc:
       @values[:create_with] || {}
     end
@@ -100,7 +132,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # allows you to access the +address+ attribute of the +User+ model without
     # firing an additional query. This will often result in a
-    # performance improvement over a simple +join+.
+    # performance improvement over a simple join.
     #
     # You can also specify multiple relationships, like this:
     #
@@ -121,7 +153,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     #   User.includes(:posts).where('posts.name = ?', 'example').references(:posts)
     #
-    # Note that +includes+ works with association names while +references+ needs
+    # Note that #includes works with association names while #references needs
     # the actual table name.
     def includes(*args)
       check_if_method_has_arguments!(:includes, args)
@@ -139,9 +171,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Forces eager loading by performing a LEFT OUTER JOIN on +args+:
     #
     #   User.eager_load(:posts)
-    #   => SELECT "users"."id" AS t0_r0, "users"."name" AS t0_r1, ...
-    #   FROM "users" LEFT OUTER JOIN "posts" ON "posts"."user_id" =
-    #   "users"."id"
+    #   # SELECT "users"."id" AS t0_r0, "users"."name" AS t0_r1, ...
+    #   # FROM "users" LEFT OUTER JOIN "posts" ON "posts"."user_id" =
+    #   # "users"."id"
     def eager_load(*args)
       check_if_method_has_arguments!(:eager_load, args)
       spawn.eager_load!(*args)
@@ -152,10 +184,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       self
     end
 
-    # Allows preloading of +args+, in the same way that +includes+ does:
+    # Allows preloading of +args+, in the same way that #includes does:
     #
     #   User.preload(:posts)
-    #   => SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts" WHERE "posts"."user_id" IN (1, 2, 3)
+    #   # SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts" WHERE "posts"."user_id" IN (1, 2, 3)
     def preload(*args)
       check_if_method_has_arguments!(:preload, args)
       spawn.preload!(*args)
@@ -168,14 +200,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     # Use to indicate that the given +table_names+ are referenced by an SQL string,
     # and should therefore be JOINed in any query rather than loaded separately.
-    # This method only works in conjuction with +includes+.
+    # This method only works in conjunction with #includes.
     # See #includes for more details.
     #
     #   User.includes(:posts).where("posts.name = 'foo'")
-    #   # => Doesn't JOIN the posts table, resulting in an error.
+    #   # Doesn't JOIN the posts table, resulting in an error.
     #
     #   User.includes(:posts).where("posts.name = 'foo'").references(:posts)
-    #   # => Query now knows the string references posts, so adds a JOIN
+    #   # Query now knows the string references posts, so adds a JOIN
     def references(*table_names)
       check_if_method_has_arguments!(:references, table_names)
       spawn.references!(*table_names)
@@ -191,18 +223,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     # Works in two unique ways.
     #
-    # First: takes a block so it can be used just like Array#select.
+    # First: takes a block so it can be used just like +Array#select+.
     #
     #   Model.all.select { |m| m.field == value }
     #
     # This will build an array of objects from the database for the scope,
-    # converting them into an array and iterating through them using Array#select.
+    # converting them into an array and iterating through them using +Array#select+.
     #
     # Second: Modifies the SELECT statement for the query so that only certain
     # fields are retrieved:
     #
     #   Model.select(:field)
-    #   # => [#<Model field:value>]
+    #   # => [#<Model id: nil, field: "value">]
     #
     # Although in the above example it looks as though this method returns an
     # array, it actually returns a relation object and can have other query
@@ -211,12 +243,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # The argument to the method can also be an array of fields.
     #
     #   Model.select(:field, :other_field, :and_one_more)
-    #   # => [#<Model field: "value", other_field: "value", and_one_more: "value">]
+    #   # => [#<Model id: nil, field: "value", other_field: "value", and_one_more: "value">]
     #
     # You can also use one or more strings, which will be used unchanged as SELECT fields.
     #
     #   Model.select('field AS field_one', 'other_field AS field_two')
-    #   # => [#<Model field: "value", other_field: "value">]
+    #   # => [#<Model id: nil, field: "value", other_field: "value">]
     #
     # If an alias was specified, it will be accessible from the resulting objects:
     #
@@ -224,23 +256,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   # => "value"
     #
     # Accessing attributes of an object that do not have fields retrieved by a select
-    # will throw <tt>ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError</tt>:
+    # except +id+ will throw ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError:
     #
     #   Model.select(:field).first.other_field
     #   # => ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError: missing attribute: other_field
     def select(*fields)
-      if block_given?
-        to_a.select { |*block_args| yield(*block_args) }
-      else
-        raise ArgumentError, 'Call this with at least one field' if fields.empty?
-        spawn.select!(*fields)
-      end
+      return super if block_given?
+      raise ArgumentError, 'Call this with at least one field' if fields.empty?
+      spawn._select!(*fields)
     end
 
-    def select!(*fields) # :nodoc:
+    def _select!(*fields) # :nodoc:
       fields.flatten!
       fields.map! do |field|
-        klass.attribute_alias?(field) ? klass.attribute_alias(field) : field
+        klass.attribute_alias?(field) ? klass.attribute_alias(field).to_sym : field
       end
       self.select_values += fields
       self
@@ -249,18 +278,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Allows to specify a group attribute:
     #
     #   User.group(:name)
-    #   => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" GROUP BY name
+    #   # SELECT "users".* FROM "users" GROUP BY name
     #
     # Returns an array with distinct records based on the +group+ attribute:
     #
     #   User.select([:id, :name])
-    #   => [#<User id: 1, name: "Oscar">, #<User id: 2, name: "Oscar">, #<User id: 3, name: "Foo">
+    #   # => [#<User id: 1, name: "Oscar">, #<User id: 2, name: "Oscar">, #<User id: 3, name: "Foo">]
     #
     #   User.group(:name)
-    #   => [#<User id: 3, name: "Foo", ...>, #<User id: 2, name: "Oscar", ...>]
+    #   # => [#<User id: 3, name: "Foo", ...>, #<User id: 2, name: "Oscar", ...>]
     #
     #   User.group('name AS grouped_name, age')
-    #   => [#<User id: 3, name: "Foo", age: 21, ...>, #<User id: 2, name: "Oscar", age: 21, ...>, #<User id: 5, name: "Foo", age: 23, ...>]
+    #   # => [#<User id: 3, name: "Foo", age: 21, ...>, #<User id: 2, name: "Oscar", age: 21, ...>, #<User id: 5, name: "Foo", age: 23, ...>]
+    #
+    # Passing in an array of attributes to group by is also supported.
+    #
+    #   User.select([:id, :first_name]).group(:id, :first_name).first(3)
+    #   # => [#<User id: 1, first_name: "Bill">, #<User id: 2, first_name: "Earl">, #<User id: 3, first_name: "Beto">]
     def group(*args)
       check_if_method_has_arguments!(:group, args)
       spawn.group!(*args)
@@ -275,23 +309,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     # Allows to specify an order attribute:
     #
-    #   User.order('name')
-    #   => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" ORDER BY name
-    #
-    #   User.order('name DESC')
-    #   => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" ORDER BY name DESC
-    #
-    #   User.order('name DESC, email')
-    #   => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" ORDER BY name DESC, email
-    #
     #   User.order(:name)
-    #   => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" ORDER BY "users"."name" ASC
+    #   # SELECT "users".* FROM "users" ORDER BY "users"."name" ASC
     #
     #   User.order(email: :desc)
-    #   => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" ORDER BY "users"."email" DESC
+    #   # SELECT "users".* FROM "users" ORDER BY "users"."email" DESC
     #
     #   User.order(:name, email: :desc)
-    #   => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" ORDER BY "users"."name" ASC, "users"."email" DESC
+    #   # SELECT "users".* FROM "users" ORDER BY "users"."name" ASC, "users"."email" DESC
+    #
+    #   User.order('name')
+    #   # SELECT "users".* FROM "users" ORDER BY name
+    #
+    #   User.order('name DESC')
+    #   # SELECT "users".* FROM "users" ORDER BY name DESC
+    #
+    #   User.order('name DESC, email')
+    #   # SELECT "users".* FROM "users" ORDER BY name DESC, email
     def order(*args)
       check_if_method_has_arguments!(:order, args)
       spawn.order!(*args)
@@ -343,15 +377,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   User.order('email DESC').select('id').where(name: "John")
     #       .unscope(:order, :select, :where) == User.all
     #
-    # One can additionally pass a hash as an argument to unscope specific :where values.
+    # One can additionally pass a hash as an argument to unscope specific +:where+ values.
     # This is done by passing a hash with a single key-value pair. The key should be
-    # :where and the value should be the where value to unscope. For example:
+    # +:where+ and the value should be the where value to unscope. For example:
     #
     #   User.where(name: "John", active: true).unscope(where: :name)
     #       == User.where(active: true)
     #
-    # This method is similar to <tt>except</tt>, but unlike
-    # <tt>except</tt>, it persists across merges:
+    # This method is similar to #except, but unlike
+    # #except, it persists across merges:
     #
     #   User.order('email').merge(User.except(:order))
     #       == User.order('email')
@@ -361,7 +395,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # This means it can be used in association definitions:
     #
-    #   has_many :comments, -> { unscope where: :trashed }
+    #   has_many :comments, -> { unscope(where: :trashed) }
     #
     def unscope(*args)
       check_if_method_has_arguments!(:unscope, args)
@@ -382,9 +416,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
               raise ArgumentError, "Hash arguments in .unscope(*args) must have :where as the key."
             end
 
-            Array(target_value).each do |val|
-              where_unscoping(val)
-            end
+            target_values = Array(target_value).map(&:to_s)
+            self.where_clause = where_clause.except(*target_values)
           end
         else
           raise ArgumentError, "Unrecognized scoping: #{args.inspect}. Use .unscope(where: :attribute_name) or .unscope(:order), for example."
@@ -394,37 +427,67 @@ module ActiveRecord
       self
     end
 
-    # Performs a joins on +args+:
+    # Performs a joins on +args+. The given symbol(s) should match the name of
+    # the association(s).
     #
     #   User.joins(:posts)
-    #   => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" INNER JOIN "posts" ON "posts"."user_id" = "users"."id"
+    #   # SELECT "users".*
+    #   # FROM "users"
+    #   # INNER JOIN "posts" ON "posts"."user_id" = "users"."id"
+    #
+    # Multiple joins:
+    #
+    #   User.joins(:posts, :account)
+    #   # SELECT "users".*
+    #   # FROM "users"
+    #   # INNER JOIN "posts" ON "posts"."user_id" = "users"."id"
+    #   # INNER JOIN "accounts" ON "accounts"."id" = "users"."account_id"
+    #
+    # Nested joins:
+    #
+    #   User.joins(posts: [:comments])
+    #   # SELECT "users".*
+    #   # FROM "users"
+    #   # INNER JOIN "posts" ON "posts"."user_id" = "users"."id"
+    #   # INNER JOIN "comments" "comments_posts"
+    #   #   ON "comments_posts"."post_id" = "posts"."id"
     #
     # You can use strings in order to customize your joins:
     #
     #   User.joins("LEFT JOIN bookmarks ON bookmarks.bookmarkable_type = 'Post' AND bookmarks.user_id = users.id")
-    #   => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" LEFT JOIN bookmarks ON bookmarks.bookmarkable_type = 'Post' AND bookmarks.user_id = users.id
+    #   # SELECT "users".* FROM "users" LEFT JOIN bookmarks ON bookmarks.bookmarkable_type = 'Post' AND bookmarks.user_id = users.id
     def joins(*args)
       check_if_method_has_arguments!(:joins, args)
-
-      args.compact!
-      args.flatten!
-
       spawn.joins!(*args)
     end
 
     def joins!(*args) # :nodoc:
+      args.compact!
+      args.flatten!
       self.joins_values += args
       self
     end
 
-    def bind(value)
-      spawn.bind!(value)
+    # Performs a left outer joins on +args+:
+    #
+    #   User.left_outer_joins(:posts)
+    #   => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" LEFT OUTER JOIN "posts" ON "posts"."user_id" = "users"."id"
+    #
+    def left_outer_joins(*args)
+      check_if_method_has_arguments!(:left_outer_joins, args)
+
+      args.compact!
+      args.flatten!
+
+      spawn.left_outer_joins!(*args)
     end
+    alias :left_joins :left_outer_joins
 
-    def bind!(value) # :nodoc:
-      self.bind_values += [value]
+    def left_outer_joins!(*args) # :nodoc:
+      self.left_outer_joins_values += args
       self
     end
+    alias :left_joins! :left_outer_joins!
 
     # Returns a new relation, which is the result of filtering the current relation
     # according to the conditions in the arguments.
@@ -469,7 +532,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # than the previous methods; you are responsible for ensuring that the values in the template
     # are properly quoted. The values are passed to the connector for quoting, but the caller
     # is responsible for ensuring they are enclosed in quotes in the resulting SQL. After quoting,
-    # the values are inserted using the same escapes as the Ruby core method <tt>Kernel::sprintf</tt>.
+    # the values are inserted using the same escapes as the Ruby core method +Kernel::sprintf+.
     #
     #   User.where(["name = '%s' and email = '%s'", "Joe", "joe@example.com"])
     #   # SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'Joe' AND email = 'joe@example.com';
@@ -546,7 +609,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # If the condition is any blank-ish object, then #where is a no-op and returns
     # the current relation.
     def where(opts = :chain, *rest)
-      if opts == :chain
+      if :chain == opts
         WhereChain.new(spawn)
       elsif opts.blank?
         self
@@ -555,29 +618,55 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
-    def where!(opts = :chain, *rest) # :nodoc:
-      if opts == :chain
-        WhereChain.new(self)
-      else
-        references!(PredicateBuilder.references(opts)) if Hash === opts
-
-        self.where_values += build_where(opts, rest)
-        self
-      end
+    def where!(opts, *rest) # :nodoc:
+      opts = sanitize_forbidden_attributes(opts)
+      references!(PredicateBuilder.references(opts)) if Hash === opts
+      self.where_clause += where_clause_factory.build(opts, rest)
+      self
     end
 
     # Allows you to change a previously set where condition for a given attribute, instead of appending to that condition.
     #
-    #   Post.where(trashed: true).where(trashed: false)                       # => WHERE `trashed` = 1 AND `trashed` = 0
-    #   Post.where(trashed: true).rewhere(trashed: false)                     # => WHERE `trashed` = 0
-    #   Post.where(active: true).where(trashed: true).rewhere(trashed: false) # => WHERE `active` = 1 AND `trashed` = 0
+    #   Post.where(trashed: true).where(trashed: false)
+    #   # WHERE `trashed` = 1 AND `trashed` = 0
+    #
+    #   Post.where(trashed: true).rewhere(trashed: false)
+    #   # WHERE `trashed` = 0
     #
-    # This is short-hand for unscope(where: conditions.keys).where(conditions). Note that unlike reorder, we're only unscoping
-    # the named conditions -- not the entire where statement.
+    #   Post.where(active: true).where(trashed: true).rewhere(trashed: false)
+    #   # WHERE `active` = 1 AND `trashed` = 0
+    #
+    # This is short-hand for <tt>unscope(where: conditions.keys).where(conditions)</tt>.
+    # Note that unlike reorder, we're only unscoping the named conditions -- not the entire where statement.
     def rewhere(conditions)
       unscope(where: conditions.keys).where(conditions)
     end
 
+    # Returns a new relation, which is the logical union of this relation and the one passed as an
+    # argument.
+    #
+    # The two relations must be structurally compatible: they must be scoping the same model, and
+    # they must differ only by #where (if no #group has been defined) or #having (if a #group is
+    # present). Neither relation may have a #limit, #offset, or #distinct set.
+    #
+    #    Post.where("id = 1").or(Post.where("id = 2"))
+    #    # SELECT `posts`.* FROM `posts`  WHERE (('id = 1' OR 'id = 2'))
+    #
+    def or(other)
+      spawn.or!(other)
+    end
+
+    def or!(other) # :nodoc:
+      unless structurally_compatible_for_or?(other)
+        raise ArgumentError, 'Relation passed to #or must be structurally compatible'
+      end
+
+      self.where_clause = self.where_clause.or(other.where_clause)
+      self.having_clause = self.having_clause.or(other.having_clause)
+
+      self
+    end
+
     # Allows to specify a HAVING clause. Note that you can't use HAVING
     # without also specifying a GROUP clause.
     #
@@ -587,9 +676,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def having!(opts, *rest) # :nodoc:
+      opts = sanitize_forbidden_attributes(opts)
       references!(PredicateBuilder.references(opts)) if Hash === opts
 
-      self.having_values += build_where(opts, rest)
+      self.having_clause += having_clause_factory.build(opts, rest)
       self
     end
 
@@ -603,6 +693,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def limit!(value) # :nodoc:
+      if string_containing_comma?(value)
+        # Remove `string_containing_comma?` when removing this deprecation
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-WARNING.squish)
+          Passing a string to limit in the form "1,2" is deprecated and will be
+          removed in Rails 5.1. Please call `offset` explicitly instead.
+        WARNING
+      end
       self.limit_value = value
       self
     end
@@ -624,7 +721,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     # Specifies locking settings (default to +true+). For more information
-    # on locking, please see +ActiveRecord::Locking+.
+    # on locking, please see ActiveRecord::Locking.
     def lock(locks = true)
       spawn.lock!(locks)
     end
@@ -655,7 +752,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # For example:
     #
     #   @posts = current_user.visible_posts.where(name: params[:name])
-    #   # => the visible_posts method is expected to return a chainable Relation
+    #   # the visible_posts method is expected to return a chainable Relation
     #
     #   def visible_posts
     #     case role
@@ -669,11 +766,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   end
     #
     def none
-      extending(NullRelation)
+      where("1=0").extending!(NullRelation)
     end
 
     def none! # :nodoc:
-      extending!(NullRelation)
+      where!("1=0").extending!(NullRelation)
     end
 
     # Sets readonly attributes for the returned relation. If value is
@@ -681,7 +778,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     #   users = User.readonly
     #   users.first.save
-    #   => ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyRecord: ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyRecord
+    #   => ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyRecord: User is marked as readonly
     def readonly(value = true)
       spawn.readonly!(value)
     end
@@ -700,7 +797,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   users = users.create_with(name: 'DHH')
     #   users.new.name # => 'DHH'
     #
-    # You can pass +nil+ to +create_with+ to reset attributes:
+    # You can pass +nil+ to #create_with to reset attributes:
     #
     #   users = users.create_with(nil)
     #   users.new.name # => 'Oscar'
@@ -709,46 +806,53 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def create_with!(value) # :nodoc:
-      self.create_with_value = value ? create_with_value.merge(value) : {}
+      if value
+        value = sanitize_forbidden_attributes(value)
+        self.create_with_value = create_with_value.merge(value)
+      else
+        self.create_with_value = {}
+      end
+
       self
     end
 
     # Specifies table from which the records will be fetched. For example:
     #
     #   Topic.select('title').from('posts')
-    #   # => SELECT title FROM posts
+    #   # SELECT title FROM posts
     #
     # Can accept other relation objects. For example:
     #
     #   Topic.select('title').from(Topic.approved)
-    #   # => SELECT title FROM (SELECT * FROM topics WHERE approved = 't') subquery
+    #   # SELECT title FROM (SELECT * FROM topics WHERE approved = 't') subquery
     #
     #   Topic.select('a.title').from(Topic.approved, :a)
-    #   # => SELECT a.title FROM (SELECT * FROM topics WHERE approved = 't') a
+    #   # SELECT a.title FROM (SELECT * FROM topics WHERE approved = 't') a
     #
     def from(value, subquery_name = nil)
       spawn.from!(value, subquery_name)
     end
 
     def from!(value, subquery_name = nil) # :nodoc:
-      self.from_value = [value, subquery_name]
+      self.from_clause = Relation::FromClause.new(value, subquery_name)
       self
     end
 
     # Specifies whether the records should be unique or not. For example:
     #
     #   User.select(:name)
-    #   # => Might return two records with the same name
+    #   # Might return two records with the same name
     #
     #   User.select(:name).distinct
-    #   # => Returns 1 record per distinct name
+    #   # Returns 1 record per distinct name
     #
     #   User.select(:name).distinct.distinct(false)
-    #   # => You can also remove the uniqueness
+    #   # You can also remove the uniqueness
     def distinct(value = true)
       spawn.distinct!(value)
     end
     alias uniq distinct
+    deprecate uniq: :distinct
 
     # Like #distinct, but modifies relation in place.
     def distinct!(value = true) # :nodoc:
@@ -756,6 +860,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       self
     end
     alias uniq! distinct!
+    deprecate uniq!: :distinct!
 
     # Used to extend a scope with additional methods, either through
     # a module or through a block provided.
@@ -819,7 +924,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def reverse_order! # :nodoc:
-      self.reverse_order_value = !reverse_order_value
+      orders = order_values.uniq
+      orders.reject!(&:blank?)
+      self.order_values = reverse_sql_order(orders)
       self
     end
 
@@ -830,26 +937,35 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     private
 
+    def assert_mutability!
+      raise ImmutableRelation if @loaded
+      raise ImmutableRelation if defined?(@arel) && @arel
+    end
+
     def build_arel
-      arel = Arel::SelectManager.new(table.engine, table)
+      arel = Arel::SelectManager.new(table)
 
       build_joins(arel, joins_values.flatten) unless joins_values.empty?
+      build_left_outer_joins(arel, left_outer_joins_values.flatten) unless left_outer_joins_values.empty?
 
-      collapse_wheres(arel, (where_values - ['']).uniq)
-
-      arel.having(*having_values.uniq.reject(&:blank?)) unless having_values.empty?
-
-      arel.take(connection.sanitize_limit(limit_value)) if limit_value
-      arel.skip(offset_value.to_i) if offset_value
-
-      arel.group(*group_values.uniq.reject(&:blank?)) unless group_values.empty?
+      arel.where(where_clause.ast) unless where_clause.empty?
+      arel.having(having_clause.ast) unless having_clause.empty?
+      if limit_value
+        if string_containing_comma?(limit_value)
+          arel.take(connection.sanitize_limit(limit_value))
+        else
+          arel.take(Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new)
+        end
+      end
+      arel.skip(Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new) if offset_value
+      arel.group(*arel_columns(group_values.uniq.reject(&:blank?))) unless group_values.empty?
 
       build_order(arel)
 
-      build_select(arel, select_values.uniq)
+      build_select(arel)
 
       arel.distinct(distinct_value)
-      arel.from(build_from) if from_value
+      arel.from(build_from) unless from_clause.empty?
       arel.lock(lock_value) if lock_value
 
       arel
@@ -860,97 +976,55 @@ module ActiveRecord
         raise ArgumentError, "Called unscope() with invalid unscoping argument ':#{scope}'. Valid arguments are :#{VALID_UNSCOPING_VALUES.to_a.join(", :")}."
       end
 
-      single_val_method = Relation::SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS.include?(scope)
-      unscope_code = "#{scope}_value#{'s' unless single_val_method}="
+      clause_method = Relation::CLAUSE_METHODS.include?(scope)
+      multi_val_method = Relation::MULTI_VALUE_METHODS.include?(scope)
+      if clause_method
+        unscope_code = "#{scope}_clause="
+      else
+        unscope_code = "#{scope}_value#{'s' if multi_val_method}="
+      end
 
       case scope
       when :order
-        self.reverse_order_value = false
         result = []
       else
-        result = [] unless single_val_method
+        result = [] if multi_val_method
       end
 
       self.send(unscope_code, result)
     end
 
-    def where_unscoping(target_value)
-      target_value = target_value.to_s
-
-      where_values.reject! do |rel|
-        case rel
-        when Arel::Nodes::In, Arel::Nodes::NotIn, Arel::Nodes::Equality, Arel::Nodes::NotEqual
-          subrelation = (rel.left.kind_of?(Arel::Attributes::Attribute) ? rel.left : rel.right)
-          subrelation.name == target_value
-        end
-      end
-
-      bind_values.reject! { |col,_| col.name == target_value }
-    end
-
-    def custom_join_ast(table, joins)
-      joins = joins.reject(&:blank?)
-
-      return [] if joins.empty?
-
-      joins.map! do |join|
-        case join
-        when Array
-          join = Arel.sql(join.join(' ')) if array_of_strings?(join)
-        when String
-          join = Arel.sql(join)
-        end
-        table.create_string_join(join)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def collapse_wheres(arel, wheres)
-      predicates = wheres.map do |where|
-        next where if ::Arel::Nodes::Equality === where
-        where = Arel.sql(where) if String === where
-        Arel::Nodes::Grouping.new(where)
-      end
-
-      arel.where(Arel::Nodes::And.new(predicates)) if predicates.present?
-    end
-
-    def build_where(opts, other = [])
-      case opts
-      when String, Array
-        #TODO: Remove duplication with: /activerecord/lib/active_record/sanitization.rb:113
-        values = Hash === other.first ? other.first.values : other
-
-        values.grep(ActiveRecord::Relation) do |rel|
-          self.bind_values += rel.bind_values
-        end
-
-        [@klass.send(:sanitize_sql, other.empty? ? opts : ([opts] + other))]
-      when Hash
-        opts = PredicateBuilder.resolve_column_aliases(klass, opts)
-        attributes = @klass.send(:expand_hash_conditions_for_aggregates, opts)
-
-        attributes.values.grep(ActiveRecord::Relation) do |rel|
-          self.bind_values += rel.bind_values
-        end
-
-        PredicateBuilder.build_from_hash(klass, attributes, table)
-      else
-        [opts]
-      end
+    def association_for_table(table_name)
+      table_name = table_name.to_s
+      @klass._reflect_on_association(table_name) ||
+        @klass._reflect_on_association(table_name.singularize)
     end
 
     def build_from
-      opts, name = from_value
+      opts = from_clause.value
+      name = from_clause.name
       case opts
       when Relation
         name ||= 'subquery'
-        self.bind_values = opts.bind_values + self.bind_values
         opts.arel.as(name.to_s)
       else
         opts
       end
     end
 
+    def build_left_outer_joins(manager, outer_joins)
+      buckets = outer_joins.group_by do |join|
+        case join
+        when Hash, Symbol, Array
+          :association_join
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError, 'only Hash, Symbol and Array are allowed'
+        end
+      end
+
+      build_join_query(manager, buckets, Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin)
+    end
+
     def build_joins(manager, joins)
       buckets = joins.group_by do |join|
         case join
@@ -967,12 +1041,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      association_joins         = buckets[:association_join] || []
-      stashed_association_joins = buckets[:stashed_join] || []
-      join_nodes                = (buckets[:join_node] || []).uniq
-      string_joins              = (buckets[:string_join] || []).map(&:strip).uniq
+      build_join_query(manager, buckets, Arel::Nodes::InnerJoin)
+    end
+
+    def build_join_query(manager, buckets, join_type)
+      buckets.default = []
+
+      association_joins         = buckets[:association_join]
+      stashed_association_joins = buckets[:stashed_join]
+      join_nodes                = buckets[:join_node].uniq
+      string_joins              = buckets[:string_join].map(&:strip).uniq
 
-      join_list = join_nodes + custom_join_ast(manager, string_joins)
+      join_list = join_nodes + convert_join_strings_to_ast(manager, string_joins)
 
       join_dependency = ActiveRecord::Associations::JoinDependency.new(
         @klass,
@@ -980,26 +1060,45 @@ module ActiveRecord
         join_list
       )
 
-      joins = join_dependency.join_constraints stashed_association_joins
+      join_infos = join_dependency.join_constraints stashed_association_joins, join_type
 
-      joins.each { |join| manager.from(join) }
+      join_infos.each do |info|
+        info.joins.each { |join| manager.from(join) }
+        manager.bind_values.concat info.binds
+      end
 
       manager.join_sources.concat(join_list)
 
       manager
     end
 
-    def build_select(arel, selects)
-      if !selects.empty?
-        expanded_select = selects.map do |field|
-          columns_hash.key?(field.to_s) ? arel_table[field] : field
-        end
-        arel.project(*expanded_select)
+    def convert_join_strings_to_ast(table, joins)
+      joins
+        .flatten
+        .reject(&:blank?)
+        .map { |join| table.create_string_join(Arel.sql(join)) }
+    end
+
+    def build_select(arel)
+      if select_values.any?
+        arel.project(*arel_columns(select_values.uniq))
       else
         arel.project(@klass.arel_table[Arel.star])
       end
     end
 
+    def arel_columns(columns)
+      columns.map do |field|
+        if (Symbol === field || String === field) && columns_hash.key?(field.to_s) && !from_clause.value
+          arel_table[field]
+        elsif Symbol === field
+          connection.quote_table_name(field.to_s)
+        else
+          field
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
     def reverse_sql_order(order_query)
       order_query = ["#{quoted_table_name}.#{quoted_primary_key} ASC"] if order_query.empty?
 
@@ -1018,27 +1117,30 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
-    def array_of_strings?(o)
-      o.is_a?(Array) && o.all? { |obj| obj.is_a?(String) }
-    end
-
     def build_order(arel)
       orders = order_values.uniq
       orders.reject!(&:blank?)
-      orders = reverse_sql_order(orders) if reverse_order_value
 
       arel.order(*orders) unless orders.empty?
     end
 
+    VALID_DIRECTIONS = [:asc, :desc, :ASC, :DESC,
+                        'asc', 'desc', 'ASC', 'DESC'] # :nodoc:
+
     def validate_order_args(args)
-      args.grep(Hash) do |h|
-        unless (h.values - [:asc, :desc]).empty?
-          raise ArgumentError, 'Direction should be :asc or :desc'
+      args.each do |arg|
+        next unless arg.is_a?(Hash)
+        arg.each do |_key, value|
+          raise ArgumentError, "Direction \"#{value}\" is invalid. Valid " \
+                               "directions are: #{VALID_DIRECTIONS.inspect}" unless VALID_DIRECTIONS.include?(value)
         end
       end
     end
 
     def preprocess_order_args(order_args)
+      order_args.map! do |arg|
+        klass.send(:sanitize_sql_for_order, arg)
+      end
       order_args.flatten!
       validate_order_args(order_args)
 
@@ -1055,7 +1157,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         when Hash
           arg.map { |field, dir|
             field = klass.attribute_alias(field) if klass.attribute_alias?(field)
-            table[field].send(dir)
+            table[field].send(dir.downcase)
           }
         else
           arg
@@ -1069,8 +1171,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # Example:
     #
-    #    Post.references()   # => raises an error
-    #    Post.references([]) # => does not raise an error
+    #    Post.references()   # raises an error
+    #    Post.references([]) # does not raise an error
     #
     # This particular method should be called with a method_name and the args
     # passed into that method as an input. For example:
@@ -1084,5 +1186,29 @@ module ActiveRecord
         raise ArgumentError, "The method .#{method_name}() must contain arguments."
       end
     end
+
+    def structurally_compatible_for_or?(other)
+      Relation::SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS.all? { |m| send("#{m}_value") == other.send("#{m}_value") } &&
+        (Relation::MULTI_VALUE_METHODS - [:extending]).all? { |m| send("#{m}_values") == other.send("#{m}_values") } &&
+        (Relation::CLAUSE_METHODS - [:having, :where]).all? { |m| send("#{m}_clause") != other.send("#{m}_clause") }
+    end
+
+    def new_where_clause
+      Relation::WhereClause.empty
+    end
+    alias new_having_clause new_where_clause
+
+    def where_clause_factory
+      @where_clause_factory ||= Relation::WhereClauseFactory.new(klass, predicate_builder)
+    end
+    alias having_clause_factory where_clause_factory
+
+    def new_from_clause
+      Relation::FromClause.empty
+    end
+
+    def string_containing_comma?(value)
+      ::String === value && value.include?(",")
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/record_fetch_warning.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/record_fetch_warning.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0a1814b3dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/record_fetch_warning.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  class Relation
+    module RecordFetchWarning
+      # When this module is prepended to ActiveRecord::Relation and
+      # `config.active_record.warn_on_records_fetched_greater_than` is
+      # set to an integer, if the number of records a query returns is
+      # greater than the value of `warn_on_records_fetched_greater_than`,
+      # a warning is logged. This allows for the detection of queries that
+      # return a large number of records, which could cause memory bloat.
+      #
+      # In most cases, fetching large number of records can be performed
+      # efficiently using the ActiveRecord::Batches methods.
+      # See active_record/lib/relation/batches.rb for more information.
+      def exec_queries
+        QueryRegistry.reset
+
+        super.tap do
+          if logger && warn_on_records_fetched_greater_than
+            if @records.length > warn_on_records_fetched_greater_than
+              logger.warn "Query fetched #{@records.size} #{@klass} records: #{QueryRegistry.queries.join(";")}"
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # :stopdoc:
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe("sql.active_record") do |*args|
+        payload = args.last
+
+        QueryRegistry.queries << payload[:sql]
+      end
+      # :startdoc:
+
+      class QueryRegistry # :nodoc:
+        extend ActiveSupport::PerThreadRegistry
+
+        attr_accessor :queries
+
+        def initialize
+          reset
+        end
+
+        def reset
+          @queries = []
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+ActiveRecord::Relation.prepend ActiveRecord::Relation::RecordFetchWarning
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/spawn_methods.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/spawn_methods.rb
index 2552cbd234..67d7f83cb4 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/spawn_methods.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/spawn_methods.rb
@@ -10,8 +10,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       clone
     end
 
-    # Merges in the conditions from <tt>other</tt>, if <tt>other</tt> is an <tt>ActiveRecord::Relation</tt>.
+    # Merges in the conditions from <tt>other</tt>, if <tt>other</tt> is an ActiveRecord::Relation.
     # Returns an array representing the intersection of the resulting records with <tt>other</tt>, if <tt>other</tt> is an array.
+    #
     #   Post.where(published: true).joins(:comments).merge( Comment.where(spam: false) )
     #   # Performs a single join query with both where conditions.
     #
@@ -32,16 +33,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
       elsif other
         spawn.merge!(other)
       else
-        self
+        raise ArgumentError, "invalid argument: #{other.inspect}."
       end
     end
 
     def merge!(other) # :nodoc:
-      if !other.is_a?(Relation) && other.respond_to?(:to_proc)
+      if other.is_a?(Hash)
+        Relation::HashMerger.new(self, other).merge
+      elsif other.is_a?(Relation)
+        Relation::Merger.new(self, other).merge
+      elsif other.respond_to?(:to_proc)
         instance_exec(&other)
       else
-        klass = other.is_a?(Hash) ? Relation::HashMerger : Relation::Merger
-        klass.new(self, other).merge
+        raise ArgumentError, "#{other.inspect} is not an ActiveRecord::Relation"
       end
     end
 
@@ -64,7 +68,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     private
 
       def relation_with(values) # :nodoc:
-        result = Relation.create(klass, table, values)
+        result = Relation.create(klass, table, predicate_builder, values)
         result.extend(*extending_values) if extending_values.any?
         result
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/where_clause.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/where_clause.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1f000b3f0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/where_clause.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  class Relation
+    class WhereClause # :nodoc:
+      attr_reader :binds
+
+      delegate :any?, :empty?, to: :predicates
+
+      def initialize(predicates, binds)
+        @predicates = predicates
+        @binds = binds
+      end
+
+      def +(other)
+        WhereClause.new(
+          predicates + other.predicates,
+          binds + other.binds,
+        )
+      end
+
+      def merge(other)
+        WhereClause.new(
+          predicates_unreferenced_by(other) + other.predicates,
+          non_conflicting_binds(other) + other.binds,
+        )
+      end
+
+      def except(*columns)
+        WhereClause.new(
+          predicates_except(columns),
+          binds_except(columns),
+        )
+      end
+
+      def or(other)
+        if empty?
+          self
+        elsif other.empty?
+          other
+        else
+          WhereClause.new(
+            [ast.or(other.ast)],
+            binds + other.binds
+          )
+        end
+      end
+
+      def to_h(table_name = nil)
+        equalities = predicates.grep(Arel::Nodes::Equality)
+        if table_name
+          equalities = equalities.select do |node|
+            node.left.relation.name == table_name
+          end
+        end
+
+        binds = self.binds.map { |attr| [attr.name, attr.value] }.to_h
+
+        equalities.map { |node|
+          name = node.left.name
+          [name, binds.fetch(name.to_s) {
+            case node.right
+            when Array then node.right.map(&:val)
+            when Arel::Nodes::Casted, Arel::Nodes::Quoted
+              node.right.val
+            end
+          }]
+        }.to_h
+      end
+
+      def ast
+        Arel::Nodes::And.new(predicates_with_wrapped_sql_literals)
+      end
+
+      def ==(other)
+        other.is_a?(WhereClause) &&
+          predicates == other.predicates &&
+          binds == other.binds
+      end
+
+      def invert
+        WhereClause.new(inverted_predicates, binds)
+      end
+
+      def self.empty
+        new([], [])
+      end
+
+      protected
+
+      attr_reader :predicates
+
+      def referenced_columns
+        @referenced_columns ||= begin
+          equality_nodes = predicates.select { |n| equality_node?(n) }
+          Set.new(equality_nodes, &:left)
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def predicates_unreferenced_by(other)
+        predicates.reject do |n|
+          equality_node?(n) && other.referenced_columns.include?(n.left)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def equality_node?(node)
+        node.respond_to?(:operator) && node.operator == :==
+      end
+
+      def non_conflicting_binds(other)
+        conflicts = referenced_columns & other.referenced_columns
+        conflicts.map! { |node| node.name.to_s }
+        binds.reject { |attr| conflicts.include?(attr.name) }
+      end
+
+      def inverted_predicates
+        predicates.map { |node| invert_predicate(node) }
+      end
+
+      def invert_predicate(node)
+        case node
+        when NilClass
+          raise ArgumentError, 'Invalid argument for .where.not(), got nil.'
+        when Arel::Nodes::In
+          Arel::Nodes::NotIn.new(node.left, node.right)
+        when Arel::Nodes::Equality
+          Arel::Nodes::NotEqual.new(node.left, node.right)
+        when String
+          Arel::Nodes::Not.new(Arel::Nodes::SqlLiteral.new(node))
+        else
+          Arel::Nodes::Not.new(node)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def predicates_except(columns)
+        predicates.reject do |node|
+          case node
+          when Arel::Nodes::Between, Arel::Nodes::In, Arel::Nodes::NotIn, Arel::Nodes::Equality, Arel::Nodes::NotEqual, Arel::Nodes::LessThan, Arel::Nodes::LessThanOrEqual, Arel::Nodes::GreaterThan, Arel::Nodes::GreaterThanOrEqual
+            subrelation = (node.left.kind_of?(Arel::Attributes::Attribute) ? node.left : node.right)
+            columns.include?(subrelation.name.to_s)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def binds_except(columns)
+        binds.reject do |attr|
+          columns.include?(attr.name)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def predicates_with_wrapped_sql_literals
+        non_empty_predicates.map do |node|
+          if Arel::Nodes::Equality === node
+            node
+          else
+            wrap_sql_literal(node)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def non_empty_predicates
+        predicates - ['']
+      end
+
+      def wrap_sql_literal(node)
+        if ::String === node
+          node = Arel.sql(node)
+        end
+        Arel::Nodes::Grouping.new(node)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/where_clause_factory.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/where_clause_factory.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a81ff98e49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/where_clause_factory.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  class Relation
+    class WhereClauseFactory # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(klass, predicate_builder)
+        @klass = klass
+        @predicate_builder = predicate_builder
+      end
+
+      def build(opts, other)
+        binds = []
+
+        case opts
+        when String, Array
+          parts = [klass.send(:sanitize_sql, other.empty? ? opts : ([opts] + other))]
+        when Hash
+          attributes = predicate_builder.resolve_column_aliases(opts)
+          attributes = klass.send(:expand_hash_conditions_for_aggregates, attributes)
+          attributes.stringify_keys!
+
+          attributes, binds = predicate_builder.create_binds(attributes)
+
+          parts = predicate_builder.build_from_hash(attributes)
+        when Arel::Nodes::Node
+          parts = [opts]
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError, "Unsupported argument type: #{opts} (#{opts.class})"
+        end
+
+        WhereClause.new(parts, binds)
+      end
+
+      protected
+
+      attr_reader :klass, :predicate_builder
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/result.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/result.rb
index 228b2aa60f..8e6cd6c82f 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/result.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/result.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   ###
-  # This class encapsulates a Result returned from calling +exec_query+ on any
-  # database connection adapter. For example:
+  # This class encapsulates a result returned from calling
+  # {#exec_query}[rdoc-ref:ConnectionAdapters::DatabaseStatements#exec_query]
+  # on any database connection adapter. For example:
   #
   #   result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query('SELECT id, title, body FROM posts')
   #   result # => #<ActiveRecord::Result:0xdeadbeef>
@@ -31,7 +32,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   class Result
     include Enumerable
 
-    IDENTITY_TYPE = Class.new { def type_cast(v); v; end }.new # :nodoc:
+    IDENTITY_TYPE = Type::Value.new # :nodoc:
 
     attr_reader :columns, :rows, :column_types
 
@@ -42,12 +43,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @column_types = column_types
     end
 
-    def identity_type # :nodoc:
-      IDENTITY_TYPE
-    end
-
-    def column_type(name)
-      @column_types[name] || identity_type
+    def length
+      @rows.length
     end
 
     def each
@@ -82,6 +79,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
       hash_rows.last
     end
 
+    def cast_values(type_overrides = {}) # :nodoc:
+      types = columns.map { |name| column_type(name, type_overrides) }
+      result = rows.map do |values|
+        types.zip(values).map { |type, value| type.deserialize(value) }
+      end
+
+      columns.one? ? result.map!(&:first) : result
+    end
+
     def initialize_copy(other)
       @columns      = columns.dup
       @rows         = rows.dup
@@ -91,6 +97,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     private
 
+    def column_type(name, type_overrides = {})
+      type_overrides.fetch(name) do
+        column_types.fetch(name, IDENTITY_TYPE)
+      end
+    end
+
     def hash_rows
       @hash_rows ||=
         begin
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/runtime_registry.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/runtime_registry.rb
index 9d605b826a..56e88bc661 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/runtime_registry.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/runtime_registry.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #
   # returns the connection handler local to the current thread.
   #
-  # See the documentation of <tt>ActiveSupport::PerThreadRegistry</tt>
+  # See the documentation of ActiveSupport::PerThreadRegistry
   # for further details.
   class RuntimeRegistry # :nodoc:
     extend ActiveSupport::PerThreadRegistry
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/sanitization.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/sanitization.rb
index 5a71c13d91..4e89ba4dd1 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/sanitization.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/sanitization.rb
@@ -3,28 +3,34 @@ module ActiveRecord
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     module ClassMethods
-      def quote_value(value, column) #:nodoc:
-        connection.quote(value, column)
-      end
-
-      # Used to sanitize objects before they're used in an SQL SELECT statement. Delegates to <tt>connection.quote</tt>.
-      def sanitize(object) #:nodoc:
+      # Used to sanitize objects before they're used in an SQL SELECT statement.
+      # Delegates to {connection.quote}[rdoc-ref:ConnectionAdapters::Quoting#quote].
+      def sanitize(object) # :nodoc:
         connection.quote(object)
       end
+      alias_method :quote_value, :sanitize
 
       protected
 
-      # Accepts an array, hash, or string of SQL conditions and sanitizes
+      # Accepts an array or string of SQL conditions and sanitizes
       # them into a valid SQL fragment for a WHERE clause.
-      #   ["name='%s' and group_id='%s'", "foo'bar", 4]  returns  "name='foo''bar' and group_id='4'"
-      #   { name: "foo'bar", group_id: 4 }  returns "name='foo''bar' and group_id='4'"
-      #   "name='foo''bar' and group_id='4'" returns "name='foo''bar' and group_id='4'"
-      def sanitize_sql_for_conditions(condition, table_name = self.table_name)
+      #
+      #   sanitize_sql_for_conditions(["name=? and group_id=?", "foo'bar", 4])
+      #   # => "name='foo''bar' and group_id=4"
+      #
+      #   sanitize_sql_for_conditions(["name=:name and group_id=:group_id", name: "foo'bar", group_id: 4])
+      #   # => "name='foo''bar' and group_id='4'"
+      #
+      #   sanitize_sql_for_conditions(["name='%s' and group_id='%s'", "foo'bar", 4])
+      #   # => "name='foo''bar' and group_id='4'"
+      #
+      #   sanitize_sql_for_conditions("name='foo''bar' and group_id='4'")
+      #   # => "name='foo''bar' and group_id='4'"
+      def sanitize_sql_for_conditions(condition)
         return nil if condition.blank?
 
         case condition
         when Array; sanitize_sql_array(condition)
-        when Hash;  sanitize_sql_hash_for_conditions(condition, table_name)
         else        condition
         end
       end
@@ -33,7 +39,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Accepts an array, hash, or string of SQL conditions and sanitizes
       # them into a valid SQL fragment for a SET clause.
-      #   { name: nil, group_id: 4 }  returns "name = NULL , group_id='4'"
+      #
+      #   sanitize_sql_for_assignment(["name=? and group_id=?", nil, 4])
+      #   # => "name=NULL and group_id=4"
+      #
+      #   sanitize_sql_for_assignment(["name=:name and group_id=:group_id", name: nil, group_id: 4])
+      #   # => "name=NULL and group_id=4"
+      #
+      #   Post.send(:sanitize_sql_for_assignment, { name: nil, group_id: 4 })
+      #   # => "`posts`.`name` = NULL, `posts`.`group_id` = 4"
+      #
+      #   sanitize_sql_for_assignment("name=NULL and group_id='4'")
+      #   # => "name=NULL and group_id='4'"
       def sanitize_sql_for_assignment(assignments, default_table_name = self.table_name)
         case assignments
         when Array; sanitize_sql_array(assignments)
@@ -42,17 +59,37 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      # Accepts an array, or string of SQL conditions and sanitizes
+      # them into a valid SQL fragment for a ORDER clause.
+      #
+      #   sanitize_sql_for_order(["field(id, ?)", [1,3,2]])
+      #   # => "field(id, 1,3,2)"
+      #
+      #   sanitize_sql_for_order("id ASC")
+      #   # => "id ASC"
+      def sanitize_sql_for_order(condition)
+        if condition.is_a?(Array) && condition.first.to_s.include?('?')
+          sanitize_sql_array(condition)
+        else
+          condition
+        end
+      end
+
       # Accepts a hash of SQL conditions and replaces those attributes
-      # that correspond to a +composed_of+ relationship with their expanded
-      # aggregate attribute values.
+      # that correspond to a {#composed_of}[rdoc-ref:Aggregations::ClassMethods#composed_of]
+      # relationship with their expanded aggregate attribute values.
+      #
       # Given:
-      #     class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #       composed_of :address, class_name: "Address",
-      #         mapping: [%w(address_street street), %w(address_city city)]
-      #     end
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     composed_of :address, class_name: "Address",
+      #       mapping: [%w(address_street street), %w(address_city city)]
+      #   end
+      #
       # Then:
-      #     { address: Address.new("813 abc st.", "chicago") }
-      #       # => { address_street: "813 abc st.", address_city: "chicago" }
+      #
+      #   { address: Address.new("813 abc st.", "chicago") }
+      #   # => { address_street: "813 abc st.", address_city: "chicago" }
       def expand_hash_conditions_for_aggregates(attrs)
         expanded_attrs = {}
         attrs.each do |attr, value|
@@ -72,44 +109,48 @@ module ActiveRecord
         expanded_attrs
       end
 
-      # Sanitizes a hash of attribute/value pairs into SQL conditions for a WHERE clause.
-      #   { name: "foo'bar", group_id: 4 }
-      #     # => "name='foo''bar' and group_id= 4"
-      #   { status: nil, group_id: [1,2,3] }
-      #     # => "status IS NULL and group_id IN (1,2,3)"
-      #   { age: 13..18 }
-      #     # => "age BETWEEN 13 AND 18"
-      #   { 'other_records.id' => 7 }
-      #     # => "`other_records`.`id` = 7"
-      #   { other_records: { id: 7 } }
-      #     # => "`other_records`.`id` = 7"
-      # And for value objects on a composed_of relationship:
-      #   { address: Address.new("123 abc st.", "chicago") }
-      #     # => "address_street='123 abc st.' and address_city='chicago'"
-      def sanitize_sql_hash_for_conditions(attrs, default_table_name = self.table_name)
-        attrs = PredicateBuilder.resolve_column_aliases self, attrs
-        attrs = expand_hash_conditions_for_aggregates(attrs)
-
-        table = Arel::Table.new(table_name, arel_engine).alias(default_table_name)
-        PredicateBuilder.build_from_hash(self, attrs, table).map { |b|
-          connection.visitor.accept b
-        }.join(' AND ')
-      end
-      alias_method :sanitize_sql_hash, :sanitize_sql_hash_for_conditions
-
       # Sanitizes a hash of attribute/value pairs into SQL conditions for a SET clause.
-      #   { status: nil, group_id: 1 }
-      #     # => "status = NULL , group_id = 1"
+      #
+      #   sanitize_sql_hash_for_assignment({ status: nil, group_id: 1 }, "posts")
+      #   # => "`posts`.`status` = NULL, `posts`.`group_id` = 1"
       def sanitize_sql_hash_for_assignment(attrs, table)
         c = connection
         attrs.map do |attr, value|
-          "#{c.quote_table_name_for_assignment(table, attr)} = #{quote_bound_value(value, c, columns_hash[attr.to_s])}"
+          value = type_for_attribute(attr.to_s).serialize(value)
+          "#{c.quote_table_name_for_assignment(table, attr)} = #{c.quote(value)}"
         end.join(', ')
       end
 
+      # Sanitizes a +string+ so that it is safe to use within an SQL
+      # LIKE statement. This method uses +escape_character+ to escape all occurrences of "\", "_" and "%".
+      #
+      #   sanitize_sql_like("100%")
+      #   # => "100\\%"
+      #
+      #   sanitize_sql_like("snake_cased_string")
+      #   # => "snake\\_cased\\_string"
+      #
+      #   sanitize_sql_like("100%", "!")
+      #   # => "100!%"
+      #
+      #   sanitize_sql_like("snake_cased_string", "!")
+      #   # => "snake!_cased!_string"
+      def sanitize_sql_like(string, escape_character = "\\")
+        pattern = Regexp.union(escape_character, "%", "_")
+        string.gsub(pattern) { |x| [escape_character, x].join }
+      end
+
       # Accepts an array of conditions. The array has each value
       # sanitized and interpolated into the SQL statement.
-      #   ["name='%s' and group_id='%s'", "foo'bar", 4]  returns  "name='foo''bar' and group_id='4'"
+      #
+      #   sanitize_sql_array(["name=? and group_id=?", "foo'bar", 4])
+      #   # => "name='foo''bar' and group_id=4"
+      #
+      #   sanitize_sql_array(["name=:name and group_id=:group_id", name: "foo'bar", group_id: 4])
+      #   # => "name='foo''bar' and group_id=4"
+      #
+      #   sanitize_sql_array(["name='%s' and group_id='%s'", "foo'bar", 4])
+      #   # => "name='foo''bar' and group_id='4'"
       def sanitize_sql_array(ary)
         statement, *values = ary
         if values.first.is_a?(Hash) && statement =~ /:\w+/
@@ -123,16 +164,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def replace_bind_variables(statement, values) #:nodoc:
+      def replace_bind_variables(statement, values) # :nodoc:
         raise_if_bind_arity_mismatch(statement, statement.count('?'), values.size)
         bound = values.dup
         c = connection
-        statement.gsub('?') do
+        statement.gsub(/\?/) do
           replace_bind_variable(bound.shift, c)
         end
       end
 
-      def replace_bind_variable(value, c = connection) #:nodoc:
+      def replace_bind_variable(value, c = connection) # :nodoc:
         if ActiveRecord::Relation === value
           value.to_sql
         else
@@ -140,10 +181,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def replace_named_bind_variables(statement, bind_vars) #:nodoc:
-        statement.gsub(/(:?):([a-zA-Z]\w*)/) do
+      def replace_named_bind_variables(statement, bind_vars) # :nodoc:
+        statement.gsub(/(:?):([a-zA-Z]\w*)/) do |match|
           if $1 == ':' # skip postgresql casts
-            $& # return the whole match
+            match # return the whole match
           elsif bind_vars.include?(match = $2.to_sym)
             replace_bind_variable(bind_vars[match])
           else
@@ -152,10 +193,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def quote_bound_value(value, c = connection, column = nil) #:nodoc:
-        if column
-          c.quote(value, column)
-        elsif value.respond_to?(:map) && !value.acts_like?(:string)
+      def quote_bound_value(value, c = connection) # :nodoc:
+        if value.respond_to?(:map) && !value.acts_like?(:string)
           if value.respond_to?(:empty?) && value.empty?
             c.quote(nil)
           else
@@ -166,7 +205,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def raise_if_bind_arity_mismatch(statement, expected, provided) #:nodoc:
+      def raise_if_bind_arity_mismatch(statement, expected, provided) # :nodoc:
         unless expected == provided
           raise PreparedStatementInvalid, "wrong number of bind variables (#{provided} for #{expected}) in: #{statement}"
         end
@@ -175,7 +214,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     # TODO: Deprecate this
     def quoted_id
-      self.class.quote_value(id, column_for_attribute(self.class.primary_key))
+      self.class.quote_value(@attributes[self.class.primary_key].value_for_database)
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema.rb
index 4bfd0167a4..fdf9965a82 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-
 module ActiveRecord
-  # = Active Record Schema
+  # = Active Record \Schema
   #
   # Allows programmers to programmatically define a schema in a portable
   # DSL. This means you can define tables, indexes, etc. without using SQL
@@ -28,29 +27,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #
   # ActiveRecord::Schema is only supported by database adapters that also
   # support migrations, the two features being very similar.
-  class Schema < Migration
-
-    # Returns the migrations paths.
-    #
-    #   ActiveRecord::Schema.new.migrations_paths
-    #   # => ["db/migrate"] # Rails migration path by default.
-    def migrations_paths
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths
-    end
-
-    def define(info, &block) # :nodoc:
-      instance_eval(&block)
-
-      unless info[:version].blank?
-        initialize_schema_migrations_table
-        connection.assume_migrated_upto_version(info[:version], migrations_paths)
-      end
-    end
-
+  class Schema < Migration::Current
     # Eval the given block. All methods available to the current connection
     # adapter are available within the block, so you can easily use the
-    # database definition DSL to build up your schema (+create_table+,
-    # +add_index+, etc.).
+    # database definition DSL to build up your schema (
+    # {create_table}[rdoc-ref:ConnectionAdapters::SchemaStatements#create_table],
+    # {add_index}[rdoc-ref:ConnectionAdapters::SchemaStatements#add_index], etc.).
     #
     # The +info+ hash is optional, and if given is used to define metadata
     # about the current schema (currently, only the schema's version):
@@ -61,5 +43,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def self.define(info={}, &block)
       new.define(info, &block)
     end
+
+    def define(info, &block) # :nodoc:
+      instance_eval(&block)
+
+      if info[:version].present?
+        initialize_schema_migrations_table
+        connection.assume_migrated_upto_version(info[:version], migrations_paths)
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+      # Returns the migrations paths.
+      #
+      #   ActiveRecord::Schema.new.migrations_paths
+      #   # => ["db/migrate"] # Rails migration path by default.
+      def migrations_paths # :nodoc:
+        ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths
+      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_dumper.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_dumper.rb
index e055d571ab..2362dae9fc 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_dumper.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_dumper.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 require 'stringio'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/big_decimal'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   # = Active Record Schema Dumper
@@ -44,7 +43,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def initialize(connection, options = {})
         @connection = connection
-        @types = @connection.native_database_types
         @version = Migrator::current_version rescue nil
         @options = options
       end
@@ -91,51 +89,65 @@ HEADER
       end
 
       def tables(stream)
-        @connection.tables.sort.each do |tbl|
-          next if ['schema_migrations', ignore_tables].flatten.any? do |ignored|
-            case ignored
-            when String; remove_prefix_and_suffix(tbl) == ignored
-            when Regexp; remove_prefix_and_suffix(tbl) =~ ignored
-            else
-              raise StandardError, 'ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables accepts an array of String and / or Regexp values.'
-            end
+        sorted_tables = @connection.data_sources.sort - @connection.views
+
+        sorted_tables.each do |table_name|
+          table(table_name, stream) unless ignored?(table_name)
+        end
+
+        # dump foreign keys at the end to make sure all dependent tables exist.
+        if @connection.supports_foreign_keys?
+          sorted_tables.each do |tbl|
+            foreign_keys(tbl, stream) unless ignored?(tbl)
           end
-          table(tbl, stream)
         end
       end
 
       def table(table, stream)
-        columns = @connection.columns(table)
+        columns = @connection.columns(table).map do |column|
+          column.instance_variable_set(:@table_name, table)
+          column
+        end
         begin
           tbl = StringIO.new
 
           # first dump primary key column
-          if @connection.respond_to?(:pk_and_sequence_for)
-            pk, _ = @connection.pk_and_sequence_for(table)
-          elsif @connection.respond_to?(:primary_key)
+          if @connection.respond_to?(:primary_keys)
+            pk = @connection.primary_keys(table)
+            pk = pk.first unless pk.size > 1
+          else
             pk = @connection.primary_key(table)
           end
 
           tbl.print "  create_table #{remove_prefix_and_suffix(table).inspect}"
-          pkcol = columns.detect { |c| c.name == pk }
-          if pkcol
-            if pk != 'id'
-              tbl.print %Q(, primary_key: "#{pk}")
-            elsif pkcol.sql_type == 'uuid'
-              tbl.print ", id: :uuid"
-              tbl.print %Q(, default: "#{pkcol.default_function}") if pkcol.default_function
+
+          case pk
+          when String
+            tbl.print ", primary_key: #{pk.inspect}" unless pk == 'id'
+            pkcol = columns.detect { |c| c.name == pk }
+            pkcolspec = @connection.column_spec_for_primary_key(pkcol)
+            if pkcolspec
+              pkcolspec.each do |key, value|
+                tbl.print ", #{key}: #{value}"
+              end
             end
+          when Array
+            tbl.print ", primary_key: #{pk.inspect}"
           else
             tbl.print ", id: false"
           end
-          tbl.print ", force: true"
+          tbl.print ", force: :cascade"
+
+          table_options = @connection.table_options(table)
+          tbl.print ", options: #{table_options.inspect}" unless table_options.blank?
+
           tbl.puts " do |t|"
 
           # then dump all non-primary key columns
           column_specs = columns.map do |column|
             raise StandardError, "Unknown type '#{column.sql_type}' for column '#{column.name}'" unless @connection.valid_type?(column.type)
             next if column.name == pk
-            @connection.column_spec(column, @types)
+            @connection.column_spec(column)
           end.compact
 
           # find all migration keys used in this table
@@ -166,11 +178,11 @@ HEADER
             tbl.puts
           end
 
+          indexes(table, tbl)
+
           tbl.puts "  end"
           tbl.puts
 
-          indexes(table, tbl)
-
           tbl.rewind
           stream.print tbl.read
         rescue => e
@@ -186,34 +198,65 @@ HEADER
         if (indexes = @connection.indexes(table)).any?
           add_index_statements = indexes.map do |index|
             statement_parts = [
-              ('add_index ' + remove_prefix_and_suffix(index.table).inspect),
-              index.columns.inspect,
-              ('name: ' + index.name.inspect),
+              "t.index #{index.columns.inspect}",
+              "name: #{index.name.inspect}",
             ]
             statement_parts << 'unique: true' if index.unique
 
             index_lengths = (index.lengths || []).compact
-            statement_parts << ('length: ' + Hash[index.columns.zip(index.lengths)].inspect) unless index_lengths.empty?
+            statement_parts << "length: #{Hash[index.columns.zip(index.lengths)].inspect}" if index_lengths.any?
+
+            index_orders = index.orders || {}
+            statement_parts << "order: #{index.orders.inspect}" if index_orders.any?
+            statement_parts << "where: #{index.where.inspect}" if index.where
+            statement_parts << "using: #{index.using.inspect}" if index.using
+            statement_parts << "type: #{index.type.inspect}" if index.type
+
+            "    #{statement_parts.join(', ')}"
+          end
 
-            index_orders = (index.orders || {})
-            statement_parts << ('order: ' + index.orders.inspect) unless index_orders.empty?
+          stream.puts add_index_statements.sort.join("\n")
+        end
+      end
 
-            statement_parts << ('where: ' + index.where.inspect) if index.where
+      def foreign_keys(table, stream)
+        if (foreign_keys = @connection.foreign_keys(table)).any?
+          add_foreign_key_statements = foreign_keys.map do |foreign_key|
+            parts = [
+              "add_foreign_key #{remove_prefix_and_suffix(foreign_key.from_table).inspect}",
+              remove_prefix_and_suffix(foreign_key.to_table).inspect,
+            ]
 
-            statement_parts << ('using: ' + index.using.inspect) if index.using
+            if foreign_key.column != @connection.foreign_key_column_for(foreign_key.to_table)
+              parts << "column: #{foreign_key.column.inspect}"
+            end
 
-            statement_parts << ('type: ' + index.type.inspect) if index.type
+            if foreign_key.custom_primary_key?
+              parts << "primary_key: #{foreign_key.primary_key.inspect}"
+            end
 
-            '  ' + statement_parts.join(', ')
+            if foreign_key.name !~ /^fk_rails_[0-9a-f]{10}$/
+              parts << "name: #{foreign_key.name.inspect}"
+            end
+
+            parts << "on_update: #{foreign_key.on_update.inspect}" if foreign_key.on_update
+            parts << "on_delete: #{foreign_key.on_delete.inspect}" if foreign_key.on_delete
+
+            "  #{parts.join(', ')}"
           end
 
-          stream.puts add_index_statements.sort.join("\n")
-          stream.puts
+          stream.puts add_foreign_key_statements.sort.join("\n")
         end
       end
 
       def remove_prefix_and_suffix(table)
         table.gsub(/^(#{@options[:table_name_prefix]})(.+)(#{@options[:table_name_suffix]})$/,  "\\2")
       end
+
+      def ignored?(table_name)
+        [ActiveRecord::Base.schema_migrations_table_name, ignore_tables].flatten.any? do |ignored|
+          ignored === remove_prefix_and_suffix(table_name)
+        end
+      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_migration.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_migration.rb
index a9d164e366..51b9b17395 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_migration.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_migration.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,16 @@
 require 'active_record/scoping/default'
 require 'active_record/scoping/named'
-require 'active_record/base'
 
 module ActiveRecord
-  class SchemaMigration < ActiveRecord::Base
+  # This class is used to create a table that keeps track of which migrations
+  # have been applied to a given database. When a migration is run, its schema
+  # number is inserted in to the `SchemaMigration.table_name` so it doesn't need
+  # to be executed the next time.
+  class SchemaMigration < ActiveRecord::Base # :nodoc:
     class << self
+      def primary_key
+        nil
+      end
 
       def table_name
         "#{table_name_prefix}#{ActiveRecord::Base.schema_migrations_table_name}#{table_name_suffix}"
@@ -15,7 +21,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def table_exists?
-        connection.table_exists?(table_name)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { connection.table_exists?(table_name) }
       end
 
       def create_table(limit=nil)
@@ -36,6 +42,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
           connection.drop_table(table_name)
         end
       end
+
+      def normalize_migration_number(number)
+        "%.3d" % number.to_i
+      end
+
+      def normalized_versions
+        pluck(:version).map { |v| normalize_migration_number v }
+      end
     end
 
     def version
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping.rb
index 3e43591672..e395970dc6 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping.rb
@@ -11,15 +11,26 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     module ClassMethods
       def current_scope #:nodoc:
-        ScopeRegistry.value_for(:current_scope, base_class.to_s)
+        ScopeRegistry.value_for(:current_scope, self.to_s)
       end
 
       def current_scope=(scope) #:nodoc:
-        ScopeRegistry.set_value_for(:current_scope, base_class.to_s, scope)
+        ScopeRegistry.set_value_for(:current_scope, self.to_s, scope)
+      end
+
+      # Collects attributes from scopes that should be applied when creating
+      # an AR instance for the particular class this is called on.
+      def scope_attributes # :nodoc:
+        all.scope_for_create
+      end
+
+      # Are there attributes associated with this scope?
+      def scope_attributes? # :nodoc:
+        current_scope
       end
     end
 
-    def populate_with_current_scope_attributes
+    def populate_with_current_scope_attributes # :nodoc:
       return unless self.class.scope_attributes?
 
       self.class.scope_attributes.each do |att,value|
@@ -27,7 +38,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
-    def initialize_internals_callback
+    def initialize_internals_callback # :nodoc:
       super
       populate_with_current_scope_attributes
     end
@@ -48,8 +59,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     #   registry.value_for(:current_scope, "Board")
     #
-    # You will obtain whatever was defined in +some_new_scope+. The +value_for+
-    # and +set_value_for+ methods are delegated to the current +ScopeRegistry+
+    # You will obtain whatever was defined in +some_new_scope+. The #value_for
+    # and #set_value_for methods are delegated to the current ScopeRegistry
     # object, so the above example code can also be called as:
     #
     #   ActiveRecord::Scoping::ScopeRegistry.set_value_for(:current_scope,
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/default.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/default.rb
index 01fec31544..cdcb73382f 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/default.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/default.rb
@@ -6,24 +6,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
       included do
         # Stores the default scope for the class.
         class_attribute :default_scopes, instance_writer: false, instance_predicate: false
+        class_attribute :default_scope_override, instance_predicate: false
 
         self.default_scopes = []
+        self.default_scope_override = nil
       end
 
       module ClassMethods
-        # Returns a scope for the model without the +default_scope+.
+        # Returns a scope for the model without the previously set scopes.
         #
         #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
         #     def self.default_scope
-        #       where published: true
+        #       where(published: true)
         #     end
         #   end
         #
-        #   Post.all          # Fires "SELECT * FROM posts WHERE published = true"
-        #   Post.unscoped.all # Fires "SELECT * FROM posts"
+        #   Post.all                                  # Fires "SELECT * FROM posts WHERE published = true"
+        #   Post.unscoped.all                         # Fires "SELECT * FROM posts"
+        #   Post.where(published: false).unscoped.all # Fires "SELECT * FROM posts"
         #
         # This method also accepts a block. All queries inside the block will
-        # not use the +default_scope+:
+        # not use the previously set scopes.
         #
         #   Post.unscoped {
         #     Post.limit(10) # Fires "SELECT * FROM posts LIMIT 10"
@@ -32,6 +35,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
           block_given? ? relation.scoping { yield } : relation
         end
 
+        # Are there attributes associated with this scope?
+        def scope_attributes? # :nodoc:
+          super || default_scopes.any? || respond_to?(:default_scope)
+        end
+
         def before_remove_const #:nodoc:
           self.current_scope = nil
         end
@@ -47,7 +55,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #
         #   Article.all # => SELECT * FROM articles WHERE published = true
         #
-        # The +default_scope+ is also applied while creating/building a record.
+        # The #default_scope is also applied while creating/building a record.
         # It is not applied while updating a record.
         #
         #   Article.new.published    # => true
@@ -57,7 +65,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # +default_scope+ macro, and it will be called when building the
         # default scope.)
         #
-        # If you use multiple +default_scope+ declarations in your model then
+        # If you use multiple #default_scope declarations in your model then
         # they will be merged together:
         #
         #   class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -68,7 +76,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #   Article.all # => SELECT * FROM articles WHERE published = true AND rating = 'G'
         #
         # This is also the case with inheritance and module includes where the
-        # parent or module defines a +default_scope+ and the child or including
+        # parent or module defines a #default_scope and the child or including
         # class defines a second one.
         #
         # If you need to do more complex things with a default scope, you can
@@ -93,14 +101,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
           self.default_scopes += [scope]
         end
 
-        def build_default_scope # :nodoc:
-          if !Base.is_a?(method(:default_scope).owner)
+        def build_default_scope(base_rel = nil) # :nodoc:
+          return if abstract_class?
+
+          if self.default_scope_override.nil?
+            self.default_scope_override = !Base.is_a?(method(:default_scope).owner)
+          end
+
+          if self.default_scope_override
             # The user has defined their own default scope method, so call that
             evaluate_default_scope { default_scope }
           elsif default_scopes.any?
+            base_rel ||= relation
             evaluate_default_scope do
-              default_scopes.inject(relation) do |default_scope, scope|
-                default_scope.merge(unscoped { scope.call })
+              default_scopes.inject(base_rel) do |default_scope, scope|
+                default_scope.merge(base_rel.scoping { scope.call })
               end
             end
           end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/named.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/named.rb
index 49cadb66d0..103569c84d 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/named.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/named.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
       module ClassMethods
-        # Returns an <tt>ActiveRecord::Relation</tt> scope object.
+        # Returns an ActiveRecord::Relation scope object.
         #
         #   posts = Post.all
         #   posts.size # Fires "select count(*) from  posts" and returns the count
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #   fruits = fruits.limit(10) if limited?
         #
         # You can define a scope that applies to all finders using
-        # <tt>ActiveRecord::Base.default_scope</tt>.
+        # {default_scope}[rdoc-ref:Scoping::Default::ClassMethods#default_scope].
         def all
           if current_scope
             current_scope.clone
@@ -30,22 +30,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def default_scoped # :nodoc:
-          relation.merge(build_default_scope)
-        end
-
-        # Collects attributes from scopes that should be applied when creating
-        # an AR instance for the particular class this is called on.
-        def scope_attributes # :nodoc:
-          all.scope_for_create
-        end
+          scope = build_default_scope
 
-        # Are there default attributes associated with this scope?
-        def scope_attributes? # :nodoc:
-          current_scope || default_scopes.any?
+          if scope
+            relation.spawn.merge!(scope)
+          else
+            relation
+          end
         end
 
-        # Adds a class method for retrieving and querying objects. A \scope
-        # represents a narrowing of a database query, such as
+        # Adds a class method for retrieving and querying objects.
+        # The method is intended to return an ActiveRecord::Relation
+        # object, which is composable with other scopes.
+        # If it returns nil or false, an
+        # {all}[rdoc-ref:Scoping::Named::ClassMethods#all] scope is returned instead.
+        #
+        # A \scope represents a narrowing of a database query, such as
         # <tt>where(color: :red).select('shirts.*').includes(:washing_instructions)</tt>.
         #
         #   class Shirt < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -53,12 +53,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #     scope :dry_clean_only, -> { joins(:washing_instructions).where('washing_instructions.dry_clean_only = ?', true) }
         #   end
         #
-        # The above calls to +scope+ define class methods <tt>Shirt.red</tt> and
+        # The above calls to #scope define class methods <tt>Shirt.red</tt> and
         # <tt>Shirt.dry_clean_only</tt>. <tt>Shirt.red</tt>, in effect,
         # represents the query <tt>Shirt.where(color: 'red')</tt>.
         #
         # You should always pass a callable object to the scopes defined
-        # with +scope+. This ensures that the scope is re-evaluated each
+        # with #scope. This ensures that the scope is re-evaluated each
         # time it is called.
         #
         # Note that this is simply 'syntactic sugar' for defining an actual
@@ -71,14 +71,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #   end
         #
         # Unlike <tt>Shirt.find(...)</tt>, however, the object returned by
-        # <tt>Shirt.red</tt> is not an Array; it resembles the association object
-        # constructed by a +has_many+ declaration. For instance, you can invoke
-        # <tt>Shirt.red.first</tt>, <tt>Shirt.red.count</tt>,
+        # <tt>Shirt.red</tt> is not an Array but an ActiveRecord::Relation,
+        # which is composable with other scopes; it resembles the association object
+        # constructed by a {has_many}[rdoc-ref:Associations::ClassMethods#has_many]
+        # declaration. For instance, you can invoke <tt>Shirt.red.first</tt>, <tt>Shirt.red.count</tt>,
         # <tt>Shirt.red.where(size: 'small')</tt>. Also, just as with the
         # association objects, named \scopes act like an Array, implementing
         # Enumerable; <tt>Shirt.red.each(&block)</tt>, <tt>Shirt.red.first</tt>,
         # and <tt>Shirt.red.inject(memo, &block)</tt> all behave as if
-        # <tt>Shirt.red</tt> really was an Array.
+        # <tt>Shirt.red</tt> really was an array.
         #
         # These named \scopes are composable. For instance,
         # <tt>Shirt.red.dry_clean_only</tt> will produce all shirts that are
@@ -89,7 +90,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #
         # All scopes are available as class methods on the ActiveRecord::Base
         # descendant upon which the \scopes were defined. But they are also
-        # available to +has_many+ associations. If,
+        # available to {has_many}[rdoc-ref:Associations::ClassMethods#has_many]
+        # associations. If,
         #
         #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
         #     has_many :shirts
@@ -98,8 +100,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # then <tt>elton.shirts.red.dry_clean_only</tt> will return all of
         # Elton's red, dry clean only shirts.
         #
-        # \Named scopes can also have extensions, just as with +has_many+
-        # declarations:
+        # \Named scopes can also have extensions, just as with
+        # {has_many}[rdoc-ref:Associations::ClassMethods#has_many] declarations:
         #
         #   class Shirt < ActiveRecord::Base
         #     scope :red, -> { where(color: 'red') } do
@@ -139,6 +141,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #   Article.published.featured.latest_article
         #   Article.featured.titles
         def scope(name, body, &block)
+          unless body.respond_to?(:call)
+            raise ArgumentError, 'The scope body needs to be callable.'
+          end
+
           if dangerous_class_method?(name)
             raise ArgumentError, "You tried to define a scope named \"#{name}\" " \
               "on the model \"#{self.name}\", but Active Record already defined " \
@@ -147,11 +153,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
           extension = Module.new(&block) if block
 
-          singleton_class.send(:define_method, name) do |*args|
-            scope = all.scoping { body.call(*args) }
-            scope = scope.extending(extension) if extension
+          if body.respond_to?(:to_proc)
+            singleton_class.send(:define_method, name) do |*args|
+              scope = all.scoping { instance_exec(*args, &body) }
+              scope = scope.extending(extension) if extension
+
+              scope || all
+            end
+          else
+            singleton_class.send(:define_method, name) do |*args|
+              scope = all.scoping { body.call(*args) }
+              scope = scope.extending(extension) if extension
 
-            scope || all
+              scope || all
+            end
           end
         end
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/secure_token.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/secure_token.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8abda2ac49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/secure_token.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module SecureToken
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    module ClassMethods
+      # Example using #has_secure_token
+      #
+      #   # Schema: User(token:string, auth_token:string)
+      #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_secure_token
+      #     has_secure_token :auth_token
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   user = User.new
+      #   user.save
+      #   user.token # => "pX27zsMN2ViQKta1bGfLmVJE"
+      #   user.auth_token # => "77TMHrHJFvFDwodq8w7Ev2m7"
+      #   user.regenerate_token # => true
+      #   user.regenerate_auth_token # => true
+      #
+      # <tt>SecureRandom::base58</tt> is used to generate the 24-character unique token, so collisions are highly unlikely.
+      #
+      # Note that it's still possible to generate a race condition in the database in the same way that
+      # {validates_uniqueness_of}[rdoc-ref:Validations::ClassMethods#validates_uniqueness_of] can.
+      # You're encouraged to add a unique index in the database to deal with this even more unlikely scenario.
+      def has_secure_token(attribute = :token)
+        # Load securerandom only when has_secure_token is used.
+        require 'active_support/core_ext/securerandom'
+        define_method("regenerate_#{attribute}") { update! attribute => self.class.generate_unique_secure_token }
+        before_create { self.send("#{attribute}=", self.class.generate_unique_secure_token) unless self.send("#{attribute}?")}
+      end
+
+      def generate_unique_secure_token
+        SecureRandom.base58(24)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/serialization.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/serialization.rb
index bd9079b596..5a408e7b8e 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/serialization.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/serialization.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
-  # = Active Record Serialization
+  # = Active Record \Serialization
   module Serialization
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
     include ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON
@@ -11,12 +11,10 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
     def serializable_hash(options = nil)
       options = options.try(:clone) || {}
 
-      options[:except] = Array(options[:except]).map { |n| n.to_s }
+      options[:except] = Array(options[:except]).map(&:to_s)
       options[:except] |= Array(self.class.inheritance_column)
 
       super(options)
     end
   end
 end
-
-require 'active_record/serializers/xml_serializer'
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/serializers/xml_serializer.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/serializers/xml_serializer.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1a766093d0..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/serializers/xml_serializer.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,197 +0,0 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions'
-
-module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
-  module Serialization
-    include ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml
-
-    # Builds an XML document to represent the model. Some configuration is
-    # available through +options+. However more complicated cases should
-    # override ActiveRecord::Base#to_xml.
-    #
-    # By default the generated XML document will include the processing
-    # instruction and all the object's attributes. For example:
-    #
-    #   <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
-    #   <topic>
-    #     <title>The First Topic</title>
-    #     <author-name>David</author-name>
-    #     <id type="integer">1</id>
-    #     <approved type="boolean">false</approved>
-    #     <replies-count type="integer">0</replies-count>
-    #     <bonus-time type="dateTime">2000-01-01T08:28:00+12:00</bonus-time>
-    #     <written-on type="dateTime">2003-07-16T09:28:00+1200</written-on>
-    #     <content>Have a nice day</content>
-    #     <author-email-address>david@loudthinking.com</author-email-address>
-    #     <parent-id></parent-id>
-    #     <last-read type="date">2004-04-15</last-read>
-    #   </topic>
-    #
-    # This behavior can be controlled with <tt>:only</tt>, <tt>:except</tt>,
-    # <tt>:skip_instruct</tt>, <tt>:skip_types</tt>, <tt>:dasherize</tt> and <tt>:camelize</tt> .
-    # The <tt>:only</tt> and <tt>:except</tt> options are the same as for the
-    # +attributes+ method. The default is to dasherize all column names, but you
-    # can disable this setting <tt>:dasherize</tt> to +false+. Setting <tt>:camelize</tt>
-    # to +true+ will camelize all column names - this also overrides <tt>:dasherize</tt>.
-    # To not have the column type included in the XML output set <tt>:skip_types</tt> to +true+.
-    #
-    # For instance:
-    #
-    #   topic.to_xml(skip_instruct: true, except: [ :id, :bonus_time, :written_on, :replies_count ])
-    #
-    #   <topic>
-    #     <title>The First Topic</title>
-    #     <author-name>David</author-name>
-    #     <approved type="boolean">false</approved>
-    #     <content>Have a nice day</content>
-    #     <author-email-address>david@loudthinking.com</author-email-address>
-    #     <parent-id></parent-id>
-    #     <last-read type="date">2004-04-15</last-read>
-    #   </topic>
-    #
-    # To include first level associations use <tt>:include</tt>:
-    #
-    #   firm.to_xml include: [ :account, :clients ]
-    #
-    #   <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
-    #   <firm>
-    #     <id type="integer">1</id>
-    #     <rating type="integer">1</rating>
-    #     <name>37signals</name>
-    #     <clients type="array">
-    #       <client>
-    #         <rating type="integer">1</rating>
-    #         <name>Summit</name>
-    #       </client>
-    #       <client>
-    #         <rating type="integer">1</rating>
-    #         <name>Microsoft</name>
-    #       </client>
-    #     </clients>
-    #     <account>
-    #       <id type="integer">1</id>
-    #       <credit-limit type="integer">50</credit-limit>
-    #     </account>
-    #   </firm>
-    #
-    # Additionally, the record being serialized will be passed to a Proc's second
-    # parameter. This allows for ad hoc additions to the resultant document that
-    # incorporate the context of the record being serialized. And by leveraging the
-    # closure created by a Proc, to_xml can be used to add elements that normally fall
-    # outside of the scope of the model -- for example, generating and appending URLs
-    # associated with models.
-    #
-    #   proc = Proc.new { |options, record| options[:builder].tag!('name-reverse', record.name.reverse) }
-    #   firm.to_xml procs: [ proc ]
-    #
-    #   <firm>
-    #     # ... normal attributes as shown above ...
-    #     <name-reverse>slangis73</name-reverse>
-    #   </firm>
-    #
-    # To include deeper levels of associations pass a hash like this:
-    #
-    #   firm.to_xml include: {account: {}, clients: {include: :address}}
-    #   <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
-    #   <firm>
-    #     <id type="integer">1</id>
-    #     <rating type="integer">1</rating>
-    #     <name>37signals</name>
-    #     <clients type="array">
-    #       <client>
-    #         <rating type="integer">1</rating>
-    #         <name>Summit</name>
-    #         <address>
-    #           ...
-    #         </address>
-    #       </client>
-    #       <client>
-    #         <rating type="integer">1</rating>
-    #         <name>Microsoft</name>
-    #         <address>
-    #           ...
-    #         </address>
-    #       </client>
-    #     </clients>
-    #     <account>
-    #       <id type="integer">1</id>
-    #       <credit-limit type="integer">50</credit-limit>
-    #     </account>
-    #   </firm>
-    #
-    # To include any methods on the model being called use <tt>:methods</tt>:
-    #
-    #   firm.to_xml methods: [ :calculated_earnings, :real_earnings ]
-    #
-    #   <firm>
-    #     # ... normal attributes as shown above ...
-    #     <calculated-earnings>100000000000000000</calculated-earnings>
-    #     <real-earnings>5</real-earnings>
-    #   </firm>
-    #
-    # To call any additional Procs use <tt>:procs</tt>. The Procs are passed a
-    # modified version of the options hash that was given to +to_xml+:
-    #
-    #   proc = Proc.new { |options| options[:builder].tag!('abc', 'def') }
-    #   firm.to_xml procs: [ proc ]
-    #
-    #   <firm>
-    #     # ... normal attributes as shown above ...
-    #     <abc>def</abc>
-    #   </firm>
-    #
-    # Alternatively, you can yield the builder object as part of the +to_xml+ call:
-    #
-    #   firm.to_xml do |xml|
-    #     xml.creator do
-    #       xml.first_name "David"
-    #       xml.last_name "Heinemeier Hansson"
-    #     end
-    #   end
-    #
-    #   <firm>
-    #     # ... normal attributes as shown above ...
-    #     <creator>
-    #       <first_name>David</first_name>
-    #       <last_name>Heinemeier Hansson</last_name>
-    #     </creator>
-    #   </firm>
-    #
-    # As noted above, you may override +to_xml+ in your ActiveRecord::Base
-    # subclasses to have complete control about what's generated. The general
-    # form of doing this is:
-    #
-    #   class IHaveMyOwnXML < ActiveRecord::Base
-    #     def to_xml(options = {})
-    #       require 'builder'
-    #       options[:indent] ||= 2
-    #       xml = options[:builder] ||= ::Builder::XmlMarkup.new(indent: options[:indent])
-    #       xml.instruct! unless options[:skip_instruct]
-    #       xml.level_one do
-    #         xml.tag!(:second_level, 'content')
-    #       end
-    #     end
-    #   end
-    def to_xml(options = {}, &block)
-      XmlSerializer.new(self, options).serialize(&block)
-    end
-  end
-
-  class XmlSerializer < ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml::Serializer #:nodoc:
-    class Attribute < ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml::Serializer::Attribute #:nodoc:
-      def compute_type
-        klass = @serializable.class
-        type = if klass.serialized_attributes.key?(name)
-                 super
-               elsif klass.columns_hash.key?(name)
-                 klass.columns_hash[name].type
-               else
-                 NilClass
-               end
-
-        { :text => :string,
-          :time => :datetime }[type] || type
-      end
-      protected :compute_type
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/statement_cache.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/statement_cache.rb
index dd4ee0c4a0..f6b0efb88a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/statement_cache.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/statement_cache.rb
@@ -1,26 +1,113 @@
 module ActiveRecord
 
   # Statement cache is used to cache a single statement in order to avoid creating the AST again.
-  # Initializing the cache is done by passing the statement in the initialization block:
+  # Initializing the cache is done by passing the statement in the create block:
   #
-  #   cache = ActiveRecord::StatementCache.new do
-  #     Book.where(name: "my book").limit(100)
+  #   cache = StatementCache.create(Book.connection) do |params|
+  #     Book.where(name: "my book").where("author_id > 3")
   #   end
   #
-  # The cached statement is executed by using the +execute+ method:
+  # The cached statement is executed by using the
+  # [connection.execute]{rdoc-ref:ConnectionAdapters::DatabaseStatements#execute} method:
   #
-  #   cache.execute
+  #   cache.execute([], Book, Book.connection)
   #
-  # The relation returned by the block is cached, and for each +execute+ call the cached relation gets duped.
-  # Database is queried when +to_a+ is called on the relation.
-  class StatementCache
-    def initialize
-      @relation = yield
-      raise ArgumentError.new("Statement cannot be nil") if @relation.nil?
+  # The relation returned by the block is cached, and for each
+  # [execute]{rdoc-ref:ConnectionAdapters::DatabaseStatements#execute}
+  # call the cached relation gets duped. Database is queried when +to_a+ is called on the relation.
+  #
+  # If you want to cache the statement without the values you can use the +bind+ method of the
+  # block parameter.
+  #
+  #   cache = StatementCache.create(Book.connection) do |params|
+  #     Book.where(name: params.bind)
+  #   end
+  #
+  # And pass the bind values as the first argument of +execute+ call.
+  #
+  #   cache.execute(["my book"], Book, Book.connection)
+  class StatementCache # :nodoc:
+    class Substitute; end # :nodoc:
+
+    class Query # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(sql)
+        @sql = sql
+      end
+
+      def sql_for(binds, connection)
+        @sql
+      end
+    end
+
+    class PartialQuery < Query # :nodoc:
+      def initialize values
+        @values = values
+        @indexes = values.each_with_index.find_all { |thing,i|
+          Arel::Nodes::BindParam === thing
+        }.map(&:last)
+      end
+
+      def sql_for(binds, connection)
+        val = @values.dup
+        binds = connection.prepare_binds_for_database(binds)
+        @indexes.each { |i| val[i] = connection.quote(binds.shift) }
+        val.join
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.query(visitor, ast)
+      Query.new visitor.accept(ast, Arel::Collectors::SQLString.new).value
+    end
+
+    def self.partial_query(visitor, ast, collector)
+      collected = visitor.accept(ast, collector).value
+      PartialQuery.new collected
     end
 
-    def execute
-      @relation.dup.to_a
+    class Params # :nodoc:
+      def bind; Substitute.new; end
+    end
+
+    class BindMap # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(bound_attributes)
+        @indexes   = []
+        @bound_attributes = bound_attributes
+
+        bound_attributes.each_with_index do |attr, i|
+          if Substitute === attr.value
+            @indexes << i
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def bind(values)
+        bas = @bound_attributes.dup
+        @indexes.each_with_index { |offset,i| bas[offset] = bas[offset].with_cast_value(values[i]) }
+        bas
+      end
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :bind_map, :query_builder
+
+    def self.create(connection, block = Proc.new)
+      relation      = block.call Params.new
+      bind_map      = BindMap.new relation.bound_attributes
+      query_builder = connection.cacheable_query relation.arel
+      new query_builder, bind_map
+    end
+
+    def initialize(query_builder, bind_map)
+      @query_builder = query_builder
+      @bind_map      = bind_map
+    end
+
+    def execute(params, klass, connection)
+      bind_values = bind_map.bind params
+
+      sql = query_builder.sql_for bind_values, connection
+
+      klass.find_by_sql sql, bind_values
     end
+    alias :call :execute
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/store.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/store.rb
index 79a6ccbda0..1b407f7702 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/store.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/store.rb
@@ -15,11 +15,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # You can set custom coder to encode/decode your serialized attributes to/from different formats.
   # JSON, YAML, Marshal are supported out of the box. Generally it can be any wrapper that provides +load+ and +dump+.
   #
-  # NOTE - If you are using PostgreSQL specific columns like +hstore+ or +json+ there is no need for
-  # the serialization provided by +store+. Simply use +store_accessor+ instead to generate
+  # NOTE: If you are using PostgreSQL specific columns like +hstore+ or +json+ there is no need for
+  # the serialization provided by {.store}[rdoc-ref:rdoc-ref:ClassMethods#store].
+  # Simply use {.store_accessor}[rdoc-ref:ClassMethods#store_accessor] instead to generate
   # the accessor methods. Be aware that these columns use a string keyed hash and do not allow access
   # using a symbol.
   #
+  # NOTE: The default validations with the exception of +uniqueness+ will work.
+  # For example, if you want to check for +uniqueness+ with +hstore+ you will
+  # need to use a custom validation to handle it.
+  #
   # Examples:
   #
   #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -39,7 +44,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #     store_accessor :settings, :privileges, :servants
   #   end
   #
-  # The stored attribute names can be retrieved using +stored_attributes+.
+  # The stored attribute names can be retrieved using {.stored_attributes}[rdoc-ref:rdoc-ref:ClassMethods#stored_attributes].
   #
   #   User.stored_attributes[:settings] # [:color, :homepage]
   #
@@ -66,8 +71,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     included do
-      class_attribute :stored_attributes, instance_accessor: false
-      self.stored_attributes = {}
+      class << self
+        attr_accessor :local_stored_attributes
+      end
     end
 
     module ClassMethods
@@ -93,18 +99,26 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         # assign new store attribute and create new hash to ensure that each class in the hierarchy
         # has its own hash of stored attributes.
-        self.stored_attributes = {} if self.stored_attributes.blank?
-        self.stored_attributes[store_attribute] ||= []
-        self.stored_attributes[store_attribute] |= keys
+        self.local_stored_attributes ||= {}
+        self.local_stored_attributes[store_attribute] ||= []
+        self.local_stored_attributes[store_attribute] |= keys
       end
 
-      def _store_accessors_module
+      def _store_accessors_module # :nodoc:
         @_store_accessors_module ||= begin
           mod = Module.new
           include mod
           mod
         end
       end
+
+      def stored_attributes
+        parent = superclass.respond_to?(:stored_attributes) ? superclass.stored_attributes : {}
+        if self.local_stored_attributes
+          parent.merge!(self.local_stored_attributes) { |k, a, b| a | b }
+        end
+        parent
+      end
     end
 
     protected
@@ -120,10 +134,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     private
       def store_accessor_for(store_attribute)
-        @column_types[store_attribute.to_s].accessor
+        type_for_attribute(store_attribute.to_s).accessor
       end
 
-      class HashAccessor
+      class HashAccessor # :nodoc:
         def self.read(object, attribute, key)
           prepare(object, attribute)
           object.public_send(attribute)[key]
@@ -142,7 +156,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      class StringKeyedHashAccessor < HashAccessor
+      class StringKeyedHashAccessor < HashAccessor # :nodoc:
         def self.read(object, attribute, key)
           super object, attribute, key.to_s
         end
@@ -152,7 +166,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      class IndifferentHashAccessor < ActiveRecord::Store::HashAccessor
+      class IndifferentHashAccessor < ActiveRecord::Store::HashAccessor # :nodoc:
         def self.prepare(object, store_attribute)
           attribute = object.send(store_attribute)
           unless attribute.is_a?(ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/suppressor.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/suppressor.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b3644bf569
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/suppressor.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  # ActiveRecord::Suppressor prevents the receiver from being saved during
+  # a given block.
+  #
+  # For example, here's a pattern of creating notifications when new comments
+  # are posted. (The notification may in turn trigger an email, a push
+  # notification, or just appear in the UI somewhere):
+  #
+  #   class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
+  #     belongs_to :commentable, polymorphic: true
+  #     after_create -> { Notification.create! comment: self,
+  #       recipients: commentable.recipients }
+  #   end
+  #
+  # That's what you want the bulk of the time. New comment creates a new
+  # Notification. But there may well be off cases, like copying a commentable
+  # and its comments, where you don't want that. So you'd have a concern
+  # something like this:
+  #
+  #   module Copyable
+  #     def copy_to(destination)
+  #       Notification.suppress do
+  #         # Copy logic that creates new comments that we do not want
+  #         # triggering notifications.
+  #       end
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  module Suppressor
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    module ClassMethods
+      def suppress(&block)
+        SuppressorRegistry.suppressed[name] = true
+        yield
+      ensure
+        SuppressorRegistry.suppressed[name] = false
+      end
+    end
+
+    def create_or_update(*args) # :nodoc:
+      SuppressorRegistry.suppressed[self.class.name] ? true : super
+    end
+  end
+
+  class SuppressorRegistry # :nodoc:
+    extend ActiveSupport::PerThreadRegistry
+
+    attr_reader :suppressed
+
+    def initialize
+      @suppressed = {}
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/table_metadata.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/table_metadata.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f9bb1cf5e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/table_metadata.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  class TableMetadata # :nodoc:
+    delegate :foreign_type, :foreign_key, to: :association, prefix: true
+    delegate :association_primary_key, to: :association
+
+    def initialize(klass, arel_table, association = nil)
+      @klass = klass
+      @arel_table = arel_table
+      @association = association
+    end
+
+    def resolve_column_aliases(hash)
+      # This method is a hot spot, so for now, use Hash[] to dup the hash.
+      #   https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/7166
+      new_hash = Hash[hash]
+      hash.each do |key, _|
+        if (key.is_a?(Symbol)) && klass.attribute_alias?(key)
+          new_hash[klass.attribute_alias(key)] = new_hash.delete(key)
+        end
+      end
+      new_hash
+    end
+
+    def arel_attribute(column_name)
+      arel_table[column_name]
+    end
+
+    def type(column_name)
+      if klass
+        klass.type_for_attribute(column_name.to_s)
+      else
+        Type::Value.new
+      end
+    end
+
+    def associated_with?(association_name)
+      klass && klass._reflect_on_association(association_name)
+    end
+
+    def associated_table(table_name)
+      return self if table_name == arel_table.name
+
+      association = klass._reflect_on_association(table_name)
+      if association && !association.polymorphic?
+        association_klass = association.klass
+        arel_table = association_klass.arel_table.alias(table_name)
+      else
+        type_caster = TypeCaster::Connection.new(klass, table_name)
+        association_klass = nil
+        arel_table = Arel::Table.new(table_name, type_caster: type_caster)
+      end
+
+      TableMetadata.new(association_klass, arel_table, association)
+    end
+
+    def polymorphic_association?
+      association && association.polymorphic?
+    end
+
+    protected
+
+    attr_reader :klass, :arel_table, :association
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/database_tasks.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/database_tasks.rb
index 6ce0495f6f..c0c29a618c 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/database_tasks.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/database_tasks.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/filters'
+
 module ActiveRecord
   module Tasks # :nodoc:
     class DatabaseAlreadyExists < StandardError; end # :nodoc:
     class DatabaseNotSupported < StandardError; end # :nodoc:
 
-    # <tt>ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks</tt> is a utility class, which encapsulates
+    # ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks is a utility class, which encapsulates
     # logic behind common tasks used to manage database and migrations.
     #
-    # The tasks defined here are used in rake tasks provided by Active Record.
+    # The tasks defined here are used with Rake tasks provided by Active Record.
     #
     # In order to use DatabaseTasks, a few config values need to be set. All the needed
     # config values are set by Rails already, so it's necessary to do it only if you
@@ -14,21 +16,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # (in such case after configuring the database tasks, you can also use the rake tasks
     # defined in Active Record).
     #
-    #
     # The possible config values are:
     #
-    #   * +env+: current environment (like Rails.env).
-    #   * +database_configuration+: configuration of your databases (as in +config/database.yml+).
-    #   * +db_dir+: your +db+ directory.
-    #   * +fixtures_path+: a path to fixtures directory.
-    #   * +migrations_paths+: a list of paths to directories with migrations.
-    #   * +seed_loader+: an object which will load seeds, it needs to respond to the +load_seed+ method.
-    #   * +root+: a path to the root of the application.
+    # * +env+: current environment (like Rails.env).
+    # * +database_configuration+: configuration of your databases (as in +config/database.yml+).
+    # * +db_dir+: your +db+ directory.
+    # * +fixtures_path+: a path to fixtures directory.
+    # * +migrations_paths+: a list of paths to directories with migrations.
+    # * +seed_loader+: an object which will load seeds, it needs to respond to the +load_seed+ method.
+    # * +root+: a path to the root of the application.
     #
-    # Example usage of +DatabaseTasks+ outside Rails could look as such:
+    # Example usage of DatabaseTasks outside Rails could look as such:
     #
     #   include ActiveRecord::Tasks
-    #   DatabaseTasks.database_configuration = YAML.load(File.read('my_database_config.yml'))
+    #   DatabaseTasks.database_configuration = YAML.load_file('my_database_config.yml')
     #   DatabaseTasks.db_dir = 'db'
     #   # other settings...
     #
@@ -59,7 +60,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def fixtures_path
-        @fixtures_path ||= File.join(root, 'test', 'fixtures')
+        @fixtures_path ||= if ENV['FIXTURES_PATH']
+                             File.join(root, ENV['FIXTURES_PATH'])
+                           else
+                             File.join(root, 'test', 'fixtures')
+                           end
       end
 
       def root
@@ -89,8 +94,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       rescue DatabaseAlreadyExists
         $stderr.puts "#{configuration['database']} already exists"
       rescue Exception => error
-        $stderr.puts error, *(error.backtrace)
+        $stderr.puts error
         $stderr.puts "Couldn't create database for #{configuration.inspect}"
+        raise
       end
 
       def create_all
@@ -107,9 +113,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def drop(*arguments)
         configuration = arguments.first
         class_for_adapter(configuration['adapter']).new(*arguments).drop
+      rescue ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError
+        $stderr.puts "Database '#{configuration['database']}' does not exist"
       rescue Exception => error
-        $stderr.puts error, *(error.backtrace)
+        $stderr.puts error
         $stderr.puts "Couldn't drop #{configuration['database']}"
+        raise
       end
 
       def drop_all
@@ -122,6 +131,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
         }
       end
 
+      def migrate
+        verbose = ENV["VERBOSE"] ? ENV["VERBOSE"] == "true" : true
+        version = ENV["VERSION"] ? ENV["VERSION"].to_i : nil
+        scope   = ENV['SCOPE']
+        verbose_was, Migration.verbose = Migration.verbose, verbose
+        Migrator.migrate(migrations_paths, version) do |migration|
+          scope.blank? || scope == migration.scope
+        end
+      ensure
+        Migration.verbose = verbose_was
+      end
+
       def charset_current(environment = env)
         charset ActiveRecord::Base.configurations[environment]
       end
@@ -144,6 +165,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
         class_for_adapter(configuration['adapter']).new(configuration).purge
       end
 
+      def purge_all
+        each_local_configuration { |configuration|
+          purge configuration
+        }
+      end
+
+      def purge_current(environment = env)
+        each_current_configuration(environment) { |configuration|
+          purge configuration
+        }
+        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(environment.to_sym)
+      end
+
       def structure_dump(*arguments)
         configuration = arguments.first
         filename = arguments.delete_at 1
@@ -156,21 +190,46 @@ module ActiveRecord
         class_for_adapter(configuration['adapter']).new(*arguments).structure_load(filename)
       end
 
-      def load_schema(format = ActiveRecord::Base.schema_format, file = nil)
+      def load_schema(configuration, format = ActiveRecord::Base.schema_format, file = nil) # :nodoc:
+        file ||= schema_file(format)
+
         case format
         when :ruby
-          file ||= File.join(db_dir, "schema.rb")
           check_schema_file(file)
+          ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(configuration)
           load(file)
         when :sql
-          file ||= File.join(db_dir, "structure.sql")
           check_schema_file(file)
-          structure_load(current_config, file)
+          structure_load(configuration, file)
         else
           raise ArgumentError, "unknown format #{format.inspect}"
         end
       end
 
+      def load_schema_for(*args)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
+          This method was renamed to `#load_schema` and will be removed in the future.
+          Use `#load_schema` instead.
+        MSG
+        load_schema(*args)
+      end
+
+      def schema_file(format = ActiveRecord::Base.schema_format)
+        case format
+        when :ruby
+          File.join(db_dir, "schema.rb")
+        when :sql
+          File.join(db_dir, "structure.sql")
+        end
+      end
+
+      def load_schema_current(format = ActiveRecord::Base.schema_format, file = nil, environment = env)
+        each_current_configuration(environment) { |configuration|
+          load_schema configuration, format, file
+        }
+        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(environment.to_sym)
+      end
+
       def check_schema_file(filename)
         unless File.exist?(filename)
           message = %{#{filename} doesn't exist yet. Run `rake db:migrate` to create it, then try again.}
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/mysql_database_tasks.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/mysql_database_tasks.rb
index c755831e6d..100df9c6c6 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/mysql_database_tasks.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/mysql_database_tasks.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   module Tasks # :nodoc:
     class MySQLDatabaseTasks # :nodoc:
-      DEFAULT_CHARSET     = ENV['CHARSET']   || 'utf8'
-      DEFAULT_COLLATION   = ENV['COLLATION'] || 'utf8_unicode_ci'
       ACCESS_DENIED_ERROR = 1045
 
       delegate :connection, :establish_connection, to: ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -23,7 +21,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       rescue error_class => error
         if error.respond_to?(:errno) && error.errno == ACCESS_DENIED_ERROR
-          $stdout.print error.error
+          $stdout.print error.message
           establish_connection root_configuration_without_database
           connection.create_database configuration['database'], creation_options
           if configuration['username'] != 'root'
@@ -31,6 +29,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
           establish_connection configuration
         else
+          $stderr.puts error.inspect
           $stderr.puts "Couldn't create database for #{configuration.inspect}, #{creation_options.inspect}"
           $stderr.puts "(If you set the charset manually, make sure you have a matching collation)" if configuration['encoding']
         end
@@ -42,7 +41,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def purge
-        establish_connection :test
+        establish_connection configuration
         connection.recreate_database configuration['database'], creation_options
       end
 
@@ -55,21 +54,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def structure_dump(filename)
-        args = prepare_command_options('mysqldump')
+        args = prepare_command_options
         args.concat(["--result-file", "#{filename}"])
         args.concat(["--no-data"])
+        args.concat(["--routines"])
         args.concat(["#{configuration['database']}"])
-        unless Kernel.system(*args)
-          $stderr.puts "Could not dump the database structure. "\
-                       "Make sure `mysqldump` is in your PATH and check the command output for warnings."
-        end
+
+        run_cmd('mysqldump', args, 'dumping')
       end
 
       def structure_load(filename)
-        args = prepare_command_options('mysql')
+        args = prepare_command_options
         args.concat(['--execute', %{SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 0; SOURCE #{filename}; SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 1}])
         args.concat(["--database", "#{configuration['database']}"])
-        Kernel.system(*args)
+
+        run_cmd('mysql', args, 'loading')
       end
 
       private
@@ -86,12 +85,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         Hash.new.tap do |options|
           options[:charset]     = configuration['encoding']   if configuration.include? 'encoding'
           options[:collation]   = configuration['collation']  if configuration.include? 'collation'
-
-          # Set default charset only when collation isn't set.
-          options[:charset]   ||= DEFAULT_CHARSET unless options[:collation]
-
-          # Set default collation only when charset is also default.
-          options[:collation] ||= DEFAULT_COLLATION if options[:charset] == DEFAULT_CHARSET
         end
       end
 
@@ -124,21 +117,37 @@ IDENTIFIED BY '#{configuration['password']}' WITH GRANT OPTION;
       end
 
       def root_password
-        $stdout.print "Please provide the root password for your mysql installation\n>"
+        $stdout.print "Please provide the root password for your MySQL installation\n>"
         $stdin.gets.strip
       end
 
-      def prepare_command_options(command)
-        args = [command]
-        args.concat(['--user', configuration['username']]) if configuration['username']
-        args << "--password=#{configuration['password']}"  if configuration['password']
-        args.concat(['--default-character-set', configuration['encoding']]) if configuration['encoding']
-        configuration.slice('host', 'port', 'socket').each do |k, v|
-          args.concat([ "--#{k}", v.to_s ]) if v
-        end
+      def prepare_command_options
+        args = {
+          'host'      => '--host',
+          'port'      => '--port',
+          'socket'    => '--socket',
+          'username'  => '--user',
+          'password'  => '--password',
+          'encoding'  => '--default-character-set',
+          'sslca'     => '--ssl-ca',
+          'sslcert'   => '--ssl-cert',
+          'sslcapath' => '--ssl-capath',
+          'sslcipher' => '--ssh-cipher',
+          'sslkey'    => '--ssl-key'
+        }.map { |opt, arg| "#{arg}=#{configuration[opt]}" if configuration[opt] }.compact
 
         args
       end
+
+      def run_cmd(cmd, args, action)
+        fail run_cmd_error(cmd, args, action) unless Kernel.system(cmd, *args)
+      end
+
+      def run_cmd_error(cmd, args, action)
+        msg = "failed to execute: `#{cmd}`\n"
+        msg << "Please check the output above for any errors and make sure that `#{cmd}` is installed in your PATH and has proper permissions.\n\n"
+        msg
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/postgresql_database_tasks.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/postgresql_database_tasks.rb
index 3d02ee07d0..8b4874044c 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/postgresql_database_tasks.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/postgresql_database_tasks.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-require 'shellwords'
-
 module ActiveRecord
   module Tasks # :nodoc:
     class PostgreSQLDatabaseTasks # :nodoc:
@@ -46,20 +44,31 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def structure_dump(filename)
         set_psql_env
-        search_path = configuration['schema_search_path']
-        unless search_path.blank?
-          search_path = search_path.split(",").map{|search_path_part| "--schema=#{Shellwords.escape(search_path_part.strip)}" }.join(" ")
-        end
 
-        command = "pg_dump -i -s -x -O -f #{Shellwords.escape(filename)} #{search_path} #{Shellwords.escape(configuration['database'])}"
-        raise 'Error dumping database' unless Kernel.system(command)
+        search_path = case ActiveRecord::Base.dump_schemas
+        when :schema_search_path
+          configuration['schema_search_path']
+        when :all
+          nil
+        when String
+          ActiveRecord::Base.dump_schemas
+        end
 
-        File.open(filename, "a") { |f| f << "SET search_path TO #{ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_search_path};\n\n" }
+        args = ['-s', '-x', '-O', '-f', filename]
+        unless search_path.blank?
+          args += search_path.split(',').map do |part|
+            "--schema=#{part.strip}"
+          end
+        end
+        args << configuration['database']
+        run_cmd('pg_dump', args, 'dumping')
+        File.open(filename, "a") { |f| f << "SET search_path TO #{connection.schema_search_path};\n\n" }
       end
 
       def structure_load(filename)
         set_psql_env
-        Kernel.system("psql -q -f #{Shellwords.escape(filename)} #{configuration['database']}")
+        args = [ '-q', '-f', filename, configuration['database'] ]
+        run_cmd('psql', args, 'loading' )
       end
 
       private
@@ -85,6 +94,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
         ENV['PGPASSWORD'] = configuration['password'].to_s if configuration['password']
         ENV['PGUSER']     = configuration['username'].to_s if configuration['username']
       end
+
+      def run_cmd(cmd, args, action)
+        fail run_cmd_error(cmd, args, action) unless Kernel.system(cmd, *args)
+      end
+
+      def run_cmd_error(cmd, args, action)
+        msg = "failed to execute:\n"
+        msg << "#{cmd} #{args.join(' ')}\n\n"
+        msg << "Please check the output above for any errors and make sure that `#{cmd}` is installed in your PATH and has proper permissions.\n\n"
+        msg
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/sqlite_database_tasks.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/sqlite_database_tasks.rb
index 5688931db2..9ec3c8a94a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/sqlite_database_tasks.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/sqlite_database_tasks.rb
@@ -19,9 +19,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
         path = Pathname.new configuration['database']
         file = path.absolute? ? path.to_s : File.join(root, path)
 
-        FileUtils.rm(file) if File.exist?(file)
+        FileUtils.rm(file)
+      rescue Errno::ENOENT => error
+        raise NoDatabaseError.new(error.message, error)
+      end
+
+      def purge
+        drop
+      rescue NoDatabaseError
+      ensure
+        create
       end
-      alias :purge :drop
 
       def charset
         connection.encoding
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/timestamp.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/timestamp.rb
index 7178bed560..a572c109d8 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/timestamp.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/timestamp.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-
 module ActiveRecord
-  # = Active Record Timestamp
+  # = Active Record \Timestamp
   #
   # Active Record automatically timestamps create and update operations if the
   # table has fields named <tt>created_at/created_on</tt> or
@@ -16,14 +15,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #
   # == Time Zone aware attributes
   #
-  # By default, ActiveRecord::Base keeps all the datetime columns time zone aware by executing following code.
+  # Active Record keeps all the <tt>datetime</tt> and <tt>time</tt> columns
+  # time-zone aware. By default, these values are stored in the database as UTC
+  # and converted back to the current <tt>Time.zone</tt> when pulled from the database.
+  #
+  # This feature can be turned off completely by setting:
+  #
+  #   config.active_record.time_zone_aware_attributes = false
   #
-  #   config.active_record.time_zone_aware_attributes = true
+  # You can also specify that only <tt>datetime</tt> columns should be time-zone
+  # aware (while <tt>time</tt> should not) by setting:
   #
-  # This feature can easily be turned off by assigning value <tt>false</tt> .
+  #   ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_types = [:datetime]
   #
-  # If your attributes are time zone aware and you desire to skip time zone conversion to the current Time.zone
-  # when reading certain attributes then you can do following:
+  # Finally, you can indicate specific attributes of a model for which time zone
+  # conversion should not applied, for instance by setting:
   #
   #   class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base
   #     self.skip_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes = [:written_on]
@@ -43,13 +49,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
   private
 
-    def create_record
+    def _create_record
       if self.record_timestamps
         current_time = current_time_from_proper_timezone
 
         all_timestamp_attributes.each do |column|
-          if respond_to?(column) && respond_to?("#{column}=") && self.send(column).nil?
-            write_attribute(column.to_s, current_time)
+          column = column.to_s
+          if has_attribute?(column) && !attribute_present?(column)
+            write_attribute(column, current_time)
           end
         end
       end
@@ -57,8 +64,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       super
     end
 
-    def update_record(*args)
-      if should_record_timestamps?
+    def _update_record(*args, touch: true, **options)
+      if touch && should_record_timestamps?
         current_time = current_time_from_proper_timezone
 
         timestamp_attributes_for_update_in_model.each do |column|
@@ -67,7 +74,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           write_attribute(column, current_time)
         end
       end
-      super
+      super(*args)
     end
 
     def should_record_timestamps?
@@ -99,9 +106,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def max_updated_column_timestamp(timestamp_names = timestamp_attributes_for_update)
-      if (timestamps = timestamp_names.map { |attr| self[attr] }.compact).present?
-        timestamps.map { |ts| ts.to_time }.max
-      end
+      timestamp_names
+        .map { |attr| self[attr] }
+        .compact
+        .map(&:to_time)
+        .max
     end
 
     def current_time_from_proper_timezone
@@ -112,7 +121,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def clear_timestamp_attributes
       all_timestamp_attributes_in_model.each do |attribute_name|
         self[attribute_name] = nil
-        changed_attributes.delete(attribute_name)
+        clear_attribute_changes([attribute_name])
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/touch_later.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/touch_later.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9a80a63e28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/touch_later.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  # = Active Record Touch Later
+  module TouchLater
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    included do
+      before_commit_without_transaction_enrollment :touch_deferred_attributes
+    end
+
+    def touch_later(*names) # :nodoc:
+      raise ActiveRecordError, "cannot touch on a new record object" unless persisted?
+
+      @_defer_touch_attrs ||= timestamp_attributes_for_update_in_model
+      @_defer_touch_attrs |= names
+      @_touch_time = current_time_from_proper_timezone
+
+      surreptitiously_touch @_defer_touch_attrs
+      self.class.connection.add_transaction_record self
+
+      # touch the parents as we are not calling the after_save callbacks
+      self.class.reflect_on_all_associations(:belongs_to).each do |r|
+        if touch = r.options[:touch]
+          ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder::BelongsTo.touch_record(self, r.foreign_key, r.name, touch, :touch_later)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def touch(*names, time: nil) # :nodoc:
+      if has_defer_touch_attrs?
+        names |= @_defer_touch_attrs
+      end
+      super(*names, time: time)
+    end
+
+    private
+
+      def surreptitiously_touch(attrs)
+        attrs.each { |attr| write_attribute attr, @_touch_time }
+        clear_attribute_changes attrs
+      end
+
+      def touch_deferred_attributes
+        if has_defer_touch_attrs? && persisted?
+          touch(*@_defer_touch_attrs, time: @_touch_time)
+          @_defer_touch_attrs, @_touch_time = nil, nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      def has_defer_touch_attrs?
+        defined?(@_defer_touch_attrs) && @_defer_touch_attrs.present?
+      end
+
+      def belongs_to_touch_method
+        :touch_later
+      end
+
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/transactions.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/transactions.rb
index ec3e8f281b..38ab1f3fc6 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/transactions.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/transactions.rb
@@ -1,23 +1,26 @@
-require 'thread'
-
 module ActiveRecord
   # See ActiveRecord::Transactions::ClassMethods for documentation.
   module Transactions
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+    #:nodoc:
     ACTIONS = [:create, :destroy, :update]
 
     included do
       define_callbacks :commit, :rollback,
-                       terminator: ->(_, result) { result == false },
+                       :before_commit,
+                       :before_commit_without_transaction_enrollment,
+                       :commit_without_transaction_enrollment,
+                       :rollback_without_transaction_enrollment,
+                       terminator: deprecated_false_terminator,
                        scope: [:kind, :name]
     end
 
     # = Active Record Transactions
     #
-    # Transactions are protective blocks where SQL statements are only permanent
+    # \Transactions are protective blocks where SQL statements are only permanent
     # if they can all succeed as one atomic action. The classic example is a
     # transfer between two accounts where you can only have a deposit if the
-    # withdrawal succeeded and vice versa. Transactions enforce the integrity of
+    # withdrawal succeeded and vice versa. \Transactions enforce the integrity of
     # the database and guard the data against program errors or database
     # break-downs. So basically you should use transaction blocks whenever you
     # have a number of statements that must be executed together or not at all.
@@ -37,20 +40,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # == Different Active Record classes in a single transaction
     #
-    # Though the transaction class method is called on some Active Record class,
+    # Though the #transaction class method is called on some Active Record class,
     # the objects within the transaction block need not all be instances of
     # that class. This is because transactions are per-database connection, not
     # per-model.
     #
     # In this example a +balance+ record is transactionally saved even
-    # though +transaction+ is called on the +Account+ class:
+    # though #transaction is called on the +Account+ class:
     #
     #   Account.transaction do
     #     balance.save!
     #     account.save!
     #   end
     #
-    # The +transaction+ method is also available as a model instance method.
+    # The #transaction method is also available as a model instance method.
     # For example, you can also do this:
     #
     #   balance.transaction do
@@ -77,7 +80,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # == +save+ and +destroy+ are automatically wrapped in a transaction
     #
-    # Both +save+ and +destroy+ come wrapped in a transaction that ensures
+    # Both {#save}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#save] and
+    # {#destroy}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#destroy] come wrapped in a transaction that ensures
     # that whatever you do in validations or callbacks will happen under its
     # protected cover. So you can use validations to check for values that
     # the transaction depends on or you can raise exceptions in the callbacks
@@ -86,7 +90,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # As a consequence changes to the database are not seen outside your connection
     # until the operation is complete. For example, if you try to update the index
     # of a search engine in +after_save+ the indexer won't see the updated record.
-    # The +after_commit+ callback is the only one that is triggered once the update
+    # The #after_commit callback is the only one that is triggered once the update
     # is committed. See below.
     #
     # == Exception handling and rolling back
@@ -95,11 +99,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # be propagated (after triggering the ROLLBACK), so you should be ready to
     # catch those in your application code.
     #
-    # One exception is the <tt>ActiveRecord::Rollback</tt> exception, which will trigger
+    # One exception is the ActiveRecord::Rollback exception, which will trigger
     # a ROLLBACK when raised, but not be re-raised by the transaction block.
     #
-    # *Warning*: one should not catch <tt>ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid</tt> exceptions
-    # inside a transaction block. <tt>ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid</tt> exceptions indicate that an
+    # *Warning*: one should not catch ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid exceptions
+    # inside a transaction block. ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid exceptions indicate that an
     # error occurred at the database level, for example when a unique constraint
     # is violated. On some database systems, such as PostgreSQL, database errors
     # inside a transaction cause the entire transaction to become unusable
@@ -125,11 +129,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   end
     #
     # One should restart the entire transaction if an
-    # <tt>ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid</tt> occurred.
+    # ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid occurred.
     #
     # == Nested transactions
     #
-    # +transaction+ calls can be nested. By default, this makes all database
+    # #transaction calls can be nested. By default, this makes all database
     # statements in the nested transaction block become part of the parent
     # transaction. For example, the following behavior may be surprising:
     #
@@ -141,7 +145,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #     end
     #   end
     #
-    # creates both "Kotori" and "Nemu". Reason is the <tt>ActiveRecord::Rollback</tt>
+    # creates both "Kotori" and "Nemu". Reason is the ActiveRecord::Rollback
     # exception in the nested block does not issue a ROLLBACK. Since these exceptions
     # are captured in transaction blocks, the parent block does not see it and the
     # real transaction is committed.
@@ -165,22 +169,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # writing, the only database that we're aware of that supports true nested
     # transactions, is MS-SQL. Because of this, Active Record emulates nested
     # transactions by using savepoints on MySQL and PostgreSQL. See
-    # http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/savepoint.html
+    # http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/savepoint.html
     # for more information about savepoints.
     #
-    # === Callbacks
+    # === \Callbacks
     #
     # There are two types of callbacks associated with committing and rolling back transactions:
-    # +after_commit+ and +after_rollback+.
+    # #after_commit and #after_rollback.
     #
-    # +after_commit+ callbacks are called on every record saved or destroyed within a
-    # transaction immediately after the transaction is committed. +after_rollback+ callbacks
+    # #after_commit callbacks are called on every record saved or destroyed within a
+    # transaction immediately after the transaction is committed. #after_rollback callbacks
     # are called on every record saved or destroyed within a transaction immediately after the
     # transaction or savepoint is rolled back.
     #
     # These callbacks are useful for interacting with other systems since you will be guaranteed
     # that the callback is only executed when the database is in a permanent state. For example,
-    # +after_commit+ is a good spot to put in a hook to clearing a cache since clearing it from
+    # #after_commit is a good spot to put in a hook to clearing a cache since clearing it from
     # within a transaction could trigger the cache to be regenerated before the database is updated.
     #
     # === Caveats
@@ -194,20 +198,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # automatically released. The following example demonstrates the problem:
     #
     #   Model.connection.transaction do                           # BEGIN
-    #     Model.connection.transaction(requires_new: true) do  # CREATE SAVEPOINT active_record_1
+    #     Model.connection.transaction(requires_new: true) do     # CREATE SAVEPOINT active_record_1
     #       Model.connection.create_table(...)                    # active_record_1 now automatically released
-    #     end                                                     # RELEASE savepoint active_record_1
+    #     end                                                     # RELEASE SAVEPOINT active_record_1
     #                                                             # ^^^^ BOOM! database error!
     #   end
     #
     # Note that "TRUNCATE" is also a MySQL DDL statement!
     module ClassMethods
-      # See ActiveRecord::Transactions::ClassMethods for detailed documentation.
+      # See the ConnectionAdapters::DatabaseStatements#transaction API docs.
       def transaction(options = {}, &block)
-        # See the ConnectionAdapters::DatabaseStatements#transaction API docs.
         connection.transaction(options, &block)
       end
 
+      def before_commit(*args, &block) # :nodoc:
+        set_options_for_callbacks!(args)
+        set_callback(:before_commit, :before, *args, &block)
+      end
+
       # This callback is called after a record has been created, updated, or destroyed.
       #
       # You can specify that the callback should only be fired by a certain action with
@@ -220,26 +228,69 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   after_commit :do_foo_bar, on: [:create, :update]
       #   after_commit :do_bar_baz, on: [:update, :destroy]
       #
-      # Note that transactional fixtures do not play well with this feature. Please
-      # use the +test_after_commit+ gem to have these hooks fired in tests.
       def after_commit(*args, &block)
         set_options_for_callbacks!(args)
         set_callback(:commit, :after, *args, &block)
       end
 
+      # Shortcut for +after_commit :hook, on: :create+.
+      def after_create_commit(*args, &block)
+        set_options_for_callbacks!(args, on: :create)
+        set_callback(:commit, :after, *args, &block)
+      end
+
+      # Shortcut for +after_commit :hook, on: :update+.
+      def after_update_commit(*args, &block)
+        set_options_for_callbacks!(args, on: :update)
+        set_callback(:commit, :after, *args, &block)
+      end
+
+      # Shortcut for +after_commit :hook, on: :destroy+.
+      def after_destroy_commit(*args, &block)
+        set_options_for_callbacks!(args, on: :destroy)
+        set_callback(:commit, :after, *args, &block)
+      end
+
       # This callback is called after a create, update, or destroy are rolled back.
       #
-      # Please check the documentation of +after_commit+ for options.
+      # Please check the documentation of #after_commit for options.
       def after_rollback(*args, &block)
         set_options_for_callbacks!(args)
         set_callback(:rollback, :after, *args, &block)
       end
 
+      def before_commit_without_transaction_enrollment(*args, &block) # :nodoc:
+        set_options_for_callbacks!(args)
+        set_callback(:before_commit_without_transaction_enrollment, :before, *args, &block)
+      end
+
+      def after_commit_without_transaction_enrollment(*args, &block) # :nodoc:
+        set_options_for_callbacks!(args)
+        set_callback(:commit_without_transaction_enrollment, :after, *args, &block)
+      end
+
+      def after_rollback_without_transaction_enrollment(*args, &block) # :nodoc:
+        set_options_for_callbacks!(args)
+        set_callback(:rollback_without_transaction_enrollment, :after, *args, &block)
+      end
+
+      def raise_in_transactional_callbacks
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn('ActiveRecord::Base.raise_in_transactional_callbacks is deprecated and will be removed without replacement.')
+        true
+      end
+
+      def raise_in_transactional_callbacks=(value)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn('ActiveRecord::Base.raise_in_transactional_callbacks= is deprecated, has no effect and will be removed without replacement.')
+        value
+      end
+
       private
 
-      def set_options_for_callbacks!(args)
-        options = args.last
-        if options.is_a?(Hash) && options[:on]
+      def set_options_for_callbacks!(args, enforced_options = {})
+        options = args.extract_options!.merge!(enforced_options)
+        args << options
+
+        if options[:on]
           fire_on = Array(options[:on])
           assert_valid_transaction_action(fire_on)
           options[:if] = Array(options[:if])
@@ -249,7 +300,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def assert_valid_transaction_action(actions)
         if (actions - ACTIONS).any?
-          raise ArgumentError, ":on conditions for after_commit and after_rollback callbacks have to be one of #{ACTIONS.join(",")}"
+          raise ArgumentError, ":on conditions for after_commit and after_rollback callbacks have to be one of #{ACTIONS}"
         end
       end
     end
@@ -288,31 +339,46 @@ module ActiveRecord
       clear_transaction_record_state
     end
 
-    # Call the +after_commit+ callbacks.
+    def before_committed! # :nodoc:
+      _run_before_commit_without_transaction_enrollment_callbacks
+      _run_before_commit_callbacks
+    end
+
+    # Call the #after_commit callbacks.
     #
     # Ensure that it is not called if the object was never persisted (failed create),
     # but call it after the commit of a destroyed object.
-    def committed! #:nodoc:
-      run_callbacks :commit if destroyed? || persisted?
+    def committed!(should_run_callbacks: true) #:nodoc:
+      if should_run_callbacks && destroyed? || persisted?
+        _run_commit_without_transaction_enrollment_callbacks
+        _run_commit_callbacks
+      end
     ensure
-      @_start_transaction_state.clear
+      force_clear_transaction_record_state
     end
 
-    # Call the +after_rollback+ callbacks. The +force_restore_state+ argument indicates if the record
+    # Call the #after_rollback callbacks. The +force_restore_state+ argument indicates if the record
     # state should be rolled back to the beginning or just to the last savepoint.
-    def rolledback!(force_restore_state = false) #:nodoc:
-      run_callbacks :rollback
+    def rolledback!(force_restore_state: false, should_run_callbacks: true) #:nodoc:
+      if should_run_callbacks
+        _run_rollback_callbacks
+        _run_rollback_without_transaction_enrollment_callbacks
+      end
     ensure
       restore_transaction_record_state(force_restore_state)
       clear_transaction_record_state
     end
 
-    # Add the record to the current transaction so that the +after_rollback+ and +after_commit+ callbacks
+    # Add the record to the current transaction so that the #after_rollback and #after_commit callbacks
     # can be called.
     def add_to_transaction
-      if self.class.connection.add_transaction_record(self)
-        remember_transaction_record_state
+      if has_transactional_callbacks?
+        self.class.connection.add_transaction_record(self)
+      else
+        sync_with_transaction_state
+        set_transaction_state(self.class.connection.transaction_state)
       end
+      remember_transaction_record_state
     end
 
     # Executes +method+ within a transaction and captures its return value as a
@@ -328,34 +394,41 @@ module ActiveRecord
         begin
           status = yield
         rescue ActiveRecord::Rollback
-          @_start_transaction_state[:level] = (@_start_transaction_state[:level] || 0) - 1
+          clear_transaction_record_state
           status = nil
         end
 
         raise ActiveRecord::Rollback unless status
       end
       status
+    ensure
+      if @transaction_state && @transaction_state.committed?
+        clear_transaction_record_state
+      end
     end
 
     protected
 
     # Save the new record state and id of a record so it can be restored later if a transaction fails.
     def remember_transaction_record_state #:nodoc:
-      @_start_transaction_state[:id] = id if has_attribute?(self.class.primary_key)
-      unless @_start_transaction_state.include?(:new_record)
-        @_start_transaction_state[:new_record] = @new_record
-      end
-      unless @_start_transaction_state.include?(:destroyed)
-        @_start_transaction_state[:destroyed] = @destroyed
-      end
+      @_start_transaction_state[:id] = id
+      @_start_transaction_state.reverse_merge!(
+        new_record: @new_record,
+        destroyed: @destroyed,
+        frozen?: frozen?,
+      )
       @_start_transaction_state[:level] = (@_start_transaction_state[:level] || 0) + 1
-      @_start_transaction_state[:frozen?] = @attributes.frozen?
     end
 
     # Clear the new record state and id of a record.
     def clear_transaction_record_state #:nodoc:
       @_start_transaction_state[:level] = (@_start_transaction_state[:level] || 0) - 1
-      @_start_transaction_state.clear if @_start_transaction_state[:level] < 1
+      force_clear_transaction_record_state if @_start_transaction_state[:level] < 1
+    end
+
+    # Force to clear the transaction record state.
+    def force_clear_transaction_record_state #:nodoc:
+      @_start_transaction_state.clear
     end
 
     # Restore the new record state and id of a record that was previously saved by a call to save_record_state.
@@ -364,17 +437,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         transaction_level = (@_start_transaction_state[:level] || 0) - 1
         if transaction_level < 1 || force
           restore_state = @_start_transaction_state
-          was_frozen = restore_state[:frozen?]
-          @attributes = @attributes.dup if @attributes.frozen?
+          thaw
           @new_record = restore_state[:new_record]
           @destroyed  = restore_state[:destroyed]
-          if restore_state.has_key?(:id)
-            self.id = restore_state[:id]
-          else
-            @attributes.delete(self.class.primary_key)
-            @attributes_cache.delete(self.class.primary_key)
+          pk = self.class.primary_key
+          if pk && read_attribute(pk) != restore_state[:id]
+            write_attribute(pk, restore_state[:id])
           end
-          @attributes.freeze if was_frozen
+          freeze if restore_state[:frozen?]
         end
       end
     end
@@ -397,5 +467,43 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
     end
+
+    private
+
+    def set_transaction_state(state) # :nodoc:
+      @transaction_state = state
+    end
+
+    def has_transactional_callbacks? # :nodoc:
+      !_rollback_callbacks.empty? || !_commit_callbacks.empty? || !_before_commit_callbacks.empty?
+    end
+
+    # Updates the attributes on this particular Active Record object so that
+    # if it's associated with a transaction, then the state of the Active Record
+    # object will be updated to reflect the current state of the transaction
+    #
+    # The +@transaction_state+ variable stores the states of the associated
+    # transaction. This relies on the fact that a transaction can only be in
+    # one rollback or commit (otherwise a list of states would be required)
+    # Each Active Record object inside of a transaction carries that transaction's
+    # TransactionState.
+    #
+    # This method checks to see if the ActiveRecord object's state reflects
+    # the TransactionState, and rolls back or commits the Active Record object
+    # as appropriate.
+    #
+    # Since Active Record objects can be inside multiple transactions, this
+    # method recursively goes through the parent of the TransactionState and
+    # checks if the Active Record object reflects the state of the object.
+    def sync_with_transaction_state
+      update_attributes_from_transaction_state(@transaction_state)
+    end
+
+    def update_attributes_from_transaction_state(transaction_state)
+      if transaction_state && transaction_state.finalized?
+        restore_transaction_record_state if transaction_state.rolledback?
+        clear_transaction_record_state
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e210e94f00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+require 'active_model/type'
+
+require 'active_record/type/internal/abstract_json'
+require 'active_record/type/internal/timezone'
+
+require 'active_record/type/date'
+require 'active_record/type/date_time'
+require 'active_record/type/time'
+
+require 'active_record/type/serialized'
+require 'active_record/type/adapter_specific_registry'
+
+require 'active_record/type/type_map'
+require 'active_record/type/hash_lookup_type_map'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    @registry = AdapterSpecificRegistry.new
+
+    class << self
+      attr_accessor :registry # :nodoc:
+      delegate :add_modifier, to: :registry
+
+      # Add a new type to the registry, allowing it to be referenced as a
+      # symbol by {ActiveRecord::Base.attribute}[rdoc-ref:Attributes::ClassMethods#attribute].
+      # If your type is only meant to be used with a specific database adapter, you can
+      # do so by passing <tt>adapter: :postgresql</tt>. If your type has the same
+      # name as a native type for the current adapter, an exception will be
+      # raised unless you specify an +:override+ option. <tt>override: true</tt> will
+      # cause your type to be used instead of the native type. <tt>override:
+      # false</tt> will cause the native type to be used over yours if one exists.
+      def register(type_name, klass = nil, **options, &block)
+        registry.register(type_name, klass, **options, &block)
+      end
+
+      def lookup(*args, adapter: current_adapter_name, **kwargs) # :nodoc:
+        registry.lookup(*args, adapter: adapter, **kwargs)
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def current_adapter_name
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection.adapter_name.downcase.to_sym
+      end
+    end
+
+    Helpers = ActiveModel::Type::Helpers
+    BigInteger = ActiveModel::Type::BigInteger
+    Binary = ActiveModel::Type::Binary
+    Boolean = ActiveModel::Type::Boolean
+    Decimal = ActiveModel::Type::Decimal
+    DecimalWithoutScale = ActiveModel::Type::DecimalWithoutScale
+    Float = ActiveModel::Type::Float
+    Integer = ActiveModel::Type::Integer
+    String = ActiveModel::Type::String
+    Text = ActiveModel::Type::Text
+    UnsignedInteger = ActiveModel::Type::UnsignedInteger
+    Value = ActiveModel::Type::Value
+
+    register(:big_integer, Type::BigInteger, override: false)
+    register(:binary, Type::Binary, override: false)
+    register(:boolean, Type::Boolean, override: false)
+    register(:date, Type::Date, override: false)
+    register(:date_time, Type::DateTime, override: false)
+    register(:decimal, Type::Decimal, override: false)
+    register(:float, Type::Float, override: false)
+    register(:integer, Type::Integer, override: false)
+    register(:string, Type::String, override: false)
+    register(:text, Type::Text, override: false)
+    register(:time, Type::Time, override: false)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/adapter_specific_registry.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/adapter_specific_registry.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d440eac619
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/adapter_specific_registry.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+require 'active_model/type/registry'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  # :stopdoc:
+  module Type
+    class AdapterSpecificRegistry < ActiveModel::Type::Registry
+      def add_modifier(options, klass, **args)
+        registrations << DecorationRegistration.new(options, klass, **args)
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def registration_klass
+        Registration
+      end
+
+      def find_registration(symbol, *args)
+        registrations
+          .select { |registration| registration.matches?(symbol, *args) }
+          .max
+      end
+    end
+
+    class Registration
+      def initialize(name, block, adapter: nil, override: nil)
+        @name = name
+        @block = block
+        @adapter = adapter
+        @override = override
+      end
+
+      def call(_registry, *args, adapter: nil, **kwargs)
+        if kwargs.any? # https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/10856
+          block.call(*args, **kwargs)
+        else
+          block.call(*args)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def matches?(type_name, *args, **kwargs)
+        type_name == name && matches_adapter?(**kwargs)
+      end
+
+      def <=>(other)
+        if conflicts_with?(other)
+          raise TypeConflictError.new("Type #{name} was registered for all
+                                      adapters, but shadows a native type with
+                                      the same name for #{other.adapter}".squish)
+        end
+        priority <=> other.priority
+      end
+
+      protected
+
+      attr_reader :name, :block, :adapter, :override
+
+      def priority
+        result = 0
+        if adapter
+          result |= 1
+        end
+        if override
+          result |= 2
+        end
+        result
+      end
+
+      def priority_except_adapter
+        priority & 0b111111100
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def matches_adapter?(adapter: nil, **)
+        (self.adapter.nil? || adapter == self.adapter)
+      end
+
+      def conflicts_with?(other)
+        same_priority_except_adapter?(other) &&
+          has_adapter_conflict?(other)
+      end
+
+      def same_priority_except_adapter?(other)
+        priority_except_adapter == other.priority_except_adapter
+      end
+
+      def has_adapter_conflict?(other)
+        (override.nil? && other.adapter) ||
+          (adapter && other.override.nil?)
+      end
+    end
+
+    class DecorationRegistration < Registration
+      def initialize(options, klass, adapter: nil)
+        @options = options
+        @klass = klass
+        @adapter = adapter
+      end
+
+      def call(registry, *args, **kwargs)
+        subtype = registry.lookup(*args, **kwargs.except(*options.keys))
+        klass.new(subtype)
+      end
+
+      def matches?(*args, **kwargs)
+        matches_adapter?(**kwargs) && matches_options?(**kwargs)
+      end
+
+      def priority
+        super | 4
+      end
+
+      protected
+
+      attr_reader :options, :klass
+
+      private
+
+      def matches_options?(**kwargs)
+        options.all? do |key, value|
+          kwargs[key] == value
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class TypeConflictError < StandardError
+  end
+  # :startdoc:
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/date.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/date.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ccafed054e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/date.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class Date < ActiveModel::Type::Date
+      include Internal::Timezone
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/date_time.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/date_time.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1fb9380ecd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/date_time.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class DateTime < ActiveModel::Type::DateTime
+      include Internal::Timezone
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/hash_lookup_type_map.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/hash_lookup_type_map.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3b01e3f8ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/hash_lookup_type_map.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class HashLookupTypeMap < TypeMap # :nodoc:
+      def alias_type(type, alias_type)
+        register_type(type) { |_, *args| lookup(alias_type, *args) }
+      end
+
+      def key?(key)
+        @mapping.key?(key)
+      end
+
+      def keys
+        @mapping.keys
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def perform_fetch(type, *args, &block)
+        @mapping.fetch(type, block).call(type, *args)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/internal/abstract_json.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/internal/abstract_json.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..097d1bd363
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/internal/abstract_json.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    module Internal # :nodoc:
+      class AbstractJson < ActiveModel::Type::Value # :nodoc:
+        include ActiveModel::Type::Helpers::Mutable
+
+        def type
+          :json
+        end
+
+        def deserialize(value)
+          if value.is_a?(::String)
+            ::ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(value) rescue nil
+          else
+            value
+          end
+        end
+
+        def serialize(value)
+          if value.is_a?(::Array) || value.is_a?(::Hash)
+            ::ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(value)
+          else
+            value
+          end
+        end
+
+        def accessor
+          ActiveRecord::Store::StringKeyedHashAccessor
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/internal/timezone.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/internal/timezone.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..947e06158a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/internal/timezone.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    module Internal
+      module Timezone
+        def is_utc?
+          ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone == :utc
+        end
+
+        def default_timezone
+          ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/serialized.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/serialized.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4ff0740cfb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/serialized.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class Serialized < DelegateClass(ActiveModel::Type::Value) # :nodoc:
+      include ActiveModel::Type::Helpers::Mutable
+
+      attr_reader :subtype, :coder
+
+      def initialize(subtype, coder)
+        @subtype = subtype
+        @coder = coder
+        super(subtype)
+      end
+
+      def deserialize(value)
+        if default_value?(value)
+          value
+        else
+          coder.load(super)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def serialize(value)
+        return if value.nil?
+        unless default_value?(value)
+          super coder.dump(value)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def inspect
+        Kernel.instance_method(:inspect).bind(self).call
+      end
+
+      def changed_in_place?(raw_old_value, value)
+        return false if value.nil?
+        raw_new_value = serialize(value)
+        raw_old_value.nil? != raw_new_value.nil? ||
+          subtype.changed_in_place?(raw_old_value, raw_new_value)
+      end
+
+      def accessor
+        ActiveRecord::Store::IndifferentHashAccessor
+      end
+
+      def assert_valid_value(value)
+        if coder.respond_to?(:assert_valid_value)
+          coder.assert_valid_value(value)
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def default_value?(value)
+        value == coder.load(nil)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/time.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/time.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..70988d84ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/time.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class Time < ActiveModel::Type::Time
+      include Internal::Timezone
+    end
+  end
+end
+
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/type_map.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/type_map.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..850a7a4e09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/type_map.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+require 'concurrent/map'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class TypeMap # :nodoc:
+      def initialize
+        @mapping = {}
+        @cache = Concurrent::Map.new do |h, key|
+          h.fetch_or_store(key, Concurrent::Map.new)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def lookup(lookup_key, *args)
+        fetch(lookup_key, *args) { default_value }
+      end
+
+      def fetch(lookup_key, *args, &block)
+        @cache[lookup_key].fetch_or_store(args) do
+          perform_fetch(lookup_key, *args, &block)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def register_type(key, value = nil, &block)
+        raise ::ArgumentError unless value || block
+        @cache.clear
+
+        if block
+          @mapping[key] = block
+        else
+          @mapping[key] = proc { value }
+        end
+      end
+
+      def alias_type(key, target_key)
+        register_type(key) do |sql_type, *args|
+          metadata = sql_type[/\(.*\)/, 0]
+          lookup("#{target_key}#{metadata}", *args)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def clear
+        @mapping.clear
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def perform_fetch(lookup_key, *args)
+        matching_pair = @mapping.reverse_each.detect do |key, _|
+          key === lookup_key
+        end
+
+        if matching_pair
+          matching_pair.last.call(lookup_key, *args)
+        else
+          yield lookup_key, *args
+        end
+      end
+
+      def default_value
+        @default_value ||= ActiveModel::Type::Value.new
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type_caster.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type_caster.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..accc339d00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type_caster.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+require 'active_record/type_caster/map'
+require 'active_record/type_caster/connection'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module TypeCaster # :nodoc:
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type_caster/connection.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type_caster/connection.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7ed8dcc313
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type_caster/connection.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module TypeCaster
+    class Connection # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(klass, table_name)
+        @klass = klass
+        @table_name = table_name
+      end
+
+      def type_cast_for_database(attribute_name, value)
+        return value if value.is_a?(Arel::Nodes::BindParam)
+        column = column_for(attribute_name)
+        connection.type_cast_from_column(column, value)
+      end
+
+      protected
+
+      attr_reader :table_name
+      delegate :connection, to: :@klass
+
+      private
+
+      def column_for(attribute_name)
+        if connection.schema_cache.data_source_exists?(table_name)
+          connection.schema_cache.columns_hash(table_name)[attribute_name.to_s]
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type_caster/map.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type_caster/map.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3a367b3999
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type_caster/map.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module TypeCaster
+    class Map # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(types)
+        @types = types
+      end
+
+      def type_cast_for_database(attr_name, value)
+        return value if value.is_a?(Arel::Nodes::BindParam)
+        type = types.type_for_attribute(attr_name.to_s)
+        type.serialize(value)
+      end
+
+      protected
+
+      attr_reader :types
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations.rb
index 26dca415ff..6677e6dc5f 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations.rb
@@ -1,78 +1,83 @@
 module ActiveRecord
-  # = Active Record RecordInvalid
+  # = Active Record \RecordInvalid
   #
-  # Raised by <tt>save!</tt> and <tt>create!</tt> when the record is invalid. Use the
-  # +record+ method to retrieve the record which did not validate.
+  # Raised by {ActiveRecord::Base#save!}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#save!] and
+  # {ActiveRecord::Base#create!}[rdoc-ref:Persistence::ClassMethods#create!] when the record is invalid.
+  # Use the #record method to retrieve the record which did not validate.
   #
   #   begin
-  #     complex_operation_that_calls_save!_internally
+  #     complex_operation_that_internally_calls_save!
   #   rescue ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid => invalid
   #     puts invalid.record.errors
   #   end
   class RecordInvalid < ActiveRecordError
-    attr_reader :record # :nodoc:
-    def initialize(record) # :nodoc:
-      @record = record
-      errors = @record.errors.full_messages.join(", ")
-      super(I18n.t(:"#{@record.class.i18n_scope}.errors.messages.record_invalid", :errors => errors, :default => :"errors.messages.record_invalid"))
+    attr_reader :record
+
+    def initialize(record = nil)
+      if record
+        @record = record
+        errors = @record.errors.full_messages.join(", ")
+        message = I18n.t(:"#{@record.class.i18n_scope}.errors.messages.record_invalid", errors: errors, default: :"errors.messages.record_invalid")
+      else
+        message = "Record invalid"
+      end
+
+      super(message)
     end
   end
 
-  # = Active Record Validations
+  # = Active Record \Validations
   #
-  # Active Record includes the majority of its validations from <tt>ActiveModel::Validations</tt>
+  # Active Record includes the majority of its validations from ActiveModel::Validations
   # all of which accept the <tt>:on</tt> argument to define the context where the
   # validations are active. Active Record will always supply either the context of
   # <tt>:create</tt> or <tt>:update</tt> dependent on whether the model is a
-  # <tt>new_record?</tt>.
+  # {new_record?}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#new_record?].
   module Validations
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
     include ActiveModel::Validations
 
-    module ClassMethods
-      # Creates an object just like Base.create but calls <tt>save!</tt> instead of +save+
-      # so an exception is raised if the record is invalid.
-      def create!(attributes = nil, &block)
-        if attributes.is_a?(Array)
-          attributes.collect { |attr| create!(attr, &block) }
-        else
-          object = new(attributes)
-          yield(object) if block_given?
-          object.save!
-          object
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
     # The validation process on save can be skipped by passing <tt>validate: false</tt>.
-    # The regular Base#save method is replaced with this when the validations
-    # module is mixed in, which it is by default.
+    # The regular {ActiveRecord::Base#save}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#save] method is replaced
+    # with this when the validations module is mixed in, which it is by default.
     def save(options={})
       perform_validations(options) ? super : false
     end
 
-    # Attempts to save the record just like Base#save but will raise a +RecordInvalid+
-    # exception instead of returning +false+ if the record is not valid.
+    # Attempts to save the record just like {ActiveRecord::Base#save}[rdoc-ref:Base#save] but
+    # will raise a ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid exception instead of returning +false+ if the record is not valid.
     def save!(options={})
-      perform_validations(options) ? super : raise(RecordInvalid.new(self))
+      perform_validations(options) ? super : raise_validation_error
     end
 
     # Runs all the validations within the specified context. Returns +true+ if
     # no errors are found, +false+ otherwise.
     #
+    # Aliased as #validate.
+    #
     # If the argument is +false+ (default is +nil+), the context is set to <tt>:create</tt> if
-    # <tt>new_record?</tt> is +true+, and to <tt>:update</tt> if it is not.
+    # {new_record?}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#new_record?] is +true+, and to <tt>:update</tt> if it is not.
     #
-    # Validations with no <tt>:on</tt> option will run no matter the context. Validations with
+    # \Validations with no <tt>:on</tt> option will run no matter the context. \Validations with
     # some <tt>:on</tt> option will only run in the specified context.
     def valid?(context = nil)
-      context ||= (new_record? ? :create : :update)
+      context ||= default_validation_context
       output = super(context)
       errors.empty? && output
     end
 
+    alias_method :validate, :valid?
+
   protected
 
+    def default_validation_context
+      new_record? ? :create : :update
+    end
+
+    def raise_validation_error
+      raise(RecordInvalid.new(self))
+    end
+
     def perform_validations(options={}) # :nodoc:
       options[:validate] == false || valid?(options[:context])
     end
@@ -82,3 +87,5 @@ end
 require "active_record/validations/associated"
 require "active_record/validations/uniqueness"
 require "active_record/validations/presence"
+require "active_record/validations/absence"
+require "active_record/validations/length"
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/absence.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/absence.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2e19e6dc5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/absence.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Validations
+    class AbsenceValidator < ActiveModel::Validations::AbsenceValidator # :nodoc:
+      def validate_each(record, attribute, association_or_value)
+        return unless should_validate?(record)
+        if record.class._reflect_on_association(attribute)
+          association_or_value = Array.wrap(association_or_value).reject(&:marked_for_destruction?)
+        end
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
+    module ClassMethods
+      # Validates that the specified attributes are not present (as defined by
+      # Object#present?). If the attribute is an association, the associated object
+      # is considered absent if it was marked for destruction.
+      #
+      # See ActiveModel::Validations::HelperMethods.validates_absence_of for more information.
+      def validates_absence_of(*attr_names)
+        validates_with AbsenceValidator, _merge_attributes(attr_names)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/associated.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/associated.rb
index b4785d3ba4..b14db85167 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/associated.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/associated.rb
@@ -2,10 +2,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module Validations
     class AssociatedValidator < ActiveModel::EachValidator #:nodoc:
       def validate_each(record, attribute, value)
-        if Array.wrap(value).reject {|r| r.marked_for_destruction? || r.valid?}.any?
-          record.errors.add(attribute, :invalid, options.merge(:value => value))
+        if Array(value).reject { |r| valid_object?(r) }.any?
+          record.errors.add(attribute, :invalid, options.merge(value: value))
         end
       end
+
+      private
+
+        def valid_object?(record)
+          (record.respond_to?(:marked_for_destruction?) && record.marked_for_destruction?) || record.valid?
+        end
     end
 
     module ClassMethods
@@ -24,14 +30,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       # NOTE: This validation will not fail if the association hasn't been
       # assigned. If you want to ensure that the association is both present and
-      # guaranteed to be valid, you also need to use +validates_presence_of+.
+      # guaranteed to be valid, you also need to use
+      # {validates_presence_of}[rdoc-ref:Validations::ClassMethods#validates_presence_of].
       #
       # Configuration options:
       #
       # * <tt>:message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "is invalid").
-      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active. Runs in all
-      #   validation contexts by default (+nil+), other options are <tt>:create</tt>
-      #   and <tt>:update</tt>.
+      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies the contexts where this validation is active.
+      #   Runs in all validation contexts by default (nil). You can pass a symbol
+      #   or an array of symbols. (e.g. <tt>on: :create</tt> or
+      #   <tt>on: :custom_validation_context</tt> or
+      #   <tt>on: [:create, :custom_validation_context]</tt>)
       # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine
       #   if the validation should occur (e.g. <tt>if: :allow_validation</tt>,
       #   or <tt>if: Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>). The method,
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/length.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/length.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..69e048eef1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/length.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Validations
+    class LengthValidator < ActiveModel::Validations::LengthValidator # :nodoc:
+      def validate_each(record, attribute, association_or_value)
+        return unless should_validate?(record) || associations_are_dirty?(record)
+        if association_or_value.respond_to?(:loaded?) && association_or_value.loaded?
+          association_or_value = association_or_value.target.reject(&:marked_for_destruction?)
+        end
+        super
+      end
+
+      def associations_are_dirty?(record)
+        attributes.any? do |attribute|
+          value = record.read_attribute_for_validation(attribute)
+          if value.respond_to?(:loaded?) && value.loaded?
+            value.target.any?(&:marked_for_destruction?)
+          else
+            false
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    module ClassMethods
+      # Validates that the specified attributes match the length restrictions supplied.
+      # If the attribute is an association, records that are marked for destruction are not counted.
+      #
+      # See ActiveModel::Validations::HelperMethods.validates_length_of for more information.
+      def validates_length_of(*attr_names)
+        validates_with LengthValidator, _merge_attributes(attr_names)
+      end
+
+      alias_method :validates_size_of, :validates_length_of
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/presence.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/presence.rb
index 9a19483da3..7e85ed43ac 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/presence.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/presence.rb
@@ -1,17 +1,12 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   module Validations
     class PresenceValidator < ActiveModel::Validations::PresenceValidator # :nodoc:
-      def validate(record)
-        super
-        attributes.each do |attribute|
-          next unless record.class.reflect_on_association(attribute)
-          associated_records = Array.wrap(record.send(attribute))
-
-          # Superclass validates presence. Ensure present records aren't about to be destroyed.
-          if associated_records.present? && associated_records.all? { |r| r.marked_for_destruction? }
-            record.errors.add(attribute, :blank, options)
-          end
+      def validate_each(record, attribute, association_or_value)
+        return unless should_validate?(record)
+        if record.class._reflect_on_association(attribute)
+          association_or_value = Array.wrap(association_or_value).reject(&:marked_for_destruction?)
         end
+        super
       end
     end
 
@@ -36,17 +31,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # This is due to the way Object#blank? handles boolean values:
       # <tt>false.blank? # => true</tt>.
       #
-      # This validator defers to the ActiveModel validation for presence, adding the
+      # This validator defers to the Active Model validation for presence, adding the
       # check to see that an associated object is not marked for destruction. This
       # prevents the parent object from validating successfully and saving, which then
       # deletes the associated object, thus putting the parent object into an invalid
       # state.
       #
+      # NOTE: This validation will not fail while using it with an association
+      # if the latter was assigned but not valid. If you want to ensure that
+      # it is both present and valid, you also need to use
+      # {validates_associated}[rdoc-ref:Validations::ClassMethods#validates_associated].
+      #
       # Configuration options:
       # * <tt>:message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "can't be blank").
-      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active. Runs in all
-      #   validation contexts by default (+nil+), other options are <tt>:create</tt>
-      #   and <tt>:update</tt>.
+      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies the contexts where this validation is active.
+      #   Runs in all validation contexts by default (nil). You can pass a symbol
+      #   or an array of symbols. (e.g. <tt>on: :create</tt> or
+      #   <tt>on: :custom_validation_context</tt> or
+      #   <tt>on: [:create, :custom_validation_context]</tt>)
       # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if
       #   the validation should occur (e.g. <tt>if: :allow_validation</tt>, or
       #   <tt>if: Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>). The method, proc
@@ -56,7 +58,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   or <tt>unless: Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>). The method,
       #   proc or string should return or evaluate to a +true+ or +false+ value.
       # * <tt>:strict</tt> - Specifies whether validation should be strict.
-      #   See <tt>ActiveModel::Validation#validates!</tt> for more information.
+      #   See ActiveModel::Validation#validates! for more information.
       def validates_presence_of(*attr_names)
         validates_with PresenceValidator, _merge_attributes(attr_names)
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/uniqueness.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/uniqueness.rb
index 7ebe9dfec0..aa2794f120 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/uniqueness.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/uniqueness.rb
@@ -11,14 +11,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def validate_each(record, attribute, value)
+        return unless should_validate?(record)
         finder_class = find_finder_class_for(record)
         table = finder_class.arel_table
-        value = deserialize_attribute(record, attribute, value)
+        value = map_enum_attribute(finder_class, attribute, value)
 
         relation = build_relation(finder_class, table, attribute, value)
-        relation = relation.and(table[finder_class.primary_key.to_sym].not_eq(record.id)) if record.persisted?
+        if record.persisted? && finder_class.primary_key.to_s != attribute.to_s
+          if finder_class.primary_key
+            relation = relation.where.not(finder_class.primary_key => record.id)
+          else
+            raise UnknownPrimaryKey.new(finder_class, "Can not validate uniqueness for persisted record without primary key.")
+          end
+        end
         relation = scope_relation(record, table, relation)
-        relation = finder_class.unscoped.where(relation)
         relation = relation.merge(options[:conditions]) if options[:conditions]
 
         if relation.exists?
@@ -46,9 +52,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def build_relation(klass, table, attribute, value) #:nodoc:
-        if reflection = klass.reflect_on_association(attribute)
+        if reflection = klass._reflect_on_association(attribute)
           attribute = reflection.foreign_key
-          value = value.attributes[reflection.primary_key_column.name] unless value.nil?
+          value = value.attributes[reflection.klass.primary_key] unless value.nil?
         end
 
         attribute_name = attribute.to_s
@@ -60,35 +66,43 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         column = klass.columns_hash[attribute_name]
-        value  = klass.connection.type_cast(value, column)
-        value  = value.to_s[0, column.limit] if value && column.limit && column.text?
+        cast_type = klass.type_for_attribute(attribute_name)
+        value = cast_type.serialize(value)
+        value = klass.connection.type_cast(value)
+        if value.is_a?(String) && column.limit
+          value = value.to_s[0, column.limit]
+        end
+
+        value = Arel::Nodes::Quoted.new(value)
 
-        if !options[:case_sensitive] && value && column.text?
+        comparison = if !options[:case_sensitive] && !value.nil?
           # will use SQL LOWER function before comparison, unless it detects a case insensitive collation
           klass.connection.case_insensitive_comparison(table, attribute, column, value)
         else
-          value = klass.connection.case_sensitive_modifier(value) unless value.nil?
-          table[attribute].eq(value)
+          klass.connection.case_sensitive_comparison(table, attribute, column, value)
         end
+        klass.unscoped.where(comparison)
+      rescue RangeError
+        klass.none
       end
 
       def scope_relation(record, table, relation)
         Array(options[:scope]).each do |scope_item|
-          if reflection = record.class.reflect_on_association(scope_item)
+          if reflection = record.class._reflect_on_association(scope_item)
             scope_value = record.send(reflection.foreign_key)
             scope_item  = reflection.foreign_key
           else
-            scope_value = record.read_attribute(scope_item)
+            scope_value = record._read_attribute(scope_item)
           end
-          relation = relation.and(table[scope_item].eq(scope_value))
+          relation = relation.where(scope_item => scope_value)
         end
 
         relation
       end
 
-      def deserialize_attribute(record, attribute, value)
-        coder = record.class.serialized_attributes[attribute.to_s]
-        value = coder.dump value if value && coder
+      def map_enum_attribute(klass, attribute, value)
+        mapping = klass.defined_enums[attribute.to_s]
+        value = mapping[value] if value && mapping
         value
       end
     end
@@ -151,14 +165,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   or <tt>if: Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>). The method,
       #   proc or string should return or evaluate to a +true+ or +false+ value.
       # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to
-      #   determine if the validation should ot occur (e.g. <tt>unless: :skip_validation</tt>,
+      #   determine if the validation should not occur (e.g. <tt>unless: :skip_validation</tt>,
       #   or <tt>unless: Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>). The
       #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a +true+ or +false+
       #   value.
       #
       # === Concurrency and integrity
       #
-      # Using this validation method in conjunction with ActiveRecord::Base#save
+      # Using this validation method in conjunction with
+      # {ActiveRecord::Base#save}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#save]
       # does not guarantee the absence of duplicate record insertions, because
       # uniqueness checks on the application level are inherently prone to race
       # conditions. For example, suppose that two users try to post a Comment at
@@ -195,12 +210,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # This could even happen if you use transactions with the 'serializable'
       # isolation level. The best way to work around this problem is to add a unique
       # index to the database table using
-      # ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SchemaStatements#add_index. In the
-      # rare case that a race condition occurs, the database will guarantee
+      # {connection.add_index}[rdoc-ref:ConnectionAdapters::SchemaStatements#add_index].
+      # In the rare case that a race condition occurs, the database will guarantee
       # the field's uniqueness.
       #
       # When the database catches such a duplicate insertion,
-      # ActiveRecord::Base#save will raise an ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
+      # {ActiveRecord::Base#save}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#save] will raise an ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
       # exception. You can either choose to let this error propagate (which
       # will result in the default Rails exception page being shown), or you
       # can catch it and restart the transaction (e.g. by telling the user
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/version.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/version.rb
index 5eb7f7e205..cf76a13b44 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/version.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/version.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
+require_relative 'gem_version'
+
 module ActiveRecord
-  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActiveRecord as a Gem::Version
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActiveRecord as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
   def self.version
-    Gem::Version.new "4.2.0.alpha"
-  end
-
-  module VERSION #:nodoc:
-    MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE = ActiveRecord.version.segments
-    STRING = ActiveRecord.version.to_s
+    gem_version
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration.rb b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration.rb
index b7418cf42f..c2b2209638 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration.rb
@@ -13,6 +13,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
           ActiveRecord::Migration.next_migration_number(next_migration_number)
         end
       end
+
+      private
+
+        def primary_key_type
+          key_type = options[:primary_key_type]
+          ", id: :#{key_type}" if key_type
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/migration_generator.rb b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/migration_generator.rb
index 3968acba64..4e5872b585 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/migration_generator.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/migration_generator.rb
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     class MigrationGenerator < Base # :nodoc:
       argument :attributes, :type => :array, :default => [], :banner => "field[:type][:index] field[:type][:index]"
 
+      class_option :primary_key_type, type: :string, desc: "The type for primary key"
+
       def create_migration_file
         set_local_assigns!
         validate_file_name!
@@ -14,25 +16,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
       protected
       attr_reader :migration_action, :join_tables
 
-      # sets the default migration template that is being used for the generation of the migration
-      # depending on the arguments which would be sent out in the command line, the migration template 
-      # and the table name instance variables are setup.
-
+      # Sets the default migration template that is being used for the generation of the migration.
+      # Depending on command line arguments, the migration template and the table name instance
+      # variables are set up.
       def set_local_assigns!
         @migration_template = "migration.rb"
         case file_name
         when /^(add|remove)_.*_(?:to|from)_(.*)/
           @migration_action = $1
-          @table_name       = $2.pluralize
+          @table_name       = normalize_table_name($2)
         when /join_table/
           if attributes.length == 2
             @migration_action = 'join'
-            @join_tables      = attributes.map(&:plural_name)
+            @join_tables      = pluralize_table_names? ? attributes.map(&:plural_name) : attributes.map(&:singular_name)
 
             set_index_names
           end
         when /^create_(.+)/
-          @table_name = $1.pluralize
+          @table_name = normalize_table_name($1)
           @migration_template = "create_table_migration.rb"
         end
       end
@@ -55,12 +56,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def attributes_with_index
           attributes.select { |a| !a.reference? && a.has_index? }
         end
-        
+
+        # A migration file name can only contain underscores (_), lowercase characters,
+        # and numbers 0-9. Any other file name will raise an IllegalMigrationNameError.
         def validate_file_name!
           unless file_name =~ /^[_a-z0-9]+$/
             raise IllegalMigrationNameError.new(file_name)
           end
         end
+
+        def normalize_table_name(_table_name)
+          pluralize_table_names? ? _table_name.pluralize : _table_name.singularize
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/templates/create_table_migration.rb b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/templates/create_table_migration.rb
index fd94a2d038..5f7201cfe1 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/templates/create_table_migration.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/templates/create_table_migration.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
-class <%= migration_class_name %> < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class <%= migration_class_name %> < ActiveRecord::Migration[<%= ActiveRecord::Migration.current_version %>]
   def change
-    create_table :<%= table_name %> do |t|
+    create_table :<%= table_name %><%= primary_key_type %> do |t|
 <% attributes.each do |attribute| -%>
 <% if attribute.password_digest? -%>
       t.string :password_digest<%= attribute.inject_options %>
+<% elsif attribute.token? -%>
+      t.string :<%= attribute.name %><%= attribute.inject_options %>
 <% else -%>
       t.<%= attribute.type %> :<%= attribute.name %><%= attribute.inject_options %>
 <% end -%>
@@ -12,6 +14,9 @@ class <%= migration_class_name %> < ActiveRecord::Migration
       t.timestamps
 <% end -%>
     end
+<% attributes.select(&:token?).each do |attribute| -%>
+    add_index :<%= table_name %>, :<%= attribute.index_name %><%= attribute.inject_index_options %>, unique: true
+<% end -%>
 <% attributes_with_index.each do |attribute| -%>
     add_index :<%= table_name %>, :<%= attribute.index_name %><%= attribute.inject_index_options %>
 <% end -%>
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/templates/migration.rb b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/templates/migration.rb
index ae9c74fd05..107f107dc4 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/templates/migration.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/templates/migration.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
-class <%= migration_class_name %> < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class <%= migration_class_name %> < ActiveRecord::Migration[<%= ActiveRecord::Migration.current_version %>]
 <%- if migration_action == 'add' -%>
   def change
 <% attributes.each do |attribute| -%>
   <%- if attribute.reference? -%>
     add_reference :<%= table_name %>, :<%= attribute.name %><%= attribute.inject_options %>
+  <%- elsif attribute.token? -%>
+    add_column :<%= table_name %>, :<%= attribute.name %>, :string<%= attribute.inject_options %>
+    add_index :<%= table_name %>, :<%= attribute.index_name %><%= attribute.inject_index_options %>, unique: true
   <%- else -%>
     add_column :<%= table_name %>, :<%= attribute.name %>, :<%= attribute.type %><%= attribute.inject_options %>
     <%- if attribute.has_index? -%>
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/model/model_generator.rb b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/model/model_generator.rb
index 7e8d68ce69..395951ac9d 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/model/model_generator.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/model/model_generator.rb
@@ -7,14 +7,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       check_class_collision
 
-      class_option :migration,  :type => :boolean
-      class_option :timestamps, :type => :boolean
-      class_option :parent,     :type => :string, :desc => "The parent class for the generated model"
-      class_option :indexes,    :type => :boolean, :default => true, :desc => "Add indexes for references and belongs_to columns"
+      class_option :migration, type: :boolean
+      class_option :timestamps, type: :boolean
+      class_option :parent, type: :string, desc: "The parent class for the generated model"
+      class_option :indexes, type: :boolean, default: true, desc: "Add indexes for references and belongs_to columns"
+      class_option :primary_key_type, type: :string, desc: "The type for primary key"
 
-      
       # creates the migration file for the model.
-
       def create_migration_file
         return unless options[:migration] && options[:parent].nil?
         attributes.each { |a| a.attr_options.delete(:index) if a.reference? && !a.has_index? } if options[:indexes] == false
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/model/templates/model.rb b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/model/templates/model.rb
index 808598699b..55dc65c8ad 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/model/templates/model.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/model/templates/model.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 <% module_namespacing do -%>
 class <%= class_name %> < <%= parent_class_name.classify %>
 <% attributes.select(&:reference?).each do |attribute| -%>
-  belongs_to :<%= attribute.name %><%= ', polymorphic: true' if attribute.polymorphic? %>
+  belongs_to :<%= attribute.name %><%= ', polymorphic: true' if attribute.polymorphic? %><%= ', required: true' if attribute.required? %>
+<% end -%>
+<% attributes.select(&:token?).each do |attribute| -%>
+  has_secure_token<% if attribute.name != "token" %> :<%= attribute.name %><% end %>
 <% end -%>
 <% if attributes.any?(&:password_digest?) -%>
   has_secure_password
diff --git a/activerecord/test/active_record/connection_adapters/fake_adapter.rb b/activerecord/test/active_record/connection_adapters/fake_adapter.rb
index 59324c4857..43c817e057 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/active_record/connection_adapters/fake_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/active_record/connection_adapters/fake_adapter.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
   module ConnectionAdapters
     class FakeAdapter < AbstractAdapter
-      attr_accessor :tables, :primary_keys
+      attr_accessor :data_sources, :primary_keys
 
       @columns = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = [] }
       class << self
@@ -16,20 +16,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def initialize(connection, logger)
         super
-        @tables       = []
+        @data_sources = []
         @primary_keys = {}
         @columns      = self.class.columns
       end
 
       def primary_key(table)
-        @primary_keys[table]
+        @primary_keys[table] || "id"
       end
 
       def merge_column(table_name, name, sql_type = nil, options = {})
         @columns[table_name] << ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Column.new(
           name.to_s,
           options[:default],
-          sql_type.to_s,
+          fetch_type_metadata(sql_type),
           options[:null])
       end
 
@@ -37,6 +37,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @columns[table_name]
       end
 
+      def data_source_exists?(*)
+        true
+      end
+
       def active?
         true
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapter_test.rb
index 0eb1231c79..abe1ea7c90 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapter_test.rb
@@ -23,7 +23,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def test_tables
-      tables = @connection.tables
+      tables = nil
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { tables = @connection.tables }
       assert tables.include?("accounts")
       assert tables.include?("authors")
       assert tables.include?("tasks")
@@ -31,9 +32,30 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def test_table_exists?
-      assert @connection.table_exists?("accounts")
-      assert !@connection.table_exists?("nonexistingtable")
-      assert !@connection.table_exists?(nil)
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+        assert @connection.table_exists?("accounts")
+        assert !@connection.table_exists?("nonexistingtable")
+        assert !@connection.table_exists?(nil)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_table_exists_checking_both_tables_and_views_is_deprecated
+      assert_deprecated { @connection.table_exists?("accounts") }
+    end
+
+    def test_data_sources
+      data_sources = @connection.data_sources
+      assert data_sources.include?("accounts")
+      assert data_sources.include?("authors")
+      assert data_sources.include?("tasks")
+      assert data_sources.include?("topics")
+    end
+
+    def test_data_source_exists?
+      assert @connection.data_source_exists?("accounts")
+      assert @connection.data_source_exists?(:accounts)
+      assert_not @connection.data_source_exists?("nonexistingtable")
+      assert_not @connection.data_source_exists?(nil)
     end
 
     def test_indexes
@@ -46,9 +68,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @connection.add_index :accounts, :firm_id, :name => idx_name
         indexes = @connection.indexes("accounts")
         assert_equal "accounts", indexes.first.table
-        # OpenBase does not have the concept of a named index
-        # Indexes are merely properties of columns.
-        assert_equal idx_name, indexes.first.name unless current_adapter?(:OpenBaseAdapter)
+        assert_equal idx_name, indexes.first.name
         assert !indexes.first.unique
         assert_equal ["firm_id"], indexes.first.columns
       else
@@ -65,7 +85,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
-    if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter)
+    if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
       def test_charset
         assert_not_nil @connection.charset
         assert_not_equal 'character_set_database', @connection.charset
@@ -127,27 +147,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_equal 1, Movie.create(:name => 'fight club').id
       end
 
-      if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.adapter_name != "FrontBase"
-        def test_reset_table_with_non_integer_pk
-          Subscriber.delete_all
-          Subscriber.connection.reset_pk_sequence! 'subscribers'
-          sub = Subscriber.new(:name => 'robert drake')
-          sub.id = 'bob drake'
-          assert_nothing_raised { sub.save! }
-        end
+      def test_reset_table_with_non_integer_pk
+        Subscriber.delete_all
+        Subscriber.connection.reset_pk_sequence! 'subscribers'
+        sub = Subscriber.new(:name => 'robert drake')
+        sub.id = 'bob drake'
+        assert_nothing_raised { sub.save! }
       end
     end
 
     def test_uniqueness_violations_are_translated_to_specific_exception
       @connection.execute "INSERT INTO subscribers(nick) VALUES('me')"
-      assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique) do
+      error = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique) do
         @connection.execute "INSERT INTO subscribers(nick) VALUES('me')"
       end
+
+      assert_not_nil error.cause
     end
 
-    def test_foreign_key_violations_are_translated_to_specific_exception
-      unless @connection.adapter_name == 'SQLite'
-        assert_raises(ActiveRecord::InvalidForeignKey) do
+    unless current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
+      def test_foreign_key_violations_are_translated_to_specific_exception
+        error = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::InvalidForeignKey) do
           # Oracle adapter uses prefetched primary key values from sequence and passes them to connection adapter insert method
           if @connection.prefetch_primary_key?
             id_value = @connection.next_sequence_value(@connection.default_sequence_name("fk_test_has_fk", "id"))
@@ -156,6 +176,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
             @connection.execute "INSERT INTO fk_test_has_fk (fk_id) VALUES (0)"
           end
         end
+
+        assert_not_nil error.cause
+      end
+
+      def test_foreign_key_violations_are_translated_to_specific_exception_with_validate_false
+        klass_has_fk = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+          self.table_name = 'fk_test_has_fk'
+        end
+
+        error = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::InvalidForeignKey) do
+          has_fk = klass_has_fk.new
+          has_fk.fk_id = 1231231231
+          has_fk.save(validate: false)
+        end
+
+        assert_not_nil error.cause
       end
     end
 
@@ -184,8 +220,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def test_select_methods_passing_a_association_relation
       author = Author.create!(name: 'john')
       Post.create!(author: author, title: 'foo', body: 'bar')
-      query = author.posts.select(:title)
-      assert_equal({"title" => "foo"}, @connection.select_one(query.arel, nil, query.bind_values))
+      query = author.posts.where(title: 'foo').select(:title)
+      assert_equal({"title" => "foo"}, @connection.select_one(query.arel, nil, query.bound_attributes))
       assert_equal({"title" => "foo"}, @connection.select_one(query))
       assert @connection.select_all(query).is_a?(ActiveRecord::Result)
       assert_equal "foo", @connection.select_value(query)
@@ -195,7 +231,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def test_select_methods_passing_a_relation
       Post.create!(title: 'foo', body: 'bar')
       query = Post.where(title: 'foo').select(:title)
-      assert_equal({"title" => "foo"}, @connection.select_one(query.arel, nil, query.bind_values))
+      assert_equal({"title" => "foo"}, @connection.select_one(query.arel, nil, query.bound_attributes))
       assert_equal({"title" => "foo"}, @connection.select_one(query))
       assert @connection.select_all(query).is_a?(ActiveRecord::Result)
       assert_equal "foo", @connection.select_value(query)
@@ -205,10 +241,32 @@ module ActiveRecord
     test "type_to_sql returns a String for unmapped types" do
       assert_equal "special_db_type", @connection.type_to_sql(:special_db_type)
     end
+
+    unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+      def test_log_invalid_encoding
+        error = assert_raise ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid do
+          @connection.send :log, "SELECT 'Ñ‹' FROM DUAL" do
+            raise 'Ñ‹'.force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
+          end
+        end
+
+        assert_not_nil error.cause
+      end
+    end
+
+    if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter, :SQLite3Adapter)
+      def test_tables_returning_both_tables_and_views_is_deprecated
+        assert_deprecated { @connection.tables }
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_passing_arguments_to_tables_is_deprecated
+      assert_deprecated { @connection.tables(:books) }
+    end
   end
 
   class AdapterTestWithoutTransaction < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-    self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+    self.use_transactional_tests = false
 
     class Klass < ActiveRecord::Base
     end
@@ -218,7 +276,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @connection = Klass.connection
     end
 
-    def teardown
+    teardown do
       Klass.remove_connection
     end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/active_schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/active_schema_test.rb
index 0878925a6c..8a7a0bb25d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/active_schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/active_schema_test.rb
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/connection_helper'
 
-class ActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  def setup
-    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
-    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(@connection)
+class MysqlActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::MysqlTestCase
+  include ConnectionHelper
 
+  def setup
     ActiveRecord::Base.connection.singleton_class.class_eval do
       alias_method :execute_without_stub, :execute
       def execute(sql, name = nil) return sql end
     end
   end
 
-  def teardown
-    ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
-    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(@connection)
+  teardown do
+    reset_connection
   end
 
   def test_add_index
-    # add_index calls index_name_exists? which can't work since execute is stubbed
+    # add_index calls data_source_exists? and index_name_exists? which can't work since execute is stubbed
+    def (ActiveRecord::Base.connection).data_source_exists?(*); true; end
     def (ActiveRecord::Base.connection).index_name_exists?(*); false; end
 
     expected = "CREATE  INDEX `index_people_on_last_name`  ON `people` (`last_name`) "
@@ -59,21 +59,56 @@ class ActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal expected, add_index(:people, [:last_name, :first_name], :length => 15, :using => :btree)
   end
 
-  def test_drop_table
-    assert_equal "DROP TABLE `people`", drop_table(:people)
+  def test_index_in_create
+    def (ActiveRecord::Base.connection).data_source_exists?(*); false; end
+
+    %w(SPATIAL FULLTEXT UNIQUE).each do |type|
+      expected = "CREATE TABLE `people` (#{type} INDEX `index_people_on_last_name`  (`last_name`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB"
+      actual = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:people, id: false) do |t|
+        t.index :last_name, type: type
+      end
+      assert_equal expected, actual
+    end
+
+    expected = "CREATE TABLE `people` ( INDEX `index_people_on_last_name` USING btree (`last_name`(10)) ) ENGINE=InnoDB"
+    actual = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:people, id: false) do |t|
+      t.index :last_name, length: 10, using: :btree
+    end
+    assert_equal expected, actual
   end
 
-  if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
-    def test_create_mysql_database_with_encoding
-      assert_equal "CREATE DATABASE `matt` DEFAULT CHARACTER SET `utf8`", create_database(:matt)
-      assert_equal "CREATE DATABASE `aimonetti` DEFAULT CHARACTER SET `latin1`", create_database(:aimonetti, {:charset => 'latin1'})
-      assert_equal "CREATE DATABASE `matt_aimonetti` DEFAULT CHARACTER SET `big5` COLLATE `big5_chinese_ci`", create_database(:matt_aimonetti, {:charset => :big5, :collation => :big5_chinese_ci})
+  def test_index_in_bulk_change
+    def (ActiveRecord::Base.connection).data_source_exists?(*); true; end
+    def (ActiveRecord::Base.connection).index_name_exists?(*); false; end
+
+    %w(SPATIAL FULLTEXT UNIQUE).each do |type|
+      expected = "ALTER TABLE `people` ADD #{type} INDEX `index_people_on_last_name`  (`last_name`)"
+      actual = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.change_table(:people, bulk: true) do |t|
+        t.index :last_name, type: type
+      end
+      assert_equal expected, actual
     end
 
-    def test_recreate_mysql_database_with_encoding
-      create_database(:luca, {:charset => 'latin1'})
-      assert_equal "CREATE DATABASE `luca` DEFAULT CHARACTER SET `latin1`", recreate_database(:luca, {:charset => 'latin1'})
+    expected = "ALTER TABLE `peaple` ADD  INDEX `index_peaple_on_last_name` USING btree (`last_name`(10)), ALGORITHM = COPY"
+    actual = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.change_table(:peaple, bulk: true) do |t|
+      t.index :last_name, length: 10, using: :btree, algorithm: :copy
     end
+    assert_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_drop_table
+    assert_equal "DROP TABLE `people`", drop_table(:people)
+  end
+
+  def test_create_mysql_database_with_encoding
+    assert_equal "CREATE DATABASE `matt` DEFAULT CHARACTER SET `utf8`", create_database(:matt)
+    assert_equal "CREATE DATABASE `aimonetti` DEFAULT CHARACTER SET `latin1`", create_database(:aimonetti, {:charset => 'latin1'})
+    assert_equal "CREATE DATABASE `matt_aimonetti` DEFAULT CHARACTER SET `big5` COLLATE `big5_chinese_ci`", create_database(:matt_aimonetti, {:charset => :big5, :collation => :big5_chinese_ci})
+  end
+
+  def test_recreate_mysql_database_with_encoding
+    create_database(:luca, {:charset => 'latin1'})
+    assert_equal "CREATE DATABASE `luca` DEFAULT CHARACTER SET `latin1`", recreate_database(:luca, {:charset => 'latin1'})
   end
 
   def test_add_column
@@ -92,7 +127,7 @@ class ActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     with_real_execute do
       begin
         ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table :delete_me
-        ActiveRecord::Base.connection.add_timestamps :delete_me
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection.add_timestamps :delete_me, null: true
         assert column_present?('delete_me', 'updated_at', 'datetime')
         assert column_present?('delete_me', 'created_at', 'datetime')
       ensure
@@ -105,9 +140,9 @@ class ActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     with_real_execute do
       begin
         ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table :delete_me do |t|
-          t.timestamps
+          t.timestamps null: true
         end
-        ActiveRecord::Base.connection.remove_timestamps :delete_me
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection.remove_timestamps :delete_me, { null: true }
         assert !column_present?('delete_me', 'updated_at', 'datetime')
         assert !column_present?('delete_me', 'created_at', 'datetime')
       ensure
@@ -116,6 +151,18 @@ class ActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_indexes_in_create
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.stubs(:data_source_exists?).with(:temp).returns(false)
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.stubs(:index_name_exists?).with(:index_temp_on_zip).returns(false)
+
+    expected = "CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE `temp` ( INDEX `index_temp_on_zip`  (`zip`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB AS SELECT id, name, zip FROM a_really_complicated_query"
+    actual = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:temp, temporary: true, as: "SELECT id, name, zip FROM a_really_complicated_query") do |t|
+      t.index :zip
+    end
+
+    assert_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
   private
     def with_real_execute
       ActiveRecord::Base.connection.singleton_class.class_eval do
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/case_sensitivity_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/case_sensitivity_test.rb
index 97adb6b297..98d44315dd 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/case_sensitivity_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/case_sensitivity_test.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 require "cases/helper"
-require 'models/person'
 
-class MysqlCaseSensitivityTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+class MysqlCaseSensitivityTest < ActiveRecord::MysqlTestCase
   class CollationTest < ActiveRecord::Base
-    validates_uniqueness_of :string_cs_column, :case_sensitive => false
-    validates_uniqueness_of :string_ci_column, :case_sensitive => false
   end
 
+  repair_validations(CollationTest)
+
   def test_columns_include_collation_different_from_table
     assert_equal 'utf8_bin', CollationTest.columns_hash['string_cs_column'].collation
     assert_equal 'utf8_general_ci', CollationTest.columns_hash['string_ci_column'].collation
@@ -18,6 +17,7 @@ class MysqlCaseSensitivityTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_case_insensitive_comparison_for_ci_column
+    CollationTest.validates_uniqueness_of(:string_ci_column, :case_sensitive => false)
     CollationTest.create!(:string_ci_column => 'A')
     invalid = CollationTest.new(:string_ci_column => 'a')
     queries = assert_sql { invalid.save }
@@ -26,10 +26,29 @@ class MysqlCaseSensitivityTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_case_insensitive_comparison_for_cs_column
+    CollationTest.validates_uniqueness_of(:string_cs_column, :case_sensitive => false)
     CollationTest.create!(:string_cs_column => 'A')
     invalid = CollationTest.new(:string_cs_column => 'a')
     queries = assert_sql { invalid.save }
     cs_uniqueness_query = queries.detect { |q| q.match(/string_cs_column/) }
     assert_match(/lower/i, cs_uniqueness_query)
   end
+
+  def test_case_sensitive_comparison_for_ci_column
+    CollationTest.validates_uniqueness_of(:string_ci_column, :case_sensitive => true)
+    CollationTest.create!(:string_ci_column => 'A')
+    invalid = CollationTest.new(:string_ci_column => 'A')
+    queries = assert_sql { invalid.save }
+    ci_uniqueness_query = queries.detect { |q| q.match(/string_ci_column/) }
+    assert_match(/binary/i, ci_uniqueness_query)
+  end
+
+  def test_case_sensitive_comparison_for_cs_column
+    CollationTest.validates_uniqueness_of(:string_cs_column, :case_sensitive => true)
+    CollationTest.create!(:string_cs_column => 'A')
+    invalid = CollationTest.new(:string_cs_column => 'A')
+    queries = assert_sql { invalid.save }
+    cs_uniqueness_query = queries.detect { |q| q.match(/string_cs_column/) }
+    assert_no_match(/binary/i, cs_uniqueness_query)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/charset_collation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/charset_collation_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f2117a97e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/charset_collation_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
+
+class MysqlCharsetCollationTest < ActiveRecord::MysqlTestCase
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_table :charset_collations, force: true do |t|
+      t.string :string_ascii_bin, charset: 'ascii', collation: 'ascii_bin'
+      t.text :text_ucs2_unicode_ci, charset: 'ucs2', collation: 'ucs2_unicode_ci'
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.drop_table :charset_collations, if_exists: true
+  end
+
+  test "string column with charset and collation" do
+    column = @connection.columns(:charset_collations).find { |c| c.name == 'string_ascii_bin' }
+    assert_equal :string, column.type
+    assert_equal 'ascii_bin', column.collation
+  end
+
+  test "text column with charset and collation" do
+    column = @connection.columns(:charset_collations).find { |c| c.name == 'text_ucs2_unicode_ci' }
+    assert_equal :text, column.type
+    assert_equal 'ucs2_unicode_ci', column.collation
+  end
+
+  test "add column with charset and collation" do
+    @connection.add_column :charset_collations, :title, :string, charset: 'utf8', collation: 'utf8_bin'
+
+    column = @connection.columns(:charset_collations).find { |c| c.name == 'title' }
+    assert_equal :string, column.type
+    assert_equal 'utf8_bin', column.collation
+  end
+
+  test "change column with charset and collation" do
+    @connection.add_column :charset_collations, :description, :string, charset: 'utf8', collation: 'utf8_unicode_ci'
+    @connection.change_column :charset_collations, :description, :text, charset: 'utf8', collation: 'utf8_general_ci'
+
+    column = @connection.columns(:charset_collations).find { |c| c.name == 'description' }
+    assert_equal :text, column.type
+    assert_equal 'utf8_general_ci', column.collation
+  end
+
+  test "schema dump includes collation" do
+    output = dump_table_schema("charset_collations")
+    assert_match %r{t.string\s+"string_ascii_bin",\s+limit: 255,\s+collation: "ascii_bin"$}, output
+    assert_match %r{t.text\s+"text_ucs2_unicode_ci",\s+limit: 65535,\s+collation: "ucs2_unicode_ci"$}, output
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/connection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/connection_test.rb
index 5cd5d8ac5f..390dd15b92 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/connection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/connection_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/connection_helper'
+require 'support/ddl_helper'
+
+class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::MysqlTestCase
+  include ConnectionHelper
+  include DdlHelper
 
-class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   class Klass < ActiveRecord::Base
   end
 
@@ -21,7 +26,7 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       run_without_connection do
         ar_config = ARTest.connection_config['arunit']
 
-        url = "mysql://#{ar_config["username"]}@localhost/#{ar_config["database"]}"
+        url = "mysql://#{ar_config["username"]}:#{ar_config["password"]}@localhost/#{ar_config["database"]}"
         Klass.establish_connection(url)
         assert_equal ar_config['database'], Klass.connection.current_database
       end
@@ -42,9 +47,7 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert !@connection.active?
 
     # Repair all fixture connections so other tests won't break.
-    @fixture_connections.each do |c|
-      c.verify!
-    end
+    @fixture_connections.each(&:verify!)
   end
 
   def test_successful_reconnection_after_timeout_with_manual_reconnect
@@ -64,73 +67,60 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_bind_value_substitute
-    bind_param = @connection.substitute_at('foo', 0)
-    assert_equal Arel.sql('?'), bind_param
+    bind_param = @connection.substitute_at('foo')
+    assert_equal Arel.sql('?'), bind_param.to_sql
   end
 
   def test_exec_no_binds
-    @connection.exec_query('drop table if exists ex')
-    @connection.exec_query(<<-eosql)
-      CREATE TABLE `ex` (`id` int(11) auto_increment PRIMARY KEY,
-        `data` varchar(255))
-    eosql
-    result = @connection.exec_query('SELECT id, data FROM ex')
-    assert_equal 0, result.rows.length
-    assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
-    assert_equal %w{ id data }, result.columns
+    with_example_table do
+      result = @connection.exec_query('SELECT id, data FROM ex')
+      assert_equal 0, result.rows.length
+      assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+      assert_equal %w{ id data }, result.columns
 
-    @connection.exec_query('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
+      @connection.exec_query('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
 
-    # if there are no bind parameters, it will return a string (due to
-    # the libmysql api)
-    result = @connection.exec_query('SELECT id, data FROM ex')
-    assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
-    assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+      # if there are no bind parameters, it will return a string (due to
+      # the libmysql api)
+      result = @connection.exec_query('SELECT id, data FROM ex')
+      assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+      assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
 
-    assert_equal [['1', 'foo']], result.rows
+      assert_equal [['1', 'foo']], result.rows
+    end
   end
 
   def test_exec_with_binds
-    @connection.exec_query('drop table if exists ex')
-    @connection.exec_query(<<-eosql)
-      CREATE TABLE `ex` (`id` int(11) auto_increment PRIMARY KEY,
-        `data` varchar(255))
-    eosql
-    @connection.exec_query('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
-    result = @connection.exec_query(
-      'SELECT id, data FROM ex WHERE id = ?', nil, [[nil, 1]])
+    with_example_table do
+      @connection.exec_query('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
+      result = @connection.exec_query(
+        'SELECT id, data FROM ex WHERE id = ?', nil, [ActiveRecord::Relation::QueryAttribute.new("id", 1, ActiveRecord::Type::Value.new)])
 
-    assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
-    assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+      assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+      assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
 
-    assert_equal [[1, 'foo']], result.rows
+      assert_equal [[1, 'foo']], result.rows
+    end
   end
 
   def test_exec_typecasts_bind_vals
-    @connection.exec_query('drop table if exists ex')
-    @connection.exec_query(<<-eosql)
-      CREATE TABLE `ex` (`id` int(11) auto_increment PRIMARY KEY,
-        `data` varchar(255))
-    eosql
-    @connection.exec_query('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
-    column = @connection.columns('ex').find { |col| col.name == 'id' }
+    with_example_table do
+      @connection.exec_query('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
+      bind = ActiveRecord::Relation::QueryAttribute.new("id", "1-fuu", ActiveRecord::Type::Integer.new)
 
-    result = @connection.exec_query(
-      'SELECT id, data FROM ex WHERE id = ?', nil, [[column, '1-fuu']])
+      result = @connection.exec_query(
+        'SELECT id, data FROM ex WHERE id = ?', nil, [bind])
 
-    assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
-    assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+      assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+      assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
 
-    assert_equal [[1, 'foo']], result.rows
+      assert_equal [[1, 'foo']], result.rows
+    end
   end
 
-  # Test that MySQL allows multiple results for stored procedures
-  if defined?(Mysql) && Mysql.const_defined?(:CLIENT_MULTI_RESULTS)
-    def test_multi_results
-      rows = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.select_rows('CALL ten();')
-      assert_equal 10, rows[0][0].to_i, "ten() did not return 10 as expected: #{rows.inspect}"
-      assert @connection.active?, "Bad connection use by 'MysqlAdapter.select_rows'"
-    end
+  def test_mysql_connection_collation_is_configured
+    assert_equal 'utf8_unicode_ci', @connection.show_variable('collation_connection')
+    assert_equal 'utf8_general_ci', ARUnit2Model.connection.show_variable('collation_connection')
   end
 
   def test_mysql_default_in_strict_mode
@@ -138,9 +128,17 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [["STRICT_ALL_TABLES"]], result.rows
   end
 
-  def test_mysql_strict_mode_disabled_dont_override_global_sql_mode
+  def test_mysql_strict_mode_disabled
     run_without_connection do |orig_connection|
       ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(orig_connection.merge({:strict => false}))
+      result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query "SELECT @@SESSION.sql_mode"
+      assert_equal [['']], result.rows
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_mysql_strict_mode_specified_default
+    run_without_connection do |orig_connection|
+      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(orig_connection.merge({strict: :default}))
       global_sql_mode = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query "SELECT @@GLOBAL.sql_mode"
       session_sql_mode = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query "SELECT @@SESSION.sql_mode"
       assert_equal global_sql_mode.rows, session_sql_mode.rows
@@ -155,6 +153,14 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_mysql_sql_mode_variable_overrides_strict_mode
+    run_without_connection do |orig_connection|
+      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(orig_connection.deep_merge(variables: { 'sql_mode' => 'ansi' }))
+      result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query 'SELECT @@SESSION.sql_mode'
+      assert_not_equal [['STRICT_ALL_TABLES']], result.rows
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_mysql_set_session_variable_to_default
     run_without_connection do |orig_connection|
       ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(orig_connection.deep_merge({:variables => {:default_week_format => :default}}))
@@ -164,14 +170,41 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_get_and_release_advisory_lock
+    lock_name = "test_lock_name"
+
+    got_lock = @connection.get_advisory_lock(lock_name)
+    assert got_lock, "get_advisory_lock should have returned true but it didn't"
+
+    assert_equal test_lock_free(lock_name), false,
+      "expected the test advisory lock to be held but it wasn't"
+
+    released_lock = @connection.release_advisory_lock(lock_name)
+    assert released_lock, "expected release_advisory_lock to return true but it didn't"
+
+    assert test_lock_free(lock_name), 'expected the test lock to be available after releasing'
+  end
+
+  def test_release_non_existent_advisory_lock
+    lock_name = "fake_lock_name"
+    released_non_existent_lock = @connection.release_advisory_lock(lock_name)
+    assert_equal released_non_existent_lock, false,
+      'expected release_advisory_lock to return false when there was no lock to release'
+  end
+
+  protected
+
+  def test_lock_free(lock_name)
+    @connection.select_value("SELECT IS_FREE_LOCK('#{lock_name}');") == '1'
+  end
+
   private
 
-  def run_without_connection
-    original_connection = ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
-    begin
-      yield original_connection
-    ensure
-      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(original_connection)
-    end
+  def with_example_table(&block)
+    definition ||= <<-SQL
+      `id` int auto_increment PRIMARY KEY,
+      `data` varchar(255)
+    SQL
+    super(@connection, 'ex', definition, &block)
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/consistency_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/consistency_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..743f6436e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/consistency_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+class MysqlConsistencyTest < ActiveRecord::MysqlTestCase
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
+
+  class Consistency < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = "mysql_consistency"
+  end
+
+  setup do
+    @old_emulate_booleans = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::MysqlAdapter.emulate_booleans
+    ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::MysqlAdapter.emulate_booleans = false
+
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.clear_cache!
+    @connection.create_table("mysql_consistency") do |t|
+      t.boolean "a_bool"
+      t.string "a_string"
+    end
+    Consistency.reset_column_information
+    Consistency.create!
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::MysqlAdapter.emulate_booleans = @old_emulate_booleans
+    @connection.drop_table "mysql_consistency"
+  end
+
+  test "boolean columns with random value type cast to 0 when emulate_booleans is false" do
+    with_new = Consistency.new
+    with_last = Consistency.last
+    with_new.a_bool = 'wibble'
+    with_last.a_bool = 'wibble'
+
+    assert_equal 0, with_new.a_bool
+    assert_equal 0, with_last.a_bool
+  end
+
+  test "string columns call #to_s" do
+    with_new = Consistency.new
+    with_last = Consistency.last
+    thing = Object.new
+    with_new.a_string = thing
+    with_last.a_string = thing
+
+    assert_equal thing.to_s, with_new.a_string
+    assert_equal thing.to_s, with_last.a_string
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/enum_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/enum_test.rb
index f4e7a3ef0a..ef8ee0a6e3 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/enum_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/enum_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 
-class MysqlEnumTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+class MysqlEnumTest < ActiveRecord::MysqlTestCase
   class EnumTest < ActiveRecord::Base
   end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/explain_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/explain_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c44c1e6648
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/explain_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
+
+class MysqlExplainTest < ActiveRecord::MysqlTestCase
+  fixtures :developers
+
+  def test_explain_for_one_query
+    explain = Developer.where(id: 1).explain
+    assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT `developers`.* FROM `developers` WHERE `developers`.`id` = 1), explain
+    assert_match %r(developers |.* const), explain
+  end
+
+  def test_explain_with_eager_loading
+    explain = Developer.where(id: 1).includes(:audit_logs).explain
+    assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT `developers`.* FROM `developers` WHERE `developers`.`id` = 1), explain
+    assert_match %r(developers |.* const), explain
+    assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT `audit_logs`.* FROM `audit_logs` WHERE `audit_logs`.`developer_id` = 1), explain
+    assert_match %r(audit_logs |.* ALL), explain
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/mysql_adapter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/mysql_adapter_test.rb
index 578f6301bd..d2ce48fc00 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/mysql_adapter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/mysql_adapter_test.rb
@@ -1,32 +1,28 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
-
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/ddl_helper'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
-    class MysqlAdapterTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    class MysqlAdapterTest < ActiveRecord::MysqlTestCase
+      include DdlHelper
+
       def setup
         @conn = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-        @conn.exec_query('drop table if exists ex')
-        @conn.exec_query(<<-eosql)
-          CREATE TABLE `ex` (
-            `id` int(11) auto_increment PRIMARY KEY,
-            `number` integer,
-            `data` varchar(255))
-        eosql
       end
 
       def test_bad_connection_mysql
         assert_raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError do
           configuration = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations['arunit'].merge(database: 'inexistent_activerecord_unittest')
           connection = ActiveRecord::Base.mysql_connection(configuration)
-          connection.exec_query('drop table if exists ex')
+          connection.drop_table 'ex', if_exists: true
         end
       end
 
       def test_valid_column
-        column = @conn.columns('ex').find { |col| col.name == 'id' }
-        assert @conn.valid_type?(column.type)
+        with_example_table do
+          column = @conn.columns('ex').find { |col| col.name == 'id' }
+          assert @conn.valid_type?(column.type)
+        end
       end
 
       def test_invalid_column
@@ -38,82 +34,51 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_exec_insert_number
-        insert(@conn, 'number' => 10)
+        with_example_table do
+          insert(@conn, 'number' => 10)
 
-        result = @conn.exec_query('SELECT number FROM ex WHERE number = 10')
+          result = @conn.exec_query('SELECT number FROM ex WHERE number = 10')
 
-        assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
-        # if there are no bind parameters, it will return a string (due to
-        # the libmysql api)
-        assert_equal '10', result.rows.last.last
+          assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+          # if there are no bind parameters, it will return a string (due to
+          # the libmysql api)
+          assert_equal '10', result.rows.last.last
+        end
       end
 
       def test_exec_insert_string
-        str = '�������'
-        insert(@conn, 'number' => 10, 'data' => str)
+        with_example_table do
+          str = '�������'
+          insert(@conn, 'number' => 10, 'data' => str)
 
-        result = @conn.exec_query('SELECT number, data FROM ex WHERE number = 10')
+          result = @conn.exec_query('SELECT number, data FROM ex WHERE number = 10')
 
-        value = result.rows.last.last
+          value = result.rows.last.last
 
-        # FIXME: this should probably be inside the mysql AR adapter?
-        value.force_encoding(@conn.client_encoding)
+          # FIXME: this should probably be inside the mysql AR adapter?
+          value.force_encoding(@conn.client_encoding)
 
-        # The strings in this file are utf-8, so transcode to utf-8
-        value.encode!(Encoding::UTF_8)
-
-        assert_equal str, value
-      end
-
-      def test_tables_quoting
-        @conn.tables(nil, "foo-bar", nil)
-        flunk
-      rescue => e
-        # assertion for *quoted* database properly
-        assert_match(/database 'foo-bar'/, e.inspect)
-      end
+          # The strings in this file are utf-8, so transcode to utf-8
+          value.encode!(Encoding::UTF_8)
 
-      def test_pk_and_sequence_for
-        pk, seq = @conn.pk_and_sequence_for('ex')
-        assert_equal 'id', pk
-        assert_equal @conn.default_sequence_name('ex', 'id'), seq
-      end
-
-      def test_pk_and_sequence_for_with_non_standard_primary_key
-        @conn.exec_query('drop table if exists ex_with_non_standard_pk')
-        @conn.exec_query(<<-eosql)
-          CREATE TABLE `ex_with_non_standard_pk` (
-            `code` INT(11) auto_increment,
-             PRIMARY KEY  (`code`))
-        eosql
-        pk, seq = @conn.pk_and_sequence_for('ex_with_non_standard_pk')
-        assert_equal 'code', pk
-        assert_equal @conn.default_sequence_name('ex_with_non_standard_pk', 'code'), seq
+          assert_equal str, value
+        end
       end
 
-      def test_pk_and_sequence_for_with_custom_index_type_pk
-        @conn.exec_query('drop table if exists ex_with_custom_index_type_pk')
-        @conn.exec_query(<<-eosql)
-          CREATE TABLE `ex_with_custom_index_type_pk` (
-            `id` INT(11) auto_increment,
-             PRIMARY KEY  USING BTREE (`id`))
-        eosql
-        pk, seq = @conn.pk_and_sequence_for('ex_with_custom_index_type_pk')
-        assert_equal 'id', pk
-        assert_equal @conn.default_sequence_name('ex_with_custom_index_type_pk', 'id'), seq
+      def test_composite_primary_key
+        with_example_table '`id` INT, `number` INT, foo INT, PRIMARY KEY (`id`, `number`)' do
+          assert_nil @conn.primary_key('ex')
+        end
       end
 
       def test_tinyint_integer_typecasting
-        @conn.exec_query('drop table if exists ex_with_non_boolean_tinyint_column')
-        @conn.exec_query(<<-eosql)
-          CREATE TABLE `ex_with_non_boolean_tinyint_column` (
-            `status` TINYINT(4))
-        eosql
-        insert(@conn, { 'status' => 2 }, 'ex_with_non_boolean_tinyint_column')
+        with_example_table '`status` TINYINT(4)' do
+          insert(@conn, { 'status' => 2 }, 'ex')
 
-        result = @conn.exec_query('SELECT status FROM ex_with_non_boolean_tinyint_column')
+          result = @conn.exec_query('SELECT status FROM ex')
 
-        assert_equal 2, result.column_types['status'].type_cast(result.last['status'])
+          assert_equal 2, result.column_types['status'].deserialize(result.last['status'])
+        end
       end
 
       def test_supports_extensions
@@ -130,16 +95,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       private
       def insert(ctx, data, table='ex')
-        binds   = data.map { |name, value|
-          [ctx.columns(table).find { |x| x.name == name }, value]
+        binds = data.map { |name, value|
+          Relation::QueryAttribute.new(name, value, Type::Value.new)
         }
-        columns = binds.map(&:first).map(&:name)
+        columns = binds.map(&:name)
 
         sql = "INSERT INTO #{table} (#{columns.join(", ")})
                VALUES (#{(['?'] * columns.length).join(', ')})"
 
         ctx.exec_insert(sql, 'SQL', binds)
       end
+
+      def with_example_table(definition = nil, &block)
+        definition ||= <<-SQL
+          `id` int auto_increment PRIMARY KEY,
+          `number` integer,
+          `data` varchar(255)
+        SQL
+        super(@conn, 'ex', definition, &block)
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/quoting_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/quoting_test.rb
index 3d1330efb8..2024aa36ab 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/quoting_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/quoting_test.rb
@@ -1,25 +1,29 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 
-module ActiveRecord
-  module ConnectionAdapters
-    class MysqlAdapter
-      class QuotingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-        def setup
-          @conn = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-        end
+class MysqlQuotingTest < ActiveRecord::MysqlTestCase
+  def setup
+    @conn = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+  end
+
+  def test_type_cast_true
+    assert_equal 1, @conn.type_cast(true)
+  end
 
-        def test_type_cast_true
-          c = Column.new(nil, 1, 'boolean')
-          assert_equal 1, @conn.type_cast(true, nil)
-          assert_equal 1, @conn.type_cast(true, c)
-        end
+  def test_type_cast_false
+    assert_equal 0, @conn.type_cast(false)
+  end
+
+  def test_quoted_date_precision_for_gte_564
+    @conn.stubs(:full_version).returns('5.6.4')
+    @conn.remove_instance_variable(:@version) if @conn.instance_variable_defined?(:@version)
+    t = Time.now.change(usec: 1)
+    assert_match(/\.000001\z/, @conn.quoted_date(t))
+  end
 
-        def test_type_cast_false
-          c = Column.new(nil, 1, 'boolean')
-          assert_equal 0, @conn.type_cast(false, nil)
-          assert_equal 0, @conn.type_cast(false, c)
-        end
-      end
-    end
+  def test_quoted_date_precision_for_lt_564
+    @conn.stubs(:full_version).returns('5.6.3')
+    @conn.remove_instance_variable(:@version) if @conn.instance_variable_defined?(:@version)
+    t = Time.now.change(usec: 1)
+    assert_no_match(/\.000001\z/, @conn.quoted_date(t))
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/reserved_word_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/reserved_word_test.rb
index 8eb9565963..4ea1d9ad36 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/reserved_word_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/reserved_word_test.rb
@@ -1,29 +1,29 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 
-class Group < ActiveRecord::Base
-  Group.table_name = 'group'
-  belongs_to :select
-  has_one :values
-end
+# a suite of tests to ensure the ConnectionAdapters#MysqlAdapter can handle tables with
+# reserved word names (ie: group, order, values, etc...)
+class MysqlReservedWordTest < ActiveRecord::MysqlTestCase
+  class Group < ActiveRecord::Base
+    Group.table_name = 'group'
+    belongs_to :select
+    has_one :values
+  end
 
-class Select < ActiveRecord::Base
-  Select.table_name = 'select'
-  has_many :groups
-end
+  class Select < ActiveRecord::Base
+    Select.table_name = 'select'
+    has_many :groups
+  end
 
-class Values < ActiveRecord::Base
-  Values.table_name = 'values'
-end
+  class Values < ActiveRecord::Base
+    Values.table_name = 'values'
+  end
 
-class Distinct < ActiveRecord::Base
-  Distinct.table_name = 'distinct'
-  has_and_belongs_to_many :selects
-  has_many :values, :through => :groups
-end
+  class Distinct < ActiveRecord::Base
+    Distinct.table_name = 'distinct'
+    has_and_belongs_to_many :selects
+    has_many :values, :through => :groups
+  end
 
-# a suite of tests to ensure the ConnectionAdapters#MysqlAdapter can handle tables with
-# reserved word names (ie: group, order, values, etc...)
-class MysqlReservedWordTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def setup
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
 
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class MysqlReservedWordTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       'distinct_select'=>'distinct_id int, select_id int'
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     drop_tables_directly ['group', 'select', 'values', 'distinct', 'distinct_select', 'order']
   end
 
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ class MysqlReservedWordTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   #fixtures
   self.use_instantiated_fixtures = true
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
 
   #activerecord model class with reserved-word table name
   def test_activerecord_model
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ class MysqlReservedWordTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     gs = nil
     assert_nothing_raised { gs = Select.find(2).groups }
     assert_equal gs.length, 2
-    assert(gs.collect{|x| x.id}.sort == [2, 3])
+    assert(gs.collect(&:id).sort == [2, 3])
   end
 
   # has_and_belongs_to_many with reserved-word table name
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ class MysqlReservedWordTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     s = nil
     assert_nothing_raised { s = Distinct.find(1).selects }
     assert_equal s.length, 2
-    assert(s.collect{|x|x.id}.sort == [1, 2])
+    assert(s.collect(&:id).sort == [1, 2])
   end
 
   # activerecord model introspection with reserved-word table and column names
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ class MysqlReservedWordTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   # custom drop table, uses execute on connection to drop a table if it exists. note: escapes table_name
   def drop_tables_directly(table_names, connection = @connection)
     table_names.each do |name|
-      connection.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `#{name}`")
+      connection.drop_table name, if_exists: true
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/schema_test.rb
index 807a7a155e..14dbdd375b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/schema_test.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ require 'models/comment'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
-    class MysqlSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    class MysqlSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::MysqlTestCase
       fixtures :posts
 
       def setup
@@ -14,11 +14,43 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @db_name    = db
 
         @omgpost = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+          self.inheritance_column = :disabled
           self.table_name = "#{db}.#{table}"
           def self.name; 'Post'; end
         end
       end
 
+      def test_float_limits
+        @connection.create_table :mysql_doubles do |t|
+          t.float :float_no_limit
+          t.float :float_short, limit: 5
+          t.float :float_long, limit: 53
+
+          t.float :float_23, limit: 23
+          t.float :float_24, limit: 24
+          t.float :float_25, limit: 25
+        end
+
+        column_no_limit = @connection.columns(:mysql_doubles).find { |c| c.name == 'float_no_limit' }
+        column_short = @connection.columns(:mysql_doubles).find { |c| c.name == 'float_short' }
+        column_long = @connection.columns(:mysql_doubles).find { |c| c.name == 'float_long' }
+
+        column_23 = @connection.columns(:mysql_doubles).find { |c| c.name == 'float_23' }
+        column_24 = @connection.columns(:mysql_doubles).find { |c| c.name == 'float_24' }
+        column_25 = @connection.columns(:mysql_doubles).find { |c| c.name == 'float_25' }
+
+        # Mysql floats are precision 0..24, Mysql doubles are precision 25..53
+        assert_equal 24, column_no_limit.limit
+        assert_equal 24, column_short.limit
+        assert_equal 53, column_long.limit
+
+        assert_equal 24, column_23.limit
+        assert_equal 24, column_24.limit
+        assert_equal 53, column_25.limit
+      ensure
+        @connection.drop_table "mysql_doubles", if_exists: true
+      end
+
       def test_schema
         assert @omgpost.first
       end
@@ -27,13 +59,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_equal 'id', @omgpost.primary_key
       end
 
-      def test_table_exists?
+      def test_data_source_exists?
         name = @omgpost.table_name
-        assert @connection.table_exists?(name), "#{name} table should exist"
+        assert @connection.data_source_exists?(name), "#{name} data_source should exist"
       end
 
-      def test_table_exists_wrong_schema
-        assert(!@connection.table_exists?("#{@db_name}.zomg"), "table should not exist")
+      def test_data_source_exists_wrong_schema
+        assert(!@connection.data_source_exists?("#{@db_name}.zomg"), "data_source should not exist")
       end
 
       def test_dump_indexes
@@ -43,7 +75,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         table = 'key_tests'
 
-        indexes = @connection.indexes(table).sort_by {|i| i.name}
+        indexes = @connection.indexes(table).sort_by(&:name)
         assert_equal 3,indexes.size
 
         index_a = indexes.select{|i| i.name == index_a_name}[0]
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/sp_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/sp_test.rb
index 3ca2917ca4..7849248dcc 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/sp_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/sp_test.rb
@@ -1,15 +1,30 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/topic'
+require 'models/reply'
 
-class StoredProcedureTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+class MysqlStoredProcedureTest < ActiveRecord::MysqlTestCase
   fixtures :topics
 
-  # Test that MySQL allows multiple results for stored procedures
-  if Mysql.const_defined?(:CLIENT_MULTI_RESULTS)
-    def test_multi_results_from_find_by_sql
-      topics = Topic.find_by_sql 'CALL topics();'
-      assert_equal 1, topics.size
-      assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection.active?, "Bad connection use by 'MysqlAdapter.select'"
+  def setup
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    unless ActiveRecord::Base.connection.version >= '5.6.0' || Mysql.const_defined?(:CLIENT_MULTI_RESULTS)
+      skip("no stored procedure support")
     end
   end
+
+  # Test that MySQL allows multiple results for stored procedures
+  #
+  # In MySQL 5.6, CLIENT_MULTI_RESULTS is enabled by default.
+  # http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/call.html
+  def test_multi_results
+    rows = @connection.select_rows('CALL ten();')
+    assert_equal 10, rows[0][0].to_i, "ten() did not return 10 as expected: #{rows.inspect}"
+    assert @connection.active?, "Bad connection use by 'MysqlAdapter.select_rows'"
+  end
+
+  def test_multi_results_from_find_by_sql
+    topics = Topic.find_by_sql 'CALL topics(3);'
+    assert_equal 3, topics.size
+    assert @connection.active?, "Bad connection use by 'MysqlAdapter.select'"
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/sql_types_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/sql_types_test.rb
index 1ddb1b91c9..d18579f242 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/sql_types_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/sql_types_test.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 
-class SqlTypesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+class MysqlSqlTypesTest < ActiveRecord::MysqlTestCase
   def test_binary_types
     assert_equal 'varbinary(64)', type_to_sql(:binary, 64)
     assert_equal 'varbinary(4095)', type_to_sql(:binary, 4095)
-    assert_equal 'blob(4096)', type_to_sql(:binary, 4096)
+    assert_equal 'blob', type_to_sql(:binary, 4096)
     assert_equal 'blob', type_to_sql(:binary)
   end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/statement_pool_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/statement_pool_test.rb
index 209a0cf464..0d1f968022 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/statement_pool_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/statement_pool_test.rb
@@ -1,23 +1,19 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
 
-module ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters
-  class MysqlAdapter
-    class StatementPoolTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-      if Process.respond_to?(:fork)
-        def test_cache_is_per_pid
-          cache = StatementPool.new nil, 10
-          cache['foo'] = 'bar'
-          assert_equal 'bar', cache['foo']
+class MysqlStatementPoolTest < ActiveRecord::MysqlTestCase
+  if Process.respond_to?(:fork)
+    def test_cache_is_per_pid
+      cache = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::MysqlAdapter::StatementPool.new(10)
+      cache['foo'] = 'bar'
+      assert_equal 'bar', cache['foo']
 
-          pid = fork {
-            lookup = cache['foo'];
-            exit!(!lookup)
-          }
+      pid = fork {
+        lookup = cache['foo'];
+        exit!(!lookup)
+      }
 
-          Process.waitpid pid
-          assert $?.success?, 'process should exit successfully'
-        end
-      end
+      Process.waitpid pid
+      assert $?.success?, 'process should exit successfully'
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/table_options_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/table_options_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..99df6d6cba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/table_options_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
+
+class MysqlTableOptionsTest < ActiveRecord::MysqlTestCase
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+
+  def setup
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    @connection.drop_table "mysql_table_options", if_exists: true
+  end
+
+  test "table options with ENGINE" do
+    @connection.create_table "mysql_table_options", force: true, options: "ENGINE=MyISAM"
+    output = dump_table_schema("mysql_table_options")
+    options = %r{create_table "mysql_table_options", force: :cascade, options: "(?<options>.*)"}.match(output)[:options]
+    assert_match %r{ENGINE=MyISAM}, options
+  end
+
+  test "table options with ROW_FORMAT" do
+    @connection.create_table "mysql_table_options", force: true, options: "ROW_FORMAT=REDUNDANT"
+    output = dump_table_schema("mysql_table_options")
+    options = %r{create_table "mysql_table_options", force: :cascade, options: "(?<options>.*)"}.match(output)[:options]
+    assert_match %r{ROW_FORMAT=REDUNDANT}, options
+  end
+
+  test "table options with CHARSET" do
+    @connection.create_table "mysql_table_options", force: true, options: "CHARSET=utf8mb4"
+    output = dump_table_schema("mysql_table_options")
+    options = %r{create_table "mysql_table_options", force: :cascade, options: "(?<options>.*)"}.match(output)[:options]
+    assert_match %r{CHARSET=utf8mb4}, options
+  end
+
+  test "table options with COLLATE" do
+    @connection.create_table "mysql_table_options", force: true, options: "COLLATE=utf8mb4_bin"
+    output = dump_table_schema("mysql_table_options")
+    options = %r{create_table "mysql_table_options", force: :cascade, options: "(?<options>.*)"}.match(output)[:options]
+    assert_match %r{COLLATE=utf8mb4_bin}, options
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/unsigned_type_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/unsigned_type_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..84c5394c2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/unsigned_type_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
+
+class MysqlUnsignedTypeTest < ActiveRecord::MysqlTestCase
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
+
+  class UnsignedType < ActiveRecord::Base
+  end
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_table("unsigned_types", force: true) do |t|
+      t.integer :unsigned_integer, unsigned: true
+      t.bigint  :unsigned_bigint,  unsigned: true
+      t.float   :unsigned_float,   unsigned: true
+      t.decimal :unsigned_decimal, unsigned: true, precision: 10, scale: 2
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.drop_table "unsigned_types", if_exists: true
+  end
+
+  test "unsigned int max value is in range" do
+    assert expected = UnsignedType.create(unsigned_integer: 4294967295)
+    assert_equal expected, UnsignedType.find_by(unsigned_integer: 4294967295)
+  end
+
+  test "minus value is out of range" do
+    assert_raise(RangeError) do
+      UnsignedType.create(unsigned_integer: -10)
+    end
+    assert_raise(RangeError) do
+      UnsignedType.create(unsigned_bigint: -10)
+    end
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
+      UnsignedType.create(unsigned_float: -10.0)
+    end
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
+      UnsignedType.create(unsigned_decimal: -10.0)
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "schema definition can use unsigned as the type" do
+    @connection.change_table("unsigned_types") do |t|
+      t.unsigned_integer :unsigned_integer_t
+      t.unsigned_bigint  :unsigned_bigint_t
+      t.unsigned_float   :unsigned_float_t
+      t.unsigned_decimal :unsigned_decimal_t, precision: 10, scale: 2
+    end
+
+    @connection.columns("unsigned_types").select { |c| /^unsigned_/ === c.name }.each do |column|
+      assert column.unsigned?
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "schema dump includes unsigned option" do
+    schema = dump_table_schema "unsigned_types"
+    assert_match %r{t.integer\s+"unsigned_integer",\s+limit: 4,\s+unsigned: true$}, schema
+    assert_match %r{t.integer\s+"unsigned_bigint",\s+limit: 8,\s+unsigned: true$}, schema
+    assert_match %r{t.float\s+"unsigned_float",\s+limit: 24,\s+unsigned: true$}, schema
+    assert_match %r{t.decimal\s+"unsigned_decimal",\s+precision: 10,\s+scale: 2,\s+unsigned: true$}, schema
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/active_schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/active_schema_test.rb
index 4ccf568406..99f97c7914 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/active_schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/active_schema_test.rb
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/connection_helper'
 
-class ActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  def setup
-    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
-    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(@connection)
+class Mysql2ActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
+  include ConnectionHelper
 
+  def setup
     ActiveRecord::Base.connection.singleton_class.class_eval do
       alias_method :execute_without_stub, :execute
       def execute(sql, name = nil) return sql end
     end
   end
 
-  def teardown
-    ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
-    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(@connection)
+  teardown do
+    reset_connection
   end
 
   def test_add_index
-    # add_index calls index_name_exists? which can't work since execute is stubbed
+    # add_index calls data_source_exists? and index_name_exists? which can't work since execute is stubbed
+    def (ActiveRecord::Base.connection).data_source_exists?(*); true; end
     def (ActiveRecord::Base.connection).index_name_exists?(*); false; end
 
     expected = "CREATE  INDEX `index_people_on_last_name`  ON `people` (`last_name`) "
@@ -59,21 +59,56 @@ class ActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal expected, add_index(:people, [:last_name, :first_name], :length => 15, :using => :btree)
   end
 
-  def test_drop_table
-    assert_equal "DROP TABLE `people`", drop_table(:people)
+  def test_index_in_create
+    def (ActiveRecord::Base.connection).data_source_exists?(*); false; end
+
+    %w(SPATIAL FULLTEXT UNIQUE).each do |type|
+      expected = "CREATE TABLE `people` (#{type} INDEX `index_people_on_last_name`  (`last_name`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB"
+      actual = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:people, id: false) do |t|
+        t.index :last_name, type: type
+      end
+      assert_equal expected, actual
+    end
+
+    expected = "CREATE TABLE `people` ( INDEX `index_people_on_last_name` USING btree (`last_name`(10)) ) ENGINE=InnoDB"
+    actual = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:people, id: false) do |t|
+      t.index :last_name, length: 10, using: :btree
+    end
+    assert_equal expected, actual
   end
 
-  if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
-    def test_create_mysql_database_with_encoding
-      assert_equal "CREATE DATABASE `matt` DEFAULT CHARACTER SET `utf8`", create_database(:matt)
-      assert_equal "CREATE DATABASE `aimonetti` DEFAULT CHARACTER SET `latin1`", create_database(:aimonetti, {:charset => 'latin1'})
-      assert_equal "CREATE DATABASE `matt_aimonetti` DEFAULT CHARACTER SET `big5` COLLATE `big5_chinese_ci`", create_database(:matt_aimonetti, {:charset => :big5, :collation => :big5_chinese_ci})
+  def test_index_in_bulk_change
+    def (ActiveRecord::Base.connection).data_source_exists?(*); true; end
+    def (ActiveRecord::Base.connection).index_name_exists?(*); false; end
+
+    %w(SPATIAL FULLTEXT UNIQUE).each do |type|
+      expected = "ALTER TABLE `people` ADD #{type} INDEX `index_people_on_last_name`  (`last_name`)"
+      actual = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.change_table(:people, bulk: true) do |t|
+        t.index :last_name, type: type
+      end
+      assert_equal expected, actual
     end
 
-    def test_recreate_mysql_database_with_encoding
-      create_database(:luca, {:charset => 'latin1'})
-      assert_equal "CREATE DATABASE `luca` DEFAULT CHARACTER SET `latin1`", recreate_database(:luca, {:charset => 'latin1'})
+    expected = "ALTER TABLE `peaple` ADD  INDEX `index_peaple_on_last_name` USING btree (`last_name`(10)), ALGORITHM = COPY"
+    actual = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.change_table(:peaple, bulk: true) do |t|
+      t.index :last_name, length: 10, using: :btree, algorithm: :copy
     end
+    assert_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_drop_table
+    assert_equal "DROP TABLE `people`", drop_table(:people)
+  end
+
+  def test_create_mysql_database_with_encoding
+    assert_equal "CREATE DATABASE `matt` DEFAULT CHARACTER SET `utf8`", create_database(:matt)
+    assert_equal "CREATE DATABASE `aimonetti` DEFAULT CHARACTER SET `latin1`", create_database(:aimonetti, {:charset => 'latin1'})
+    assert_equal "CREATE DATABASE `matt_aimonetti` DEFAULT CHARACTER SET `big5` COLLATE `big5_chinese_ci`", create_database(:matt_aimonetti, {:charset => :big5, :collation => :big5_chinese_ci})
+  end
+
+  def test_recreate_mysql_database_with_encoding
+    create_database(:luca, {:charset => 'latin1'})
+    assert_equal "CREATE DATABASE `luca` DEFAULT CHARACTER SET `latin1`", recreate_database(:luca, {:charset => 'latin1'})
   end
 
   def test_add_column
@@ -92,7 +127,7 @@ class ActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     with_real_execute do
       begin
         ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table :delete_me
-        ActiveRecord::Base.connection.add_timestamps :delete_me
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection.add_timestamps :delete_me, null: true
         assert column_present?('delete_me', 'updated_at', 'datetime')
         assert column_present?('delete_me', 'created_at', 'datetime')
       ensure
@@ -105,9 +140,9 @@ class ActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     with_real_execute do
       begin
         ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table :delete_me do |t|
-          t.timestamps
+          t.timestamps null: true
         end
-        ActiveRecord::Base.connection.remove_timestamps :delete_me
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection.remove_timestamps :delete_me, { null: true }
         assert !column_present?('delete_me', 'updated_at', 'datetime')
         assert !column_present?('delete_me', 'created_at', 'datetime')
       ensure
@@ -116,6 +151,18 @@ class ActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_indexes_in_create
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.stubs(:data_source_exists?).with(:temp).returns(false)
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.stubs(:index_name_exists?).with(:index_temp_on_zip).returns(false)
+
+    expected = "CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE `temp` ( INDEX `index_temp_on_zip`  (`zip`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB AS SELECT id, name, zip FROM a_really_complicated_query"
+    actual = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:temp, temporary: true, as: "SELECT id, name, zip FROM a_really_complicated_query") do |t|
+      t.index :zip
+    end
+
+    assert_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
   private
     def with_real_execute
       ActiveRecord::Base.connection.singleton_class.class_eval do
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/bind_parameter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/bind_parameter_test.rb
index 5e8065d80d..abdf3dbf5b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/bind_parameter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/bind_parameter_test.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ require 'models/topic'
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     class Mysql2Adapter
-      class BindParameterTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      class BindParameterTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
         fixtures :topics
 
         def test_update_question_marks
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/boolean_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/boolean_test.rb
index 267aa232d9..8575df9e43 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/boolean_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/boolean_test.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 
-class Mysql2BooleanTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+class Mysql2BooleanTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
 
   class BooleanType < ActiveRecord::Base
     self.table_name = "mysql_booleans"
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ class Mysql2BooleanTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   setup do
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.clear_cache!
     @connection.create_table("mysql_booleans") do |t|
       t.boolean "archived"
       t.string "published", limit: 1
@@ -46,8 +47,7 @@ class Mysql2BooleanTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 1, attributes["archived"]
     assert_equal "1", attributes["published"]
 
-    assert_equal 1, @connection.type_cast(true, boolean_column)
-    assert_equal 1, @connection.type_cast(true, string_column)
+    assert_equal 1, @connection.type_cast(true)
   end
 
   test "test type casting without emulated booleans" do
@@ -59,8 +59,7 @@ class Mysql2BooleanTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 1, attributes["archived"]
     assert_equal "1", attributes["published"]
 
-    assert_equal 1, @connection.type_cast(true, boolean_column)
-    assert_equal 1, @connection.type_cast(true, string_column)
+    assert_equal 1, @connection.type_cast(true)
   end
 
   test "with booleans stored as 1 and 0" do
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/case_sensitivity_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/case_sensitivity_test.rb
index 6bcc113482..963116f08a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/case_sensitivity_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/case_sensitivity_test.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 require "cases/helper"
-require 'models/person'
 
-class Mysql2CaseSensitivityTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+class Mysql2CaseSensitivityTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
   class CollationTest < ActiveRecord::Base
-    validates_uniqueness_of :string_cs_column, :case_sensitive => false
-    validates_uniqueness_of :string_ci_column, :case_sensitive => false
   end
 
+  repair_validations(CollationTest)
+
   def test_columns_include_collation_different_from_table
     assert_equal 'utf8_bin', CollationTest.columns_hash['string_cs_column'].collation
     assert_equal 'utf8_general_ci', CollationTest.columns_hash['string_ci_column'].collation
@@ -18,6 +17,7 @@ class Mysql2CaseSensitivityTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_case_insensitive_comparison_for_ci_column
+    CollationTest.validates_uniqueness_of(:string_ci_column, :case_sensitive => false)
     CollationTest.create!(:string_ci_column => 'A')
     invalid = CollationTest.new(:string_ci_column => 'a')
     queries = assert_sql { invalid.save }
@@ -26,10 +26,29 @@ class Mysql2CaseSensitivityTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_case_insensitive_comparison_for_cs_column
+    CollationTest.validates_uniqueness_of(:string_cs_column, :case_sensitive => false)
     CollationTest.create!(:string_cs_column => 'A')
     invalid = CollationTest.new(:string_cs_column => 'a')
     queries = assert_sql { invalid.save }
     cs_uniqueness_query = queries.detect { |q| q.match(/string_cs_column/)}
     assert_match(/lower/i, cs_uniqueness_query)
   end
+
+  def test_case_sensitive_comparison_for_ci_column
+    CollationTest.validates_uniqueness_of(:string_ci_column, :case_sensitive => true)
+    CollationTest.create!(:string_ci_column => 'A')
+    invalid = CollationTest.new(:string_ci_column => 'A')
+    queries = assert_sql { invalid.save }
+    ci_uniqueness_query = queries.detect { |q| q.match(/string_ci_column/) }
+    assert_match(/binary/i, ci_uniqueness_query)
+  end
+
+  def test_case_sensitive_comparison_for_cs_column
+    CollationTest.validates_uniqueness_of(:string_cs_column, :case_sensitive => true)
+    CollationTest.create!(:string_cs_column => 'A')
+    invalid = CollationTest.new(:string_cs_column => 'A')
+    queries = assert_sql { invalid.save }
+    cs_uniqueness_query = queries.detect { |q| q.match(/string_cs_column/) }
+    assert_no_match(/binary/i, cs_uniqueness_query)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/charset_collation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/charset_collation_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4fd34def15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/charset_collation_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
+
+class Mysql2CharsetCollationTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_table :charset_collations, force: true do |t|
+      t.string :string_ascii_bin, charset: 'ascii', collation: 'ascii_bin'
+      t.text :text_ucs2_unicode_ci, charset: 'ucs2', collation: 'ucs2_unicode_ci'
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.drop_table :charset_collations, if_exists: true
+  end
+
+  test "string column with charset and collation" do
+    column = @connection.columns(:charset_collations).find { |c| c.name == 'string_ascii_bin' }
+    assert_equal :string, column.type
+    assert_equal 'ascii_bin', column.collation
+  end
+
+  test "text column with charset and collation" do
+    column = @connection.columns(:charset_collations).find { |c| c.name == 'text_ucs2_unicode_ci' }
+    assert_equal :text, column.type
+    assert_equal 'ucs2_unicode_ci', column.collation
+  end
+
+  test "add column with charset and collation" do
+    @connection.add_column :charset_collations, :title, :string, charset: 'utf8', collation: 'utf8_bin'
+
+    column = @connection.columns(:charset_collations).find { |c| c.name == 'title' }
+    assert_equal :string, column.type
+    assert_equal 'utf8_bin', column.collation
+  end
+
+  test "change column with charset and collation" do
+    @connection.add_column :charset_collations, :description, :string, charset: 'utf8', collation: 'utf8_unicode_ci'
+    @connection.change_column :charset_collations, :description, :text, charset: 'utf8', collation: 'utf8_general_ci'
+
+    column = @connection.columns(:charset_collations).find { |c| c.name == 'description' }
+    assert_equal :text, column.type
+    assert_equal 'utf8_general_ci', column.collation
+  end
+
+  test "schema dump includes collation" do
+    output = dump_table_schema("charset_collations")
+    assert_match %r{t.string\s+"string_ascii_bin",\s+limit: 255,\s+collation: "ascii_bin"$}, output
+    assert_match %r{t.text\s+"text_ucs2_unicode_ci",\s+limit: 65535,\s+collation: "ucs2_unicode_ci"$}, output
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/connection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/connection_test.rb
index 9b7202c915..507d024bb6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/connection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/connection_test.rb
@@ -1,15 +1,20 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/connection_helper'
+
+class Mysql2ConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
+  include ConnectionHelper
+
+  fixtures :comments
 
-class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def setup
     super
     @subscriber = SQLSubscriber.new
-    ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe('sql.active_record', @subscriber)
+    @subscription = ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe('sql.active_record', @subscriber)
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
   end
 
   def teardown
-    ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe(@subscriber)
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe(@subscription)
     super
   end
 
@@ -17,10 +22,21 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError do
       configuration = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations['arunit'].merge(database: 'inexistent_activerecord_unittest')
       connection = ActiveRecord::Base.mysql2_connection(configuration)
-      connection.exec_query('drop table if exists ex')
+      connection.drop_table 'ex', if_exists: true
     end
   end
 
+  def test_truncate
+    rows = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query("select count(*) from comments")
+    count = rows.first.values.first
+    assert_operator count, :>, 0
+
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.truncate("comments")
+    rows = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query("select count(*) from comments")
+    count = rows.first.values.first
+    assert_equal 0, count
+  end
+
   def test_no_automatic_reconnection_after_timeout
     assert @connection.active?
     @connection.update('set @@wait_timeout=1')
@@ -28,9 +44,7 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert !@connection.active?
 
     # Repair all fixture connections so other tests won't break.
-    @fixture_connections.each do |c|
-      c.verify!
-    end
+    @fixture_connections.each(&:verify!)
   end
 
   def test_successful_reconnection_after_timeout_with_manual_reconnect
@@ -49,6 +63,11 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert @connection.active?
   end
 
+  def test_mysql_connection_collation_is_configured
+    assert_equal 'utf8_unicode_ci', @connection.show_variable('collation_connection')
+    assert_equal 'utf8_general_ci', ARUnit2Model.connection.show_variable('collation_connection')
+  end
+
   # TODO: Below is a straight up copy/paste from mysql/connection_test.rb
   # I'm not sure what the correct way is to share these tests between
   # adapters in minitest.
@@ -57,9 +76,17 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [["STRICT_ALL_TABLES"]], result.rows
   end
 
-  def test_mysql_strict_mode_disabled_dont_override_global_sql_mode
+  def test_mysql_strict_mode_disabled
     run_without_connection do |orig_connection|
       ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(orig_connection.merge({:strict => false}))
+      result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query "SELECT @@SESSION.sql_mode"
+      assert_equal [['']], result.rows
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_mysql_strict_mode_specified_default
+    run_without_connection do |orig_connection|
+      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(orig_connection.merge({strict: :default}))
       global_sql_mode = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query "SELECT @@GLOBAL.sql_mode"
       session_sql_mode = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query "SELECT @@SESSION.sql_mode"
       assert_equal global_sql_mode.rows, session_sql_mode.rows
@@ -74,6 +101,14 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_mysql_sql_mode_variable_overrides_strict_mode
+    run_without_connection do |orig_connection|
+      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(orig_connection.deep_merge(variables: { 'sql_mode' => 'ansi' }))
+      result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query 'SELECT @@SESSION.sql_mode'
+      assert_not_equal [['STRICT_ALL_TABLES']], result.rows
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_mysql_set_session_variable_to_default
     run_without_connection do |orig_connection|
       ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(orig_connection.deep_merge({:variables => {:default_week_format => :default}}))
@@ -97,14 +132,31 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @connection.execute "DROP TABLE `bar_baz`"
   end
 
-  private
+  def test_get_and_release_advisory_lock
+    lock_name = "test_lock_name"
 
-  def run_without_connection
-    original_connection = ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
-    begin
-      yield original_connection
-    ensure
-      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(original_connection)
-    end
+    got_lock = @connection.get_advisory_lock(lock_name)
+    assert got_lock, "get_advisory_lock should have returned true but it didn't"
+
+    assert_equal test_lock_free(lock_name), false,
+      "expected the test advisory lock to be held but it wasn't"
+
+    released_lock = @connection.release_advisory_lock(lock_name)
+    assert released_lock, "expected release_advisory_lock to return true but it didn't"
+
+    assert test_lock_free(lock_name), 'expected the test lock to be available after releasing'
+  end
+
+  def test_release_non_existent_advisory_lock
+    lock_name = "fake_lock_name"
+    released_non_existent_lock = @connection.release_advisory_lock(lock_name)
+    assert_equal released_non_existent_lock, false,
+      'expected release_advisory_lock to return false when there was no lock to release'
+  end
+
+  protected
+
+  def test_lock_free(lock_name)
+    @connection.select_value("SELECT IS_FREE_LOCK('#{lock_name}');") == 1
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/enum_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/enum_test.rb
index 6dd9a5ec87..bd732b5eca 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/enum_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/enum_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 
-class Mysql2EnumTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+class Mysql2EnumTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
   class EnumTest < ActiveRecord::Base
   end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/explain_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/explain_test.rb
index 1cd356e868..4fc7414b18 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/explain_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/explain_test.rb
@@ -1,23 +1,24 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     class Mysql2Adapter
-      class ExplainTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      class ExplainTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
         fixtures :developers
 
         def test_explain_for_one_query
           explain = Developer.where(:id => 1).explain
-          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT `developers`.* FROM `developers`  WHERE `developers`.`id` = 1), explain
+          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT `developers`.* FROM `developers` WHERE `developers`.`id` = 1), explain
           assert_match %r(developers |.* const), explain
         end
 
         def test_explain_with_eager_loading
           explain = Developer.where(:id => 1).includes(:audit_logs).explain
-          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT `developers`.* FROM `developers`  WHERE `developers`.`id` = 1), explain
+          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT `developers`.* FROM `developers` WHERE `developers`.`id` = 1), explain
           assert_match %r(developers |.* const), explain
-          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT `audit_logs`.* FROM `audit_logs`  WHERE `audit_logs`.`developer_id` IN (1)), explain
+          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT `audit_logs`.* FROM `audit_logs` WHERE `audit_logs`.`developer_id` = 1), explain
           assert_match %r(audit_logs |.* ALL), explain
         end
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/json_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/json_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c8c933af5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/json_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
+
+if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_json?
+class Mysql2JSONTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
+
+  class JsonDataType < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = 'json_data_type'
+
+    store_accessor :settings, :resolution
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    begin
+      @connection.create_table('json_data_type') do |t|
+        t.json 'payload'
+        t.json 'settings'
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    @connection.drop_table :json_data_type, if_exists: true
+    JsonDataType.reset_column_information
+  end
+
+  def test_column
+    column = JsonDataType.columns_hash["payload"]
+    assert_equal :json, column.type
+    assert_equal 'json', column.sql_type
+
+    type = JsonDataType.type_for_attribute("payload")
+    assert_not type.binary?
+  end
+
+  def test_change_table_supports_json
+    @connection.change_table('json_data_type') do |t|
+      t.json 'users'
+    end
+    JsonDataType.reset_column_information
+    column = JsonDataType.columns_hash['users']
+    assert_equal :json, column.type
+  end
+
+  def test_schema_dumping
+    output = dump_table_schema("json_data_type")
+    assert_match(/t\.json\s+"settings"/, output)
+  end
+
+  def test_cast_value_on_write
+    x = JsonDataType.new payload: {"string" => "foo", :symbol => :bar}
+    assert_equal({"string" => "foo", :symbol => :bar}, x.payload_before_type_cast)
+    assert_equal({"string" => "foo", "symbol" => "bar"}, x.payload)
+    x.save
+    assert_equal({"string" => "foo", "symbol" => "bar"}, x.reload.payload)
+  end
+
+  def test_type_cast_json
+    type = JsonDataType.type_for_attribute("payload")
+
+    data = "{\"a_key\":\"a_value\"}"
+    hash = type.deserialize(data)
+    assert_equal({'a_key' => 'a_value'}, hash)
+    assert_equal({'a_key' => 'a_value'}, type.deserialize(data))
+
+    assert_equal({}, type.deserialize("{}"))
+    assert_equal({'key'=>nil}, type.deserialize('{"key": null}'))
+    assert_equal({'c'=>'}','"a"'=>'b "a b'}, type.deserialize(%q({"c":"}", "\"a\"":"b \"a b"})))
+  end
+
+  def test_rewrite
+    @connection.execute "insert into json_data_type (payload) VALUES ('{\"k\":\"v\"}')"
+    x = JsonDataType.first
+    x.payload = { '"a\'' => 'b' }
+    assert x.save!
+  end
+
+  def test_select
+    @connection.execute "insert into json_data_type (payload) VALUES ('{\"k\":\"v\"}')"
+    x = JsonDataType.first
+    assert_equal({'k' => 'v'}, x.payload)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_multikey
+    @connection.execute %q|insert into json_data_type (payload) VALUES ('{"k1":"v1", "k2":"v2", "k3":[1,2,3]}')|
+    x = JsonDataType.first
+    assert_equal({'k1' => 'v1', 'k2' => 'v2', 'k3' => [1,2,3]}, x.payload)
+  end
+
+  def test_null_json
+    @connection.execute %q|insert into json_data_type (payload) VALUES(null)|
+    x = JsonDataType.first
+    assert_equal(nil, x.payload)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_array_json_value
+    @connection.execute %q|insert into json_data_type (payload) VALUES ('["v0",{"k1":"v1"}]')|
+    x = JsonDataType.first
+    assert_equal(['v0', {'k1' => 'v1'}], x.payload)
+  end
+
+  def test_rewrite_array_json_value
+    @connection.execute %q|insert into json_data_type (payload) VALUES ('["v0",{"k1":"v1"}]')|
+    x = JsonDataType.first
+    x.payload = ['v1', {'k2' => 'v2'}, 'v3']
+    assert x.save!
+  end
+
+  def test_with_store_accessors
+    x = JsonDataType.new(resolution: "320×480")
+    assert_equal "320×480", x.resolution
+
+    x.save!
+    x = JsonDataType.first
+    assert_equal "320×480", x.resolution
+
+    x.resolution = "640×1136"
+    x.save!
+
+    x = JsonDataType.first
+    assert_equal "640×1136", x.resolution
+  end
+
+  def test_duplication_with_store_accessors
+    x = JsonDataType.new(resolution: "320×480")
+    assert_equal "320×480", x.resolution
+
+    y = x.dup
+    assert_equal "320×480", y.resolution
+  end
+
+  def test_yaml_round_trip_with_store_accessors
+    x = JsonDataType.new(resolution: "320×480")
+    assert_equal "320×480", x.resolution
+
+    y = YAML.load(YAML.dump(x))
+    assert_equal "320×480", y.resolution
+  end
+
+  def test_changes_in_place
+    json = JsonDataType.new
+    assert_not json.changed?
+
+    json.payload = { 'one' => 'two' }
+    assert json.changed?
+    assert json.payload_changed?
+
+    json.save!
+    assert_not json.changed?
+
+    json.payload['three'] = 'four'
+    assert json.payload_changed?
+
+    json.save!
+    json.reload
+
+    assert_equal({ 'one' => 'two', 'three' => 'four' }, json.payload)
+    assert_not json.changed?
+  end
+
+  def test_assigning_invalid_json
+    json = JsonDataType.new
+
+    json.payload = 'foo'
+
+    assert_nil json.payload
+  end
+end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/quoting_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/quoting_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2de7e1b526
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/quoting_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+class Mysql2QuotingTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+  end
+
+  test 'quoted date precision for gte 5.6.4' do
+    @connection.stubs(:full_version).returns('5.6.4')
+    @connection.remove_instance_variable(:@version) if @connection.instance_variable_defined?(:@version)
+    t = Time.now.change(usec: 1)
+    assert_match(/\.000001\z/, @connection.quoted_date(t))
+  end
+
+  test 'quoted date precision for lt 5.6.4' do
+    @connection.stubs(:full_version).returns('5.6.3')
+    @connection.remove_instance_variable(:@version) if @connection.instance_variable_defined?(:@version)
+    t = Time.now.change(usec: 1)
+    assert_no_match(/\.000001\z/, @connection.quoted_date(t))
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/reserved_word_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/reserved_word_test.rb
index 1a82308176..ffb4e2c5cf 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/reserved_word_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/reserved_word_test.rb
@@ -1,29 +1,29 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 
-class Group < ActiveRecord::Base
-  Group.table_name = 'group'
-  belongs_to :select
-  has_one :values
-end
+# a suite of tests to ensure the ConnectionAdapters#MysqlAdapter can handle tables with
+# reserved word names (ie: group, order, values, etc...)
+class Mysql2ReservedWordTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
+  class Group < ActiveRecord::Base
+    Group.table_name = 'group'
+    belongs_to :select
+    has_one :values
+  end
 
-class Select < ActiveRecord::Base
-  Select.table_name = 'select'
-  has_many :groups
-end
+  class Select < ActiveRecord::Base
+    Select.table_name = 'select'
+    has_many :groups
+  end
 
-class Values < ActiveRecord::Base
-  Values.table_name = 'values'
-end
+  class Values < ActiveRecord::Base
+    Values.table_name = 'values'
+  end
 
-class Distinct < ActiveRecord::Base
-  Distinct.table_name = 'distinct'
-  has_and_belongs_to_many :selects
-  has_many :values, :through => :groups
-end
+  class Distinct < ActiveRecord::Base
+    Distinct.table_name = 'distinct'
+    has_and_belongs_to_many :selects
+    has_many :values, :through => :groups
+  end
 
-# a suite of tests to ensure the ConnectionAdapters#MysqlAdapter can handle tables with
-# reserved word names (ie: group, order, values, etc...)
-class MysqlReservedWordTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def setup
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
 
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class MysqlReservedWordTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       'distinct_select'=>'distinct_id int, select_id int'
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     drop_tables_directly ['group', 'select', 'values', 'distinct', 'distinct_select', 'order']
   end
 
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ class MysqlReservedWordTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   #fixtures
   self.use_instantiated_fixtures = true
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
 
   #activerecord model class with reserved-word table name
   def test_activerecord_model
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ class MysqlReservedWordTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     gs = nil
     assert_nothing_raised { gs = Select.find(2).groups }
     assert_equal gs.length, 2
-    assert(gs.collect{|x| x.id}.sort == [2, 3])
+    assert(gs.collect(&:id).sort == [2, 3])
   end
 
   # has_and_belongs_to_many with reserved-word table name
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ class MysqlReservedWordTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     s = nil
     assert_nothing_raised { s = Distinct.find(1).selects }
     assert_equal s.length, 2
-    assert(s.collect{|x|x.id}.sort == [1, 2])
+    assert(s.collect(&:id).sort == [1, 2])
   end
 
   # activerecord model introspection with reserved-word table and column names
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ class MysqlReservedWordTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   # custom drop table, uses execute on connection to drop a table if it exists. note: escapes table_name
   def drop_tables_directly(table_names, connection = @connection)
     table_names.each do |name|
-      connection.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `#{name}`")
+      connection.drop_table name, if_exists: true
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_migrations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_migrations_test.rb
index ec73ec35aa..396f235e77 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_migrations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_migrations_test.rb
@@ -1,39 +1,42 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 
-module ActiveRecord
-  module ConnectionAdapters
-    class Mysql2Adapter
-      class SchemaMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-        def test_renaming_index_on_foreign_key
-          connection.add_index "engines", "car_id"
-          connection.execute "ALTER TABLE engines ADD CONSTRAINT fk_engines_cars FOREIGN KEY (car_id) REFERENCES cars(id)"
-
-          connection.rename_index("engines", "index_engines_on_car_id", "idx_renamed")
-          assert_equal ["idx_renamed"], connection.indexes("engines").map(&:name)
-        ensure
-          connection.execute "ALTER TABLE engines DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_engines_cars"
-        end
-
-        def test_initializes_schema_migrations_for_encoding_utf8mb4
-          smtn = ActiveRecord::Migrator.schema_migrations_table_name
-          connection.drop_table(smtn) if connection.table_exists?(smtn)
-
-          config = connection.instance_variable_get(:@config)
-          original_encoding = config[:encoding]
-
-          config[:encoding] = 'utf8mb4'
-          connection.initialize_schema_migrations_table
-
-          assert connection.column_exists?(smtn, :version, :string, limit: Mysql2Adapter::MAX_INDEX_LENGTH_FOR_UTF8MB4)
-        ensure
-          config[:encoding] = original_encoding
-        end
-
-        private
-        def connection
-          @connection ||= ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-        end
-      end
-    end
+class SchemaMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
+  def test_renaming_index_on_foreign_key
+    connection.add_index "engines", "car_id"
+    connection.add_foreign_key :engines, :cars, name: "fk_engines_cars"
+
+    connection.rename_index("engines", "index_engines_on_car_id", "idx_renamed")
+    assert_equal ["idx_renamed"], connection.indexes("engines").map(&:name)
+  ensure
+    connection.remove_foreign_key :engines, name: "fk_engines_cars"
+  end
+
+  def test_initializes_schema_migrations_for_encoding_utf8mb4
+    smtn = ActiveRecord::Migrator.schema_migrations_table_name
+    connection.drop_table smtn, if_exists: true
+
+    database_name = connection.current_database
+    database_info = connection.select_one("SELECT * FROM information_schema.schemata WHERE schema_name = '#{database_name}'")
+
+    original_charset = database_info["DEFAULT_CHARACTER_SET_NAME"]
+    original_collation = database_info["DEFAULT_COLLATION_NAME"]
+
+    execute("ALTER DATABASE #{database_name} DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8mb4")
+
+    connection.initialize_schema_migrations_table
+
+    limit = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::AbstractMysqlAdapter::MAX_INDEX_LENGTH_FOR_CHARSETS_OF_4BYTES_MAXLEN
+    assert connection.column_exists?(smtn, :version, :string, limit: limit)
+  ensure
+    execute("ALTER DATABASE #{database_name} DEFAULT CHARACTER SET #{original_charset} COLLATE #{original_collation}")
+  end
+
+  private
+  def connection
+    @connection ||= ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+  end
+
+  def execute(sql)
+    connection.execute(sql)
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_test.rb
index 43c9116b5a..43957791b1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_test.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ require 'models/comment'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
-    class Mysql2SchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    class Mysql2SchemaTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
       fixtures :posts
 
       def setup
@@ -14,11 +14,43 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @db_name    = db
 
         @omgpost = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+          self.inheritance_column = :disabled
           self.table_name = "#{db}.#{table}"
           def self.name; 'Post'; end
         end
       end
 
+      def test_float_limits
+        @connection.create_table :mysql_doubles do |t|
+          t.float :float_no_limit
+          t.float :float_short, limit: 5
+          t.float :float_long, limit: 53
+
+          t.float :float_23, limit: 23
+          t.float :float_24, limit: 24
+          t.float :float_25, limit: 25
+        end
+
+        column_no_limit = @connection.columns(:mysql_doubles).find { |c| c.name == 'float_no_limit' }
+        column_short = @connection.columns(:mysql_doubles).find { |c| c.name == 'float_short' }
+        column_long = @connection.columns(:mysql_doubles).find { |c| c.name == 'float_long' }
+
+        column_23 = @connection.columns(:mysql_doubles).find { |c| c.name == 'float_23' }
+        column_24 = @connection.columns(:mysql_doubles).find { |c| c.name == 'float_24' }
+        column_25 = @connection.columns(:mysql_doubles).find { |c| c.name == 'float_25' }
+
+        # Mysql floats are precision 0..24, Mysql doubles are precision 25..53
+        assert_equal 24, column_no_limit.limit
+        assert_equal 24, column_short.limit
+        assert_equal 53, column_long.limit
+
+        assert_equal 24, column_23.limit
+        assert_equal 24, column_24.limit
+        assert_equal 53, column_25.limit
+      ensure
+        @connection.drop_table "mysql_doubles", if_exists: true
+      end
+
       def test_schema
         assert @omgpost.first
       end
@@ -27,21 +59,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_equal 'id', @omgpost.primary_key
       end
 
-      def test_table_exists?
+      def test_data_source_exists?
         name = @omgpost.table_name
-        assert @connection.table_exists?(name), "#{name} table should exist"
-      end
-
-      def test_table_exists_wrong_schema
-        assert(!@connection.table_exists?("#{@db_name}.zomg"), "table should not exist")
+        assert @connection.data_source_exists?(name), "#{name} data_source should exist"
       end
 
-      def test_tables_quoting
-        @connection.tables(nil, "foo-bar", nil)
-        flunk
-      rescue => e
-        # assertion for *quoted* database properly
-        assert_match(/database 'foo-bar'/, e.inspect)
+      def test_data_source_exists_wrong_schema
+        assert(!@connection.data_source_exists?("#{@db_name}.zomg"), "data_source should not exist")
       end
 
       def test_dump_indexes
@@ -51,7 +75,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         table = 'key_tests'
 
-        indexes = @connection.indexes(table).sort_by {|i| i.name}
+        indexes = @connection.indexes(table).sort_by(&:name)
         assert_equal 3,indexes.size
 
         index_a = indexes.select{|i| i.name == index_a_name}[0]
@@ -66,12 +90,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_equal :fulltext, index_c.type
       end
 
-      def test_drop_temporary_table
-        @connection.transaction do
-          @connection.create_table(:temp_table, temporary: true)
-          # if it doesn't properly say DROP TEMPORARY TABLE, the transaction commit
-          # will complain that no transaction is active
-          @connection.drop_table(:temp_table, temporary: true)
+      unless mysql_enforcing_gtid_consistency?
+        def test_drop_temporary_table
+          @connection.transaction do
+            @connection.create_table(:temp_table, temporary: true)
+            # if it doesn't properly say DROP TEMPORARY TABLE, the transaction commit
+            # will complain that no transaction is active
+            @connection.drop_table(:temp_table, temporary: true)
+          end
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/sp_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/sp_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cdaa2cca44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/sp_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require 'models/topic'
+require 'models/reply'
+
+class Mysql2StoredProcedureTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
+  fixtures :topics
+
+  def setup
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    unless ActiveRecord::Base.connection.version >= '5.6.0'
+      skip("no stored procedure support")
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Test that MySQL allows multiple results for stored procedures
+  #
+  # In MySQL 5.6, CLIENT_MULTI_RESULTS is enabled by default.
+  # http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/call.html
+  def test_multi_results
+    rows = @connection.select_rows('CALL ten();')
+    assert_equal 10, rows[0][0].to_i, "ten() did not return 10 as expected: #{rows.inspect}"
+    assert @connection.active?, "Bad connection use by 'Mysql2Adapter.select_rows'"
+  end
+
+  def test_multi_results_from_find_by_sql
+    topics = Topic.find_by_sql 'CALL topics(3);'
+    assert_equal 3, topics.size
+    assert @connection.active?, "Bad connection use by 'Mysql2Adapter.select'"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/sql_types_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/sql_types_test.rb
index 1ddb1b91c9..4926bc2267 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/sql_types_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/sql_types_test.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 
-class SqlTypesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+class Mysql2SqlTypesTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
   def test_binary_types
     assert_equal 'varbinary(64)', type_to_sql(:binary, 64)
     assert_equal 'varbinary(4095)', type_to_sql(:binary, 4095)
-    assert_equal 'blob(4096)', type_to_sql(:binary, 4096)
+    assert_equal 'blob', type_to_sql(:binary, 4096)
     assert_equal 'blob', type_to_sql(:binary)
   end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/table_options_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/table_options_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..af121ee7d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/table_options_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
+
+class Mysql2TableOptionsTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+
+  def setup
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    @connection.drop_table "mysql_table_options", if_exists: true
+  end
+
+  test "table options with ENGINE" do
+    @connection.create_table "mysql_table_options", force: true, options: "ENGINE=MyISAM"
+    output = dump_table_schema("mysql_table_options")
+    options = %r{create_table "mysql_table_options", force: :cascade, options: "(?<options>.*)"}.match(output)[:options]
+    assert_match %r{ENGINE=MyISAM}, options
+  end
+
+  test "table options with ROW_FORMAT" do
+    @connection.create_table "mysql_table_options", force: true, options: "ROW_FORMAT=REDUNDANT"
+    output = dump_table_schema("mysql_table_options")
+    options = %r{create_table "mysql_table_options", force: :cascade, options: "(?<options>.*)"}.match(output)[:options]
+    assert_match %r{ROW_FORMAT=REDUNDANT}, options
+  end
+
+  test "table options with CHARSET" do
+    @connection.create_table "mysql_table_options", force: true, options: "CHARSET=utf8mb4"
+    output = dump_table_schema("mysql_table_options")
+    options = %r{create_table "mysql_table_options", force: :cascade, options: "(?<options>.*)"}.match(output)[:options]
+    assert_match %r{CHARSET=utf8mb4}, options
+  end
+
+  test "table options with COLLATE" do
+    @connection.create_table "mysql_table_options", force: true, options: "COLLATE=utf8mb4_bin"
+    output = dump_table_schema("mysql_table_options")
+    options = %r{create_table "mysql_table_options", force: :cascade, options: "(?<options>.*)"}.match(output)[:options]
+    assert_match %r{COLLATE=utf8mb4_bin}, options
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/unsigned_type_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/unsigned_type_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a6f6dd21bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/unsigned_type_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
+
+class Mysql2UnsignedTypeTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
+
+  class UnsignedType < ActiveRecord::Base
+  end
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_table("unsigned_types", force: true) do |t|
+      t.integer :unsigned_integer, unsigned: true
+      t.bigint  :unsigned_bigint,  unsigned: true
+      t.float   :unsigned_float,   unsigned: true
+      t.decimal :unsigned_decimal, unsigned: true, precision: 10, scale: 2
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.drop_table "unsigned_types", if_exists: true
+  end
+
+  test "unsigned int max value is in range" do
+    assert expected = UnsignedType.create(unsigned_integer: 4294967295)
+    assert_equal expected, UnsignedType.find_by(unsigned_integer: 4294967295)
+  end
+
+  test "minus value is out of range" do
+    assert_raise(RangeError) do
+      UnsignedType.create(unsigned_integer: -10)
+    end
+    assert_raise(RangeError) do
+      UnsignedType.create(unsigned_bigint: -10)
+    end
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
+      UnsignedType.create(unsigned_float: -10.0)
+    end
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
+      UnsignedType.create(unsigned_decimal: -10.0)
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "schema definition can use unsigned as the type" do
+    @connection.change_table("unsigned_types") do |t|
+      t.unsigned_integer :unsigned_integer_t
+      t.unsigned_bigint  :unsigned_bigint_t
+      t.unsigned_float   :unsigned_float_t
+      t.unsigned_decimal :unsigned_decimal_t, precision: 10, scale: 2
+    end
+
+    @connection.columns("unsigned_types").select { |c| /^unsigned_/ === c.name }.each do |column|
+      assert column.unsigned?
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "schema dump includes unsigned option" do
+    schema = dump_table_schema "unsigned_types"
+    assert_match %r{t.integer\s+"unsigned_integer",\s+limit: 4,\s+unsigned: true$}, schema
+    assert_match %r{t.integer\s+"unsigned_bigint",\s+limit: 8,\s+unsigned: true$}, schema
+    assert_match %r{t.float\s+"unsigned_float",\s+limit: 24,\s+unsigned: true$}, schema
+    assert_match %r{t.decimal\s+"unsigned_decimal",\s+precision: 10,\s+scale: 2,\s+unsigned: true$}, schema
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/active_schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/active_schema_test.rb
index 22dd48e113..24def31e36 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/active_schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/active_schema_test.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
 
-class PostgresqlActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+class PostgresqlActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
   def setup
     ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.class_eval do
       def execute(sql, name = nil) sql end
     end
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.class_eval do
       remove_method :execute
     end
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class PostgresqlActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_add_index
     # add_index calls index_name_exists? which can't work since execute is stubbed
-    ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.stubs(:index_name_exists?).returns(false)
+    ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.send(:define_method, :index_name_exists?) { |*| false }
 
     expected = %(CREATE UNIQUE INDEX  "index_people_on_last_name" ON "people"  ("last_name") WHERE state = 'active')
     assert_equal expected, add_index(:people, :last_name, :unique => true, :where => "state = 'active'")
@@ -49,6 +49,22 @@ class PostgresqlActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     expected = %(CREATE UNIQUE INDEX  "index_people_on_last_name" ON "people" USING gist ("last_name") WHERE state = 'active')
     assert_equal expected, add_index(:people, :last_name, :unique => true, :where => "state = 'active'", :using => :gist)
+
+    ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.send :remove_method, :index_name_exists?
+  end
+
+  def test_remove_index
+    # remove_index calls index_name_exists? which can't work since execute is stubbed
+    ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.send(:define_method, :index_name_exists?) { |*| true }
+
+    expected = %(DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY "index_people_on_last_name")
+    assert_equal expected, remove_index(:people, name: "index_people_on_last_name", algorithm: :concurrently)
+
+    assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      add_index(:people, :last_name, algorithm: :copy)
+    end
+
+    ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.send :remove_method, :index_name_exists?
   end
 
   private
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/array_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/array_test.rb
index 3090f4478f..380a90d765 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/array_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/array_test.rb
@@ -1,49 +1,78 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require "cases/helper"
-require 'active_record/base'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter'
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
+
+class PostgresqlArrayTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+  include InTimeZone
 
-class PostgresqlArrayTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   class PgArray < ActiveRecord::Base
     self.table_name = 'pg_arrays'
   end
 
   def setup
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+
+    enable_extension!('hstore', @connection)
+
     @connection.transaction do
       @connection.create_table('pg_arrays') do |t|
         t.string 'tags', array: true
         t.integer 'ratings', array: true
+        t.datetime :datetimes, array: true
+        t.hstore :hstores, array: true
       end
     end
-    @column = PgArray.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'tags' }
+    PgArray.reset_column_information
+    @column = PgArray.columns_hash['tags']
+    @type = PgArray.type_for_attribute("tags")
   end
 
-  def teardown
-    @connection.execute 'drop table if exists pg_arrays'
+  teardown do
+    @connection.drop_table 'pg_arrays', if_exists: true
+    disable_extension!('hstore', @connection)
   end
 
   def test_column
     assert_equal :string, @column.type
-    assert @column.array
-    assert_not @column.text?
+    assert_equal "character varying", @column.sql_type
+    assert @column.array?
+    assert_not @type.binary?
 
     ratings_column = PgArray.columns_hash['ratings']
     assert_equal :integer, ratings_column.type
-    assert ratings_column.array
-    assert_not ratings_column.number?
+    assert ratings_column.array?
+  end
+
+  def test_default
+    @connection.add_column 'pg_arrays', 'score', :integer, array: true, default: [4, 4, 2]
+    PgArray.reset_column_information
+
+    assert_equal([4, 4, 2], PgArray.column_defaults['score'])
+    assert_equal([4, 4, 2], PgArray.new.score)
+  ensure
+    PgArray.reset_column_information
+  end
+
+  def test_default_strings
+    @connection.add_column 'pg_arrays', 'names', :string, array: true, default: ["foo", "bar"]
+    PgArray.reset_column_information
+
+    assert_equal(["foo", "bar"], PgArray.column_defaults['names'])
+    assert_equal(["foo", "bar"], PgArray.new.names)
+  ensure
+    PgArray.reset_column_information
   end
 
   def test_change_column_with_array
     @connection.add_column :pg_arrays, :snippets, :string, array: true, default: []
-    @connection.change_column :pg_arrays, :snippets, :text, array: true, default: "{}"
+    @connection.change_column :pg_arrays, :snippets, :text, array: true, default: []
 
     PgArray.reset_column_information
-    column = PgArray.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'snippets' }
+    column = PgArray.columns_hash['snippets']
 
     assert_equal :text, column.type
-    assert_equal [], column.default
-    assert column.array
+    assert_equal [], PgArray.column_defaults['snippets']
+    assert column.array?
   end
 
   def test_change_column_cant_make_non_array_column_to_array
@@ -55,38 +84,62 @@ class PostgresqlArrayTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_type_cast_array
-    data = '{1,2,3}'
-    oid_type  = @column.instance_variable_get('@oid_type').subtype
-    # we are getting the instance variable in this test, but in the
-    # normal use of string_to_array, it's called from the OID::Array
-    # class and will have the OID instance that will provide the type
-    # casting
-    array = @column.class.string_to_array data, oid_type
-    assert_equal(['1', '2', '3'], array)
-    assert_equal(['1', '2', '3'], @column.type_cast(data))
+  def test_change_column_default_with_array
+    @connection.change_column_default :pg_arrays, :tags, []
 
-    assert_equal([], @column.type_cast('{}'))
-    assert_equal([nil], @column.type_cast('{NULL}'))
+    PgArray.reset_column_information
+    assert_equal [], PgArray.column_defaults['tags']
+  end
+
+  def test_type_cast_array
+    assert_equal(['1', '2', '3'], @type.deserialize('{1,2,3}'))
+    assert_equal([], @type.deserialize('{}'))
+    assert_equal([nil], @type.deserialize('{NULL}'))
   end
 
   def test_type_cast_integers
     x = PgArray.new(ratings: ['1', '2'])
-    assert x.save!
-    assert_equal(['1', '2'], x.ratings)
+
+    assert_equal([1, 2], x.ratings)
+
+    x.save!
+    x.reload
+
+    assert_equal([1, 2], x.ratings)
   end
 
-  def test_rewrite
+  def test_schema_dump_with_shorthand
+    output = dump_table_schema "pg_arrays"
+    assert_match %r[t\.string\s+"tags",\s+array: true], output
+    assert_match %r[t\.integer\s+"ratings",\s+array: true], output
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_strings
     @connection.execute "insert into pg_arrays (tags) VALUES ('{1,2,3}')"
     x = PgArray.first
-    x.tags = ['1','2','3','4']
-    assert x.save!
+    assert_equal(['1','2','3'], x.tags)
   end
 
-  def test_select
+  def test_rewrite_with_strings
     @connection.execute "insert into pg_arrays (tags) VALUES ('{1,2,3}')"
     x = PgArray.first
-    assert_equal(['1','2','3'], x.tags)
+    x.tags = ['1','2','3','4']
+    x.save!
+    assert_equal ['1','2','3','4'], x.reload.tags
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_integers
+    @connection.execute "insert into pg_arrays (ratings) VALUES ('{1,2,3}')"
+    x = PgArray.first
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3], x.ratings)
+  end
+
+  def test_rewrite_with_integers
+    @connection.execute "insert into pg_arrays (ratings) VALUES ('{1,2,3}')"
+    x = PgArray.first
+    x.ratings = [2, '3', 4]
+    x.save!
+    assert_equal [2, 3, 4], x.reload.ratings
   end
 
   def test_multi_dimensional_with_strings
@@ -140,14 +193,111 @@ class PostgresqlArrayTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal("[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, ...]", record.attribute_for_inspect(:ratings))
   end
 
-  def test_update_all
-    pg_array = PgArray.create! tags: ["one", "two", "three"]
+  def test_escaping
+    unknown = 'foo\\",bar,baz,\\'
+    tags = ["hello_#{unknown}"]
+    ar = PgArray.create!(tags: tags)
+    ar.reload
+    assert_equal tags, ar.tags
+  end
+
+  def test_string_quoting_rules_match_pg_behavior
+    tags = ["", "one{", "two}", %(three"), "four\\", "five ", "six\t", "seven\n", "eight,", "nine", "ten\r", "NULL"]
+    x = PgArray.create!(tags: tags)
+    x.reload
+
+    assert_equal x.tags_before_type_cast, PgArray.type_for_attribute('tags').serialize(tags)
+  end
+
+  def test_quoting_non_standard_delimiters
+    strings = ["hello,", "world;"]
+    oid = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::OID
+    comma_delim = oid::Array.new(ActiveRecord::Type::String.new, ',')
+    semicolon_delim = oid::Array.new(ActiveRecord::Type::String.new, ';')
+
+    assert_equal %({"hello,",world;}), comma_delim.serialize(strings)
+    assert_equal %({hello,;"world;"}), semicolon_delim.serialize(strings)
+  end
+
+  def test_mutate_array
+    x = PgArray.create!(tags: %w(one two))
+
+    x.tags << "three"
+    x.save!
+    x.reload
+
+    assert_equal %w(one two three), x.tags
+    assert_not x.changed?
+  end
+
+  def test_mutate_value_in_array
+    x = PgArray.create!(hstores: [{ a: 'a' }, { b: 'b' }])
+
+    x.hstores.first['a'] = 'c'
+    x.save!
+    x.reload
+
+    assert_equal [{ 'a' => 'c' }, { 'b' => 'b' }], x.hstores
+    assert_not x.changed?
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_with_timezone_awareness
+    tz = "Pacific Time (US & Canada)"
+
+    in_time_zone tz do
+      PgArray.reset_column_information
+      time_string = Time.current.to_s
+      time = Time.zone.parse(time_string)
+
+      record = PgArray.new(datetimes: [time_string])
+      assert_equal [time], record.datetimes
+      assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone[tz], record.datetimes.first.time_zone
+
+      record.save!
+      record.reload
+
+      assert_equal [time], record.datetimes
+      assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone[tz], record.datetimes.first.time_zone
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assigning_non_array_value
+    record = PgArray.new(tags: "not-an-array")
+    assert_equal [], record.tags
+    assert_equal "not-an-array", record.tags_before_type_cast
+    assert record.save
+    assert_equal record.tags, record.reload.tags
+  end
+
+  def test_assigning_empty_string
+    record = PgArray.new(tags: "")
+    assert_equal [], record.tags
+    assert_equal "", record.tags_before_type_cast
+    assert record.save
+    assert_equal record.tags, record.reload.tags
+  end
 
-    PgArray.update_all tags: ["four", "five"]
-    assert_equal ["four", "five"], pg_array.reload.tags
+  def test_assigning_valid_pg_array_literal
+    record = PgArray.new(tags: "{1,2,3}")
+    assert_equal ["1", "2", "3"], record.tags
+    assert_equal "{1,2,3}", record.tags_before_type_cast
+    assert record.save
+    assert_equal record.tags, record.reload.tags
+  end
+
+  def test_uniqueness_validation
+    klass = Class.new(PgArray) do
+      validates_uniqueness_of :tags
+
+      def self.model_name; ActiveModel::Name.new(PgArray) end
+    end
+    e1 = klass.create("tags" => ["black", "blue"])
+    assert e1.persisted?, "Saving e1"
 
-    PgArray.update_all tags: []
-    assert_equal [], pg_array.reload.tags
+    e2 = klass.create("tags" => ["black", "blue"])
+    assert !e2.persisted?, "e2 shouldn't be valid"
+    assert e2.errors[:tags].any?, "Should have errors for tags"
+    assert_equal ["has already been taken"], e2.errors[:tags], "Should have uniqueness message for tags"
   end
 
   private
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bit_string_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bit_string_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6f72fa6e0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bit_string_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/connection_helper'
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
+
+class PostgresqlBitStringTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+  include ConnectionHelper
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+
+  class PostgresqlBitString < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+
+  def setup
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_table('postgresql_bit_strings', :force => true) do |t|
+      t.bit :a_bit, default: "00000011", limit: 8
+      t.bit_varying :a_bit_varying, default: "0011", limit: 4
+      t.bit :another_bit
+      t.bit_varying :another_bit_varying
+    end
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    return unless @connection
+    @connection.drop_table 'postgresql_bit_strings', if_exists: true
+  end
+
+  def test_bit_string_column
+    column = PostgresqlBitString.columns_hash["a_bit"]
+    assert_equal :bit, column.type
+    assert_equal "bit(8)", column.sql_type
+    assert_not column.array?
+
+    type = PostgresqlBitString.type_for_attribute("a_bit")
+    assert_not type.binary?
+  end
+
+  def test_bit_string_varying_column
+    column = PostgresqlBitString.columns_hash["a_bit_varying"]
+    assert_equal :bit_varying, column.type
+    assert_equal "bit varying(4)", column.sql_type
+    assert_not column.array?
+
+    type = PostgresqlBitString.type_for_attribute("a_bit_varying")
+    assert_not type.binary?
+  end
+
+  def test_default
+    assert_equal "00000011", PostgresqlBitString.column_defaults['a_bit']
+    assert_equal "00000011", PostgresqlBitString.new.a_bit
+
+    assert_equal "0011", PostgresqlBitString.column_defaults['a_bit_varying']
+    assert_equal "0011", PostgresqlBitString.new.a_bit_varying
+  end
+
+  def test_schema_dumping
+    output = dump_table_schema("postgresql_bit_strings")
+    assert_match %r{t\.bit\s+"a_bit",\s+limit: 8,\s+default: "00000011"$}, output
+    assert_match %r{t\.bit_varying\s+"a_bit_varying",\s+limit: 4,\s+default: "0011"$}, output
+  end
+
+  def test_assigning_invalid_hex_string_raises_exception
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) { PostgresqlBitString.create! a_bit: "FF" }
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) { PostgresqlBitString.create! a_bit_varying: "FF" }
+  end
+
+  def test_roundtrip
+    PostgresqlBitString.create! a_bit: "00001010", a_bit_varying: "0101"
+    record = PostgresqlBitString.first
+    assert_equal "00001010", record.a_bit
+    assert_equal "0101", record.a_bit_varying
+
+    record.a_bit = "11111111"
+    record.a_bit_varying = "0xF"
+    record.save!
+
+    assert record.reload
+    assert_equal "11111111", record.a_bit
+    assert_equal "1111", record.a_bit_varying
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bytea_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bytea_test.rb
index b8dd35c4c5..b6bb1929e6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bytea_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bytea_test.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
-
 require "cases/helper"
-require 'active_record/base'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter'
 
-class PostgresqlByteaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+class PostgresqlByteaTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
   class ByteaDataType < ActiveRecord::Base
     self.table_name = 'bytea_data_type'
   end
@@ -19,33 +15,41 @@ class PostgresqlByteaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
         end
       end
     end
-    @column = ByteaDataType.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'payload' }
-    assert(@column.is_a?(ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn))
+    @column = ByteaDataType.columns_hash['payload']
+    @type = ByteaDataType.type_for_attribute("payload")
   end
 
-  def teardown
-    @connection.execute 'drop table if exists bytea_data_type'
+  teardown do
+    @connection.drop_table 'bytea_data_type', if_exists: true
   end
 
   def test_column
+    assert @column.is_a?(ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn)
     assert_equal :binary, @column.type
   end
 
+  def test_binary_columns_are_limitless_the_upper_limit_is_one_GB
+    assert_equal 'bytea', @connection.type_to_sql(:binary, 100_000)
+    assert_raise ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError do
+      @connection.type_to_sql :binary, 4294967295
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_type_cast_binary_converts_the_encoding
     assert @column
 
     data = "\u001F\x8B"
     assert_equal('UTF-8', data.encoding.name)
-    assert_equal('ASCII-8BIT', @column.type_cast(data).encoding.name)
+    assert_equal('ASCII-8BIT', @type.deserialize(data).encoding.name)
   end
 
   def test_type_cast_binary_value
     data = "\u001F\x8B".force_encoding("BINARY")
-    assert_equal(data, @column.type_cast(data))
+    assert_equal(data, @type.deserialize(data))
   end
 
   def test_type_case_nil
-    assert_equal(nil, @column.type_cast(nil))
+    assert_equal(nil, @type.deserialize(nil))
   end
 
   def test_read_value
@@ -70,6 +74,23 @@ class PostgresqlByteaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal(data, record.payload)
   end
 
+  def test_via_to_sql
+    data = "'\u001F\\"
+    ByteaDataType.create(payload: data)
+    sql = ByteaDataType.where(payload: data).select(:payload).to_sql
+    result = @connection.query(sql)
+    assert_equal([[data]], result)
+  end
+
+  def test_via_to_sql_with_complicating_connection
+    Thread.new do
+      other_conn = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+      other_conn.execute('SET standard_conforming_strings = off')
+    end.join
+
+    test_via_to_sql
+  end
+
   def test_write_binary
     data = File.read(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '..', '..', '..', 'assets', 'example.log'))
     assert(data.size > 1)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/change_schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/change_schema_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bc12df668d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/change_schema_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class Migration
+    class PGChangeSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+      attr_reader :connection
+
+      def setup
+        super
+        @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+        connection.create_table(:strings) do |t|
+          t.string :somedate
+        end
+      end
+
+      def teardown
+        connection.drop_table :strings
+      end
+
+      def test_change_string_to_date
+        connection.change_column :strings, :somedate, :timestamp, using: 'CAST("somedate" AS timestamp)'
+        assert_equal :datetime, connection.columns(:strings).find { |c| c.name == 'somedate' }.type
+      end
+
+      def test_change_type_with_symbol
+        connection.change_column :strings, :somedate, :timestamp, cast_as: :timestamp
+        assert_equal :datetime, connection.columns(:strings).find { |c| c.name == 'somedate' }.type
+      end
+
+      def test_change_type_with_array
+        connection.change_column :strings, :somedate, :timestamp, array: true, cast_as: :timestamp
+        column = connection.columns(:strings).find { |c| c.name == 'somedate' }
+        assert_equal :datetime, column.type
+        assert column.array?
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/cidr_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/cidr_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..52f2a0096c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/cidr_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require "ipaddr"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    class PostgreSQLAdapter < AbstractAdapter
+      class CidrTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+        test "type casting IPAddr for database" do
+          type = OID::Cidr.new
+          ip = IPAddr.new("255.0.0.0/8")
+          ip2 = IPAddr.new("127.0.0.1")
+
+          assert_equal "255.0.0.0/8", type.serialize(ip)
+          assert_equal "127.0.0.1/32", type.serialize(ip2)
+        end
+
+        test "casting does nothing with non-IPAddr objects" do
+          type = OID::Cidr.new
+
+          assert_equal "foo", type.serialize("foo")
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/citext_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/citext_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bd62041e79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/citext_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
+
+if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_extensions?
+  class PostgresqlCitextTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+    include SchemaDumpingHelper
+    class Citext < ActiveRecord::Base
+      self.table_name = 'citexts'
+    end
+
+    def setup
+      @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+
+      enable_extension!('citext', @connection)
+
+      @connection.create_table('citexts') do |t|
+        t.citext 'cival'
+      end
+    end
+
+    teardown do
+      @connection.drop_table 'citexts', if_exists: true
+      disable_extension!('citext', @connection)
+    end
+
+    def test_citext_enabled
+      assert @connection.extension_enabled?('citext')
+    end
+
+    def test_column
+      column = Citext.columns_hash['cival']
+      assert_equal :citext, column.type
+      assert_equal 'citext', column.sql_type
+      assert_not column.array?
+
+      type = Citext.type_for_attribute('cival')
+      assert_not type.binary?
+    end
+
+    def test_change_table_supports_json
+      @connection.transaction do
+        @connection.change_table('citexts') do |t|
+          t.citext 'username'
+        end
+        Citext.reset_column_information
+        column = Citext.columns_hash['username']
+        assert_equal :citext, column.type
+
+        raise ActiveRecord::Rollback # reset the schema change
+      end
+    ensure
+      Citext.reset_column_information
+    end
+
+    def test_write
+      x = Citext.new(cival: 'Some CI Text')
+      x.save!
+      citext = Citext.first
+      assert_equal "Some CI Text", citext.cival
+
+      citext.cival = "Some NEW CI Text"
+      citext.save!
+
+      assert_equal "Some NEW CI Text", citext.reload.cival
+    end
+
+    def test_select_case_insensitive
+      @connection.execute "insert into citexts (cival) values('Cased Text')"
+      x = Citext.where(cival: 'cased text').first
+      assert_equal 'Cased Text', x.cival
+    end
+
+    def test_schema_dump_with_shorthand
+      output = dump_table_schema("citexts")
+      assert_match %r[t\.citext "cival"], output
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/collation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/collation_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8470329c35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/collation_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
+
+class PostgresqlCollationTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+
+  def setup
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_table :postgresql_collations, force: true do |t|
+      t.string :string_c, collation: 'C'
+      t.text :text_posix, collation: 'POSIX'
+    end
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    @connection.drop_table :postgresql_collations, if_exists: true
+  end
+
+  test "string column with collation" do
+    column = @connection.columns(:postgresql_collations).find { |c| c.name == 'string_c' }
+    assert_equal :string, column.type
+    assert_equal 'C', column.collation
+  end
+
+  test "text column with collation" do
+    column = @connection.columns(:postgresql_collations).find { |c| c.name == 'text_posix' }
+    assert_equal :text, column.type
+    assert_equal 'POSIX', column.collation
+  end
+
+  test "add column with collation" do
+    @connection.add_column :postgresql_collations, :title, :string, collation: 'C'
+
+    column = @connection.columns(:postgresql_collations).find { |c| c.name == 'title' }
+    assert_equal :string, column.type
+    assert_equal 'C', column.collation
+  end
+
+  test "change column with collation" do
+    @connection.add_column :postgresql_collations, :description, :string
+    @connection.change_column :postgresql_collations, :description, :text, collation: 'POSIX'
+
+    column = @connection.columns(:postgresql_collations).find { |c| c.name == 'description' }
+    assert_equal :text, column.type
+    assert_equal 'POSIX', column.collation
+  end
+
+  test "schema dump includes collation" do
+    output = dump_table_schema("postgresql_collations")
+    assert_match %r{t.string\s+"string_c",\s+collation: "C"$}, output
+    assert_match %r{t.text\s+"text_posix",\s+collation: "POSIX"$}, output
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/composite_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/composite_test.rb
index 7202cce390..1de87e5f01 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/composite_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/composite_test.rb
@@ -1,19 +1,16 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 require "cases/helper"
-require 'active_record/base'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter'
+require 'support/connection_helper'
+
+module PostgresqlCompositeBehavior
+  include ConnectionHelper
 
-class PostgresqlCompositeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   class PostgresqlComposite < ActiveRecord::Base
     self.table_name = "postgresql_composites"
   end
 
-  def teardown
-    @connection.execute 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS postgresql_composites'
-    @connection.execute 'DROP TYPE IF EXISTS full_address'
-  end
-
   def setup
+    super
+
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
     @connection.transaction do
       @connection.execute <<-SQL
@@ -29,7 +26,38 @@ class PostgresqlCompositeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def teardown
+    super
+
+    @connection.drop_table 'postgresql_composites', if_exists: true
+    @connection.execute 'DROP TYPE IF EXISTS full_address'
+    reset_connection
+    PostgresqlComposite.reset_column_information
+  end
+end
+
+# Composites are mapped to `OID::Identity` by default. The user is informed by a warning like:
+#   "unknown OID 5653508: failed to recognize type of 'address'. It will be treated as String."
+# To take full advantage of composite types, we suggest you register your own +OID::Type+.
+# See PostgresqlCompositeWithCustomOIDTest
+class PostgresqlCompositeTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+  include PostgresqlCompositeBehavior
+
+  def test_column
+    ensure_warning_is_issued
+
+    column = PostgresqlComposite.columns_hash["address"]
+    assert_nil column.type
+    assert_equal "full_address", column.sql_type
+    assert_not column.array?
+
+    type = PostgresqlComposite.type_for_attribute("address")
+    assert_not type.binary?
+  end
+
   def test_composite_mapping
+    ensure_warning_is_issued
+
     @connection.execute "INSERT INTO postgresql_composites VALUES (1, ROW('Paris', 'Champs-Élysées'));"
     composite = PostgresqlComposite.first
     assert_equal "(Paris,Champs-Élysées)", composite.address
@@ -39,4 +67,66 @@ class PostgresqlCompositeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert_equal '(Paris,"Rue Basse")', composite.reload.address
   end
+
+  private
+  def ensure_warning_is_issued
+    warning = capture(:stderr) do
+      PostgresqlComposite.columns_hash
+    end
+    assert_match(/unknown OID \d+: failed to recognize type of 'address'\. It will be treated as String\./, warning)
+  end
+end
+
+class PostgresqlCompositeWithCustomOIDTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+  include PostgresqlCompositeBehavior
+
+  class FullAddressType < ActiveRecord::Type::Value
+    def type; :full_address end
+
+    def deserialize(value)
+      if value =~ /\("?([^",]*)"?,"?([^",]*)"?\)/
+        FullAddress.new($1, $2)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def cast(value)
+      value
+    end
+
+    def serialize(value)
+      return if value.nil?
+      "(#{value.city},#{value.street})"
+    end
+  end
+
+  FullAddress = Struct.new(:city, :street)
+
+  def setup
+    super
+
+    @connection.type_map.register_type "full_address", FullAddressType.new
+  end
+
+  def test_column
+    column = PostgresqlComposite.columns_hash["address"]
+    assert_equal :full_address, column.type
+    assert_equal "full_address", column.sql_type
+    assert_not column.array?
+
+    type = PostgresqlComposite.type_for_attribute("address")
+    assert_not type.binary?
+  end
+
+  def test_composite_mapping
+    @connection.execute "INSERT INTO postgresql_composites VALUES (1, ROW('Paris', 'Champs-Élysées'));"
+    composite = PostgresqlComposite.first
+    assert_equal "Paris", composite.address.city
+    assert_equal "Champs-Élysées", composite.address.street
+
+    composite.address = FullAddress.new("Paris", "Rue Basse")
+    composite.save!
+
+    assert_equal 'Paris', composite.reload.address.city
+    assert_equal 'Rue Basse', composite.reload.address.street
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/connection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/connection_test.rb
index 4715fa002d..d559de3e28 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/connection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/connection_test.rb
@@ -1,22 +1,35 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/connection_helper'
 
 module ActiveRecord
-  class PostgresqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  class PostgresqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+    include ConnectionHelper
+
     class NonExistentTable < ActiveRecord::Base
     end
 
+    fixtures :comments
+
     def setup
       super
       @subscriber = SQLSubscriber.new
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe('sql.active_record', @subscriber)
+      @subscription = ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe('sql.active_record', @subscriber)
       @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
     end
 
     def teardown
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe(@subscriber)
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe(@subscription)
       super
     end
 
+    def test_truncate
+      count = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("select count(*) from comments").first['count'].to_i
+      assert_operator count, :>, 0
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.truncate("comments")
+      count = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("select count(*) from comments").first['count'].to_i
+      assert_equal 0, count
+    end
+
     def test_encoding
       assert_not_nil @connection.encoding
     end
@@ -45,8 +58,39 @@ module ActiveRecord
       assert_equal 'off', expect
     end
 
+    def test_reset
+      @connection.query('ROLLBACK')
+      @connection.query('SET geqo TO off')
+
+      # Verify the setting has been applied.
+      expect = @connection.query('show geqo').first.first
+      assert_equal 'off', expect
+
+      @connection.reset!
+
+      # Verify the setting has been cleared.
+      expect = @connection.query('show geqo').first.first
+      assert_equal 'on', expect
+    end
+
+    def test_reset_with_transaction
+      @connection.query('ROLLBACK')
+      @connection.query('SET geqo TO off')
+
+      # Verify the setting has been applied.
+      expect = @connection.query('show geqo').first.first
+      assert_equal 'off', expect
+
+      @connection.query('BEGIN')
+      @connection.reset!
+
+      # Verify the setting has been cleared.
+      expect = @connection.query('show geqo').first.first
+      assert_equal 'on', expect
+    end
+
     def test_tables_logs_name
-      @connection.tables('hello')
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { @connection.tables('hello') }
       assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @subscriber.logged[0][1]
     end
 
@@ -56,7 +100,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def test_table_exists_logs_name
-      @connection.table_exists?('items')
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { @connection.table_exists?('items') }
       assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @subscriber.logged[0][1]
     end
 
@@ -82,12 +126,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def test_statement_key_is_logged
-      bindval = 1
-      @connection.exec_query('SELECT $1::integer', 'SQL', [[nil, bindval]])
+      bind = Relation::QueryAttribute.new(nil, 1, Type::Value.new)
+      @connection.exec_query('SELECT $1::integer', 'SQL', [bind], prepare: true)
       name = @subscriber.payloads.last[:statement_name]
       assert name
-      res = @connection.exec_query("EXPLAIN (FORMAT JSON) EXECUTE #{name}(#{bindval})")
-      plan = res.column_types['QUERY PLAN'].type_cast res.rows.first.first
+      res = @connection.exec_query("EXPLAIN (FORMAT JSON) EXECUTE #{name}(1)")
+      plan = res.column_types['QUERY PLAN'].deserialize res.rows.first.first
       assert_operator plan.length, :>, 0
     end
 
@@ -133,9 +177,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         "successfully querying with the same connection pid."
 
       # Repair all fixture connections so other tests won't break.
-      @fixture_connections.each do |c|
-        c.verify!
-      end
+      @fixture_connections.each(&:verify!)
     end
 
     def test_set_session_variable_true
@@ -168,16 +210,46 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
-    private
+    def test_get_and_release_advisory_lock
+      lock_id = 5295901941911233559
+      list_advisory_locks = <<-SQL
+        SELECT locktype,
+              (classid::bigint << 32) | objid::bigint AS lock_id
+        FROM pg_locks
+        WHERE locktype = 'advisory'
+      SQL
+
+      got_lock = @connection.get_advisory_lock(lock_id)
+      assert got_lock, "get_advisory_lock should have returned true but it didn't"
 
-    def run_without_connection
-      original_connection = ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
-      begin
-        yield original_connection
-      ensure
-        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(original_connection)
+      advisory_lock = @connection.query(list_advisory_locks).find {|l| l[1] == lock_id}
+      assert advisory_lock,
+        "expected to find an advisory lock with lock_id #{lock_id} but there wasn't one"
+
+      released_lock = @connection.release_advisory_lock(lock_id)
+      assert released_lock, "expected release_advisory_lock to return true but it didn't"
+
+      advisory_locks = @connection.query(list_advisory_locks).select {|l| l[1] == lock_id}
+      assert_empty advisory_locks,
+        "expected to have released advisory lock with lock_id #{lock_id} but it was still held"
+    end
+
+    def test_release_non_existent_advisory_lock
+      fake_lock_id = 2940075057017742022
+      with_warning_suppression do
+        released_non_existent_lock = @connection.release_advisory_lock(fake_lock_id)
+        assert_equal released_non_existent_lock, false,
+          'expected release_advisory_lock to return false when there was no lock to release'
       end
     end
 
+    protected
+
+    def with_warning_suppression
+      log_level = @connection.client_min_messages
+      @connection.client_min_messages = 'error'
+      yield
+      @connection.client_min_messages = log_level
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/datatype_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/datatype_test.rb
index 158bc6ee89..232c25cb3b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/datatype_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/datatype_test.rb
@@ -1,101 +1,31 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/ddl_helper'
 
-class PostgresqlArray < ActiveRecord::Base
-end
-
-class PostgresqlTsvector < ActiveRecord::Base
-end
-
-class PostgresqlMoney < ActiveRecord::Base
-end
-
-class PostgresqlNumber < ActiveRecord::Base
-end
 
 class PostgresqlTime < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 
-class PostgresqlNetworkAddress < ActiveRecord::Base
-end
-
-class PostgresqlBitString < ActiveRecord::Base
-end
-
 class PostgresqlOid < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 
-class PostgresqlTimestampWithZone < ActiveRecord::Base
-end
-
 class PostgresqlLtree < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 
-class PostgresqlDataTypeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+class PostgresqlDataTypeTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
 
   def setup
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-    @connection.execute("set lc_monetary = 'C'")
-
-    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_arrays (id, commission_by_quarter, nicknames) VALUES (1, '{35000,21000,18000,17000}', '{foo,bar,baz}')")
-    @first_array = PostgresqlArray.find(1)
-
-    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_tsvectors (id, text_vector) VALUES (1, ' ''text'' ''vector'' ')")
-
-    @first_tsvector = PostgresqlTsvector.find(1)
-
-    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_moneys (id, wealth) VALUES (1, '567.89'::money)")
-    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_moneys (id, wealth) VALUES (2, '-567.89'::money)")
-    @first_money = PostgresqlMoney.find(1)
-    @second_money = PostgresqlMoney.find(2)
-
-    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_numbers (id, single, double) VALUES (1, 123.456, 123456.789)")
-    @first_number = PostgresqlNumber.find(1)
 
     @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_times (id, time_interval, scaled_time_interval) VALUES (1, '1 year 2 days ago', '3 weeks ago')")
     @first_time = PostgresqlTime.find(1)
 
-    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_network_addresses (id, cidr_address, inet_address, mac_address) VALUES(1, '192.168.0/24', '172.16.1.254/32', '01:23:45:67:89:0a')")
-    @first_network_address = PostgresqlNetworkAddress.find(1)
-
-    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_bit_strings (id, bit_string, bit_string_varying) VALUES (1, B'00010101', X'15')")
-    @first_bit_string = PostgresqlBitString.find(1)
-
     @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_oids (id, obj_id) VALUES (1, 1234)")
     @first_oid = PostgresqlOid.find(1)
-
-    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_timestamp_with_zones (id, time) VALUES (1, '2010-01-01 10:00:00-1')")
-  end
-
-  def teardown
-    [PostgresqlArray, PostgresqlTsvector, PostgresqlMoney, PostgresqlNumber, PostgresqlTime, PostgresqlNetworkAddress,
-     PostgresqlBitString, PostgresqlOid, PostgresqlTimestampWithZone].each(&:delete_all)
-  end
-
-  def test_array_escaping
-    unknown = %(foo\\",bar,baz,\\)
-    nicknames = ["hello_#{unknown}"]
-    ar = PostgresqlArray.create!(nicknames: nicknames, id: 100)
-    ar.reload
-    assert_equal nicknames, ar.nicknames
   end
 
-  def test_data_type_of_array_types
-    assert_equal :integer, @first_array.column_for_attribute(:commission_by_quarter).type
-    assert_equal :text, @first_array.column_for_attribute(:nicknames).type
-  end
-
-  def test_data_type_of_tsvector_types
-    assert_equal :tsvector, @first_tsvector.column_for_attribute(:text_vector).type
-  end
-
-  def test_data_type_of_money_types
-    assert_equal :decimal, @first_money.column_for_attribute(:wealth).type
-  end
-
-  def test_data_type_of_number_types
-    assert_equal :float, @first_number.column_for_attribute(:single).type
-    assert_equal :float, @first_number.column_for_attribute(:double).type
+  teardown do
+    [PostgresqlTime, PostgresqlOid].each(&:delete_all)
   end
 
   def test_data_type_of_time_types
@@ -103,125 +33,19 @@ class PostgresqlDataTypeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal :string, @first_time.column_for_attribute(:scaled_time_interval).type
   end
 
-  def test_data_type_of_network_address_types
-    assert_equal :cidr, @first_network_address.column_for_attribute(:cidr_address).type
-    assert_equal :inet, @first_network_address.column_for_attribute(:inet_address).type
-    assert_equal :macaddr, @first_network_address.column_for_attribute(:mac_address).type
-  end
-
-  def test_data_type_of_bit_string_types
-    assert_equal :string, @first_bit_string.column_for_attribute(:bit_string).type
-    assert_equal :string, @first_bit_string.column_for_attribute(:bit_string_varying).type
-  end
-
   def test_data_type_of_oid_types
     assert_equal :integer, @first_oid.column_for_attribute(:obj_id).type
   end
 
-  def test_array_values
-   assert_equal [35000,21000,18000,17000], @first_array.commission_by_quarter
-   assert_equal ['foo','bar','baz'], @first_array.nicknames
-  end
-
-  def test_tsvector_values
-    assert_equal "'text' 'vector'", @first_tsvector.text_vector
-  end
-
-  def test_money_values
-    assert_equal 567.89, @first_money.wealth
-    assert_equal(-567.89, @second_money.wealth)
-  end
-
-  def test_money_type_cast
-    column = PostgresqlMoney.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'wealth' }
-    assert_equal(12345678.12, column.type_cast("$12,345,678.12"))
-    assert_equal(12345678.12, column.type_cast("$12.345.678,12"))
-    assert_equal(-1.15, column.type_cast("-$1.15"))
-    assert_equal(-2.25, column.type_cast("($2.25)"))
-  end
-
-  def test_update_tsvector
-    new_text_vector = "'new' 'text' 'vector'"
-    @first_tsvector.text_vector = new_text_vector
-    assert @first_tsvector.save
-    assert @first_tsvector.reload
-    @first_tsvector.text_vector = new_text_vector
-    assert @first_tsvector.save
-    assert @first_tsvector.reload
-    assert_equal new_text_vector, @first_tsvector.text_vector
-  end
-
-  def test_number_values
-    assert_equal 123.456, @first_number.single
-    assert_equal 123456.789, @first_number.double
-  end
-
   def test_time_values
     assert_equal '-1 years -2 days', @first_time.time_interval
     assert_equal '-21 days', @first_time.scaled_time_interval
   end
 
-  def test_network_address_values_ipaddr
-    cidr_address = IPAddr.new '192.168.0.0/24'
-    inet_address = IPAddr.new '172.16.1.254'
-
-    assert_equal cidr_address, @first_network_address.cidr_address
-    assert_equal inet_address, @first_network_address.inet_address
-    assert_equal '01:23:45:67:89:0a', @first_network_address.mac_address
-  end
-
-  def test_bit_string_values
-    assert_equal '00010101', @first_bit_string.bit_string
-    assert_equal '00010101', @first_bit_string.bit_string_varying
-  end
-
   def test_oid_values
     assert_equal 1234, @first_oid.obj_id
   end
 
-  def test_update_integer_array
-    new_value = [32800,95000,29350,17000]
-    @first_array.commission_by_quarter = new_value
-    assert @first_array.save
-    assert @first_array.reload
-    assert_equal new_value, @first_array.commission_by_quarter
-    @first_array.commission_by_quarter = new_value
-    assert @first_array.save
-    assert @first_array.reload
-    assert_equal new_value, @first_array.commission_by_quarter
-  end
-
-  def test_update_text_array
-    new_value = ['robby','robert','rob','robbie']
-    @first_array.nicknames = new_value
-    assert @first_array.save
-    assert @first_array.reload
-    assert_equal new_value, @first_array.nicknames
-    @first_array.nicknames = new_value
-    assert @first_array.save
-    assert @first_array.reload
-    assert_equal new_value, @first_array.nicknames
-  end
-
-  def test_update_money
-    new_value = BigDecimal.new('123.45')
-    @first_money.wealth = new_value
-    assert @first_money.save
-    assert @first_money.reload
-    assert_equal new_value, @first_money.wealth
-  end
-
-  def test_update_number
-    new_single = 789.012
-    new_double = 789012.345
-    @first_number.single = new_single
-    @first_number.double = new_double
-    assert @first_number.save
-    assert @first_number.reload
-    assert_equal new_single, @first_number.single
-    assert_equal new_double, @first_number.double
-  end
-
   def test_update_time
     @first_time.time_interval = '2 years 3 minutes'
     assert @first_time.save
@@ -229,51 +53,6 @@ class PostgresqlDataTypeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal '2 years 00:03:00', @first_time.time_interval
   end
 
-  def test_update_network_address
-    new_inet_address = '10.1.2.3/32'
-    new_cidr_address = '10.0.0.0/8'
-    new_mac_address = 'bc:de:f0:12:34:56'
-    @first_network_address.cidr_address = new_cidr_address
-    @first_network_address.inet_address = new_inet_address
-    @first_network_address.mac_address = new_mac_address
-    assert @first_network_address.save
-    assert @first_network_address.reload
-    assert_equal @first_network_address.cidr_address, new_cidr_address
-    assert_equal @first_network_address.inet_address, new_inet_address
-    assert_equal @first_network_address.mac_address, new_mac_address
-  end
-
-  def test_update_bit_string
-    new_bit_string = '11111111'
-    new_bit_string_varying = '0xFF'
-    @first_bit_string.bit_string = new_bit_string
-    @first_bit_string.bit_string_varying = new_bit_string_varying
-    assert @first_bit_string.save
-    assert @first_bit_string.reload
-    assert_equal new_bit_string, @first_bit_string.bit_string
-    assert_equal @first_bit_string.bit_string, @first_bit_string.bit_string_varying
-  end
-
-  def test_invalid_hex_string
-    new_bit_string = 'FF'
-    @first_bit_string.bit_string = new_bit_string
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) { assert @first_bit_string.save }
-  end
-
-  def test_invalid_network_address
-    @first_network_address.cidr_address = 'invalid addr'
-    assert_nil @first_network_address.cidr_address
-    assert_equal 'invalid addr', @first_network_address.cidr_address_before_type_cast
-    assert @first_network_address.save
-
-    @first_network_address.reload
-
-    @first_network_address.inet_address = 'invalid addr'
-    assert_nil @first_network_address.inet_address
-    assert_equal 'invalid addr', @first_network_address.inet_address_before_type_cast
-    assert @first_network_address.save
-  end
-
   def test_update_oid
     new_value = 567890
     @first_oid.obj_id = new_value
@@ -282,29 +61,32 @@ class PostgresqlDataTypeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal new_value, @first_oid.obj_id
   end
 
-  def test_timestamp_with_zone_values_with_rails_time_zone_support
-    with_timezone_config default: :utc, aware_attributes: true do
-      @connection.reconnect!
-
-      @first_timestamp_with_zone = PostgresqlTimestampWithZone.find(1)
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2010,1,1, 11,0,0), @first_timestamp_with_zone.time
-      assert_instance_of Time, @first_timestamp_with_zone.time
+  def test_text_columns_are_limitless_the_upper_limit_is_one_GB
+    assert_equal 'text', @connection.type_to_sql(:text, 100_000)
+    assert_raise ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError do
+      @connection.type_to_sql :text, 4294967295
     end
-  ensure
-    @connection.reconnect!
   end
+end
 
-  def test_timestamp_with_zone_values_without_rails_time_zone_support
-    with_timezone_config default: :local, aware_attributes: false do
-      @connection.reconnect!
-      # make sure to use a non-UTC time zone
-      @connection.execute("SET time zone 'America/Jamaica'", 'SCHEMA')
+class PostgresqlInternalDataTypeTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+  include DdlHelper
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+  end
+
+  def test_name_column_type
+    with_example_table @connection, 'ex', 'data name' do
+      column = @connection.columns('ex').find { |col| col.name == 'data' }
+      assert_equal :string, column.type
+    end
+  end
 
-      @first_timestamp_with_zone = PostgresqlTimestampWithZone.find(1)
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2010,1,1, 11,0,0), @first_timestamp_with_zone.time
-      assert_instance_of Time, @first_timestamp_with_zone.time
+  def test_char_column_type
+    with_example_table @connection, 'ex', 'data "char"' do
+      column = @connection.columns('ex').find { |col| col.name == 'data' }
+      assert_equal :string, column.type
     end
-  ensure
-    @connection.reconnect!
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/domain_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/domain_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6102ddacd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/domain_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/connection_helper'
+
+class PostgresqlDomainTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+  include ConnectionHelper
+
+  class PostgresqlDomain < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = "postgresql_domains"
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.transaction do
+      @connection.execute "CREATE DOMAIN custom_money as numeric(8,2)"
+      @connection.create_table('postgresql_domains') do |t|
+        t.column :price, :custom_money
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.drop_table 'postgresql_domains', if_exists: true
+    @connection.execute 'DROP DOMAIN IF EXISTS custom_money'
+    reset_connection
+  end
+
+  def test_column
+    column = PostgresqlDomain.columns_hash["price"]
+    assert_equal :decimal, column.type
+    assert_equal "custom_money", column.sql_type
+    assert_not column.array?
+
+    type = PostgresqlDomain.type_for_attribute("price")
+    assert_not type.binary?
+  end
+
+  def test_domain_acts_like_basetype
+    PostgresqlDomain.create price: ""
+    record = PostgresqlDomain.first
+    assert_nil record.price
+
+    record.price = "34.15"
+    record.save!
+
+    assert_equal BigDecimal.new("34.15"), record.reload.price
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/enum_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/enum_test.rb
index bf8dbd6c3f..6816a6514b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/enum_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/enum_test.rb
@@ -1,18 +1,13 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 require "cases/helper"
-require 'active_record/base'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter'
+require 'support/connection_helper'
+
+class PostgresqlEnumTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+  include ConnectionHelper
 
-class PostgresqlEnumTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   class PostgresqlEnum < ActiveRecord::Base
     self.table_name = "postgresql_enums"
   end
 
-  def teardown
-    @connection.execute 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS postgresql_enums'
-    @connection.execute 'DROP TYPE IF EXISTS mood'
-  end
-
   def setup
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
     @connection.transaction do
@@ -25,6 +20,32 @@ class PostgresqlEnumTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  teardown do
+    @connection.drop_table 'postgresql_enums', if_exists: true
+    @connection.execute 'DROP TYPE IF EXISTS mood'
+    reset_connection
+  end
+
+  def test_column
+    column = PostgresqlEnum.columns_hash["current_mood"]
+    assert_equal :enum, column.type
+    assert_equal "mood", column.sql_type
+    assert_not column.array?
+
+    type = PostgresqlEnum.type_for_attribute("current_mood")
+    assert_not type.binary?
+  end
+
+  def test_enum_defaults
+    @connection.add_column 'postgresql_enums', 'good_mood', :mood, default: 'happy'
+    PostgresqlEnum.reset_column_information
+
+    assert_equal "happy", PostgresqlEnum.column_defaults['good_mood']
+    assert_equal "happy", PostgresqlEnum.new.good_mood
+  ensure
+    PostgresqlEnum.reset_column_information
+  end
+
   def test_enum_mapping
     @connection.execute "INSERT INTO postgresql_enums VALUES (1, 'sad');"
     enum = PostgresqlEnum.first
@@ -35,4 +56,36 @@ class PostgresqlEnumTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert_equal "happy", enum.reload.current_mood
   end
+
+  def test_invalid_enum_update
+    @connection.execute "INSERT INTO postgresql_enums VALUES (1, 'sad');"
+    enum = PostgresqlEnum.first
+    enum.current_mood = "angry"
+
+    assert_raise ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid do
+      enum.save
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_no_oid_warning
+    @connection.execute "INSERT INTO postgresql_enums VALUES (1, 'sad');"
+    stderr_output = capture(:stderr) { PostgresqlEnum.first }
+
+    assert stderr_output.blank?
+  end
+
+  def test_enum_type_cast
+    enum = PostgresqlEnum.new
+    enum.current_mood = :happy
+
+    assert_equal "happy", enum.current_mood
+  end
+
+  def test_assigning_enum_to_nil
+    model = PostgresqlEnum.new(current_mood: nil)
+
+    assert_nil model.current_mood
+    assert model.save
+    assert_nil model.reload.current_mood
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/explain_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/explain_test.rb
index 0b61f61572..4d0fd640aa 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/explain_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/explain_test.rb
@@ -1,28 +1,20 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 
-module ActiveRecord
-  module ConnectionAdapters
-    class PostgreSQLAdapter
-      class ExplainTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-        fixtures :developers
+class PostgreSQLExplainTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+  fixtures :developers
 
-        def test_explain_for_one_query
-          explain = Developer.where(:id => 1).explain
-          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT "developers".* FROM "developers"  WHERE "developers"."id" = 1), explain
-          assert_match %(QUERY PLAN), explain
-          assert_match %(Index Scan using developers_pkey on developers), explain
-        end
+  def test_explain_for_one_query
+    explain = Developer.where(:id => 1).explain
+    assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT "developers".* FROM "developers" WHERE "developers"."id" = $1), explain
+    assert_match %(QUERY PLAN), explain
+  end
 
-        def test_explain_with_eager_loading
-          explain = Developer.where(:id => 1).includes(:audit_logs).explain
-          assert_match %(QUERY PLAN), explain
-          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT "developers".* FROM "developers"  WHERE "developers"."id" = 1), explain
-          assert_match %(Index Scan using developers_pkey on developers), explain
-          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT "audit_logs".* FROM "audit_logs"  WHERE "audit_logs"."developer_id" IN (1)), explain
-          assert_match %(Seq Scan on audit_logs), explain
-        end
-      end
-    end
+  def test_explain_with_eager_loading
+    explain = Developer.where(:id => 1).includes(:audit_logs).explain
+    assert_match %(QUERY PLAN), explain
+    assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT "developers".* FROM "developers" WHERE "developers"."id" = $1), explain
+    assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT "audit_logs".* FROM "audit_logs" WHERE "audit_logs"."developer_id" = 1), explain
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/extension_migration_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/extension_migration_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b2a805333c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/extension_migration_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+class PostgresqlExtensionMigrationTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
+
+  class EnableHstore < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
+    def change
+      enable_extension "hstore"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class DisableHstore < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
+    def change
+      disable_extension "hstore"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    super
+
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+
+    unless @connection.supports_extensions?
+      return skip("no extension support")
+    end
+
+    @old_schema_migration_tabel_name = ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_name
+    @old_tabel_name_prefix = ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix
+    @old_tabel_name_suffix = ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix
+
+    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = "p_"
+    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = "_s"
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.delete_all rescue nil
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_name = "p_schema_migrations_s"
+    ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = false
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = @old_tabel_name_prefix
+    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = @old_tabel_name_suffix
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.delete_all rescue nil
+    ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = true
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_name = @old_schema_migration_tabel_name
+
+    super
+  end
+
+  def test_enable_extension_migration_ignores_prefix_and_suffix
+    @connection.disable_extension("hstore")
+
+    migrations = [EnableHstore.new(nil, 1)]
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations).migrate
+    assert @connection.extension_enabled?("hstore"), "extension hstore should be enabled"
+  end
+
+  def test_disable_extension_migration_ignores_prefix_and_suffix
+    @connection.enable_extension("hstore")
+
+    migrations = [DisableHstore.new(nil, 1)]
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations).migrate
+    assert_not @connection.extension_enabled?("hstore"), "extension hstore should not be enabled"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/full_text_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/full_text_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bde7513339
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/full_text_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
+
+class PostgresqlFullTextTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+  class Tsvector < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_table('tsvectors') do |t|
+      t.tsvector 'text_vector'
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.drop_table 'tsvectors', if_exists: true
+  end
+
+  def test_tsvector_column
+    column = Tsvector.columns_hash["text_vector"]
+    assert_equal :tsvector, column.type
+    assert_equal "tsvector", column.sql_type
+    assert_not column.array?
+
+    type = Tsvector.type_for_attribute("text_vector")
+    assert_not type.binary?
+  end
+
+  def test_update_tsvector
+    Tsvector.create text_vector: "'text' 'vector'"
+    tsvector = Tsvector.first
+    assert_equal "'text' 'vector'", tsvector.text_vector
+
+    tsvector.text_vector = "'new' 'text' 'vector'"
+    tsvector.save!
+    assert tsvector.reload
+    assert_equal "'new' 'text' 'vector'", tsvector.text_vector
+  end
+
+  def test_schema_dump_with_shorthand
+    output = dump_table_schema("tsvectors")
+    assert_match %r{t\.tsvector "text_vector"}, output
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/geometric_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/geometric_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3b97cb4ad4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/geometric_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,378 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/connection_helper'
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
+
+class PostgresqlPointTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+  include ConnectionHelper
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+
+  class PostgresqlPoint < ActiveRecord::Base
+    attribute :x, :rails_5_1_point
+    attribute :y, :rails_5_1_point
+    attribute :z, :rails_5_1_point
+    attribute :array_of_points, :rails_5_1_point, array: true
+    attribute :legacy_x, :legacy_point
+    attribute :legacy_y, :legacy_point
+    attribute :legacy_z, :legacy_point
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_table('postgresql_points') do |t|
+      t.point :x
+      t.point :y, default: [12.2, 13.3]
+      t.point :z, default: "(14.4,15.5)"
+      t.point :array_of_points, array: true
+      t.point :legacy_x
+      t.point :legacy_y, default: [12.2, 13.3]
+      t.point :legacy_z, default: "(14.4,15.5)"
+    end
+    @connection.create_table('deprecated_points') do |t|
+      t.point :x
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.drop_table 'postgresql_points', if_exists: true
+    @connection.drop_table 'deprecated_points', if_exists: true
+  end
+
+  class DeprecatedPoint < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+
+  def test_deprecated_legacy_type
+    assert_deprecated do
+      DeprecatedPoint.new
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_column
+    column = PostgresqlPoint.columns_hash["x"]
+    assert_equal :point, column.type
+    assert_equal "point", column.sql_type
+    assert_not column.array?
+
+    type = PostgresqlPoint.type_for_attribute("x")
+    assert_not type.binary?
+  end
+
+  def test_default
+    assert_equal ActiveRecord::Point.new(12.2, 13.3), PostgresqlPoint.column_defaults['y']
+    assert_equal ActiveRecord::Point.new(12.2, 13.3), PostgresqlPoint.new.y
+
+    assert_equal ActiveRecord::Point.new(14.4, 15.5), PostgresqlPoint.column_defaults['z']
+    assert_equal ActiveRecord::Point.new(14.4, 15.5), PostgresqlPoint.new.z
+  end
+
+  def test_schema_dumping
+    output = dump_table_schema("postgresql_points")
+    assert_match %r{t\.point\s+"x"$}, output
+    assert_match %r{t\.point\s+"y",\s+default: \[12\.2, 13\.3\]$}, output
+    assert_match %r{t\.point\s+"z",\s+default: \[14\.4, 15\.5\]$}, output
+  end
+
+  def test_roundtrip
+    PostgresqlPoint.create! x: [10, 25.2]
+    record = PostgresqlPoint.first
+    assert_equal ActiveRecord::Point.new(10, 25.2), record.x
+
+    record.x = ActiveRecord::Point.new(1.1, 2.2)
+    record.save!
+    assert record.reload
+    assert_equal ActiveRecord::Point.new(1.1, 2.2), record.x
+  end
+
+  def test_mutation
+    p = PostgresqlPoint.create! x: ActiveRecord::Point.new(10, 20)
+
+    p.x.y = 25
+    p.save!
+    p.reload
+
+    assert_equal ActiveRecord::Point.new(10.0, 25.0), p.x
+    assert_not p.changed?
+  end
+
+  def test_array_assignment
+    p = PostgresqlPoint.new(x: [1, 2])
+
+    assert_equal ActiveRecord::Point.new(1, 2), p.x
+  end
+
+  def test_string_assignment
+    p = PostgresqlPoint.new(x: "(1, 2)")
+
+    assert_equal ActiveRecord::Point.new(1, 2), p.x
+  end
+
+  def test_array_of_points_round_trip
+    expected_value = [
+      ActiveRecord::Point.new(1, 2),
+      ActiveRecord::Point.new(2, 3),
+      ActiveRecord::Point.new(3, 4),
+    ]
+    p = PostgresqlPoint.new(array_of_points: expected_value)
+
+    assert_equal expected_value, p.array_of_points
+    p.save!
+    p.reload
+    assert_equal expected_value, p.array_of_points
+  end
+
+  def test_legacy_column
+    column = PostgresqlPoint.columns_hash["legacy_x"]
+    assert_equal :point, column.type
+    assert_equal "point", column.sql_type
+    assert_not column.array?
+
+    type = PostgresqlPoint.type_for_attribute("legacy_x")
+    assert_not type.binary?
+  end
+
+  def test_legacy_default
+    assert_equal [12.2, 13.3], PostgresqlPoint.column_defaults['legacy_y']
+    assert_equal [12.2, 13.3], PostgresqlPoint.new.legacy_y
+
+    assert_equal [14.4, 15.5], PostgresqlPoint.column_defaults['legacy_z']
+    assert_equal [14.4, 15.5], PostgresqlPoint.new.legacy_z
+  end
+
+  def test_legacy_schema_dumping
+    output = dump_table_schema("postgresql_points")
+    assert_match %r{t\.point\s+"legacy_x"$}, output
+    assert_match %r{t\.point\s+"legacy_y",\s+default: \[12\.2, 13\.3\]$}, output
+    assert_match %r{t\.point\s+"legacy_z",\s+default: \[14\.4, 15\.5\]$}, output
+  end
+
+  def test_legacy_roundtrip
+    PostgresqlPoint.create! legacy_x: [10, 25.2]
+    record = PostgresqlPoint.first
+    assert_equal [10, 25.2], record.legacy_x
+
+    record.legacy_x = [1.1, 2.2]
+    record.save!
+    assert record.reload
+    assert_equal [1.1, 2.2], record.legacy_x
+  end
+
+  def test_legacy_mutation
+    p = PostgresqlPoint.create! legacy_x: [10, 20]
+
+    p.legacy_x[1] = 25
+    p.save!
+    p.reload
+
+    assert_equal [10.0, 25.0], p.legacy_x
+    assert_not p.changed?
+  end
+end
+
+class PostgresqlGeometricTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+
+  class PostgresqlGeometric < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_table("postgresql_geometrics") do |t|
+      t.lseg    :a_line_segment
+      t.box     :a_box
+      t.path    :a_path
+      t.polygon :a_polygon
+      t.circle  :a_circle
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.drop_table 'postgresql_geometrics', if_exists: true
+  end
+
+  def test_geometric_types
+    g = PostgresqlGeometric.new(
+      :a_line_segment => '(2.0, 3), (5.5, 7.0)',
+      :a_box          => '2.0, 3, 5.5, 7.0',
+      :a_path         => '[(2.0, 3), (5.5, 7.0), (8.5, 11.0)]',
+      :a_polygon      => '((2.0, 3), (5.5, 7.0), (8.5, 11.0))',
+      :a_circle       => '<(5.3, 10.4), 2>'
+    )
+
+    g.save!
+
+    h = PostgresqlGeometric.find(g.id)
+
+    assert_equal '[(2,3),(5.5,7)]', h.a_line_segment
+    assert_equal '(5.5,7),(2,3)', h.a_box # reordered to store upper right corner then bottom left corner
+    assert_equal '[(2,3),(5.5,7),(8.5,11)]', h.a_path
+    assert_equal '((2,3),(5.5,7),(8.5,11))', h.a_polygon
+    assert_equal '<(5.3,10.4),2>', h.a_circle
+  end
+
+  def test_alternative_format
+    g = PostgresqlGeometric.new(
+      :a_line_segment => '((2.0, 3), (5.5, 7.0))',
+      :a_box          => '(2.0, 3), (5.5, 7.0)',
+      :a_path         => '((2.0, 3), (5.5, 7.0), (8.5, 11.0))',
+      :a_polygon      => '2.0, 3, 5.5, 7.0, 8.5, 11.0',
+      :a_circle       => '((5.3, 10.4), 2)'
+    )
+
+    g.save!
+
+    h = PostgresqlGeometric.find(g.id)
+    assert_equal '[(2,3),(5.5,7)]', h.a_line_segment
+    assert_equal '(5.5,7),(2,3)', h.a_box   # reordered to store upper right corner then bottom left corner
+    assert_equal '((2,3),(5.5,7),(8.5,11))', h.a_path
+    assert_equal '((2,3),(5.5,7),(8.5,11))', h.a_polygon
+    assert_equal '<(5.3,10.4),2>', h.a_circle
+  end
+
+  def test_geometric_function
+    PostgresqlGeometric.create! a_path: '[(2.0, 3), (5.5, 7.0), (8.5, 11.0)]'  # [ ] is an open path
+    PostgresqlGeometric.create! a_path: '((2.0, 3), (5.5, 7.0), (8.5, 11.0))'  # ( ) is a closed path
+
+    objs = PostgresqlGeometric.find_by_sql "SELECT isopen(a_path) FROM postgresql_geometrics ORDER BY id ASC"
+    assert_equal [true, false], objs.map(&:isopen)
+
+    objs = PostgresqlGeometric.find_by_sql "SELECT isclosed(a_path) FROM postgresql_geometrics ORDER BY id ASC"
+    assert_equal [false, true], objs.map(&:isclosed)
+  end
+
+  def test_schema_dumping
+    output = dump_table_schema("postgresql_geometrics")
+    assert_match %r{t\.lseg\s+"a_line_segment"$}, output
+    assert_match %r{t\.box\s+"a_box"$}, output
+    assert_match %r{t\.path\s+"a_path"$}, output
+    assert_match %r{t\.polygon\s+"a_polygon"$}, output
+    assert_match %r{t\.circle\s+"a_circle"$}, output
+  end
+end
+
+class PostgreSQLGeometricLineTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+
+  class PostgresqlLine < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+
+  setup do
+    unless ActiveRecord::Base.connection.send(:postgresql_version) >= 90400
+      skip("line type is not fully implemented")
+    end
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_table("postgresql_lines") do |t|
+      t.line :a_line
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    if defined?(@connection)
+      @connection.drop_table 'postgresql_lines', if_exists: true
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_geometric_line_type
+    g = PostgresqlLine.new(
+      a_line: '{2.0, 3, 5.5}'
+    )
+    g.save!
+
+    h = PostgresqlLine.find(g.id)
+    assert_equal '{2,3,5.5}', h.a_line
+  end
+
+  def test_alternative_format_line_type
+    g = PostgresqlLine.new(
+      a_line: '(2.0, 3), (4.0, 6.0)'
+    )
+    g.save!
+
+    h = PostgresqlLine.find(g.id)
+    assert_equal '{1.5,-1,0}', h.a_line
+  end
+
+  def test_schema_dumping_for_line_type
+    output = dump_table_schema("postgresql_lines")
+    assert_match %r{t\.line\s+"a_line"$}, output
+  end
+end
+
+class PostgreSQLGeometricTypesTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+  attr_reader :connection, :table_name
+
+  def setup
+    super
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @table_name = :testings
+  end
+
+  def test_creating_column_with_point_type
+    connection.create_table(table_name) do |t|
+      t.point :foo_point
+    end
+
+    assert_column_exists(:foo_point)
+    assert_type_correct(:foo_point, :point)
+  end
+
+  def test_creating_column_with_line_type
+    connection.create_table(table_name) do |t|
+      t.line :foo_line
+    end
+
+    assert_column_exists(:foo_line)
+    assert_type_correct(:foo_line, :line)
+  end
+
+  def test_creating_column_with_lseg_type
+    connection.create_table(table_name) do |t|
+      t.lseg :foo_lseg
+    end
+
+    assert_column_exists(:foo_lseg)
+    assert_type_correct(:foo_lseg, :lseg)
+  end
+
+  def test_creating_column_with_box_type
+    connection.create_table(table_name) do |t|
+      t.box :foo_box
+    end
+
+    assert_column_exists(:foo_box)
+    assert_type_correct(:foo_box, :box)
+  end
+
+  def test_creating_column_with_path_type
+    connection.create_table(table_name) do |t|
+      t.path :foo_path
+    end
+
+    assert_column_exists(:foo_path)
+    assert_type_correct(:foo_path, :path)
+  end
+
+  def test_creating_column_with_polygon_type
+    connection.create_table(table_name) do |t|
+      t.polygon :foo_polygon
+    end
+
+    assert_column_exists(:foo_polygon)
+    assert_type_correct(:foo_polygon, :polygon)
+  end
+
+  def test_creating_column_with_circle_type
+    connection.create_table(table_name) do |t|
+      t.circle :foo_circle
+    end
+
+    assert_column_exists(:foo_circle)
+    assert_type_correct(:foo_circle, :circle)
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def assert_column_exists(column_name)
+    assert connection.column_exists?(table_name, column_name)
+  end
+
+  def assert_type_correct(column_name, type)
+    column = connection.columns(table_name).find { |c| c.name == column_name.to_s }
+    assert_equal type, column.type
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/hstore_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/hstore_test.rb
index f2502430de..27cc65a643 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/hstore_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/hstore_test.rb
@@ -1,41 +1,41 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
-
 require "cases/helper"
-require 'active_record/base'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter'
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
 
-class PostgresqlHstoreTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  class Hstore < ActiveRecord::Base
-    self.table_name = 'hstores'
+if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_extensions?
+  class PostgresqlHstoreTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+    include SchemaDumpingHelper
+    class Hstore < ActiveRecord::Base
+      self.table_name = 'hstores'
 
-    store_accessor :settings, :language, :timezone
-  end
+      store_accessor :settings, :language, :timezone
+    end
 
-  def setup
-    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    def setup
+      @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
 
-    unless @connection.extension_enabled?('hstore')
-      @connection.enable_extension 'hstore'
-      @connection.commit_db_transaction
-    end
+      unless @connection.extension_enabled?('hstore')
+        @connection.enable_extension 'hstore'
+        @connection.commit_db_transaction
+      end
 
-    @connection.reconnect!
+      @connection.reconnect!
 
-    @connection.transaction do
-      @connection.create_table('hstores') do |t|
-        t.hstore 'tags', :default => ''
-        t.hstore 'payload', array: true
-        t.hstore 'settings'
+      @connection.transaction do
+        @connection.create_table('hstores') do |t|
+          t.hstore 'tags', :default => ''
+          t.hstore 'payload', array: true
+          t.hstore 'settings'
+        end
       end
+      Hstore.reset_column_information
+      @column = Hstore.columns_hash['tags']
+      @type = Hstore.type_for_attribute("tags")
     end
-    @column = Hstore.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'tags' }
-  end
 
-  def teardown
-    @connection.execute 'drop table if exists hstores'
-  end
+    teardown do
+      @connection.drop_table 'hstores', if_exists: true
+    end
 
-  if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_extensions?
     def test_hstore_included_in_extensions
       assert @connection.respond_to?(:extensions), "connection should have a list of extensions"
       assert @connection.extensions.include?('hstore'), "extension list should include hstore"
@@ -54,6 +54,20 @@ class PostgresqlHstoreTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     def test_column
       assert_equal :hstore, @column.type
+      assert_equal "hstore", @column.sql_type
+      assert_not @column.array?
+
+      assert_not @type.binary?
+    end
+
+    def test_default
+      @connection.add_column 'hstores', 'permissions', :hstore, default: '"users"=>"read", "articles"=>"write"'
+      Hstore.reset_column_information
+
+      assert_equal({"users"=>"read", "articles"=>"write"}, Hstore.column_defaults['permissions'])
+      assert_equal({"users"=>"read", "articles"=>"write"}, Hstore.new.permissions)
+    ensure
+      Hstore.reset_column_information
     end
 
     def test_change_table_supports_hstore
@@ -62,7 +76,7 @@ class PostgresqlHstoreTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
           t.hstore 'users', default: ''
         end
         Hstore.reset_column_information
-        column = Hstore.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'users' }
+        column = Hstore.columns_hash['users']
         assert_equal :hstore, column.type
 
         raise ActiveRecord::Rollback # reset the schema change
@@ -72,7 +86,7 @@ class PostgresqlHstoreTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
 
     def test_hstore_migration
-      hstore_migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration) do
+      hstore_migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration::Current) do
         def change
           change_table("hstores") do |t|
             t.hstore :keys
@@ -90,22 +104,17 @@ class PostgresqlHstoreTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     def test_cast_value_on_write
       x = Hstore.new tags: {"bool" => true, "number" => 5}
+      assert_equal({"bool" => true, "number" => 5}, x.tags_before_type_cast)
       assert_equal({"bool" => "true", "number" => "5"}, x.tags)
       x.save
       assert_equal({"bool" => "true", "number" => "5"}, x.reload.tags)
     end
 
     def test_type_cast_hstore
-      assert @column
-
-      data = "\"1\"=>\"2\""
-      hash = @column.class.string_to_hstore data
-      assert_equal({'1' => '2'}, hash)
-      assert_equal({'1' => '2'}, @column.type_cast(data))
-
-      assert_equal({}, @column.type_cast(""))
-      assert_equal({'key'=>nil}, @column.type_cast('key => NULL'))
-      assert_equal({'c'=>'}','"a"'=>'b "a b'}, @column.type_cast(%q(c=>"}", "\"a\""=>"b \"a b")))
+      assert_equal({'1' => '2'}, @type.deserialize("\"1\"=>\"2\""))
+      assert_equal({}, @type.deserialize(""))
+      assert_equal({'key'=>nil}, @type.deserialize('key => NULL'))
+      assert_equal({'c'=>'}','"a"'=>'b "a b'}, @type.deserialize(%q(c=>"}", "\"a\""=>"b \"a b")))
     end
 
     def test_with_store_accessors
@@ -126,48 +135,78 @@ class PostgresqlHstoreTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert_equal "GMT", x.timezone
     end
 
+    def test_duplication_with_store_accessors
+      x = Hstore.new(language: "fr", timezone: "GMT")
+      assert_equal "fr", x.language
+      assert_equal "GMT", x.timezone
+
+      y = x.dup
+      assert_equal "fr", y.language
+      assert_equal "GMT", y.timezone
+    end
+
+    def test_yaml_round_trip_with_store_accessors
+      x = Hstore.new(language: "fr", timezone: "GMT")
+      assert_equal "fr", x.language
+      assert_equal "GMT", x.timezone
+
+      y = YAML.load(YAML.dump(x))
+      assert_equal "fr", y.language
+      assert_equal "GMT", y.timezone
+    end
+
+    def test_changes_in_place
+      hstore = Hstore.create!(settings: { 'one' => 'two' })
+      hstore.settings['three'] = 'four'
+      hstore.save!
+      hstore.reload
+
+      assert_equal 'four', hstore.settings['three']
+      assert_not hstore.changed?
+    end
+
     def test_gen1
-      assert_equal(%q(" "=>""), @column.class.hstore_to_string({' '=>''}))
+      assert_equal(%q(" "=>""), @type.serialize({' '=>''}))
     end
 
     def test_gen2
-      assert_equal(%q(","=>""), @column.class.hstore_to_string({','=>''}))
+      assert_equal(%q(","=>""), @type.serialize({','=>''}))
     end
 
     def test_gen3
-      assert_equal(%q("="=>""), @column.class.hstore_to_string({'='=>''}))
+      assert_equal(%q("="=>""), @type.serialize({'='=>''}))
     end
 
     def test_gen4
-      assert_equal(%q(">"=>""), @column.class.hstore_to_string({'>'=>''}))
+      assert_equal(%q(">"=>""), @type.serialize({'>'=>''}))
     end
 
     def test_parse1
-      assert_equal({'a'=>nil,'b'=>nil,'c'=>'NuLl','null'=>'c'}, @column.type_cast('a=>null,b=>NuLl,c=>"NuLl",null=>c'))
+      assert_equal({'a'=>nil,'b'=>nil,'c'=>'NuLl','null'=>'c'}, @type.deserialize('a=>null,b=>NuLl,c=>"NuLl",null=>c'))
     end
 
     def test_parse2
-      assert_equal({" " => " "},  @column.type_cast("\\ =>\\ "))
+      assert_equal({" " => " "},  @type.deserialize("\\ =>\\ "))
     end
 
     def test_parse3
-      assert_equal({"=" => ">"},  @column.type_cast("==>>"))
+      assert_equal({"=" => ">"},  @type.deserialize("==>>"))
     end
 
     def test_parse4
-      assert_equal({"=a"=>"q=w"},   @column.type_cast('\=a=>q=w'))
+      assert_equal({"=a"=>"q=w"},   @type.deserialize('\=a=>q=w'))
     end
 
     def test_parse5
-      assert_equal({"=a"=>"q=w"},   @column.type_cast('"=a"=>q\=w'))
+      assert_equal({"=a"=>"q=w"},   @type.deserialize('"=a"=>q\=w'))
     end
 
     def test_parse6
-      assert_equal({"\"a"=>"q>w"},  @column.type_cast('"\"a"=>q>w'))
+      assert_equal({"\"a"=>"q>w"},  @type.deserialize('"\"a"=>q>w'))
     end
 
     def test_parse7
-      assert_equal({"\"a"=>"q\"w"}, @column.type_cast('\"a=>q"w'))
+      assert_equal({"\"a"=>"q\"w"}, @type.deserialize('\"a=>q"w'))
     end
 
     def test_rewrite
@@ -249,19 +288,40 @@ class PostgresqlHstoreTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert_cycle("a\nb" => "c\nd")
     end
 
-    def test_update_all
-      hstore = Hstore.create! tags: { "one" => "two" }
+    class TagCollection
+      def initialize(hash); @hash = hash end
+      def to_hash; @hash end
+      def self.load(hash); new(hash) end
+      def self.dump(object); object.to_hash end
+    end
+
+    class HstoreWithSerialize < Hstore
+      serialize :tags, TagCollection
+    end
 
-      Hstore.update_all tags: { "three" => "four" }
-      assert_equal({ "three" => "four" }, hstore.reload.tags)
+    def test_hstore_with_serialized_attributes
+      HstoreWithSerialize.create! tags: TagCollection.new({"one" => "two"})
+      record = HstoreWithSerialize.first
+      assert_instance_of TagCollection, record.tags
+      assert_equal({"one" => "two"}, record.tags.to_hash)
+      record.tags = TagCollection.new("three" => "four")
+      record.save!
+      assert_equal({"three" => "four"}, HstoreWithSerialize.first.tags.to_hash)
+    end
 
-      Hstore.update_all tags: { }
-      assert_equal({ }, hstore.reload.tags)
+    def test_clone_hstore_with_serialized_attributes
+      HstoreWithSerialize.create! tags: TagCollection.new({"one" => "two"})
+      record = HstoreWithSerialize.first
+      dupe = record.dup
+      assert_equal({"one" => "two"}, dupe.tags.to_hash)
     end
-  end
 
-  private
+    def test_schema_dump_with_shorthand
+      output = dump_table_schema("hstores")
+      assert_match %r[t\.hstore "tags",\s+default: {}], output
+    end
 
+    private
     def assert_array_cycle(array)
       # test creation
       x = Hstore.create!(payload: array)
@@ -289,4 +349,5 @@ class PostgresqlHstoreTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       x.reload
       assert_equal(hash, x.tags)
     end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/infinity_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/infinity_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bfda933fa4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/infinity_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+class PostgresqlInfinityTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+  include InTimeZone
+
+  class PostgresqlInfinity < ActiveRecord::Base
+  end
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_table(:postgresql_infinities) do |t|
+      t.float :float
+      t.datetime :datetime
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.drop_table 'postgresql_infinities', if_exists: true
+  end
+
+  test "type casting infinity on a float column" do
+    record = PostgresqlInfinity.create!(float: Float::INFINITY)
+    record.reload
+    assert_equal Float::INFINITY, record.float
+  end
+
+  test "type casting string on a float column" do
+    record = PostgresqlInfinity.new(float: 'Infinity')
+    assert_equal Float::INFINITY, record.float
+    record = PostgresqlInfinity.new(float: '-Infinity')
+    assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY, record.float)
+    record = PostgresqlInfinity.new(float: 'NaN')
+    assert_send [record.float, :nan?]
+  end
+
+  test "update_all with infinity on a float column" do
+    record = PostgresqlInfinity.create!
+    PostgresqlInfinity.update_all(float: Float::INFINITY)
+    record.reload
+    assert_equal Float::INFINITY, record.float
+  end
+
+  test "type casting infinity on a datetime column" do
+    record = PostgresqlInfinity.create!(datetime: Float::INFINITY)
+    record.reload
+    assert_equal Float::INFINITY, record.datetime
+  end
+
+  test "update_all with infinity on a datetime column" do
+    record = PostgresqlInfinity.create!
+    PostgresqlInfinity.update_all(datetime: Float::INFINITY)
+    record.reload
+    assert_equal Float::INFINITY, record.datetime
+  end
+
+  test "assigning 'infinity' on a datetime column with TZ aware attributes" do
+    begin
+      in_time_zone "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
+        record = PostgresqlInfinity.create!(datetime: "infinity")
+        assert_equal Float::INFINITY, record.datetime
+        assert_equal record.datetime, record.reload.datetime
+      end
+    ensure
+      # setting time_zone_aware_attributes causes the types to change.
+      # There is no way to do this automatically since it can be set on a superclass
+      PostgresqlInfinity.reset_column_information
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/integer_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/integer_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b4e55964b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/integer_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require "active_support/core_ext/numeric/bytes"
+
+class PostgresqlIntegerTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+  class PgInteger < ActiveRecord::Base
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+
+    @connection.transaction do
+      @connection.create_table "pg_integers", force: true do |t|
+        t.integer :quota, limit: 8, default: 2.gigabytes
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.drop_table "pg_integers", if_exists: true
+  end
+
+  test "schema properly respects bigint ranges" do
+    assert_equal 2.gigabytes, PgInteger.new.quota
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/json_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/json_test.rb
index 3daef399d8..b3b121b4fb 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/json_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/json_test.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
-
 require "cases/helper"
-require 'active_record/base'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter'
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
+
+module PostgresqlJSONSharedTestCases
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
 
-class PostgresqlJSONTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   class JsonDataType < ActiveRecord::Base
     self.table_name = 'json_data_type'
 
@@ -14,34 +13,48 @@ class PostgresqlJSONTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def setup
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
     begin
-      @connection.transaction do
-        @connection.create_table('json_data_type') do |t|
-          t.json 'payload', :default => {}
-          t.json 'settings'
-        end
+      @connection.create_table('json_data_type') do |t|
+        t.public_send column_type, 'payload', default: {} # t.json 'payload', default: {}
+        t.public_send column_type, 'settings'             # t.json 'settings'
       end
     rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
-      skip "do not test on PG without json"
+      skip "do not test on PostgreSQL without #{column_type} type."
     end
-    @column = JsonDataType.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'payload' }
   end
 
   def teardown
-    @connection.execute 'drop table if exists json_data_type'
+    @connection.drop_table :json_data_type, if_exists: true
+    JsonDataType.reset_column_information
   end
 
   def test_column
-    assert_equal :json, @column.type
+    column = JsonDataType.columns_hash["payload"]
+    assert_equal column_type, column.type
+    assert_equal column_type.to_s, column.sql_type
+    assert_not column.array?
+
+    type = JsonDataType.type_for_attribute("payload")
+    assert_not type.binary?
+  end
+
+  def test_default
+    @connection.add_column 'json_data_type', 'permissions', column_type, default: '{"users": "read", "posts": ["read", "write"]}'
+    JsonDataType.reset_column_information
+
+    assert_equal({"users"=>"read", "posts"=>["read", "write"]}, JsonDataType.column_defaults['permissions'])
+    assert_equal({"users"=>"read", "posts"=>["read", "write"]}, JsonDataType.new.permissions)
+  ensure
+    JsonDataType.reset_column_information
   end
 
   def test_change_table_supports_json
     @connection.transaction do
       @connection.change_table('json_data_type') do |t|
-        t.json 'users', default: '{}'
+        t.public_send column_type, 'users', default: '{}' # t.json 'users', default: '{}'
       end
       JsonDataType.reset_column_information
-      column = JsonDataType.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'users' }
-      assert_equal :json, column.type
+      column = JsonDataType.columns_hash['users']
+      assert_equal column_type, column.type
 
       raise ActiveRecord::Rollback # reset the schema change
     end
@@ -49,24 +62,30 @@ class PostgresqlJSONTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     JsonDataType.reset_column_information
   end
 
+  def test_schema_dumping
+    output = dump_table_schema("json_data_type")
+    assert_match(/t\.#{column_type.to_s}\s+"payload",\s+default: {}/, output)
+  end
+
   def test_cast_value_on_write
     x = JsonDataType.new payload: {"string" => "foo", :symbol => :bar}
+    assert_equal({"string" => "foo", :symbol => :bar}, x.payload_before_type_cast)
     assert_equal({"string" => "foo", "symbol" => "bar"}, x.payload)
     x.save
     assert_equal({"string" => "foo", "symbol" => "bar"}, x.reload.payload)
   end
 
   def test_type_cast_json
-    assert @column
+    type = JsonDataType.type_for_attribute("payload")
 
     data = "{\"a_key\":\"a_value\"}"
-    hash = @column.class.string_to_json data
+    hash = type.deserialize(data)
     assert_equal({'a_key' => 'a_value'}, hash)
-    assert_equal({'a_key' => 'a_value'}, @column.type_cast(data))
+    assert_equal({'a_key' => 'a_value'}, type.deserialize(data))
 
-    assert_equal({}, @column.type_cast("{}"))
-    assert_equal({'key'=>nil}, @column.type_cast('{"key": null}'))
-    assert_equal({'c'=>'}','"a"'=>'b "a b'}, @column.type_cast(%q({"c":"}", "\"a\"":"b \"a b"})))
+    assert_equal({}, type.deserialize("{}"))
+    assert_equal({'key'=>nil}, type.deserialize('{"key": null}'))
+    assert_equal({'c'=>'}','"a"'=>'b "a b'}, type.deserialize(%q({"c":"}", "\"a\"":"b \"a b"})))
   end
 
   def test_rewrite
@@ -122,13 +141,64 @@ class PostgresqlJSONTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal "640×1136", x.resolution
   end
 
-  def test_update_all
-    json = JsonDataType.create! payload: { "one" => "two" }
+  def test_duplication_with_store_accessors
+    x = JsonDataType.new(resolution: "320×480")
+    assert_equal "320×480", x.resolution
+
+    y = x.dup
+    assert_equal "320×480", y.resolution
+  end
+
+  def test_yaml_round_trip_with_store_accessors
+    x = JsonDataType.new(resolution: "320×480")
+    assert_equal "320×480", x.resolution
+
+    y = YAML.load(YAML.dump(x))
+    assert_equal "320×480", y.resolution
+  end
+
+  def test_changes_in_place
+    json = JsonDataType.new
+    assert_not json.changed?
+
+    json.payload = { 'one' => 'two' }
+    assert json.changed?
+    assert json.payload_changed?
+
+    json.save!
+    assert_not json.changed?
+
+    json.payload['three'] = 'four'
+    assert json.payload_changed?
+
+    json.save!
+    json.reload
+
+    assert_equal({ 'one' => 'two', 'three' => 'four' }, json.payload)
+    assert_not json.changed?
+  end
+
+  def test_assigning_invalid_json
+    json = JsonDataType.new
+
+    json.payload = 'foo'
+
+    assert_nil json.payload
+  end
+end
+
+class PostgresqlJSONTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+  include PostgresqlJSONSharedTestCases
+
+  def column_type
+    :json
+  end
+end
 
-    JsonDataType.update_all payload: { "three" => "four" }
-    assert_equal({ "three" => "four" }, json.reload.payload)
+class PostgresqlJSONBTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+  include PostgresqlJSONSharedTestCases
 
-    JsonDataType.update_all payload: { }
-    assert_equal({ }, json.reload.payload)
+  def column_type
+    :jsonb
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/ltree_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/ltree_test.rb
index 5d12ca75ca..56516c82b4 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/ltree_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/ltree_test.rb
@@ -1,15 +1,17 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require "cases/helper"
-require 'active_record/base'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter'
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
 
-class PostgresqlLtreeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+class PostgresqlLtreeTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
   class Ltree < ActiveRecord::Base
     self.table_name = 'ltrees'
   end
 
   def setup
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+
+    enable_extension!('ltree', @connection)
+
     @connection.transaction do
       @connection.create_table('ltrees') do |t|
         t.ltree 'path'
@@ -19,13 +21,18 @@ class PostgresqlLtreeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     skip "do not test on PG without ltree"
   end
 
-  def teardown
-    @connection.execute 'drop table if exists ltrees'
+  teardown do
+    @connection.drop_table 'ltrees', if_exists: true
   end
 
   def test_column
     column = Ltree.columns_hash['path']
     assert_equal :ltree, column.type
+    assert_equal "ltree", column.sql_type
+    assert_not column.array?
+
+    type = Ltree.type_for_attribute('path')
+    assert_not type.binary?
   end
 
   def test_write
@@ -38,4 +45,9 @@ class PostgresqlLtreeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     ltree = Ltree.first
     assert_equal '1.2.3', ltree.path
   end
+
+  def test_schema_dump_with_shorthand
+    output = dump_table_schema("ltrees")
+    assert_match %r[t\.ltree "path"], output
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/money_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/money_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c031178479
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/money_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
+
+class PostgresqlMoneyTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+
+  class PostgresqlMoney < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.execute("set lc_monetary = 'C'")
+    @connection.create_table('postgresql_moneys', force: true) do |t|
+      t.money "wealth"
+      t.money "depth", default: "150.55"
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.drop_table 'postgresql_moneys', if_exists: true
+  end
+
+  def test_column
+    column = PostgresqlMoney.columns_hash["wealth"]
+    assert_equal :money, column.type
+    assert_equal "money", column.sql_type
+    assert_equal 2, column.scale
+    assert_not column.array?
+
+    type = PostgresqlMoney.type_for_attribute("wealth")
+    assert_not type.binary?
+  end
+
+  def test_default
+    assert_equal BigDecimal.new("150.55"), PostgresqlMoney.column_defaults['depth']
+    assert_equal BigDecimal.new("150.55"), PostgresqlMoney.new.depth
+  end
+
+  def test_money_values
+    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_moneys (id, wealth) VALUES (1, '567.89'::money)")
+    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_moneys (id, wealth) VALUES (2, '-567.89'::money)")
+
+    first_money = PostgresqlMoney.find(1)
+    second_money = PostgresqlMoney.find(2)
+    assert_equal 567.89, first_money.wealth
+    assert_equal(-567.89, second_money.wealth)
+  end
+
+  def test_money_type_cast
+    type = PostgresqlMoney.type_for_attribute('wealth')
+    assert_equal(12345678.12, type.cast("$12,345,678.12"))
+    assert_equal(12345678.12, type.cast("$12.345.678,12"))
+    assert_equal(-1.15, type.cast("-$1.15"))
+    assert_equal(-2.25, type.cast("($2.25)"))
+  end
+
+  def test_schema_dumping
+    output = dump_table_schema("postgresql_moneys")
+    assert_match %r{t\.money\s+"wealth",\s+scale: 2$}, output
+    assert_match %r{t\.money\s+"depth",\s+scale: 2,\s+default: "150\.55"$}, output
+  end
+
+  def test_create_and_update_money
+    money = PostgresqlMoney.create(wealth: "987.65")
+    assert_equal 987.65, money.wealth
+
+    new_value = BigDecimal.new('123.45')
+    money.wealth = new_value
+    money.save!
+    money.reload
+    assert_equal new_value, money.wealth
+  end
+
+  def test_update_all_with_money_string
+    money = PostgresqlMoney.create!
+    PostgresqlMoney.update_all(wealth: "987.65")
+    money.reload
+
+    assert_equal 987.65, money.wealth
+  end
+
+  def test_update_all_with_money_big_decimal
+    money = PostgresqlMoney.create!
+    PostgresqlMoney.update_all(wealth: '123.45'.to_d)
+    money.reload
+
+    assert_equal 123.45, money.wealth
+  end
+
+  def test_update_all_with_money_numeric
+    money = PostgresqlMoney.create!
+    PostgresqlMoney.update_all(wealth: 123.45)
+    money.reload
+
+    assert_equal 123.45, money.wealth
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/network_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/network_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fe6ee4e2d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/network_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
+
+class PostgresqlNetworkTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+  class PostgresqlNetworkAddress < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_table('postgresql_network_addresses', force: true) do |t|
+      t.inet 'inet_address', default: "192.168.1.1"
+      t.cidr 'cidr_address', default: "192.168.1.0/24"
+      t.macaddr 'mac_address', default: "ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff"
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.drop_table 'postgresql_network_addresses', if_exists: true
+  end
+
+  def test_cidr_column
+    column = PostgresqlNetworkAddress.columns_hash["cidr_address"]
+    assert_equal :cidr, column.type
+    assert_equal "cidr", column.sql_type
+    assert_not column.array?
+
+    type = PostgresqlNetworkAddress.type_for_attribute("cidr_address")
+    assert_not type.binary?
+  end
+
+  def test_inet_column
+    column = PostgresqlNetworkAddress.columns_hash["inet_address"]
+    assert_equal :inet, column.type
+    assert_equal "inet", column.sql_type
+    assert_not column.array?
+
+    type = PostgresqlNetworkAddress.type_for_attribute("inet_address")
+    assert_not type.binary?
+  end
+
+  def test_macaddr_column
+    column = PostgresqlNetworkAddress.columns_hash["mac_address"]
+    assert_equal :macaddr, column.type
+    assert_equal "macaddr", column.sql_type
+    assert_not column.array?
+
+    type = PostgresqlNetworkAddress.type_for_attribute("mac_address")
+    assert_not type.binary?
+  end
+
+  def test_network_types
+    PostgresqlNetworkAddress.create(cidr_address: '192.168.0.0/24',
+                                    inet_address: '172.16.1.254/32',
+                                    mac_address: '01:23:45:67:89:0a')
+
+    address = PostgresqlNetworkAddress.first
+    assert_equal IPAddr.new('192.168.0.0/24'), address.cidr_address
+    assert_equal IPAddr.new('172.16.1.254'), address.inet_address
+    assert_equal '01:23:45:67:89:0a', address.mac_address
+
+    address.cidr_address = '10.1.2.3/32'
+    address.inet_address = '10.0.0.0/8'
+    address.mac_address = 'bc:de:f0:12:34:56'
+
+    address.save!
+    assert address.reload
+    assert_equal IPAddr.new('10.1.2.3/32'), address.cidr_address
+    assert_equal IPAddr.new('10.0.0.0/8'), address.inet_address
+    assert_equal 'bc:de:f0:12:34:56', address.mac_address
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_network_address
+    invalid_address = PostgresqlNetworkAddress.new(cidr_address: 'invalid addr',
+                                                   inet_address: 'invalid addr')
+    assert_nil invalid_address.cidr_address
+    assert_nil invalid_address.inet_address
+    assert_equal 'invalid addr', invalid_address.cidr_address_before_type_cast
+    assert_equal 'invalid addr', invalid_address.inet_address_before_type_cast
+    assert invalid_address.save
+
+    invalid_address.reload
+    assert_nil invalid_address.cidr_address
+    assert_nil invalid_address.inet_address
+    assert_nil invalid_address.cidr_address_before_type_cast
+    assert_nil invalid_address.inet_address_before_type_cast
+  end
+
+  def test_schema_dump_with_shorthand
+    output = dump_table_schema("postgresql_network_addresses")
+    assert_match %r{t\.inet\s+"inet_address",\s+default: "192\.168\.1\.1"}, output
+    assert_match %r{t\.cidr\s+"cidr_address",\s+default: "192\.168\.1\.0/24"}, output
+    assert_match %r{t\.macaddr\s+"mac_address",\s+default: "ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff"}, output
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/numbers_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/numbers_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ba7e7dc9a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/numbers_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+class PostgresqlNumberTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+  class PostgresqlNumber < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_table('postgresql_numbers', force: true) do |t|
+      t.column 'single', 'REAL'
+      t.column 'double', 'DOUBLE PRECISION'
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.drop_table 'postgresql_numbers', if_exists: true
+  end
+
+  def test_data_type
+    assert_equal :float, PostgresqlNumber.columns_hash["single"].type
+    assert_equal :float, PostgresqlNumber.columns_hash["double"].type
+  end
+
+  def test_values
+    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_numbers (id, single, double) VALUES (1, 123.456, 123456.789)")
+    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_numbers (id, single, double) VALUES (2, '-Infinity', 'Infinity')")
+    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_numbers (id, single, double) VALUES (3, 123.456, 'NaN')")
+
+    first, second, third = PostgresqlNumber.find(1, 2, 3)
+
+    assert_equal 123.456, first.single
+    assert_equal 123456.789, first.double
+    assert_equal(-::Float::INFINITY, second.single)
+    assert_equal ::Float::INFINITY, second.double
+    assert_send [third.double, :nan?]
+  end
+
+  def test_update
+    record = PostgresqlNumber.create! single: "123.456", double: "123456.789"
+    new_single = 789.012
+    new_double = 789012.345
+    record.single = new_single
+    record.double = new_double
+    record.save!
+
+    record.reload
+    assert_equal new_single, record.single
+    assert_equal new_double, record.double
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/postgresql_adapter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/postgresql_adapter_test.rb
index 019406dd84..e361521155 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/postgresql_adapter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/postgresql_adapter_test.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/ddl_helper'
+require 'support/connection_helper'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
-    class PostgreSQLAdapterTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    class PostgreSQLAdapterTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+      include DdlHelper
+      include ConnectionHelper
+
       def setup
         @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
       end
@@ -49,6 +53,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      def test_composite_primary_key
+        with_example_table 'id serial, number serial, PRIMARY KEY (id, number)' do
+          assert_nil @connection.primary_key('ex')
+        end
+      end
+
       def test_primary_key_raises_error_if_table_not_found
         assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
           @connection.primary_key('unobtainium')
@@ -58,7 +68,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def test_insert_sql_with_proprietary_returning_clause
         with_example_table do
           id = @connection.insert_sql("insert into ex (number) values(5150)", nil, "number")
-          assert_equal "5150", id
+          assert_equal 5150, id
         end
       end
 
@@ -96,21 +106,35 @@ module ActiveRecord
         connection = connection_without_insert_returning
         id = connection.insert_sql("insert into postgresql_partitioned_table_parent (number) VALUES (1)")
         expect = connection.query('select max(id) from postgresql_partitioned_table_parent').first.first
-        assert_equal expect, id
+        assert_equal expect.to_i, id
       end
 
       def test_exec_insert_with_returning_disabled
         connection = connection_without_insert_returning
         result = connection.exec_insert("insert into postgresql_partitioned_table_parent (number) VALUES (1)", nil, [], 'id', 'postgresql_partitioned_table_parent_id_seq')
         expect = connection.query('select max(id) from postgresql_partitioned_table_parent').first.first
-        assert_equal expect, result.rows.first.first
+        assert_equal expect.to_i, result.rows.first.first
       end
 
       def test_exec_insert_with_returning_disabled_and_no_sequence_name_given
         connection = connection_without_insert_returning
         result = connection.exec_insert("insert into postgresql_partitioned_table_parent (number) VALUES (1)", nil, [], 'id')
         expect = connection.query('select max(id) from postgresql_partitioned_table_parent').first.first
-        assert_equal expect, result.rows.first.first
+        assert_equal expect.to_i, result.rows.first.first
+      end
+
+      def test_exec_insert_default_values_with_returning_disabled_and_no_sequence_name_given
+        connection = connection_without_insert_returning
+        result = connection.exec_insert("insert into postgresql_partitioned_table_parent DEFAULT VALUES", nil, [], 'id')
+        expect = connection.query('select max(id) from postgresql_partitioned_table_parent').first.first
+        assert_equal expect.to_i, result.rows.first.first
+      end
+
+      def test_exec_insert_default_values_quoted_schema_with_returning_disabled_and_no_sequence_name_given
+        connection = connection_without_insert_returning
+        result = connection.exec_insert('insert into "public"."postgresql_partitioned_table_parent" DEFAULT VALUES', nil, [], 'id')
+        expect = connection.query('select max(id) from postgresql_partitioned_table_parent').first.first
+        assert_equal expect.to_i, result.rows.first.first
       end
 
       def test_sql_for_insert_with_returning_disabled
@@ -129,10 +153,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_default_sequence_name
-        assert_equal 'accounts_id_seq',
+        assert_equal 'public.accounts_id_seq',
           @connection.default_sequence_name('accounts', 'id')
 
-        assert_equal 'accounts_id_seq',
+        assert_equal 'public.accounts_id_seq',
           @connection.default_sequence_name('accounts')
       end
 
@@ -148,7 +172,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         with_example_table do
           pk, seq = @connection.pk_and_sequence_for('ex')
           assert_equal 'id', pk
-          assert_equal @connection.default_sequence_name('ex', 'id'), seq
+          assert_equal @connection.default_sequence_name('ex', 'id'), seq.to_s
         end
       end
 
@@ -156,7 +180,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         with_example_table 'code serial primary key' do
           pk, seq = @connection.pk_and_sequence_for('ex')
           assert_equal 'code', pk
-          assert_equal @connection.default_sequence_name('ex', 'code'), seq
+          assert_equal @connection.default_sequence_name('ex', 'code'), seq.to_s
         end
       end
 
@@ -176,6 +200,51 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_nil @connection.pk_and_sequence_for('unobtainium')
       end
 
+      def test_pk_and_sequence_for_with_collision_pg_class_oid
+        @connection.exec_query('create table ex(id serial primary key)')
+        @connection.exec_query('create table ex2(id serial primary key)')
+
+        correct_depend_record = [
+          "'pg_class'::regclass",
+          "'ex_id_seq'::regclass",
+          '0',
+          "'pg_class'::regclass",
+          "'ex'::regclass",
+          '1',
+          "'a'"
+        ]
+
+        collision_depend_record = [
+          "'pg_attrdef'::regclass",
+          "'ex2_id_seq'::regclass",
+          '0',
+          "'pg_class'::regclass",
+          "'ex'::regclass",
+          '1',
+          "'a'"
+        ]
+
+        @connection.exec_query(
+          "DELETE FROM pg_depend WHERE objid = 'ex_id_seq'::regclass AND refobjid = 'ex'::regclass AND deptype = 'a'"
+        )
+        @connection.exec_query(
+          "INSERT INTO pg_depend VALUES(#{collision_depend_record.join(',')})"
+        )
+        @connection.exec_query(
+          "INSERT INTO pg_depend VALUES(#{correct_depend_record.join(',')})"
+        )
+
+        seq = @connection.pk_and_sequence_for('ex').last
+        assert_equal PostgreSQL::Name.new("public", "ex_id_seq"), seq
+
+        @connection.exec_query(
+          "DELETE FROM pg_depend WHERE objid = 'ex2_id_seq'::regclass AND refobjid = 'ex'::regclass AND deptype = 'a'"
+        )
+      ensure
+        @connection.drop_table 'ex', if_exists: true
+        @connection.drop_table 'ex2', if_exists: true
+      end
+
       def test_exec_insert_number
         with_example_table do
           insert(@connection, 'number' => 10)
@@ -183,7 +252,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           result = @connection.exec_query('SELECT number FROM ex WHERE number = 10')
 
           assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
-          assert_equal "10", result.rows.last.last
+          assert_equal 10, result.rows.last.last
         end
       end
 
@@ -219,7 +288,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
           assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
 
-          assert_equal [['1', 'foo']], result.rows
+          assert_equal [[1, 'foo']], result.rows
         end
       end
 
@@ -228,12 +297,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
           string = @connection.quote('foo')
           @connection.exec_query("INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, #{string})")
           result = @connection.exec_query(
-                                          'SELECT id, data FROM ex WHERE id = $1', nil, [[nil, 1]])
+                                          'SELECT id, data FROM ex WHERE id = $1', nil, [bind_param(1)])
 
           assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
           assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
 
-          assert_equal [['1', 'foo']], result.rows
+          assert_equal [[1, 'foo']], result.rows
         end
       end
 
@@ -242,23 +311,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
           string = @connection.quote('foo')
           @connection.exec_query("INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, #{string})")
 
-          column = @connection.columns('ex').find { |col| col.name == 'id' }
+          bind = ActiveRecord::Relation::QueryAttribute.new("id", "1-fuu", ActiveRecord::Type::Integer.new)
           result = @connection.exec_query(
-                                          'SELECT id, data FROM ex WHERE id = $1', nil, [[column, '1-fuu']])
+                                          'SELECT id, data FROM ex WHERE id = $1', nil, [bind])
 
           assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
           assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
 
-          assert_equal [['1', 'foo']], result.rows
+          assert_equal [[1, 'foo']], result.rows
         end
       end
 
       def test_substitute_at
-        bind = @connection.substitute_at(nil, 0)
-        assert_equal Arel.sql('$1'), bind
-
-        bind = @connection.substitute_at(nil, 1)
-        assert_equal Arel.sql('$2'), bind
+        bind = @connection.substitute_at(nil)
+        assert_equal Arel.sql('$1'), bind.to_sql
       end
 
       def test_partial_index
@@ -284,6 +350,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
           @connection.columns_for_distinct("posts.id", ["posts.created_at desc", "posts.position asc"])
       end
 
+      def test_columns_for_distinct_with_case
+        assert_equal(
+          'posts.id, CASE WHEN author.is_active THEN UPPER(author.name) ELSE UPPER(author.email) END AS alias_0',
+          @connection.columns_for_distinct('posts.id',
+            ["CASE WHEN author.is_active THEN UPPER(author.name) ELSE UPPER(author.email) END"])
+        )
+      end
+
       def test_columns_for_distinct_blank_not_nil_orders
         assert_equal "posts.id, posts.created_at AS alias_0",
           @connection.columns_for_distinct("posts.id", ["posts.created_at desc", "", "   "])
@@ -303,18 +377,83 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_equal "posts.title, posts.updater_id AS alias_0", @connection.columns_for_distinct("posts.title", ["posts.updater_id desc nulls last"])
       end
 
+      def test_columns_for_distinct_without_order_specifiers
+        assert_equal "posts.title, posts.updater_id AS alias_0",
+          @connection.columns_for_distinct("posts.title", ["posts.updater_id"])
+
+        assert_equal "posts.title, posts.updater_id AS alias_0",
+          @connection.columns_for_distinct("posts.title", ["posts.updater_id nulls last"])
+
+        assert_equal "posts.title, posts.updater_id AS alias_0",
+          @connection.columns_for_distinct("posts.title", ["posts.updater_id nulls first"])
+      end
+
       def test_raise_error_when_cannot_translate_exception
         assert_raise TypeError do
           @connection.send(:log, nil) { @connection.execute(nil) }
         end
       end
 
+      def test_reload_type_map_for_newly_defined_types
+        @connection.execute "CREATE TYPE feeling AS ENUM ('good', 'bad')"
+        result = @connection.select_all "SELECT 'good'::feeling"
+        assert_instance_of(PostgreSQLAdapter::OID::Enum,
+                           result.column_types["feeling"])
+      ensure
+        @connection.execute "DROP TYPE IF EXISTS feeling"
+        reset_connection
+      end
+
+      def test_only_reload_type_map_once_for_every_unknown_type
+        silence_warnings do
+          assert_queries 2, ignore_none: true do
+            @connection.select_all "SELECT NULL::anyelement"
+          end
+          assert_queries 1, ignore_none: true do
+            @connection.select_all "SELECT NULL::anyelement"
+          end
+          assert_queries 2, ignore_none: true do
+            @connection.select_all "SELECT NULL::anyarray"
+          end
+        end
+      ensure
+        reset_connection
+      end
+
+      def test_only_warn_on_first_encounter_of_unknown_oid
+        warning = capture(:stderr) {
+          @connection.select_all "SELECT NULL::anyelement"
+          @connection.select_all "SELECT NULL::anyelement"
+          @connection.select_all "SELECT NULL::anyelement"
+        }
+        assert_match(/\Aunknown OID \d+: failed to recognize type of 'anyelement'. It will be treated as String.\n\z/, warning)
+      ensure
+        reset_connection
+      end
+
+      def test_unparsed_defaults_are_at_least_set_when_saving
+        with_example_table "id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY, number INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT (4 + 4) * 2 / 4" do
+          number_klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+            self.table_name = 'ex'
+          end
+          column = number_klass.columns_hash["number"]
+          assert_nil column.default
+          assert_nil column.default_function
+
+          first_number = number_klass.new
+          assert_nil first_number.number
+
+          first_number.save!
+          assert_equal 4, first_number.reload.number
+        end
+      end
+
       private
       def insert(ctx, data)
-        binds   = data.map { |name, value|
-          [ctx.columns('ex').find { |x| x.name == name }, value]
+        binds = data.map { |name, value|
+          bind_param(value, name)
         }
-        columns = binds.map(&:first).map(&:name)
+        columns = binds.map(&:name)
 
         bind_subs = columns.length.times.map { |x| "$#{x + 1}" }
 
@@ -324,17 +463,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
         ctx.exec_insert(sql, 'SQL', binds)
       end
 
-      def with_example_table(definition = nil)
-        definition ||= 'id serial primary key, number integer, data character varying(255)'
-        @connection.exec_query("create table ex(#{definition})")
-        yield
-      ensure
-        @connection.exec_query('drop table if exists ex')
+      def with_example_table(definition = 'id serial primary key, number integer, data character varying(255)', &block)
+        super(@connection, 'ex', definition, &block)
       end
 
       def connection_without_insert_returning
         ActiveRecord::Base.postgresql_connection(ActiveRecord::Base.configurations['arunit'].merge(:insert_returning => false))
       end
+
+      def bind_param(value, name = nil)
+        ActiveRecord::Relation::QueryAttribute.new(name, value, ActiveRecord::Type::Value.new)
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/quoting_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/quoting_test.rb
index 1122f8b9a1..5e6f4dbbb8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/quoting_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/quoting_test.rb
@@ -4,58 +4,39 @@ require 'ipaddr'
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     class PostgreSQLAdapter
-      class QuotingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      class QuotingTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
         def setup
           @conn = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
         end
 
         def test_type_cast_true
-          c = Column.new(nil, 1, 'boolean')
-          assert_equal 't', @conn.type_cast(true, nil)
-          assert_equal 't', @conn.type_cast(true, c)
+          assert_equal 't', @conn.type_cast(true)
         end
 
         def test_type_cast_false
-          c = Column.new(nil, 1, 'boolean')
-          assert_equal 'f', @conn.type_cast(false, nil)
-          assert_equal 'f', @conn.type_cast(false, c)
-        end
-
-        def test_type_cast_cidr
-          ip = IPAddr.new('255.0.0.0/8')
-          c = Column.new(nil, ip, 'cidr')
-          assert_equal ip, @conn.type_cast(ip, c)
-        end
-
-        def test_type_cast_inet
-          ip = IPAddr.new('255.1.0.0/8')
-          c = Column.new(nil, ip, 'inet')
-          assert_equal ip, @conn.type_cast(ip, c)
+          assert_equal 'f', @conn.type_cast(false)
         end
 
         def test_quote_float_nan
           nan = 0.0/0
-          c = Column.new(nil, 1, 'float')
-          assert_equal "'NaN'", @conn.quote(nan, c)
+          assert_equal "'NaN'", @conn.quote(nan)
         end
 
         def test_quote_float_infinity
           infinity = 1.0/0
-          c = Column.new(nil, 1, 'float')
-          assert_equal "'Infinity'", @conn.quote(infinity, c)
+          assert_equal "'Infinity'", @conn.quote(infinity)
         end
 
-        def test_quote_cast_numeric
-          fixnum = 666
-          c = Column.new(nil, nil, 'varchar')
-          assert_equal "'666'", @conn.quote(fixnum, c)
-          c = Column.new(nil, nil, 'text')
-          assert_equal "'666'", @conn.quote(fixnum, c)
+        def test_quote_range
+          range = "1,2]'; SELECT * FROM users; --".."a"
+          type = OID::Range.new(Type::Integer.new, :int8range)
+          assert_equal "'[1,0]'", @conn.quote(type.serialize(range))
         end
 
-        def test_quote_time_usec
-          assert_equal "'1970-01-01 00:00:00.000000'", @conn.quote(Time.at(0))
-          assert_equal "'1970-01-01 00:00:00.000000'", @conn.quote(Time.at(0).to_datetime)
+        def test_quote_bit_string
+          value = "'); SELECT * FROM users; /*\n01\n*/--"
+          type = OID::Bit.new
+          assert_equal nil, @conn.quote(type.serialize(value))
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/range_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/range_test.rb
index 306bb09a0d..02b1083430 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/range_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/range_test.rb
@@ -1,24 +1,19 @@
 require "cases/helper"
-require 'active_record/base'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter'
+require 'support/connection_helper'
 
-if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_ranges?
+if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.respond_to?(:supports_ranges?) && ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_ranges?
   class PostgresqlRange < ActiveRecord::Base
     self.table_name = "postgresql_ranges"
   end
 
-  class PostgresqlRangeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-    def teardown
-      @connection.execute 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS postgresql_ranges'
-      @connection.execute 'DROP TYPE IF EXISTS floatrange'
-    end
+  class PostgresqlRangeTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+    self.use_transactional_tests = false
+    include ConnectionHelper
 
     def setup
       @connection = PostgresqlRange.connection
       begin
         @connection.transaction do
-          @connection.execute 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS postgresql_ranges'
-          @connection.execute 'DROP TYPE IF EXISTS floatrange'
           @connection.execute <<_SQL
             CREATE TYPE floatrange AS RANGE (
                 subtype = float8,
@@ -37,7 +32,6 @@ _SQL
 
           @connection.add_column 'postgresql_ranges', 'float_range', 'floatrange'
         end
-        @connection.send :reload_type_map
         PostgresqlRange.reset_column_information
       rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
         skip "do not test on PG without range"
@@ -96,6 +90,12 @@ _SQL
       @empty_range = PostgresqlRange.find(105)
     end
 
+    teardown do
+      @connection.drop_table 'postgresql_ranges', if_exists: true
+      @connection.execute 'DROP TYPE IF EXISTS floatrange'
+      reset_connection
+    end
+
     def test_data_type_of_range_types
       assert_equal :daterange, @first_range.column_for_attribute(:date_range).type
       assert_equal :numrange, @first_range.column_for_attribute(:num_range).type
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ _SQL
       assert_equal 0.5..0.7, @first_range.float_range
       assert_equal 0.5...0.7, @second_range.float_range
       assert_equal 0.5...Float::INFINITY, @third_range.float_range
-      assert_equal -Float::INFINITY...Float::INFINITY, @fourth_range.float_range
+      assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY...Float::INFINITY, @fourth_range.float_range)
       assert_nil @empty_range.float_range
     end
 
@@ -230,36 +230,31 @@ _SQL
       assert_nil_round_trip(@first_range, :int8_range, 39999...39999)
     end
 
-    def test_exclude_beginning_for_subtypes_with_succ_method_is_deprecated
-      tz = ::ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone
-
-      silence_warnings {
-        assert_deprecated {
-          range = PostgresqlRange.create!(date_range: "(''2012-01-02'', ''2012-01-04'']")
-          assert_equal Date.new(2012, 1, 3)..Date.new(2012, 1, 4), range.date_range
-        }
-        assert_deprecated {
-          range = PostgresqlRange.create!(ts_range: "(''2010-01-01 14:30'', ''2011-01-01 14:30'']")
-          assert_equal Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 1)..Time.send(tz, 2011, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0), range.ts_range
-        }
-        assert_deprecated {
-          range = PostgresqlRange.create!(tstz_range: "(''2010-01-01 14:30:00+05'', ''2011-01-01 14:30:00-03'']")
-          assert_equal Time.parse('2010-01-01 09:30:01 UTC')..Time.parse('2011-01-01 17:30:00 UTC'), range.tstz_range
-        }
-        assert_deprecated {
-          range = PostgresqlRange.create!(int4_range: "(1, 10]")
-          assert_equal 2..10, range.int4_range
-        }
-        assert_deprecated {
-          range = PostgresqlRange.create!(int8_range: "(10, 100]")
-          assert_equal 11..100, range.int8_range
-        }
-      }
-    end
-
     def test_exclude_beginning_for_subtypes_without_succ_method_is_not_supported
       assert_raises(ArgumentError) { PostgresqlRange.create!(num_range: "(0.1, 0.2]") }
       assert_raises(ArgumentError) { PostgresqlRange.create!(float_range: "(0.5, 0.7]") }
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError) { PostgresqlRange.create!(int4_range: "(1, 10]") }
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError) { PostgresqlRange.create!(int8_range: "(10, 100]") }
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError) { PostgresqlRange.create!(date_range: "(''2012-01-02'', ''2012-01-04'']") }
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError) { PostgresqlRange.create!(ts_range: "(''2010-01-01 14:30'', ''2011-01-01 14:30'']") }
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError) { PostgresqlRange.create!(tstz_range: "(''2010-01-01 14:30:00+05'', ''2011-01-01 14:30:00-03'']") }
+    end
+
+    def test_update_all_with_ranges
+      PostgresqlRange.create!
+
+      PostgresqlRange.update_all(int8_range: 1..100)
+
+      assert_equal 1...101, PostgresqlRange.first.int8_range
+    end
+
+    def test_ranges_correctly_escape_input
+      range = "-1,2]'; DROP TABLE postgresql_ranges; --".."a"
+      PostgresqlRange.update_all(int8_range: range)
+
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        PostgresqlRange.first
+      end
     end
 
     private
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/referential_integrity_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/referential_integrity_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c895ab9db5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/referential_integrity_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+require 'support/connection_helper'
+
+class PostgreSQLReferentialIntegrityTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
+
+  include ConnectionHelper
+
+  IS_REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY_SQL = lambda do |sql|
+    sql.match(/DISABLE TRIGGER ALL/) || sql.match(/ENABLE TRIGGER ALL/)
+  end
+
+  module MissingSuperuserPrivileges
+    def execute(sql)
+      if IS_REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY_SQL.call(sql)
+        super "BROKEN;" rescue nil # put transaction in broken state
+        raise ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid, 'PG::InsufficientPrivilege'
+      else
+        super
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  module ProgrammerMistake
+    def execute(sql)
+      if IS_REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY_SQL.call(sql)
+        raise ArgumentError, 'something is not right.'
+      else
+        super
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    reset_connection
+    if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.is_a?(MissingSuperuserPrivileges)
+      raise "MissingSuperuserPrivileges patch was not removed"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_should_reraise_invalid_foreign_key_exception_and_show_warning
+    @connection.extend MissingSuperuserPrivileges
+
+    warning = capture(:stderr) do
+      e = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::InvalidForeignKey) do
+        @connection.disable_referential_integrity do
+          raise ActiveRecord::InvalidForeignKey, 'Should be re-raised'
+        end
+      end
+      assert_equal 'Should be re-raised', e.message
+    end
+    assert_match (/WARNING: Rails was not able to disable referential integrity/), warning
+    assert_match (/cause: PG::InsufficientPrivilege/), warning
+  end
+
+  def test_does_not_print_warning_if_no_invalid_foreign_key_exception_was_raised
+    @connection.extend MissingSuperuserPrivileges
+
+    warning = capture(:stderr) do
+      e = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
+        @connection.disable_referential_integrity do
+          raise ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid, 'Should be re-raised'
+        end
+      end
+      assert_equal 'Should be re-raised', e.message
+    end
+    assert warning.blank?, "expected no warnings but got:\n#{warning}"
+  end
+
+  def test_does_not_break_transactions
+    @connection.extend MissingSuperuserPrivileges
+
+    @connection.transaction do
+      @connection.disable_referential_integrity do
+        assert_transaction_is_not_broken
+      end
+      assert_transaction_is_not_broken
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_does_not_break_nested_transactions
+    @connection.extend MissingSuperuserPrivileges
+
+    @connection.transaction do
+      @connection.transaction(requires_new: true) do
+        @connection.disable_referential_integrity do
+          assert_transaction_is_not_broken
+        end
+      end
+      assert_transaction_is_not_broken
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_only_catch_active_record_errors_others_bubble_up
+    @connection.extend ProgrammerMistake
+
+    assert_raises ArgumentError do
+      @connection.disable_referential_integrity {}
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def assert_transaction_is_not_broken
+    assert_equal 1, @connection.select_value("SELECT 1")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/rename_table_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/rename_table_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bd64bae308
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/rename_table_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+class PostgresqlRenameTableTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+  def setup
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_table :before_rename, force: true
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    @connection.drop_table "before_rename", if_exists: true
+    @connection.drop_table "after_rename", if_exists: true
+  end
+
+  test "renaming a table also renames the primary key index" do
+    # sanity check
+    assert_equal 1, num_indices_named("before_rename_pkey")
+    assert_equal 0, num_indices_named("after_rename_pkey")
+
+    @connection.rename_table :before_rename, :after_rename
+
+    assert_equal 0, num_indices_named("before_rename_pkey")
+    assert_equal 1, num_indices_named("after_rename_pkey")
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def num_indices_named(name)
+    @connection.execute(<<-SQL).values.length
+      SELECT 1 FROM "pg_index"
+        JOIN "pg_class" ON "pg_index"."indexrelid" = "pg_class"."oid"
+        WHERE "pg_class"."relname" = '#{name}'
+    SQL
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_authorization_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_authorization_test.rb
index d5e1838543..a0afd922b2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_authorization_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_authorization_test.rb
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ require "cases/helper"
 class SchemaThing < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 
-class SchemaAuthorizationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+class SchemaAuthorizationTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
 
   TABLE_NAME = 'schema_things'
   COLUMNS = [
@@ -27,11 +27,11 @@ class SchemaAuthorizationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     set_session_auth
     @connection.execute "RESET search_path"
     USERS.each do |u|
-      @connection.execute "DROP SCHEMA #{u} CASCADE"
+      @connection.drop_schema u
       @connection.execute "DROP USER #{u}"
     end
   end
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ class SchemaAuthorizationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       set_session_auth
       USERS.each do |u|
         set_session_auth u
-        assert_equal u, @connection.exec_query("SELECT name FROM #{TABLE_NAME} WHERE id = $1", 'SQL', [[nil, 1]]).first['name']
+        assert_equal u, @connection.exec_query("SELECT name FROM #{TABLE_NAME} WHERE id = $1", 'SQL', [bind_param(1)]).first['name']
         set_session_auth
       end
     end
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ class SchemaAuthorizationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       USERS.each do |u|
         @connection.clear_cache!
         set_session_auth u
-        assert_equal u, @connection.exec_query("SELECT name FROM #{TABLE_NAME} WHERE id = $1", 'SQL', [[nil, 1]]).first['name']
+        assert_equal u, @connection.exec_query("SELECT name FROM #{TABLE_NAME} WHERE id = $1", 'SQL', [bind_param(1)]).first['name']
         set_session_auth
       end
     end
@@ -111,4 +111,7 @@ class SchemaAuthorizationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
        @connection.session_auth =  auth || 'default'
     end
 
+    def bind_param(value)
+      ActiveRecord::Relation::QueryAttribute.new(nil, value, ActiveRecord::Type::Value.new)
+    end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_test.rb
index 3f7009c1d1..7c9169f6e2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_test.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,21 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'models/default'
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
+
+module PGSchemaHelper
+  def with_schema_search_path(schema_search_path)
+    @connection.schema_search_path = schema_search_path
+    @connection.schema_cache.clear!
+    yield if block_given?
+  ensure
+    @connection.schema_search_path = "'$user', public"
+    @connection.schema_cache.clear!
+  end
+end
 
-class SchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+class SchemaTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+  include PGSchemaHelper
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
 
   SCHEMA_NAME = 'test_schema'
   SCHEMA2_NAME = 'test_schema2'
@@ -50,6 +64,16 @@ class SchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     self.table_name = 'things'
   end
 
+  class Song < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = "music.songs"
+    has_and_belongs_to_many :albums
+  end
+
+  class Album < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = "music.albums"
+    has_and_belongs_to_many :songs
+  end
+
   def setup
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
     @connection.execute "CREATE SCHEMA #{SCHEMA_NAME} CREATE TABLE #{TABLE_NAME} (#{COLUMNS.join(',')})"
@@ -71,13 +95,13 @@ class SchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @connection.execute "CREATE TABLE #{SCHEMA_NAME}.#{UNMATCHED_PK_TABLE_NAME} (id integer NOT NULL DEFAULT nextval('#{SCHEMA_NAME}.#{UNMATCHED_SEQUENCE_NAME}'::regclass), CONSTRAINT unmatched_pkey PRIMARY KEY (id))"
   end
 
-  def teardown
-    @connection.execute "DROP SCHEMA #{SCHEMA2_NAME} CASCADE"
-    @connection.execute "DROP SCHEMA #{SCHEMA_NAME} CASCADE"
+  teardown do
+    @connection.drop_schema SCHEMA2_NAME, if_exists: true
+    @connection.drop_schema SCHEMA_NAME, if_exists: true
   end
 
   def test_schema_names
-    assert_equal ["public", "schema_1", "test_schema", "test_schema2"], @connection.schema_names
+    assert_equal ["public", "test_schema", "test_schema2"], @connection.schema_names
   end
 
   def test_create_schema
@@ -109,66 +133,93 @@ class SchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert !@connection.schema_names.include?("test_schema3")
   end
 
-  def test_raise_drop_schema_with_nonexisting_schema
+  def test_drop_schema_if_exists
+    @connection.create_schema "some_schema"
+    assert_includes @connection.schema_names, "some_schema"
+    @connection.drop_schema "some_schema", if_exists: true
+    assert_not_includes @connection.schema_names, "some_schema"
+  end
+
+  def test_habtm_table_name_with_schema
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_schema "music", if_exists: true
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_schema "music"
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute <<-SQL
+      CREATE TABLE music.albums (id serial primary key);
+      CREATE TABLE music.songs (id serial primary key);
+      CREATE TABLE music.albums_songs (album_id integer, song_id integer);
+    SQL
+
+    song = Song.create
+    Album.create
+    assert_equal song, Song.includes(:albums).references(:albums).first
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_schema "music", if_exists: true
+  end
+
+  def test_drop_schema_with_nonexisting_schema
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
-      @connection.drop_schema "test_schema3"
+      @connection.drop_schema "idontexist"
+    end
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      @connection.drop_schema "idontexist", if_exists: true
     end
   end
 
   def test_raise_wraped_exception_on_bad_prepare
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
-      @connection.exec_query "select * from developers where id = ?", 'sql', [[nil, 1]]
+      @connection.exec_query "select * from developers where id = ?", 'sql', [bind_param(1)]
     end
   end
 
   def test_schema_change_with_prepared_stmt
     altered = false
-    @connection.exec_query "select * from developers where id = $1", 'sql', [[nil, 1]]
+    @connection.exec_query "select * from developers where id = $1", 'sql', [bind_param(1)]
     @connection.exec_query "alter table developers add column zomg int", 'sql', []
     altered = true
-    @connection.exec_query "select * from developers where id = $1", 'sql', [[nil, 1]]
+    @connection.exec_query "select * from developers where id = $1", 'sql', [bind_param(1)]
   ensure
     # We are not using DROP COLUMN IF EXISTS because that syntax is only
     # supported by pg 9.X
     @connection.exec_query("alter table developers drop column zomg", 'sql', []) if altered
   end
 
-  def test_table_exists?
+  def test_data_source_exists?
     [Thing1, Thing2, Thing3, Thing4].each do |klass|
       name = klass.table_name
-      assert @connection.table_exists?(name), "'#{name}' table should exist"
+      assert @connection.data_source_exists?(name), "'#{name}' data_source should exist"
     end
   end
 
-  def test_table_exists_when_on_schema_search_path
+  def test_data_source_exists_when_on_schema_search_path
     with_schema_search_path(SCHEMA_NAME) do
-      assert(@connection.table_exists?(TABLE_NAME), "table should exist and be found")
+      assert(@connection.data_source_exists?(TABLE_NAME), "data_source should exist and be found")
     end
   end
 
-  def test_table_exists_when_not_on_schema_search_path
+  def test_data_source_exists_when_not_on_schema_search_path
     with_schema_search_path('PUBLIC') do
-      assert(!@connection.table_exists?(TABLE_NAME), "table exists but should not be found")
+      assert(!@connection.data_source_exists?(TABLE_NAME), "data_source exists but should not be found")
     end
   end
 
-  def test_table_exists_wrong_schema
-    assert(!@connection.table_exists?("foo.things"), "table should not exist")
+  def test_data_source_exists_wrong_schema
+    assert(!@connection.data_source_exists?("foo.things"), "data_source should not exist")
   end
 
-  def test_table_exists_quoted_names
+  def test_data_source_exists_quoted_names
     [ %("#{SCHEMA_NAME}"."#{TABLE_NAME}"), %(#{SCHEMA_NAME}."#{TABLE_NAME}"), %(#{SCHEMA_NAME}."#{TABLE_NAME}")].each do |given|
-      assert(@connection.table_exists?(given), "table should exist when specified as #{given}")
+      assert(@connection.data_source_exists?(given), "data_source should exist when specified as #{given}")
     end
     with_schema_search_path(SCHEMA_NAME) do
       given = %("#{TABLE_NAME}")
-      assert(@connection.table_exists?(given), "table should exist when specified as #{given}")
+      assert(@connection.data_source_exists?(given), "data_source should exist when specified as #{given}")
     end
   end
 
-  def test_table_exists_quoted_table
+  def test_data_source_exists_quoted_table
     with_schema_search_path(SCHEMA_NAME) do
-        assert(@connection.table_exists?('"things.table"'), "table should exist")
+      assert(@connection.data_source_exists?('"things.table"'), "data_source should exist")
     end
   end
 
@@ -271,13 +322,13 @@ class SchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_with_uppercase_index_name
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute "CREATE INDEX \"things_Index\" ON #{SCHEMA_NAME}.things (name)"
-    assert_nothing_raised { ActiveRecord::Base.connection.remove_index! "things", "#{SCHEMA_NAME}.things_Index"}
+    @connection.execute "CREATE INDEX \"things_Index\" ON #{SCHEMA_NAME}.things (name)"
+    assert_nothing_raised { @connection.remove_index "things", name: "#{SCHEMA_NAME}.things_Index"}
+    @connection.execute "CREATE INDEX \"things_Index\" ON #{SCHEMA_NAME}.things (name)"
 
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute "CREATE INDEX \"things_Index\" ON #{SCHEMA_NAME}.things (name)"
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_search_path = SCHEMA_NAME
-    assert_nothing_raised { ActiveRecord::Base.connection.remove_index! "things", "things_Index"}
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_search_path = "public"
+    with_schema_search_path SCHEMA_NAME do
+      assert_nothing_raised { @connection.remove_index "things", name: "things_Index"}
+    end
   end
 
   def test_primary_key_with_schema_specified
@@ -305,14 +356,15 @@ class SchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_pk_and_sequence_for_with_schema_specified
+    pg_name = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::Name
     [
       %("#{SCHEMA_NAME}"."#{PK_TABLE_NAME}"),
       %("#{SCHEMA_NAME}"."#{UNMATCHED_PK_TABLE_NAME}")
     ].each do |given|
       pk, seq = @connection.pk_and_sequence_for(given)
       assert_equal 'id', pk, "primary key should be found when table referenced as #{given}"
-      assert_equal "#{PK_TABLE_NAME}_id_seq", seq, "sequence name should be found when table referenced as #{given}" if given == %("#{SCHEMA_NAME}"."#{PK_TABLE_NAME}")
-      assert_equal "#{UNMATCHED_SEQUENCE_NAME}", seq, "sequence name should be found when table referenced as #{given}" if given ==  %("#{SCHEMA_NAME}"."#{UNMATCHED_PK_TABLE_NAME}")
+      assert_equal pg_name.new(SCHEMA_NAME, "#{PK_TABLE_NAME}_id_seq"), seq, "sequence name should be found when table referenced as #{given}" if given == %("#{SCHEMA_NAME}"."#{PK_TABLE_NAME}")
+      assert_equal pg_name.new(SCHEMA_NAME, UNMATCHED_SEQUENCE_NAME), seq, "sequence name should be found when table referenced as #{given}" if given ==  %("#{SCHEMA_NAME}"."#{UNMATCHED_PK_TABLE_NAME}")
     end
   end
 
@@ -328,18 +380,17 @@ class SchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_prepared_statements_with_multiple_schemas
+    [SCHEMA_NAME, SCHEMA2_NAME].each do |schema_name|
+      with_schema_search_path schema_name do
+        Thing5.create(:id => 1, :name => "thing inside #{SCHEMA_NAME}", :email => "thing1@localhost", :moment => Time.now)
+      end
+    end
 
-    @connection.schema_search_path = SCHEMA_NAME
-    Thing5.create(:id => 1, :name => "thing inside #{SCHEMA_NAME}", :email => "thing1@localhost", :moment => Time.now)
-
-    @connection.schema_search_path = SCHEMA2_NAME
-    Thing5.create(:id => 1, :name => "thing inside #{SCHEMA2_NAME}", :email => "thing1@localhost", :moment => Time.now)
-
-    @connection.schema_search_path = SCHEMA_NAME
-    assert_equal 1, Thing5.count
-
-    @connection.schema_search_path = SCHEMA2_NAME
-    assert_equal 1, Thing5.count
+    [SCHEMA_NAME, SCHEMA2_NAME].each do |schema_name|
+      with_schema_search_path schema_name do
+        assert_equal 1, Thing5.count
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   def test_schema_exists?
@@ -353,6 +404,22 @@ class SchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_reset_pk_sequence
+    sequence_name = "#{SCHEMA_NAME}.#{UNMATCHED_SEQUENCE_NAME}"
+    @connection.execute "SELECT setval('#{sequence_name}', 123)"
+    assert_equal 124, @connection.select_value("SELECT nextval('#{sequence_name}')")
+    @connection.reset_pk_sequence!("#{SCHEMA_NAME}.#{UNMATCHED_PK_TABLE_NAME}")
+    assert_equal 1, @connection.select_value("SELECT nextval('#{sequence_name}')")
+  end
+
+  def test_set_pk_sequence
+    table_name = "#{SCHEMA_NAME}.#{PK_TABLE_NAME}"
+    _, sequence_name = @connection.pk_and_sequence_for table_name
+    @connection.set_pk_sequence! table_name, 123
+    assert_equal 124, @connection.select_value("SELECT nextval('#{sequence_name}')")
+    @connection.reset_pk_sequence! table_name
+  end
+
   private
     def columns(table_name)
       @connection.send(:column_definitions, table_name).map do |name, type, default|
@@ -360,16 +427,9 @@ class SchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       end
     end
 
-    def with_schema_search_path(schema_search_path)
-      @connection.schema_search_path = schema_search_path
-      yield if block_given?
-    ensure
-      @connection.schema_search_path = "'$user', public"
-    end
-
     def do_dump_index_tests_for_schema(this_schema_name, first_index_column_name, second_index_column_name, third_index_column_name, fourth_index_column_name)
       with_schema_search_path(this_schema_name) do
-        indexes = @connection.indexes(TABLE_NAME).sort_by {|i| i.name}
+        indexes = @connection.indexes(TABLE_NAME).sort_by(&:name)
         assert_equal 4,indexes.size
 
         do_dump_index_assertions_for_one_index(indexes[0], INDEX_A_NAME, first_index_column_name)
@@ -391,4 +451,124 @@ class SchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert_equal this_index_column, this_index.columns[0]
       assert_equal this_index_name, this_index.name
     end
+
+    def bind_param(value)
+      ActiveRecord::Relation::QueryAttribute.new(nil, value, ActiveRecord::Type::Value.new)
+    end
+end
+
+class SchemaForeignKeyTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+  end
+
+  def test_dump_foreign_key_targeting_different_schema
+    @connection.create_schema "my_schema"
+    @connection.create_table "my_schema.trains" do |t|
+      t.string :name
+    end
+    @connection.create_table "wagons" do |t|
+      t.integer :train_id
+    end
+    @connection.add_foreign_key "wagons", "my_schema.trains", column: "train_id"
+    output = dump_table_schema "wagons"
+    assert_match %r{\s+add_foreign_key "wagons", "my_schema\.trains", column: "train_id"$}, output
+  ensure
+    @connection.drop_table "wagons", if_exists: true
+    @connection.drop_table "my_schema.trains", if_exists: true
+    @connection.drop_schema "my_schema", if_exists: true
+  end
+end
+
+class DefaultsUsingMultipleSchemasAndDomainTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.drop_schema "schema_1", if_exists: true
+    @connection.execute "CREATE SCHEMA schema_1"
+    @connection.execute "CREATE DOMAIN schema_1.text AS text"
+    @connection.execute "CREATE DOMAIN schema_1.varchar AS varchar"
+    @connection.execute "CREATE DOMAIN schema_1.bpchar AS bpchar"
+
+    @old_search_path = @connection.schema_search_path
+    @connection.schema_search_path = "schema_1, pg_catalog"
+    @connection.create_table "defaults" do |t|
+      t.text "text_col", default: "some value"
+      t.string "string_col", default: "some value"
+      t.decimal "decimal_col", default: "3.14159265358979323846"
+    end
+    Default.reset_column_information
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.schema_search_path = @old_search_path
+    @connection.drop_schema "schema_1", if_exists: true
+    Default.reset_column_information
+  end
+
+  def test_text_defaults_in_new_schema_when_overriding_domain
+    assert_equal "some value", Default.new.text_col, "Default of text column was not correctly parsed"
+  end
+
+  def test_string_defaults_in_new_schema_when_overriding_domain
+    assert_equal "some value", Default.new.string_col, "Default of string column was not correctly parsed"
+  end
+
+  def test_decimal_defaults_in_new_schema_when_overriding_domain
+    assert_equal BigDecimal.new("3.14159265358979323846"), Default.new.decimal_col, "Default of decimal column was not correctly parsed"
+  end
+
+  def test_bpchar_defaults_in_new_schema_when_overriding_domain
+    @connection.execute "ALTER TABLE defaults ADD bpchar_col bpchar DEFAULT 'some value'"
+    Default.reset_column_information
+    assert_equal "some value", Default.new.bpchar_col, "Default of bpchar column was not correctly parsed"
+  end
+
+  def test_text_defaults_after_updating_column_default
+    @connection.execute "ALTER TABLE defaults ALTER COLUMN text_col SET DEFAULT 'some text'::schema_1.text"
+    assert_equal "some text", Default.new.text_col, "Default of text column was not correctly parsed after updating default using '::text' since postgreSQL will add parens to the default in db"
+  end
+
+  def test_default_containing_quote_and_colons
+    @connection.execute "ALTER TABLE defaults ALTER COLUMN string_col SET DEFAULT 'foo''::bar'"
+    assert_equal "foo'::bar", Default.new.string_col
+  end
+end
+
+class SchemaWithDotsTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+  include PGSchemaHelper
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_schema "my.schema"
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.drop_schema "my.schema", if_exists: true
+  end
+
+  test "rename_table" do
+    with_schema_search_path('"my.schema"') do
+      @connection.create_table :posts
+      @connection.rename_table :posts, :articles
+      assert_equal ["articles"], @connection.tables
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "Active Record basics" do
+    with_schema_search_path('"my.schema"') do
+      @connection.create_table :articles do |t|
+        t.string :title
+      end
+      article_class = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+        self.table_name = '"my.schema".articles'
+      end
+
+      article_class.create!(title: "zOMG, welcome to my blorgh!")
+      welcome_article = article_class.last
+      assert_equal "zOMG, welcome to my blorgh!", welcome_article.title
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/serial_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/serial_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7d30db247b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/serial_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
+
+class PostgresqlSerialTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+
+  class PostgresqlSerial < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_table "postgresql_serials", force: true do |t|
+      t.serial :seq
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.drop_table "postgresql_serials", if_exists: true
+  end
+
+  def test_serial_column
+    column = PostgresqlSerial.columns_hash["seq"]
+    assert_equal :integer, column.type
+    assert_equal "integer", column.sql_type
+    assert column.serial?
+  end
+
+  def test_schema_dump_with_shorthand
+    output = dump_table_schema "postgresql_serials"
+    assert_match %r{t\.serial\s+"seq"}, output
+  end
+end
+
+class PostgresqlBigSerialTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+
+  class PostgresqlBigSerial < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_table "postgresql_big_serials", force: true do |t|
+      t.bigserial :seq
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.drop_table "postgresql_big_serials", if_exists: true
+  end
+
+  def test_bigserial_column
+    column = PostgresqlBigSerial.columns_hash["seq"]
+    assert_equal :integer, column.type
+    assert_equal "bigint", column.sql_type
+    assert column.serial?
+  end
+
+  def test_schema_dump_with_shorthand
+    output = dump_table_schema "postgresql_big_serials"
+    assert_match %r{t\.bigserial\s+"seq"}, output
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/sql_types_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/sql_types_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d7d40f6385..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/sql_types_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-require "cases/helper"
-
-class SqlTypesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  def test_binary_types
-    assert_equal 'bytea', type_to_sql(:binary, 100_000)
-    assert_raise ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError do
-      type_to_sql :binary, 4294967295
-    end
-    assert_equal 'text', type_to_sql(:text, 100_000)
-    assert_raise ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError do
-      type_to_sql :text, 4294967295
-    end
-  end
-
-  def type_to_sql(*args)
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.type_to_sql(*args)
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/statement_pool_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/statement_pool_test.rb
index 1497b0abc7..5aab246c99 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/statement_pool_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/statement_pool_test.rb
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      class StatementPoolTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      class StatementPoolTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
         if Process.respond_to?(:fork)
           def test_cache_is_per_pid
             cache = StatementPool.new nil, 10
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/timestamp_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/timestamp_test.rb
index 4d29a20e66..4c4866b46b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/timestamp_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/timestamp_test.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,48 @@ require 'cases/helper'
 require 'models/developer'
 require 'models/topic'
 
-class TimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+class PostgresqlTimestampTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+  class PostgresqlTimestampWithZone < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_timestamp_with_zones (id, time) VALUES (1, '2010-01-01 10:00:00-1')")
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    PostgresqlTimestampWithZone.delete_all
+  end
+
+  def test_timestamp_with_zone_values_with_rails_time_zone_support
+    with_timezone_config default: :utc, aware_attributes: true do
+      @connection.reconnect!
+
+      timestamp = PostgresqlTimestampWithZone.find(1)
+      assert_equal Time.utc(2010,1,1, 11,0,0), timestamp.time
+      assert_instance_of Time, timestamp.time
+    end
+  ensure
+    @connection.reconnect!
+  end
+
+  def test_timestamp_with_zone_values_without_rails_time_zone_support
+    with_timezone_config default: :local, aware_attributes: false do
+      @connection.reconnect!
+      # make sure to use a non-UTC time zone
+      @connection.execute("SET time zone 'America/Jamaica'", 'SCHEMA')
+
+      timestamp = PostgresqlTimestampWithZone.find(1)
+      assert_equal Time.utc(2010,1,1, 11,0,0), timestamp.time
+      assert_instance_of Time, timestamp.time
+    end
+  ensure
+    @connection.reconnect!
+  end
+end
+
+class PostgresqlTimestampFixtureTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
   fixtures :topics
 
   def test_group_by_date
@@ -29,73 +70,21 @@ class TimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal(-1.0 / 0.0, d.updated_at)
   end
 
-  def test_default_datetime_precision
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:foos)
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.add_column :foos, :created_at, :datetime
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.add_column :foos, :updated_at, :datetime
-    assert_nil activerecord_column_option('foos', 'created_at', 'precision')
-  end
-
-  def test_timestamp_data_type_with_precision
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:foos)
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.add_column :foos, :created_at, :datetime, :precision => 0
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.add_column :foos, :updated_at, :datetime, :precision => 5
-    assert_equal 0, activerecord_column_option('foos', 'created_at', 'precision')
-    assert_equal 5, activerecord_column_option('foos', 'updated_at', 'precision')
-  end
-
-  def test_timestamps_helper_with_custom_precision
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:foos) do |t|
-      t.timestamps :precision => 4
-    end
-    assert_equal 4, activerecord_column_option('foos', 'created_at', 'precision')
-    assert_equal 4, activerecord_column_option('foos', 'updated_at', 'precision')
-  end
-
-  def test_passing_precision_to_timestamp_does_not_set_limit
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:foos) do |t|
-      t.timestamps :precision => 4
-    end
-    assert_nil activerecord_column_option("foos", "created_at", "limit")
-    assert_nil activerecord_column_option("foos", "updated_at", "limit")
-  end
-
-  def test_invalid_timestamp_precision_raises_error
-    assert_raises ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError do
-      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:foos) do |t|
-        t.timestamps :precision => 7
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_postgres_agrees_with_activerecord_about_precision
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:foos) do |t|
-      t.timestamps :precision => 4
-    end
-    assert_equal '4', pg_datetime_precision('foos', 'created_at')
-    assert_equal '4', pg_datetime_precision('foos', 'updated_at')
-  end
-
   def test_bc_timestamp
     date = Date.new(0) - 1.week
     Developer.create!(:name => "aaron", :updated_at => date)
     assert_equal date, Developer.find_by_name("aaron").updated_at
   end
 
-  private
-
-    def pg_datetime_precision(table_name, column_name)
-      results = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("SELECT column_name, datetime_precision FROM information_schema.columns WHERE table_name ='#{table_name}'")
-      result = results.find do |result_hash|
-        result_hash["column_name"] == column_name
-      end
-      result && result["datetime_precision"]
-    end
+  def test_bc_timestamp_leap_year
+    date = Time.utc(-4, 2, 29)
+    Developer.create!(:name => "taihou", :updated_at => date)
+    assert_equal date, Developer.find_by_name("taihou").updated_at
+  end
 
-    def activerecord_column_option(tablename, column_name, option)
-      result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.columns(tablename).find do |column|
-        column.name == column_name
-      end
-      result && result.send(option)
-    end
+  def test_bc_timestamp_year_zero
+    date = Time.utc(0, 4, 7)
+    Developer.create!(:name => "yahagi", :updated_at => date)
+    assert_equal date, Developer.find_by_name("yahagi").updated_at
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/type_lookup_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/type_lookup_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..77a99ca778
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/type_lookup_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+
+class PostgresqlTypeLookupTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+  end
+
+  test "array delimiters are looked up correctly" do
+    box_array = @connection.type_map.lookup(1020)
+    int_array = @connection.type_map.lookup(1007)
+
+    assert_equal ';', box_array.delimiter
+    assert_equal ',', int_array.delimiter
+  end
+
+  test "array types correctly respect registration of subtypes" do
+    int_array = @connection.type_map.lookup(1007, -1, "integer[]")
+    bigint_array = @connection.type_map.lookup(1016, -1, "bigint[]")
+    big_array = [123456789123456789]
+
+    assert_raises(RangeError) { int_array.serialize(big_array) }
+    assert_equal "{123456789123456789}", bigint_array.serialize(big_array)
+  end
+
+  test "range types correctly respect registration of subtypes" do
+    int_range = @connection.type_map.lookup(3904, -1, "int4range")
+    bigint_range = @connection.type_map.lookup(3926, -1, "int8range")
+    big_range = 0..123456789123456789
+
+    assert_raises(RangeError) { int_range.serialize(big_range) }
+    assert_equal "[0,123456789123456789]", bigint_range.serialize(big_range)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/utils_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/utils_test.rb
index 9e7b08ef34..095c1826e5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/utils_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/utils_test.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/utils'
 
-class PostgreSQLUtilsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  include ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter::Utils
+class PostgreSQLUtilsTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+  Name = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::Name
+  include ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::Utils
 
-  def test_extract_schema_and_table
+  def test_extract_schema_qualified_name
     {
       %(table_name)            => [nil,'table_name'],
       %("table.name")          => [nil,'table.name'],
@@ -14,7 +16,47 @@ class PostgreSQLUtilsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       %("even spaces".table)   => ['even spaces','table'],
       %(schema."table.name")   => ['schema', 'table.name']
     }.each do |given, expect|
-      assert_equal expect, extract_schema_and_table(given)
+      assert_equal Name.new(*expect), extract_schema_qualified_name(given)
     end
   end
 end
+
+class PostgreSQLNameTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+  Name = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::Name
+
+  test "represents itself as schema.name" do
+    obj = Name.new("public", "articles")
+    assert_equal "public.articles", obj.to_s
+  end
+
+  test "without schema, represents itself as name only" do
+    obj = Name.new(nil, "articles")
+    assert_equal "articles", obj.to_s
+  end
+
+  test "quoted returns a string representation usable in a query" do
+    assert_equal %("articles"), Name.new(nil, "articles").quoted
+    assert_equal %("public"."articles"), Name.new("public", "articles").quoted
+  end
+
+  test "prevents double quoting" do
+    name = Name.new('"quoted_schema"', '"quoted_table"')
+    assert_equal "quoted_schema.quoted_table", name.to_s
+    assert_equal %("quoted_schema"."quoted_table"), name.quoted
+  end
+
+  test "equality based on state" do
+    assert_equal Name.new("access", "users"), Name.new("access", "users")
+    assert_equal Name.new(nil, "users"), Name.new(nil, "users")
+    assert_not_equal Name.new(nil, "users"), Name.new("access", "users")
+    assert_not_equal Name.new("access", "users"), Name.new("public", "users")
+    assert_not_equal Name.new("public", "users"), Name.new("public", "articles")
+  end
+
+  test "can be used as hash key" do
+    hash = {Name.new("schema", "article_seq") => "success"}
+    assert_equal "success", hash[Name.new("schema", "article_seq")]
+    assert_equal nil, hash[Name.new("schema", "articles")]
+    assert_equal nil, hash[Name.new("public", "article_seq")]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/uuid_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/uuid_test.rb
index f581c4cf39..049ed1732e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/uuid_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/uuid_test.rb
@@ -1,36 +1,27 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
-
 require "cases/helper"
-require 'active_record/base'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter'
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
 
 module PostgresqlUUIDHelper
   def connection
     @connection ||= ActiveRecord::Base.connection
   end
 
-  def enable_uuid_ossp
-    unless connection.extension_enabled?('uuid-ossp')
-      connection.enable_extension 'uuid-ossp'
-      connection.commit_db_transaction
-    end
-
-    connection.reconnect!
-  end
-
   def drop_table(name)
-    connection.execute "drop table if exists #{name}"
+    connection.drop_table name, if_exists: true
   end
 end
 
-class PostgresqlUUIDTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+class PostgresqlUUIDTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
   include PostgresqlUUIDHelper
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
 
   class UUIDType < ActiveRecord::Base
     self.table_name = "uuid_data_type"
   end
 
   setup do
+    enable_extension!('uuid-ossp', connection)
+
     connection.create_table "uuid_data_type" do |t|
       t.uuid 'guid'
     end
@@ -40,8 +31,75 @@ class PostgresqlUUIDTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     drop_table "uuid_data_type"
   end
 
+  def test_change_column_default
+    @connection.add_column :uuid_data_type, :thingy, :uuid, null: false, default: "uuid_generate_v1()"
+    UUIDType.reset_column_information
+    column = UUIDType.columns_hash['thingy']
+    assert_equal "uuid_generate_v1()", column.default_function
+
+    @connection.change_column :uuid_data_type, :thingy, :uuid, null: false, default: "uuid_generate_v4()"
+
+    UUIDType.reset_column_information
+    column = UUIDType.columns_hash['thingy']
+    assert_equal "uuid_generate_v4()", column.default_function
+  ensure
+    UUIDType.reset_column_information
+  end
+
   def test_data_type_of_uuid_types
-    assert_equal :uuid, UUIDType.columns_hash["guid"].type
+    column = UUIDType.columns_hash["guid"]
+    assert_equal :uuid, column.type
+    assert_equal "uuid", column.sql_type
+    assert_not column.array?
+
+    type = UUIDType.type_for_attribute("guid")
+    assert_not type.binary?
+  end
+
+  def test_treat_blank_uuid_as_nil
+    UUIDType.create! guid: ''
+    assert_equal(nil, UUIDType.last.guid)
+  end
+
+  def test_treat_invalid_uuid_as_nil
+    uuid = UUIDType.create! guid: 'foobar'
+    assert_equal(nil, uuid.guid)
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_uuid_dont_modify_before_type_cast
+    uuid = UUIDType.new guid: 'foobar'
+    assert_equal 'foobar', uuid.guid_before_type_cast
+  end
+
+  def test_acceptable_uuid_regex
+    # Valid uuids
+    ['A0EEBC99-9C0B-4EF8-BB6D-6BB9BD380A11',
+     '{a0eebc99-9c0b-4ef8-bb6d-6bb9bd380a11}',
+     'a0eebc999c0b4ef8bb6d6bb9bd380a11',
+     'a0ee-bc99-9c0b-4ef8-bb6d-6bb9-bd38-0a11',
+     '{a0eebc99-9c0b4ef8-bb6d6bb9-bd380a11}',
+     # The following is not a valid RFC 4122 UUID, but PG doesn't seem to care,
+     # so we shouldn't block it either. (Pay attention to "fb6d" – the "f" here
+     # is invalid – it must be one of 8, 9, A, B, a, b according to the spec.)
+     '{a0eebc99-9c0b-4ef8-fb6d-6bb9bd380a11}',
+    ].each do |valid_uuid|
+      uuid = UUIDType.new guid: valid_uuid
+      assert_not_nil uuid.guid
+    end
+
+    # Invalid uuids
+    [['A0EEBC99-9C0B-4EF8-BB6D-6BB9BD380A11'],
+     Hash.new,
+     0,
+     0.0,
+     true,
+     'Z0000C99-9C0B-4EF8-BB6D-6BB9BD380A11',
+     'a0eebc999r0b4ef8ab6d6bb9bd380a11',
+     'a0ee-bc99------4ef8-bb6d-6bb9-bd38-0a11',
+     '{a0eebc99-bb6d6bb9-bd380a11}'].each do |invalid_uuid|
+      uuid = UUIDType.new guid: invalid_uuid
+      assert_nil uuid.guid
+    end
   end
 
   def test_uuid_formats
@@ -55,26 +113,66 @@ class PostgresqlUUIDTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert_equal "a0eebc99-9c0b-4ef8-bb6d-6bb9bd380a11", uuid.guid
     end
   end
+
+  def test_schema_dump_with_shorthand
+    output = dump_table_schema "uuid_data_type"
+    assert_match %r{t\.uuid "guid"}, output
+  end
+
+  def test_uniqueness_validation_ignores_uuid
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = "uuid_data_type"
+      validates :guid, uniqueness: { case_sensitive: false }
+
+      def self.name
+        "UUIDType"
+      end
+    end
+
+    record = klass.create!(guid: "a0ee-bc99-9c0b-4ef8-bb6d-6bb9-bd38-0a11")
+    duplicate = klass.new(guid: record.guid)
+
+    assert record.guid.present? # Ensure we actually are testing a UUID
+    assert_not duplicate.valid?
+  end
 end
 
-class PostgresqlUUIDGenerationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+class PostgresqlUUIDGenerationTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
   include PostgresqlUUIDHelper
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
 
   class UUID < ActiveRecord::Base
     self.table_name = 'pg_uuids'
   end
 
   setup do
-    enable_uuid_ossp
+    enable_extension!('uuid-ossp', connection)
 
     connection.create_table('pg_uuids', id: :uuid, default: 'uuid_generate_v1()') do |t|
       t.string 'name'
       t.uuid 'other_uuid', default: 'uuid_generate_v4()'
     end
+
+    # Create custom PostgreSQL function to generate UUIDs
+    # to test dumping tables which columns have defaults with custom functions
+    connection.execute <<-SQL
+    CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION my_uuid_generator() RETURNS uuid
+    AS $$ SELECT * FROM uuid_generate_v4() $$
+    LANGUAGE SQL VOLATILE;
+    SQL
+
+    # Create such a table with custom function as default value generator
+    connection.create_table('pg_uuids_2', id: :uuid, default: 'my_uuid_generator()') do |t|
+      t.string 'name'
+      t.uuid 'other_uuid_2', default: 'my_uuid_generator()'
+    end
   end
 
   teardown do
     drop_table "pg_uuids"
+    drop_table 'pg_uuids_2'
+    connection.execute 'DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS my_uuid_generator();'
+    disable_extension!('uuid-ossp', connection)
   end
 
   if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_extensions?
@@ -101,19 +199,25 @@ class PostgresqlUUIDGenerationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
 
     def test_schema_dumper_for_uuid_primary_key
-      schema = StringIO.new
-      ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.dump(connection, schema)
-      assert_match(/\bcreate_table "pg_uuids", id: :uuid, default: "uuid_generate_v1\(\)"/, schema.string)
-      assert_match(/t\.uuid   "other_uuid", default: "uuid_generate_v4\(\)"/, schema.string)
+      schema = dump_table_schema "pg_uuids"
+      assert_match(/\bcreate_table "pg_uuids", id: :uuid, default: "uuid_generate_v1\(\)"/, schema)
+      assert_match(/t\.uuid   "other_uuid", default: "uuid_generate_v4\(\)"/, schema)
+    end
+
+    def test_schema_dumper_for_uuid_primary_key_with_custom_default
+      schema = dump_table_schema "pg_uuids_2"
+      assert_match(/\bcreate_table "pg_uuids_2", id: :uuid, default: "my_uuid_generator\(\)"/, schema)
+      assert_match(/t\.uuid   "other_uuid_2", default: "my_uuid_generator\(\)"/, schema)
     end
   end
 end
 
-class PostgresqlUUIDTestNilDefault < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+class PostgresqlUUIDTestNilDefault < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
   include PostgresqlUUIDHelper
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
 
   setup do
-    enable_uuid_ossp
+    enable_extension!('uuid-ossp', connection)
 
     connection.create_table('pg_uuids', id: false) do |t|
       t.primary_key :id, :uuid, default: nil
@@ -123,6 +227,7 @@ class PostgresqlUUIDTestNilDefault < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   teardown do
     drop_table "pg_uuids"
+    disable_extension!('uuid-ossp', connection)
   end
 
   if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_extensions?
@@ -133,10 +238,15 @@ class PostgresqlUUIDTestNilDefault < ActiveRecord::TestCase
                                     WHERE a.attname='id' AND a.attrelid = 'pg_uuids'::regclass").first
       assert_nil col_desc["default"]
     end
+
+    def test_schema_dumper_for_uuid_primary_key_with_default_override_via_nil
+      schema = dump_table_schema "pg_uuids"
+      assert_match(/\bcreate_table "pg_uuids", id: :uuid, default: nil/, schema)
+    end
   end
 end
 
-class PostgresqlUUIDTestInverseOf < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+class PostgresqlUUIDTestInverseOf < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
   include PostgresqlUUIDHelper
 
   class UuidPost < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -150,24 +260,23 @@ class PostgresqlUUIDTestInverseOf < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   setup do
-    enable_uuid_ossp
+    enable_extension!('uuid-ossp', connection)
 
     connection.transaction do
       connection.create_table('pg_uuid_posts', id: :uuid) do |t|
         t.string 'title'
       end
       connection.create_table('pg_uuid_comments', id: :uuid) do |t|
-        t.uuid :uuid_post_id, default: 'uuid_generate_v4()'
+        t.references :uuid_post, type: :uuid
         t.string 'content'
       end
     end
   end
 
   teardown do
-    connection.transaction do
       drop_table "pg_uuid_comments"
       drop_table "pg_uuid_posts"
-    end
+      disable_extension!('uuid-ossp', connection)
   end
 
   if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_extensions?
@@ -176,5 +285,19 @@ class PostgresqlUUIDTestInverseOf < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       comment = post.uuid_comments.create!
       assert post.uuid_comments.find(comment.id)
     end
+
+    def test_find_with_uuid
+      UuidPost.create!
+      assert_raise ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound do
+        UuidPost.find(123456)
+      end
+
+    end
+
+    def test_find_by_with_uuid
+      UuidPost.create!
+      assert_nil UuidPost.find_by(id: 789)
+    end
   end
+
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/view_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/view_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 66e07b71a0..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/view_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-require "cases/helper"
-
-class ViewTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
-
-  SCHEMA_NAME = 'test_schema'
-  TABLE_NAME = 'things'
-  VIEW_NAME = 'view_things'
-  COLUMNS = [
-    'id integer',
-    'name character varying(50)',
-    'email character varying(50)',
-    'moment timestamp without time zone'
-  ]
-
-  class ThingView < ActiveRecord::Base
-    self.table_name = 'test_schema.view_things'
-  end
-
-  def setup
-    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-    @connection.execute "CREATE SCHEMA #{SCHEMA_NAME} CREATE TABLE #{TABLE_NAME} (#{COLUMNS.join(',')})"
-    @connection.execute "CREATE TABLE #{SCHEMA_NAME}.\"#{TABLE_NAME}.table\" (#{COLUMNS.join(',')})"
-    @connection.execute "CREATE VIEW #{SCHEMA_NAME}.#{VIEW_NAME} AS SELECT id,name,email,moment FROM #{SCHEMA_NAME}.#{TABLE_NAME}"
-  end
-
-  def teardown
-    @connection.execute "DROP SCHEMA #{SCHEMA_NAME} CASCADE"
-  end
-
-  def test_table_exists
-    name = ThingView.table_name
-    assert @connection.table_exists?(name), "'#{name}' table should exist"
-  end
-
-  def test_column_definitions
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      assert_equal COLUMNS, columns("#{SCHEMA_NAME}.#{VIEW_NAME}")
-    end
-  end
-
-  private
-    def columns(table_name)
-      @connection.send(:column_definitions, table_name).map do |name, type, default|
-        "#{name} #{type}" + (default ? " default #{default}" : '')
-      end
-    end
-
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/xml_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/xml_test.rb
index dd2a727afe..add32699fa 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/xml_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/xml_test.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
-
 require 'cases/helper'
-require 'active_record/base'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter'
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
 
-class PostgresqlXMLTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+class PostgresqlXMLTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
   class XmlDataType < ActiveRecord::Base
     self.table_name = 'xml_data_type'
   end
@@ -14,17 +12,17 @@ class PostgresqlXMLTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     begin
       @connection.transaction do
         @connection.create_table('xml_data_type') do |t|
-          t.xml 'payload', default: {}
+          t.xml 'payload'
         end
       end
     rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
       skip "do not test on PG without xml"
     end
-    @column = XmlDataType.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'payload' }
+    @column = XmlDataType.columns_hash['payload']
   end
 
-  def teardown
-    @connection.execute 'drop table if exists xml_data_type'
+  teardown do
+    @connection.drop_table 'xml_data_type', if_exists: true
   end
 
   def test_column
@@ -35,4 +33,22 @@ class PostgresqlXMLTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @connection.execute %q|insert into xml_data_type (payload) VALUES(null)|
     assert_nil XmlDataType.first.payload
   end
+
+  def test_round_trip
+    data = XmlDataType.new(payload: "<foo>bar</foo>")
+    assert_equal "<foo>bar</foo>", data.payload
+    data.save!
+    assert_equal "<foo>bar</foo>", data.reload.payload
+  end
+
+  def test_update_all
+    data = XmlDataType.create!
+    XmlDataType.update_all(payload: "<bar>baz</bar>")
+    assert_equal "<bar>baz</bar>", data.reload.payload
+  end
+
+  def test_schema_dump_with_shorthand
+    output = dump_table_schema("xml_data_type")
+    assert_match %r{t\.xml "payload"}, output
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/collation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/collation_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..58a9469ce5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/collation_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
+
+class SQLite3CollationTest < ActiveRecord::SQLite3TestCase
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+
+  def setup
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_table :collation_table_sqlite3, force: true do |t|
+      t.string :string_nocase, collation: 'NOCASE'
+      t.text :text_rtrim, collation: 'RTRIM'
+    end
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    @connection.drop_table :collation_table_sqlite3, if_exists: true
+  end
+
+  test "string column with collation" do
+    column = @connection.columns(:collation_table_sqlite3).find { |c| c.name == 'string_nocase' }
+    assert_equal :string, column.type
+    assert_equal 'NOCASE', column.collation
+  end
+
+  test "text column with collation" do
+    column = @connection.columns(:collation_table_sqlite3).find { |c| c.name == 'text_rtrim' }
+    assert_equal :text, column.type
+    assert_equal 'RTRIM', column.collation
+  end
+
+  test "add column with collation" do
+    @connection.add_column :collation_table_sqlite3, :title, :string, collation: 'RTRIM'
+
+    column = @connection.columns(:collation_table_sqlite3).find { |c| c.name == 'title' }
+    assert_equal :string, column.type
+    assert_equal 'RTRIM', column.collation
+  end
+
+  test "change column with collation" do
+    @connection.add_column :collation_table_sqlite3, :description, :string
+    @connection.change_column :collation_table_sqlite3, :description, :text, collation: 'RTRIM'
+
+    column = @connection.columns(:collation_table_sqlite3).find { |c| c.name == 'description' }
+    assert_equal :text, column.type
+    assert_equal 'RTRIM', column.collation
+  end
+
+  test "schema dump includes collation" do
+    output = dump_table_schema("collation_table_sqlite3")
+    assert_match %r{t.string\s+"string_nocase",\s+collation: "NOCASE"$}, output
+    assert_match %r{t.text\s+"text_rtrim",\s+collation: "RTRIM"$}, output
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/copy_table_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/copy_table_test.rb
index b478db749d..34e3b2e023 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/copy_table_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/copy_table_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 
-class CopyTableTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+class CopyTableTest < ActiveRecord::SQLite3TestCase
   fixtures :customers
 
   def setup
@@ -60,7 +60,6 @@ class CopyTableTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert_equal original_id.type, copied_id.type
       assert_equal original_id.sql_type, copied_id.sql_type
       assert_equal original_id.limit, copied_id.limit
-      assert_equal original_id.primary, copied_id.primary
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/explain_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/explain_test.rb
index b227bce680..2aec322582 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/explain_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/explain_test.rb
@@ -1,23 +1,24 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     class SQLite3Adapter
-      class ExplainTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      class ExplainTest < ActiveRecord::SQLite3TestCase
         fixtures :developers
 
         def test_explain_for_one_query
           explain = Developer.where(:id => 1).explain
-          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT "developers".* FROM "developers"  WHERE "developers"."id" = 1), explain
+          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT "developers".* FROM "developers" WHERE "developers"."id" = ?), explain
           assert_match(/(SEARCH )?TABLE developers USING (INTEGER )?PRIMARY KEY/, explain)
         end
 
         def test_explain_with_eager_loading
           explain = Developer.where(:id => 1).includes(:audit_logs).explain
-          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT "developers".* FROM "developers"  WHERE "developers"."id" = 1), explain
+          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT "developers".* FROM "developers" WHERE "developers"."id" = ?), explain
           assert_match(/(SEARCH )?TABLE developers USING (INTEGER )?PRIMARY KEY/, explain)
-          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT "audit_logs".* FROM "audit_logs"  WHERE "audit_logs"."developer_id" IN (1)), explain
+          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT "audit_logs".* FROM "audit_logs" WHERE "audit_logs"."developer_id" = 1), explain
           assert_match(/(SCAN )?TABLE audit_logs/, explain)
         end
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/quoting_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/quoting_test.rb
index ba89487838..87a892db37 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/quoting_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/quoting_test.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ require 'securerandom'
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     class SQLite3Adapter
-      class QuotingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      class QuotingTest < ActiveRecord::SQLite3TestCase
         def setup
           @conn = Base.sqlite3_connection :database => ':memory:',
             :adapter => 'sqlite3',
@@ -15,76 +15,55 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         def test_type_cast_binary_encoding_without_logger
           @conn.extend(Module.new { def logger; end })
-          column = Struct.new(:type, :name).new(:string, "foo")
           binary = SecureRandom.hex
           expected = binary.dup.encode!(Encoding::UTF_8)
-          assert_equal expected, @conn.type_cast(binary, column)
+          assert_equal expected, @conn.type_cast(binary)
         end
 
         def test_type_cast_symbol
-          assert_equal 'foo', @conn.type_cast(:foo, nil)
+          assert_equal 'foo', @conn.type_cast(:foo)
         end
 
         def test_type_cast_date
           date = Date.today
           expected = @conn.quoted_date(date)
-          assert_equal expected, @conn.type_cast(date, nil)
+          assert_equal expected, @conn.type_cast(date)
         end
 
         def test_type_cast_time
           time = Time.now
           expected = @conn.quoted_date(time)
-          assert_equal expected, @conn.type_cast(time, nil)
+          assert_equal expected, @conn.type_cast(time)
         end
 
         def test_type_cast_numeric
-          assert_equal 10, @conn.type_cast(10, nil)
-          assert_equal 2.2, @conn.type_cast(2.2, nil)
+          assert_equal 10, @conn.type_cast(10)
+          assert_equal 2.2, @conn.type_cast(2.2)
         end
 
         def test_type_cast_nil
-          assert_equal nil, @conn.type_cast(nil, nil)
+          assert_equal nil, @conn.type_cast(nil)
         end
 
         def test_type_cast_true
-          c = Column.new(nil, 1, 'int')
-          assert_equal 't', @conn.type_cast(true, nil)
-          assert_equal 1, @conn.type_cast(true, c)
+          assert_equal 't', @conn.type_cast(true)
         end
 
         def test_type_cast_false
-          c = Column.new(nil, 1, 'int')
-          assert_equal 'f', @conn.type_cast(false, nil)
-          assert_equal 0, @conn.type_cast(false, c)
-        end
-
-        def test_type_cast_string
-          assert_equal '10', @conn.type_cast('10', nil)
-
-          c = Column.new(nil, 1, 'int')
-          assert_equal 10, @conn.type_cast('10', c)
-
-          c = Column.new(nil, 1, 'float')
-          assert_equal 10.1, @conn.type_cast('10.1', c)
-
-          c = Column.new(nil, 1, 'binary')
-          assert_equal '10.1', @conn.type_cast('10.1', c)
-
-          c = Column.new(nil, 1, 'date')
-          assert_equal '10.1', @conn.type_cast('10.1', c)
+          assert_equal 'f', @conn.type_cast(false)
         end
 
         def test_type_cast_bigdecimal
           bd = BigDecimal.new '10.0'
-          assert_equal bd.to_f, @conn.type_cast(bd, nil)
+          assert_equal bd.to_f, @conn.type_cast(bd)
         end
 
         def test_type_cast_unknown_should_raise_error
           obj = Class.new.new
-          assert_raise(TypeError) { @conn.type_cast(obj, nil) }
+          assert_raise(TypeError) { @conn.type_cast(obj) }
         end
 
-        def test_quoted_id
+        def test_type_cast_object_which_responds_to_quoted_id
           quoted_id_obj = Class.new {
             def quoted_id
               "'zomg'"
@@ -94,14 +73,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
               10
             end
           }.new
-          assert_equal 10, @conn.type_cast(quoted_id_obj, nil)
+          assert_equal 10, @conn.type_cast(quoted_id_obj)
 
           quoted_id_obj = Class.new {
             def quoted_id
               "'zomg'"
             end
-          }
-          assert_raise(TypeError) { @conn.type_cast(quoted_id_obj, nil) }
+          }.new
+          assert_raise(TypeError) { @conn.type_cast(quoted_id_obj) }
+        end
+
+        def test_quoting_binary_strings
+          value = "hello".encode('ascii-8bit')
+          type = Type::String.new
+
+          assert_equal "'hello'", @conn.quote(type.serialize(value))
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_adapter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_adapter_test.rb
index 73cb739b2b..a2fd1177a6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_adapter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_adapter_test.rb
@@ -1,35 +1,28 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/owner'
 require 'tempfile'
+require 'support/ddl_helper'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
-    class SQLite3AdapterTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-      self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+    class SQLite3AdapterTest < ActiveRecord::SQLite3TestCase
+      include DdlHelper
+
+      self.use_transactional_tests = false
 
       class DualEncoding < ActiveRecord::Base
       end
 
       def setup
-        @conn = Base.sqlite3_connection :database => ':memory:',
-                                       :adapter => 'sqlite3',
-                                       :timeout => 100
-        @conn.execute <<-eosql
-          CREATE TABLE items (
-            id integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
-            number integer
-          )
-        eosql
-
-        @subscriber = SQLSubscriber.new
-        ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe('sql.active_record', @subscriber)
+        @conn = Base.sqlite3_connection database: ':memory:',
+                                        adapter: 'sqlite3',
+                                        timeout: 100
       end
 
       def test_bad_connection
         assert_raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError do
           connection = ActiveRecord::Base.sqlite3_connection(adapter: "sqlite3", database: "/tmp/should/_not/_exist/-cinco-dog.db")
-          connection.exec_query('drop table if exists ex')
+          connection.drop_table 'ex', if_exists: true
         end
       end
 
@@ -37,7 +30,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def test_connect_with_url
           original_connection = ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
           tf = Tempfile.open 'whatever'
-          url = "sqlite3://#{tf.path}"
+          url = "sqlite3:#{tf.path}"
           ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(url)
           assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection
         ensure
@@ -48,7 +41,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         def test_connect_memory_with_url
           original_connection = ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
-          url = "sqlite3:///:memory:"
+          url = "sqlite3::memory:"
           ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(url)
           assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection
         ensure
@@ -57,25 +50,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_valid_column
-        column = @conn.columns('items').find { |col| col.name == 'id' }
-        assert @conn.valid_type?(column.type)
+        with_example_table do
+          column = @conn.columns('ex').find { |col| col.name == 'id' }
+          assert @conn.valid_type?(column.type)
+        end
       end
 
-      # sqlite databases should be able to support any type and not
-      # just the ones mentioned in the native_database_types.
-      # Therefore test_invalid column should always return true
-      # even if the type is not valid.
+      # sqlite3 databases should be able to support any type and not just the
+      # ones mentioned in the native_database_types.
+      #
+      # Therefore test_invalid column should always return true even if the
+      # type is not valid.
       def test_invalid_column
         assert @conn.valid_type?(:foobar)
       end
 
-      def teardown
-        ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe(@subscriber)
-        super
-      end
-
       def test_column_types
-        owner = Owner.create!(:name => "hello".encode('ascii-8bit'))
+        owner = Owner.create!(name: "hello".encode('ascii-8bit'))
         owner.reload
         select = Owner.columns.map { |c| "typeof(#{c.name})" }.join ', '
         result = Owner.connection.exec_query <<-esql
@@ -85,23 +76,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
         esql
 
         assert(!result.rows.first.include?("blob"), "should not store blobs")
+      ensure
+        owner.delete
       end
 
       def test_exec_insert
-        column = @conn.columns('items').find { |col| col.name == 'number' }
-        vals   = [[column, 10]]
-        @conn.exec_insert('insert into items (number) VALUES (?)', 'SQL', vals)
+        with_example_table do
+          vals = [Relation::QueryAttribute.new("number", 10, Type::Value.new)]
+          @conn.exec_insert('insert into ex (number) VALUES (?)', 'SQL', vals)
 
-        result = @conn.exec_query(
-          'select number from items where number = ?', 'SQL', vals)
+          result = @conn.exec_query(
+            'select number from ex where number = ?', 'SQL', vals)
 
-        assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
-        assert_equal 10, result.rows.first.first
+          assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+          assert_equal 10, result.rows.first.first
+        end
       end
 
       def test_primary_key_returns_nil_for_no_pk
-        @conn.exec_query('create table ex(id int, data string)')
-        assert_nil @conn.primary_key('ex')
+        with_example_table 'id int, data string' do
+          assert_nil @conn.primary_key('ex')
+        end
       end
 
       def test_connection_no_db
@@ -112,17 +107,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def test_bad_timeout
         assert_raises(TypeError) do
-          Base.sqlite3_connection :database => ':memory:',
-                                  :adapter => 'sqlite3',
-                                  :timeout => 'usa'
+          Base.sqlite3_connection database: ':memory:',
+                                  adapter: 'sqlite3',
+                                  timeout: 'usa'
         end
       end
 
       # connection is OK with a nil timeout
       def test_nil_timeout
-        conn = Base.sqlite3_connection :database => ':memory:',
-                                       :adapter => 'sqlite3',
-                                       :timeout => nil
+        conn = Base.sqlite3_connection database: ':memory:',
+                                       adapter: 'sqlite3',
+                                       timeout: nil
         assert conn, 'made a connection'
       end
 
@@ -136,82 +131,87 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_bind_value_substitute
-        bind_param = @conn.substitute_at('foo', 0)
-        assert_equal Arel.sql('?'), bind_param
+        bind_param = @conn.substitute_at('foo')
+        assert_equal Arel.sql('?'), bind_param.to_sql
       end
 
       def test_exec_no_binds
-        @conn.exec_query('create table ex(id int, data string)')
-        result = @conn.exec_query('SELECT id, data FROM ex')
-        assert_equal 0, result.rows.length
-        assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
-        assert_equal %w{ id data }, result.columns
-
-        @conn.exec_query('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
-        result = @conn.exec_query('SELECT id, data FROM ex')
-        assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
-        assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
-
-        assert_equal [[1, 'foo']], result.rows
+        with_example_table 'id int, data string' do
+          result = @conn.exec_query('SELECT id, data FROM ex')
+          assert_equal 0, result.rows.length
+          assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+          assert_equal %w{ id data }, result.columns
+
+          @conn.exec_query('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
+          result = @conn.exec_query('SELECT id, data FROM ex')
+          assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+          assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+
+          assert_equal [[1, 'foo']], result.rows
+        end
       end
 
       def test_exec_query_with_binds
-        @conn.exec_query('create table ex(id int, data string)')
-        @conn.exec_query('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
-        result = @conn.exec_query(
-          'SELECT id, data FROM ex WHERE id = ?', nil, [[nil, 1]])
+        with_example_table 'id int, data string' do
+          @conn.exec_query('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
+          result = @conn.exec_query(
+            'SELECT id, data FROM ex WHERE id = ?', nil, [Relation::QueryAttribute.new(nil, 1, Type::Value.new)])
 
-        assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
-        assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+          assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+          assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
 
-        assert_equal [[1, 'foo']], result.rows
+          assert_equal [[1, 'foo']], result.rows
+        end
       end
 
       def test_exec_query_typecasts_bind_vals
-        @conn.exec_query('create table ex(id int, data string)')
-        @conn.exec_query('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
-        column = @conn.columns('ex').find { |col| col.name == 'id' }
+        with_example_table 'id int, data string' do
+          @conn.exec_query('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
 
-        result = @conn.exec_query(
-          'SELECT id, data FROM ex WHERE id = ?', nil, [[column, '1-fuu']])
+          result = @conn.exec_query(
+            'SELECT id, data FROM ex WHERE id = ?', nil, [Relation::QueryAttribute.new("id", "1-fuu", Type::Integer.new)])
 
-        assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
-        assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+          assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+          assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
 
-        assert_equal [[1, 'foo']], result.rows
+          assert_equal [[1, 'foo']], result.rows
+        end
       end
 
       def test_quote_binary_column_escapes_it
         DualEncoding.connection.execute(<<-eosql)
-          CREATE TABLE dual_encodings (
+          CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS dual_encodings (
             id integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
             name varchar(255),
             data binary
           )
         eosql
         str = "\x80".force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT")
-        binary = DualEncoding.new :name => '�������', :data => str
+        binary = DualEncoding.new name: '�������', data: str
         binary.save!
         assert_equal str, binary.data
-
       ensure
-        DualEncoding.connection.drop_table('dual_encodings')
+        DualEncoding.connection.drop_table 'dual_encodings', if_exists: true
       end
 
       def test_type_cast_should_not_mutate_encoding
         name  = 'hello'.force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
         Owner.create(name: name)
         assert_equal Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, name.encoding
+      ensure
+        Owner.delete_all
       end
 
       def test_execute
-        @conn.execute "INSERT INTO items (number) VALUES (10)"
-        records = @conn.execute "SELECT * FROM items"
-        assert_equal 1, records.length
-
-        record = records.first
-        assert_equal 10, record['number']
-        assert_equal 1, record['id']
+        with_example_table do
+          @conn.execute "INSERT INTO ex (number) VALUES (10)"
+          records = @conn.execute "SELECT * FROM ex"
+          assert_equal 1, records.length
+
+          record = records.first
+          assert_equal 10, record['number']
+          assert_equal 1, record['id']
+        end
       end
 
       def test_quote_string
@@ -219,128 +219,144 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_insert_sql
-        2.times do |i|
-          rv = @conn.insert_sql "INSERT INTO items (number) VALUES (#{i})"
-          assert_equal(i + 1, rv)
+        with_example_table do
+          2.times do |i|
+            rv = @conn.insert_sql "INSERT INTO ex (number) VALUES (#{i})"
+            assert_equal(i + 1, rv)
+          end
+
+          records = @conn.execute "SELECT * FROM ex"
+          assert_equal 2, records.length
         end
-
-        records = @conn.execute "SELECT * FROM items"
-        assert_equal 2, records.length
       end
 
       def test_insert_sql_logged
-        sql = "INSERT INTO items (number) VALUES (10)"
-        name = "foo"
-
-        assert_logged([[sql, name, []]]) do
-          @conn.insert_sql sql, name
+        with_example_table do
+          sql = "INSERT INTO ex (number) VALUES (10)"
+          name = "foo"
+          assert_logged [[sql, name, []]] do
+            @conn.insert_sql sql, name
+          end
         end
       end
 
       def test_insert_id_value_returned
-        sql = "INSERT INTO items (number) VALUES (10)"
-        idval = 'vuvuzela'
-        id = @conn.insert_sql sql, nil, nil, idval
-        assert_equal idval, id
+        with_example_table do
+          sql = "INSERT INTO ex (number) VALUES (10)"
+          idval = 'vuvuzela'
+          id = @conn.insert_sql sql, nil, nil, idval
+          assert_equal idval, id
+        end
       end
 
       def test_select_rows
-        2.times do |i|
-          @conn.create "INSERT INTO items (number) VALUES (#{i})"
+        with_example_table do
+          2.times do |i|
+            @conn.create "INSERT INTO ex (number) VALUES (#{i})"
+          end
+          rows = @conn.select_rows 'select number, id from ex'
+          assert_equal [[0, 1], [1, 2]], rows
         end
-        rows = @conn.select_rows 'select number, id from items'
-        assert_equal [[0, 1], [1, 2]], rows
       end
 
       def test_select_rows_logged
-        sql = "select * from items"
-        name = "foo"
-
-        assert_logged([[sql, name, []]]) do
-          @conn.select_rows sql, name
+        with_example_table do
+          sql = "select * from ex"
+          name = "foo"
+          assert_logged [[sql, name, []]] do
+            @conn.select_rows sql, name
+          end
         end
       end
 
       def test_transaction
-        count_sql = 'select count(*) from items'
+        with_example_table do
+          count_sql = 'select count(*) from ex'
 
-        @conn.begin_db_transaction
-        @conn.create "INSERT INTO items (number) VALUES (10)"
+          @conn.begin_db_transaction
+          @conn.create "INSERT INTO ex (number) VALUES (10)"
 
-        assert_equal 1, @conn.select_rows(count_sql).first.first
-        @conn.rollback_db_transaction
-        assert_equal 0, @conn.select_rows(count_sql).first.first
+          assert_equal 1, @conn.select_rows(count_sql).first.first
+          @conn.rollback_db_transaction
+          assert_equal 0, @conn.select_rows(count_sql).first.first
+        end
       end
 
       def test_tables
-        assert_equal %w{ items }, @conn.tables
-
-        @conn.execute <<-eosql
-          CREATE TABLE people (
-            id integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
-            number integer
-          )
-        eosql
-        assert_equal %w{ items people }.sort, @conn.tables.sort
+        with_example_table do
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { assert_equal %w{ ex }, @conn.tables }
+          with_example_table 'id integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, number integer', 'people' do
+            ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { assert_equal %w{ ex people }.sort, @conn.tables.sort }
+          end
+        end
       end
 
       def test_tables_logs_name
-        assert_logged [['SCHEMA', []]] do
-          @conn.tables('hello')
-          assert_not_nil @subscriber.logged.first.shift
+        sql = <<-SQL
+          SELECT name FROM sqlite_master
+          WHERE type IN ('table','view') AND name <> 'sqlite_sequence'
+        SQL
+        assert_logged [[sql.squish, 'SCHEMA', []]] do
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+            @conn.tables('hello')
+          end
         end
       end
 
       def test_indexes_logs_name
-        assert_logged [["PRAGMA index_list(\"items\")", 'SCHEMA', []]] do
-          @conn.indexes('items', 'hello')
+        with_example_table do
+          assert_logged [["PRAGMA index_list(\"ex\")", 'SCHEMA', []]] do
+            @conn.indexes('ex', 'hello')
+          end
         end
       end
 
       def test_table_exists_logs_name
-        assert @conn.table_exists?('items')
-        assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @subscriber.logged[0][1]
+        with_example_table do
+          sql = <<-SQL
+            SELECT name FROM sqlite_master
+            WHERE type IN ('table','view') AND name <> 'sqlite_sequence' AND name = 'ex'
+          SQL
+          assert_logged [[sql.squish, 'SCHEMA', []]] do
+            ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+              assert @conn.table_exists?('ex')
+            end
+          end
+        end
       end
 
       def test_columns
-        columns = @conn.columns('items').sort_by { |x| x.name }
-        assert_equal 2, columns.length
-        assert_equal %w{ id number }.sort, columns.map { |x| x.name }
-        assert_equal [nil, nil], columns.map { |x| x.default }
-        assert_equal [true, true], columns.map { |x| x.null }
+        with_example_table do
+          columns = @conn.columns('ex').sort_by(&:name)
+          assert_equal 2, columns.length
+          assert_equal %w{ id number }.sort, columns.map(&:name)
+          assert_equal [nil, nil], columns.map(&:default)
+          assert_equal [true, true], columns.map(&:null)
+        end
       end
 
       def test_columns_with_default
-        @conn.execute <<-eosql
-          CREATE TABLE columns_with_default (
-            id integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
-            number integer default 10
-          )
-        eosql
-        column = @conn.columns('columns_with_default').find { |x|
-          x.name == 'number'
-        }
-        assert_equal 10, column.default
+        with_example_table 'id integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, number integer default 10' do
+          column = @conn.columns('ex').find { |x|
+            x.name == 'number'
+          }
+          assert_equal '10', column.default
+        end
       end
 
       def test_columns_with_not_null
-        @conn.execute <<-eosql
-          CREATE TABLE columns_with_default (
-            id integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
-            number integer not null
-          )
-        eosql
-        column = @conn.columns('columns_with_default').find { |x|
-          x.name == 'number'
-        }
-        assert !column.null, "column should not be null"
+        with_example_table 'id integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, number integer not null' do
+          column = @conn.columns('ex').find { |x| x.name == 'number' }
+          assert_not column.null, "column should not be null"
+        end
       end
 
       def test_indexes_logs
-        assert_difference('@subscriber.logged.length') do
-          @conn.indexes('items')
+        with_example_table do
+          assert_logged [["PRAGMA index_list(\"ex\")", "SCHEMA", []]] do
+            @conn.indexes('ex')
+          end
         end
-        assert_match(/items/, @subscriber.logged.last.first)
       end
 
       def test_no_indexes
@@ -348,41 +364,51 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_index
-        @conn.add_index 'items', 'id', :unique => true, :name => 'fun'
-        index = @conn.indexes('items').find { |idx| idx.name == 'fun' }
+        with_example_table do
+          @conn.add_index 'ex', 'id', unique: true, name: 'fun'
+          index = @conn.indexes('ex').find { |idx| idx.name == 'fun' }
 
-        assert_equal 'items', index.table
-        assert index.unique, 'index is unique'
-        assert_equal ['id'], index.columns
+          assert_equal 'ex', index.table
+          assert index.unique, 'index is unique'
+          assert_equal ['id'], index.columns
+        end
       end
 
       def test_non_unique_index
-        @conn.add_index 'items', 'id', :name => 'fun'
-        index = @conn.indexes('items').find { |idx| idx.name == 'fun' }
-        assert !index.unique, 'index is not unique'
+        with_example_table do
+          @conn.add_index 'ex', 'id', name: 'fun'
+          index = @conn.indexes('ex').find { |idx| idx.name == 'fun' }
+          assert_not index.unique, 'index is not unique'
+        end
       end
 
       def test_compound_index
-        @conn.add_index 'items', %w{ id number }, :name => 'fun'
-        index = @conn.indexes('items').find { |idx| idx.name == 'fun' }
-        assert_equal %w{ id number }.sort, index.columns.sort
+        with_example_table do
+          @conn.add_index 'ex', %w{ id number }, name: 'fun'
+          index = @conn.indexes('ex').find { |idx| idx.name == 'fun' }
+          assert_equal %w{ id number }.sort, index.columns.sort
+        end
       end
 
       def test_primary_key
-        assert_equal 'id', @conn.primary_key('items')
-
-        @conn.execute <<-eosql
-          CREATE TABLE foos (
-            internet integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
-            number integer not null
-          )
-        eosql
-        assert_equal 'internet', @conn.primary_key('foos')
+        with_example_table do
+          assert_equal 'id', @conn.primary_key('ex')
+          with_example_table 'internet integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, number integer not null', 'foos' do
+            assert_equal 'internet', @conn.primary_key('foos')
+          end
+        end
       end
 
       def test_no_primary_key
-        @conn.execute 'CREATE TABLE failboat (number integer not null)'
-        assert_nil @conn.primary_key('failboat')
+        with_example_table 'number integer not null' do
+          assert_nil @conn.primary_key('ex')
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_composite_primary_key
+        with_example_table 'id integer, number integer, foo integer, PRIMARY KEY (id, number)' do
+          assert_nil @conn.primary_key('ex')
+        end
       end
 
       def test_supports_extensions
@@ -397,13 +423,42 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert @conn.respond_to?(:disable_extension)
       end
 
+      def test_statement_closed
+        db = ::SQLite3::Database.new(ActiveRecord::Base.
+                                   configurations['arunit']['database'])
+        statement = ::SQLite3::Statement.new(db,
+                                           'CREATE TABLE statement_test (number integer not null)')
+        statement.stub(:step, ->{ raise ::SQLite3::BusyException.new('busy') }) do
+          assert_called(statement, :columns, returns: []) do
+            assert_called(statement, :close) do
+              ::SQLite3::Statement.stub(:new, statement) do
+                assert_raises ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid do
+                  @conn.exec_query 'select * from statement_test'
+                end
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
       private
 
       def assert_logged logs
+        subscriber = SQLSubscriber.new
+        subscription = ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe('sql.active_record', subscriber)
         yield
-        assert_equal logs, @subscriber.logged
+        assert_equal logs, subscriber.logged
+      ensure
+        ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe(subscription)
       end
 
+      def with_example_table(definition = nil, table_name = 'ex', &block)
+        definition ||= <<-SQL
+          id integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
+          number integer
+        SQL
+        super(@conn, table_name, definition, &block)
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_create_folder_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_create_folder_test.rb
index f545fc2011..887dcfc96c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_create_folder_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_create_folder_test.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/owner'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
-    class SQLite3CreateFolder < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    class SQLite3CreateFolder < ActiveRecord::SQLite3TestCase
       def test_sqlite_creates_directory
         Dir.mktmpdir do |dir|
           dir = Pathname.new(dir)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/statement_pool_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/statement_pool_test.rb
index fd0044ac05..559b951109 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/statement_pool_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/statement_pool_test.rb
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ require 'cases/helper'
 
 module ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters
   class SQLite3Adapter
-    class StatementPoolTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    class StatementPoolTest < ActiveRecord::SQLite3TestCase
       if Process.respond_to?(:fork)
         def test_cache_is_per_pid
 
-          cache = StatementPool.new nil, 10
+          cache = StatementPool.new(10)
           cache['foo'] = 'bar'
           assert_equal 'bar', cache['foo']
 
@@ -22,4 +22,3 @@ module ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters
     end
   end
 end
-
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/ar_schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/ar_schema_test.rb
index 500df52cd8..9d5327bf35 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/ar_schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/ar_schema_test.rb
@@ -3,18 +3,36 @@ require "cases/helper"
 if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_migrations?
 
   class ActiveRecordSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-    self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+    self.use_transactional_tests = false
 
-    def setup
+    setup do
+      @original_verbose = ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose
+      ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = false
       @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
       ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.drop_table
     end
 
-    def teardown
+    teardown do
       @connection.drop_table :fruits rescue nil
       @connection.drop_table :nep_fruits rescue nil
       @connection.drop_table :nep_schema_migrations rescue nil
+      @connection.drop_table :has_timestamps rescue nil
       ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.delete_all rescue nil
+      ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = @original_verbose
+    end
+
+    def test_has_no_primary_key
+      old_primary_key_prefix_type = ActiveRecord::Base.primary_key_prefix_type
+      ActiveRecord::Base.primary_key_prefix_type = :table_name_with_underscore
+      assert_nil ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.primary_key
+
+      ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create_table
+      assert_difference "ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.count", 1 do
+        ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create version: 12
+      end
+    ensure
+      ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.drop_table
+      ActiveRecord::Base.primary_key_prefix_type = old_primary_key_prefix_type
     end
 
     def test_schema_define
@@ -34,6 +52,7 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_migrations?
 
     def test_schema_define_w_table_name_prefix
       table_name = ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_name
+      old_table_name_prefix = ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix
       ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix  = "nep_"
       ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_name = "nep_#{table_name}"
       ActiveRecord::Schema.define(:version => 7) do
@@ -46,7 +65,7 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_migrations?
       end
       assert_equal 7, ActiveRecord::Migrator::current_version
     ensure
-      ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix  = ""
+      ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix  = old_table_name_prefix
       ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_name = table_name
     end
 
@@ -66,5 +85,46 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_migrations?
       end
       assert_nothing_raised { @connection.select_all "SELECT * FROM fruits" }
     end
+
+    def test_normalize_version
+      assert_equal "118", ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.normalize_migration_number("0000118")
+      assert_equal "002", ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.normalize_migration_number("2")
+      assert_equal "017", ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.normalize_migration_number("0017")
+      assert_equal "20131219224947", ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.normalize_migration_number("20131219224947")
+    end
+
+    def test_timestamps_without_null_set_null_to_false_on_create_table
+      ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
+        create_table :has_timestamps do |t|
+          t.timestamps
+        end
+      end
+
+      assert !@connection.columns(:has_timestamps).find { |c| c.name == 'created_at' }.null
+      assert !@connection.columns(:has_timestamps).find { |c| c.name == 'updated_at' }.null
+    end
+
+    def test_timestamps_without_null_set_null_to_false_on_change_table
+      ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
+        create_table :has_timestamps
+
+        change_table :has_timestamps do |t|
+          t.timestamps default: Time.now
+        end
+      end
+
+      assert !@connection.columns(:has_timestamps).find { |c| c.name == 'created_at' }.null
+      assert !@connection.columns(:has_timestamps).find { |c| c.name == 'updated_at' }.null
+    end
+
+    def test_timestamps_without_null_set_null_to_false_on_add_timestamps
+      ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
+        create_table :has_timestamps
+        add_timestamps :has_timestamps, default: Time.now
+      end
+
+      assert !@connection.columns(:has_timestamps).find { |c| c.name == 'created_at' }.null
+      assert !@connection.columns(:has_timestamps).find { |c| c.name == 'updated_at' }.null
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/association_scope_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/association_scope_test.rb
index c78b036f53..472e270f8c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/association_scope_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/association_scope_test.rb
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       test 'does not duplicate conditions' do
         scope = AssociationScope.scope(Author.new.association(:welcome_posts),
                                         Author.connection)
-        wheres = scope.where_values.map(&:right)
-        assert_equal wheres.uniq, wheres
+        binds = scope.where_clause.binds.map(&:value)
+        assert_equal binds.uniq, binds
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/belongs_to_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/belongs_to_associations_test.rb
index 9340bc0a83..938350627f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/belongs_to_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/belongs_to_associations_test.rb
@@ -16,6 +16,13 @@ require 'models/essay'
 require 'models/toy'
 require 'models/invoice'
 require 'models/line_item'
+require 'models/column'
+require 'models/record'
+require 'models/admin'
+require 'models/admin/user'
+require 'models/ship'
+require 'models/treasure'
+require 'models/parrot'
 
 class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :accounts, :companies, :developers, :projects, :topics,
@@ -28,6 +35,10 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal companies(:first_firm).name, firm.name
   end
 
+  def test_missing_attribute_error_is_raised_when_no_foreign_key_attribute
+    assert_raises(ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError) { Client.select(:id).first.firm }
+  end
+
   def test_belongs_to_does_not_use_order_by
     ActiveRecord::SQLCounter.clear_log
     Client.find(3).firm
@@ -55,6 +66,85 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_optional_relation
+    original_value = ActiveRecord::Base.belongs_to_required_by_default
+    ActiveRecord::Base.belongs_to_required_by_default = true
+
+    model = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = "accounts"
+      def self.name; "Temp"; end
+      belongs_to :company, optional: true
+    end
+
+    account = model.new
+    assert account.valid?
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Base.belongs_to_required_by_default = original_value
+  end
+
+  def test_not_optional_relation
+    original_value = ActiveRecord::Base.belongs_to_required_by_default
+    ActiveRecord::Base.belongs_to_required_by_default = true
+
+    model = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = "accounts"
+      def self.name; "Temp"; end
+      belongs_to :company, optional: false
+    end
+
+    account = model.new
+    assert_not account.valid?
+    assert_equal [{error: :blank}], account.errors.details[:company]
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Base.belongs_to_required_by_default = original_value
+  end
+
+  def test_required_belongs_to_config
+    original_value = ActiveRecord::Base.belongs_to_required_by_default
+    ActiveRecord::Base.belongs_to_required_by_default = true
+
+    model = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = "accounts"
+      def self.name; "Temp"; end
+      belongs_to :company
+    end
+
+    account = model.new
+    assert_not account.valid?
+    assert_equal [{error: :blank}], account.errors.details[:company]
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Base.belongs_to_required_by_default = original_value
+  end
+
+  def test_default_scope_on_relations_is_not_cached
+    counter = 0
+
+    comments = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) {
+      self.table_name = 'comments'
+      self.inheritance_column = 'not_there'
+
+      posts = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) {
+        self.table_name = 'posts'
+        self.inheritance_column = 'not_there'
+
+        default_scope -> {
+          counter += 1
+          where("id = :inc", :inc => counter)
+        }
+
+        has_many :comments, :anonymous_class => comments
+      }
+      belongs_to :post, :anonymous_class => posts, :inverse_of => false
+    }
+
+    assert_equal 0, counter
+    comment = comments.first
+    assert_equal 0, counter
+    sql = capture_sql { comment.post }
+    comment.reload
+    assert_not_equal sql, capture_sql { comment.post }
+  end
+
   def test_proxy_assignment
     account = Account.find(1)
     assert_nothing_raised { account.firm = account.firm }
@@ -65,6 +155,30 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch) { Account.find(1).firm = Project.find(1) }
   end
 
+  def test_raises_type_mismatch_with_namespaced_class
+    assert_nil defined?(Region), "This test requires that there is no top-level Region class"
+
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.instance_eval do
+      create_table(:admin_regions) { |t| t.string :name }
+      add_column :admin_users, :region_id, :integer
+    end
+    Admin.const_set "RegionalUser", Class.new(Admin::User) { belongs_to(:region) }
+    Admin.const_set "Region", Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
+
+    e = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch) {
+      Admin::RegionalUser.new(region: 'wrong value')
+    }
+    assert_match(/^Region\([^)]+\) expected, got String\([^)]+\)$/, e.message)
+  ensure
+    Admin.send :remove_const, "Region" if Admin.const_defined?("Region")
+    Admin.send :remove_const, "RegionalUser" if Admin.const_defined?("RegionalUser")
+
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.instance_eval do
+      remove_column :admin_users, :region_id if column_exists?(:admin_users, :region_id)
+      drop_table :admin_regions, if_exists: true
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_natural_assignment
     apple = Firm.create("name" => "Apple")
     citibank = Account.create("credit_limit" => 10)
@@ -90,14 +204,14 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     Firm.create("name" => "Apple")
     Client.create("name" => "Citibank", :firm_name => "Apple")
     citibank_result = Client.all.merge!(:where => {:name => "Citibank"}, :includes => :firm_with_primary_key).first
-    assert citibank_result.association_cache.key?(:firm_with_primary_key)
+    assert citibank_result.association(:firm_with_primary_key).loaded?
   end
 
   def test_eager_loading_with_primary_key_as_symbol
     Firm.create("name" => "Apple")
     Client.create("name" => "Citibank", :firm_name => "Apple")
     citibank_result = Client.all.merge!(:where => {:name => "Citibank"}, :includes => :firm_with_primary_key_symbols).first
-    assert citibank_result.association_cache.key?(:firm_with_primary_key_symbols)
+    assert citibank_result.association(:firm_with_primary_key_symbols).loaded?
   end
 
   def test_creating_the_belonging_object
@@ -181,7 +295,8 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     client = Client.find(3)
     client.firm = nil
     client.save
-    assert_nil client.firm(true)
+    client.association(:firm).reload
+    assert_nil client.firm
     assert_nil client.client_of
   end
 
@@ -189,7 +304,8 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     client = Client.create(:name => "Primary key client", :firm_name => companies(:first_firm).name)
     client.firm_with_primary_key = nil
     client.save
-    assert_nil client.firm_with_primary_key(true)
+    client.association(:firm_with_primary_key).reload
+    assert_nil client.firm_with_primary_key
     assert_nil client.client_of
   end
 
@@ -206,9 +322,13 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_polymorphic_association_class
     sponsor = Sponsor.new
     assert_nil sponsor.association(:sponsorable).send(:klass)
+    sponsor.association(:sponsorable).reload
+    assert_nil sponsor.sponsorable
 
     sponsor.sponsorable_type = '' # the column doesn't have to be declared NOT NULL
     assert_nil sponsor.association(:sponsorable).send(:klass)
+    sponsor.association(:sponsorable).reload
+    assert_nil sponsor.sponsorable
 
     sponsor.sponsorable = Member.new :name => "Bert"
     assert_equal Member, sponsor.association(:sponsorable).send(:klass)
@@ -229,15 +349,31 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 1, Company.all.merge!(:includes => :firm_with_select ).find(2).firm_with_select.attributes.size
   end
 
+  def test_belongs_to_without_counter_cache_option
+    # Ship has a conventionally named `treasures_count` column, but the counter_cache
+    # option is not given on the association.
+    ship = Ship.create(name: 'Countless')
+
+    assert_no_difference lambda { ship.reload.treasures_count }, "treasures_count should not be changed unless counter_cache is given on the relation" do
+      treasure = Treasure.new(name: 'Gold', ship: ship)
+      treasure.save
+    end
+
+    assert_no_difference lambda { ship.reload.treasures_count }, "treasures_count should not be changed unless counter_cache is given on the relation" do
+      treasure = ship.treasures.first
+      treasure.destroy
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_belongs_to_counter
     debate = Topic.create("title" => "debate")
-    assert_equal 0, debate.send(:read_attribute, "replies_count"), "No replies yet"
+    assert_equal 0, debate.read_attribute("replies_count"), "No replies yet"
 
     trash = debate.replies.create("title" => "blah!", "content" => "world around!")
-    assert_equal 1, Topic.find(debate.id).send(:read_attribute, "replies_count"), "First reply created"
+    assert_equal 1, Topic.find(debate.id).read_attribute("replies_count"), "First reply created"
 
     trash.destroy
-    assert_equal 0, Topic.find(debate.id).send(:read_attribute, "replies_count"), "First reply deleted"
+    assert_equal 0, Topic.find(debate.id).read_attribute("replies_count"), "First reply deleted"
   end
 
   def test_belongs_to_counter_with_assigning_nil
@@ -340,6 +476,37 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_queries(1) { line_item.touch }
   end
 
+  def test_belongs_to_with_touch_on_multiple_records
+    line_item = LineItem.create!(amount: 1)
+    line_item2 = LineItem.create!(amount: 2)
+    Invoice.create!(line_items: [line_item, line_item2])
+
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      LineItem.transaction do
+        line_item.touch
+        line_item2.touch
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_queries(2) do
+      line_item.touch
+      line_item2.touch
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_belongs_to_with_touch_option_on_touch_without_updated_at_attributes
+    assert_not LineItem.column_names.include?("updated_at")
+
+    line_item = LineItem.create!
+    invoice = Invoice.create!(line_items: [line_item])
+    initial = invoice.updated_at
+    travel(1.second) do
+      line_item.touch
+    end
+
+    assert_not_equal initial, invoice.reload.updated_at
+  end
+
   def test_belongs_to_with_touch_option_on_touch_and_removed_parent
     line_item = LineItem.create!
     Invoice.create!(line_items: [line_item])
@@ -356,6 +523,13 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_queries(2) { line_item.update amount: 10 }
   end
 
+  def test_belongs_to_with_touch_option_on_empty_update
+    line_item = LineItem.create!
+    Invoice.create!(line_items: [line_item])
+
+    assert_queries(0) { line_item.save }
+  end
+
   def test_belongs_to_with_touch_option_on_destroy
     line_item = LineItem.create!
     Invoice.create!(line_items: [line_item])
@@ -407,7 +581,8 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert final_cut.persisted?
     assert firm.persisted?
     assert_equal firm, final_cut.firm
-    assert_equal firm, final_cut.firm(true)
+    final_cut.association(:firm).reload
+    assert_equal firm, final_cut.firm
   end
 
   def test_assignment_before_child_saved_with_primary_key
@@ -419,7 +594,8 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert final_cut.persisted?
     assert firm.persisted?
     assert_equal firm, final_cut.firm_with_primary_key
-    assert_equal firm, final_cut.firm_with_primary_key(true)
+    final_cut.association(:firm_with_primary_key).reload
+    assert_equal firm, final_cut.firm_with_primary_key
   end
 
   def test_new_record_with_foreign_key_but_no_object
@@ -489,6 +665,27 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 4, topic.replies.size
   end
 
+  def test_concurrent_counter_cache_double_destroy
+    topic = Topic.create :title => "Zoom-zoom-zoom"
+
+    5.times do
+      topic.replies.create(:title => "re: zoom", :content => "speedy quick!")
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 5, topic.reload[:replies_count]
+    assert_equal 5, topic.replies.size
+
+    reply = topic.replies.first
+    reply_clone = Reply.find(reply.id)
+
+    reply.destroy
+    assert_equal 4, topic.reload[:replies_count]
+
+    reply_clone.destroy
+    assert_equal 4, topic.reload[:replies_count]
+    assert_equal 4, topic.replies.size
+  end
+
   def test_custom_counter_cache
     reply = Reply.create(:title => "re: zoom", :content => "speedy quick!")
     assert_equal 0, reply[:replies_count]
@@ -529,6 +726,19 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert companies(:first_client).readonly_firm.readonly?
   end
 
+  def test_test_polymorphic_assignment_foreign_key_type_string
+    comment = Comment.first
+    comment.author   = Author.first
+    comment.resource = Member.first
+    comment.save
+
+    assert_equal Comment.all.to_a,
+      Comment.includes(:author).to_a
+
+    assert_equal Comment.all.to_a,
+      Comment.includes(:resource).to_a
+  end
+
   def test_polymorphic_assignment_foreign_type_field_updating
     # should update when assigning a saved record
     sponsor = Sponsor.new
@@ -733,8 +943,8 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     post    = posts(:welcome)
     comment = comments(:greetings)
 
-    assert_difference lambda { post.reload.taggings_count }, -1 do
-      assert_difference 'comment.reload.taggings_count', +1 do
+    assert_difference lambda { post.reload.tags_count }, -1 do
+      assert_difference 'comment.reload.tags_count', +1 do
         tagging.taggable = comment
       end
     end
@@ -824,6 +1034,17 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 0, comments(:greetings).reload.children_count
   end
 
+  def test_belongs_to_with_id_assigning
+    post = posts(:welcome)
+    comment = Comment.create! body: "foo", post: post
+    parent = comments(:greetings)
+    assert_equal 0, parent.reload.children_count
+    comment.parent_id = parent.id
+
+    comment.save!
+    assert_equal 1, parent.reload.children_count
+  end
+
   def test_polymorphic_with_custom_primary_key
     toy = Toy.create!
     sponsor = Sponsor.create!(:sponsorable => toy)
@@ -863,4 +1084,27 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       end
     end
   end
+
+  test 'belongs_to works with model called Record' do
+    record = Record.create!
+    Column.create! record: record
+    assert_equal 1, Column.count
+  end
+
+  def test_association_force_reload_with_only_true_is_deprecated
+    client = Client.find(3)
+
+    assert_deprecated { client.firm(true) }
+  end
+end
+
+class BelongsToWithForeignKeyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  fixtures :authors, :author_addresses
+
+  def test_destroy_linked_models
+    address = AuthorAddress.create!
+    author = Author.create! name: "Author", author_address_id: address.id
+
+    author.destroy!
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/bidirectional_destroy_dependencies_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/bidirectional_destroy_dependencies_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2b867965ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/bidirectional_destroy_dependencies_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+require 'models/content'
+
+class BidirectionalDestroyDependenciesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  fixtures :content, :content_positions
+
+  def setup
+    Content.destroyed_ids.clear
+    ContentPosition.destroyed_ids.clear
+  end
+
+  def test_bidirectional_dependence_when_destroying_item_with_belongs_to_association
+    content_position = ContentPosition.find(1)
+    content = content_position.content
+    assert_not_nil content
+
+    content_position.destroy
+
+    assert_equal [content_position.id], ContentPosition.destroyed_ids
+    assert_equal [content.id], Content.destroyed_ids
+  end
+
+  def test_bidirectional_dependence_when_destroying_item_with_has_one_association
+    content = Content.find(1)
+    content_position = content.content_position
+    assert_not_nil content_position
+
+    content.destroy
+
+    assert_equal [content.id], Content.destroyed_ids
+    assert_equal [content_position.id], ContentPosition.destroyed_ids
+  end
+
+  def test_bidirectional_dependence_when_destroying_item_with_has_one_association_fails_first_time
+    content = ContentWhichRequiresTwoDestroyCalls.find(1)
+
+    2.times { content.destroy }
+
+    assert_equal content.destroyed?, true
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/callbacks_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/callbacks_test.rb
index e555c52281..a531e0e02c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/callbacks_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/callbacks_test.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ require 'models/post'
 require 'models/author'
 require 'models/project'
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 require 'models/company'
 
 class AssociationCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -150,7 +151,7 @@ class AssociationCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
                   "after_removing#{jamis.id}"], activerecord.developers_log
   end
 
-  def test_has_and_belongs_to_many_remove_callback_on_clear
+  def test_has_and_belongs_to_many_does_not_fire_callbacks_on_clear
     activerecord = projects(:active_record)
     assert activerecord.developers_log.empty?
     if activerecord.developers_with_callbacks.size == 0
@@ -159,9 +160,9 @@ class AssociationCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       activerecord.reload
       assert activerecord.developers_with_callbacks.size == 2
     end
-    log_array = activerecord.developers_with_callbacks.collect {|d| ["before_removing#{d.id}","after_removing#{d.id}"]}.flatten.sort
+    activerecord.developers_with_callbacks.flat_map {|d| ["before_removing#{d.id}","after_removing#{d.id}"]}.sort
     assert activerecord.developers_with_callbacks.clear
-    assert_equal log_array, activerecord.developers_log.sort
+    assert_predicate activerecord.developers_log, :empty?
   end
 
   def test_has_many_and_belongs_to_many_callbacks_for_save_on_parent
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/cascaded_eager_loading_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/cascaded_eager_loading_test.rb
index 71c0609df5..51d8e0523e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/cascaded_eager_loading_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/cascaded_eager_loading_test.rb
@@ -35,9 +35,9 @@ class CascadedEagerLoadingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_hmt_does_not_table_name_collide_when_joining_associations
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      Author.joins(:posts).eager_load(:comments).where(:posts => {:taggings_count => 1}).to_a
+      Author.joins(:posts).eager_load(:comments).where(:posts => {:tags_count => 1}).to_a
     end
-    authors = Author.joins(:posts).eager_load(:comments).where(:posts => {:taggings_count => 1}).to_a
+    authors = Author.joins(:posts).eager_load(:comments).where(:posts => {:tags_count => 1}).to_a
     assert_equal 1, assert_no_queries { authors.size }
     assert_equal 10, assert_no_queries { authors[0].comments.size }
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_nested_include_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_nested_include_test.rb
index 5ff117eaa0..f571198079 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_nested_include_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_nested_include_test.rb
@@ -68,11 +68,9 @@ class EagerLoadPolyAssocsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     generate_test_object_graphs
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     [Circle, Square, Triangle, PaintColor, PaintTexture,
-     ShapeExpression, NonPolyOne, NonPolyTwo].each do |c|
-      c.delete_all
-    end
+     ShapeExpression, NonPolyOne, NonPolyTwo].each(&:delete_all)
   end
 
   def generate_test_object_graphs
@@ -111,7 +109,7 @@ class EagerLoadNestedIncludeWithMissingDataTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @first_categorization = @davey_mcdave.categorizations.create(:category => Category.first, :post => @first_post)
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     @davey_mcdave.destroy
     @first_post.destroy
     @first_comment.destroy
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_singularization_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_singularization_test.rb
index b12bc355e8..a61a070331 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_singularization_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_singularization_test.rb
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ class EagerSingularizationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     connection.drop_table :viri
     connection.drop_table :octopi
     connection.drop_table :passes
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_test.rb
index 498a4e8144..0c09713971 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_test.rb
@@ -17,12 +17,15 @@ require 'models/subscriber'
 require 'models/subscription'
 require 'models/book'
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 require 'models/project'
 require 'models/member'
 require 'models/membership'
 require 'models/club'
 require 'models/categorization'
 require 'models/sponsor'
+require 'models/mentor'
+require 'models/contract'
 
 class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :posts, :comments, :authors, :essays, :author_addresses, :categories, :categories_posts,
@@ -76,9 +79,17 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_has_many_through_with_order
     authors = Author.includes(:favorite_authors).to_a
+    assert authors.count > 0
     assert_no_queries { authors.map(&:favorite_authors) }
   end
 
+  def test_eager_loaded_has_one_association_with_references_does_not_run_additional_queries
+    Post.update_all(author_id: nil)
+    authors = Author.includes(:post).references(:post).to_a
+    assert authors.count > 0
+    assert_no_queries { authors.map(&:post) }
+  end
+
   def test_with_two_tables_in_from_without_getting_double_quoted
     posts = Post.select("posts.*").from("authors, posts").eager_load(:comments).where("posts.author_id = authors.id").order("posts.id").to_a
     assert_equal 2, posts.first.comments.size
@@ -99,53 +110,57 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_preloading_has_many_in_multiple_queries_with_more_ids_than_database_can_handle
-    Comment.connection.expects(:in_clause_length).at_least_once.returns(5)
-    posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes=>:comments).to_a
-    assert_equal 11, posts.size
+    assert_called(Comment.connection, :in_clause_length, returns: 5) do
+      posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes=>:comments).to_a
+      assert_equal 11, posts.size
+    end
   end
 
   def test_preloading_has_many_in_one_queries_when_database_has_no_limit_on_ids_it_can_handle
-    Comment.connection.expects(:in_clause_length).at_least_once.returns(nil)
-    posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes=>:comments).to_a
-    assert_equal 11, posts.size
+    assert_called(Comment.connection, :in_clause_length, returns: nil) do
+      posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes=>:comments).to_a
+      assert_equal 11, posts.size
+    end
   end
 
   def test_preloading_habtm_in_multiple_queries_with_more_ids_than_database_can_handle
-    Comment.connection.expects(:in_clause_length).at_least_once.returns(5)
-    posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes=>:categories).to_a
-    assert_equal 11, posts.size
+    assert_called(Comment.connection, :in_clause_length, times: 2, returns: 5) do
+      posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes=>:categories).to_a
+      assert_equal 11, posts.size
+    end
   end
 
   def test_preloading_habtm_in_one_queries_when_database_has_no_limit_on_ids_it_can_handle
-    Comment.connection.expects(:in_clause_length).at_least_once.returns(nil)
-    posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes=>:categories).to_a
-    assert_equal 11, posts.size
+    assert_called(Comment.connection, :in_clause_length, times: 2, returns: nil) do
+      posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes=>:categories).to_a
+      assert_equal 11, posts.size
+    end
   end
 
   def test_load_associated_records_in_one_query_when_adapter_has_no_limit
-    Comment.connection.expects(:in_clause_length).at_least_once.returns(nil)
-
-    post = posts(:welcome)
-    assert_queries(2) do
-      Post.includes(:comments).where(:id => post.id).to_a
+    assert_called(Comment.connection, :in_clause_length, returns: nil) do
+      post = posts(:welcome)
+      assert_queries(2) do
+        Post.includes(:comments).where(:id => post.id).to_a
+      end
     end
   end
 
   def test_load_associated_records_in_several_queries_when_many_ids_passed
-    Comment.connection.expects(:in_clause_length).at_least_once.returns(1)
-
-    post1, post2 = posts(:welcome), posts(:thinking)
-    assert_queries(3) do
-      Post.includes(:comments).where(:id => [post1.id, post2.id]).to_a
+    assert_called(Comment.connection, :in_clause_length, returns: 1) do
+      post1, post2 = posts(:welcome), posts(:thinking)
+      assert_queries(3) do
+        Post.includes(:comments).where(:id => [post1.id, post2.id]).to_a
+      end
     end
   end
 
   def test_load_associated_records_in_one_query_when_a_few_ids_passed
-    Comment.connection.expects(:in_clause_length).at_least_once.returns(3)
-
-    post = posts(:welcome)
-    assert_queries(2) do
-      Post.includes(:comments).where(:id => post.id).to_a
+    assert_called(Comment.connection, :in_clause_length, returns: 3) do
+      post = posts(:welcome)
+      assert_queries(2) do
+        Post.includes(:comments).where(:id => post.id).to_a
+      end
     end
   end
 
@@ -235,6 +250,17 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_finding_with_includes_on_empty_polymorphic_type_column
+    sponsor = sponsors(:moustache_club_sponsor_for_groucho)
+    sponsor.update!(sponsorable_type: '', sponsorable_id: nil) # sponsorable_type column might be declared NOT NULL
+    sponsor = assert_queries(1) do
+      assert_nothing_raised { Sponsor.all.merge!(:includes => :sponsorable).find(sponsor.id) }
+    end
+    assert_no_queries do
+      assert_equal nil, sponsor.sponsorable
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_loading_from_an_association
     posts = authors(:david).posts.merge(:includes => :comments, :order => "posts.id").to_a
     assert_equal 2, posts.first.comments.size
@@ -258,6 +284,14 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_three_level_nested_preloading_does_not_raise_exception_when_association_does_not_exist
+    post_id = Comment.where(author_id: nil).where.not(post_id: nil).first.post_id
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      Post.preload(:comments => [{:author => :essays}]).find(post_id)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_nested_loading_through_has_one_association
     aa = AuthorAddress.all.merge!(:includes => {:author => :posts}).find(author_addresses(:david_address).id)
     assert_equal aa.author.posts.count, aa.author.posts.length
@@ -318,31 +352,31 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_limit
     comments = Comment.all.merge!(:includes => :post, :limit => 5, :order => 'comments.id').to_a
     assert_equal 5, comments.length
-    assert_equal [1,2,3,5,6], comments.collect { |c| c.id }
+    assert_equal [1,2,3,5,6], comments.collect(&:id)
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_limit_and_conditions
     comments = Comment.all.merge!(:includes => :post, :where => 'post_id = 4', :limit => 3, :order => 'comments.id').to_a
     assert_equal 3, comments.length
-    assert_equal [5,6,7], comments.collect { |c| c.id }
+    assert_equal [5,6,7], comments.collect(&:id)
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_limit_and_offset
     comments = Comment.all.merge!(:includes => :post, :limit => 3, :offset => 2, :order => 'comments.id').to_a
     assert_equal 3, comments.length
-    assert_equal [3,5,6], comments.collect { |c| c.id }
+    assert_equal [3,5,6], comments.collect(&:id)
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_limit_and_offset_and_conditions
     comments = Comment.all.merge!(:includes => :post, :where => 'post_id = 4', :limit => 3, :offset => 1, :order => 'comments.id').to_a
     assert_equal 3, comments.length
-    assert_equal [6,7,8], comments.collect { |c| c.id }
+    assert_equal [6,7,8], comments.collect(&:id)
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_limit_and_offset_and_conditions_array
     comments = Comment.all.merge!(:includes => :post, :where => ['post_id = ?',4], :limit => 3, :offset => 1, :order => 'comments.id').to_a
     assert_equal 3, comments.length
-    assert_equal [6,7,8], comments.collect { |c| c.id }
+    assert_equal [6,7,8], comments.collect(&:id)
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_conditions_string_with_unquoted_table_name
@@ -357,7 +391,7 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       comments = Comment.all.merge!(:includes => :post, :where => {:posts => {:id => 4}}, :limit => 3, :order => 'comments.id').to_a
     end
     assert_equal 3, comments.length
-    assert_equal [5,6,7], comments.collect { |c| c.id }
+    assert_equal [5,6,7], comments.collect(&:id)
     assert_no_queries do
       comments.first.post
     end
@@ -386,13 +420,13 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_limit_and_multiple_associations
     posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => [:author, :very_special_comment], :limit => 1, :order => 'posts.id').to_a
     assert_equal 1, posts.length
-    assert_equal [1], posts.collect { |p| p.id }
+    assert_equal [1], posts.collect(&:id)
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_limit_and_offset_and_multiple_associations
     posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => [:author, :very_special_comment], :limit => 1, :offset => 1, :order => 'posts.id').to_a
     assert_equal 1, posts.length
-    assert_equal [2], posts.collect { |p| p.id }
+    assert_equal [2], posts.collect(&:id)
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_inferred_foreign_key_from_association_name
@@ -407,19 +441,19 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_load_has_one_quotes_table_and_column_names
-    michael = Person.all.merge!(:includes => :favourite_reference).find(people(:michael))
+    michael = Person.all.merge!(:includes => :favourite_reference).find(people(:michael).id)
     references(:michael_unicyclist)
     assert_no_queries{ assert_equal references(:michael_unicyclist), michael.favourite_reference}
   end
 
   def test_eager_load_has_many_quotes_table_and_column_names
-    michael = Person.all.merge!(:includes => :references).find(people(:michael))
+    michael = Person.all.merge!(:includes => :references).find(people(:michael).id)
     references(:michael_magician,:michael_unicyclist)
     assert_no_queries{ assert_equal references(:michael_magician,:michael_unicyclist), michael.references.sort_by(&:id) }
   end
 
   def test_eager_load_has_many_through_quotes_table_and_column_names
-    michael = Person.all.merge!(:includes => :jobs).find(people(:michael))
+    michael = Person.all.merge!(:includes => :jobs).find(people(:michael).id)
     jobs(:magician, :unicyclist)
     assert_no_queries{ assert_equal jobs(:unicyclist, :magician), michael.jobs.sort_by(&:id) }
   end
@@ -483,8 +517,8 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_through_an_sti_join_model_with_conditions_on_both
-    author = Author.all.merge!(:includes => :special_nonexistant_post_comments, :order => 'authors.id').first
-    assert_equal [], author.special_nonexistant_post_comments
+    author = Author.all.merge!(:includes => :special_nonexistent_post_comments, :order => 'authors.id').first
+    assert_equal [], author.special_nonexistent_post_comments
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_through_join_model_with_conditions
@@ -523,23 +557,15 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_and_limit_and_conditions
-    if current_adapter?(:OpenBaseAdapter)
-      posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :where => "FETCHBLOB(posts.body) = 'hello'", :order => "posts.id").to_a
-    else
-      posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :where => "posts.body = 'hello'", :order => "posts.id").to_a
-    end
+    posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :where => "posts.body = 'hello'", :order => "posts.id").to_a
     assert_equal 2, posts.size
-    assert_equal [4,5], posts.collect { |p| p.id }
+    assert_equal [4,5], posts.collect(&:id)
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_and_limit_and_conditions_array
-    if current_adapter?(:OpenBaseAdapter)
-      posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :where => [ "FETCHBLOB(posts.body) = ?", 'hello' ], :order => "posts.id").to_a
-    else
-      posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :where => [ "posts.body = ?", 'hello' ], :order => "posts.id").to_a
-    end
+    posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :where => [ "posts.body = ?", 'hello' ], :order => "posts.id").to_a
     assert_equal 2, posts.size
-    assert_equal [4,5], posts.collect { |p| p.id }
+    assert_equal [4,5], posts.collect(&:id)
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_and_limit_and_conditions_array_on_the_eagers
@@ -709,16 +735,16 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_invalid_association_reference
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ConfigurationError, "Association was not found; perhaps you misspelled it?  You specified :include => :monkeys") {
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AssociationNotFoundError, "Association was not found; perhaps you misspelled it?  You specified :include => :monkeys") {
       Post.all.merge!(:includes=> :monkeys ).find(6)
     }
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ConfigurationError, "Association was not found; perhaps you misspelled it?  You specified :include => :monkeys") {
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AssociationNotFoundError, "Association was not found; perhaps you misspelled it?  You specified :include => :monkeys") {
       Post.all.merge!(:includes=>[ :monkeys ]).find(6)
     }
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ConfigurationError, "Association was not found; perhaps you misspelled it?  You specified :include => :monkeys") {
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AssociationNotFoundError, "Association was not found; perhaps you misspelled it?  You specified :include => :monkeys") {
       Post.all.merge!(:includes=>[ 'monkeys' ]).find(6)
     }
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ConfigurationError, "Association was not found; perhaps you misspelled it?  You specified :include => :monkeys, :elephants") {
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AssociationNotFoundError, "Association was not found; perhaps you misspelled it?  You specified :include => :monkeys, :elephants") {
       Post.all.merge!(:includes=>[ :monkeys, :elephants ]).find(6)
     }
   end
@@ -739,6 +765,23 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_eager_with_default_scope_as_class_method_using_find_method
+    david = developers(:david)
+    developer = EagerDeveloperWithClassMethodDefaultScope.find(david.id)
+    projects = Project.order(:id).to_a
+    assert_no_queries do
+      assert_equal(projects, developer.projects)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_eager_with_default_scope_as_class_method_using_find_by_method
+    developer = EagerDeveloperWithClassMethodDefaultScope.find_by(name: 'David')
+    projects = Project.order(:id).to_a
+    assert_no_queries do
+      assert_equal(projects, developer.projects)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_eager_with_default_scope_as_lambda
     developer = EagerDeveloperWithLambdaDefaultScope.where(:name => 'David').first
     projects = Project.order(:id).to_a
@@ -814,14 +857,6 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     )
   end
 
-  def test_preload_with_interpolation
-    post = Post.includes(:comments_with_interpolated_conditions).find(posts(:welcome).id)
-    assert_equal [comments(:greetings)], post.comments_with_interpolated_conditions
-
-    post = Post.joins(:comments_with_interpolated_conditions).find(posts(:welcome).id)
-    assert_equal [comments(:greetings)], post.comments_with_interpolated_conditions
-  end
-
   def test_polymorphic_type_condition
     post = Post.all.merge!(:includes => :taggings).find(posts(:thinking).id)
     assert post.taggings.include?(taggings(:thinking_general))
@@ -896,6 +931,12 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_no_queries {assert_equal posts(:sti_comments), comment.post}
   end
 
+  def test_eager_association_with_scope_with_joins
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      Post.includes(:very_special_comment_with_post_with_joins).to_a
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_preconfigured_includes_with_has_many
     posts = authors(:david).posts_with_comments
     one = posts.detect { |p| p.id == 1 }
@@ -925,13 +966,43 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_count_with_include
-    if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
-      assert_equal 3, authors(:david).posts_with_comments.where("len(comments.body) > 15").references(:comments).count
-    elsif current_adapter?(:OpenBaseAdapter)
-      assert_equal 3, authors(:david).posts_with_comments.where("length(FETCHBLOB(comments.body)) > 15").references(:comments).count
-    else
-      assert_equal 3, authors(:david).posts_with_comments.where("length(comments.body) > 15").references(:comments).count
+    assert_equal 3, authors(:david).posts_with_comments.where("length(comments.body) > 15").references(:comments).count
+  end
+
+  def test_association_loading_notification
+    notifications = messages_for('instantiation.active_record') do
+      Developer.all.merge!(:includes => 'projects', :where => { 'developers_projects.access_level' => 1 }, :limit => 5).to_a.size
+    end
+
+    message = notifications.first
+    payload = message.last
+    count = Developer.all.merge!(:includes => 'projects', :where => { 'developers_projects.access_level' => 1 }, :limit => 5).to_a.size
+
+    # eagerloaded row count should be greater than just developer count
+    assert_operator payload[:record_count], :>, count
+    assert_equal Developer.name, payload[:class_name]
+  end
+
+  def test_base_messages
+    notifications = messages_for('instantiation.active_record') do
+      Developer.all.to_a
+    end
+    message = notifications.first
+    payload = message.last
+
+    assert_equal Developer.all.to_a.count, payload[:record_count]
+    assert_equal Developer.name, payload[:class_name]
+  end
+
+  def messages_for(name)
+    notifications = []
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe(name) do |*args|
+      notifications << args
     end
+    yield
+    notifications
+  ensure
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe(name)
   end
 
   def test_load_with_sti_sharing_association
@@ -1102,12 +1173,30 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_no_queries { assert client.accounts.empty? }
   end
 
-  def test_preloading_has_many_through_with_uniq
+  def test_preloading_has_many_through_with_distinct
     mary = Author.includes(:unique_categorized_posts).where(:id => authors(:mary).id).first
     assert_equal 1, mary.unique_categorized_posts.length
     assert_equal 1, mary.unique_categorized_post_ids.length
   end
 
+  def test_preloading_has_one_using_reorder
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      def self.name; "TempAuthor"; end
+      self.table_name = "authors"
+      has_one :post, class_name: "PostWithDefaultScope", foreign_key: :author_id
+      has_one :reorderd_post, -> { reorder(title: :desc) }, class_name: "PostWithDefaultScope", foreign_key: :author_id
+    end
+
+    author = klass.first
+    # PRECONDITION: make sure ordering results in different results
+    assert_not_equal author.post, author.reorderd_post
+
+    preloaded_reorderd_post = klass.preload(:reorderd_post).first.reorderd_post
+
+    assert_equal author.reorderd_post, preloaded_reorderd_post
+    assert_equal Post.order(title: :desc).first.title, preloaded_reorderd_post.title
+  end
+
   def test_preloading_polymorphic_with_custom_foreign_type
     sponsor = sponsors(:moustache_club_sponsor_for_groucho)
     groucho = members(:groucho)
@@ -1132,12 +1221,6 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_join_eager_with_nil_order_should_generate_valid_sql
-    assert_nothing_raised(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
-      Post.includes(:comments).order(nil).where(:comments => {:body => "Thank you for the welcome"}).first
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_deep_including_through_habtm
     # warm up habtm cache
     posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => {:categories => :categorizations}, :order => "posts.id").to_a
@@ -1149,6 +1232,16 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_no_queries { assert_equal 2, posts[1].categories[0].categorizations.length }
   end
 
+  def test_eager_load_multiple_associations_with_references
+    mentor = Mentor.create!(name: "Barış Can DAYLIK")
+    developer = Developer.create!(name: "Mehmet Emin İNAÇ", mentor: mentor)
+    Contract.create!(developer: developer)
+    project = Project.create!(name: "VNGRS", mentor: mentor)
+    project.developers << developer
+    projects = Project.references(:mentors).includes(mentor: { developers: :contracts }, developers: :contracts)
+    assert_equal projects.last.mentor.developers.first.contracts, projects.last.developers.last.contracts
+  end
+
   test "scoping with a circular preload" do
     assert_equal Comment.find(1), Comment.preload(:post => :comments).scoping { Comment.find(1) }
   end
@@ -1166,6 +1259,13 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     )
   end
 
+  test "deep preload" do
+    post = Post.preload(author: :posts, comments: :post).first
+
+    assert_predicate post.author.association(:posts), :loaded?
+    assert_predicate post.comments.first.association(:post), :loaded?
+  end
+
   test "preloading does not cache has many association subset when preloaded with a through association" do
     author = Author.includes(:comments_with_order_and_conditions, :posts).first
     assert_no_queries { assert_equal 2, author.comments_with_order_and_conditions.size }
@@ -1187,6 +1287,23 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal authors(:bob), author
   end
 
+  test "preloading with a polymorphic association and using the existential predicate but also using a select" do
+    assert_equal authors(:david), authors(:david).essays.includes(:writer).first.writer
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      authors(:david).essays.includes(:writer).select(:name).any?
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "preloading the same association twice works" do
+    Member.create!
+    members = Member.preload(:current_membership).includes(current_membership: :club).all.to_a
+    assert_no_queries {
+      members_with_membership = members.select(&:current_membership)
+      assert_equal 3, members_with_membership.map(&:current_membership).map(&:club).size
+    }
+  end
+
   test "preloading with a polymorphic association and using the existential predicate" do
     assert_equal authors(:david), authors(:david).essays.includes(:writer).first.writer
 
@@ -1194,4 +1311,95 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       authors(:david).essays.includes(:writer).any?
     end
   end
+
+  test "preloading associations with string joins and order references" do
+    author = assert_queries(2) {
+      Author.includes(:posts).joins("LEFT JOIN posts ON posts.author_id = authors.id").order("posts.title DESC").first
+    }
+    assert_no_queries {
+      assert_equal 5, author.posts.size
+    }
+  end
+
+  test "including associations with where.not adds implicit references" do
+    author = assert_queries(2) {
+      Author.includes(:posts).where.not(posts: { title: 'Welcome to the weblog'} ).last
+    }
+
+    assert_no_queries {
+      assert_equal 2, author.posts.size
+    }
+  end
+
+  test "including association based on sql condition and no database column" do
+    assert_equal pets(:parrot), Owner.including_last_pet.first.last_pet
+  end
+
+  test "preloading and eager loading of instance dependent associations is not supported" do
+    message = "association scope 'posts_with_signature' is"
+    error = assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      Author.includes(:posts_with_signature).to_a
+    end
+    assert_match message, error.message
+
+    error = assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      Author.preload(:posts_with_signature).to_a
+    end
+    assert_match message, error.message
+
+    error = assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      Author.eager_load(:posts_with_signature).to_a
+    end
+    assert_match message, error.message
+  end
+
+  test "preload with invalid argument" do
+    exception = assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      Author.preload(10).to_a
+    end
+    assert_equal('10 was not recognized for preload', exception.message)
+  end
+
+
+  test "preloading readonly association" do
+    # has-one
+    firm = Firm.where(id: "1").preload(:readonly_account).first!
+    assert firm.readonly_account.readonly?
+
+    # has_and_belongs_to_many
+    project = Project.where(id: "2").preload(:readonly_developers).first!
+    assert project.readonly_developers.first.readonly?
+
+    # has-many :through
+    david = Author.where(id: "1").preload(:readonly_comments).first!
+    assert david.readonly_comments.first.readonly?
+  end
+
+  test "eager-loading readonly association" do
+    # has-one
+    firm = Firm.where(id: "1").eager_load(:readonly_account).first!
+    assert firm.readonly_account.readonly?
+
+    # has_and_belongs_to_many
+    project = Project.where(id: "2").eager_load(:readonly_developers).first!
+    assert project.readonly_developers.first.readonly?
+
+    # has-many :through
+    david = Author.where(id: "1").eager_load(:readonly_comments).first!
+    assert david.readonly_comments.first.readonly?
+
+    # belongs_to
+    post = Post.where(id: "1").eager_load(:author).first!
+    assert post.author.readonly?
+  end
+
+  test "preloading a polymorphic association with references to the associated table" do
+    post = Post.includes(:tags).references(:tags).where('tags.name = ?', 'General').first
+    assert_equal posts(:welcome), post
+  end
+
+  test "eager-loading a polymorphic association with references to the associated table" do
+    post = Post.eager_load(:tags).where('tags.name = ?', 'General').first
+    assert_equal posts(:welcome), post
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/extension_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/extension_test.rb
index 4c1fdfdd9a..b161cde335 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/extension_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/extension_test.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ require 'models/post'
 require 'models/comment'
 require 'models/project'
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 require 'models/company_in_module'
 
 class AssociationsExtensionsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -75,7 +76,6 @@ class AssociationsExtensionsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   private
 
     def extend!(model)
-      builder = ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder::HasMany.new(model, :association_name, nil, {}) { }
-      builder.define_extensions(model)
+      ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder::HasMany.define_extensions(model, :association_name) { }
     end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_test.rb
index bac1cb8e2d..ccb062f991 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_test.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 require 'models/project'
 require 'models/company'
+require 'models/course'
 require 'models/customer'
 require 'models/order'
 require 'models/categorization'
@@ -11,7 +13,9 @@ require 'models/author'
 require 'models/tag'
 require 'models/tagging'
 require 'models/parrot'
+require 'models/person'
 require 'models/pirate'
+require 'models/professor'
 require 'models/treasure'
 require 'models/price_estimate'
 require 'models/club'
@@ -20,6 +24,10 @@ require 'models/membership'
 require 'models/sponsor'
 require 'models/country'
 require 'models/treaty'
+require 'models/vertex'
+require 'models/publisher'
+require 'models/publisher/article'
+require 'models/publisher/magazine'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/conversions'
 
 class ProjectWithAfterCreateHook < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -65,9 +73,40 @@ class DeveloperWithSymbolsForKeys < ActiveRecord::Base
     :foreign_key => "developer_id"
 end
 
+class SubDeveloper < Developer
+  self.table_name = 'developers'
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :special_projects,
+    :join_table => 'developers_projects',
+    :foreign_key => "project_id",
+    :association_foreign_key => "developer_id"
+end
+
+class DeveloperWithSymbolClassName < Developer
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :projects, class_name: :ProjectWithSymbolsForKeys
+end
+
+class DeveloperWithExtendOption < Developer
+  module NamedExtension
+    def category
+      'sns'
+    end
+  end
+
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :projects, extend: NamedExtension
+end
+
+class ProjectUnscopingDavidDefaultScope < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.table_name = 'projects'
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :developers, -> { unscope(where: 'name') },
+    class_name: "LazyBlockDeveloperCalledDavid",
+    join_table: "developers_projects",
+    foreign_key: "project_id",
+    association_foreign_key: "developer_id"
+end
+
 class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :accounts, :companies, :categories, :posts, :categories_posts, :developers, :projects, :developers_projects,
-           :parrots, :pirates, :parrots_pirates, :treasures, :price_estimates, :tags, :taggings
+           :parrots, :pirates, :parrots_pirates, :treasures, :price_estimates, :tags, :taggings, :computers
 
   def setup_data_for_habtm_case
     ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute('delete from countries_treaties')
@@ -81,6 +120,12 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     country.treaties << treaty
   end
 
+  def test_marshal_dump
+    post = posts :welcome
+    preloaded = Post.includes(:categories).find post.id
+    assert_equal preloaded, Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(preloaded))
+  end
+
   def test_should_property_quote_string_primary_keys
     setup_data_for_habtm_case
 
@@ -123,8 +168,8 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     jamis.projects << action_controller
 
     assert_equal 2, jamis.projects.size
-    assert_equal 2, jamis.projects(true).size
-    assert_equal 2, action_controller.developers(true).size
+    assert_equal 2, jamis.projects.reload.size
+    assert_equal 2, action_controller.developers.reload.size
   end
 
   def test_adding_type_mismatch
@@ -142,9 +187,9 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     action_controller.developers << jamis
 
-    assert_equal 2, jamis.projects(true).size
+    assert_equal 2, jamis.projects.reload.size
     assert_equal 2, action_controller.developers.size
-    assert_equal 2, action_controller.developers(true).size
+    assert_equal 2, action_controller.developers.reload.size
   end
 
   def test_adding_from_the_project_fixed_timestamp
@@ -158,9 +203,9 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     action_controller.developers << jamis
 
     assert_equal updated_at, jamis.updated_at
-    assert_equal 2, jamis.projects(true).size
+    assert_equal 2, jamis.projects.reload.size
     assert_equal 2, action_controller.developers.size
-    assert_equal 2, action_controller.developers(true).size
+    assert_equal 2, action_controller.developers.reload.size
   end
 
   def test_adding_multiple
@@ -169,7 +214,7 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     aredridel.projects.reload
     aredridel.projects.push(Project.find(1), Project.find(2))
     assert_equal 2, aredridel.projects.size
-    assert_equal 2, aredridel.projects(true).size
+    assert_equal 2, aredridel.projects.reload.size
   end
 
   def test_adding_a_collection
@@ -178,7 +223,7 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     aredridel.projects.reload
     aredridel.projects.concat([Project.find(1), Project.find(2)])
     assert_equal 2, aredridel.projects.size
-    assert_equal 2, aredridel.projects(true).size
+    assert_equal 2, aredridel.projects.reload.size
   end
 
   def test_habtm_adding_before_save
@@ -193,7 +238,7 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal no_of_devels+1, Developer.count
     assert_equal no_of_projects+1, Project.count
     assert_equal 2, aredridel.projects.size
-    assert_equal 2, aredridel.projects(true).size
+    assert_equal 2, aredridel.projects.reload.size
   end
 
   def test_habtm_saving_multiple_relationships
@@ -210,14 +255,32 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal developers, new_project.developers
   end
 
-  def test_habtm_unique_order_preserved
+  def test_habtm_distinct_order_preserved
     assert_equal developers(:poor_jamis, :jamis, :david), projects(:active_record).non_unique_developers
     assert_equal developers(:poor_jamis, :jamis, :david), projects(:active_record).developers
   end
 
+  def test_habtm_collection_size_from_build
+    devel = Developer.create("name" => "Fred Wu")
+    devel.projects << Project.create("name" => "Grimetime")
+    devel.projects.build
+
+    assert_equal 2, devel.projects.size
+  end
+
+  def test_habtm_collection_size_from_params
+    devel = Developer.new({
+      projects_attributes: {
+        '0' => {}
+      }
+    })
+
+    assert_equal 1, devel.projects.size
+  end
+
   def test_build
     devel = Developer.find(1)
-    proj = assert_no_queries { devel.projects.build("name" => "Projekt") }
+    proj = assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) { devel.projects.build("name" => "Projekt") }
     assert !devel.projects.loaded?
 
     assert_equal devel.projects.last, proj
@@ -232,7 +295,7 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_new_aliased_to_build
     devel = Developer.find(1)
-    proj = assert_no_queries { devel.projects.new("name" => "Projekt") }
+    proj = assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) { devel.projects.new("name" => "Projekt") }
     assert !devel.projects.loaded?
 
     assert_equal devel.projects.last, proj
@@ -297,7 +360,7 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal  'Yet Another Testing Title', another_post.title
   end
 
-  def test_uniq_after_the_fact
+  def test_distinct_after_the_fact
     dev = developers(:jamis)
     dev.projects << projects(:active_record)
     dev.projects << projects(:active_record)
@@ -306,13 +369,13 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 1, dev.projects.distinct.size
   end
 
-  def test_uniq_before_the_fact
+  def test_distinct_before_the_fact
     projects(:active_record).developers << developers(:jamis)
     projects(:active_record).developers << developers(:david)
     assert_equal 3, projects(:active_record, :reload).developers.size
   end
 
-  def test_uniq_option_prevents_duplicate_push
+  def test_distinct_option_prevents_duplicate_push
     project = projects(:active_record)
     project.developers << developers(:jamis)
     project.developers << developers(:david)
@@ -323,7 +386,7 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 3, project.developers.size
   end
 
-  def test_uniq_when_association_already_loaded
+  def test_distinct_when_association_already_loaded
     project = projects(:active_record)
     project.developers << [ developers(:jamis), developers(:david), developers(:jamis), developers(:david) ]
     assert_equal 3, Project.includes(:developers).find(project.id).developers.size
@@ -339,8 +402,8 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     david.projects.delete(active_record)
 
     assert_equal 1, david.projects.size
-    assert_equal 1, david.projects(true).size
-    assert_equal 2, active_record.developers(true).size
+    assert_equal 1, david.projects.reload.size
+    assert_equal 2, active_record.developers.reload.size
   end
 
   def test_deleting_array
@@ -348,7 +411,7 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     david.projects.reload
     david.projects.delete(Project.all.to_a)
     assert_equal 0, david.projects.size
-    assert_equal 0, david.projects(true).size
+    assert_equal 0, david.projects.reload.size
   end
 
   def test_deleting_all
@@ -356,7 +419,7 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     david.projects.reload
     david.projects.clear
     assert_equal 0, david.projects.size
-    assert_equal 0, david.projects(true).size
+    assert_equal 0, david.projects.reload.size
   end
 
   def test_removing_associations_on_destroy
@@ -382,7 +445,7 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert join_records.empty?
 
     assert_equal 1, david.reload.projects.size
-    assert_equal 1, david.projects(true).size
+    assert_equal 1, david.projects.reload.size
   end
 
   def test_destroying_many
@@ -398,7 +461,7 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert join_records.empty?
 
     assert_equal 0, david.reload.projects.size
-    assert_equal 0, david.projects(true).size
+    assert_equal 0, david.projects.reload.size
   end
 
   def test_destroy_all
@@ -414,7 +477,7 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert join_records.empty?
 
     assert david.projects.empty?
-    assert david.projects(true).empty?
+    assert david.projects.reload.empty?
   end
 
   def test_destroy_associations_destroys_multiple_associations
@@ -430,11 +493,11 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     join_records = Parrot.connection.select_all("SELECT * FROM parrots_pirates WHERE parrot_id = #{george.id}")
     assert join_records.empty?
-    assert george.pirates(true).empty?
+    assert george.pirates.reload.empty?
 
     join_records = Parrot.connection.select_all("SELECT * FROM parrots_treasures WHERE parrot_id = #{george.id}")
     assert join_records.empty?
-    assert george.treasures(true).empty?
+    assert george.treasures.reload.empty?
   end
 
   def test_associations_with_conditions
@@ -466,7 +529,7 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     developer = project.developers.first
 
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       assert project.developers.loaded?
       assert project.developers.include?(developer)
     end
@@ -513,7 +576,7 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_dynamic_find_all_should_respect_readonly_access
     projects(:active_record).readonly_developers.each { |d| assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyRecord) { d.save!  } if d.valid?}
-    projects(:active_record).readonly_developers.each { |d| d.readonly? }
+    projects(:active_record).readonly_developers.each(&:readonly?)
   end
 
   def test_new_with_values_in_collection
@@ -535,6 +598,11 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal developers(:poor_jamis), projects(:active_record).developers.where("salary < 10000").first
   end
 
+  def test_association_with_extend_option
+    eponine = DeveloperWithExtendOption.create(name: 'Eponine')
+    assert_equal 'sns', eponine.projects.category
+  end
+
   def test_replace_with_less
     david = developers(:david)
     david.projects = [projects(:action_controller)]
@@ -597,7 +665,7 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_habtm_respects_select
-    categories(:technology).select_testing_posts(true).each do |o|
+    categories(:technology).select_testing_posts.reload.each do |o|
       assert_respond_to o, :correctness_marker
     end
     assert_respond_to categories(:technology).select_testing_posts.first, :correctness_marker
@@ -669,7 +737,7 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_get_ids_for_loaded_associations
     developer = developers(:david)
-    developer.projects(true)
+    developer.projects.reload
     assert_queries(0) do
       developer.project_ids
       developer.project_ids
@@ -737,9 +805,10 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_association_proxy_transaction_method_starts_transaction_in_association_class
-    Post.expects(:transaction)
-    Category.first.posts.transaction do
-      # nothing
+    assert_called(Post, :transaction) do
+      Category.first.posts.transaction do
+        # nothing
+      end
     end
   end
 
@@ -785,9 +854,9 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [], Pirate.where(id: redbeard.id)
   end
 
-  test "has and belongs to many associations on new records use null relations" do
+  def test_has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_on_new_records_use_null_relations
     projects = Developer.new.projects
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       assert_equal [], projects
       assert_equal [], projects.where(title: 'omg')
       assert_equal [], projects.pluck(:title)
@@ -795,4 +864,122 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_association_with_validate_false_does_not_run_associated_validation_callbacks_on_create
+    rich_person = RichPerson.new
+
+    treasure = Treasure.new
+    treasure.rich_people << rich_person
+    treasure.valid?
+
+    assert_equal 1, treasure.rich_people.size
+    assert_nil rich_person.first_name, 'should not run associated person validation on create when validate: false'
+  end
+
+  def test_association_with_validate_false_does_not_run_associated_validation_callbacks_on_update
+    rich_person = RichPerson.create!
+    person_first_name = rich_person.first_name
+    assert_not_nil person_first_name
+
+    treasure = Treasure.new
+    treasure.rich_people << rich_person
+    treasure.valid?
+
+    assert_equal 1, treasure.rich_people.size
+    assert_equal person_first_name, rich_person.first_name, 'should not run associated person validation on update when validate: false'
+  end
+
+  def test_custom_join_table
+    assert_equal 'edges', Vertex.reflect_on_association(:sources).join_table
+  end
+
+  def test_has_and_belongs_to_many_in_a_namespaced_model_pointing_to_a_namespaced_model
+    magazine = Publisher::Magazine.create
+    article = Publisher::Article.create
+    magazine.articles << article
+    magazine.save
+
+    assert_includes magazine.articles, article
+  end
+
+  def test_has_and_belongs_to_many_in_a_namespaced_model_pointing_to_a_non_namespaced_model
+    article = Publisher::Article.create
+    tag = Tag.create
+    article.tags << tag
+    article.save
+
+    assert_includes article.tags, tag
+  end
+
+  def test_redefine_habtm
+    child = SubDeveloper.new("name" => "Aredridel")
+    child.special_projects << SpecialProject.new("name" => "Special Project")
+    assert child.save, 'child object should be saved'
+  end
+
+  def test_habtm_with_reflection_using_class_name_and_fixtures
+    assert_not_nil Developer._reflections['shared_computers']
+    # Checking the fixture for named association is important here, because it's the only way
+    # we've been able to reproduce this bug
+    assert_not_nil File.read(File.expand_path("../../../fixtures/developers.yml", __FILE__)).index("shared_computers")
+    assert_equal developers(:david).shared_computers.first, computers(:laptop)
+  end
+
+  def test_with_symbol_class_name
+    assert_nothing_raised NoMethodError do
+      DeveloperWithSymbolClassName.new
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_association_force_reload_with_only_true_is_deprecated
+    developer = Developer.find(1)
+
+    assert_deprecated { developer.projects(true) }
+  end
+
+  def test_alternate_database
+    professor = Professor.create(name: "Plum")
+    course = Course.create(name: "Forensics")
+    assert_equal 0, professor.courses.count
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      professor.courses << course
+    end
+    assert_equal 1, professor.courses.count
+  end
+
+  def test_habtm_scope_can_unscope
+    project = ProjectUnscopingDavidDefaultScope.new
+    project.save!
+
+    developer = LazyBlockDeveloperCalledDavid.new(name: "Not David")
+    developer.save!
+    project.developers << developer
+
+    projects = ProjectUnscopingDavidDefaultScope.includes(:developers).where(id: project.id)
+    assert_equal 1, projects.first.developers.size
+  end
+
+  def test_preloaded_associations_size
+    assert_equal Project.first.salaried_developers.size,
+      Project.preload(:salaried_developers).first.salaried_developers.size
+
+    assert_equal Project.includes(:salaried_developers).references(:salaried_developers).first.salaried_developers.size,
+      Project.preload(:salaried_developers).first.salaried_developers.size
+
+    # Nested HATBM
+    first_project = Developer.first.projects.first
+    preloaded_first_project =
+      Developer.preload(projects: :salaried_developers).
+        first.
+        projects.
+        detect { |p| p.id == first_project.id }
+
+    assert preloaded_first_project.salaried_developers.loaded?, true
+    assert_equal first_project.salaried_developers.size, preloaded_first_project.salaried_developers.size
+  end
+
+  def test_has_and_belongs_to_many_is_useable_with_belongs_to_required_by_default
+    assert_difference "Project.first.developers_required_by_default.size", 1 do
+      Project.first.developers_required_by_default.create!(name: "Sean", salary: 50000)
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
index a86fb15719..ad157582a4 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 require 'models/project'
 require 'models/company'
 require 'models/contract'
 require 'models/topic'
 require 'models/reply'
 require 'models/category'
+require 'models/image'
 require 'models/post'
 require 'models/author'
 require 'models/essay'
@@ -22,6 +24,20 @@ require 'models/engine'
 require 'models/categorization'
 require 'models/minivan'
 require 'models/speedometer'
+require 'models/reference'
+require 'models/job'
+require 'models/college'
+require 'models/student'
+require 'models/pirate'
+require 'models/ship'
+require 'models/ship_part'
+require 'models/treasure'
+require 'models/parrot'
+require 'models/tyre'
+require 'models/subscriber'
+require 'models/subscription'
+require 'models/zine'
+require 'models/interest'
 
 class HasManyAssociationsTestForReorderWithJoinDependency < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :authors, :posts, :comments
@@ -30,21 +46,74 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTestForReorderWithJoinDependency < ActiveRecord::TestCa
     author = authors(:david)
     # this can fail on adapters which require ORDER BY expressions to be included in the SELECT expression
     # if the reorder clauses are not correctly handled
-    assert author.posts_with_comments_sorted_by_comment_id.where('comments.id > 0').reorder('posts.comments_count DESC', 'posts.taggings_count DESC').last
+    assert author.posts_with_comments_sorted_by_comment_id.where('comments.id > 0').reorder('posts.comments_count DESC', 'posts.tags_count DESC').last
   end
 end
 
+class HasManyAssociationsTestPrimaryKeys < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  fixtures :authors, :essays, :subscribers, :subscriptions, :people
+
+  def test_custom_primary_key_on_new_record_should_fetch_with_query
+    subscriber = Subscriber.new(nick: 'webster132')
+    assert !subscriber.subscriptions.loaded?
+
+    assert_queries 1 do
+      assert_equal 2, subscriber.subscriptions.size
+    end
+
+    assert_equal subscriber.subscriptions, Subscription.where(subscriber_id: 'webster132')
+  end
+
+  def test_association_primary_key_on_new_record_should_fetch_with_query
+    author = Author.new(:name => "David")
+    assert !author.essays.loaded?
+
+    assert_queries 1 do
+      assert_equal 1, author.essays.size
+    end
+
+    assert_equal author.essays, Essay.where(writer_id: "David")
+  end
+
+  def test_has_many_custom_primary_key
+    david = authors(:david)
+    assert_equal david.essays, Essay.where(writer_id: "David")
+  end
+
+  def test_has_many_assignment_with_custom_primary_key
+    david = people(:david)
+
+    assert_equal ["A Modest Proposal"], david.essays.map(&:name)
+    david.essays = [Essay.create!(name: "Remote Work" )]
+    assert_equal ["Remote Work"], david.essays.map(&:name)
+  end
+
+  def test_blank_custom_primary_key_on_new_record_should_not_run_queries
+    author = Author.new
+    assert !author.essays.loaded?
+
+    assert_queries 0 do
+      assert_equal 0, author.essays.size
+    end
+  end
+end
 
 class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :accounts, :categories, :companies, :developers, :projects,
            :developers_projects, :topics, :authors, :comments,
-           :people, :posts, :readers, :taggings, :cars, :essays,
-           :categorizations
+           :posts, :readers, :taggings, :cars, :jobs, :tags,
+           :categorizations, :zines, :interests
 
   def setup
     Client.destroyed_client_ids.clear
   end
 
+  def test_sti_subselect_count
+    tag = Tag.first
+    len = Post.tagged_with(tag.id).limit(10).size
+    assert_operator len, :>, 0
+  end
+
   def test_anonymous_has_many
     developer = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) {
       self.table_name = 'developers'
@@ -52,9 +121,9 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
       developer_project = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) {
         self.table_name = 'developers_projects'
-        belongs_to :developer, :class => dev
+        belongs_to :developer, :anonymous_class => dev
       }
-      has_many :developer_projects, :class => developer_project, :foreign_key => 'developer_id'
+      has_many :developer_projects, :anonymous_class => developer_project, :foreign_key => 'developer_id'
     }
     dev = developer.first
     named = Developer.find(dev.id)
@@ -63,6 +132,65 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
                  dev.developer_projects.map(&:project_id).sort
   end
 
+  def test_default_scope_on_relations_is_not_cached
+    counter = 0
+    posts = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) {
+      self.table_name = 'posts'
+      self.inheritance_column = 'not_there'
+      post = self
+
+      comments = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) {
+        self.table_name = 'comments'
+        self.inheritance_column = 'not_there'
+        belongs_to :post, :anonymous_class => post
+        default_scope -> {
+          counter += 1
+          where("id = :inc", :inc => counter)
+        }
+      }
+      has_many :comments, :anonymous_class => comments, :foreign_key => 'post_id'
+    }
+    assert_equal 0, counter
+    post = posts.first
+    assert_equal 0, counter
+    sql = capture_sql { post.comments.to_a }
+    post.comments.reset
+    assert_not_equal sql, capture_sql { post.comments.to_a }
+  end
+
+  def test_has_many_build_with_options
+    college = College.create(name: 'UFMT')
+    Student.create(active: true, college_id: college.id, name: 'Sarah')
+
+    assert_equal college.students, Student.where(active: true, college_id: college.id)
+  end
+
+  def test_add_record_to_collection_should_change_its_updated_at
+    ship = Ship.create(name: 'dauntless')
+    part = ShipPart.create(name: 'cockpit')
+    updated_at = part.updated_at
+
+    travel(1.second) do
+      ship.parts << part
+    end
+
+    assert_equal part.ship, ship
+    assert_not_equal part.updated_at, updated_at
+  end
+
+  def test_clear_collection_should_not_change_updated_at
+    # GH#17161: .clear calls delete_all (and returns the association),
+    # which is intended to not touch associated objects's updated_at field
+    ship = Ship.create(name: 'dauntless')
+    part = ShipPart.create(name: 'cockpit', ship_id: ship.id)
+
+    ship.parts.clear
+    part.reload
+
+    assert_equal nil, part.ship
+    assert !part.updated_at_changed?
+  end
+
   def test_create_from_association_should_respect_default_scope
     car = Car.create(:name => 'honda')
     assert_equal 'honda', car.name
@@ -75,9 +203,22 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     bulb = car.bulbs.create
     assert_equal 'defaulty', bulb.name
+  end
 
-    bulb = car.bulbs.create(:name => 'exotic')
+  def test_build_and_create_from_association_should_respect_passed_attributes_over_default_scope
+    car = Car.create(name: 'honda')
+
+    bulb = car.bulbs.build(name: 'exotic')
+    assert_equal 'exotic', bulb.name
+
+    bulb = car.bulbs.create(name: 'exotic')
     assert_equal 'exotic', bulb.name
+
+    bulb = car.awesome_bulbs.build(frickinawesome: false)
+    assert_equal false, bulb.frickinawesome
+
+    bulb = car.awesome_bulbs.create(frickinawesome: false)
+    assert_equal false, bulb.frickinawesome
   end
 
   def test_build_from_association_should_respect_scope
@@ -107,6 +248,32 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 0, Bulb.count, "bulbs should have been deleted using :delete_all strategy"
   end
 
+  def test_delete_all_on_association_is_the_same_as_not_loaded
+    author = authors :david
+    author.thinking_posts.create!(:body => "test")
+    author.reload
+    expected_sql = capture_sql { author.thinking_posts.delete_all }
+
+    author.thinking_posts.create!(:body => "test")
+    author.reload
+    author.thinking_posts.inspect
+    loaded_sql = capture_sql { author.thinking_posts.delete_all }
+    assert_equal(expected_sql, loaded_sql)
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_all_on_association_with_nil_dependency_is_the_same_as_not_loaded
+    author = authors :david
+    author.posts.create!(:title => "test", :body => "body")
+    author.reload
+    expected_sql = capture_sql { author.posts.delete_all }
+
+    author.posts.create!(:title => "test", :body => "body")
+    author.reload
+    author.posts.to_a
+    loaded_sql = capture_sql { author.posts.delete_all }
+    assert_equal(expected_sql, loaded_sql)
+  end
+
   def test_building_the_associated_object_with_implicit_sti_base_class
     firm = DependentFirm.new
     company = firm.companies.build
@@ -193,16 +360,16 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   # would be convenient), because this would cause that scope to be applied to any callbacks etc.
   def test_build_and_create_should_not_happen_within_scope
     car = cars(:honda)
-    scoped_count = car.foo_bulbs.where_values.count
+    scope = car.foo_bulbs.where_values_hash
 
     bulb = car.foo_bulbs.build
-    assert_not_equal scoped_count, bulb.scope_after_initialize.where_values.count
+    assert_not_equal scope, bulb.scope_after_initialize.where_values_hash
 
     bulb = car.foo_bulbs.create
-    assert_not_equal scoped_count, bulb.scope_after_initialize.where_values.count
+    assert_not_equal scope, bulb.scope_after_initialize.where_values_hash
 
     bulb = car.foo_bulbs.create!
-    assert_not_equal scoped_count, bulb.scope_after_initialize.where_values.count
+    assert_not_equal scope, bulb.scope_after_initialize.where_values_hash
   end
 
   def test_no_sql_should_be_fired_if_association_already_loaded
@@ -312,6 +479,45 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal companies(:another_first_firm_client), companies(:first_firm).clients_sorted_desc.find_by_type('Client')
   end
 
+  def test_taking
+    posts(:other_by_bob).destroy
+    assert_equal posts(:misc_by_bob), authors(:bob).posts.take
+    assert_equal posts(:misc_by_bob), authors(:bob).posts.take!
+    authors(:bob).posts.to_a
+    assert_equal posts(:misc_by_bob), authors(:bob).posts.take
+    assert_equal posts(:misc_by_bob), authors(:bob).posts.take!
+  end
+
+  def test_taking_not_found
+    authors(:bob).posts.delete_all
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { authors(:bob).posts.take! }
+    authors(:bob).posts.to_a
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { authors(:bob).posts.take! }
+  end
+
+  def test_taking_with_a_number
+    # taking from unloaded Relation
+    bob = Author.find(authors(:bob).id)
+    assert_equal [posts(:misc_by_bob)], bob.posts.take(1)
+    bob = Author.find(authors(:bob).id)
+    assert_equal [posts(:misc_by_bob), posts(:other_by_bob)], bob.posts.take(2)
+
+    # taking from loaded Relation
+    bob.posts.to_a
+    assert_equal [posts(:misc_by_bob)], authors(:bob).posts.take(1)
+    assert_equal [posts(:misc_by_bob), posts(:other_by_bob)], authors(:bob).posts.take(2)
+  end
+
+  def test_taking_with_inverse_of
+    interests(:woodsmanship).destroy
+    interests(:survival).destroy
+
+    zine = zines(:going_out)
+    interest = zine.interests.take
+    assert_equal interests(:hunting), interest
+    assert_same zine, interest.zine
+  end
+
   def test_cant_save_has_many_readonly_association
     authors(:david).readonly_comments.each { |c| assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyRecord) { c.save! } }
     authors(:david).readonly_comments.each { |c| assert c.readonly? }
@@ -341,6 +547,25 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal "Summit", Firm.all.merge!(:order => "id").first.clients_using_primary_key.first.name
   end
 
+  def test_update_all_on_association_accessed_before_save
+    firm = Firm.new(name: 'Firm')
+    clients_proxy_id = firm.clients.object_id
+    firm.clients << Client.first
+    firm.save!
+    assert_equal firm.clients.count, firm.clients.update_all(description: 'Great!')
+    assert_not_equal clients_proxy_id, firm.clients.object_id
+  end
+
+  def test_update_all_on_association_accessed_before_save_with_explicit_foreign_key
+    # We can use the same cached proxy object because the id is available for the scope
+    firm = Firm.new(name: 'Firm', id: 100)
+    clients_proxy_id = firm.clients.object_id
+    firm.clients << Client.first
+    firm.save!
+    assert_equal firm.clients.count, firm.clients.update_all(description: 'Great!')
+    assert_equal clients_proxy_id, firm.clients.object_id
+  end
+
   def test_belongs_to_sanity
     c = Client.new
     assert_nil c.firm, "belongs_to failed sanity check on new object"
@@ -496,7 +721,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     natural = Client.new("name" => "Natural Company")
     companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm << natural
     assert_equal 3, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size # checking via the collection
-    assert_equal 3, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size # checking using the db
+    assert_equal 3, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.reload.size # checking using the db
     assert_equal natural, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.last
   end
 
@@ -509,17 +734,21 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_create_with_bang_on_has_many_when_parent_is_new_raises
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved) do
+    error = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved) do
       firm = Firm.new
       firm.plain_clients.create! :name=>"Whoever"
     end
+
+    assert_equal "You cannot call create unless the parent is saved", error.message
   end
 
   def test_regular_create_on_has_many_when_parent_is_new_raises
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved) do
+    error = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved) do
       firm = Firm.new
       firm.plain_clients.create :name=>"Whoever"
     end
+
+    assert_equal "You cannot call create unless the parent is saved", error.message
   end
 
   def test_create_with_bang_on_has_many_raises_when_record_not_saved
@@ -530,9 +759,11 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_create_with_bang_on_habtm_when_parent_is_new_raises
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved) do
+    error = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved) do
       Developer.new("name" => "Aredridel").projects.create!
     end
+
+    assert_equal "You cannot call create unless the parent is saved", error.message
   end
 
   def test_adding_a_mismatch_class
@@ -545,7 +776,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     force_signal37_to_load_all_clients_of_firm
     companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.concat([Client.new("name" => "Natural Company"), Client.new("name" => "Apple")])
     assert_equal 4, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size
-    assert_equal 4, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 4, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.reload.size
   end
 
   def test_transactions_when_adding_to_persisted
@@ -557,11 +788,11 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     rescue Client::RaisedOnSave
     end
 
-    assert !companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).include?(good)
+    assert !companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.reload.include?(good)
   end
 
   def test_transactions_when_adding_to_new_record
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       firm = Firm.new
       firm.clients_of_firm.concat(Client.new("name" => "Natural Company"))
     end
@@ -576,7 +807,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_new_aliased_to_build
     company = companies(:first_firm)
-    new_client = assert_no_queries { company.clients_of_firm.new("name" => "Another Client") }
+    new_client = assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) { company.clients_of_firm.new("name" => "Another Client") }
     assert !company.clients_of_firm.loaded?
 
     assert_equal "Another Client", new_client.name
@@ -586,7 +817,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_build
     company = companies(:first_firm)
-    new_client = assert_no_queries { company.clients_of_firm.build("name" => "Another Client") }
+    new_client = assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) { company.clients_of_firm.build("name" => "Another Client") }
     assert !company.clients_of_firm.loaded?
 
     assert_equal "Another Client", new_client.name
@@ -622,7 +853,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_build_many
     company = companies(:first_firm)
-    new_clients = assert_no_queries { company.clients_of_firm.build([{"name" => "Another Client"}, {"name" => "Another Client II"}]) }
+    new_clients = assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) { company.clients_of_firm.build([{"name" => "Another Client"}, {"name" => "Another Client II"}]) }
     assert_equal 2, new_clients.size
   end
 
@@ -648,7 +879,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_build_via_block
     company = companies(:first_firm)
-    new_client = assert_no_queries { company.clients_of_firm.build {|client| client.name = "Another Client" } }
+    new_client = assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) { company.clients_of_firm.build {|client| client.name = "Another Client" } }
     assert !company.clients_of_firm.loaded?
 
     assert_equal "Another Client", new_client.name
@@ -658,7 +889,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_build_many_via_block
     company = companies(:first_firm)
-    new_clients = assert_no_queries do
+    new_clients = assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       company.clients_of_firm.build([{"name" => "Another Client"}, {"name" => "Another Client II"}]) do |client|
         client.name = "changed"
       end
@@ -689,12 +920,12 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     new_client = companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.create("name" => "Another Client")
     assert new_client.persisted?
     assert_equal new_client, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.last
-    assert_equal new_client, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).last
+    assert_equal new_client, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.reload.last
   end
 
   def test_create_many
     companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.create([{"name" => "Another Client"}, {"name" => "Another Client II"}])
-    assert_equal 4, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 4, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.reload.size
   end
 
   def test_create_followed_by_save_does_not_load_target
@@ -707,7 +938,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     force_signal37_to_load_all_clients_of_firm
     companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.delete(companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.first)
     assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size
-    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.reload.size
   end
 
   def test_deleting_before_save
@@ -718,6 +949,25 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 0, new_firm.clients_of_firm.size
   end
 
+  def test_has_many_without_counter_cache_option
+    # Ship has a conventionally named `treasures_count` column, but the counter_cache
+    # option is not given on the association.
+    ship = Ship.create(name: 'Countless', treasures_count: 10)
+
+    assert_not Ship.reflect_on_association(:treasures).has_cached_counter?
+
+    # Count should come from sql count() of treasures rather than treasures_count attribute
+    assert_equal ship.treasures.size, 0
+
+    assert_no_difference lambda { ship.reload.treasures_count }, "treasures_count should not be changed" do
+      ship.treasures.create(name: 'Gold')
+    end
+
+    assert_no_difference lambda { ship.reload.treasures_count }, "treasures_count should not be changed" do
+      ship.treasures.destroy_all
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_deleting_updates_counter_cache
     topic = Topic.order("id ASC").first
     assert_equal topic.replies.to_a.size, topic.replies_count
@@ -727,6 +977,36 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal topic.replies.to_a.size, topic.replies_count
   end
 
+  def test_counter_cache_updates_in_memory_after_concat
+    topic = Topic.create title: "Zoom-zoom-zoom"
+
+    topic.replies << Reply.create(title: "re: zoom", content: "speedy quick!")
+    assert_equal 1, topic.replies_count
+    assert_equal 1, topic.replies.size
+    assert_equal 1, topic.reload.replies.size
+  end
+
+  def test_counter_cache_updates_in_memory_after_create
+    topic = Topic.create title: "Zoom-zoom-zoom"
+
+    topic.replies.create!(title: "re: zoom", content: "speedy quick!")
+    assert_equal 1, topic.replies_count
+    assert_equal 1, topic.replies.size
+    assert_equal 1, topic.reload.replies.size
+  end
+
+  def test_counter_cache_updates_in_memory_after_create_with_array
+    topic = Topic.create title: "Zoom-zoom-zoom"
+
+    topic.replies.create!([
+      { title: "re: zoom", content: "speedy quick!" },
+      { title: "re: zoom 2", content: "OMG lol!" },
+    ])
+    assert_equal 2, topic.replies_count
+    assert_equal 2, topic.replies.size
+    assert_equal 2, topic.reload.replies.size
+  end
+
   def test_pushing_association_updates_counter_cache
     topic = Topic.order("id ASC").first
     reply = Reply.create!
@@ -739,14 +1019,14 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_deleting_updates_counter_cache_without_dependent_option
     post = posts(:welcome)
 
-    assert_difference "post.reload.taggings_count", -1 do
+    assert_difference "post.reload.tags_count", -1 do
       post.taggings.delete(post.taggings.first)
     end
   end
 
   def test_deleting_updates_counter_cache_with_dependent_delete_all
     post = posts(:welcome)
-    post.update_columns(taggings_with_delete_all_count: post.taggings_count)
+    post.update_columns(taggings_with_delete_all_count: post.tags_count)
 
     assert_difference "post.reload.taggings_with_delete_all_count", -1 do
       post.taggings_with_delete_all.delete(post.taggings_with_delete_all.first)
@@ -755,13 +1035,20 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_deleting_updates_counter_cache_with_dependent_destroy
     post = posts(:welcome)
-    post.update_columns(taggings_with_destroy_count: post.taggings_count)
+    post.update_columns(taggings_with_destroy_count: post.tags_count)
 
     assert_difference "post.reload.taggings_with_destroy_count", -1 do
       post.taggings_with_destroy.delete(post.taggings_with_destroy.first)
     end
   end
 
+  def test_calling_empty_with_counter_cache
+    post = posts(:welcome)
+    assert_queries(0) do
+      assert_not post.comments.empty?
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_custom_named_counter_cache
     topic = topics(:first)
 
@@ -807,7 +1094,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 3, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size
     companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.delete([companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm[0], companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm[1], companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm[2]])
     assert_equal 0, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size
-    assert_equal 0, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 0, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.reload.size
   end
 
   def test_delete_all
@@ -828,7 +1115,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.reset
     companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.delete_all
     assert_equal 0, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size
-    assert_equal 0, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 0, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.reload.size
   end
 
   def test_transaction_when_deleting_persisted
@@ -842,11 +1129,11 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     rescue Client::RaisedOnDestroy
     end
 
-    assert_equal [good, bad], companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true)
+    assert_equal [good, bad], companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.reload
   end
 
   def test_transaction_when_deleting_new_record
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       firm = Firm.new
       client = Client.new("name" => "New Client")
       firm.clients_of_firm << client
@@ -862,7 +1149,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     firm.clients_of_firm.clear
 
     assert_equal 0, firm.clients_of_firm.size
-    assert_equal 0, firm.clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 0, firm.clients_of_firm.reload.size
     assert_equal [], Client.destroyed_client_ids[firm.id]
 
     # Should not be destroyed since the association is not dependent.
@@ -898,7 +1185,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     firm.dependent_clients_of_firm.clear
 
     assert_equal 0, firm.dependent_clients_of_firm.size
-    assert_equal 0, firm.dependent_clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 0, firm.dependent_clients_of_firm.reload.size
     assert_equal [], Client.destroyed_client_ids[firm.id]
 
     # Should be destroyed since the association is dependent.
@@ -931,7 +1218,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     firm.exclusively_dependent_clients_of_firm.clear
 
     assert_equal 0, firm.exclusively_dependent_clients_of_firm.size
-    assert_equal 0, firm.exclusively_dependent_clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 0, firm.exclusively_dependent_clients_of_firm.reload.size
     # no destroy-filters should have been called
     assert_equal [], Client.destroyed_client_ids[firm.id]
 
@@ -980,7 +1267,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     # break the vanilla firm_id foreign key
     assert_equal 3, firm.clients.count
     firm.clients.first.update_columns(firm_id: nil)
-    assert_equal 2, firm.clients(true).count
+    assert_equal 2, firm.clients.reload.count
     assert_equal 2, firm.clients_using_primary_key_with_delete_all.count
     old_record = firm.clients_using_primary_key_with_delete_all.first
     firm = Firm.first
@@ -1006,7 +1293,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     firm.clients_of_firm.clear
 
     assert_equal 0, firm.clients_of_firm.size
-    assert_equal 0, firm.clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 0, firm.clients_of_firm.reload.size
   end
 
   def test_deleting_a_item_which_is_not_in_the_collection
@@ -1014,7 +1301,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     summit = Client.find_by_name('Summit')
     companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.delete(summit)
     assert_equal 2, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size
-    assert_equal 2, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 2, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.reload.size
     assert_equal 2, summit.client_of
   end
 
@@ -1052,7 +1339,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
 
     assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).reload.clients_of_firm.size
-    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.reload.size
   end
 
   def test_destroying_by_fixnum_id
@@ -1063,7 +1350,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
 
     assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).reload.clients_of_firm.size
-    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.reload.size
   end
 
   def test_destroying_by_string_id
@@ -1074,7 +1361,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
 
     assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).reload.clients_of_firm.size
-    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.reload.size
   end
 
   def test_destroying_a_collection
@@ -1087,7 +1374,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
 
     assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).reload.clients_of_firm.size
-    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.reload.size
   end
 
   def test_destroy_all
@@ -1096,9 +1383,9 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert !clients.empty?, "37signals has clients after load"
     destroyed = companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.destroy_all
     assert_equal clients.sort_by(&:id), destroyed.sort_by(&:id)
-    assert destroyed.all? { |client| client.frozen? }, "destroyed clients should be frozen"
+    assert destroyed.all?(&:frozen?), "destroyed clients should be frozen"
     assert companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.empty?, "37signals has no clients after destroy all"
-    assert companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).empty?, "37signals has no clients after destroy all and refresh"
+    assert companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.reload.empty?, "37signals has no clients after destroy all and refresh"
   end
 
   def test_dependence
@@ -1134,7 +1421,6 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_nothing_raised { topic.destroy }
   end
 
-  uses_transaction :test_dependence_with_transaction_support_on_failure
   def test_dependence_with_transaction_support_on_failure
     firm = companies(:first_firm)
     clients = firm.clients
@@ -1176,6 +1462,26 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert firm.companies.exists?(:name => 'child')
   end
 
+  def test_restrict_with_error_is_deprecated_using_key_many
+    I18n.backend = I18n::Backend::Simple.new
+    I18n.backend.store_translations :en, activerecord: { errors: { messages: { restrict_dependent_destroy: { many: 'message for deprecated key' } } } }
+
+    firm = RestrictedWithErrorFirm.create!(name: 'restrict')
+    firm.companies.create(name: 'child')
+
+    assert !firm.companies.empty?
+
+    assert_deprecated { firm.destroy }
+
+    assert !firm.errors.empty?
+
+    assert_equal 'message for deprecated key', firm.errors[:base].first
+    assert RestrictedWithErrorFirm.exists?(name: 'restrict')
+    assert firm.companies.exists?(name: 'child')
+  ensure
+    I18n.backend.reload!
+  end
+
   def test_restrict_with_error
     firm = RestrictedWithErrorFirm.create!(:name => 'restrict')
     firm.companies.create(:name => 'child')
@@ -1191,6 +1497,25 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert firm.companies.exists?(:name => 'child')
   end
 
+  def test_restrict_with_error_with_locale
+    I18n.backend = I18n::Backend::Simple.new
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', activerecord: {attributes: {restricted_with_error_firm: {companies: 'client companies'}}}
+    firm = RestrictedWithErrorFirm.create!(name: 'restrict')
+    firm.companies.create(name: 'child')
+
+    assert !firm.companies.empty?
+
+    firm.destroy
+
+    assert !firm.errors.empty?
+
+    assert_equal "Cannot delete record because dependent client companies exist", firm.errors[:base].first
+    assert RestrictedWithErrorFirm.exists?(name: 'restrict')
+    assert firm.companies.exists?(name: 'child')
+  ensure
+    I18n.backend.reload!
+  end
+
   def test_included_in_collection
     assert_equal true, companies(:first_firm).clients.include?(Client.find(2))
   end
@@ -1236,10 +1561,25 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert !account.valid?
     assert !orig_accounts.empty?
-    assert_raise ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved do
+    error = assert_raise ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved do
       firm.accounts = [account]
     end
+
     assert_equal orig_accounts, firm.accounts
+    assert_equal "Failed to replace accounts because one or more of the " \
+                 "new records could not be saved.", error.message
+  end
+
+  def test_replace_with_same_content
+    firm = Firm.first
+    firm.clients = []
+    firm.save
+
+    assert_queries(0, ignore_none: true) do
+      firm.clients = []
+    end
+
+    assert_equal [], firm.send('clients=', [])
   end
 
   def test_transactions_when_replacing_on_persisted
@@ -1253,11 +1593,11 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     rescue Client::RaisedOnSave
     end
 
-    assert_equal [good], companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true)
+    assert_equal [good], companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.reload
   end
 
   def test_transactions_when_replacing_on_new_record
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       firm = Firm.new
       firm.clients_of_firm = [Client.new("name" => "New Client")]
     end
@@ -1269,7 +1609,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_get_ids_for_loaded_associations
     company = companies(:first_firm)
-    company.clients(true)
+    company.clients.reload
     assert_queries(0) do
       company.client_ids
       company.client_ids
@@ -1323,7 +1663,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     firm.client_ids = [companies(:first_client).id, nil, companies(:second_client).id, '']
     firm.save!
 
-    assert_equal 2, firm.clients(true).size
+    assert_equal 2, firm.clients.reload.size
     assert_equal true, firm.clients.include?(companies(:second_client))
   end
 
@@ -1395,7 +1735,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     firm.clients.load_target
     assert firm.clients.loaded?
 
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       firm.clients.first
       assert_equal 2, firm.clients.first(2).size
       firm.clients.last
@@ -1441,39 +1781,6 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_custom_primary_key_on_new_record_should_fetch_with_query
-    author = Author.new(:name => "David")
-    assert !author.essays.loaded?
-
-    assert_queries 1 do
-      assert_equal 1, author.essays.size
-    end
-
-    assert_equal author.essays, Essay.where(writer_id: "David")
-  end
-
-  def test_has_many_custom_primary_key
-    david = authors(:david)
-    assert_equal david.essays, Essay.where(writer_id: "David")
-  end
-
-  def test_has_many_assignment_with_custom_primary_key
-    david = people(:david)
-
-    assert_equal ["A Modest Proposal"], david.essays.map(&:name)
-    david.essays = [Essay.create!(name: "Remote Work" )]
-    assert_equal ["Remote Work"], david.essays.map(&:name)
-  end
-
-  def test_blank_custom_primary_key_on_new_record_should_not_run_queries
-    author = Author.new
-    assert !author.essays.loaded?
-
-    assert_queries 0 do
-      assert_equal 0, author.essays.size
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_calling_first_or_last_with_integer_on_association_should_not_load_association
     firm = companies(:first_firm)
     firm.clients.create(:name => 'Foo')
@@ -1526,6 +1833,82 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 3, firm.clients.size
   end
 
+  def test_calling_none_should_count_instead_of_loading_association
+    firm = companies(:first_firm)
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      firm.clients.none?  # use count query
+    end
+    assert !firm.clients.loaded?
+  end
+
+  def test_calling_none_on_loaded_association_should_not_use_query
+    firm = companies(:first_firm)
+    firm.clients.collect  # force load
+    assert_no_queries { assert ! firm.clients.none? }
+  end
+
+  def test_calling_none_should_defer_to_collection_if_using_a_block
+    firm = companies(:first_firm)
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      firm.clients.expects(:size).never
+      firm.clients.none? { true }
+    end
+    assert firm.clients.loaded?
+  end
+
+  def test_calling_none_should_return_true_if_none
+    firm = companies(:another_firm)
+    assert firm.clients_like_ms.none?
+    assert_equal 0, firm.clients_like_ms.size
+  end
+
+  def test_calling_none_should_return_false_if_any
+    firm = companies(:first_firm)
+    assert !firm.limited_clients.none?
+    assert_equal 1, firm.limited_clients.size
+  end
+
+  def test_calling_one_should_count_instead_of_loading_association
+    firm = companies(:first_firm)
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      firm.clients.one?  # use count query
+    end
+    assert !firm.clients.loaded?
+  end
+
+  def test_calling_one_on_loaded_association_should_not_use_query
+    firm = companies(:first_firm)
+    firm.clients.collect  # force load
+    assert_no_queries { assert ! firm.clients.one? }
+  end
+
+  def test_calling_one_should_defer_to_collection_if_using_a_block
+    firm = companies(:first_firm)
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      firm.clients.expects(:size).never
+      firm.clients.one? { true }
+    end
+    assert firm.clients.loaded?
+  end
+
+  def test_calling_one_should_return_false_if_zero
+    firm = companies(:another_firm)
+    assert ! firm.clients_like_ms.one?
+    assert_equal 0, firm.clients_like_ms.size
+  end
+
+  def test_calling_one_should_return_true_if_one
+    firm = companies(:first_firm)
+    assert firm.limited_clients.one?
+    assert_equal 1, firm.limited_clients.size
+  end
+
+  def test_calling_one_should_return_false_if_more_than_one
+    firm = companies(:first_firm)
+    assert ! firm.clients.one?
+    assert_equal 3, firm.clients.size
+  end
+
   def test_joins_with_namespaced_model_should_use_correct_type
     old = ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class
     ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class = true
@@ -1647,6 +2030,15 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [tagging], post.taggings
   end
 
+  def test_with_polymorphic_has_many_with_custom_columns_name
+    post = Post.create! :title => 'foo', :body => 'bar'
+    image = Image.create!
+
+    post.images << image
+
+    assert_equal [image], post.images
+  end
+
   def test_build_with_polymorphic_has_many_does_not_allow_to_override_type_and_id
     welcome = posts(:welcome)
     tagging = welcome.taggings.build(:taggable_id => 99, :taggable_type => 'ShouldNotChange')
@@ -1743,7 +2135,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   test "has many associations on new records use null relations" do
     post = Post.new
 
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       assert_equal [], post.comments
       assert_equal [], post.comments.where(body: 'omg')
       assert_equal [], post.comments.pluck(:body)
@@ -1802,15 +2194,44 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [bulb1, bulb2], car.all_bulbs.sort_by(&:id)
   end
 
+  test "can unscope and where the default scope of the associated model" do
+    Car.has_many :other_bulbs, -> { unscope(where: [:name]).where(name: 'other') }, class_name: "Bulb"
+    car = Car.create!
+    bulb1 = Bulb.create! name: "defaulty", car: car
+    bulb2 = Bulb.create! name: "other",    car: car
+
+    assert_equal [bulb1], car.bulbs
+    assert_equal [bulb2], car.other_bulbs
+  end
+
+  test "can rewhere the default scope of the associated model" do
+    Car.has_many :old_bulbs, -> { rewhere(name: 'old') }, class_name: "Bulb"
+    car = Car.create!
+    bulb1 = Bulb.create! name: "defaulty", car: car
+    bulb2 = Bulb.create! name: "old",      car: car
+
+    assert_equal [bulb1], car.bulbs
+    assert_equal [bulb2], car.old_bulbs
+  end
+
+  test 'unscopes the default scope of associated model when used with include' do
+    car = Car.create!
+    bulb = Bulb.create! name: "other", car: car
+
+    assert_equal bulb, Car.find(car.id).all_bulbs.first
+    assert_equal bulb, Car.includes(:all_bulbs).find(car.id).all_bulbs.first
+  end
+
   test "raises RecordNotDestroyed when replaced child can't be destroyed" do
     car = Car.create!
     original_child = FailedBulb.create!(car: car)
 
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotDestroyed) do
+    error = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotDestroyed) do
       car.failed_bulbs = [FailedBulb.create!]
     end
 
     assert_equal [original_child], car.reload.failed_bulbs
+    assert_equal "Failed to destroy the record", error.message
   end
 
   test 'updates counter cache when default scope is given' do
@@ -1830,4 +2251,150 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       end
     end
   end
+
+  test 'passes custom context validation to validate children' do
+    pirate = FamousPirate.new
+    pirate.famous_ships << ship = FamousShip.new
+
+    assert pirate.valid?
+    assert_not pirate.valid?(:conference)
+    assert_equal "can't be blank", ship.errors[:name].first
+  end
+
+  test 'association with instance dependent scope' do
+    bob = authors(:bob)
+    Post.create!(title: "signed post by bob", body: "stuff", author: authors(:bob))
+    Post.create!(title: "anonymous post", body: "more stuff", author: authors(:bob))
+    assert_equal ["misc post by bob", "other post by bob",
+                  "signed post by bob"], bob.posts_with_signature.map(&:title).sort
+
+    assert_equal [], authors(:david).posts_with_signature.map(&:title)
+  end
+
+  test 'associations autosaves when object is already persited' do
+    bulb = Bulb.create!
+    tyre = Tyre.create!
+
+    car = Car.create! do |c|
+      c.bulbs << bulb
+      c.tyres << tyre
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 1, car.bulbs.count
+    assert_equal 1, car.tyres.count
+  end
+
+  test 'associations replace in memory when records have the same id' do
+    bulb = Bulb.create!
+    car = Car.create!(bulbs: [bulb])
+
+    new_bulb = Bulb.find(bulb.id)
+    new_bulb.name = "foo"
+    car.bulbs = [new_bulb]
+
+    assert_equal "foo", car.bulbs.first.name
+  end
+
+  test 'in memory replacement executes no queries' do
+    bulb = Bulb.create!
+    car = Car.create!(bulbs: [bulb])
+
+    new_bulb = Bulb.find(bulb.id)
+
+    assert_no_queries do
+      car.bulbs = [new_bulb]
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'in memory replacements do not execute callbacks' do
+    raise_after_add = false
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = :cars
+      has_many :bulbs, after_add: proc { raise if raise_after_add }
+
+      def self.name
+        "Car"
+      end
+    end
+    bulb = Bulb.create!
+    car = klass.create!(bulbs: [bulb])
+
+    new_bulb = Bulb.find(bulb.id)
+    raise_after_add = true
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      car.bulbs = [new_bulb]
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'in memory replacements sets inverse instance' do
+    bulb = Bulb.create!
+    car = Car.create!(bulbs: [bulb])
+
+    new_bulb = Bulb.find(bulb.id)
+    car.bulbs = [new_bulb]
+
+    assert_same car, new_bulb.car
+  end
+
+  test 'in memory replacement maintains order' do
+    first_bulb = Bulb.create!
+    second_bulb = Bulb.create!
+    car = Car.create!(bulbs: [first_bulb, second_bulb])
+
+    same_bulb = Bulb.find(first_bulb.id)
+    car.bulbs = [second_bulb, same_bulb]
+
+    assert_equal [first_bulb, second_bulb], car.bulbs
+  end
+
+  test 'double insertion of new object to association when same association used in the after create callback of a new object' do
+    car = Car.create!
+    car.bulbs << TrickyBulb.new
+    assert_equal 1, car.bulbs.size
+  end
+
+  def test_association_force_reload_with_only_true_is_deprecated
+    company = Company.find(1)
+
+    assert_deprecated { company.clients_of_firm(true) }
+  end
+
+  class AuthorWithErrorDestroyingAssociation < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = "authors"
+    has_many :posts_with_error_destroying,
+      class_name: "PostWithErrorDestroying",
+      foreign_key: :author_id,
+      dependent: :destroy
+  end
+
+  class PostWithErrorDestroying < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = "posts"
+    self.inheritance_column = nil
+    before_destroy -> { throw :abort }
+  end
+
+  def test_destroy_does_not_raise_when_association_errors_on_destroy
+    assert_no_difference "AuthorWithErrorDestroyingAssociation.count" do
+      author = AuthorWithErrorDestroyingAssociation.first
+
+      assert_not author.destroy
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_destroy_with_bang_bubbles_errors_from_associations
+    error = assert_raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotDestroyed do
+      AuthorWithErrorDestroyingAssociation.first.destroy!
+    end
+
+    assert_instance_of PostWithErrorDestroying, error.record
+  end
+
+  def test_ids_reader_memoization
+    car = Car.create!(name: 'TofaÅŸ')
+    bulb = Bulb.create!(car: car)
+
+    assert_equal [bulb.id], car.bulb_ids
+    assert_no_queries { car.bulb_ids }
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_through_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_through_associations_test.rb
index 026a7fe635..226ecf5447 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_through_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_through_associations_test.rb
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ require 'models/toy'
 require 'models/contract'
 require 'models/company'
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 require 'models/subscriber'
 require 'models/book'
 require 'models/subscription'
@@ -24,12 +25,13 @@ require 'models/categorization'
 require 'models/member'
 require 'models/membership'
 require 'models/club'
+require 'models/organization'
 
 class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :posts, :readers, :people, :comments, :authors, :categories, :taggings, :tags,
            :owners, :pets, :toys, :jobs, :references, :companies, :members, :author_addresses,
            :subscribers, :books, :subscriptions, :developers, :categorizations, :essays,
-           :categories_posts, :clubs, :memberships
+           :categories_posts, :clubs, :memberships, :organizations
 
   # Dummies to force column loads so query counts are clean.
   def setup
@@ -40,7 +42,7 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_preload_sti_rhs_class
     developers = Developer.includes(:firms).all.to_a
     assert_no_queries do
-      developers.each { |d| d.firms }
+      developers.each(&:firms)
     end
   end
 
@@ -82,11 +84,11 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     subscriber   = make_model "Subscriber"
 
     subscriber.primary_key = 'nick'
-    subscription.belongs_to :book,       class: book
-    subscription.belongs_to :subscriber, class: subscriber
+    subscription.belongs_to :book,       anonymous_class: book
+    subscription.belongs_to :subscriber, anonymous_class: subscriber
 
-    book.has_many :subscriptions, class: subscription
-    book.has_many :subscribers, through: :subscriptions, class: subscriber
+    book.has_many :subscriptions, anonymous_class: subscription
+    book.has_many :subscribers, through: :subscriptions, anonymous_class: subscriber
 
     anonbook = book.first
     namebook = Book.find anonbook.id
@@ -152,10 +154,10 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     lesson_student = make_model 'LessonStudent'
     lesson_student.table_name = 'lessons_students'
 
-    lesson_student.belongs_to :lesson, :class => lesson
-    lesson_student.belongs_to :student, :class => student
-    lesson.has_many :lesson_students, :class => lesson_student
-    lesson.has_many :students, :through => :lesson_students, :class => student
+    lesson_student.belongs_to :lesson, :anonymous_class => lesson
+    lesson_student.belongs_to :student, :anonymous_class => student
+    lesson.has_many :lesson_students, :anonymous_class => lesson_student
+    lesson.has_many :students, :through => :lesson_students, :anonymous_class => student
     [lesson, lesson_student, student]
   end
 
@@ -186,7 +188,7 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert post.people.include?(person)
     end
 
-    assert post.reload.people(true).include?(person)
+    assert post.reload.people.reload.include?(person)
   end
 
   def test_delete_all_for_with_dependent_option_destroy
@@ -227,7 +229,7 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     post   = posts(:thinking)
     post.people.concat [person]
     assert_equal 1, post.people.size
-    assert_equal 1, post.people(true).size
+    assert_equal 1, post.people.reload.size
   end
 
   def test_associate_existing_record_twice_should_add_to_target_twice
@@ -283,7 +285,7 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert posts(:thinking).people.include?(new_person)
     end
 
-    assert posts(:thinking).reload.people(true).include?(new_person)
+    assert posts(:thinking).reload.people.reload.include?(new_person)
   end
 
   def test_associate_new_by_building
@@ -308,8 +310,8 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       posts(:thinking).save
     end
 
-    assert posts(:thinking).reload.people(true).collect(&:first_name).include?("Bob")
-    assert posts(:thinking).reload.people(true).collect(&:first_name).include?("Ted")
+    assert posts(:thinking).reload.people.reload.collect(&:first_name).include?("Bob")
+    assert posts(:thinking).reload.people.reload.collect(&:first_name).include?("Ted")
   end
 
   def test_build_then_save_with_has_many_inverse
@@ -330,6 +332,19 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert post.single_people.include?(person)
   end
 
+  def test_both_parent_ids_set_when_saving_new
+    post = Post.new(title: 'Hello', body: 'world')
+    person = Person.new(first_name: 'Sean')
+
+    post.people = [person]
+    post.save
+
+    assert post.id
+    assert person.id
+    assert_equal post.id, post.readers.first.post_id
+    assert_equal person.id, post.readers.first.person_id
+  end
+
   def test_delete_association
     assert_queries(2){posts(:welcome);people(:michael); }
 
@@ -341,7 +356,7 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert posts(:welcome).people.empty?
     end
 
-    assert posts(:welcome).reload.people(true).empty?
+    assert posts(:welcome).reload.people.reload.empty?
   end
 
   def test_destroy_association
@@ -352,7 +367,7 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
 
     assert posts(:welcome).reload.people.empty?
-    assert posts(:welcome).people(true).empty?
+    assert posts(:welcome).people.reload.empty?
   end
 
   def test_destroy_all
@@ -363,7 +378,7 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
 
     assert posts(:welcome).reload.people.empty?
-    assert posts(:welcome).people(true).empty?
+    assert posts(:welcome).people.reload.empty?
   end
 
   def test_should_raise_exception_for_destroying_mismatching_records
@@ -476,7 +491,7 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     post = posts(:welcome)
     tag  = post.tags.create!(:name => 'doomed')
 
-    assert_difference ['post.reload.taggings_count', 'post.reload.tags_count'], -1 do
+    assert_difference ['post.reload.tags_count'], -1 do
       posts(:welcome).tags.delete(tag)
     end
   end
@@ -486,7 +501,7 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     tag  = post.tags.create!(:name => 'doomed')
     post.update_columns(tags_with_destroy_count: post.tags.count)
 
-    assert_difference ['post.reload.taggings_count', 'post.reload.tags_with_destroy_count'], -1 do
+    assert_difference ['post.reload.tags_with_destroy_count'], -1 do
       posts(:welcome).tags_with_destroy.delete(tag)
     end
   end
@@ -496,7 +511,7 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     tag  = post.tags.create!(:name => 'doomed')
     post.update_columns(tags_with_nullify_count: post.tags.count)
 
-    assert_no_difference 'post.reload.taggings_count' do
+    assert_no_difference 'post.reload.tags_count' do
       assert_difference 'post.reload.tags_with_nullify_count', -1 do
         posts(:welcome).tags_with_nullify.delete(tag)
       end
@@ -511,20 +526,20 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     tag.tagged_posts = []
     post.reload
 
-    assert_equal(post.taggings.count, post.taggings_count)
+    assert_equal(post.taggings.count, post.tags_count)
   end
 
   def test_update_counter_caches_on_destroy
     post = posts(:welcome)
     tag  = post.tags.create!(name: 'doomed')
 
-    assert_difference 'post.reload.taggings_count', -1 do
+    assert_difference 'post.reload.tags_count', -1 do
       tag.tagged_posts.destroy(post)
     end
   end
 
   def test_replace_association
-    assert_queries(4){posts(:welcome);people(:david);people(:michael); posts(:welcome).people(true)}
+    assert_queries(4){posts(:welcome);people(:david);people(:michael); posts(:welcome).people.reload}
 
     # 1 query to delete the existing reader (michael)
     # 1 query to associate the new reader (david)
@@ -537,8 +552,8 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert !posts(:welcome).people.include?(people(:michael))
     }
 
-    assert posts(:welcome).reload.people(true).include?(people(:david))
-    assert !posts(:welcome).reload.people(true).include?(people(:michael))
+    assert posts(:welcome).reload.people.reload.include?(people(:david))
+    assert !posts(:welcome).reload.people.reload.include?(people(:michael))
   end
 
   def test_replace_order_is_preserved
@@ -577,7 +592,13 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert posts(:thinking).people.collect(&:first_name).include?("Jeb")
     end
 
-    assert posts(:thinking).reload.people(true).collect(&:first_name).include?("Jeb")
+    assert posts(:thinking).reload.people.reload.collect(&:first_name).include?("Jeb")
+  end
+
+  def test_through_record_is_built_when_created_with_where
+    assert_difference("posts(:thinking).readers.count", 1) do
+      posts(:thinking).people.where(first_name: "Jeb").create
+    end
   end
 
   def test_associate_with_create_and_no_options
@@ -601,8 +622,11 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_create_on_new_record
     p = Post.new
 
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved) { p.people.create(:first_name => "mew") }
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved) { p.people.create!(:first_name => "snow") }
+    error = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved) { p.people.create(:first_name => "mew") }
+    assert_equal "You cannot call create unless the parent is saved", error.message
+
+    error = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved) { p.people.create!(:first_name => "snow") }
+    assert_equal "You cannot call create unless the parent is saved", error.message
   end
 
   def test_associate_with_create_and_invalid_options
@@ -644,7 +668,7 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_clear_associations
-    assert_queries(2) { posts(:welcome);posts(:welcome).people(true) }
+    assert_queries(2) { posts(:welcome);posts(:welcome).people.reload }
 
     assert_queries(1) do
       posts(:welcome).people.clear
@@ -654,7 +678,7 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert posts(:welcome).people.empty?
     end
 
-    assert posts(:welcome).reload.people(true).empty?
+    assert posts(:welcome).reload.people.reload.empty?
   end
 
   def test_association_callback_ordering
@@ -698,9 +722,6 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       [:added, :before, "Roger"],
       [:added, :after, "Roger"]
     ], log.last(4)
-
-    post.people_with_callbacks.clear
-    assert_equal((%w(Michael David Julian Roger) * 2).sort, log.last(8).collect(&:last).sort)
   end
 
   def test_dynamic_find_should_respect_association_include
@@ -723,13 +744,14 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_get_ids_for_has_many_through_with_conditions_should_not_preload
     Tagging.create!(:taggable_type => 'Post', :taggable_id => posts(:welcome).id, :tag => tags(:misc))
-    ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.expects(:new).never
-    posts(:welcome).misc_tag_ids
+    assert_not_called(ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader, :new) do
+      posts(:welcome).misc_tag_ids
+    end
   end
 
   def test_get_ids_for_loaded_associations
     person = people(:michael)
-    person.posts(true)
+    person.posts.reload
     assert_queries(0) do
       person.post_ids
       person.post_ids
@@ -744,9 +766,10 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_association_proxy_transaction_method_starts_transaction_in_association_class
-    Tag.expects(:transaction)
-    Post.first.tags.transaction do
-      # nothing
+    assert_called(Tag, :transaction) do
+      Post.first.tags.transaction do
+        # nothing
+      end
     end
   end
 
@@ -807,14 +830,14 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     category = author.named_categories.build(:name => "Primary")
     author.save
     assert Categorization.exists?(:author_id => author.id, :named_category_name => category.name)
-    assert author.named_categories(true).include?(category)
+    assert author.named_categories.reload.include?(category)
   end
 
   def test_collection_create_with_nonstandard_primary_key_on_belongs_to
     author   = authors(:mary)
     category = author.named_categories.create(:name => "Primary")
     assert Categorization.exists?(:author_id => author.id, :named_category_name => category.name)
-    assert author.named_categories(true).include?(category)
+    assert author.named_categories.reload.include?(category)
   end
 
   def test_collection_exists
@@ -829,7 +852,7 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     category = author.named_categories.create(:name => "Primary")
     author.named_categories.delete(category)
     assert !Categorization.exists?(:author_id => author.id, :named_category_name => category.name)
-    assert author.named_categories(true).empty?
+    assert author.named_categories.reload.empty?
   end
 
   def test_collection_singular_ids_getter_with_string_primary_keys
@@ -850,10 +873,10 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_nothing_raised do
       book = books(:awdr)
       book.subscriber_ids = [subscribers(:second).nick]
-      assert_equal [subscribers(:second)], book.subscribers(true)
+      assert_equal [subscribers(:second)], book.subscribers.reload
 
       book.subscriber_ids = []
-      assert_equal [], book.subscribers(true)
+      assert_equal [], book.subscribers.reload
     end
 
   end
@@ -939,7 +962,7 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 1, category.categorizations.where(:special => true).count
   end
 
-  def test_joining_has_many_through_with_uniq
+  def test_joining_has_many_through_with_distinct
     mary = Author.joins(:unique_categorized_posts).where(:id => authors(:mary).id).first
     assert_equal 1, mary.unique_categorized_posts.length
     assert_equal 1, mary.unique_categorized_post_ids.length
@@ -1019,14 +1042,6 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_save_should_not_raise_exception_when_join_record_has_errors
-    repair_validations(Categorization) do
-      Categorization.validate { |r| r.errors[:base] << 'Invalid Categorization' }
-      c = Category.create(:name => 'Fishing', :authors => [Author.first])
-      c.save
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_assign_array_to_new_record_builds_join_records
     c = Category.new(:name => 'Fishing', :authors => [Author.first])
     assert_equal 1, c.categorizations.size
@@ -1051,11 +1066,11 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_create_bang_returns_falsy_when_join_record_has_errors
+  def test_save_returns_falsy_when_join_record_has_errors
     repair_validations(Categorization) do
       Categorization.validate { |r| r.errors[:base] << 'Invalid Categorization' }
       c = Category.new(:name => 'Fishing', :authors => [Author.first])
-      assert !c.save
+      assert_not c.save
     end
   end
 
@@ -1082,10 +1097,10 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal ["parrot", "bulbul"], owner.toys.map { |r| r.pet.name }
   end
 
-  test "has many through associations on new records use null relations" do
+  def test_has_many_through_associations_on_new_records_use_null_relations
     person = Person.new
 
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       assert_equal [], person.posts
       assert_equal [], person.posts.where(body: 'omg')
       assert_equal [], person.posts.pluck(:body)
@@ -1094,15 +1109,96 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  test "has many through with default scope on the target" do
+  def test_has_many_through_with_default_scope_on_the_target
     person = people(:michael)
-    assert_equal [posts(:thinking)], person.first_posts
+    assert_equal [posts(:thinking).id], person.first_posts.map(&:id)
 
     readers(:michael_authorless).update(first_post_id: 1)
-    assert_equal [posts(:thinking)], person.reload.first_posts
+    assert_equal [posts(:thinking).id], person.reload.first_posts.map(&:id)
   end
 
   def test_has_many_through_with_includes_in_through_association_scope
     assert_not_empty posts(:welcome).author_address_extra_with_address
   end
+
+  def test_insert_records_via_has_many_through_association_with_scope
+    club = Club.create!
+    member = Member.create!
+    Membership.create!(club: club, member: member)
+
+    club.favourites << member
+    assert_equal [member], club.favourites
+
+    club.reload
+    assert_equal [member], club.favourites
+  end
+
+  def test_has_many_through_unscope_default_scope
+    post = Post.create!(:title => 'Beaches', :body => "I like beaches!")
+    Reader.create! :person => people(:david), :post => post
+    LazyReader.create! :person => people(:susan), :post => post
+
+    assert_equal 2, post.people.to_a.size
+    assert_equal 1, post.lazy_people.to_a.size
+
+    assert_equal 2, post.lazy_readers_unscope_skimmers.to_a.size
+    assert_equal 2, post.lazy_people_unscope_skimmers.to_a.size
+  end
+
+  def test_has_many_through_add_with_sti_middle_relation
+    club = SuperClub.create!(name: 'Fight Club')
+    member = Member.create!(name: 'Tyler Durden')
+
+    club.members << member
+    assert_equal 1, SuperMembership.where(member_id: member.id, club_id: club.id).count
+  end
+
+  def test_build_for_has_many_through_association
+    organization = organizations(:nsa)
+    author = organization.author
+    post_direct = author.posts.build
+    post_through = organization.posts.build
+    assert_equal post_direct.author_id, post_through.author_id
+  end
+
+  def test_has_many_through_with_scope_that_should_not_be_fully_merged
+    Club.has_many :distinct_memberships, -> { distinct }, class_name: "Membership"
+    Club.has_many :special_favourites, through: :distinct_memberships, source: :member
+
+    assert_nil Club.new.special_favourites.distinct_value
+  end
+
+  def test_association_force_reload_with_only_true_is_deprecated
+    post = Post.find(1)
+
+    assert_deprecated { post.people(true) }
+  end
+
+  def test_has_many_through_do_not_cache_association_reader_if_the_though_method_has_default_scopes
+    member = Member.create!
+    club = Club.create!
+    TenantMembership.create!(
+      member: member,
+      club: club
+    )
+
+    TenantMembership.current_member = member
+
+    tenant_clubs = member.tenant_clubs
+    assert_equal [club], tenant_clubs
+
+    TenantMembership.current_member = nil
+
+    other_member = Member.create!
+    other_club = Club.create!
+    TenantMembership.create!(
+      member: other_member,
+      club: other_club
+    )
+
+    tenant_clubs = other_member.tenant_clubs
+    assert_equal [other_club], tenant_clubs
+  ensure
+    TenantMembership.current_member = nil
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_associations_test.rb
index a4650ccdf2..c9d9e29f09 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_associations_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 require 'models/project'
 require 'models/company'
 require 'models/ship'
@@ -7,10 +8,11 @@ require 'models/pirate'
 require 'models/car'
 require 'models/bulb'
 require 'models/author'
+require 'models/image'
 require 'models/post'
 
 class HasOneAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false unless supports_savepoints?
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false unless supports_savepoints?
   fixtures :accounts, :companies, :developers, :projects, :developers_projects, :ships, :pirates
 
   def setup
@@ -105,6 +107,14 @@ class HasOneAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_nil Account.find(old_account_id).firm_id
   end
 
+  def test_nullification_on_destroyed_association
+    developer = Developer.create!(name: "Someone")
+    ship = Ship.create!(name: "Planet Caravan", developer: developer)
+    ship.destroy
+    assert !ship.persisted?
+    assert !developer.persisted?
+  end
+
   def test_natural_assignment_to_nil_after_destroy
     firm = companies(:rails_core)
     old_account_id = firm.account.id
@@ -176,6 +186,25 @@ class HasOneAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert firm.account.present?
   end
 
+  def test_restrict_with_error_is_deprecated_using_key_one
+    I18n.backend = I18n::Backend::Simple.new
+    I18n.backend.store_translations :en, activerecord: { errors: { messages: { restrict_dependent_destroy: { one: 'message for deprecated key' } } } }
+
+    firm = RestrictedWithErrorFirm.create!(name: 'restrict')
+    firm.create_account(credit_limit: 10)
+
+    assert_not_nil firm.account
+
+    assert_deprecated { firm.destroy }
+
+    assert !firm.errors.empty?
+    assert_equal 'message for deprecated key', firm.errors[:base].first
+    assert RestrictedWithErrorFirm.exists?(name: 'restrict')
+    assert firm.account.present?
+  ensure
+    I18n.backend.reload!
+  end
+
   def test_restrict_with_error
     firm = RestrictedWithErrorFirm.create!(:name => 'restrict')
     firm.create_account(:credit_limit => 10)
@@ -190,6 +219,24 @@ class HasOneAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert firm.account.present?
   end
 
+  def test_restrict_with_error_with_locale
+    I18n.backend = I18n::Backend::Simple.new
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', activerecord: {attributes: {restricted_with_error_firm: {account: 'firm account'}}}
+    firm = RestrictedWithErrorFirm.create!(name: 'restrict')
+    firm.create_account(credit_limit: 10)
+
+    assert_not_nil firm.account
+
+    firm.destroy
+
+    assert !firm.errors.empty?
+    assert_equal "Cannot delete record because a dependent firm account exists", firm.errors[:base].first
+    assert RestrictedWithErrorFirm.exists?(name: 'restrict')
+    assert firm.account.present?
+  ensure
+    I18n.backend.reload!
+  end
+
   def test_successful_build_association
     firm = Firm.new("name" => "GlobalMegaCorp")
     firm.save
@@ -200,7 +247,7 @@ class HasOneAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_build_association_dont_create_transaction
-    assert_no_queries {
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) {
       Firm.new.build_account
     }
   end
@@ -235,16 +282,16 @@ class HasOneAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_build_and_create_should_not_happen_within_scope
     pirate = pirates(:blackbeard)
-    scoped_count = pirate.association(:foo_bulb).scope.where_values.count
+    scope = pirate.association(:foo_bulb).scope.where_values_hash
 
     bulb = pirate.build_foo_bulb
-    assert_not_equal scoped_count, bulb.scope_after_initialize.where_values.count
+    assert_not_equal scope, bulb.scope_after_initialize.where_values_hash
 
     bulb = pirate.create_foo_bulb
-    assert_not_equal scoped_count, bulb.scope_after_initialize.where_values.count
+    assert_not_equal scope, bulb.scope_after_initialize.where_values_hash
 
     bulb = pirate.create_foo_bulb!
-    assert_not_equal scoped_count, bulb.scope_after_initialize.where_values.count
+    assert_not_equal scope, bulb.scope_after_initialize.where_values_hash
   end
 
   def test_create_association
@@ -271,6 +318,14 @@ class HasOneAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal account, firm.reload.account
   end
 
+  def test_create_with_inexistent_foreign_key_failing
+    firm = Firm.create(name: 'GlobalMegaCorp')
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::UnknownAttributeError) do
+      firm.create_account_with_inexistent_foreign_key
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_build
     firm = Firm.new("name" => "GlobalMegaCorp")
     firm.save
@@ -322,7 +377,8 @@ class HasOneAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert a.persisted?
     assert_equal a, firm.account
     assert_equal a, firm.account
-    assert_equal a, firm.account(true)
+    firm.association(:account).reload
+    assert_equal a, firm.account
   end
 
   def test_save_still_works_after_accessing_nil_has_one
@@ -409,9 +465,11 @@ class HasOneAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     pirate = pirates(:redbeard)
     new_ship = Ship.new
 
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved) do
+    error = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved) do
       pirate.ship = new_ship
     end
+
+    assert_equal "Failed to save the new associated ship.", error.message
     assert_nil pirate.ship
     assert_nil new_ship.pirate_id
   end
@@ -421,20 +479,25 @@ class HasOneAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     pirate.ship.name = nil
 
     assert !pirate.ship.valid?
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved) do
+    error = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved) do
       pirate.ship = ships(:interceptor)
     end
+
     assert_equal ships(:black_pearl), pirate.ship
     assert_equal pirate.id, pirate.ship.pirate_id
+    assert_equal "Failed to remove the existing associated ship. " +
+                 "The record failed to save after its foreign key was set to nil.", error.message
   end
 
   def test_replacement_failure_due_to_new_record_should_raise_error
     pirate = pirates(:blackbeard)
     new_ship = Ship.new
 
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved) do
+    error = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved) do
       pirate.ship = new_ship
     end
+
+    assert_equal "Failed to save the new associated ship.", error.message
     assert_equal ships(:black_pearl), pirate.ship
     assert_equal pirate.id, pirate.ship.pirate_id
     assert_equal pirate.id, ships(:black_pearl).reload.pirate_id
@@ -557,6 +620,12 @@ class HasOneAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal author.post, post
   end
 
+  def test_has_one_loading_for_new_record
+    post = Post.create!(author_id: 42, title: 'foo', body: 'bar')
+    author = Author.new(id: 42)
+    assert_equal post, author.post
+  end
+
   def test_has_one_relationship_cannot_have_a_counter_cache
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
       Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
@@ -565,6 +634,16 @@ class HasOneAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_with_polymorphic_has_one_with_custom_columns_name
+    post = Post.create! :title => 'foo', :body => 'bar'
+    image = Image.create!
+
+    post.main_image = image
+    post.reload
+
+    assert_equal image, post.main_image
+  end
+
   test 'dangerous association name raises ArgumentError' do
     [:errors, 'errors', :save, 'save'].each do |name|
       assert_raises(ArgumentError, "Association #{name} should not be allowed") do
@@ -574,4 +653,10 @@ class HasOneAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       end
     end
   end
+
+  def test_association_force_reload_with_only_true_is_deprecated
+    firm = Firm.find(1)
+
+    assert_deprecated { firm.account(true) }
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_through_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_through_associations_test.rb
index a2725441b3..b2b46812b9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_through_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_through_associations_test.rb
@@ -15,6 +15,11 @@ require 'models/essay'
 require 'models/owner'
 require 'models/post'
 require 'models/comment'
+require 'models/categorization'
+require 'models/customer'
+require 'models/carrier'
+require 'models/shop_account'
+require 'models/customer_carrier'
 
 class HasOneThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :member_types, :members, :clubs, :memberships, :sponsors, :organizations, :minivans,
@@ -45,6 +50,20 @@ class HasOneThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal clubs(:moustache_club), new_member.club
   end
 
+  def test_creating_association_sets_both_parent_ids_for_new
+    member = Member.new(name: 'Sean Griffin')
+    club = Club.new(name: 'Da Club')
+
+    member.club = club
+
+    member.save!
+
+    assert member.id
+    assert club.id
+    assert_equal member.id, member.current_membership.member_id
+    assert_equal club.id, member.current_membership.club_id
+  end
+
   def test_replace_target_record
     new_club = Club.create(:name => "Marx Bros")
     @member.club = new_club
@@ -230,12 +249,14 @@ class HasOneThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_not_nil @member_detail.member_type
     @member_detail.destroy
     assert_queries(1) do
-      assert_not_nil @member_detail.member_type(true)
+      @member_detail.association(:member_type).reload
+      assert_not_nil @member_detail.member_type
     end
 
     @member_detail.member.destroy
     assert_queries(1) do
-      assert_nil @member_detail.member_type(true)
+      @member_detail.association(:member_type).reload
+      assert_nil @member_detail.member_type
     end
   end
 
@@ -275,6 +296,12 @@ class HasOneThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_has_one_through_polymorphic_association
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::HasOneAssociationPolymorphicThroughError) do
+      @member.premium_club
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_has_one_through_belongs_to_should_update_when_the_through_foreign_key_changes
     minivan = minivans(:cool_first)
 
@@ -323,4 +350,34 @@ class HasOneThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       end
     end
   end
+
+  def test_has_one_through_do_not_cache_association_reader_if_the_though_method_has_default_scopes
+    customer = Customer.create!
+    carrier = Carrier.create!
+    customer_carrier = CustomerCarrier.create!(
+      customer: customer,
+      carrier: carrier,
+    )
+    account = ShopAccount.create!(customer_carrier: customer_carrier)
+
+    CustomerCarrier.current_customer = customer
+
+    account_carrier = account.carrier
+    assert_equal carrier, account_carrier
+
+    CustomerCarrier.current_customer = nil
+
+    other_carrier = Carrier.create!
+    other_customer = Customer.create!
+    other_customer_carrier = CustomerCarrier.create!(
+      customer: other_customer,
+      carrier: other_carrier,
+    )
+    other_account = ShopAccount.create!(customer_carrier: other_customer_carrier)
+
+    account_carrier = other_account.carrier
+    assert_equal other_carrier, account_carrier
+  ensure
+    CustomerCarrier.current_customer = nil
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inner_join_association_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inner_join_association_test.rb
index a9efa6d86a..b3fe759ad9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inner_join_association_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inner_join_association_test.rb
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class InnerJoinAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_find_with_implicit_inner_joins_without_select_does_not_imply_readonly
     authors = Author.joins(:posts)
     assert_not authors.empty?, "expected authors to be non-empty"
-    assert authors.none? {|a| a.readonly? }, "expected no authors to be readonly"
+    assert authors.none?(&:readonly?), "expected no authors to be readonly"
   end
 
   def test_find_with_implicit_inner_joins_honors_readonly_with_select
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ class InnerJoinAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_find_with_conditions_on_reflection
     assert !posts(:welcome).comments.empty?
-    assert Post.joins(:nonexistant_comments).where(:id => posts(:welcome).id).empty? # [sic!]
+    assert Post.joins(:nonexistent_comments).where(:id => posts(:welcome).id).empty? # [sic!]
   end
 
   def test_find_with_conditions_on_through_reflection
@@ -117,4 +117,23 @@ class InnerJoinAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert_equal [author], Author.where(id: author).joins(:special_categorizations)
   end
+
+  test "the default scope of the target is correctly aliased when joining associations" do
+    author = Author.create! name: "Jon"
+    author.categories.create! name: 'Not Special'
+    author.special_categories.create! name: 'Special'
+
+    categories = author.categories.includes(:special_categorizations).references(:special_categorizations).to_a
+    assert_equal 2, categories.size
+  end
+
+  test "the correct records are loaded when including an aliased association" do
+    author = Author.create! name: "Jon"
+    author.categories.create! name: 'Not Special'
+    author.special_categories.create! name: 'Special'
+
+    categories = author.categories.eager_load(:special_categorizations).order(:name).to_a
+    assert_equal 0, categories.first.special_categorizations.size
+    assert_equal 1, categories.second.special_categorizations.size
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inverse_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inverse_associations_test.rb
index 893030345f..57d1c8feda 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inverse_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inverse_associations_test.rb
@@ -10,6 +10,12 @@ require 'models/comment'
 require 'models/car'
 require 'models/bulb'
 require 'models/mixed_case_monkey'
+require 'models/admin'
+require 'models/admin/account'
+require 'models/admin/user'
+require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/company'
+require 'models/project'
 
 class AutomaticInverseFindingTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :ratings, :comments, :cars
@@ -27,6 +33,15 @@ class AutomaticInverseFindingTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal monkey_reflection, man_reflection.inverse_of, "The man reflection's inverse should be the monkey reflection"
   end
 
+  def test_has_many_and_belongs_to_should_find_inverse_automatically_for_model_in_module
+    account_reflection = Admin::Account.reflect_on_association(:users)
+    user_reflection = Admin::User.reflect_on_association(:account)
+
+    assert_respond_to account_reflection, :has_inverse?
+    assert account_reflection.has_inverse?, "The Admin::Account reflection should have an inverse"
+    assert_equal user_reflection, account_reflection.inverse_of, "The Admin::Account reflection's inverse should be the Admin::User reflection"
+  end
+
   def test_has_one_and_belongs_to_should_find_inverse_automatically
     car_reflection = Car.reflect_on_association(:bulb)
     bulb_reflection = Bulb.reflect_on_association(:car)
@@ -68,10 +83,10 @@ class AutomaticInverseFindingTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert_equal rating.comment, comment, "The Rating's comment should be the original Comment"
 
-    rating.comment.body = "Brogramming is the act of programming, like a bro."
+    rating.comment.body = "Fennec foxes are the smallest of the foxes."
     assert_equal rating.comment.body, comment.body, "Changing the Comment's body on the association should change the original Comment's body"
 
-    comment.body = "Broseiden is the king of the sea of bros."
+    comment.body = "Kittens are adorable."
     assert_equal comment.body, rating.comment.body, "Changing the original Comment's body should change the Comment's body on the association"
   end
 
@@ -82,10 +97,10 @@ class AutomaticInverseFindingTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert_equal rating.comment, comment, "The Rating's comment should be the original Comment"
 
-    rating.comment.body = "Brogramming is the act of programming, like a bro."
+    rating.comment.body = "Fennec foxes are the smallest of the foxes."
     assert_equal rating.comment.body, comment.body, "Changing the Comment's body on the association should change the original Comment's body"
 
-    comment.body = "Broseiden is the king of the sea of bros."
+    comment.body = "Kittens are adorable."
     assert_equal comment.body, rating.comment.body, "Changing the original Comment's body should change the Comment's body on the association"
   end
 
@@ -100,6 +115,17 @@ class AutomaticInverseFindingTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_respond_to club_reflection, :has_inverse?
     assert !club_reflection.has_inverse?, "A has_many_through association should not find an inverse automatically"
   end
+
+  def test_polymorphic_relationships_should_still_not_have_inverses_when_non_polymorphic_relationship_has_the_same_name
+    man_reflection = Man.reflect_on_association(:polymorphic_face_without_inverse)
+    face_reflection = Face.reflect_on_association(:man)
+
+    assert_respond_to face_reflection, :has_inverse?
+    assert face_reflection.has_inverse?, "For this test, the non-polymorphic association must have an inverse"
+
+    assert_respond_to man_reflection, :has_inverse?
+    assert !man_reflection.has_inverse?, "The target of a polymorphic association should not find an inverse automatically"
+  end
 end
 
 class InverseAssociationTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -175,6 +201,16 @@ class InverseAssociationTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     belongs_to_ref = Sponsor.reflect_on_association(:sponsor_club)
     assert_nil belongs_to_ref.inverse_of
   end
+
+  def test_this_inverse_stuff
+    firm = Firm.create!(name: 'Adequate Holdings')
+    Project.create!(name: 'Project 1', firm: firm)
+    Developer.create!(name: 'Gorbypuff', firm: firm)
+
+    new_project = Project.last
+    assert Project.reflect_on_association(:lead_developer).inverse_of.present?, "Expected inverse of to be present"
+    assert new_project.lead_developer.present?, "Expected lead developer to be present on the project"
+  end
 end
 
 class InverseHasOneTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -333,7 +369,7 @@ class InverseHasManyTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_parent_instance_should_be_shared_within_create_block_of_new_child
     man = Man.first
-    interest = man.interests.build do |i|
+    interest = man.interests.create do |i|
       assert i.man.equal?(man), "Man of child should be the same instance as a parent"
     end
     assert interest.man.equal?(man), "Man of the child should still be the same instance as a parent"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/join_model_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/join_model_test.rb
index aabeea025f..f6dddaf5b4 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/join_model_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/join_model_test.rb
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ require 'models/engine'
 require 'models/car'
 
 class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false unless supports_savepoints?
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false unless supports_savepoints?
 
   fixtures :posts, :authors, :categories, :categorizations, :comments, :tags, :taggings, :author_favorites, :vertices, :items, :books,
     # Reload edges table from fixtures as otherwise repeated test was failing
@@ -35,12 +35,12 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert categories(:sti_test).authors.include?(authors(:mary))
   end
 
-  def test_has_many_uniq_through_join_model
+  def test_has_many_distinct_through_join_model
     assert_equal 2, authors(:mary).categorized_posts.size
     assert_equal 1, authors(:mary).unique_categorized_posts.size
   end
 
-  def test_has_many_uniq_through_count
+  def test_has_many_distinct_through_count
     author = authors(:mary)
     assert !authors(:mary).unique_categorized_posts.loaded?
     assert_queries(1) { assert_equal 1, author.unique_categorized_posts.count }
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert !authors(:mary).unique_categorized_posts.loaded?
   end
 
-  def test_has_many_uniq_through_find
+  def test_has_many_distinct_through_find
     assert_equal 1, authors(:mary).unique_categorized_posts.to_a.size
   end
 
@@ -213,7 +213,8 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     old_count = Tagging.count
     post.destroy
     assert_equal old_count-1, Tagging.count
-    assert_nil posts(:welcome).tagging(true)
+    posts(:welcome).association(:tagging).reload
+    assert_nil posts(:welcome).tagging
   end
 
   def test_delete_polymorphic_has_one_with_nullify
@@ -224,7 +225,8 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     old_count = Tagging.count
     post.destroy
     assert_equal old_count, Tagging.count
-    assert_nil posts(:welcome).tagging(true)
+    posts(:welcome).association(:tagging).reload
+    assert_nil posts(:welcome).tagging
   end
 
   def test_has_many_with_piggyback
@@ -326,11 +328,11 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_belongs_to_polymorphic_with_counter_cache
-    assert_equal 1, posts(:welcome)[:taggings_count]
+    assert_equal 1, posts(:welcome)[:tags_count]
     tagging = posts(:welcome).taggings.create(:tag => tags(:general))
-    assert_equal 2, posts(:welcome, :reload)[:taggings_count]
+    assert_equal 2, posts(:welcome, :reload)[:tags_count]
     tagging.destroy
-    assert_equal 1, posts(:welcome, :reload)[:taggings_count]
+    assert_equal 1, posts(:welcome, :reload)[:tags_count]
   end
 
   def test_unavailable_through_reflection
@@ -393,18 +395,18 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_has_many_through_polymorphic_has_one
-    assert_equal Tagging.find(1,2).sort_by { |t| t.id }, authors(:david).taggings_2
+    assert_equal Tagging.find(1,2).sort_by(&:id), authors(:david).taggings_2
   end
 
   def test_has_many_through_polymorphic_has_many
-    assert_equal taggings(:welcome_general, :thinking_general), authors(:david).taggings.distinct.sort_by { |t| t.id }
+    assert_equal taggings(:welcome_general, :thinking_general), authors(:david).taggings.distinct.sort_by(&:id)
   end
 
   def test_include_has_many_through_polymorphic_has_many
     author            = Author.includes(:taggings).find authors(:david).id
     expected_taggings = taggings(:welcome_general, :thinking_general)
     assert_no_queries do
-      assert_equal expected_taggings, author.taggings.distinct.sort_by { |t| t.id }
+      assert_equal expected_taggings, author.taggings.distinct.sort_by(&:id)
     end
   end
 
@@ -444,7 +446,7 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_has_many_through_uses_conditions_specified_on_the_has_many_association
     author = Author.first
     assert author.comments.present?
-    assert author.nonexistant_comments.blank?
+    assert author.nonexistent_comments.blank?
   end
 
   def test_has_many_through_uses_correct_attributes
@@ -461,7 +463,7 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert saved_post.tags.include?(new_tag)
 
     assert new_tag.persisted?
-    assert saved_post.reload.tags(true).include?(new_tag)
+    assert saved_post.reload.tags.reload.include?(new_tag)
 
 
     new_post = Post.new(:title => "Association replacement works!", :body => "You best believe it.")
@@ -474,7 +476,7 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     new_post.save!
     assert new_post.persisted?
-    assert new_post.reload.tags(true).include?(saved_tag)
+    assert new_post.reload.tags.reload.include?(saved_tag)
 
     assert !posts(:thinking).tags.build.persisted?
     assert !posts(:thinking).tags.new.persisted?
@@ -489,24 +491,24 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
                 message = "Expected a Tag in tags collection, got #{wrong.class}.")
     assert_nil( wrong = post_thinking.taggings.detect { |t| t.class != Tagging },
                 message = "Expected a Tagging in taggings collection, got #{wrong.class}.")
-    assert_equal(count + 1, post_thinking.tags.size)
-    assert_equal(count + 1, post_thinking.tags(true).size)
+    assert_equal(count + 1, post_thinking.reload.tags.size)
+    assert_equal(count + 1, post_thinking.tags.reload.size)
 
     assert_kind_of Tag, post_thinking.tags.create!(:name => 'foo')
     assert_nil( wrong = post_thinking.tags.detect { |t| t.class != Tag },
                 message = "Expected a Tag in tags collection, got #{wrong.class}.")
     assert_nil( wrong = post_thinking.taggings.detect { |t| t.class != Tagging },
                 message = "Expected a Tagging in taggings collection, got #{wrong.class}.")
-    assert_equal(count + 2, post_thinking.tags.size)
-    assert_equal(count + 2, post_thinking.tags(true).size)
+    assert_equal(count + 2, post_thinking.reload.tags.size)
+    assert_equal(count + 2, post_thinking.tags.reload.size)
 
     assert_nothing_raised { post_thinking.tags.concat(Tag.create!(:name => 'abc'), Tag.create!(:name => 'def')) }
     assert_nil( wrong = post_thinking.tags.detect { |t| t.class != Tag },
                 message = "Expected a Tag in tags collection, got #{wrong.class}.")
     assert_nil( wrong = post_thinking.taggings.detect { |t| t.class != Tagging },
                 message = "Expected a Tagging in taggings collection, got #{wrong.class}.")
-    assert_equal(count + 4, post_thinking.tags.size)
-    assert_equal(count + 4, post_thinking.tags(true).size)
+    assert_equal(count + 4, post_thinking.reload.tags.size)
+    assert_equal(count + 4, post_thinking.tags.reload.size)
 
     # Raises if the wrong reflection name is used to set the Edge belongs_to
     assert_nothing_raised { vertices(:vertex_1).sinks << vertices(:vertex_5) }
@@ -544,44 +546,45 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     book = Book.create!(:name => 'Getting Real')
     book_awdr = books(:awdr)
     book_awdr.references << book
-    assert_equal(count + 1, book_awdr.references(true).size)
+    assert_equal(count + 1, book_awdr.references.reload.size)
 
     assert_nothing_raised { book_awdr.references.delete(book) }
     assert_equal(count, book_awdr.references.size)
-    assert_equal(count, book_awdr.references(true).size)
+    assert_equal(count, book_awdr.references.reload.size)
     assert_equal(references_before.sort, book_awdr.references.sort)
   end
 
   def test_delete_associate_when_deleting_from_has_many_through
     count = posts(:thinking).tags.count
-    tags_before = posts(:thinking).tags
+    tags_before = posts(:thinking).tags.sort
     tag = Tag.create!(:name => 'doomed')
     post_thinking = posts(:thinking)
     post_thinking.tags << tag
-    assert_equal(count + 1, post_thinking.taggings(true).size)
-    assert_equal(count + 1, post_thinking.tags(true).size)
+    assert_equal(count + 1, post_thinking.taggings.reload.size)
+    assert_equal(count + 1, post_thinking.reload.tags.reload.size)
+    assert_not_equal(tags_before, post_thinking.tags.sort)
 
     assert_nothing_raised { post_thinking.tags.delete(tag) }
     assert_equal(count, post_thinking.tags.size)
-    assert_equal(count, post_thinking.tags(true).size)
-    assert_equal(count, post_thinking.taggings(true).size)
-    assert_equal(tags_before.sort, post_thinking.tags.sort)
+    assert_equal(count, post_thinking.tags.reload.size)
+    assert_equal(count, post_thinking.taggings.reload.size)
+    assert_equal(tags_before, post_thinking.tags.sort)
   end
 
   def test_delete_associate_when_deleting_from_has_many_through_with_multiple_tags
     count = posts(:thinking).tags.count
-    tags_before = posts(:thinking).tags
+    tags_before = posts(:thinking).tags.sort
     doomed = Tag.create!(:name => 'doomed')
     doomed2 = Tag.create!(:name => 'doomed2')
     quaked = Tag.create!(:name => 'quaked')
     post_thinking = posts(:thinking)
     post_thinking.tags << doomed << doomed2
-    assert_equal(count + 2, post_thinking.tags(true).size)
+    assert_equal(count + 2, post_thinking.reload.tags.reload.size)
 
     assert_nothing_raised { post_thinking.tags.delete(doomed, doomed2, quaked) }
     assert_equal(count, post_thinking.tags.size)
-    assert_equal(count, post_thinking.tags(true).size)
-    assert_equal(tags_before.sort, post_thinking.tags.sort)
+    assert_equal(count, post_thinking.tags.reload.size)
+    assert_equal(tags_before, post_thinking.tags.sort)
   end
 
   def test_deleting_junk_from_has_many_through_should_raise_type_mismatch
@@ -624,7 +627,7 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [comments(:does_it_hurt)], authors(:david).special_post_comments
   end
 
-  def test_uniq_has_many_through_should_retain_order
+  def test_distinct_has_many_through_should_retain_order
     comment_ids = authors(:david).comments.map(&:id)
     assert_equal comment_ids.sort, authors(:david).ordered_uniq_comments.map(&:id)
     assert_equal comment_ids.sort.reverse, authors(:david).ordered_uniq_comments_desc.map(&:id)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/left_outer_join_association_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/left_outer_join_association_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4af791b758
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/left_outer_join_association_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require 'models/post'
+require 'models/comment'
+require 'models/author'
+require 'models/essay'
+require 'models/categorization'
+require 'models/person'
+
+class LeftOuterJoinAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  fixtures :authors, :essays, :posts, :comments, :categorizations, :people
+
+  def test_construct_finder_sql_applies_aliases_tables_on_association_conditions
+    result = Author.left_outer_joins(:thinking_posts, :welcome_posts).to_a
+    assert_equal authors(:david), result.first
+  end
+
+  def test_construct_finder_sql_does_not_table_name_collide_on_duplicate_associations
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      queries = capture_sql do
+        Person.left_outer_joins(:agents => {:agents => :agents})
+              .left_outer_joins(:agents => {:agents => {:primary_contact => :agents}}).to_a
+      end
+      assert queries.any? { |sql| /agents_people_4/i =~ sql }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_construct_finder_sql_executes_a_left_outer_join
+    assert_not_equal Author.count, Author.joins(:posts).count
+    assert_equal Author.count, Author.left_outer_joins(:posts).count
+  end
+
+  def test_left_outer_join_by_left_joins
+    assert_not_equal Author.count, Author.joins(:posts).count
+    assert_equal Author.count, Author.left_joins(:posts).count
+  end
+
+  def test_construct_finder_sql_ignores_empty_left_outer_joins_hash
+    queries = capture_sql { Author.left_outer_joins({}) }
+    assert queries.none? { |sql| /LEFT OUTER JOIN/i =~ sql }
+  end
+
+  def test_construct_finder_sql_ignores_empty_left_outer_joins_array
+    queries = capture_sql { Author.left_outer_joins([]) }
+    assert queries.none? { |sql| /LEFT OUTER JOIN/i =~ sql }
+  end
+
+  def test_left_outer_joins_forbids_to_use_string_as_argument
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Author.left_outer_joins('LEFT OUTER JOIN "posts" ON "posts"."user_id" = "users"."id"').to_a }
+  end
+
+  def test_join_conditions_added_to_join_clause
+    queries = capture_sql { Author.left_outer_joins(:essays).to_a }
+    assert queries.any? { |sql| /writer_type.*?=.*?(Author|\?|\$1)/i =~ sql }
+    assert queries.none? { |sql| /WHERE/i =~ sql }
+  end
+
+  def test_find_with_sti_join
+    scope = Post.left_outer_joins(:special_comments).where(:id => posts(:sti_comments).id)
+
+    # The join should match SpecialComment and its subclasses only
+    assert scope.where("comments.type" => "Comment").empty?
+    assert !scope.where("comments.type" => "SpecialComment").empty?
+    assert !scope.where("comments.type" => "SubSpecialComment").empty?
+  end
+
+  def test_does_not_override_select
+    authors = Author.select("authors.name, #{%{(authors.author_address_id || ' ' || authors.author_address_extra_id) as addr_id}}").left_outer_joins(:posts)
+    assert authors.any?
+    assert authors.first.respond_to?(:addr_id)
+  end
+
+  test "the default scope of the target is applied when joining associations" do
+    author = Author.create! name: "Jon"
+    author.categorizations.create!
+    author.categorizations.create! special: true
+
+    assert_equal [author], Author.where(id: author).left_outer_joins(:special_categorizations)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/nested_through_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/nested_through_associations_test.rb
index 8ef351cda8..b040485d99 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/nested_through_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/nested_through_associations_test.rb
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ class NestedThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_has_many_through_has_one_through_with_has_one_source_reflection_preload
     members = assert_queries(4) { Member.includes(:nested_sponsors).to_a }
     mustache = sponsors(:moustache_club_sponsor_for_groucho)
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       assert_equal [mustache], members.first.nested_sponsors
     end
   end
@@ -153,6 +153,7 @@ class NestedThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_has_many_through_has_one_with_has_many_through_source_reflection_preload
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.table_alias_length  # preheat cache
     members = assert_queries(4) { Member.includes(:organization_member_details).to_a.sort_by(&:id) }
     groucho_details, other_details = member_details(:groucho), member_details(:some_other_guy)
 
@@ -494,7 +495,7 @@ class NestedThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     groucho = members(:groucho)
     founding = member_types(:founding)
 
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::HasManyThroughNestedAssociationsAreReadonly) do
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::HasOneThroughNestedAssociationsAreReadonly) do
       groucho.nested_member_type = founding
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/required_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/required_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3e5494e897
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/required_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+class RequiredAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
+
+  class Parent < ActiveRecord::Base
+  end
+
+  class Child < ActiveRecord::Base
+  end
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_table :parents, force: true
+    @connection.create_table :children, force: true do |t|
+      t.belongs_to :parent
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.drop_table 'parents', if_exists: true
+    @connection.drop_table 'children', if_exists: true
+  end
+
+  test "belongs_to associations are not required by default" do
+    model = subclass_of(Child) do
+      belongs_to :parent, inverse_of: false,
+        class_name: "RequiredAssociationsTest::Parent"
+    end
+
+    assert model.new.save
+    assert model.new(parent: Parent.new).save
+  end
+
+  test "required belongs_to associations have presence validated" do
+    model = subclass_of(Child) do
+      belongs_to :parent, required: true, inverse_of: false,
+        class_name: "RequiredAssociationsTest::Parent"
+    end
+
+    record = model.new
+    assert_not record.save
+    assert_equal ["Parent must exist"], record.errors.full_messages
+
+    record.parent = Parent.new
+    assert record.save
+  end
+
+  test "has_one associations are not required by default" do
+    model = subclass_of(Parent) do
+      has_one :child, inverse_of: false,
+        class_name: "RequiredAssociationsTest::Child"
+    end
+
+    assert model.new.save
+    assert model.new(child: Child.new).save
+  end
+
+  test "required has_one associations have presence validated" do
+    model = subclass_of(Parent) do
+      has_one :child, required: true, inverse_of: false,
+        class_name: "RequiredAssociationsTest::Child"
+    end
+
+    record = model.new
+    assert_not record.save
+    assert_equal ["Child must exist"], record.errors.full_messages
+
+    record.child = Child.new
+    assert record.save
+  end
+
+  test "required has_one associations have a correct error message" do
+    model = subclass_of(Parent) do
+      has_one :child, required: true, inverse_of: false,
+      class_name: "RequiredAssociationsTest::Child"
+    end
+
+    record = model.create
+    assert_equal ["Child must exist"], record.errors.full_messages
+  end
+
+  test "required belongs_to associations have a correct error message" do
+    model = subclass_of(Child) do
+      belongs_to :parent, required: true, inverse_of: false,
+      class_name: "RequiredAssociationsTest::Parent"
+    end
+
+    record = model.create
+    assert_equal ["Parent must exist"], record.errors.full_messages
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def subclass_of(klass, &block)
+    subclass = Class.new(klass, &block)
+    def subclass.name
+      superclass.name
+    end
+    subclass
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations_test.rb
index f663b5490c..01a058918a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations_test.rb
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ require 'models/tag'
 require 'models/tagging'
 require 'models/person'
 require 'models/reader'
-require 'models/parrot'
 require 'models/ship_part'
 require 'models/ship'
 require 'models/liquid'
@@ -23,7 +22,7 @@ require 'models/interest'
 
 class AssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :accounts, :companies, :developers, :projects, :developers_projects,
-           :computers, :people, :readers
+           :computers, :people, :readers, :authors, :author_favorites
 
   def test_eager_loading_should_not_change_count_of_children
     liquid = Liquid.create(:name => 'salty')
@@ -35,26 +34,11 @@ class AssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 1, liquids[0].molecules.length
   end
 
-  def test_clear_association_cache_stored
-    firm = Firm.find(1)
-    assert_kind_of Firm, firm
-
-    firm.clear_association_cache
-    assert_equal Firm.find(1).clients.collect{ |x| x.name }.sort, firm.clients.collect{ |x| x.name }.sort
-  end
-
-  def test_clear_association_cache_new_record
-     firm            = Firm.new
-     client_stored   = Client.find(3)
-     client_new      = Client.new
-     client_new.name = "The Joneses"
-     clients         = [ client_stored, client_new ]
-
-     firm.clients    << clients
-     assert_equal clients.map(&:name).to_set, firm.clients.map(&:name).to_set
-
-     firm.clear_association_cache
-     assert_equal clients.map(&:name).to_set, firm.clients.map(&:name).to_set
+  def test_subselect
+    author = authors :david
+    favs = author.author_favorites
+    fav2 = author.author_favorites.where(:author => Author.where(id: author.id)).to_a
+    assert_equal favs, fav2
   end
 
   def test_loading_the_association_target_should_keep_child_records_marked_for_destruction
@@ -107,8 +91,10 @@ class AssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert firm.clients.empty?, "New firm should have cached no client objects"
     assert_equal 0, firm.clients.size, "New firm should have cached 0 clients count"
 
-    assert !firm.clients(true).empty?, "New firm should have reloaded client objects"
-    assert_equal 1, firm.clients(true).size, "New firm should have reloaded clients count"
+    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+      assert !firm.clients(true).empty?, "New firm should have reloaded client objects"
+      assert_equal 1, firm.clients(true).size, "New firm should have reloaded clients count"
+    end
   end
 
   def test_using_limitable_reflections_helper
@@ -124,16 +110,19 @@ class AssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_force_reload_is_uncached
     firm = Firm.create!("name" => "A New Firm, Inc")
     Client.create!("name" => "TheClient.com", :firm => firm)
-    ActiveRecord::Base.cache do
-      firm.clients.each {}
-      assert_queries(0) { assert_not_nil firm.clients.each {} }
-      assert_queries(1) { assert_not_nil firm.clients(true).each {} }
+
+    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+      ActiveRecord::Base.cache do
+        firm.clients.each {}
+        assert_queries(0) { assert_not_nil firm.clients.each {} }
+        assert_queries(1) { assert_not_nil firm.clients(true).each {} }
+      end
     end
   end
 
   def test_association_with_references
     firm = companies(:first_firm)
-    assert_equal ['foo'], firm.association_with_references.references_values
+    assert_includes firm.association_with_references.references_values, 'foo'
   end
 
 end
@@ -230,7 +219,7 @@ class AssociationProxyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_scoped_allows_conditions
-    assert developers(:david).projects.merge!(where: 'foo').where_values.include?('foo')
+    assert developers(:david).projects.merge(where: 'foo').to_sql.include?('foo')
   end
 
   test "getting a scope from an association" do
@@ -256,6 +245,11 @@ class AssociationProxyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  test "first! works on loaded associations" do
+    david = authors(:david)
+    assert_equal david.posts.first, david.posts.reload.first!
+  end
+
   def test_reset_unloads_target
     david = authors(:david)
     david.posts.reload
@@ -350,4 +344,18 @@ class GeneratedMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_model_method_overrides_association_method
     assert_equal(comments(:greetings).body, posts(:welcome).first_comment)
   end
+
+  module MyModule
+    def comments; :none end
+  end
+
+  class MyArticle < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = "articles"
+    include MyModule
+    has_many :comments, inverse_of: false
+  end
+
+  def test_included_module_overwrites_association_methods
+    assert_equal :none, MyArticle.new.comments
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_decorators_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_decorators_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2aeb2601c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_decorators_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class AttributeDecoratorsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    class Model < ActiveRecord::Base
+      self.table_name = 'attribute_decorators_model'
+    end
+
+    class StringDecorator < SimpleDelegator
+      def initialize(delegate, decoration = "decorated!")
+        @decoration = decoration
+        super(delegate)
+      end
+
+      def cast(value)
+        "#{super} #{@decoration}"
+      end
+
+      alias deserialize cast
+    end
+
+    setup do
+      @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+      @connection.create_table :attribute_decorators_model, force: true do |t|
+        t.string :a_string
+      end
+    end
+
+    teardown do
+      return unless @connection
+      @connection.drop_table 'attribute_decorators_model', if_exists: true
+      Model.attribute_type_decorations.clear
+      Model.reset_column_information
+    end
+
+    test "attributes can be decorated" do
+      model = Model.new(a_string: 'Hello')
+      assert_equal 'Hello', model.a_string
+
+      Model.decorate_attribute_type(:a_string, :test) { |t| StringDecorator.new(t) }
+
+      model = Model.new(a_string: 'Hello')
+      assert_equal 'Hello decorated!', model.a_string
+    end
+
+    test "decoration does not eagerly load existing columns" do
+      Model.reset_column_information
+      assert_no_queries do
+        Model.decorate_attribute_type(:a_string, :test) { |t| StringDecorator.new(t) }
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "undecorated columns are not touched" do
+      Model.attribute :another_string, :string, default: 'something or other'
+      Model.decorate_attribute_type(:a_string, :test) { |t| StringDecorator.new(t) }
+
+      assert_equal 'something or other', Model.new.another_string
+    end
+
+    test "decorators can be chained" do
+      Model.decorate_attribute_type(:a_string, :test) { |t| StringDecorator.new(t) }
+      Model.decorate_attribute_type(:a_string, :other) { |t| StringDecorator.new(t) }
+
+      model = Model.new(a_string: 'Hello!')
+
+      assert_equal 'Hello! decorated! decorated!', model.a_string
+    end
+
+    test "decoration of the same type multiple times is idempotent" do
+      Model.decorate_attribute_type(:a_string, :test) { |t| StringDecorator.new(t) }
+      Model.decorate_attribute_type(:a_string, :test) { |t| StringDecorator.new(t) }
+
+      model = Model.new(a_string: 'Hello')
+      assert_equal 'Hello decorated!', model.a_string
+    end
+
+    test "decorations occur in order of declaration" do
+      Model.decorate_attribute_type(:a_string, :test) { |t| StringDecorator.new(t) }
+      Model.decorate_attribute_type(:a_string, :other) do |type|
+        StringDecorator.new(type, 'decorated again!')
+      end
+
+      model = Model.new(a_string: 'Hello!')
+
+      assert_equal 'Hello! decorated! decorated again!', model.a_string
+    end
+
+    test "decorating attributes does not modify parent classes" do
+      Model.attribute :another_string, :string, default: 'whatever'
+      Model.decorate_attribute_type(:a_string, :test) { |t| StringDecorator.new(t) }
+      child_class = Class.new(Model)
+      child_class.decorate_attribute_type(:another_string, :test) { |t| StringDecorator.new(t) }
+      child_class.decorate_attribute_type(:a_string, :other) { |t| StringDecorator.new(t) }
+
+      model = Model.new(a_string: 'Hello!')
+      child = child_class.new(a_string: 'Hello!')
+
+      assert_equal 'Hello! decorated!', model.a_string
+      assert_equal 'whatever', model.another_string
+      assert_equal 'Hello! decorated! decorated!', child.a_string
+      assert_equal 'whatever decorated!', child.another_string
+    end
+
+    class Multiplier < SimpleDelegator
+      def cast(value)
+        return if value.nil?
+        value * 2
+      end
+      alias deserialize cast
+    end
+
+    test "decorating with a proc" do
+      Model.attribute :an_int, :integer
+      type_is_integer = proc { |_, type| type.type == :integer }
+      Model.decorate_matching_attribute_types type_is_integer, :multiplier do |type|
+        Multiplier.new(type)
+      end
+
+      model = Model.new(a_string: 'whatever', an_int: 1)
+
+      assert_equal 'whatever', model.a_string
+      assert_equal 2, model.an_int
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods/read_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods/read_test.rb
index c0659fddef..74e556211b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods/read_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods/read_test.rb
@@ -12,10 +12,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @klass = Class.new do
           def self.superclass; Base; end
           def self.base_class; self; end
+          def self.decorate_matching_attribute_types(*); end
+          def self.initialize_generated_modules; end
 
           include ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods
 
-          def self.column_names
+          def self.attribute_names
             %w{ one two three }
           end
 
@@ -23,11 +25,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
 
           def self.columns
-            column_names.map { FakeColumn.new(name) }
+            attribute_names.map { FakeColumn.new(name) }
           end
 
           def self.columns_hash
-            Hash[column_names.map { |name|
+            Hash[attribute_names.map { |name|
               [name, FakeColumn.new(name)]
             }]
           end
@@ -37,13 +39,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def test_define_attribute_methods
         instance = @klass.new
 
-        @klass.column_names.each do |name|
+        @klass.attribute_names.each do |name|
           assert !instance.methods.map(&:to_s).include?(name)
         end
 
         @klass.define_attribute_methods
 
-        @klass.column_names.each do |name|
+        @klass.attribute_names.each do |name|
           assert instance.methods.map(&:to_s).include?(name), "#{name} is not defined"
         end
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods/serialization_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods/serialization_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 75de773961..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods/serialization_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-require "cases/helper"
-
-module ActiveRecord
-  module AttributeMethods
-    class SerializationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-      class FakeColumn < Struct.new(:name)
-        def type; :integer; end
-        def type_cast(s); "#{s}!"; end
-      end
-
-      class NullCoder
-        def load(v); v; end
-      end
-
-      def test_type_cast_serialized_value
-        value = Serialization::Attribute.new(NullCoder.new, "Hello world", :serialized)
-        type = Serialization::Type.new(FakeColumn.new)
-        assert_equal "Hello world!", type.type_cast(value)
-      end
-
-      def test_type_cast_unserialized_value
-        value = Serialization::Attribute.new(nil, "Hello world", :unserialized)
-        type = Serialization::Type.new(FakeColumn.new)
-        type.type_cast(value)
-        assert_equal "Hello world", type.type_cast(value)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
index 1a1e442df0..52d197718e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @target.table_name = 'topics'
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     ActiveRecord::Base.send(:attribute_method_matchers).clear
     ActiveRecord::Base.send(:attribute_method_matchers).concat(@old_matchers)
   end
@@ -66,8 +66,9 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_caching_nil_primary_key
     klass = Class.new(Minimalistic)
-    klass.expects(:reset_primary_key).returns(nil).once
-    2.times { klass.primary_key }
+    assert_called(klass, :reset_primary_key, returns: nil) do
+      2.times { klass.primary_key }
+    end
   end
 
   def test_attribute_keys_on_new_instance
@@ -143,7 +144,11 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   # Syck calls respond_to? before actually calling initialize
   def test_respond_to_with_allocated_object
-    topic = Topic.allocate
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = 'topics'
+    end
+
+    topic = klass.allocate
     assert !topic.respond_to?("nothingness")
     assert !topic.respond_to?(:nothingness)
     assert_respond_to topic, "title"
@@ -170,9 +175,9 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal category_attrs , category.attributes_before_type_cast
   end
 
-  if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter)
+  if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
     def test_read_attributes_before_type_cast_on_boolean
-      bool = Boolean.create({ "value" => false })
+      bool = Boolean.create!({ "value" => false })
       if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /java/
         # JRuby will return the value before typecast as string
         assert_equal "0", bool.reload.attributes_before_type_cast["value"]
@@ -253,6 +258,15 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal @loaded_fixtures['computers']['workstation'].to_hash, Computer.first.attributes
   end
 
+  def test_attributes_without_primary_key
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = 'developers_projects'
+    end
+
+    assert_equal klass.column_names, klass.new.attributes.keys
+    assert_not klass.new.has_attribute?('id')
+  end
+
   def test_hashes_not_mangled
     new_topic = { :title => "New Topic" }
     new_topic_values = { :title => "AnotherTopic" }
@@ -288,10 +302,10 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_read_attribute
     topic = Topic.new
     topic.title = "Don't change the topic"
-    assert_equal "Don't change the topic", topic.send(:read_attribute, "title")
+    assert_equal "Don't change the topic", topic.read_attribute("title")
     assert_equal "Don't change the topic", topic["title"]
 
-    assert_equal "Don't change the topic", topic.send(:read_attribute, :title)
+    assert_equal "Don't change the topic", topic.read_attribute(:title)
     assert_equal "Don't change the topic", topic[:title]
   end
 
@@ -299,6 +313,8 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     computer = Computer.select('id').first
     assert_raises(ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError) { computer[:developer] }
     assert_raises(ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError) { computer[:extendedWarranty] }
+    assert_raises(ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError) { computer[:no_column_exists] = 'Hello!' }
+    assert_nothing_raised { computer[:developer] = 'Hello!' }
   end
 
   def test_read_attribute_when_false
@@ -358,10 +374,10 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       super(attr_name).upcase
     end
 
-    assert_equal "STOP CHANGING THE TOPIC", topic.send(:read_attribute, "title")
+    assert_equal "STOP CHANGING THE TOPIC", topic.read_attribute("title")
     assert_equal "STOP CHANGING THE TOPIC", topic["title"]
 
-    assert_equal "STOP CHANGING THE TOPIC", topic.send(:read_attribute, :title)
+    assert_equal "STOP CHANGING THE TOPIC", topic.read_attribute(:title)
     assert_equal "STOP CHANGING THE TOPIC", topic[:title]
   end
 
@@ -449,10 +465,10 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_declared_suffixed_attribute_method_affects_respond_to_and_method_missing
-    topic = @target.new(:title => 'Budget')
     %w(_default _title_default _it! _candidate= able?).each do |suffix|
       @target.class_eval "def attribute#{suffix}(*args) args end"
       @target.attribute_method_suffix suffix
+      topic = @target.new(:title => 'Budget')
 
       meth = "title#{suffix}"
       assert topic.respond_to?(meth)
@@ -463,10 +479,10 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_declared_affixed_attribute_method_affects_respond_to_and_method_missing
-    topic = @target.new(:title => 'Budget')
     [['mark_', '_for_update'], ['reset_', '!'], ['default_', '_value?']].each do |prefix, suffix|
       @target.class_eval "def #{prefix}attribute#{suffix}(*args) args end"
       @target.attribute_method_affix({ :prefix => prefix, :suffix => suffix })
+      topic = @target.new(:title => 'Budget')
 
       meth = "#{prefix}title#{suffix}"
       assert topic.respond_to?(meth)
@@ -486,7 +502,7 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_typecast_attribute_from_select_to_false
     Topic.create(:title => 'Budget')
     # Oracle does not support boolean expressions in SELECT
-    if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
+    if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter, :FbAdapter)
       topic = Topic.all.merge!(:select => "topics.*, 0 as is_test").first
     else
       topic = Topic.all.merge!(:select => "topics.*, 1=2 as is_test").first
@@ -497,7 +513,7 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_typecast_attribute_from_select_to_true
     Topic.create(:title => 'Budget')
     # Oracle does not support boolean expressions in SELECT
-    if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
+    if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter, :FbAdapter)
       topic = Topic.all.merge!(:select => "topics.*, 1 as is_test").first
     else
       topic = Topic.all.merge!(:select => "topics.*, 2=2 as is_test").first
@@ -515,46 +531,6 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_only_time_related_columns_are_meant_to_be_cached_by_default
-    expected = %w(datetime timestamp time date).sort
-    assert_equal expected, ActiveRecord::Base.attribute_types_cached_by_default.map(&:to_s).sort
-  end
-
-  def test_declaring_attributes_as_cached_adds_them_to_the_attributes_cached_by_default
-    default_attributes = Topic.cached_attributes
-    Topic.cache_attributes :replies_count
-    expected = default_attributes + ["replies_count"]
-    assert_equal expected.sort, Topic.cached_attributes.sort
-    Topic.instance_variable_set "@cached_attributes", nil
-  end
-
-  def test_cacheable_columns_are_actually_cached
-    assert_equal cached_columns.sort, Topic.cached_attributes.sort
-  end
-
-  def test_accessing_cached_attributes_caches_the_converted_values_and_nothing_else
-    t = topics(:first)
-    cache = t.instance_variable_get "@attributes_cache"
-
-    assert_not_nil cache
-    assert cache.empty?
-
-    all_columns = Topic.columns.map(&:name)
-    uncached_columns = all_columns - cached_columns
-
-    all_columns.each do |attr_name|
-      attribute_gets_cached = Topic.cache_attribute?(attr_name)
-      val = t.send attr_name unless attr_name == "type"
-      if attribute_gets_cached
-        assert cached_columns.include?(attr_name)
-        assert_equal val, cache[attr_name]
-      else
-        assert uncached_columns.include?(attr_name)
-        assert !cache.include?(attr_name)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_converted_values_are_returned_after_assignment
     developer = Developer.new(name: 1337, salary: "50000")
 
@@ -566,9 +542,6 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     developer.save!
 
-    assert_equal "50000", developer.salary_before_type_cast
-    assert_equal 1337, developer.name_before_type_cast
-
     assert_equal 50000, developer.salary
     assert_equal "1337", developer.name
   end
@@ -681,7 +654,7 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_setting_time_zone_aware_attribute_in_current_time_zone
+  def test_setting_time_zone_aware_datetime_in_current_time_zone
     utc_time = Time.utc(2008, 1, 1)
     in_time_zone "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
       record   = @target.new
@@ -692,6 +665,55 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_yaml_dumping_record_with_time_zone_aware_attribute
+    in_time_zone "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
+      record = Topic.new(id: 1)
+      record.written_on = "Jan 01 00:00:00 2014"
+      assert_equal record, YAML.load(YAML.dump(record))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_setting_time_zone_aware_time_in_current_time_zone
+    in_time_zone "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
+      record = @target.new
+      time_string = "10:00:00"
+      expected_time = Time.zone.parse("2000-01-01 #{time_string}")
+
+      record.bonus_time = time_string
+      assert_equal expected_time, record.bonus_time
+      assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone["Pacific Time (US & Canada)"], record.bonus_time.time_zone
+
+      record.bonus_time = ''
+      assert_nil record.bonus_time
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_setting_time_zone_aware_time_with_dst
+    in_time_zone "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
+      current_time = Time.zone.local(2014, 06, 15, 10)
+      record = @target.new(bonus_time: current_time)
+      time_before_save = record.bonus_time
+
+      record.save
+      record.reload
+
+      assert_equal time_before_save, record.bonus_time
+      assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone["Pacific Time (US & Canada)"], record.bonus_time.time_zone
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_removing_time_zone_aware_types
+    with_time_zone_aware_types(:datetime) do
+      in_time_zone "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
+        record = @target.new(bonus_time: "10:00:00")
+        expected_time = Time.utc(2000, 01, 01, 10)
+
+        assert_equal expected_time, record.bonus_time
+        assert record.bonus_time.utc?
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_setting_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes_should_write_value_on_class_variable
     Topic.skip_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes = [:field_a]
     Minimalistic.skip_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes = [:field_b]
@@ -737,13 +759,26 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::UnknownAttributeError) { @target.new.attributes = { :title => "Ants in pants" } }
   end
 
-  def test_bulk_update_raise_unknown_attribute_errro
+  def test_bulk_update_raise_unknown_attribute_error
     error = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::UnknownAttributeError) {
-      @target.new(:hello => "world")
+      Topic.new(hello: "world")
     }
-    assert @target, error.record
-    assert "hello", error.attribute
-    assert "unknown attribute: hello", error.message
+    assert_instance_of Topic, error.record
+    assert_equal "hello", error.attribute
+    assert_equal "unknown attribute 'hello' for Topic.", error.message
+  end
+
+  def test_methods_override_in_multi_level_subclass
+    klass = Class.new(Developer) do
+      def name
+        "dev:#{read_attribute(:name)}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    2.times { klass = Class.new klass }
+    dev = klass.new(name: 'arthurnn')
+    dev.save!
+    assert_equal 'dev:arthurnn', dev.reload.name
   end
 
   def test_global_methods_are_overwritten
@@ -808,6 +843,24 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal "lol", topic.author_name
   end
 
+  def test_inherited_custom_accessors_with_reserved_names
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = 'computers'
+      self.abstract_class = true
+      def system; "omg"; end
+      def system=(val); self.developer = val; end
+    end
+
+    subklass = Class.new(klass)
+    [klass, subklass].each(&:define_attribute_methods)
+
+    computer = subklass.find(1)
+    assert_equal "omg", computer.system
+
+    computer.developer = 99
+    assert_equal 99, computer.developer
+  end
+
   def test_on_the_fly_super_invokable_generated_attribute_methods_via_method_missing
     klass = new_topic_like_ar_class do
       def title
@@ -830,6 +883,67 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal !real_topic.title?, klass.find(real_topic.id).title?
   end
 
+  def test_calling_super_when_parent_does_not_define_method_raises_error
+    klass = new_topic_like_ar_class do
+      def some_method_that_is_not_on_super
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) do
+      klass.new.some_method_that_is_not_on_super
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_attribute_method?
+    assert @target.attribute_method?(:title)
+    assert @target.attribute_method?(:title=)
+    assert_not @target.attribute_method?(:wibble)
+  end
+
+  def test_attribute_method_returns_false_if_table_does_not_exist
+    @target.table_name = 'wibble'
+    assert_not @target.attribute_method?(:title)
+  end
+
+  def test_attribute_names_on_new_record
+    model = @target.new
+
+    assert_equal @target.column_names, model.attribute_names
+  end
+
+  def test_attribute_names_on_queried_record
+    model = @target.last!
+
+    assert_equal @target.column_names, model.attribute_names
+  end
+
+  def test_attribute_names_with_custom_select
+    model = @target.select('id').last!
+
+    assert_equal ['id'], model.attribute_names
+    # Sanity check, make sure other columns exist
+    assert_not_equal ['id'], @target.column_names
+  end
+
+  def test_came_from_user
+    model = @target.first
+
+    assert_not model.id_came_from_user?
+    model.id = "omg"
+    assert model.id_came_from_user?
+  end
+
+  def test_accessed_fields
+    model = @target.first
+
+    assert_equal [], model.accessed_fields
+
+    model.title
+
+    assert_equal ["title"], model.accessed_fields
+  end
+
   private
 
   def new_topic_like_ar_class(&block)
@@ -842,8 +956,16 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     klass
   end
 
+  def with_time_zone_aware_types(*types)
+    old_types = ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_types
+    ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_types = types
+    yield
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_types = old_types
+  end
+
   def cached_columns
-    Topic.columns.map(&:name) - Topic.serialized_attributes.keys
+    Topic.columns.map(&:name)
   end
 
   def time_related_columns_on_topic
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_set_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_set_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7a24b85a36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_set_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class AttributeSetTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    test "building a new set from raw attributes" do
+      builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new(foo: Type::Integer.new, bar: Type::Float.new)
+      attributes = builder.build_from_database(foo: '1.1', bar: '2.2')
+
+      assert_equal 1, attributes[:foo].value
+      assert_equal 2.2, attributes[:bar].value
+      assert_equal :foo, attributes[:foo].name
+      assert_equal :bar, attributes[:bar].name
+    end
+
+    test "building with custom types" do
+      builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new(foo: Type::Float.new)
+      attributes = builder.build_from_database({ foo: '3.3', bar: '4.4' }, { bar: Type::Integer.new })
+
+      assert_equal 3.3, attributes[:foo].value
+      assert_equal 4, attributes[:bar].value
+    end
+
+    test "[] returns a null object" do
+      builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new(foo: Type::Float.new)
+      attributes = builder.build_from_database(foo: '3.3')
+
+      assert_equal '3.3', attributes[:foo].value_before_type_cast
+      assert_equal nil, attributes[:bar].value_before_type_cast
+      assert_equal :bar, attributes[:bar].name
+    end
+
+    test "duping creates a new hash, but does not dup the attributes" do
+      builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new(foo: Type::Integer.new, bar: Type::String.new)
+      attributes = builder.build_from_database(foo: 1, bar: 'foo')
+
+      # Ensure the type cast value is cached
+      attributes[:foo].value
+      attributes[:bar].value
+
+      duped = attributes.dup
+      duped.write_from_database(:foo, 2)
+      duped[:bar].value << 'bar'
+
+      assert_equal 1, attributes[:foo].value
+      assert_equal 2, duped[:foo].value
+      assert_equal 'foobar', attributes[:bar].value
+      assert_equal 'foobar', duped[:bar].value
+    end
+
+    test "deep_duping creates a new hash and dups each attribute" do
+      builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new(foo: Type::Integer.new, bar: Type::String.new)
+      attributes = builder.build_from_database(foo: 1, bar: 'foo')
+
+      # Ensure the type cast value is cached
+      attributes[:foo].value
+      attributes[:bar].value
+
+      duped = attributes.deep_dup
+      duped.write_from_database(:foo, 2)
+      duped[:bar].value << 'bar'
+
+      assert_equal 1, attributes[:foo].value
+      assert_equal 2, duped[:foo].value
+      assert_equal 'foo', attributes[:bar].value
+      assert_equal 'foobar', duped[:bar].value
+    end
+
+    test "freezing cloned set does not freeze original" do
+      attributes = AttributeSet.new({})
+      clone = attributes.clone
+
+      clone.freeze
+
+      assert clone.frozen?
+      assert_not attributes.frozen?
+    end
+
+    test "to_hash returns a hash of the type cast values" do
+      builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new(foo: Type::Integer.new, bar: Type::Float.new)
+      attributes = builder.build_from_database(foo: '1.1', bar: '2.2')
+
+      assert_equal({ foo: 1, bar: 2.2 }, attributes.to_hash)
+      assert_equal({ foo: 1, bar: 2.2 }, attributes.to_h)
+    end
+
+    test "to_hash maintains order" do
+      builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new(foo: Type::Integer.new, bar: Type::Float.new)
+      attributes = builder.build_from_database(foo: '2.2', bar: '3.3')
+
+      attributes[:bar]
+      hash = attributes.to_h
+
+      assert_equal [[:foo, 2], [:bar, 3.3]], hash.to_a
+    end
+
+    test "values_before_type_cast" do
+      builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new(foo: Type::Integer.new, bar: Type::Integer.new)
+      attributes = builder.build_from_database(foo: '1.1', bar: '2.2')
+
+      assert_equal({ foo: '1.1', bar: '2.2' }, attributes.values_before_type_cast)
+    end
+
+    test "known columns are built with uninitialized attributes" do
+      attributes = attributes_with_uninitialized_key
+      assert attributes[:foo].initialized?
+      assert_not attributes[:bar].initialized?
+    end
+
+    test "uninitialized attributes are not included in the attributes hash" do
+      attributes = attributes_with_uninitialized_key
+      assert_equal({ foo: 1 }, attributes.to_hash)
+    end
+
+    test "uninitialized attributes are not included in keys" do
+      attributes = attributes_with_uninitialized_key
+      assert_equal [:foo], attributes.keys
+    end
+
+    test "uninitialized attributes return false for key?" do
+      attributes = attributes_with_uninitialized_key
+      assert attributes.key?(:foo)
+      assert_not attributes.key?(:bar)
+    end
+
+    test "unknown attributes return false for key?" do
+      attributes = attributes_with_uninitialized_key
+      assert_not attributes.key?(:wibble)
+    end
+
+    test "fetch_value returns the value for the given initialized attribute" do
+      builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new(foo: Type::Integer.new, bar: Type::Float.new)
+      attributes = builder.build_from_database(foo: '1.1', bar: '2.2')
+
+      assert_equal 1, attributes.fetch_value(:foo)
+      assert_equal 2.2, attributes.fetch_value(:bar)
+    end
+
+    test "fetch_value returns nil for unknown attributes" do
+      attributes = attributes_with_uninitialized_key
+      assert_nil attributes.fetch_value(:wibble) { "hello" }
+    end
+
+    test "fetch_value returns nil for unknown attributes when types has a default" do
+      types = Hash.new(Type::Value.new)
+      builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new(types)
+      attributes = builder.build_from_database
+
+      assert_nil attributes.fetch_value(:wibble) { "hello" }
+    end
+
+    test "fetch_value uses the given block for uninitialized attributes" do
+      attributes = attributes_with_uninitialized_key
+      value = attributes.fetch_value(:bar) { |n| n.to_s + '!' }
+      assert_equal 'bar!', value
+    end
+
+    test "fetch_value returns nil for uninitialized attributes if no block is given" do
+      attributes = attributes_with_uninitialized_key
+      assert_nil attributes.fetch_value(:bar)
+    end
+
+    test "the primary_key is always initialized" do
+      builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new({ foo: Type::Integer.new }, :foo)
+      attributes = builder.build_from_database
+
+      assert attributes.key?(:foo)
+      assert_equal [:foo], attributes.keys
+      assert attributes[:foo].initialized?
+    end
+
+    class MyType
+      def cast(value)
+        return if value.nil?
+        value + " from user"
+      end
+
+      def deserialize(value)
+        return if value.nil?
+        value + " from database"
+      end
+
+      def assert_valid_value(*)
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "write_from_database sets the attribute with database typecasting" do
+      builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new(foo: MyType.new)
+      attributes = builder.build_from_database
+
+      assert_nil attributes.fetch_value(:foo)
+
+      attributes.write_from_database(:foo, "value")
+
+      assert_equal "value from database", attributes.fetch_value(:foo)
+    end
+
+    test "write_from_user sets the attribute with user typecasting" do
+      builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new(foo: MyType.new)
+      attributes = builder.build_from_database
+
+      assert_nil attributes.fetch_value(:foo)
+
+      attributes.write_from_user(:foo, "value")
+
+      assert_equal "value from user", attributes.fetch_value(:foo)
+    end
+
+    def attributes_with_uninitialized_key
+      builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new(foo: Type::Integer.new, bar: Type::Float.new)
+      builder.build_from_database(foo: '1.1')
+    end
+
+    test "freezing doesn't prevent the set from materializing" do
+      builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new(foo: Type::String.new)
+      attributes = builder.build_from_database(foo: "1")
+
+      attributes.freeze
+      assert_equal({ foo: "1" }, attributes.to_hash)
+    end
+
+    test "#accessed_attributes returns only attributes which have been read" do
+      builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new(foo: Type::Value.new, bar: Type::Value.new)
+      attributes = builder.build_from_database(foo: "1", bar: "2")
+
+      assert_equal [], attributes.accessed
+
+      attributes.fetch_value(:foo)
+
+      assert_equal [:foo], attributes.accessed
+    end
+
+    test "#map returns a new attribute set with the changes applied" do
+      builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new(foo: Type::Integer.new, bar: Type::Integer.new)
+      attributes = builder.build_from_database(foo: "1", bar: "2")
+      new_attributes = attributes.map do |attr|
+        attr.with_cast_value(attr.value + 1)
+      end
+
+      assert_equal 2, new_attributes.fetch_value(:foo)
+      assert_equal 3, new_attributes.fetch_value(:bar)
+    end
+
+    test "comparison for equality is correctly implemented" do
+      builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new(foo: Type::Integer.new, bar: Type::Integer.new)
+      attributes = builder.build_from_database(foo: "1", bar: "2")
+      attributes2 = builder.build_from_database(foo: "1", bar: "2")
+      attributes3 = builder.build_from_database(foo: "2", bar: "2")
+
+      assert_equal attributes, attributes2
+      assert_not_equal attributes2, attributes3
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a24a4fc6a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class AttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    setup do
+      @type = Minitest::Mock.new
+    end
+
+    teardown do
+      assert @type.verify
+    end
+
+    test "from_database + read type casts from database" do
+      @type.expect(:deserialize, 'type cast from database', ['a value'])
+      attribute = Attribute.from_database(nil, 'a value', @type)
+
+      type_cast_value = attribute.value
+
+      assert_equal 'type cast from database', type_cast_value
+    end
+
+    test "from_user + read type casts from user" do
+      @type.expect(:cast, 'type cast from user', ['a value'])
+      attribute = Attribute.from_user(nil, 'a value', @type)
+
+      type_cast_value = attribute.value
+
+      assert_equal 'type cast from user', type_cast_value
+    end
+
+    test "reading memoizes the value" do
+      @type.expect(:deserialize, 'from the database', ['whatever'])
+      attribute = Attribute.from_database(nil, 'whatever', @type)
+
+      type_cast_value = attribute.value
+      second_read = attribute.value
+
+      assert_equal 'from the database', type_cast_value
+      assert_same type_cast_value, second_read
+    end
+
+    test "reading memoizes falsy values" do
+      @type.expect(:deserialize, false, ['whatever'])
+      attribute = Attribute.from_database(nil, 'whatever', @type)
+
+      attribute.value
+      attribute.value
+    end
+
+    test "read_before_typecast returns the given value" do
+      attribute = Attribute.from_database(nil, 'raw value', @type)
+
+      raw_value = attribute.value_before_type_cast
+
+      assert_equal 'raw value', raw_value
+    end
+
+    test "from_database + read_for_database type casts to and from database" do
+      @type.expect(:deserialize, 'read from database', ['whatever'])
+      @type.expect(:serialize, 'ready for database', ['read from database'])
+      attribute = Attribute.from_database(nil, 'whatever', @type)
+
+      serialize = attribute.value_for_database
+
+      assert_equal 'ready for database', serialize
+    end
+
+    test "from_user + read_for_database type casts from the user to the database" do
+      @type.expect(:cast, 'read from user', ['whatever'])
+      @type.expect(:serialize, 'ready for database', ['read from user'])
+      attribute = Attribute.from_user(nil, 'whatever', @type)
+
+      serialize = attribute.value_for_database
+
+      assert_equal 'ready for database', serialize
+    end
+
+    test "duping dups the value" do
+      @type.expect(:deserialize, 'type cast', ['a value'])
+      attribute = Attribute.from_database(nil, 'a value', @type)
+
+      value_from_orig = attribute.value
+      value_from_clone = attribute.dup.value
+      value_from_orig << ' foo'
+
+      assert_equal 'type cast foo', value_from_orig
+      assert_equal 'type cast', value_from_clone
+    end
+
+    test "duping does not dup the value if it is not dupable" do
+      @type.expect(:deserialize, false, ['a value'])
+      attribute = Attribute.from_database(nil, 'a value', @type)
+
+      assert_same attribute.value, attribute.dup.value
+    end
+
+    test "duping does not eagerly type cast if we have not yet type cast" do
+      attribute = Attribute.from_database(nil, 'a value', @type)
+      attribute.dup
+    end
+
+    class MyType
+      def cast(value)
+        value + " from user"
+      end
+
+      def deserialize(value)
+        value + " from database"
+      end
+
+      def assert_valid_value(*)
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "with_value_from_user returns a new attribute with the value from the user" do
+      old = Attribute.from_database(nil, "old", MyType.new)
+      new = old.with_value_from_user("new")
+
+      assert_equal "old from database", old.value
+      assert_equal "new from user", new.value
+    end
+
+    test "with_value_from_database returns a new attribute with the value from the database" do
+      old = Attribute.from_user(nil, "old", MyType.new)
+      new = old.with_value_from_database("new")
+
+      assert_equal "old from user", old.value
+      assert_equal "new from database", new.value
+    end
+
+    test "uninitialized attributes yield their name if a block is given to value" do
+      block = proc { |name| name.to_s + "!" }
+      foo = Attribute.uninitialized(:foo, nil)
+      bar = Attribute.uninitialized(:bar, nil)
+
+      assert_equal "foo!", foo.value(&block)
+      assert_equal "bar!", bar.value(&block)
+    end
+
+    test "uninitialized attributes have no value" do
+      assert_nil Attribute.uninitialized(:foo, nil).value
+    end
+
+    test "attributes equal other attributes with the same constructor arguments" do
+      first = Attribute.from_database(:foo, 1, Type::Integer.new)
+      second = Attribute.from_database(:foo, 1, Type::Integer.new)
+      assert_equal first, second
+    end
+
+    test "attributes do not equal attributes with different names" do
+      first = Attribute.from_database(:foo, 1, Type::Integer.new)
+      second = Attribute.from_database(:bar, 1, Type::Integer.new)
+      assert_not_equal first, second
+    end
+
+    test "attributes do not equal attributes with different types" do
+      first = Attribute.from_database(:foo, 1, Type::Integer.new)
+      second = Attribute.from_database(:foo, 1, Type::Float.new)
+      assert_not_equal first, second
+    end
+
+    test "attributes do not equal attributes with different values" do
+      first = Attribute.from_database(:foo, 1, Type::Integer.new)
+      second = Attribute.from_database(:foo, 2, Type::Integer.new)
+      assert_not_equal first, second
+    end
+
+    test "attributes do not equal attributes of other classes" do
+      first = Attribute.from_database(:foo, 1, Type::Integer.new)
+      second = Attribute.from_user(:foo, 1, Type::Integer.new)
+      assert_not_equal first, second
+    end
+
+    test "an attribute has not been read by default" do
+      attribute = Attribute.from_database(:foo, 1, Type::Value.new)
+      assert_not attribute.has_been_read?
+    end
+
+    test "an attribute has been read when its value is calculated" do
+      attribute = Attribute.from_database(:foo, 1, Type::Value.new)
+      attribute.value
+      assert attribute.has_been_read?
+    end
+
+    test "an attribute is not changed if it hasn't been assigned or mutated" do
+      attribute = Attribute.from_database(:foo, 1, Type::Value.new)
+
+      refute attribute.changed?
+    end
+
+    test "an attribute is changed if it's been assigned a new value" do
+      attribute = Attribute.from_database(:foo, 1, Type::Value.new)
+      changed = attribute.with_value_from_user(2)
+
+      assert changed.changed?
+    end
+
+    test "an attribute is not changed if it's assigned the same value" do
+      attribute = Attribute.from_database(:foo, 1, Type::Value.new)
+      unchanged = attribute.with_value_from_user(1)
+
+      refute unchanged.changed?
+    end
+
+    test "an attribute can not be mutated if it has not been read,
+      and skips expensive calculations" do
+      type_which_raises_from_all_methods = Object.new
+      attribute = Attribute.from_database(:foo, "bar", type_which_raises_from_all_methods)
+
+      assert_not attribute.changed_in_place?
+    end
+
+    test "an attribute is changed if it has been mutated" do
+      attribute = Attribute.from_database(:foo, "bar", Type::String.new)
+      attribute.value << "!"
+
+      assert attribute.changed_in_place?
+      assert attribute.changed?
+    end
+
+    test "an attribute can forget its changes" do
+      attribute = Attribute.from_database(:foo, "bar", Type::String.new)
+      changed = attribute.with_value_from_user("foo")
+      forgotten = changed.forgetting_assignment
+
+      assert changed.changed? # sanity check
+      refute forgotten.changed?
+    end
+
+    test "with_value_from_user validates the value" do
+      type = Type::Value.new
+      type.define_singleton_method(:assert_valid_value) do |value|
+        if value == 1
+          raise ArgumentError
+        end
+      end
+
+      attribute = Attribute.from_database(:foo, 1, type)
+      assert_equal 1, attribute.value
+      assert_equal 2, attribute.with_value_from_user(2).value
+      assert_raises ArgumentError do
+        attribute.with_value_from_user(1)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attributes_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attributes_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2991ca8b76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/attributes_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+
+class OverloadedType < ActiveRecord::Base
+  attribute :overloaded_float, :integer
+  attribute :overloaded_string_with_limit, :string, limit: 50
+  attribute :non_existent_decimal, :decimal
+  attribute :string_with_default, :string, default: 'the overloaded default'
+end
+
+class ChildOfOverloadedType < OverloadedType
+end
+
+class GrandchildOfOverloadedType < ChildOfOverloadedType
+  attribute :overloaded_float, :float
+end
+
+class UnoverloadedType < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.table_name = 'overloaded_types'
+end
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class CustomPropertiesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    test "overloading types" do
+      data = OverloadedType.new
+
+      data.overloaded_float = "1.1"
+      data.unoverloaded_float = "1.1"
+
+      assert_equal 1, data.overloaded_float
+      assert_equal 1.1, data.unoverloaded_float
+    end
+
+    test "overloaded properties save" do
+      data = OverloadedType.new
+
+      data.overloaded_float = "2.2"
+      data.save!
+      data.reload
+
+      assert_equal 2, data.overloaded_float
+      assert_kind_of Fixnum, OverloadedType.last.overloaded_float
+      assert_equal 2.0, UnoverloadedType.last.overloaded_float
+      assert_kind_of Float, UnoverloadedType.last.overloaded_float
+    end
+
+    test "properties assigned in constructor" do
+      data = OverloadedType.new(overloaded_float: '3.3')
+
+      assert_equal 3, data.overloaded_float
+    end
+
+    test "overloaded properties with limit" do
+      assert_equal 50, OverloadedType.type_for_attribute('overloaded_string_with_limit').limit
+      assert_equal 255, UnoverloadedType.type_for_attribute('overloaded_string_with_limit').limit
+    end
+
+    test "nonexistent attribute" do
+      data = OverloadedType.new(non_existent_decimal: 1)
+
+      assert_equal BigDecimal.new(1), data.non_existent_decimal
+      assert_raise ActiveRecord::UnknownAttributeError do
+        UnoverloadedType.new(non_existent_decimal: 1)
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "changing defaults" do
+      data = OverloadedType.new
+      unoverloaded_data = UnoverloadedType.new
+
+      assert_equal 'the overloaded default', data.string_with_default
+      assert_equal 'the original default', unoverloaded_data.string_with_default
+    end
+
+    test "defaults are not touched on the columns" do
+      assert_equal 'the original default', OverloadedType.columns_hash['string_with_default'].default
+    end
+
+    test "children inherit custom properties" do
+      data = ChildOfOverloadedType.new(overloaded_float: '4.4')
+
+      assert_equal 4, data.overloaded_float
+    end
+
+    test "children can override parents" do
+      data = GrandchildOfOverloadedType.new(overloaded_float: '4.4')
+
+      assert_equal 4.4, data.overloaded_float
+    end
+
+    test "overloading properties does not attribute method order" do
+      attribute_names = OverloadedType.attribute_names
+      assert_equal %w(id overloaded_float unoverloaded_float overloaded_string_with_limit string_with_default non_existent_decimal), attribute_names
+    end
+
+    test "caches are cleared" do
+      klass = Class.new(OverloadedType)
+
+      assert_equal 6, klass.attribute_types.length
+      assert_equal 6, klass.column_defaults.length
+      assert_not klass.attribute_types.include?('wibble')
+
+      klass.attribute :wibble, Type::Value.new
+
+      assert_equal 7, klass.attribute_types.length
+      assert_equal 7, klass.column_defaults.length
+      assert klass.attribute_types.include?('wibble')
+    end
+
+    test "the given default value is cast from user" do
+      custom_type = Class.new(Type::Value) do
+        def cast(*)
+          "from user"
+        end
+
+        def deserialize(*)
+          "from database"
+        end
+      end
+
+      klass = Class.new(OverloadedType) do
+        attribute :wibble, custom_type.new, default: "default"
+      end
+      model = klass.new
+
+      assert_equal "from user", model.wibble
+    end
+
+    test "procs for default values" do
+      klass = Class.new(OverloadedType) do
+        @@counter = 0
+        attribute :counter, :integer, default: -> { @@counter += 1 }
+      end
+
+      assert_equal 1, klass.new.counter
+      assert_equal 2, klass.new.counter
+    end
+
+    test "user provided defaults are persisted even if unchanged" do
+      model = OverloadedType.create!
+
+      assert_equal "the overloaded default", model.reload.string_with_default
+    end
+
+    if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+      test "array types can be specified" do
+        klass = Class.new(OverloadedType) do
+          attribute :my_array, :string, limit: 50, array: true
+          attribute :my_int_array, :integer, array: true
+        end
+
+        string_array = ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::OID::Array.new(
+          Type::String.new(limit: 50))
+        int_array = ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::OID::Array.new(
+          Type::Integer.new)
+        assert_not_equal string_array, int_array
+        assert_equal string_array, klass.type_for_attribute("my_array")
+        assert_equal int_array, klass.type_for_attribute("my_int_array")
+      end
+
+      test "range types can be specified" do
+        klass = Class.new(OverloadedType) do
+          attribute :my_range, :string, limit: 50, range: true
+          attribute :my_int_range, :integer, range: true
+        end
+
+        string_range = ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::OID::Range.new(
+          Type::String.new(limit: 50))
+        int_range = ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::OID::Range.new(
+          Type::Integer.new)
+        assert_not_equal string_range, int_range
+        assert_equal string_range, klass.type_for_attribute("my_range")
+        assert_equal int_range, klass.type_for_attribute("my_int_range")
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "attributes added after subclasses load are inherited" do
+      parent = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+        self.table_name = "topics"
+      end
+
+      child = Class.new(parent)
+      child.new # => force a schema load
+
+      parent.attribute(:foo, Type::Value.new)
+
+      assert_equal(:bar, child.new(foo: :bar).foo)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/autosave_association_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/autosave_association_test.rb
index d2f97df0fc..0df8f1f798 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/autosave_association_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/autosave_association_test.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
 require 'models/bird'
+require 'models/comment'
 require 'models/company'
 require 'models/customer'
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 require 'models/invoice'
 require 'models/line_item'
 require 'models/order'
@@ -19,6 +21,11 @@ require 'models/treasure'
 require 'models/eye'
 require 'models/electron'
 require 'models/molecule'
+require 'models/member'
+require 'models/member_detail'
+require 'models/organization'
+require 'models/guitar'
+require 'models/tuning_peg'
 
 class TestAutosaveAssociationsInGeneral < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_autosave_validation
@@ -38,7 +45,7 @@ class TestAutosaveAssociationsInGeneral < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     reference = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) {
       self.table_name = "references"
       def self.name; 'Reference'; end
-      belongs_to :person, autosave: true, class: person
+      belongs_to :person, autosave: true, anonymous_class: person
     }
 
     u = person.create!(first_name: 'cool')
@@ -62,12 +69,16 @@ class TestAutosaveAssociationsInGeneral < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_no_difference_when_adding_callbacks_twice_for Pirate, :parrots
   end
 
-  private
+  def test_cyclic_autosaves_do_not_add_multiple_validations
+    ship = ShipWithoutNestedAttributes.new
+    ship.prisoners.build
 
-  def base
-    ActiveRecord::Base
+    assert_not ship.valid?
+    assert_equal 1, ship.errors[:name].length
   end
 
+  private
+
   def assert_no_difference_when_adding_callbacks_twice_for(model, association_name)
     reflection = model.reflect_on_association(association_name)
     assert_no_difference "callbacks_for_model(#{model.name}).length" do
@@ -76,9 +87,9 @@ class TestAutosaveAssociationsInGeneral < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def callbacks_for_model(model)
-    model.instance_variables.grep(/_callbacks$/).map do |ivar|
+    model.instance_variables.grep(/_callbacks$/).flat_map do |ivar|
       model.instance_variable_get(ivar)
-    end.flatten
+    end
   end
 end
 
@@ -148,7 +159,8 @@ class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnAHasOneAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCas
     assert_equal a, firm.account
     assert firm.save
     assert_equal a, firm.account
-    assert_equal a, firm.account(true)
+    firm.association(:account).reload
+    assert_equal a, firm.account
   end
 
   def test_assignment_before_either_saved
@@ -161,7 +173,8 @@ class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnAHasOneAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCas
     assert firm.persisted?
     assert a.persisted?
     assert_equal a, firm.account
-    assert_equal a, firm.account(true)
+    firm.association(:account).reload
+    assert_equal a, firm.account
   end
 
   def test_not_resaved_when_unchanged
@@ -247,7 +260,8 @@ class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnABelongsToAssociation < ActiveRecord::Test
     assert apple.save
     assert apple.persisted?
     assert_equal apple, client.firm
-    assert_equal apple, client.firm(true)
+    client.association(:firm).reload
+    assert_equal apple, client.firm
   end
 
   def test_assignment_before_either_saved
@@ -260,7 +274,8 @@ class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnABelongsToAssociation < ActiveRecord::Test
     assert final_cut.persisted?
     assert apple.persisted?
     assert_equal apple, final_cut.firm
-    assert_equal apple, final_cut.firm(true)
+    final_cut.association(:firm).reload
+    assert_equal apple, final_cut.firm
   end
 
   def test_store_two_association_with_one_save
@@ -384,6 +399,40 @@ class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnAHasManyAssociationWithAcceptsNestedAttrib
     assert_not molecule.persisted?, 'Molecule should not be persisted when its electrons are invalid'
   end
 
+  def test_errors_should_be_indexed_when_passed_as_array
+    guitar = Guitar.new
+    tuning_peg_valid = TuningPeg.new
+    tuning_peg_valid.pitch = 440.0
+    tuning_peg_invalid = TuningPeg.new
+
+    guitar.tuning_pegs = [tuning_peg_valid, tuning_peg_invalid]
+
+    assert_not tuning_peg_invalid.valid?
+    assert tuning_peg_valid.valid?
+    assert_not guitar.valid?
+    assert_equal ["is not a number"], guitar.errors["tuning_pegs[1].pitch"]
+    assert_not_equal ["is not a number"], guitar.errors["tuning_pegs.pitch"]
+  end
+
+  def test_errors_should_be_indexed_when_global_flag_is_set
+    old_attribute_config = ActiveRecord::Base.index_nested_attribute_errors
+    ActiveRecord::Base.index_nested_attribute_errors = true
+
+    molecule = Molecule.new
+    valid_electron = Electron.new(name: 'electron')
+    invalid_electron = Electron.new
+
+    molecule.electrons = [valid_electron, invalid_electron]
+
+    assert_not invalid_electron.valid?
+    assert valid_electron.valid?
+    assert_not molecule.valid?
+    assert_equal ["can't be blank"], molecule.errors["electrons[1].name"]
+    assert_not_equal ["can't be blank"], molecule.errors["electrons.name"]
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Base.index_nested_attribute_errors = old_attribute_config
+  end
+
   def test_valid_adding_with_nested_attributes
     molecule = Molecule.new
     valid_electron = Electron.new(name: 'electron')
@@ -455,7 +504,7 @@ class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnAHasManyAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCa
     assert_equal new_client, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.last
     assert !companies(:first_firm).save
     assert !new_client.persisted?
-    assert_equal 2, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 2, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.reload.size
   end
 
   def test_adding_before_save
@@ -480,7 +529,7 @@ class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnAHasManyAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCa
     assert_equal no_of_clients + 2, Client.count  # Clients were saved to database.
 
     assert_equal 2, new_firm.clients_of_firm.size
-    assert_equal 2, new_firm.clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 2, new_firm.clients_of_firm.reload.size
   end
 
   def test_assign_ids
@@ -503,38 +552,38 @@ class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnAHasManyAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCa
 
   def test_build_before_save
     company = companies(:first_firm)
-    new_client = assert_no_queries { company.clients_of_firm.build("name" => "Another Client") }
+    new_client = assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) { company.clients_of_firm.build("name" => "Another Client") }
     assert !company.clients_of_firm.loaded?
 
     company.name += '-changed'
     assert_queries(2) { assert company.save }
     assert new_client.persisted?
-    assert_equal 3, company.clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 3, company.clients_of_firm.reload.size
   end
 
   def test_build_many_before_save
     company = companies(:first_firm)
-    assert_no_queries { company.clients_of_firm.build([{"name" => "Another Client"}, {"name" => "Another Client II"}]) }
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) { company.clients_of_firm.build([{"name" => "Another Client"}, {"name" => "Another Client II"}]) }
 
     company.name += '-changed'
     assert_queries(3) { assert company.save }
-    assert_equal 4, company.clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 4, company.clients_of_firm.reload.size
   end
 
   def test_build_via_block_before_save
     company = companies(:first_firm)
-    new_client = assert_no_queries { company.clients_of_firm.build {|client| client.name = "Another Client" } }
+    new_client = assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) { company.clients_of_firm.build {|client| client.name = "Another Client" } }
     assert !company.clients_of_firm.loaded?
 
     company.name += '-changed'
     assert_queries(2) { assert company.save }
     assert new_client.persisted?
-    assert_equal 3, company.clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 3, company.clients_of_firm.reload.size
   end
 
   def test_build_many_via_block_before_save
     company = companies(:first_firm)
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       company.clients_of_firm.build([{"name" => "Another Client"}, {"name" => "Another Client II"}]) do |client|
         client.name = "changed"
       end
@@ -542,7 +591,7 @@ class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnAHasManyAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCa
 
     company.name += '-changed'
     assert_queries(3) { assert company.save }
-    assert_equal 4, company.clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 4, company.clients_of_firm.reload.size
   end
 
   def test_replace_on_new_object
@@ -617,20 +666,28 @@ class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnNewRecord < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     firm.save!
     assert !account.persisted?
   end
+
+  def test_autosave_new_record_with_after_create_callback
+    post = PostWithAfterCreateCallback.new(title: 'Captain Murphy', body: 'is back')
+    post.comments.build(body: 'foo')
+    post.save!
+
+    assert_not_nil post.author_id
+  end
 end
 
 class TestDestroyAsPartOfAutosaveAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
 
-  def setup
-    super
+  setup do
     @pirate = Pirate.create(:catchphrase => "Don' botharrr talkin' like one, savvy?")
     @ship = @pirate.create_ship(:name => 'Nights Dirty Lightning')
   end
 
-  def teardown
-    # We are running without transactional fixtures and need to cleanup.
+  teardown do
+    # We are running without transactional tests and need to cleanup.
     Bird.delete_all
+    Parrot.delete_all
     @ship.delete
     @pirate.delete
   end
@@ -687,10 +744,23 @@ class TestDestroyAsPartOfAutosaveAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       end
     end
 
+    @ship.pirate.catchphrase = "Changed Catchphrase"
+
     assert_raise(RuntimeError) { assert !@pirate.save }
     assert_not_nil @pirate.reload.ship
   end
 
+  def test_should_save_changed_has_one_changed_object_if_child_is_saved
+    @pirate.ship.name = "NewName"
+    assert @pirate.save
+    assert_equal "NewName", @pirate.ship.reload.name
+  end
+
+  def test_should_not_save_changed_has_one_unchanged_object_if_child_is_saved
+    @pirate.ship.expects(:save).never
+    assert @pirate.save
+  end
+
   # belongs_to
   def test_should_destroy_a_parent_association_as_part_of_the_save_transaction_if_it_was_marked_for_destroyal
     assert !@ship.pirate.marked_for_destruction?
@@ -752,13 +822,13 @@ class TestDestroyAsPartOfAutosaveAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_should_destroy_has_many_as_part_of_the_save_transaction_if_they_were_marked_for_destruction
     2.times { |i| @pirate.birds.create!(:name => "birds_#{i}") }
 
-    assert !@pirate.birds.any? { |child| child.marked_for_destruction? }
+    assert !@pirate.birds.any?(&:marked_for_destruction?)
 
-    @pirate.birds.each { |child| child.mark_for_destruction }
+    @pirate.birds.each(&:mark_for_destruction)
     klass = @pirate.birds.first.class
     ids = @pirate.birds.map(&:id)
 
-    assert @pirate.birds.all? { |child| child.marked_for_destruction? }
+    assert @pirate.birds.all?(&:marked_for_destruction?)
     ids.each { |id| assert klass.find_by_id(id) }
 
     @pirate.save
@@ -792,14 +862,14 @@ class TestDestroyAsPartOfAutosaveAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @pirate.birds.each { |bird| bird.name = '' }
     assert !@pirate.valid?
 
-    @pirate.birds.each { |bird| bird.destroy }
+    @pirate.birds.each(&:destroy)
     assert @pirate.valid?
   end
 
   def test_a_child_marked_for_destruction_should_not_be_destroyed_twice_while_saving_has_many
     @pirate.birds.create!(:name => "birds_1")
 
-    @pirate.birds.each { |bird| bird.mark_for_destruction }
+    @pirate.birds.each(&:mark_for_destruction)
     assert @pirate.save
 
     @pirate.birds.each { |bird| bird.expects(:destroy).never }
@@ -866,7 +936,7 @@ class TestDestroyAsPartOfAutosaveAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       association_name_with_callbacks = "birds_with_#{callback_type}_callbacks"
 
       @pirate.send(association_name_with_callbacks).create!(:name => "Crowe the One-Eyed")
-      @pirate.send(association_name_with_callbacks).each { |c| c.mark_for_destruction }
+      @pirate.send(association_name_with_callbacks).each(&:mark_for_destruction)
       child_id = @pirate.send(association_name_with_callbacks).first.id
 
       @pirate.ship_log.clear
@@ -884,8 +954,8 @@ class TestDestroyAsPartOfAutosaveAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_should_destroy_habtm_as_part_of_the_save_transaction_if_they_were_marked_for_destruction
     2.times { |i| @pirate.parrots.create!(:name => "parrots_#{i}") }
 
-    assert !@pirate.parrots.any? { |parrot| parrot.marked_for_destruction? }
-    @pirate.parrots.each { |parrot| parrot.mark_for_destruction }
+    assert !@pirate.parrots.any?(&:marked_for_destruction?)
+    @pirate.parrots.each(&:mark_for_destruction)
 
     assert_no_difference "Parrot.count" do
       @pirate.save
@@ -918,14 +988,14 @@ class TestDestroyAsPartOfAutosaveAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @pirate.parrots.each { |parrot| parrot.name = '' }
     assert !@pirate.valid?
 
-    @pirate.parrots.each { |parrot| parrot.destroy }
+    @pirate.parrots.each(&:destroy)
     assert @pirate.valid?
   end
 
   def test_a_child_marked_for_destruction_should_not_be_destroyed_twice_while_saving_habtm
     @pirate.parrots.create!(:name => "parrots_1")
 
-    @pirate.parrots.each { |parrot| parrot.mark_for_destruction }
+    @pirate.parrots.each(&:mark_for_destruction)
     assert @pirate.save
 
     Pirate.transaction do
@@ -970,7 +1040,7 @@ class TestDestroyAsPartOfAutosaveAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       association_name_with_callbacks = "parrots_with_#{callback_type}_callbacks"
 
       @pirate.send(association_name_with_callbacks).create!(:name => "Crowe the One-Eyed")
-      @pirate.send(association_name_with_callbacks).each { |c| c.mark_for_destruction }
+      @pirate.send(association_name_with_callbacks).each(&:mark_for_destruction)
       child_id = @pirate.send(association_name_with_callbacks).first.id
 
       @pirate.ship_log.clear
@@ -987,7 +1057,7 @@ class TestDestroyAsPartOfAutosaveAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 end
 
 class TestAutosaveAssociationOnAHasOneAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false unless supports_savepoints?
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false unless supports_savepoints?
 
   def setup
     super
@@ -1008,6 +1078,16 @@ class TestAutosaveAssociationOnAHasOneAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 'The Vile Insanity', @pirate.reload.ship.name
   end
 
+  def test_changed_for_autosave_should_handle_cycles
+    @ship.pirate = @pirate
+    assert_queries(0) { @ship.save! }
+
+    @parrot = @pirate.parrots.create(name: "some_name")
+    @parrot.name="changed_name"
+    assert_queries(1) { @ship.save! }
+    assert_queries(0) { @ship.save! }
+  end
+
   def test_should_automatically_save_bang_the_associated_model
     @pirate.ship.name = 'The Vile Insanity'
     @pirate.save!
@@ -1029,11 +1109,16 @@ class TestAutosaveAssociationOnAHasOneAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_not_ignore_different_error_messages_on_the_same_attribute
+    old_validators = Ship._validators.deep_dup
+    old_callbacks = Ship._validate_callbacks.deep_dup
     Ship.validates_format_of :name, :with => /\w/
     @pirate.ship.name   = ""
     @pirate.catchphrase = nil
     assert @pirate.invalid?
     assert_equal ["can't be blank", "is invalid"], @pirate.errors[:"ship.name"]
+  ensure
+    Ship._validators = old_validators if old_validators
+    Ship._validate_callbacks = old_callbacks if old_callbacks
   end
 
   def test_should_still_allow_to_bypass_validations_on_the_associated_model
@@ -1105,10 +1190,38 @@ class TestAutosaveAssociationOnAHasOneAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_should_not_load_the_associated_model
     assert_queries(1) { @pirate.catchphrase = 'Arr'; @pirate.save! }
   end
+
+  def test_mark_for_destruction_is_ignored_without_autosave_true
+    ship = ShipWithoutNestedAttributes.new(name: "The Black Flag")
+    ship.parts.build.mark_for_destruction
+
+    assert_not ship.valid?
+  end
+end
+
+class TestAutosaveAssociationOnAHasOneThroughAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false unless supports_savepoints?
+
+  def setup
+    super
+    organization = Organization.create
+    @member = Member.create
+    MemberDetail.create(organization: organization, member: @member)
+  end
+
+  def test_should_not_has_one_through_model
+    class << @member.organization
+      def save(*args)
+        super
+        raise 'Oh noes!'
+      end
+    end
+    assert_nothing_raised { @member.save }
+  end
 end
 
 class TestAutosaveAssociationOnABelongsToAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false unless supports_savepoints?
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false unless supports_savepoints?
 
   def setup
     super
@@ -1220,6 +1333,16 @@ module AutosaveAssociationOnACollectionAssociationTests
     assert_equal new_names, @pirate.reload.send(@association_name).map(&:name)
   end
 
+  def test_should_update_children_when_autosave_is_true_and_parent_is_new_but_child_is_not
+    parrot = Parrot.create!(name: "Polly")
+    parrot.name = "Squawky"
+    pirate = Pirate.new(parrots: [parrot], catchphrase: "Arrrr")
+
+    pirate.save!
+
+    assert_equal "Squawky", parrot.reload.name
+  end
+
   def test_should_automatically_validate_the_associated_models
     @pirate.send(@association_name).each { |child| child.name = '' }
 
@@ -1356,7 +1479,7 @@ module AutosaveAssociationOnACollectionAssociationTests
 end
 
 class TestAutosaveAssociationOnAHasManyAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false unless supports_savepoints?
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false unless supports_savepoints?
 
   def setup
     super
@@ -1372,7 +1495,7 @@ class TestAutosaveAssociationOnAHasManyAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 end
 
 class TestAutosaveAssociationOnAHasAndBelongsToManyAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false unless supports_savepoints?
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false unless supports_savepoints?
 
   def setup
     super
@@ -1389,7 +1512,7 @@ class TestAutosaveAssociationOnAHasAndBelongsToManyAssociation < ActiveRecord::T
 end
 
 class TestAutosaveAssociationOnAHasAndBelongsToManyAssociationWithAcceptsNestedAttributes < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false unless supports_savepoints?
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false unless supports_savepoints?
 
   def setup
     super
@@ -1406,7 +1529,7 @@ class TestAutosaveAssociationOnAHasAndBelongsToManyAssociationWithAcceptsNestedA
 end
 
 class TestAutosaveAssociationValidationsOnAHasManyAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false unless supports_savepoints?
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false unless supports_savepoints?
 
   def setup
     super
@@ -1423,7 +1546,7 @@ class TestAutosaveAssociationValidationsOnAHasManyAssociation < ActiveRecord::Te
 end
 
 class TestAutosaveAssociationValidationsOnAHasOneAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false unless supports_savepoints?
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false unless supports_savepoints?
 
   def setup
     super
@@ -1446,7 +1569,7 @@ class TestAutosaveAssociationValidationsOnAHasOneAssociation < ActiveRecord::Tes
 end
 
 class TestAutosaveAssociationValidationsOnABelongsToAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false unless supports_savepoints?
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false unless supports_savepoints?
 
   def setup
     super
@@ -1467,7 +1590,7 @@ class TestAutosaveAssociationValidationsOnABelongsToAssociation < ActiveRecord::
 end
 
 class TestAutosaveAssociationValidationsOnAHABTMAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false unless supports_savepoints?
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false unless supports_savepoints?
 
   def setup
     super
@@ -1490,7 +1613,7 @@ class TestAutosaveAssociationValidationsOnAHABTMAssociation < ActiveRecord::Test
 end
 
 class TestAutosaveAssociationValidationMethodsGeneration < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false unless supports_savepoints?
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false unless supports_savepoints?
 
   def setup
     super
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb
index 8a0b0b9589..dc555caaff 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
-
 require "cases/helper"
-require 'active_support/concurrency/latch'
 require 'models/post'
 require 'models/author'
 require 'models/topic'
@@ -10,6 +7,7 @@ require 'models/category'
 require 'models/company'
 require 'models/customer'
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 require 'models/project'
 require 'models/default'
 require 'models/auto_id'
@@ -28,6 +26,7 @@ require 'models/bird'
 require 'models/car'
 require 'models/bulb'
 require 'rexml/document'
+require 'concurrent/atomic/count_down_latch'
 
 class FirstAbstractClass < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.abstract_class = true
@@ -87,6 +86,7 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       'Mysql2Adapter'     => '`',
       'PostgreSQLAdapter' => '"',
       'OracleAdapter'     => '"',
+      'FbAdapter'         => '"'
     }.fetch(classname) {
       raise "need a bad char for #{classname}"
     }
@@ -102,17 +102,19 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_columns_should_obey_set_primary_key
-    pk = Subscriber.columns.find { |x| x.name == 'nick' }
-    assert pk.primary, 'nick should be primary key'
+    pk = Subscriber.columns_hash[Subscriber.primary_key]
+    assert_equal 'nick', pk.name, 'nick should be primary key'
   end
 
   def test_primary_key_with_no_id
     assert_nil Edge.primary_key
   end
 
-  unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter, :OracleAdapter, :SQLServerAdapter)
+  unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter, :OracleAdapter, :SQLServerAdapter, :FbAdapter)
     def test_limit_with_comma
-      assert Topic.limit("1,2").to_a
+      assert_deprecated do
+        assert Topic.limit("1,2").to_a
+      end
     end
   end
 
@@ -138,14 +140,10 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_limit_should_sanitize_sql_injection_for_limit_with_commas
-    assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
-      Topic.limit("1, 7 procedure help()").to_a
-    end
-  end
-
-  unless current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
-    def test_limit_should_allow_sql_literal
-      assert_equal 1, Topic.limit(Arel.sql('2-1')).to_a.length
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+        Topic.limit("1, 7 procedure help()").to_a
+      end
     end
   end
 
@@ -160,19 +158,11 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_preserving_date_objects
-    if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
-      # Sybase ctlib does not (yet?) support the date type; use datetime instead.
-      assert_kind_of(
-        Time, Topic.find(1).last_read,
-        "The last_read attribute should be of the Time class"
-      )
-    else
-      # Oracle enhanced adapter allows to define Date attributes in model class (see topic.rb)
-      assert_kind_of(
-        Date, Topic.find(1).last_read,
-        "The last_read attribute should be of the Date class"
-      )
-    end
+    # Oracle enhanced adapter allows to define Date attributes in model class (see topic.rb)
+    assert_kind_of(
+      Date, Topic.find(1).last_read,
+      "The last_read attribute should be of the Date class"
+    )
   end
 
   def test_previously_changed
@@ -212,7 +202,7 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     )
 
     # For adapters which support microsecond resolution.
-    if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter, :SQLite3Adapter)
+    if subsecond_precision_supported?
       assert_equal 11, Topic.find(1).written_on.sec
       assert_equal 223300, Topic.find(1).written_on.usec
       assert_equal 9900, Topic.find(2).written_on.usec
@@ -480,8 +470,8 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  # Oracle, and Sybase do not have a TIME datatype.
-  unless current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter, :SybaseAdapter)
+  # Oracle does not have a TIME datatype.
+  unless current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
     def test_utc_as_time_zone
       with_timezone_config default: :utc do
         attributes = { "bonus_time" => "5:42:00AM" }
@@ -515,12 +505,7 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     topic = Topic.find(topic.id)
     assert_nil topic.last_read
 
-    # Sybase adapter does not allow nulls in boolean columns
-    if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
-      assert topic.approved == false
-    else
-      assert_nil topic.approved
-    end
+    assert_nil topic.approved
   end
 
   def test_equality
@@ -531,8 +516,17 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal Topic.find('1-meowmeow'), Topic.find(1)
   end
 
+  def test_find_by_slug_with_array
+    assert_equal Topic.find(['1-meowmeow', '2-hello']), Topic.find([1, 2])
+  end
+
+  def test_find_by_slug_with_range
+    assert_equal Topic.where(id: '1-meowmeow'..'2-hello'), Topic.where(id: 1..2)
+  end
+
   def test_equality_of_new_records
     assert_not_equal Topic.new, Topic.new
+    assert_equal false, Topic.new == Topic.new
   end
 
   def test_equality_of_destroyed_records
@@ -544,6 +538,47 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal topic_2, topic_1
   end
 
+  def test_equality_with_blank_ids
+    one = Subscriber.new(:id => '')
+    two = Subscriber.new(:id => '')
+    assert_equal one, two
+  end
+
+  def test_equality_of_relation_and_collection_proxy
+    car = Car.create!
+    car.bulbs.build
+    car.save
+
+    assert car.bulbs == Bulb.where(car_id: car.id), 'CollectionProxy should be comparable with Relation'
+    assert Bulb.where(car_id: car.id) == car.bulbs, 'Relation should be comparable with CollectionProxy'
+  end
+
+  def test_equality_of_relation_and_array
+    car = Car.create!
+    car.bulbs.build
+    car.save
+
+    assert Bulb.where(car_id: car.id) == car.bulbs.to_a, 'Relation should be comparable with Array'
+  end
+
+  def test_equality_of_relation_and_association_relation
+    car = Car.create!
+    car.bulbs.build
+    car.save
+
+    assert_equal Bulb.where(car_id: car.id), car.bulbs.includes(:car), 'Relation should be comparable with AssociationRelation'
+    assert_equal car.bulbs.includes(:car), Bulb.where(car_id: car.id), 'AssociationRelation should be comparable with Relation'
+  end
+
+  def test_equality_of_collection_proxy_and_association_relation
+    car = Car.create!
+    car.bulbs.build
+    car.save
+
+    assert_equal car.bulbs, car.bulbs.includes(:car), 'CollectionProxy should be comparable with AssociationRelation'
+    assert_equal car.bulbs.includes(:car), car.bulbs, 'AssociationRelation should be comparable with CollectionProxy'
+  end
+
   def test_hashing
     assert_equal [ Topic.find(1) ], [ Topic.find(2).topic ] & [ Topic.find(1) ]
   end
@@ -578,12 +613,6 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal nil, Topic.find_by_id(topic.id)
   end
 
-  def test_blank_ids
-    one = Subscriber.new(:id => '')
-    two = Subscriber.new(:id => '')
-    assert_equal one, two
-  end
-
   def test_comparison_with_different_objects
     topic = Topic.create
     category = Category.create(:name => "comparison")
@@ -649,8 +678,8 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_attributes_on_dummy_time
-    # Oracle, and Sybase do not have a TIME datatype.
-    return true if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter, :SybaseAdapter)
+    # Oracle does not have a TIME datatype.
+    return true if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
 
     with_timezone_config default: :local do
       attributes = {
@@ -663,8 +692,8 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_attributes_on_dummy_time_with_invalid_time
-    # Oracle, and Sybase do not have a TIME datatype.
-    return true if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter, :SybaseAdapter)
+    # Oracle does not have a TIME datatype.
+    return true if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
 
     attributes = {
       "bonus_time" => "not a time"
@@ -751,8 +780,14 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal("c", duped_topic.title)
   end
 
+  DeveloperSalary = Struct.new(:amount)
   def test_dup_with_aggregate_of_same_name_as_attribute
-    dev = DeveloperWithAggregate.find(1)
+    developer_with_aggregate = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = 'developers'
+      composed_of :salary, :class_name => 'BasicsTest::DeveloperSalary', :mapping => [%w(salary amount)]
+    end
+
+    dev = developer_with_aggregate.find(1)
     assert_kind_of DeveloperSalary, dev.salary
 
     dup = nil
@@ -774,7 +809,6 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_dup_does_not_copy_associations
     author = authors(:david)
     assert_not_equal [], author.posts
-    author.send(:clear_association_cache)
 
     author_dup = author.dup
     assert_equal [], author_dup.posts
@@ -860,97 +894,13 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
         assert_equal 'a text field', default.char3
       end
     end
-
-    class Geometric < ActiveRecord::Base; end
-    def test_geometric_content
-
-      # accepted format notes:
-      # ()'s aren't required
-      # values can be a mix of float or integer
-
-      g = Geometric.new(
-        :a_point        => '(5.0, 6.1)',
-        #:a_line         => '((2.0, 3), (5.5, 7.0))' # line type is currently unsupported in postgresql
-        :a_line_segment => '(2.0, 3), (5.5, 7.0)',
-        :a_box          => '2.0, 3, 5.5, 7.0',
-        :a_path         => '[(2.0, 3), (5.5, 7.0), (8.5, 11.0)]',  # [ ] is an open path
-        :a_polygon      => '((2.0, 3), (5.5, 7.0), (8.5, 11.0))',
-        :a_circle       => '<(5.3, 10.4), 2>'
-      )
-
-      assert g.save
-
-      # Reload and check that we have all the geometric attributes.
-      h = Geometric.find(g.id)
-
-      assert_equal [5.0, 6.1], h.a_point
-      assert_equal '[(2,3),(5.5,7)]', h.a_line_segment
-      assert_equal '(5.5,7),(2,3)', h.a_box   # reordered to store upper right corner then bottom left corner
-      assert_equal '[(2,3),(5.5,7),(8.5,11)]', h.a_path
-      assert_equal '((2,3),(5.5,7),(8.5,11))', h.a_polygon
-      assert_equal '<(5.3,10.4),2>', h.a_circle
-
-      # use a geometric function to test for an open path
-      objs = Geometric.find_by_sql ["select isopen(a_path) from geometrics where id = ?", g.id]
-
-      assert_equal true, objs[0].isopen
-
-      # test alternate formats when defining the geometric types
-
-      g = Geometric.new(
-        :a_point        => '5.0, 6.1',
-        #:a_line         => '((2.0, 3), (5.5, 7.0))' # line type is currently unsupported in postgresql
-        :a_line_segment => '((2.0, 3), (5.5, 7.0))',
-        :a_box          => '(2.0, 3), (5.5, 7.0)',
-        :a_path         => '((2.0, 3), (5.5, 7.0), (8.5, 11.0))',  # ( ) is a closed path
-        :a_polygon      => '2.0, 3, 5.5, 7.0, 8.5, 11.0',
-        :a_circle       => '((5.3, 10.4), 2)'
-      )
-
-      assert g.save
-
-      # Reload and check that we have all the geometric attributes.
-      h = Geometric.find(g.id)
-
-      assert_equal [5.0, 6.1], h.a_point
-      assert_equal '[(2,3),(5.5,7)]', h.a_line_segment
-      assert_equal '(5.5,7),(2,3)', h.a_box   # reordered to store upper right corner then bottom left corner
-      assert_equal '((2,3),(5.5,7),(8.5,11))', h.a_path
-      assert_equal '((2,3),(5.5,7),(8.5,11))', h.a_polygon
-      assert_equal '<(5.3,10.4),2>', h.a_circle
-
-      # use a geometric function to test for an closed path
-      objs = Geometric.find_by_sql ["select isclosed(a_path) from geometrics where id = ?", g.id]
-
-      assert_equal true, objs[0].isclosed
-
-      # test native ruby formats when defining the geometric types
-      g = Geometric.new(
-        :a_point        => [5.0, 6.1],
-        #:a_line         => '((2.0, 3), (5.5, 7.0))' # line type is currently unsupported in postgresql
-        :a_line_segment => '((2.0, 3), (5.5, 7.0))',
-        :a_box          => '(2.0, 3), (5.5, 7.0)',
-        :a_path         => '((2.0, 3), (5.5, 7.0), (8.5, 11.0))',  # ( ) is a closed path
-        :a_polygon      => '2.0, 3, 5.5, 7.0, 8.5, 11.0',
-        :a_circle       => '((5.3, 10.4), 2)'
-      )
-
-      assert g.save
-
-      # Reload and check that we have all the geometric attributes.
-      h = Geometric.find(g.id)
-
-      assert_equal [5.0, 6.1], h.a_point
-      assert_equal '[(2,3),(5.5,7)]', h.a_line_segment
-      assert_equal '(5.5,7),(2,3)', h.a_box   # reordered to store upper right corner then bottom left corner
-      assert_equal '((2,3),(5.5,7),(8.5,11))', h.a_path
-      assert_equal '((2,3),(5.5,7),(8.5,11))', h.a_polygon
-      assert_equal '<(5.3,10.4),2>', h.a_circle
-    end
   end
 
   class NumericData < ActiveRecord::Base
     self.table_name = 'numeric_data'
+
+    attribute :my_house_population, :integer
+    attribute :atoms_in_universe, :integer
   end
 
   def test_big_decimal_conditions
@@ -992,6 +942,34 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal BigDecimal("1000234000567.95"), m1.big_bank_balance
   end
 
+  def test_numeric_fields_with_scale
+    m = NumericData.new(
+      :bank_balance => 1586.43122334,
+      :big_bank_balance => BigDecimal("234000567.952344"),
+      :world_population => 6000000000,
+      :my_house_population => 3
+    )
+    assert m.save
+
+    m1 = NumericData.find(m.id)
+    assert_not_nil m1
+
+    # As with migration_test.rb, we should make world_population >= 2**62
+    # to cover 64-bit platforms and test it is a Bignum, but the main thing
+    # is that it's an Integer.
+    assert_kind_of Integer, m1.world_population
+    assert_equal 6000000000, m1.world_population
+
+    assert_kind_of Fixnum, m1.my_house_population
+    assert_equal 3, m1.my_house_population
+
+    assert_kind_of BigDecimal, m1.bank_balance
+    assert_equal BigDecimal("1586.43"), m1.bank_balance
+
+    assert_kind_of BigDecimal, m1.big_bank_balance
+    assert_equal BigDecimal("234000567.95"), m1.big_bank_balance
+  end
+
   def test_auto_id
     auto = AutoId.new
     auto.save
@@ -1055,54 +1033,61 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_switching_between_table_name
+    k = Class.new(Joke)
+
     assert_difference("GoodJoke.count") do
-      Joke.table_name = "cold_jokes"
-      Joke.create
+      k.table_name = "cold_jokes"
+      k.create
 
-      Joke.table_name = "funny_jokes"
-      Joke.create
+      k.table_name = "funny_jokes"
+      k.create
     end
   end
 
   def test_clear_cash_when_setting_table_name
-    Joke.table_name = "cold_jokes"
-    before_columns = Joke.columns
-    before_seq     = Joke.sequence_name
+    original_table_name = Joke.table_name
 
     Joke.table_name = "funny_jokes"
+    before_columns = Joke.columns
+    before_seq = Joke.sequence_name
+
+    Joke.table_name = "cold_jokes"
     after_columns = Joke.columns
-    after_seq     = Joke.sequence_name
+    after_seq = Joke.sequence_name
 
     assert_not_equal before_columns, after_columns
     assert_not_equal before_seq, after_seq unless before_seq.nil? && after_seq.nil?
+  ensure
+    Joke.table_name = original_table_name
   end
 
   def test_dont_clear_sequence_name_when_setting_explicitly
-    Joke.sequence_name = "black_jokes_seq"
-    Joke.table_name    = "cold_jokes"
-    before_seq         = Joke.sequence_name
+    k = Class.new(Joke)
+    k.sequence_name = "black_jokes_seq"
+    k.table_name = "cold_jokes"
+    before_seq = k.sequence_name
 
-    Joke.table_name    = "funny_jokes"
-    after_seq          = Joke.sequence_name
+    k.table_name = "funny_jokes"
+    after_seq = k.sequence_name
 
     assert_equal before_seq, after_seq unless before_seq.nil? && after_seq.nil?
-  ensure
-    Joke.reset_sequence_name
   end
 
   def test_dont_clear_inheritance_column_when_setting_explicitly
-    Joke.inheritance_column = "my_type"
-    before_inherit = Joke.inheritance_column
+    k = Class.new(Joke)
+    k.inheritance_column = "my_type"
+    before_inherit = k.inheritance_column
 
-    Joke.reset_column_information
-    after_inherit = Joke.inheritance_column
+    k.reset_column_information
+    after_inherit = k.inheritance_column
 
     assert_equal before_inherit, after_inherit unless before_inherit.blank? && after_inherit.blank?
   end
 
   def test_set_table_name_symbol_converted_to_string
-    Joke.table_name = :cold_jokes
-    assert_equal 'cold_jokes', Joke.table_name
+    k = Class.new(Joke)
+    k.table_name = :cold_jokes
+    assert_equal 'cold_jokes', k.table_name
   end
 
   def test_quoted_table_name_after_set_table_name
@@ -1217,42 +1202,10 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal last, Developer.all.merge!(:order => :salary).to_a.last
   end
 
-  def test_abstract_class
-    assert !ActiveRecord::Base.abstract_class?
-    assert LoosePerson.abstract_class?
-    assert !LooseDescendant.abstract_class?
-  end
-
   def test_abstract_class_table_name
     assert_nil AbstractCompany.table_name
   end
 
-  def test_descends_from_active_record
-    assert !ActiveRecord::Base.descends_from_active_record?
-
-    # Abstract subclass of AR::Base.
-    assert LoosePerson.descends_from_active_record?
-
-    # Concrete subclass of an abstract class.
-    assert LooseDescendant.descends_from_active_record?
-
-    # Concrete subclass of AR::Base.
-    assert TightPerson.descends_from_active_record?
-
-    # Concrete subclass of a concrete class but has no type column.
-    assert TightDescendant.descends_from_active_record?
-
-    # Concrete subclass of AR::Base.
-    assert Post.descends_from_active_record?
-
-    # Abstract subclass of a concrete class which has a type column.
-    # This is pathological, as you'll never have Sub < Abstract < Concrete.
-    assert !StiPost.descends_from_active_record?
-
-    # Concrete subclasses an abstract class which has a type column.
-    assert !SubStiPost.descends_from_active_record?
-  end
-
   def test_find_on_abstract_base_class_doesnt_use_type_condition
     old_class = LooseDescendant
     Object.send :remove_const, :LooseDescendant
@@ -1297,38 +1250,15 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     ActiveRecord::Base.logger = original_logger
   end
 
-  def test_compute_type_success
-    assert_equal Author, ActiveRecord::Base.send(:compute_type, 'Author')
-  end
-
-  def test_compute_type_nonexistent_constant
-    e = assert_raises NameError do
-      ActiveRecord::Base.send :compute_type, 'NonexistentModel'
-    end
-    assert_equal 'uninitialized constant ActiveRecord::Base::NonexistentModel', e.message
-    assert_equal 'ActiveRecord::Base::NonexistentModel', e.name
-  end
-
-  def test_compute_type_no_method_error
-    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.stubs(:constantize).raises(NoMethodError)
-    assert_raises NoMethodError do
-      ActiveRecord::Base.send :compute_type, 'InvalidModel'
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_compute_type_argument_error
-    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.stubs(:constantize).raises(ArgumentError)
-    assert_raises ArgumentError do
-      ActiveRecord::Base.send :compute_type, 'InvalidModel'
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_clear_cache!
     # preheat cache
     c1 = Post.connection.schema_cache.columns('posts')
     ActiveRecord::Base.clear_cache!
     c2 = Post.connection.schema_cache.columns('posts')
-    assert_not_equal c1, c2
+    c1.each_with_index do |v, i|
+      assert_not_same v, c2[i]
+    end
+    assert_equal c1, c2
   end
 
   def test_current_scope_is_reset
@@ -1413,6 +1343,19 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
                  Company.attribute_names
   end
 
+  def test_has_attribute
+    assert Company.has_attribute?('id')
+    assert Company.has_attribute?('type')
+    assert Company.has_attribute?('name')
+    assert_not Company.has_attribute?('lastname')
+    assert_not Company.has_attribute?('age')
+  end
+
+  def test_has_attribute_with_symbol
+    assert Company.has_attribute?(:id)
+    assert_not Company.has_attribute?(:age)
+  end
+
   def test_attribute_names_on_table_not_exists
     assert_equal [], NonExistentTable.attribute_names
   end
@@ -1429,15 +1372,13 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_uniq_delegates_to_scoped
-    scope = stub
-    Bird.stubs(:all).returns(mock(:uniq => scope))
-    assert_equal scope, Bird.uniq
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_equal Bird.all.distinct, Bird.uniq
+    end
   end
 
   def test_distinct_delegates_to_scoped
-    scope = stub
-    Bird.stubs(:all).returns(mock(:distinct => scope))
-    assert_equal scope, Bird.distinct
+    assert_equal Bird.all.distinct, Bird.distinct
   end
 
   def test_table_name_with_2_abstract_subclasses
@@ -1451,15 +1392,14 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     attrs = topic.attributes.dup
     attrs.delete 'id'
 
-    typecast = Class.new {
-      def type_cast value
+    typecast = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Type::Value) {
+      def cast value
         "t.lo"
       end
     }
 
     types = { 'author_name' => typecast.new }
-    topic = Topic.allocate.init_with 'attributes' => attrs,
-                                     'column_types' => types
+    topic = Topic.instantiate(attrs, types)
 
     assert_equal 't.lo', topic.author_name
   end
@@ -1486,20 +1426,6 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal "", Company.new.description
   end
 
-  ["find_by", "find_by!"].each do |meth|
-    test "#{meth} delegates to scoped" do
-      record = stub
-
-      scope = mock
-      scope.expects(meth).with(:foo, :bar).returns(record)
-
-      klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
-      klass.stubs(:all => scope)
-
-      assert_equal record, klass.public_send(meth, :foo, :bar)
-    end
-  end
-
   test "scoped can take a values hash" do
     klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
     assert_equal ['foo'], klass.all.merge!(select: 'foo').select_values
@@ -1541,23 +1467,58 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     orig_handler = klass.connection_handler
     new_handler = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionHandler.new
     after_handler = nil
-    latch1 = ActiveSupport::Concurrency::Latch.new
-    latch2 = ActiveSupport::Concurrency::Latch.new
+    latch1 = Concurrent::CountDownLatch.new
+    latch2 = Concurrent::CountDownLatch.new
 
     t = Thread.new do
       klass.connection_handler = new_handler
-      latch1.release
-      latch2.await
+      latch1.count_down
+      latch2.wait
       after_handler = klass.connection_handler
     end
 
-    latch1.await
+    latch1.wait
 
     klass.connection_handler = orig_handler
-    latch2.release
+    latch2.count_down
     t.join
 
     assert_equal after_handler, new_handler
     assert_equal orig_handler, klass.connection_handler
   end
+
+  # Note: This is a performance optimization for Array#uniq and Hash#[] with
+  # AR::Base objects. If the future has made this irrelevant, feel free to
+  # delete this.
+  test "records without an id have unique hashes" do
+    assert_not_equal Post.new.hash, Post.new.hash
+  end
+
+  test "resetting column information doesn't remove attribute methods" do
+    topic = topics(:first)
+
+    assert_not topic.id_changed?
+
+    Topic.reset_column_information
+
+    assert_not topic.id_changed?
+  end
+
+  test "ignored columns are not present in columns_hash" do
+    cache_columns = Developer.connection.schema_cache.columns_hash(Developer.table_name)
+    assert_includes cache_columns.keys, 'first_name'
+    refute_includes Developer.columns_hash.keys, 'first_name'
+  end
+
+  test "ignored columns have no attribute methods" do
+    refute Developer.new.respond_to?(:first_name)
+    refute Developer.new.respond_to?(:first_name=)
+    refute Developer.new.respond_to?(:first_name?)
+  end
+
+  test "ignored columns don't prevent explicit declaration of attribute methods" do
+    assert Developer.new.respond_to?(:last_name)
+    assert Developer.new.respond_to?(:last_name=)
+    assert Developer.new.respond_to?(:last_name?)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/batches_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/batches_test.rb
index c12fa03015..da65336305 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/batches_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/batches_test.rb
@@ -37,9 +37,9 @@ class EachTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   if Enumerator.method_defined? :size
     def test_each_should_return_a_sized_enumerator
-      assert_equal 11, Post.find_each(:batch_size => 1).size
-      assert_equal 5, Post.find_each(:batch_size => 2, :start => 7).size
-      assert_equal 11, Post.find_each(:batch_size => 10_000).size
+      assert_equal 11, Post.find_each(batch_size: 1).size
+      assert_equal 5, Post.find_each(batch_size:  2, begin_at: 7).size
+      assert_equal 11, Post.find_each(batch_size: 10_000).size
     end
   end
 
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class EachTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_each_should_raise_if_select_is_set_without_id
-    assert_raise(RuntimeError) do
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
       Post.select(:title).find_each(batch_size: 1) { |post|
         flunk "should not call this block"
       }
@@ -69,13 +69,15 @@ class EachTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_warn_if_limit_scope_is_set
-    ActiveRecord::Base.logger.expects(:warn)
-    Post.limit(1).find_each { |post| post }
+    assert_called(ActiveRecord::Base.logger, :warn) do
+      Post.limit(1).find_each { |post| post }
+    end
   end
 
   def test_warn_if_order_scope_is_set
-    ActiveRecord::Base.logger.expects(:warn)
-    Post.order("title").find_each { |post| post }
+    assert_called(ActiveRecord::Base.logger, :warn) do
+      Post.order("title").find_each { |post| post }
+    end
   end
 
   def test_logger_not_required
@@ -99,7 +101,16 @@ class EachTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_find_in_batches_should_start_from_the_start_option
     assert_queries(@total) do
-      Post.find_in_batches(:batch_size => 1, :start => 2) do |batch|
+      Post.find_in_batches(batch_size: 1, begin_at: 2) do |batch|
+        assert_kind_of Array, batch
+        assert_kind_of Post, batch.first
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_find_in_batches_should_end_at_the_end_option
+    assert_queries(6) do
+      Post.find_in_batches(batch_size: 1, end_at: 5) do |batch|
         assert_kind_of Array, batch
         assert_kind_of Post, batch.first
       end
@@ -128,14 +139,15 @@ class EachTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_find_in_batches_should_not_use_records_after_yielding_them_in_case_original_array_is_modified
     not_a_post = "not a post"
-    not_a_post.stubs(:id).raises(StandardError, "not_a_post had #id called on it")
+    def not_a_post.id; end
+    not_a_post.stub(:id, ->{ raise StandardError.new("not_a_post had #id called on it") }) do
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        Post.find_in_batches(:batch_size => 1) do |batch|
+          assert_kind_of Array, batch
+          assert_kind_of Post, batch.first
 
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      Post.find_in_batches(:batch_size => 1) do |batch|
-        assert_kind_of Array, batch
-        assert_kind_of Post, batch.first
-
-        batch.map! { not_a_post }
+          batch.map! { not_a_post }
+        end
       end
     end
   end
@@ -149,7 +161,7 @@ class EachTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
     # posts.first will be ordered using id only. Title order scope should not apply here
     assert_not_equal first_post, posts.first
-    assert_equal posts(:welcome), posts.first
+    assert_equal posts(:welcome).id, posts.first.id
   end
 
   def test_find_in_batches_should_not_ignore_the_default_scope_if_it_is_other_then_order
@@ -163,7 +175,7 @@ class EachTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_find_in_batches_should_not_modify_passed_options
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      Post.find_in_batches({ batch_size: 42, start: 1 }.freeze){}
+      Post.find_in_batches({ batch_size: 42, begin_at: 1 }.freeze){}
     end
   end
 
@@ -172,7 +184,7 @@ class EachTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     start_nick = nick_order_subscribers.second.nick
 
     subscribers = []
-    Subscriber.find_in_batches(:batch_size => 1, :start => start_nick) do |batch|
+    Subscriber.find_in_batches(batch_size: 1, begin_at: start_nick) do |batch|
       subscribers.concat(batch)
     end
 
@@ -181,15 +193,16 @@ class EachTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_find_in_batches_should_use_any_column_as_primary_key_when_start_is_not_specified
     assert_queries(Subscriber.count + 1) do
-      Subscriber.find_each(:batch_size => 1) do |subscriber|
-        assert_kind_of Subscriber, subscriber
+      Subscriber.find_in_batches(batch_size: 1) do |batch|
+        assert_kind_of Array, batch
+        assert_kind_of Subscriber, batch.first
       end
     end
   end
 
   def test_find_in_batches_should_return_an_enumerator
     enum = nil
-    assert_queries(0) do
+    assert_no_queries do
       enum = Post.find_in_batches(:batch_size => 1)
     end
     assert_queries(4) do
@@ -200,11 +213,260 @@ class EachTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_in_batches_should_not_execute_any_query
+    assert_no_queries do
+      assert_kind_of ActiveRecord::Batches::BatchEnumerator, Post.in_batches(of: 2)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_in_batches_should_yield_relation_if_block_given
+    assert_queries(6) do
+      Post.in_batches(of: 2) do |relation|
+        assert_kind_of ActiveRecord::Relation, relation
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_in_batches_should_be_enumerable_if_no_block_given
+    assert_queries(6) do
+      Post.in_batches(of: 2).each do |relation|
+        assert_kind_of ActiveRecord::Relation, relation
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_in_batches_each_record_should_yield_record_if_block_is_given
+    assert_queries(6) do
+      Post.in_batches(of: 2).each_record do |post|
+        assert post.title.present?
+        assert_kind_of Post, post
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_in_batches_each_record_should_return_enumerator_if_no_block_given
+    assert_queries(6) do
+      Post.in_batches(of: 2).each_record.with_index do |post, i|
+        assert post.title.present?
+        assert_kind_of Post, post
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_in_batches_each_record_should_be_ordered_by_id
+    ids = Post.order('id ASC').pluck(:id)
+    assert_queries(6) do
+      Post.in_batches(of: 2).each_record.with_index do |post, i|
+        assert_equal ids[i], post.id
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_in_batches_update_all_affect_all_records
+    assert_queries(6 + 6) do # 6 selects, 6 updates
+      Post.in_batches(of: 2).update_all(title: "updated-title")
+    end
+    assert_equal Post.all.pluck(:title), ["updated-title"] * Post.count
+  end
+
+  def test_in_batches_delete_all_should_not_delete_records_in_other_batches
+    not_deleted_count = Post.where('id <= 2').count
+    Post.where('id > 2').in_batches(of: 2).delete_all
+    assert_equal 0, Post.where('id > 2').count
+    assert_equal not_deleted_count, Post.count
+  end
+
+  def test_in_batches_should_not_be_loaded
+    Post.in_batches(of: 1) do |relation|
+      assert_not relation.loaded?
+    end
+
+    Post.in_batches(of: 1, load: false) do |relation|
+      assert_not relation.loaded?
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_in_batches_should_be_loaded
+    Post.in_batches(of: 1, load: true) do |relation|
+      assert relation.loaded?
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_in_batches_if_not_loaded_executes_more_queries
+    assert_queries(@total + 1) do
+      Post.in_batches(of: 1, load: false) do |relation|
+        assert_not relation.loaded?
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_in_batches_should_return_relations
+    assert_queries(@total + 1) do
+      Post.in_batches(of: 1) do |relation|
+        assert_kind_of ActiveRecord::Relation, relation
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_in_batches_should_start_from_the_start_option
+    post = Post.order('id ASC').where('id >= ?', 2).first
+    assert_queries(2) do
+      relation = Post.in_batches(of: 1, begin_at: 2).first
+      assert_equal post, relation.first
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_in_batches_should_end_at_the_end_option
+    post = Post.order('id DESC').where('id <= ?', 5).first
+    assert_queries(7) do
+      relation = Post.in_batches(of: 1, end_at: 5, load: true).reverse_each.first
+      assert_equal post, relation.last
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_in_batches_shouldnt_execute_query_unless_needed
+    assert_queries(2) do
+      Post.in_batches(of: @total) { |relation| assert_kind_of ActiveRecord::Relation, relation }
+    end
+
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      Post.in_batches(of: @total + 1) { |relation| assert_kind_of ActiveRecord::Relation, relation }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_in_batches_should_quote_batch_order
+    c = Post.connection
+    assert_sql(/ORDER BY #{c.quote_table_name('posts')}.#{c.quote_column_name('id')}/) do
+      Post.in_batches(of: 1) do |relation|
+        assert_kind_of ActiveRecord::Relation, relation
+        assert_kind_of Post, relation.first
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_in_batches_should_not_use_records_after_yielding_them_in_case_original_array_is_modified
+    not_a_post = "not a post"
+    def not_a_post.id
+      raise StandardError.new("not_a_post had #id called on it")
+    end
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      Post.in_batches(of: 1) do |relation|
+        assert_kind_of ActiveRecord::Relation, relation
+        assert_kind_of Post, relation.first
+
+        relation = [not_a_post] * relation.count
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_in_batches_should_not_ignore_default_scope_without_order_statements
+    special_posts_ids = SpecialPostWithDefaultScope.all.map(&:id).sort
+    posts = []
+    SpecialPostWithDefaultScope.in_batches do |relation|
+      posts.concat(relation)
+    end
+    assert_equal special_posts_ids, posts.map(&:id)
+  end
+
+  def test_in_batches_should_not_modify_passed_options
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      Post.in_batches({ of: 42, begin_at: 1 }.freeze){}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_in_batches_should_use_any_column_as_primary_key
+    nick_order_subscribers = Subscriber.order('nick asc')
+    start_nick = nick_order_subscribers.second.nick
+
+    subscribers = []
+    Subscriber.in_batches(of: 1, begin_at: start_nick) do |relation|
+      subscribers.concat(relation)
+    end
+
+    assert_equal nick_order_subscribers[1..-1].map(&:id), subscribers.map(&:id)
+  end
+
+  def test_in_batches_should_use_any_column_as_primary_key_when_start_is_not_specified
+    assert_queries(Subscriber.count + 1) do
+      Subscriber.in_batches(of: 1, load: true) do |relation|
+        assert_kind_of ActiveRecord::Relation, relation
+        assert_kind_of Subscriber, relation.first
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_in_batches_should_return_an_enumerator
+    enum = nil
+    assert_no_queries do
+      enum = Post.in_batches(of: 1)
+    end
+    assert_queries(4) do
+      enum.first(4) do |relation|
+        assert_kind_of ActiveRecord::Relation, relation
+        assert_kind_of Post, relation.first
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_in_batches_relations_should_not_overlap_with_each_other
+    seen_posts = []
+    Post.in_batches(of: 2, load: true) do |relation|
+      relation.to_a.each do |post|
+        assert_not seen_posts.include?(post)
+        seen_posts << post
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_in_batches_relations_with_condition_should_not_overlap_with_each_other
+    seen_posts = []
+    author_id = Post.first.author_id
+    posts_by_author = Post.where(author_id: author_id)
+    Post.in_batches(of: 2) do |batch|
+      seen_posts += batch.where(author_id: author_id)
+    end
+
+    assert_equal posts_by_author.pluck(:id).sort, seen_posts.map(&:id).sort
+  end
+
+  def test_in_batches_relations_update_all_should_not_affect_matching_records_in_other_batches
+    Post.update_all(author_id: 0)
+    person = Post.last
+    person.update_attributes(author_id: 1)
+
+    Post.in_batches(of: 2) do |batch|
+      batch.where('author_id >= 1').update_all('author_id = author_id + 1')
+    end
+    assert_equal 2, person.reload.author_id # incremented only once
+  end
+
+  def test_find_in_batches_start_deprecated
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_queries(@total) do
+        Post.find_in_batches(batch_size: 1, start: 2) do |batch|
+          assert_kind_of Array, batch
+          assert_kind_of Post, batch.first
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_find_each_start_deprecated
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_queries(@total) do
+        Post.find_each(batch_size: 1, start: 2) do |post|
+          assert_kind_of Post, post
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   if Enumerator.method_defined? :size
     def test_find_in_batches_should_return_a_sized_enumerator
       assert_equal 11, Post.find_in_batches(:batch_size => 1).size
       assert_equal 6, Post.find_in_batches(:batch_size => 2).size
-      assert_equal 4, Post.find_in_batches(:batch_size => 2, :start => 4).size
+      assert_equal 4, Post.find_in_batches(batch_size: 2, begin_at: 4).size
       assert_equal 4, Post.find_in_batches(:batch_size => 3).size
       assert_equal 1, Post.find_in_batches(:batch_size => 10_000).size
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/binary_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/binary_test.rb
index 9a486cf8b8..86dee929bf 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/binary_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/binary_test.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require "cases/helper"
 
 # Without using prepared statements, it makes no sense to test
-# BLOB data with DB2 or Firebird, because the length of a statement
+# BLOB data with DB2, because the length of a statement
 # is limited to 32KB.
-unless current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter, :DB2Adapter, :FirebirdAdapter)
+unless current_adapter?(:DB2Adapter)
   require 'models/binary'
 
   class BinaryTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -21,7 +20,7 @@ unless current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter, :DB2Adapter, :FirebirdAdapter)
 
       name = binary.name
 
-      # Mysql adapter doesn't properly encode things, so we have to do it
+      # MySQL adapter doesn't properly encode things, so we have to do it
       if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter)
         name.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8)
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/bind_parameter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/bind_parameter_test.rb
index 291751c435..1e38b97c4a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/bind_parameter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/bind_parameter_test.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
 require 'models/topic'
+require 'models/author'
+require 'models/post'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   class BindParameterTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-    fixtures :topics
+    fixtures :topics, :authors, :posts
 
     class LogListener
       attr_accessor :calls
@@ -20,52 +22,44 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def setup
       super
       @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-      @listener   = LogListener.new
-      @pk         = Topic.columns.find { |c| c.primary }
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe('sql.active_record', @listener)
+      @subscriber = LogListener.new
+      @pk = Topic.columns_hash[Topic.primary_key]
+      @subscription = ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe('sql.active_record', @subscriber)
     end
 
-    def teardown
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe(@listener)
+    teardown do
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe(@subscription)
     end
 
     if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_statement_cache?
-      def test_binds_are_logged
-        sub   = @connection.substitute_at(@pk, 0)
-        binds = [[@pk, 1]]
-        sql   = "select * from topics where id = #{sub}"
-
-        @connection.exec_query(sql, 'SQL', binds)
-
-        message = @listener.calls.find { |args| args[4][:sql] == sql }
-        assert_equal binds, message[4][:binds]
+      def test_bind_from_join_in_subquery
+        subquery = Author.joins(:thinking_posts).where(name: 'David')
+        scope = Author.from(subquery, 'authors').where(id: 1)
+        assert_equal 1, scope.count
       end
 
-      def test_binds_are_logged_after_type_cast
-        sub   = @connection.substitute_at(@pk, 0)
-        binds = [[@pk, "3"]]
-        sql   = "select * from topics where id = #{sub}"
+      def test_binds_are_logged
+        sub   = @connection.substitute_at(@pk)
+        binds = [Relation::QueryAttribute.new("id", 1, Type::Value.new)]
+        sql   = "select * from topics where id = #{sub.to_sql}"
 
         @connection.exec_query(sql, 'SQL', binds)
 
-        message = @listener.calls.find { |args| args[4][:sql] == sql }
-        assert_equal [[@pk, 3]], message[4][:binds]
+        message = @subscriber.calls.find { |args| args[4][:sql] == sql }
+        assert_equal binds, message[4][:binds]
       end
 
       def test_find_one_uses_binds
         Topic.find(1)
-        binds = [[@pk, 1]]
-        message = @listener.calls.find { |args| args[4][:binds] == binds }
+        message = @subscriber.calls.find { |args| args[4][:binds].any? { |attr| attr.value == 1 } }
         assert message, 'expected a message with binds'
       end
 
-      def test_logs_bind_vars
-        pk = Topic.columns.find { |x| x.primary }
-
+      def test_logs_bind_vars_after_type_cast
         payload = {
           :name  => 'SQL',
           :sql   => 'select * from topics where id = ?',
-          :binds => [[pk, 10]]
+          :binds => [Relation::QueryAttribute.new("id", "10", Type::Integer.new)]
         }
         event  = ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event.new(
           'foo',
@@ -87,7 +81,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         }.new
 
         logger.sql event
-        assert_match([[pk.name, 10]].inspect, logger.debugs.first)
+        assert_match([[@pk.name, 10]].inspect, logger.debugs.first)
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/cache_key_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/cache_key_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bb2829b3c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/cache_key_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class CacheKeyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    self.use_transactional_tests = false
+
+    class CacheMe < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+
+    setup do
+      @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+      @connection.create_table(:cache_mes) { |t| t.timestamps }
+    end
+
+    teardown do
+      @connection.drop_table :cache_mes, if_exists: true
+    end
+
+    test "test_cache_key_format_is_not_too_precise" do
+      record = CacheMe.create
+      key = record.cache_key
+
+      assert_equal key, record.reload.cache_key
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/calculations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/calculations_test.rb
index db999f90ab..4a0e6f497f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/calculations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/calculations_test.rb
@@ -10,25 +10,41 @@ require 'models/reply'
 require 'models/minivan'
 require 'models/speedometer'
 require 'models/ship_part'
-
-Company.has_many :accounts
+require 'models/treasure'
+require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/comment'
+require 'models/rating'
+require 'models/post'
 
 class NumericData < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'numeric_data'
+
+  attribute :world_population, :integer
+  attribute :my_house_population, :integer
+  attribute :atoms_in_universe, :integer
 end
 
 class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :companies, :accounts, :topics
+  fixtures :companies, :accounts, :topics, :speedometers, :minivans
 
   def test_should_sum_field
     assert_equal 318, Account.sum(:credit_limit)
   end
 
+  def test_should_sum_arel_attribute
+    assert_equal 318, Account.sum(Account.arel_table[:credit_limit])
+  end
+
   def test_should_average_field
     value = Account.average(:credit_limit)
     assert_equal 53.0, value
   end
 
+  def test_should_average_arel_attribute
+    value = Account.average(Account.arel_table[:credit_limit])
+    assert_equal 53.0, value
+  end
+
   def test_should_resolve_aliased_attributes
     assert_equal 318, Account.sum(:available_credit)
   end
@@ -49,23 +65,30 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_nil NumericData.average(:bank_balance)
   end
 
-  def test_type_cast_calculated_value_should_convert_db_averages_of_fixnum_class_to_decimal
-    assert_equal 0, NumericData.all.send(:type_cast_calculated_value, 0, nil, 'avg')
-    assert_equal 53.0, NumericData.all.send(:type_cast_calculated_value, 53, nil, 'avg')
-  end
-
   def test_should_get_maximum_of_field
     assert_equal 60, Account.maximum(:credit_limit)
   end
 
+  def test_should_get_maximum_of_arel_attribute
+    assert_equal 60, Account.maximum(Account.arel_table[:credit_limit])
+  end
+
   def test_should_get_maximum_of_field_with_include
     assert_equal 55, Account.where("companies.name != 'Summit'").references(:companies).includes(:firm).maximum(:credit_limit)
   end
 
+  def test_should_get_maximum_of_arel_attribute_with_include
+    assert_equal 55, Account.where("companies.name != 'Summit'").references(:companies).includes(:firm).maximum(Account.arel_table[:credit_limit])
+  end
+
   def test_should_get_minimum_of_field
     assert_equal 50, Account.minimum(:credit_limit)
   end
 
+  def test_should_get_minimum_of_arel_attribute
+    assert_equal 50, Account.minimum(Account.arel_table[:credit_limit])
+  end
+
   def test_should_group_by_field
     c = Account.group(:firm_id).sum(:credit_limit)
     [1,6,2].each do |firm_id|
@@ -100,6 +123,25 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 60,   c[2]
   end
 
+  def test_should_generate_valid_sql_with_joins_and_group
+    assert_nothing_raised ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid do
+      AuditLog.joins(:developer).group(:id).count
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_should_calculate_against_given_relation
+    developer = Developer.create!(name: "developer")
+    developer.audit_logs.create!(message: "first log")
+    developer.audit_logs.create!(message: "second log")
+
+    c = developer.audit_logs.joins(:developer).group(:id).count
+
+    assert_equal developer.audit_logs.count, c.size
+    developer.audit_logs.each do |log|
+      assert_equal 1, c[log.id]
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_should_order_by_grouped_field
     c = Account.group(:firm_id).order("firm_id").sum(:credit_limit)
     assert_equal [1, 2, 6, 9], c.keys.compact
@@ -129,6 +171,14 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 3, accounts.select(:firm_id).count
   end
 
+  def test_limit_should_apply_before_count_arel_attribute
+    accounts = Account.limit(3).where('firm_id IS NOT NULL')
+
+    firm_id_attribute = Account.arel_table[:firm_id]
+    assert_equal 3, accounts.count(firm_id_attribute)
+    assert_equal 3, accounts.select(firm_id_attribute).count
+  end
+
   def test_count_should_shortcut_with_limit_zero
     accounts = Account.limit(0)
 
@@ -351,13 +401,29 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 6, Account.select("DISTINCT accounts.id").includes(:firm).count
   end
 
+  def test_count_selected_arel_attribute
+    assert_equal 5, Account.select(Account.arel_table[:firm_id]).count
+    assert_equal 4, Account.distinct.select(Account.arel_table[:firm_id]).count
+  end
+
   def test_count_with_column_parameter
     assert_equal 5, Account.count(:firm_id)
   end
 
+  def test_count_with_arel_attribute
+    assert_equal 5, Account.count(Account.arel_table[:firm_id])
+  end
+
+  def test_count_with_arel_star
+    assert_equal 6, Account.count(Arel.star)
+  end
+
   def test_count_with_distinct
     assert_equal 4, Account.select(:credit_limit).distinct.count
-    assert_equal 4, Account.select(:credit_limit).uniq.count
+
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_equal 4, Account.select(:credit_limit).uniq.count
+    end
   end
 
   def test_count_with_aliased_attribute
@@ -373,12 +439,27 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 4, Account.joins(:firm).distinct.count('companies.id')
   end
 
+  def test_count_arel_attribute_in_joined_table_with
+    assert_equal 5, Account.joins(:firm).count(Company.arel_table[:id])
+    assert_equal 4, Account.joins(:firm).distinct.count(Company.arel_table[:id])
+  end
+
+  def test_count_selected_arel_attribute_in_joined_table
+    assert_equal 5, Account.joins(:firm).select(Company.arel_table[:id]).count
+    assert_equal 4, Account.joins(:firm).distinct.select(Company.arel_table[:id]).count
+  end
+
   def test_should_count_field_in_joined_table_with_group_by
     c = Account.group('accounts.firm_id').joins(:firm).count('companies.id')
 
     [1,6,2,9].each { |firm_id| assert c.keys.include?(firm_id) }
   end
 
+  def test_should_count_field_of_root_table_with_conflicting_group_by_column
+    assert_equal({ 1 => 1 }, Firm.joins(:accounts).group(:firm_id).count)
+    assert_equal({ 1 => 1 }, Firm.joins(:accounts).group('accounts.firm_id').count)
+  end
+
   def test_count_with_no_parameters_isnt_deprecated
     assert_not_deprecated { Account.count }
   end
@@ -387,6 +468,20 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Account.count(1, 2, 3) }
   end
 
+  def test_count_with_order
+    assert_equal 6, Account.order(:credit_limit).count
+  end
+
+  def test_count_with_reverse_order
+    assert_equal 6, Account.order(:credit_limit).reverse_order.count
+  end
+
+  def test_count_with_where_and_order
+    assert_equal 1, Account.where(firm_name: '37signals').count
+    assert_equal 1, Account.where(firm_name: '37signals').order(:firm_name).count
+    assert_equal 1, Account.where(firm_name: '37signals').order(:firm_name).reverse_order.count
+  end
+
   def test_should_sum_expression
     # Oracle adapter returns floating point value 636.0 after SUM
     if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
@@ -450,7 +545,6 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 7, Company.includes(:contracts).sum(:developer_id)
   end
 
-
   def test_from_option_with_specified_index
     if Edge.connection.adapter_name == 'MySQL' or Edge.connection.adapter_name == 'Mysql2'
       assert_equal Edge.count(:all), Edge.from('edges USE INDEX(unique_edge_index)').count(:all)
@@ -489,8 +583,8 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [ topic.written_on ], relation.pluck(:written_on)
   end
 
-  def test_pluck_and_uniq
-    assert_equal [50, 53, 55, 60], Account.order(:credit_limit).uniq.pluck(:credit_limit)
+  def test_pluck_and_distinct
+    assert_equal [50, 53, 55, 60], Account.order(:credit_limit).distinct.pluck(:credit_limit)
   end
 
   def test_pluck_in_relation
@@ -592,4 +686,107 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [1,2,3,4,5], taks_relation.pluck(:id)
     assert_equal [false, true, true, true, true], taks_relation.pluck(:approved)
   end
+
+  def test_pluck_columns_with_same_name
+    expected = [["The First Topic", "The Second Topic of the day"], ["The Third Topic of the day", "The Fourth Topic of the day"]]
+    actual = Topic.joins(:replies)
+      .pluck('topics.title', 'replies_topics.title')
+    assert_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_calculation_with_polymorphic_relation
+    part = ShipPart.create!(name: "has trinket")
+    part.trinkets.create!
+
+    assert_equal part.id, ShipPart.joins(:trinkets).sum(:id)
+  end
+
+  def test_pluck_joined_with_polymorphic_relation
+    part = ShipPart.create!(name: "has trinket")
+    part.trinkets.create!
+
+    assert_equal [part.id], ShipPart.joins(:trinkets).pluck(:id)
+  end
+
+  def test_pluck_loaded_relation
+    companies = Company.order(:id).limit(3).load
+    assert_no_queries do
+      assert_equal ['37signals', 'Summit', 'Microsoft'], companies.pluck(:name)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_pluck_loaded_relation_multiple_columns
+    companies = Company.order(:id).limit(3).load
+    assert_no_queries do
+      assert_equal [[1, '37signals'], [2, 'Summit'], [3, 'Microsoft']], companies.pluck(:id, :name)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_pluck_loaded_relation_sql_fragment
+    companies = Company.order(:name).limit(3).load
+    assert_queries 1 do
+      assert_equal ['37signals', 'Apex', 'Ex Nihilo'], companies.pluck('DISTINCT name')
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_grouped_calculation_with_polymorphic_relation
+    part = ShipPart.create!(name: "has trinket")
+    part.trinkets.create!
+
+    assert_equal({ "has trinket" => part.id }, ShipPart.joins(:trinkets).group("ship_parts.name").sum(:id))
+  end
+
+  def test_calculation_grouped_by_association_doesnt_error_when_no_records_have_association
+    Client.update_all(client_of: nil)
+    assert_equal({ nil => Client.count }, Client.group(:firm).count)
+  end
+
+  def test_should_reference_correct_aliases_while_joining_tables_of_has_many_through_association
+    assert_nothing_raised ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid do
+      developer = Developer.create!(name: 'developer')
+      developer.ratings.includes(comment: :post).where(posts: { id: 1 }).count
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_sum_uses_enumerable_version_when_block_is_given
+    block_called = false
+    relation = Client.all.load
+
+    assert_no_queries do
+      assert_equal 0, relation.sum { block_called = true; 0 }
+    end
+    assert block_called
+  end
+
+  def test_having_with_strong_parameters
+    protected_params = Class.new do
+      attr_reader :permitted
+      alias :permitted? :permitted
+
+      def initialize(parameters)
+        @parameters = parameters
+        @permitted = false
+      end
+
+      def to_h
+        @parameters
+      end
+
+      def permit!
+        @permitted = true
+        self
+      end
+    end
+
+    params = protected_params.new(credit_limit: '50')
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesError) do
+      Account.group(:id).having(params)
+    end
+
+    result = Account.group(:id).having(params.permit!)
+    assert_equal 50, result[0].credit_limit
+    assert_equal 50, result[1].credit_limit
+    assert_equal 50, result[2].credit_limit
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb
index c8f56e3c73..73ac30e547 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 
 class CallbackDeveloper < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'developers'
@@ -47,6 +49,11 @@ class CallbackDeveloperWithFalseValidation < CallbackDeveloper
   before_validation proc { |model| model.history << [:before_validation, :should_never_get_here] }
 end
 
+class CallbackDeveloperWithHaltedValidation < CallbackDeveloper
+  before_validation proc { |model| model.history << [:before_validation, :throwing_abort]; throw(:abort) }
+  before_validation proc { |model| model.history << [:before_validation, :should_never_get_here] }
+end
+
 class ParentDeveloper < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'developers'
   attr_accessor :after_save_called
@@ -57,27 +64,6 @@ class ChildDeveloper < ParentDeveloper
 
 end
 
-class RecursiveCallbackDeveloper < ActiveRecord::Base
-  self.table_name = 'developers'
-
-  before_save :on_before_save
-  after_save :on_after_save
-
-  attr_reader :on_before_save_called, :on_after_save_called
-
-  def on_before_save
-    @on_before_save_called ||= 0
-    @on_before_save_called += 1
-    save unless @on_before_save_called > 1
-  end
-
-  def on_after_save
-    @on_after_save_called ||= 0
-    @on_after_save_called += 1
-    save unless @on_after_save_called > 1
-  end
-end
-
 class ImmutableDeveloper < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'developers'
 
@@ -86,35 +72,24 @@ class ImmutableDeveloper < ActiveRecord::Base
   before_save :cancel
   before_destroy :cancel
 
-  def cancelled?
-    @cancelled == true
-  end
-
   private
     def cancel
-      @cancelled = true
       false
     end
 end
 
-class ImmutableMethodDeveloper < ActiveRecord::Base
+class DeveloperWithCanceledCallbacks < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'developers'
 
-  validates_inclusion_of :salary, :in => 50000..200000
-
-  def cancelled?
-    @cancelled == true
-  end
+  validates_inclusion_of :salary, in: 50000..200000
 
-  before_save do
-    @cancelled = true
-    false
-  end
+  before_save :cancel
+  before_destroy :cancel
 
-  before_destroy do
-    @cancelled = true
-    false
-  end
+  private
+    def cancel
+      throw(:abort)
+    end
 end
 
 class OnCallbacksDeveloper < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -180,6 +155,23 @@ class CallbackCancellationDeveloper < ActiveRecord::Base
   after_destroy { @after_destroy_called = true }
 end
 
+class CallbackHaltedDeveloper < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.table_name = 'developers'
+
+  attr_reader   :after_save_called, :after_create_called, :after_update_called, :after_destroy_called
+  attr_accessor :cancel_before_save, :cancel_before_create, :cancel_before_update, :cancel_before_destroy
+
+  before_save    { throw(:abort) if defined?(@cancel_before_save) }
+  before_create  { throw(:abort) if @cancel_before_create  }
+  before_update  { throw(:abort) if @cancel_before_update  }
+  before_destroy { throw(:abort) if @cancel_before_destroy }
+
+  after_save    { @after_save_called    = true }
+  after_update  { @after_update_called  = true }
+  after_create  { @after_create_called  = true }
+  after_destroy { @after_destroy_called = true }
+end
+
 class CallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :developers
 
@@ -296,7 +288,12 @@ class CallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       [ :after_save,                  :string ],
       [ :after_save,                  :proc   ],
       [ :after_save,                  :object ],
-      [ :after_save,                  :block  ]
+      [ :after_save,                  :block  ],
+      [ :after_commit,                :block  ],
+      [ :after_commit,                :object ],
+      [ :after_commit,                :proc   ],
+      [ :after_commit,                :string ],
+      [ :after_commit,                :method ]
     ], david.history
   end
 
@@ -365,7 +362,12 @@ class CallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       [ :after_save,                  :string ],
       [ :after_save,                  :proc   ],
       [ :after_save,                  :object ],
-      [ :after_save,                  :block  ]
+      [ :after_save,                  :block  ],
+      [ :after_commit,                :block  ],
+      [ :after_commit,                :object ],
+      [ :after_commit,                :proc   ],
+      [ :after_commit,                :string ],
+      [ :after_commit,                :method ]
     ], david.history
   end
 
@@ -416,7 +418,12 @@ class CallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       [ :after_destroy,               :string ],
       [ :after_destroy,               :proc   ],
       [ :after_destroy,               :object ],
-      [ :after_destroy,               :block  ]
+      [ :after_destroy,               :block  ],
+      [ :after_commit,                :block  ],
+      [ :after_commit,                :object ],
+      [ :after_commit,                :proc   ],
+      [ :after_commit,                :string ],
+      [ :after_commit,                :method ]
     ], david.history
   end
 
@@ -437,11 +444,15 @@ class CallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     ], david.history
   end
 
-  def test_before_save_returning_false
+  def test_deprecated_before_save_returning_false
     david = ImmutableDeveloper.find(1)
-    assert david.valid?
-    assert !david.save
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved) { david.save! }
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert david.valid?
+      assert !david.save
+      exc = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved) { david.save! }
+      assert_equal exc.record, david
+      assert_equal "Failed to save the record", exc.message
+    end
 
     david = ImmutableDeveloper.find(1)
     david.salary = 10_000_000
@@ -451,37 +462,49 @@ class CallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     someone = CallbackCancellationDeveloper.find(1)
     someone.cancel_before_save = true
-    assert someone.valid?
-    assert !someone.save
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert someone.valid?
+      assert !someone.save
+    end
     assert_save_callbacks_not_called(someone)
   end
 
-  def test_before_create_returning_false
+  def test_deprecated_before_create_returning_false
     someone = CallbackCancellationDeveloper.new
     someone.cancel_before_create = true
-    assert someone.valid?
-    assert !someone.save
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert someone.valid?
+      assert !someone.save
+    end
     assert_save_callbacks_not_called(someone)
   end
 
-  def test_before_update_returning_false
+  def test_deprecated_before_update_returning_false
     someone = CallbackCancellationDeveloper.find(1)
     someone.cancel_before_update = true
-    assert someone.valid?
-    assert !someone.save
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert someone.valid?
+      assert !someone.save
+    end
     assert_save_callbacks_not_called(someone)
   end
 
-  def test_before_destroy_returning_false
+  def test_deprecated_before_destroy_returning_false
     david = ImmutableDeveloper.find(1)
-    assert !david.destroy
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotDestroyed) { david.destroy! }
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert !david.destroy
+      exc = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotDestroyed) { david.destroy! }
+      assert_equal exc.record, david
+      assert_equal "Failed to destroy the record", exc.message
+    end
     assert_not_nil ImmutableDeveloper.find_by_id(1)
 
     someone = CallbackCancellationDeveloper.find(1)
     someone.cancel_before_destroy = true
-    assert !someone.destroy
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotDestroyed) { someone.destroy! }
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert !someone.destroy
+      assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotDestroyed) { someone.destroy! }
+    end
     assert !someone.after_destroy_called
   end
 
@@ -492,9 +515,59 @@ class CallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
   private :assert_save_callbacks_not_called
 
+  def test_before_create_throwing_abort
+    someone = CallbackHaltedDeveloper.new
+    someone.cancel_before_create = true
+    assert someone.valid?
+    assert !someone.save
+    assert_save_callbacks_not_called(someone)
+  end
+
+  def test_before_save_throwing_abort
+    david = DeveloperWithCanceledCallbacks.find(1)
+    assert david.valid?
+    assert !david.save
+    exc = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved) { david.save! }
+    assert_equal exc.record, david
+
+    david = DeveloperWithCanceledCallbacks.find(1)
+    david.salary = 10_000_000
+    assert !david.valid?
+    assert !david.save
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) { david.save! }
+
+    someone = CallbackHaltedDeveloper.find(1)
+    someone.cancel_before_save = true
+    assert someone.valid?
+    assert !someone.save
+    assert_save_callbacks_not_called(someone)
+  end
+
+  def test_before_update_throwing_abort
+    someone = CallbackHaltedDeveloper.find(1)
+    someone.cancel_before_update = true
+    assert someone.valid?
+    assert !someone.save
+    assert_save_callbacks_not_called(someone)
+  end
+
+  def test_before_destroy_throwing_abort
+    david = DeveloperWithCanceledCallbacks.find(1)
+    assert !david.destroy
+    exc = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotDestroyed) { david.destroy! }
+    assert_equal exc.record, david
+    assert_not_nil ImmutableDeveloper.find_by_id(1)
+
+    someone = CallbackHaltedDeveloper.find(1)
+    someone.cancel_before_destroy = true
+    assert !someone.destroy
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotDestroyed) { someone.destroy! }
+    assert !someone.after_destroy_called
+  end
+
   def test_callback_returning_false
     david = CallbackDeveloperWithFalseValidation.find(1)
-    david.save
+    assert_deprecated { david.save }
     assert_equal [
       [ :after_find,            :method ],
       [ :after_find,            :string ],
@@ -520,6 +593,34 @@ class CallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     ], david.history
   end
 
+  def test_callback_throwing_abort
+    david = CallbackDeveloperWithHaltedValidation.find(1)
+    david.save
+    assert_equal [
+      [ :after_find,        :method ],
+      [ :after_find,        :string ],
+      [ :after_find,        :proc   ],
+      [ :after_find,        :object ],
+      [ :after_find,        :block  ],
+      [ :after_initialize,  :method ],
+      [ :after_initialize,  :string ],
+      [ :after_initialize,  :proc   ],
+      [ :after_initialize,  :object ],
+      [ :after_initialize,  :block  ],
+      [ :before_validation, :method ],
+      [ :before_validation, :string ],
+      [ :before_validation, :proc   ],
+      [ :before_validation, :object ],
+      [ :before_validation, :block  ],
+      [ :before_validation, :throwing_abort ],
+      [ :after_rollback,    :block  ],
+      [ :after_rollback,    :object ],
+      [ :after_rollback,    :proc   ],
+      [ :after_rollback,    :string ],
+      [ :after_rollback,    :method ],
+    ], david.history
+  end
+
   def test_inheritance_of_callbacks
     parent = ParentDeveloper.new
     assert !parent.after_save_called
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/collection_cache_key_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/collection_cache_key_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..53058c5a4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/collection_cache_key_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require "models/computer"
+require "models/developer"
+require "models/project"
+require "models/topic"
+require "models/post"
+require "models/comment"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class CollectionCacheKeyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    fixtures :developers, :projects, :developers_projects, :topics, :comments, :posts
+
+    test "collection_cache_key on model" do
+      assert_match(/\Adevelopers\/query-(\h+)-(\d+)-(\d+)\Z/, Developer.collection_cache_key)
+    end
+
+    test "cache_key for relation" do
+      developers = Developer.where(name: "David")
+      last_developer_timestamp = developers.order(updated_at: :desc).first.updated_at
+
+      assert_match(/\Adevelopers\/query-(\h+)-(\d+)-(\d+)\Z/, developers.cache_key)
+
+      /\Adevelopers\/query-(\h+)-(\d+)-(\d+)\Z/ =~ developers.cache_key
+
+      assert_equal Digest::MD5.hexdigest(developers.to_sql), $1
+      assert_equal developers.count.to_s, $2
+      assert_equal last_developer_timestamp.to_s(ActiveRecord::Base.cache_timestamp_format), $3
+    end
+
+    test "it triggers at most one query" do
+      developers =  Developer.where(name: "David")
+
+      assert_queries(1) { developers.cache_key }
+      assert_queries(0) { developers.cache_key }
+    end
+
+    test "it doesn't trigger any query if the relation is already loaded" do
+      developers =  Developer.where(name: "David").load
+      assert_queries(0) { developers.cache_key }
+    end
+
+    test "relation cache_key changes when the sql query changes" do
+      developers = Developer.where(name: "David")
+      other_relation =  Developer.where(name: "David").where("1 = 1")
+
+      assert_not_equal developers.cache_key, other_relation.cache_key
+    end
+
+    test "cache_key for empty relation" do
+      developers = Developer.where(name: "Non Existent Developer")
+      assert_match(/\Adevelopers\/query-(\h+)-0\Z/, developers.cache_key)
+    end
+
+    test "cache_key with custom timestamp column" do
+      topics = Topic.where("title like ?", "%Topic%")
+      last_topic_timestamp = topics(:fifth).written_on.utc.to_s(:usec)
+      assert_match(last_topic_timestamp, topics.cache_key(:written_on))
+    end
+
+    test "cache_key with unknown timestamp column" do
+      topics = Topic.where("title like ?", "%Topic%")
+      assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) { topics.cache_key(:published_at) }
+    end
+
+    test "collection proxy provides a cache_key" do
+      developers = projects(:active_record).developers
+      assert_match(/\Adevelopers\/query-(\h+)-(\d+)-(\d+)\Z/, developers.cache_key)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/column_definition_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/column_definition_test.rb
index c7b64f29c3..14b95ecab1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/column_definition_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/column_definition_test.rb
@@ -11,30 +11,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @viz = @adapter.schema_creation
       end
 
-      def test_can_set_coder
-        column = Column.new("title", nil, "varchar(20)")
-        column.coder = YAML
-        assert_equal YAML, column.coder
-      end
-
-      def test_encoded?
-        column = Column.new("title", nil, "varchar(20)")
-        assert !column.encoded?
-
-        column.coder = YAML
-        assert column.encoded?
-      end
-
-      def test_type_case_coded_column
-        column = Column.new("title", nil, "varchar(20)")
-        column.coder = YAML
-        assert_equal "hello", column.type_cast("--- hello")
-      end
-
       # Avoid column definitions in create table statements like:
       # `title` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL
       def test_should_not_include_default_clause_when_default_is_null
-        column = Column.new("title", nil, "varchar(20)")
+        column = Column.new("title", nil, SqlTypeMetadata.new(limit: 20))
         column_def = ColumnDefinition.new(
           column.name, "string",
           column.limit, column.precision, column.scale, column.default, column.null)
@@ -42,7 +22,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_should_include_default_clause_when_default_is_present
-        column = Column.new("title", "Hello", "varchar(20)")
+        column = Column.new("title", "Hello", SqlTypeMetadata.new(limit: 20))
         column_def = ColumnDefinition.new(
           column.name, "string",
           column.limit, column.precision, column.scale, column.default, column.null)
@@ -50,94 +30,53 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_should_specify_not_null_if_null_option_is_false
-        column = Column.new("title", "Hello", "varchar(20)", false)
+        type_metadata = SqlTypeMetadata.new(limit: 20)
+        column = Column.new("title", "Hello", type_metadata, false)
         column_def = ColumnDefinition.new(
           column.name, "string",
           column.limit, column.precision, column.scale, column.default, column.null)
           assert_equal %Q{title varchar(20) DEFAULT 'Hello' NOT NULL}, @viz.accept(column_def)
       end
 
-      if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter)
+      if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
         def test_should_set_default_for_mysql_binary_data_types
-          binary_column = MysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", "a", "binary(1)")
+          type = SqlTypeMetadata.new(type: :binary, sql_type: "binary(1)")
+          binary_column = AbstractMysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", "a", type)
           assert_equal "a", binary_column.default
 
-          varbinary_column = MysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", "a", "varbinary(1)")
+          type = SqlTypeMetadata.new(type: :binary, sql_type: "varbinary")
+          varbinary_column = AbstractMysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", "a", type)
           assert_equal "a", varbinary_column.default
         end
 
         def test_should_not_set_default_for_blob_and_text_data_types
           assert_raise ArgumentError do
-            MysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", "a", "blob")
+            AbstractMysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", "a", SqlTypeMetadata.new(sql_type: "blob"))
           end
 
+          text_type = AbstractMysqlAdapter::MysqlTypeMetadata.new(
+            SqlTypeMetadata.new(type: :text))
           assert_raise ArgumentError do
-            MysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", "Hello", "text")
+            AbstractMysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", "Hello", text_type)
           end
 
-          text_column = MysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", nil, "text")
+          text_column = AbstractMysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", nil, text_type)
           assert_equal nil, text_column.default
 
-          not_null_text_column = MysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", nil, "text", false)
+          not_null_text_column = AbstractMysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", nil, text_type, false)
           assert_equal "", not_null_text_column.default
         end
 
         def test_has_default_should_return_false_for_blob_and_text_data_types
-          blob_column = MysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", nil, "blob")
+          binary_type = SqlTypeMetadata.new(sql_type: "blob")
+          blob_column = AbstractMysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", nil, binary_type)
           assert !blob_column.has_default?
 
-          text_column = MysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", nil, "text")
+          text_type = SqlTypeMetadata.new(type: :text)
+          text_column = AbstractMysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", nil, text_type)
           assert !text_column.has_default?
         end
       end
-
-      if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
-        def test_should_set_default_for_mysql_binary_data_types
-          binary_column = Mysql2Adapter::Column.new("title", "a", "binary(1)")
-          assert_equal "a", binary_column.default
-
-          varbinary_column = Mysql2Adapter::Column.new("title", "a", "varbinary(1)")
-          assert_equal "a", varbinary_column.default
-        end
-
-        def test_should_not_set_default_for_blob_and_text_data_types
-          assert_raise ArgumentError do
-            Mysql2Adapter::Column.new("title", "a", "blob")
-          end
-
-          assert_raise ArgumentError do
-            Mysql2Adapter::Column.new("title", "Hello", "text")
-          end
-
-          text_column = Mysql2Adapter::Column.new("title", nil, "text")
-          assert_equal nil, text_column.default
-
-          not_null_text_column = Mysql2Adapter::Column.new("title", nil, "text", false)
-          assert_equal "", not_null_text_column.default
-        end
-
-        def test_has_default_should_return_false_for_blob_and_text_data_types
-          blob_column = Mysql2Adapter::Column.new("title", nil, "blob")
-          assert !blob_column.has_default?
-
-          text_column = Mysql2Adapter::Column.new("title", nil, "text")
-          assert !text_column.has_default?
-        end
-      end
-
-      if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
-        def test_bigint_column_should_map_to_integer
-          oid = PostgreSQLAdapter::OID::Identity.new
-          bigint_column = PostgreSQLColumn.new('number', nil, oid, "bigint")
-          assert_equal :integer, bigint_column.type
-        end
-
-        def test_smallint_column_should_map_to_integer
-          oid = PostgreSQLAdapter::OID::Identity.new
-          smallint_column = PostgreSQLColumn.new('number', nil, oid, "smallint")
-          assert_equal :integer, smallint_column.type
-        end
-      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/column_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/column_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 2a6d8cc2ab..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/column_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,123 +0,0 @@
-require "cases/helper"
-require 'models/company'
-
-module ActiveRecord
-  module ConnectionAdapters
-    class ColumnTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-      def test_type_cast_boolean
-        column = Column.new("field", nil, "boolean")
-        assert column.type_cast('').nil?
-        assert column.type_cast(nil).nil?
-
-        assert column.type_cast(true)
-        assert column.type_cast(1)
-        assert column.type_cast('1')
-        assert column.type_cast('t')
-        assert column.type_cast('T')
-        assert column.type_cast('true')
-        assert column.type_cast('TRUE')
-        assert column.type_cast('on')
-        assert column.type_cast('ON')
-
-        # explicitly check for false vs nil
-        assert_equal false, column.type_cast(false)
-        assert_equal false, column.type_cast(0)
-        assert_equal false, column.type_cast('0')
-        assert_equal false, column.type_cast('f')
-        assert_equal false, column.type_cast('F')
-        assert_equal false, column.type_cast('false')
-        assert_equal false, column.type_cast('FALSE')
-        assert_equal false, column.type_cast('off')
-        assert_equal false, column.type_cast('OFF')
-        assert_equal false, column.type_cast(' ')
-        assert_equal false, column.type_cast("\u3000\r\n")
-        assert_equal false, column.type_cast("\u0000")
-        assert_equal false, column.type_cast('SOMETHING RANDOM')
-      end
-
-      def test_type_cast_integer
-        column = Column.new("field", nil, "integer")
-        assert_equal 1, column.type_cast(1)
-        assert_equal 1, column.type_cast('1')
-        assert_equal 1, column.type_cast('1ignore')
-        assert_equal 0, column.type_cast('bad1')
-        assert_equal 0, column.type_cast('bad')
-        assert_equal 1, column.type_cast(1.7)
-        assert_equal 0, column.type_cast(false)
-        assert_equal 1, column.type_cast(true)
-        assert_nil column.type_cast(nil)
-      end
-
-      def test_type_cast_non_integer_to_integer
-        column = Column.new("field", nil, "integer")
-        assert_nil column.type_cast([1,2])
-        assert_nil column.type_cast({1 => 2})
-        assert_nil column.type_cast((1..2))
-      end
-
-      def test_type_cast_activerecord_to_integer
-        column = Column.new("field", nil, "integer")
-        firm = Firm.create(:name => 'Apple')
-        assert_nil column.type_cast(firm)
-      end
-
-      def test_type_cast_object_without_to_i_to_integer
-        column = Column.new("field", nil, "integer")
-        assert_nil column.type_cast(Object.new)
-      end
-
-      def test_type_cast_nan_and_infinity_to_integer
-        column = Column.new("field", nil, "integer")
-        assert_nil column.type_cast(Float::NAN)
-        assert_nil column.type_cast(1.0/0.0)
-      end
-
-      def test_type_cast_time
-        column = Column.new("field", nil, "time")
-        assert_equal nil, column.type_cast(nil)
-        assert_equal nil, column.type_cast('')
-        assert_equal nil, column.type_cast('ABC')
-
-        time_string = Time.now.utc.strftime("%T")
-        assert_equal time_string, column.type_cast(time_string).strftime("%T")
-      end
-
-      def test_type_cast_datetime_and_timestamp
-        [Column.new("field", nil, "datetime"), Column.new("field", nil, "timestamp")].each do |column|
-          assert_equal nil, column.type_cast(nil)
-          assert_equal nil, column.type_cast('')
-          assert_equal nil, column.type_cast('  ')
-          assert_equal nil, column.type_cast('ABC')
-
-          datetime_string = Time.now.utc.strftime("%FT%T")
-          assert_equal datetime_string, column.type_cast(datetime_string).strftime("%FT%T")
-        end
-      end
-
-      def test_type_cast_date
-        column = Column.new("field", nil, "date")
-        assert_equal nil, column.type_cast(nil)
-        assert_equal nil, column.type_cast('')
-        assert_equal nil, column.type_cast(' ')
-        assert_equal nil, column.type_cast('ABC')
-
-        date_string = Time.now.utc.strftime("%F")
-        assert_equal date_string, column.type_cast(date_string).strftime("%F")
-      end
-
-      def test_type_cast_duration_to_integer
-        column = Column.new("field", nil, "integer")
-        assert_equal 1800, column.type_cast(30.minutes)
-        assert_equal 7200, column.type_cast(2.hours)
-      end
-
-      def test_string_to_time_with_timezone
-        [:utc, :local].each do |zone|
-          with_timezone_config default: zone do
-            assert_equal Time.utc(2013, 9, 4, 0, 0, 0), Column.string_to_time("Wed, 04 Sep 2013 03:00:00 EAT")
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index eb2fe5639b..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-require "cases/helper"
-
-module ActiveRecord
-  module ConnectionAdapters
-    class ConnectionPool
-      def insert_connection_for_test!(c)
-        synchronize do
-          @connections << c
-          @available.add c
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    class AbstractAdapterTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-      attr_reader :adapter
-
-      def setup
-        @adapter = AbstractAdapter.new nil, nil
-      end
-
-      def test_in_use?
-        assert_not adapter.in_use?, 'adapter is not in use'
-        assert adapter.lease, 'lease adapter'
-        assert adapter.in_use?, 'adapter is in use'
-      end
-
-      def test_lease_twice
-        assert adapter.lease, 'should lease adapter'
-        assert_not adapter.lease, 'should not lease adapter'
-      end
-
-      def test_last_use
-        assert_not adapter.last_use
-        adapter.lease
-        assert adapter.last_use
-      end
-
-      def test_expire_mutates_in_use
-        assert adapter.lease, 'lease adapter'
-        assert adapter.in_use?, 'adapter is in use'
-        adapter.expire
-        assert_not adapter.in_use?, 'adapter is in use'
-      end
-
-      def test_close
-        pool = ConnectionPool.new(ConnectionSpecification.new({}, nil))
-        pool.insert_connection_for_test! adapter
-        adapter.pool = pool
-
-        # Make sure the pool marks the connection in use
-        assert_equal adapter, pool.connection
-        assert adapter.in_use?
-
-        # Close should put the adapter back in the pool
-        adapter.close
-        assert_not adapter.in_use?
-
-        assert_equal adapter, pool.connection
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/adapter_leasing_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/adapter_leasing_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..580568c8ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/adapter_leasing_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    class AdapterLeasingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      class Pool < ConnectionPool
+        def insert_connection_for_test!(c)
+          synchronize do
+            adopt_connection(c)
+            @available.add c
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def setup
+        @adapter = AbstractAdapter.new nil, nil
+      end
+
+      def test_in_use?
+        assert_not @adapter.in_use?, 'adapter is not in use'
+        assert @adapter.lease, 'lease adapter'
+        assert @adapter.in_use?, 'adapter is in use'
+      end
+
+      def test_lease_twice
+        assert @adapter.lease, 'should lease adapter'
+        assert_raises(ActiveRecordError) do
+          @adapter.lease
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_expire_mutates_in_use
+        assert @adapter.lease, 'lease adapter'
+        assert @adapter.in_use?, 'adapter is in use'
+        @adapter.expire
+        assert_not @adapter.in_use?, 'adapter is in use'
+      end
+
+      def test_close
+        pool = Pool.new(ConnectionSpecification.new({}, nil))
+        pool.insert_connection_for_test! @adapter
+        @adapter.pool = pool
+
+        # Make sure the pool marks the connection in use
+        assert_equal @adapter, pool.connection
+        assert @adapter.in_use?
+
+        # Close should put the adapter back in the pool
+        @adapter.close
+        assert_not @adapter.in_use?
+
+        assert_equal @adapter, pool.connection
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_handler_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_handler_test.rb
index 599e8c762c..9b1865e8bb 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_handler_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_handler_test.rb
@@ -2,126 +2,6 @@ require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
-
-    class MergeAndResolveDefaultUrlConfigTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-
-      def klass
-        ActiveRecord::ConnectionHandling::MergeAndResolveDefaultUrlConfig
-      end
-
-      def setup
-        @previous_database_url = ENV.delete("DATABASE_URL")
-      end
-
-      def teardown
-        ENV["DATABASE_URL"] = @previous_database_url
-      end
-
-      def test_environment_does_not_exist_in_config_url_does_exist
-        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
-        config      = { "not_production" => {  "adapter" => "not_postgres", "database" => "not_foo" } }
-        actual      = klass.new(config).resolve
-        expect_prod = { "adapter"=>"postgresql", "database"=>"foo", "host"=>"localhost" }
-        assert_equal expect_prod, actual["production"]
-      end
-
-      def test_string_connection
-        config   = { "production" => "postgres://localhost/foo" }
-        actual   = klass.new(config).resolve
-        expected = { "production" =>
-                     { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
-                       "database" => "foo",
-                       "host"     => "localhost"
-                      }
-                    }
-        assert_equal expected, actual
-      end
-
-      def test_url_sub_key
-        config   = { "production" => { "url" => "postgres://localhost/foo" } }
-        actual   = klass.new(config).resolve
-        expected = { "production" =>
-                     { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
-                       "database" => "foo",
-                       "host"     => "localhost"
-                      }
-                    }
-        assert_equal expected, actual
-      end
-
-      def test_hash
-        config = { "production" => { "adapter" => "postgres", "database" => "foo" } }
-        actual = klass.new(config).resolve
-        assert_equal config, actual
-      end
-
-      def test_blank
-        config = {}
-        actual = klass.new(config).resolve
-        assert_equal config, actual
-      end
-
-      def test_blank_with_database_url
-        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
-
-        config   = {}
-        actual   = klass.new(config).resolve
-        expected = { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
-                     "database" => "foo",
-                     "host"     => "localhost" }
-        assert_equal expected, actual["production"]
-        assert_equal expected, actual["development"]
-        assert_equal expected, actual["test"]
-        assert_equal nil,      actual[:production]
-        assert_equal nil,      actual[:development]
-        assert_equal nil,      actual[:test]
-      end
-
-      def test_url_sub_key_with_database_url
-        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "NOT-POSTGRES://localhost/NOT_FOO"
-
-        config   = { "production" => { "url" => "postgres://localhost/foo" } }
-        actual   = klass.new(config).resolve
-        expected = { "production" =>
-                    { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
-                       "database" => "foo",
-                       "host"     => "localhost"
-                      }
-                    }
-        assert_equal expected, actual
-      end
-
-      def test_merge_no_conflicts_with_database_url
-        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
-
-        config   = {"production" => { "pool" => "5" } }
-        actual   = klass.new(config).resolve
-        expected = { "production" =>
-                     { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
-                       "database" => "foo",
-                       "host"     => "localhost",
-                       "pool"     => "5"
-                      }
-                    }
-        assert_equal expected, actual
-      end
-
-      def test_merge_conflicts_with_database_url
-        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
-
-        config   = {"production" => { "adapter" => "NOT-POSTGRES", "database" => "NOT-FOO", "pool" => "5" } }
-        actual   = klass.new(config).resolve
-        expected = { "production" =>
-                     { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
-                       "database" => "foo",
-                       "host"     => "localhost",
-                       "pool"     => "5"
-                      }
-                    }
-        assert_equal expected, actual
-      end
-    end
-
     class ConnectionHandlerTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       def setup
         @klass    = Class.new(Base)   { def self.name; 'klass';    end }
@@ -164,8 +44,52 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_connection_pools
-        assert_deprecated do
-          assert_equal({ Base.connection_pool.spec => @pool }, @handler.connection_pools)
+        assert_equal([@pool], @handler.connection_pools)
+      end
+
+      if Process.respond_to?(:fork)
+        def test_connection_pool_per_pid
+          object_id = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.object_id
+
+          rd, wr = IO.pipe
+          rd.binmode
+          wr.binmode
+
+          pid = fork {
+            rd.close
+            wr.write Marshal.dump ActiveRecord::Base.connection.object_id
+            wr.close
+            exit!
+          }
+
+          wr.close
+
+          Process.waitpid pid
+          assert_not_equal object_id, Marshal.load(rd.read)
+          rd.close
+        end
+
+        def test_retrieve_connection_pool_copies_schema_cache_from_ancestor_pool
+          @pool.schema_cache = @pool.connection.schema_cache
+          @pool.schema_cache.add('posts')
+
+          rd, wr = IO.pipe
+          rd.binmode
+          wr.binmode
+
+          pid = fork {
+            rd.close
+            pool = @handler.retrieve_connection_pool(@klass)
+            wr.write Marshal.dump pool.schema_cache.size
+            wr.close
+            exit!
+          }
+
+          wr.close
+
+          Process.waitpid pid
+          assert_equal @pool.schema_cache.size, Marshal.load(rd.read)
+          rd.close
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/merge_and_resolve_default_url_config_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/merge_and_resolve_default_url_config_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9ee92a3cd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/merge_and_resolve_default_url_config_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    class MergeAndResolveDefaultUrlConfigTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      def setup
+        @previous_database_url = ENV.delete("DATABASE_URL")
+        @previous_rack_env = ENV.delete("RACK_ENV")
+        @previous_rails_env = ENV.delete("RAILS_ENV")
+      end
+
+      teardown do
+        ENV["DATABASE_URL"] = @previous_database_url
+        ENV["RACK_ENV"] = @previous_rack_env
+        ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = @previous_rails_env
+      end
+
+      def resolve_config(config)
+        ActiveRecord::ConnectionHandling::MergeAndResolveDefaultUrlConfig.new(config).resolve
+      end
+
+      def resolve_spec(spec, config)
+        ConnectionSpecification::Resolver.new(resolve_config(config)).resolve(spec)
+      end
+
+      def test_resolver_with_database_uri_and_current_env_symbol_key
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
+        config   = { "not_production" => {  "adapter" => "not_postgres", "database" => "not_foo" } }
+        actual   = resolve_spec(:default_env, config)
+        expected = { "adapter"=>"postgresql", "database"=>"foo", "host"=>"localhost" }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_resolver_with_database_uri_and_current_env_symbol_key_and_rails_env
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
+        ENV['RAILS_ENV']    = "foo"
+
+        config   = { "not_production" => { "adapter" => "not_postgres", "database" => "not_foo" } }
+        actual   = resolve_spec(:foo, config)
+        expected = { "adapter" => "postgresql", "database" => "foo", "host" => "localhost" }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_resolver_with_database_uri_and_current_env_symbol_key_and_rack_env
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
+        ENV['RACK_ENV']     = "foo"
+
+        config   = { "not_production" => { "adapter" => "not_postgres", "database" => "not_foo" } }
+        actual   = resolve_spec(:foo, config)
+        expected = { "adapter" => "postgresql", "database" => "foo", "host" => "localhost" }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_resolver_with_database_uri_and_known_key
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
+        config   = { "production" => { "adapter" => "not_postgres", "database" => "not_foo", "host" => "localhost" } }
+        actual   = resolve_spec(:production, config)
+        expected = { "adapter"=>"not_postgres", "database"=>"not_foo", "host"=>"localhost" }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_resolver_with_database_uri_and_unknown_symbol_key
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
+        config   = { "not_production" => {  "adapter" => "not_postgres", "database" => "not_foo" } }
+        assert_raises AdapterNotSpecified do
+          resolve_spec(:production, config)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_resolver_with_database_uri_and_supplied_url
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "not-postgres://not-localhost/not_foo"
+        config   = { "production" => {  "adapter" => "also_not_postgres", "database" => "also_not_foo" } }
+        actual   = resolve_spec("postgres://localhost/foo", config)
+        expected = { "adapter"=>"postgresql", "database"=>"foo", "host"=>"localhost" }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_jdbc_url
+        config   = { "production" => { "url" => "jdbc:postgres://localhost/foo" } }
+        actual   = resolve_config(config)
+        assert_equal config, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_environment_does_not_exist_in_config_url_does_exist
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
+        config      = { "not_default_env" => {  "adapter" => "not_postgres", "database" => "not_foo" } }
+        actual      = resolve_config(config)
+        expect_prod = { "adapter"=>"postgresql", "database"=>"foo", "host"=>"localhost" }
+        assert_equal expect_prod, actual["default_env"]
+      end
+
+      def test_url_with_hyphenated_scheme
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "ibm-db://localhost/foo"
+        config   = { "default_env" => { "adapter" => "not_postgres", "database" => "not_foo", "host" => "localhost" } }
+        actual   = resolve_spec(:default_env, config)
+        expected = { "adapter"=>"ibm_db", "database"=>"foo", "host"=>"localhost" }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_string_connection
+        config   = { "default_env" => "postgres://localhost/foo" }
+        actual   = resolve_config(config)
+        expected = { "default_env" =>
+                     { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
+                       "database" => "foo",
+                       "host"     => "localhost"
+                      }
+                    }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_url_sub_key
+        config   = { "default_env" => { "url" => "postgres://localhost/foo" } }
+        actual   = resolve_config(config)
+        expected = { "default_env" =>
+                     { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
+                       "database" => "foo",
+                       "host"     => "localhost"
+                      }
+                    }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_hash
+        config = { "production" => { "adapter" => "postgres", "database" => "foo" } }
+        actual = resolve_config(config)
+        assert_equal config, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_blank
+        config = {}
+        actual = resolve_config(config)
+        assert_equal config, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_blank_with_database_url
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
+
+        config   = {}
+        actual   = resolve_config(config)
+        expected = { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
+                     "database" => "foo",
+                     "host"     => "localhost" }
+        assert_equal expected, actual["default_env"]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual["production"]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual["development"]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual["test"]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual[:default_env]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual[:production]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual[:development]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual[:test]
+      end
+
+      def test_blank_with_database_url_with_rails_env
+        ENV['RAILS_ENV'] = "not_production"
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
+
+        config   = {}
+        actual   = resolve_config(config)
+        expected = { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
+                     "database" => "foo",
+                     "host"     => "localhost" }
+
+        assert_equal expected, actual["not_production"]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual["production"]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual["default_env"]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual["development"]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual["test"]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual[:default_env]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual[:not_production]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual[:production]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual[:development]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual[:test]
+      end
+
+      def test_blank_with_database_url_with_rack_env
+        ENV['RACK_ENV'] = "not_production"
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
+
+        config   = {}
+        actual   = resolve_config(config)
+        expected = { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
+                     "database" => "foo",
+                     "host"     => "localhost" }
+
+        assert_equal expected, actual["not_production"]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual["production"]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual["default_env"]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual["development"]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual["test"]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual[:default_env]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual[:not_production]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual[:production]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual[:development]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual[:test]
+      end
+
+      def test_database_url_with_ipv6_host_and_port
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://[::1]:5454/foo"
+
+        config   = {}
+        actual   = resolve_config(config)
+        expected = { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
+                     "database" => "foo",
+                     "host"     => "::1",
+                     "port"     => 5454 }
+        assert_equal expected, actual["default_env"]
+      end
+
+      def test_url_sub_key_with_database_url
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "NOT-POSTGRES://localhost/NOT_FOO"
+
+        config   = { "default_env" => { "url" => "postgres://localhost/foo" } }
+        actual   = resolve_config(config)
+        expected = { "default_env" =>
+                    { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
+                       "database" => "foo",
+                       "host"     => "localhost"
+                      }
+                    }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_merge_no_conflicts_with_database_url
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
+
+        config   = {"default_env" => { "pool" => "5" } }
+        actual   = resolve_config(config)
+        expected = { "default_env" =>
+                     { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
+                       "database" => "foo",
+                       "host"     => "localhost",
+                       "pool"     => "5"
+                      }
+                    }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_merge_conflicts_with_database_url
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
+
+        config   = {"default_env" => { "adapter" => "NOT-POSTGRES", "database" => "NOT-FOO", "pool" => "5" } }
+        actual   = resolve_config(config)
+        expected = { "default_env" =>
+                     { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
+                       "database" => "foo",
+                       "host"     => "localhost",
+                       "pool"     => "5"
+                      }
+                    }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/mysql_type_lookup_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/mysql_type_lookup_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2749273884
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/mysql_type_lookup_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    class MysqlTypeLookupTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      setup do
+        @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+      end
+
+      def test_boolean_types
+        emulate_booleans(true) do
+          assert_lookup_type :boolean, 'tinyint(1)'
+          assert_lookup_type :boolean, 'TINYINT(1)'
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_string_types
+        assert_lookup_type :string, "enum('one', 'two', 'three')"
+        assert_lookup_type :string, "ENUM('one', 'two', 'three')"
+        assert_lookup_type :string, "set('one', 'two', 'three')"
+        assert_lookup_type :string, "SET('one', 'two', 'three')"
+      end
+
+      def test_set_type_with_value_matching_other_type
+        assert_lookup_type :string, "SET('unicode', '8bit', 'none', 'time')"
+      end
+
+      def test_enum_type_with_value_matching_other_type
+        assert_lookup_type :string, "ENUM('unicode', '8bit', 'none')"
+      end
+
+      def test_binary_types
+        assert_lookup_type :binary, 'bit'
+        assert_lookup_type :binary, 'BIT'
+      end
+
+      def test_integer_types
+        emulate_booleans(false) do
+          assert_lookup_type :integer, 'tinyint(1)'
+          assert_lookup_type :integer, 'TINYINT(1)'
+          assert_lookup_type :integer, 'year'
+          assert_lookup_type :integer, 'YEAR'
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def assert_lookup_type(type, lookup)
+        cast_type = @connection.type_map.lookup(lookup)
+        assert_equal type, cast_type.type
+      end
+
+      def emulate_booleans(value)
+        old_emulate_booleans = @connection.emulate_booleans
+        change_emulate_booleans(value)
+        yield
+      ensure
+        change_emulate_booleans(old_emulate_booleans)
+      end
+
+      def change_emulate_booleans(value)
+        @connection.emulate_booleans = value
+        @connection.clear_cache!
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/schema_cache_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/schema_cache_test.rb
index ecad7c942f..db832fe55d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/schema_cache_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/schema_cache_test.rb
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def test_clearing
         @cache.columns('posts')
         @cache.columns_hash('posts')
-        @cache.tables('posts')
+        @cache.data_sources('posts')
         @cache.primary_keys('posts')
 
         @cache.clear!
@@ -40,17 +40,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def test_dump_and_load
         @cache.columns('posts')
         @cache.columns_hash('posts')
-        @cache.tables('posts')
+        @cache.data_sources('posts')
         @cache.primary_keys('posts')
 
         @cache = Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(@cache))
 
-        assert_equal 12, @cache.columns('posts').size
-        assert_equal 12, @cache.columns_hash('posts').size
-        assert @cache.tables('posts')
+        assert_equal 11, @cache.columns('posts').size
+        assert_equal 11, @cache.columns_hash('posts').size
+        assert @cache.data_sources('posts')
         assert_equal 'id', @cache.primary_keys('posts')
       end
 
+      def test_table_methods_deprecation
+        assert_deprecated { assert @cache.table_exists?('posts') }
+        assert_deprecated { assert @cache.tables('posts') }
+        assert_deprecated { @cache.clear_table_cache!('posts') }
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/type_lookup_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/type_lookup_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7566863653
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/type_lookup_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter) # PostgreSQL does not use type strigns for lookup
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    class TypeLookupTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      setup do
+        @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+      end
+
+      def test_boolean_types
+        assert_lookup_type :boolean, 'boolean'
+        assert_lookup_type :boolean, 'BOOLEAN'
+      end
+
+      def test_string_types
+        assert_lookup_type :string, 'char'
+        assert_lookup_type :string, 'varchar'
+        assert_lookup_type :string, 'VARCHAR'
+        assert_lookup_type :string, 'varchar(255)'
+        assert_lookup_type :string, 'character varying'
+      end
+
+      def test_binary_types
+        assert_lookup_type :binary, 'binary'
+        assert_lookup_type :binary, 'BINARY'
+        assert_lookup_type :binary, 'blob'
+        assert_lookup_type :binary, 'BLOB'
+      end
+
+      def test_text_types
+        assert_lookup_type :text, 'text'
+        assert_lookup_type :text, 'TEXT'
+        assert_lookup_type :text, 'clob'
+        assert_lookup_type :text, 'CLOB'
+      end
+
+      def test_date_types
+        assert_lookup_type :date, 'date'
+        assert_lookup_type :date, 'DATE'
+      end
+
+      def test_time_types
+        assert_lookup_type :time, 'time'
+        assert_lookup_type :time, 'TIME'
+      end
+
+      def test_datetime_types
+        assert_lookup_type :datetime, 'datetime'
+        assert_lookup_type :datetime, 'DATETIME'
+        assert_lookup_type :datetime, 'timestamp'
+        assert_lookup_type :datetime, 'TIMESTAMP'
+      end
+
+      def test_decimal_types
+        assert_lookup_type :decimal, 'decimal'
+        assert_lookup_type :decimal, 'decimal(2,8)'
+        assert_lookup_type :decimal, 'DECIMAL'
+        assert_lookup_type :decimal, 'numeric'
+        assert_lookup_type :decimal, 'numeric(2,8)'
+        assert_lookup_type :decimal, 'NUMERIC'
+        assert_lookup_type :decimal, 'number'
+        assert_lookup_type :decimal, 'number(2,8)'
+        assert_lookup_type :decimal, 'NUMBER'
+      end
+
+      def test_float_types
+        assert_lookup_type :float, 'float'
+        assert_lookup_type :float, 'FLOAT'
+        assert_lookup_type :float, 'double'
+        assert_lookup_type :float, 'DOUBLE'
+      end
+
+      def test_integer_types
+        assert_lookup_type :integer, 'integer'
+        assert_lookup_type :integer, 'INTEGER'
+        assert_lookup_type :integer, 'tinyint'
+        assert_lookup_type :integer, 'smallint'
+        assert_lookup_type :integer, 'bigint'
+      end
+
+      def test_bigint_limit
+        cast_type = @connection.type_map.lookup("bigint")
+        if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
+          assert_equal 19, cast_type.limit
+        else
+          assert_equal 8, cast_type.limit
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_decimal_without_scale
+        types = %w{decimal(2) decimal(2,0) numeric(2) numeric(2,0) number(2) number(2,0)}
+        types.each do |type|
+          cast_type = @connection.type_map.lookup(type)
+
+          assert_equal :decimal, cast_type.type
+          assert_equal 2, cast_type.cast(2.1)
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def assert_lookup_type(type, lookup)
+        cast_type = @connection.type_map.lookup(lookup)
+        assert_equal type, cast_type.type
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_management_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_management_test.rb
index 77d9ae9b8e..d43668e57c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_management_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_management_test.rb
@@ -26,29 +26,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.active_connections?
       end
 
-      if Process.respond_to?(:fork)
-        def test_connection_pool_per_pid
-          object_id = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.object_id
-
-          rd, wr = IO.pipe
-          rd.binmode
-          wr.binmode
-
-          pid = fork {
-            rd.close
-            wr.write Marshal.dump ActiveRecord::Base.connection.object_id
-            wr.close
-            exit!
-          }
-
-          wr.close
-
-          Process.waitpid pid
-          assert_not_equal object_id, Marshal.load(rd.read)
-          rd.close
-        end
-      end
-
       def test_app_delegation
         manager = ConnectionManagement.new(@app)
 
@@ -96,18 +73,33 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.active_connections?
       end
 
+      def test_connections_closed_if_exception_and_explicitly_not_test
+        @env['rack.test'] = false
+        app       = Class.new(App) { def call(env); raise NotImplementedError; end }.new
+        explosive = ConnectionManagement.new(app)
+        assert_raises(NotImplementedError) { explosive.call(@env) }
+        assert !ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.active_connections?
+      end
+
       test "doesn't clear active connections when running in a test case" do
         @env['rack.test'] = true
         @management.call(@env)
         assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.active_connections?
       end
 
-      test "proxy is polite to it's body and responds to it" do
+      test "proxy is polite to its body and responds to it" do
         body = Class.new(String) { def to_path; "/path"; end }.new
         app = lambda { |_| [200, {}, body] }
         response_body = ConnectionManagement.new(app).call(@env)[2]
         assert response_body.respond_to?(:to_path)
-        assert_equal response_body.to_path, "/path"
+        assert_equal "/path", response_body.to_path
+      end
+
+      test "doesn't mutate the original response" do
+        original_response = [200, {}, 'hi']
+        app = lambda { |_| original_response }
+        ConnectionManagement.new(app).call(@env)[2]
+        assert_equal 'hi', original_response.last
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_pool_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_pool_test.rb
index 1cf215017b..efa3e0455e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_pool_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_pool_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'concurrent/atomic/count_down_latch'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
@@ -22,8 +23,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def teardown
-        super
+      teardown do
         @pool.disconnect!
       end
 
@@ -89,10 +89,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_full_pool_exception
+        @pool.size.times { @pool.checkout }
         assert_raises(ConnectionTimeoutError) do
-          (@pool.size + 1).times do
-            @pool.checkout
-          end
+          @pool.checkout
         end
       end
 
@@ -101,7 +100,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         t = Thread.new { @pool.checkout }
 
         # make sure our thread is in the timeout section
-        Thread.pass until t.status == "sleep"
+        Thread.pass until @pool.num_waiting_in_queue == 1
 
         connection = cs.first
         connection.close
@@ -113,7 +112,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         t = Thread.new { @pool.checkout }
 
         # make sure our thread is in the timeout section
-        Thread.pass until t.status == "sleep"
+        Thread.pass until @pool.num_waiting_in_queue == 1
 
         connection = cs.first
         @pool.remove connection
@@ -125,7 +124,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @pool.checkout
         @pool.checkout
         @pool.checkout
-        @pool.dead_connection_timeout = 0
 
         connections = @pool.connections.dup
 
@@ -135,21 +133,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_reap_inactive
+        ready = Concurrent::CountDownLatch.new
         @pool.checkout
-        @pool.checkout
-        @pool.checkout
-        @pool.dead_connection_timeout = 0
-
-        connections = @pool.connections.dup
-        connections.each do |conn|
-          conn.extend(Module.new { def active_threadsafe?; false; end; })
+        child = Thread.new do
+          @pool.checkout
+          @pool.checkout
+          ready.count_down
+          Thread.stop
         end
+        ready.wait
+
+        assert_equal 3, active_connections(@pool).size
 
+        child.terminate
+        child.join
         @pool.reap
 
-        assert_equal 0, @pool.connections.length
+        assert_equal 1, active_connections(@pool).size
       ensure
-        connections.each(&:close)
+        @pool.connections.each(&:close)
       end
 
       def test_remove_connection
@@ -202,13 +204,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # The connection pool is "fair" if threads waiting for
-      # connections receive them the order in which they began
+      # connections receive them in the order in which they began
       # waiting.  This ensures that we don't timeout one HTTP request
       # even while well under capacity in a multi-threaded environment
       # such as a Java servlet container.
       #
       # We don't need strict fairness: if two connections become
-      # available at the same time, it's fine of two threads that were
+      # available at the same time, it's fine if two threads that were
       # waiting acquire the connections out of order.
       #
       # Thus this test prepares waiting threads and then trickles in
@@ -232,7 +234,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
               mutex.synchronize { errors << e }
             end
           }
-          Thread.pass until t.status == "sleep"
+          Thread.pass until @pool.num_waiting_in_queue == i
           t
         end
 
@@ -269,7 +271,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
               mutex.synchronize { errors << e }
             end
           }
-          Thread.pass until t.status == "sleep"
+          Thread.pass until @pool.num_waiting_in_queue == i
           t
         end
 
@@ -339,6 +341,185 @@ module ActiveRecord
           handler.establish_connection anonymous, nil
         }
       end
+
+      def test_pool_sets_connection_schema_cache
+        connection = pool.checkout
+        schema_cache = SchemaCache.new connection
+        schema_cache.add(:posts)
+        pool.schema_cache = schema_cache
+
+        pool.with_connection do |conn|
+          assert_not_same pool.schema_cache, conn.schema_cache
+          assert_equal pool.schema_cache.size, conn.schema_cache.size
+          assert_same pool.schema_cache.columns(:posts), conn.schema_cache.columns(:posts)
+        end
+
+        pool.checkin connection
+      end
+
+      def test_concurrent_connection_establishment
+        assert_operator @pool.connections.size, :<=, 1
+
+        all_threads_in_new_connection = Concurrent::CountDownLatch.new(@pool.size - @pool.connections.size)
+        all_go                        = Concurrent::CountDownLatch.new
+
+        @pool.singleton_class.class_eval do
+          define_method(:new_connection) do
+            all_threads_in_new_connection.count_down
+            all_go.wait
+            super()
+          end
+        end
+
+        connecting_threads = []
+        @pool.size.times do
+          connecting_threads << Thread.new { @pool.checkout }
+        end
+
+        begin
+          Timeout.timeout(5) do
+            # the kernel of the whole test is here, everything else is just scaffolding,
+            # this latch will not be released unless conn. pool allows for concurrent
+            # connection creation
+            all_threads_in_new_connection.wait
+          end
+        rescue Timeout::Error
+          flunk 'pool unable to establish connections concurrently or implementation has ' <<
+                'changed, this test then needs to patch a different :new_connection method'
+        ensure
+          # clean up the threads
+          all_go.count_down
+          connecting_threads.map(&:join)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_non_bang_disconnect_and_clear_reloadable_connections_throw_exception_if_threads_dont_return_their_conns
+        @pool.checkout_timeout = 0.001 # no need to delay test suite by waiting the whole full default timeout
+        [:disconnect, :clear_reloadable_connections].each do |group_action_method|
+          @pool.with_connection do |connection|
+            assert_raises(ExclusiveConnectionTimeoutError) do
+              Thread.new { @pool.send(group_action_method) }.join
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_disconnect_and_clear_reloadable_connections_attempt_to_wait_for_threads_to_return_their_conns
+        [:disconnect, :disconnect!, :clear_reloadable_connections, :clear_reloadable_connections!].each do |group_action_method|
+          begin
+            thread = timed_join_result = nil
+            @pool.with_connection do |connection|
+              thread = Thread.new { @pool.send(group_action_method) }
+
+              # give the other `thread` some time to get stuck in `group_action_method`
+              timed_join_result = thread.join(0.3)
+              # thread.join # => `nil` means the other thread hasn't finished running and is still waiting for us to
+              # release our connection
+              assert_nil timed_join_result
+
+              # assert that since this is within default timeout our connection hasn't been forcefully taken away from us
+              assert @pool.active_connection?
+            end
+          ensure
+            thread.join if thread && !timed_join_result # clean up the other thread
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_bang_versions_of_disconnect_and_clear_reloadable_connections_if_unable_to_aquire_all_connections_proceed_anyway
+        @pool.checkout_timeout = 0.001 # no need to delay test suite by waiting the whole full default timeout
+        [:disconnect!, :clear_reloadable_connections!].each do |group_action_method|
+          @pool.with_connection do |connection|
+            Thread.new { @pool.send(group_action_method) }.join
+            # assert connection has been forcefully taken away from us
+            assert_not @pool.active_connection?
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_disconnect_and_clear_reloadable_connections_are_able_to_preempt_other_waiting_threads
+        with_single_connection_pool do |pool|
+          [:disconnect, :disconnect!, :clear_reloadable_connections, :clear_reloadable_connections!].each do |group_action_method|
+            conn               = pool.connection # drain the only available connection
+            second_thread_done = Concurrent::CountDownLatch.new
+
+            # create a first_thread and let it get into the FIFO queue first
+            first_thread = Thread.new do
+              pool.with_connection { second_thread_done.wait }
+            end
+
+            # wait for first_thread to get in queue
+            Thread.pass until pool.num_waiting_in_queue == 1
+
+            # create a different, later thread, that will attempt to do a "group action",
+            # but because of the group action semantics it should be able to preempt the
+            # first_thread when a connection is made available
+            second_thread = Thread.new do
+              pool.send(group_action_method)
+              second_thread_done.count_down
+            end
+
+            # wait for second_thread to get in queue
+            Thread.pass until pool.num_waiting_in_queue == 2
+
+            # return the only available connection
+            pool.checkin(conn)
+
+            # if the second_thread is not able to preempt the first_thread,
+            # they will temporarily (until either of them timeouts with ConnectionTimeoutError)
+            # deadlock and a join(2) timeout will be reached
+            failed = true unless second_thread.join(2)
+
+            #--- post test clean up start
+            second_thread_done.count_down if failed
+
+            # after `pool.disconnect()` the first thread will be left stuck in queue, no need to wait for
+            # it to timeout with ConnectionTimeoutError
+            if (group_action_method == :disconnect || group_action_method == :disconnect!) && pool.num_waiting_in_queue > 0
+              pool.with_connection {} # create a new connection in case there are threads still stuck in a queue
+            end
+
+            first_thread.join
+            second_thread.join
+            #--- post test clean up end
+
+            flunk "#{group_action_method} is not able to preempt other waiting threads" if failed
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_clear_reloadable_connections_creates_new_connections_for_waiting_threads_if_necessary
+        with_single_connection_pool do |pool|
+          conn = pool.connection # drain the only available connection
+          def conn.requires_reloading? # make sure it gets removed from the pool by clear_reloadable_connections
+            true
+          end
+
+          stuck_thread = Thread.new do
+            pool.with_connection {}
+          end
+
+          # wait for stuck_thread to get in queue
+          Thread.pass until pool.num_waiting_in_queue == 1
+
+          pool.clear_reloadable_connections
+
+          unless stuck_thread.join(2)
+            flunk 'clear_reloadable_connections must not let other connection waiting threads get stuck in queue'
+          end
+
+          assert_equal 0, pool.num_waiting_in_queue
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+      def with_single_connection_pool
+        one_conn_spec = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.spec.dup
+        one_conn_spec.config[:pool] = 1 # this is safe to do, because .dupped ConnectionSpecification also auto-dups its config
+        yield(pool = ConnectionPool.new(one_conn_spec))
+      ensure
+        pool.disconnect! if pool
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_specification/resolver_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_specification/resolver_test.rb
index fdd1914cba..3c2f5d4219 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_specification/resolver_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_specification/resolver_test.rb
@@ -82,15 +82,34 @@ module ActiveRecord
           assert_equal password, spec["password"]
         end
 
-        def test_url_host_db_for_sqlite3
-          spec = resolve 'sqlite3://foo:bar@dburl:9000/foo_test'
+        def test_url_with_authority_for_sqlite3
+          spec = resolve 'sqlite3:///foo_test'
           assert_equal('/foo_test', spec["database"])
         end
 
-        def test_url_host_memory_db_for_sqlite3
-          spec = resolve 'sqlite3://foo:bar@dburl:9000/:memory:'
+        def test_url_absolute_path_for_sqlite3
+          spec = resolve 'sqlite3:/foo_test'
+          assert_equal('/foo_test', spec["database"])
+        end
+
+        def test_url_relative_path_for_sqlite3
+          spec = resolve 'sqlite3:foo_test'
+          assert_equal('foo_test', spec["database"])
+        end
+
+        def test_url_memory_db_for_sqlite3
+          spec = resolve 'sqlite3::memory:'
           assert_equal(':memory:', spec["database"])
         end
+
+        def test_url_sub_key_for_sqlite3
+          spec = resolve :production, 'production' => {"url" => 'sqlite3:foo?encoding=utf8'}
+          assert_equal({
+            "adapter"  => "sqlite3",
+            "database" => "foo",
+            "encoding" => "utf8" }, spec)
+        end
+
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/core_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/core_test.rb
index 2a52bf574c..3cb98832c5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/core_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/core_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
 require 'models/person'
 require 'models/topic'
+require 'pp'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/strip'
 
 class NonExistentTable < ActiveRecord::Base; end
 
@@ -30,4 +32,81 @@ class CoreTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_inspect_class_without_table
     assert_equal "NonExistentTable(Table doesn't exist)", NonExistentTable.inspect
   end
+
+  def test_pretty_print_new
+    topic = Topic.new
+    actual = ''
+    PP.pp(topic, StringIO.new(actual))
+    expected = <<-PRETTY.strip_heredoc
+    #<Topic:0xXXXXXX
+     id: nil,
+     title: nil,
+     author_name: nil,
+     author_email_address: "test@test.com",
+     written_on: nil,
+     bonus_time: nil,
+     last_read: nil,
+     content: nil,
+     important: nil,
+     approved: true,
+     replies_count: 0,
+     unique_replies_count: 0,
+     parent_id: nil,
+     parent_title: nil,
+     type: nil,
+     group: nil,
+     created_at: nil,
+     updated_at: nil>
+    PRETTY
+    assert actual.start_with?(expected.split('XXXXXX').first)
+    assert actual.end_with?(expected.split('XXXXXX').last)
+  end
+
+  def test_pretty_print_persisted
+    topic = topics(:first)
+    actual = ''
+    PP.pp(topic, StringIO.new(actual))
+    expected = <<-PRETTY.strip_heredoc
+    #<Topic:0x\\w+
+     id: 1,
+     title: "The First Topic",
+     author_name: "David",
+     author_email_address: "david@loudthinking.com",
+     written_on: 2003-07-16 14:28:11 UTC,
+     bonus_time: 2000-01-01 14:28:00 UTC,
+     last_read: Thu, 15 Apr 2004,
+     content: "Have a nice day",
+     important: nil,
+     approved: false,
+     replies_count: 1,
+     unique_replies_count: 0,
+     parent_id: nil,
+     parent_title: nil,
+     type: nil,
+     group: nil,
+     created_at: [^,]+,
+     updated_at: [^,>]+>
+    PRETTY
+    assert_match(/\A#{expected}\z/, actual)
+  end
+
+  def test_pretty_print_uninitialized
+    topic = Topic.allocate
+    actual = ''
+    PP.pp(topic, StringIO.new(actual))
+    expected = "#<Topic:XXXXXX not initialized>\n"
+    assert actual.start_with?(expected.split('XXXXXX').first)
+    assert actual.end_with?(expected.split('XXXXXX').last)
+  end
+
+  def test_pretty_print_overridden_by_inspect
+    subtopic = Class.new(Topic) do
+      def inspect
+        "inspecting topic"
+      end
+    end
+    actual = ''
+    PP.pp(subtopic.new, StringIO.new(actual))
+    assert_equal "inspecting topic\n", actual
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/counter_cache_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/counter_cache_test.rb
index ee3d8a81c2..922cb59280 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/counter_cache_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/counter_cache_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
 require 'models/topic'
 require 'models/car'
+require 'models/aircraft'
 require 'models/wheel'
 require 'models/engine'
 require 'models/reply'
@@ -19,6 +20,7 @@ class CounterCacheTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   class ::SpecialTopic < ::Topic
     has_many :special_replies, :foreign_key => 'parent_id'
+    has_many :lightweight_special_replies, -> { select('topics.id, topics.title') }, :foreign_key => 'parent_id', :class_name => 'SpecialReply'
   end
 
   class ::SpecialReply < ::Reply
@@ -51,6 +53,16 @@ class CounterCacheTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  test "reset counters by counter name" do
+    # throw the count off by 1
+    Topic.increment_counter(:replies_count, @topic.id)
+
+    # check that it gets reset
+    assert_difference '@topic.reload.replies_count', -1 do
+      Topic.reset_counters(@topic.id, :replies_count)
+    end
+  end
+
   test 'reset multiple counters' do
     Topic.update_counters @topic.id, replies_count: 1, unique_replies_count: 1
     assert_difference ['@topic.reload.replies_count', '@topic.reload.unique_replies_count'], -1 do
@@ -154,10 +166,49 @@ class CounterCacheTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  test "the passed symbol needs to be an association name" do
+  test "the passed symbol needs to be an association name or counter name" do
     e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
-      Topic.reset_counters(@topic.id, :replies_count)
+      Topic.reset_counters(@topic.id, :undefined_count)
+    end
+    assert_equal "'Topic' has no association called 'undefined_count'", e.message
+  end
+
+  test "reset counter works with select declared on association" do
+    special = SpecialTopic.create!(:title => 'Special')
+    SpecialTopic.increment_counter(:replies_count, special.id)
+
+    assert_difference 'special.reload.replies_count', -1 do
+      SpecialTopic.reset_counters(special.id, :lightweight_special_replies)
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "counters are updated both in memory and in the database on create" do
+    car = Car.new(engines_count: 0)
+    car.engines = [Engine.new, Engine.new]
+    car.save!
+
+    assert_equal 2, car.engines_count
+    assert_equal 2, car.reload.engines_count
+  end
+
+  test "counter caches are updated in memory when the default value is nil" do
+    car = Car.new(engines_count: nil)
+    car.engines = [Engine.new, Engine.new]
+    car.save!
+
+    assert_equal 2, car.engines_count
+    assert_equal 2, car.reload.engines_count
+  end
+
+  test "update counters in a polymorphic relationship" do
+    aircraft = Aircraft.create!
+
+    assert_difference 'aircraft.reload.wheels_count' do
+      aircraft.wheels << Wheel.create!
+    end
+
+    assert_difference 'aircraft.reload.wheels_count', -1 do
+      aircraft.wheels.first.destroy
     end
-    assert_equal "'Topic' has no association called 'replies_count'", e.message
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/date_time_precision_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/date_time_precision_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e996d142a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/date_time_precision_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
+
+if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_datetime_with_precision?
+class DateTimePrecisionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
+
+  class Foo < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    Foo.reset_column_information
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.drop_table :foos, if_exists: true
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_data_type_with_precision
+    @connection.create_table(:foos, force: true)
+    @connection.add_column :foos, :created_at, :datetime, precision: 0
+    @connection.add_column :foos, :updated_at, :datetime, precision: 5
+    assert_equal 0, Foo.columns_hash['created_at'].precision
+    assert_equal 5, Foo.columns_hash['updated_at'].precision
+  end
+
+  def test_timestamps_helper_with_custom_precision
+    @connection.create_table(:foos, force: true) do |t|
+      t.timestamps precision: 4
+    end
+    assert_equal 4, Foo.columns_hash['created_at'].precision
+    assert_equal 4, Foo.columns_hash['updated_at'].precision
+  end
+
+  def test_passing_precision_to_datetime_does_not_set_limit
+    @connection.create_table(:foos, force: true) do |t|
+      t.timestamps precision: 4
+    end
+    assert_nil Foo.columns_hash['created_at'].limit
+    assert_nil Foo.columns_hash['updated_at'].limit
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_datetime_precision_raises_error
+    assert_raises ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError do
+      @connection.create_table(:foos, force: true) do |t|
+        t.timestamps precision: 7
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_formatting_datetime_according_to_precision
+    @connection.create_table(:foos, force: true) do |t|
+      t.datetime :created_at, precision: 0
+      t.datetime :updated_at, precision: 4
+    end
+    date = ::Time.utc(2014, 8, 17, 12, 30, 0, 999999)
+    Foo.create!(created_at: date, updated_at: date)
+    assert foo = Foo.find_by(created_at: date)
+    assert_equal 1, Foo.where(updated_at: date).count
+    assert_equal date.to_s, foo.created_at.to_s
+    assert_equal date.to_s, foo.updated_at.to_s
+    assert_equal 000000, foo.created_at.usec
+    assert_equal 999900, foo.updated_at.usec
+  end
+
+  def test_schema_dump_includes_datetime_precision
+    @connection.create_table(:foos, force: true) do |t|
+      t.timestamps precision: 6
+    end
+    output = dump_table_schema("foos")
+    assert_match %r{t\.datetime\s+"created_at",\s+precision: 6,\s+null: false$}, output
+    assert_match %r{t\.datetime\s+"updated_at",\s+precision: 6,\s+null: false$}, output
+  end
+
+  if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+    def test_datetime_precision_with_zero_should_be_dumped
+      @connection.create_table(:foos, force: true) do |t|
+        t.timestamps precision: 0
+      end
+      output = dump_table_schema("foos")
+      assert_match %r{t\.datetime\s+"created_at",\s+precision: 0,\s+null: false$}, output
+      assert_match %r{t\.datetime\s+"updated_at",\s+precision: 0,\s+null: false$}, output
+    end
+  end
+
+end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/date_time_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/date_time_test.rb
index c0491bbee5..4cbff564aa 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/date_time_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/date_time_test.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ require 'models/topic'
 require 'models/task'
 
 class DateTimeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include InTimeZone
+
   def test_saves_both_date_and_time
     with_env_tz 'America/New_York' do
       with_timezone_config default: :utc do
@@ -29,6 +31,14 @@ class DateTimeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_nil task.ending
   end
 
+  def test_assign_bad_date_time_with_timezone
+    in_time_zone "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
+      task = Task.new
+      task.starting = '2014-07-01T24:59:59GMT'
+      assert_nil task.starting
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_assign_empty_date
     topic = Topic.new
     topic.last_read = ''
@@ -40,4 +50,12 @@ class DateTimeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     topic.bonus_time = ''
     assert_nil topic.bonus_time
   end
+
+  def test_assign_in_local_timezone
+    now = DateTime.now
+    with_timezone_config default: :local do
+      task = Task.new starting: now
+      assert_equal now, task.starting
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/defaults_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/defaults_test.rb
index 7e3d91e08c..67fddebf45 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/defaults_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/defaults_test.rb
@@ -18,27 +18,50 @@ class DefaultTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter, :FirebirdAdapter, :OpenBaseAdapter, :OracleAdapter)
-    def test_default_integers
-      default = Default.new
-      assert_instance_of Fixnum, default.positive_integer
-      assert_equal 1, default.positive_integer
-      assert_instance_of Fixnum, default.negative_integer
-      assert_equal(-1, default.negative_integer)
-      assert_instance_of BigDecimal, default.decimal_number
-      assert_equal BigDecimal.new("2.78"), default.decimal_number
-    end
-  end
-
   if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
     def test_multiline_default_text
+      record = Default.new
       # older postgres versions represent the default with escapes ("\\012" for a newline)
-      assert( "--- []\n\n" == Default.columns_hash['multiline_default'].default ||
-               "--- []\\012\\012" == Default.columns_hash['multiline_default'].default)
+      assert("--- []\n\n" == record.multiline_default || "--- []\\012\\012" == record.multiline_default)
     end
   end
 end
 
+class DefaultNumbersTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  class DefaultNumber < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_table :default_numbers do |t|
+      t.integer :positive_integer, default: 7
+      t.integer :negative_integer, default: -5
+      t.decimal :decimal_number, default: "2.78", precision: 5, scale: 2
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.drop_table :default_numbers, if_exists: true
+  end
+
+  def test_default_positive_integer
+    record = DefaultNumber.new
+    assert_equal 7, record.positive_integer
+    assert_equal "7", record.positive_integer_before_type_cast
+  end
+
+  def test_default_negative_integer
+    record = DefaultNumber.new
+    assert_equal (-5), record.negative_integer
+    assert_equal "-5", record.negative_integer_before_type_cast
+  end
+
+  def test_default_decimal_number
+    record = DefaultNumber.new
+    assert_equal BigDecimal.new("2.78"), record.decimal_number
+    assert_equal "2.78", record.decimal_number_before_type_cast
+  end
+end
+
 class DefaultStringsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   class DefaultString < ActiveRecord::Base; end
 
@@ -67,14 +90,14 @@ end
 if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
   class DefaultsTestWithoutTransactionalFixtures < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     # ActiveRecord::Base#create! (and #save and other related methods) will
-    # open a new transaction. When in transactional fixtures mode, this will
+    # open a new transaction. When in transactional tests mode, this will
     # cause Active Record to create a new savepoint. However, since MySQL doesn't
     # support DDL transactions, creating a table will result in any created
     # savepoints to be automatically released. This in turn causes the savepoint
     # release code in AbstractAdapter#transaction to fail.
     #
-    # We don't want that to happen, so we disable transactional fixtures here.
-    self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+    # We don't want that to happen, so we disable transactional tests here.
+    self.use_transactional_tests = false
 
     def using_strict(strict)
       connection = ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
@@ -99,19 +122,21 @@ if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
     def test_mysql_text_not_null_defaults_non_strict
       using_strict(false) do
         with_text_blob_not_null_table do |klass|
-          assert_equal '', klass.columns_hash['non_null_blob'].default
-          assert_equal '', klass.columns_hash['non_null_text'].default
+          record = klass.new
+          assert_equal '', record.non_null_blob
+          assert_equal '', record.non_null_text
 
-          assert_nil klass.columns_hash['null_blob'].default
-          assert_nil klass.columns_hash['null_text'].default
+          assert_nil record.null_blob
+          assert_nil record.null_text
 
-          instance = klass.create!
+          record.save!
+          record.reload
 
-          assert_equal '', instance.non_null_text
-          assert_equal '', instance.non_null_blob
+          assert_equal '', record.non_null_text
+          assert_equal '', record.non_null_blob
 
-          assert_nil instance.null_text
-          assert_nil instance.null_blob
+          assert_nil record.null_text
+          assert_nil record.null_blob
         end
       end
     end
@@ -119,10 +144,11 @@ if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
     def test_mysql_text_not_null_defaults_strict
       using_strict(true) do
         with_text_blob_not_null_table do |klass|
-          assert_nil klass.columns_hash['non_null_blob'].default
-          assert_nil klass.columns_hash['non_null_text'].default
-          assert_nil klass.columns_hash['null_blob'].default
-          assert_nil klass.columns_hash['null_text'].default
+          record = klass.new
+          assert_nil record.non_null_blob
+          assert_nil record.non_null_text
+          assert_nil record.null_blob
+          assert_nil record.null_text
 
           assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) { klass.create }
         end
@@ -154,7 +180,7 @@ if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
         t.column :omit, :integer, :null => false
       end
 
-      assert_equal 0, klass.columns_hash['zero'].default
+      assert_equal '0', klass.columns_hash['zero'].default
       assert !klass.columns_hash['zero'].null
       # 0 in MySQL 4, nil in 5.
       assert [0, nil].include?(klass.columns_hash['omit'].default)
@@ -172,43 +198,3 @@ if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
     end
   end
 end
-
-if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
-  class DefaultsUsingMultipleSchemasAndDomainTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-    def setup
-      @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-
-      @old_search_path = @connection.schema_search_path
-      @connection.schema_search_path = "schema_1, pg_catalog"
-      @connection.create_table "defaults" do |t|
-        t.text "text_col", :default => "some value"
-        t.string "string_col", :default => "some value"
-      end
-      Default.reset_column_information
-    end
-
-    def test_text_defaults_in_new_schema_when_overriding_domain
-      assert_equal "some value", Default.new.text_col, "Default of text column was not correctly parse"
-    end
-
-    def test_string_defaults_in_new_schema_when_overriding_domain
-      assert_equal "some value", Default.new.string_col, "Default of string column was not correctly parse"
-    end
-
-    def test_bpchar_defaults_in_new_schema_when_overriding_domain
-      @connection.execute "ALTER TABLE defaults ADD bpchar_col bpchar DEFAULT 'some value'"
-      Default.reset_column_information
-      assert_equal "some value", Default.new.bpchar_col, "Default of bpchar column was not correctly parse"
-    end
-
-    def test_text_defaults_after_updating_column_default
-      @connection.execute "ALTER TABLE defaults ALTER COLUMN text_col SET DEFAULT 'some text'::schema_1.text"
-      assert_equal "some text", Default.new.text_col, "Default of text column was not correctly parse after updating default using '::text' since postgreSQL will add parens to the default in db"
-    end
-
-    def teardown
-      @connection.schema_search_path = @old_search_path
-      Default.reset_column_information
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/dirty_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/dirty_test.rb
index df4183c065..cd1967c373 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/dirty_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/dirty_test.rb
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       target = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
       target.table_name = 'pirates'
 
-      pirate = target.create
+      pirate = target.create!
       pirate.created_on = pirate.created_on
       assert !pirate.created_on_changed?
     end
@@ -165,11 +165,11 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal parrot.name_change, parrot.title_change
   end
 
-  def test_reset_attribute!
+  def test_restore_attribute!
     pirate = Pirate.create!(:catchphrase => 'Yar!')
     pirate.catchphrase = 'Ahoy!'
 
-    pirate.reset_catchphrase!
+    pirate.restore_catchphrase!
     assert_equal "Yar!", pirate.catchphrase
     assert_equal Hash.new, pirate.changes
     assert !pirate.catchphrase_changed?
@@ -309,16 +309,14 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_attribute_will_change!
     pirate = Pirate.create!(:catchphrase => 'arr')
 
-    pirate.catchphrase << ' matey'
     assert !pirate.catchphrase_changed?
-
     assert pirate.catchphrase_will_change!
     assert pirate.catchphrase_changed?
-    assert_equal ['arr matey', 'arr matey'], pirate.catchphrase_change
+    assert_equal ['arr', 'arr'], pirate.catchphrase_change
 
-    pirate.catchphrase << '!'
+    pirate.catchphrase << ' matey!'
     assert pirate.catchphrase_changed?
-    assert_equal ['arr matey', 'arr matey!'], pirate.catchphrase_change
+    assert_equal ['arr', 'arr matey!'], pirate.catchphrase_change
   end
 
   def test_association_assignment_changes_foreign_key
@@ -400,7 +398,7 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_dup_objects_should_not_copy_dirty_flag_from_creator
     pirate = Pirate.create!(:catchphrase => "shiver me timbers")
     pirate_dup = pirate.dup
-    pirate_dup.reset_catchphrase!
+    pirate_dup.restore_catchphrase!
     pirate.catchphrase = "I love Rum"
     assert pirate.catchphrase_changed?
     assert !pirate_dup.catchphrase_changed?
@@ -445,11 +443,20 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_save_should_store_serialized_attributes_even_with_partial_writes
     with_partial_writes(Topic) do
       topic = Topic.create!(:content => {:a => "a"})
+
+      assert_not topic.changed?
+
       topic.content[:b] = "b"
-      #assert topic.changed? # Known bug, will fail
+
+      assert topic.changed?
+
       topic.save!
+
+      assert_not topic.changed?
       assert_equal "b", topic.content[:b]
+
       topic.reload
+
       assert_equal "b", topic.content[:b]
     end
   end
@@ -460,8 +467,10 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       topic.save!
 
       updated_at = topic.updated_at
-      topic.content[:hello] = 'world'
-      topic.save!
+      travel(1.second) do
+        topic.content[:hello] = 'world'
+        topic.save!
+      end
 
       assert_not_equal updated_at, topic.updated_at
       assert_equal 'world', topic.content[:hello]
@@ -514,6 +523,9 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal Hash.new, pirate.previous_changes
 
     pirate = Pirate.find_by_catchphrase("arrr")
+
+    travel(1.second)
+
     pirate.catchphrase = "Me Maties!"
     pirate.save!
 
@@ -525,6 +537,9 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert !pirate.previous_changes.key?('created_on')
 
     pirate = Pirate.find_by_catchphrase("Me Maties!")
+
+    travel(1.second)
+
     pirate.catchphrase = "Thar She Blows!"
     pirate.save
 
@@ -535,6 +550,8 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert !pirate.previous_changes.key?('parrot_id')
     assert !pirate.previous_changes.key?('created_on')
 
+    travel(1.second)
+
     pirate = Pirate.find_by_catchphrase("Thar She Blows!")
     pirate.update(catchphrase: "Ahoy!")
 
@@ -545,6 +562,8 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert !pirate.previous_changes.key?('parrot_id')
     assert !pirate.previous_changes.key?('created_on')
 
+    travel(1.second)
+
     pirate = Pirate.find_by_catchphrase("Ahoy!")
     pirate.update_attribute(:catchphrase, "Ninjas suck!")
 
@@ -554,6 +573,8 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_not_nil pirate.previous_changes['updated_on'][1]
     assert !pirate.previous_changes.key?('parrot_id')
     assert !pirate.previous_changes.key?('created_on')
+  ensure
+    travel_back
   end
 
   if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_migrations?
@@ -571,6 +592,7 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_datetime_attribute_can_be_updated_with_fractional_seconds
+    skip "Fractional seconds are not supported" unless subsecond_precision_supported?
     in_time_zone 'Paris' do
       target = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
       target.table_name = 'topics'
@@ -616,6 +638,102 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  test "in place mutation detection" do
+    pirate = Pirate.create!(catchphrase: "arrrr")
+    pirate.catchphrase << " matey!"
+
+    assert pirate.catchphrase_changed?
+    expected_changes = {
+      "catchphrase" => ["arrrr", "arrrr matey!"]
+    }
+    assert_equal(expected_changes, pirate.changes)
+    assert_equal("arrrr", pirate.catchphrase_was)
+    assert pirate.catchphrase_changed?(from: "arrrr")
+    assert_not pirate.catchphrase_changed?(from: "anything else")
+    assert pirate.changed_attributes.include?(:catchphrase)
+
+    pirate.save!
+    pirate.reload
+
+    assert_equal "arrrr matey!", pirate.catchphrase
+    assert_not pirate.changed?
+  end
+
+  test "in place mutation for binary" do
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = :binaries
+      serialize :data
+    end
+
+    binary = klass.create!(data: "\\\\foo")
+
+    assert_not binary.changed?
+
+    binary.data = binary.data.dup
+
+    assert_not binary.changed?
+
+    binary = klass.last
+
+    assert_not binary.changed?
+
+    binary.data << "bar"
+
+    assert binary.changed?
+  end
+
+  test "attribute_changed? doesn't compute in-place changes for unrelated attributes" do
+    test_type_class = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Type::Value) do
+      define_method(:changed_in_place?) do |*|
+        raise
+      end
+    end
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = 'people'
+      attribute :foo, test_type_class.new
+    end
+
+    model = klass.new(first_name: "Jim")
+    assert model.first_name_changed?
+  end
+
+  test "attribute_will_change! doesn't try to save non-persistable attributes" do
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = 'people'
+      attribute :non_persisted_attribute, :string
+    end
+
+    record = klass.new(first_name: "Sean")
+    record.non_persisted_attribute_will_change!
+
+    assert record.non_persisted_attribute_changed?
+    assert record.save
+  end
+
+  test "mutating and then assigning doesn't remove the change" do
+    pirate = Pirate.create!(catchphrase: "arrrr")
+    pirate.catchphrase << " matey!"
+    pirate.catchphrase = "arrrr matey!"
+
+    assert pirate.catchphrase_changed?(from: "arrrr", to: "arrrr matey!")
+  end
+
+  test "getters with side effects are allowed" do
+    klass = Class.new(Pirate) do
+      def catchphrase
+        if super.blank?
+          update_attribute(:catchphrase, "arr") # what could possibly go wrong?
+        end
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
+    pirate = klass.create!(catchphrase: "lol")
+    pirate.update_attribute(:catchphrase, nil)
+
+    assert_equal "arr", pirate.catchphrase
+  end
+
   private
     def with_partial_writes(klass, on = true)
       old = klass.partial_writes?
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/disconnected_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/disconnected_test.rb
index 9e268dad74..c25089a420 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/disconnected_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/disconnected_test.rb
@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@ class TestRecord < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 
 class TestDisconnectedAdapter < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
 
   def setup
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     return if in_memory_db?
     spec = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config
     ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(spec)
@@ -21,7 +21,9 @@ class TestDisconnectedAdapter < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       @connection.execute "SELECT count(*) from products"
       @connection.disconnect!
       assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
-        @connection.execute "SELECT count(*) from products"
+        silence_warnings do
+          @connection.execute "SELECT count(*) from products"
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/dup_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/dup_test.rb
index 1e6ccecfab..638cffe0e6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/dup_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/dup_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'models/reply'
 require 'models/topic'
 
 module ActiveRecord
@@ -32,6 +33,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       assert duped.new_record?, 'topic is new'
     end
 
+    def test_dup_not_destroyed
+      topic = Topic.first
+      topic.destroy
+
+      duped = topic.dup
+      assert_not duped.destroyed?
+    end
+
     def test_dup_has_no_id
       topic = Topic.first
       duped = topic.dup
@@ -132,5 +141,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
     ensure
       Topic.default_scopes = prev_default_scopes
     end
+
+    def test_dup_without_primary_key
+      klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+        self.table_name = 'parrots_pirates'
+      end
+
+      record = klass.create!
+
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        record.dup
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/enum_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/enum_test.rb
index 1b95708cb3..7c930de97b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/enum_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/enum_test.rb
@@ -9,26 +9,83 @@ class EnumTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   test "query state by predicate" do
-    assert @book.proposed?
+    assert @book.published?
     assert_not @book.written?
-    assert_not @book.published?
+    assert_not @book.proposed?
 
-    assert @book.unread?
+    assert @book.read?
+    assert @book.in_english?
+    assert @book.author_visibility_visible?
+    assert @book.illustrator_visibility_visible?
+    assert @book.with_medium_font_size?
   end
 
   test "query state with strings" do
-    assert_equal "proposed", @book.status
-    assert_equal "unread", @book.read_status
+    assert_equal "published", @book.status
+    assert_equal "read", @book.read_status
+    assert_equal "english", @book.language
+    assert_equal "visible", @book.author_visibility
+    assert_equal "visible", @book.illustrator_visibility
   end
 
   test "find via scope" do
-    assert_equal @book, Book.proposed.first
-    assert_equal @book, Book.unread.first
+    assert_equal @book, Book.published.first
+    assert_equal @book, Book.read.first
+    assert_equal @book, Book.in_english.first
+    assert_equal @book, Book.author_visibility_visible.first
+    assert_equal @book, Book.illustrator_visibility_visible.first
+  end
+
+  test "find via where with values" do
+    published, written = Book.statuses[:published], Book.statuses[:written]
+
+    assert_equal @book, Book.where(status: published).first
+    assert_not_equal @book, Book.where(status: written).first
+    assert_equal @book, Book.where(status: [published]).first
+    assert_not_equal @book, Book.where(status: [written]).first
+    assert_not_equal @book, Book.where("status <> ?", published).first
+    assert_equal @book, Book.where("status <> ?", written).first
+  end
+
+  test "find via where with symbols" do
+    assert_equal @book, Book.where(status: :published).first
+    assert_not_equal @book, Book.where(status: :written).first
+    assert_equal @book, Book.where(status: [:published]).first
+    assert_not_equal @book, Book.where(status: [:written]).first
+    assert_not_equal @book, Book.where.not(status: :published).first
+    assert_equal @book, Book.where.not(status: :written).first
+  end
+
+  test "find via where with strings" do
+    assert_equal @book, Book.where(status: "published").first
+    assert_not_equal @book, Book.where(status: "written").first
+    assert_equal @book, Book.where(status: ["published"]).first
+    assert_not_equal @book, Book.where(status: ["written"]).first
+    assert_not_equal @book, Book.where.not(status: "published").first
+    assert_equal @book, Book.where.not(status: "written").first
+  end
+
+  test "build from scope" do
+    assert Book.written.build.written?
+    assert_not Book.written.build.proposed?
+  end
+
+  test "build from where" do
+    assert Book.where(status: Book.statuses[:written]).build.written?
+    assert_not Book.where(status: Book.statuses[:written]).build.proposed?
+    assert Book.where(status: :written).build.written?
+    assert_not Book.where(status: :written).build.proposed?
+    assert Book.where(status: "written").build.written?
+    assert_not Book.where(status: "written").build.proposed?
   end
 
   test "update by declaration" do
     @book.written!
     assert @book.written?
+    @book.in_english!
+    assert @book.in_english?
+    @book.author_visibility_visible!
+    assert @book.author_visibility_visible?
   end
 
   test "update by setter" do
@@ -53,42 +110,61 @@ class EnumTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   test "enum changed attributes" do
     old_status = @book.status
-    @book.status = :published
+    old_language = @book.language
+    @book.status = :proposed
+    @book.language = :spanish
     assert_equal old_status, @book.changed_attributes[:status]
+    assert_equal old_language, @book.changed_attributes[:language]
   end
 
   test "enum changes" do
     old_status = @book.status
-    @book.status = :published
-    assert_equal [old_status, 'published'], @book.changes[:status]
+    old_language = @book.language
+    @book.status = :proposed
+    @book.language = :spanish
+    assert_equal [old_status, 'proposed'], @book.changes[:status]
+    assert_equal [old_language, 'spanish'], @book.changes[:language]
   end
 
   test "enum attribute was" do
     old_status = @book.status
+    old_language = @book.language
     @book.status = :published
+    @book.language = :spanish
     assert_equal old_status, @book.attribute_was(:status)
+    assert_equal old_language, @book.attribute_was(:language)
   end
 
   test "enum attribute changed" do
-    @book.status = :published
+    @book.status = :proposed
+    @book.language = :french
     assert @book.attribute_changed?(:status)
+    assert @book.attribute_changed?(:language)
   end
 
   test "enum attribute changed to" do
-    @book.status = :published
-    assert @book.attribute_changed?(:status, to: 'published')
+    @book.status = :proposed
+    @book.language = :french
+    assert @book.attribute_changed?(:status, to: 'proposed')
+    assert @book.attribute_changed?(:language, to: 'french')
   end
 
   test "enum attribute changed from" do
     old_status = @book.status
-    @book.status = :published
+    old_language = @book.language
+    @book.status = :proposed
+    @book.language = :french
     assert @book.attribute_changed?(:status, from: old_status)
+    assert @book.attribute_changed?(:language, from: old_language)
   end
 
   test "enum attribute changed from old status to new status" do
     old_status = @book.status
-    @book.status = :published
-    assert @book.attribute_changed?(:status, from: old_status, to: 'published')
+    old_language = @book.language
+    @book.status = :proposed
+    @book.language = :french
+    assert @book.attribute_changed?(:status, from: old_status, to: 'proposed')
+    assert @book.attribute_changed?(:language, from: old_language, to: 'french')
   end
 
   test "enum didn't change" do
@@ -98,7 +174,7 @@ class EnumTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   test "persist changes that are dirty" do
-    @book.status = :published
+    @book.status = :proposed
     assert @book.attribute_changed?(:status)
     @book.status = :written
     assert @book.attribute_changed?(:status)
@@ -106,7 +182,7 @@ class EnumTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   test "reverted changes that are not dirty" do
     old_status = @book.status
-    @book.status = :published
+    @book.status = :proposed
     assert @book.attribute_changed?(:status)
     @book.status = old_status
     assert_not @book.attribute_changed?(:status)
@@ -129,19 +205,24 @@ class EnumTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal "'unknown' is not a valid status", e.message
   end
 
+  test "NULL values from database should be casted to nil" do
+    Book.where(id: @book.id).update_all("status = NULL")
+    assert_nil @book.reload.status
+  end
+
   test "assign nil value" do
     @book.status = nil
-    assert @book.status.nil?
+    assert_nil @book.status
   end
 
   test "assign empty string value" do
     @book.status = ''
-    assert @book.status.nil?
+    assert_nil @book.status
   end
 
   test "assign long empty string value" do
     @book.status = '   '
-    assert @book.status.nil?
+    assert_nil @book.status
   end
 
   test "constant to access the mapping" do
@@ -153,15 +234,23 @@ class EnumTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   test "building new objects with enum scopes" do
     assert Book.written.build.written?
     assert Book.read.build.read?
+    assert Book.in_spanish.build.in_spanish?
+    assert Book.illustrator_visibility_invisible.build.illustrator_visibility_invisible?
   end
 
   test "creating new objects with enum scopes" do
     assert Book.written.create.written?
     assert Book.read.create.read?
+    assert Book.in_spanish.create.in_spanish?
+    assert Book.illustrator_visibility_invisible.create.illustrator_visibility_invisible?
   end
 
   test "_before_type_cast returns the enum label (required for form fields)" do
-    assert_equal "proposed", @book.status_before_type_cast
+    if @book.status_came_from_user?
+      assert_equal "published", @book.status_before_type_cast
+    else
+      assert_equal "published", @book.status
+    end
   end
 
   test "reserved enum names" do
@@ -177,9 +266,10 @@ class EnumTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     ]
 
     conflicts.each_with_index do |name, i|
-      assert_raises(ArgumentError, "enum name `#{name}` should not be allowed") do
+      e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
         klass.class_eval { enum name => ["value_#{i}"] }
       end
+      assert_match(/You tried to define an enum named \"#{name}\" on the model/, e.message)
     end
   end
 
@@ -194,12 +284,15 @@ class EnumTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       :valid,    # generates #valid?, which conflicts with an AR method
       :save,     # generates #save!, which conflicts with an AR method
       :proposed, # same value as an existing enum
+      :public, :private, :protected, # some important methods on Module and Class
+      :name, :parent, :superclass
     ]
 
     conflicts.each_with_index do |value, i|
-      assert_raises(ArgumentError, "enum value `#{value}` should not be allowed") do
+      e = assert_raises(ArgumentError, "enum value `#{value}` should not be allowed") do
         klass.class_eval { enum "status_#{i}" => [value] }
       end
+      assert_match(/You tried to define an enum named .* on the model/, e.message)
     end
   end
 
@@ -222,4 +315,100 @@ class EnumTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       end
     end
   end
+
+  test "validate uniqueness" do
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      def self.name; 'Book'; end
+      enum status: [:proposed, :written]
+      validates_uniqueness_of :status
+    end
+    klass.delete_all
+    klass.create!(status: "proposed")
+    book = klass.new(status: "written")
+    assert book.valid?
+    book.status = "proposed"
+    assert_not book.valid?
+  end
+
+  test "validate inclusion of value in array" do
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      def self.name; 'Book'; end
+      enum status: [:proposed, :written]
+      validates_inclusion_of :status, in: ["written"]
+    end
+    klass.delete_all
+    invalid_book = klass.new(status: "proposed")
+    assert_not invalid_book.valid?
+    valid_book = klass.new(status: "written")
+    assert valid_book.valid?
+  end
+
+  test "enums are distinct per class" do
+    klass1 = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = "books"
+      enum status: [:proposed, :written]
+    end
+
+    klass2 = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = "books"
+      enum status: [:drafted, :uploaded]
+    end
+
+    book1 = klass1.proposed.create!
+    book1.status = :written
+    assert_equal ['proposed', 'written'], book1.status_change
+
+    book2 = klass2.drafted.create!
+    book2.status = :uploaded
+    assert_equal ['drafted', 'uploaded'], book2.status_change
+  end
+
+  test "enums are inheritable" do
+    subklass1 = Class.new(Book)
+
+    subklass2 = Class.new(Book) do
+      enum status: [:drafted, :uploaded]
+    end
+
+    book1 = subklass1.proposed.create!
+    book1.status = :written
+    assert_equal ['proposed', 'written'], book1.status_change
+
+    book2 = subklass2.drafted.create!
+    book2.status = :uploaded
+    assert_equal ['drafted', 'uploaded'], book2.status_change
+  end
+
+  test "declare multiple enums at a time" do
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = "books"
+      enum status: [:proposed, :written, :published],
+           nullable_status: [:single, :married]
+    end
+
+    book1 = klass.proposed.create!
+    assert book1.proposed?
+
+    book2 = klass.single.create!
+    assert book2.single?
+  end
+
+  test "query state by predicate with prefix" do
+    assert @book.author_visibility_visible?
+    assert_not @book.author_visibility_invisible?
+    assert @book.illustrator_visibility_visible?
+    assert_not @book.illustrator_visibility_invisible?
+  end
+
+  test "query state by predicate with custom prefix" do
+    assert @book.in_english?
+    assert_not @book.in_spanish?
+    assert_not @book.in_french?
+  end
+
+  test "uses default status when no status is provided in fixtures" do
+    book = books(:tlg)
+    assert book.proposed?, "expected fixture to default to proposed status"
+    assert book.in_english?, "expected fixture to default to english language"
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/errors_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/errors_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0711a372f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/errors_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+require_relative "../cases/helper"
+
+class ErrorsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  def test_can_be_instantiated_with_no_args
+    base = ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError
+    error_klasses = ObjectSpace.each_object(Class).select { |klass| klass < base }
+
+    error_klasses.each do |error_klass|
+      begin
+        error_klass.new.inspect
+      rescue ArgumentError
+        raise "Instance of #{error_klass} can't be initialized with no arguments"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/explain_subscriber_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/explain_subscriber_test.rb
index b00e2744b9..2dee8a26a5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/explain_subscriber_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/explain_subscriber_test.rb
@@ -48,7 +48,12 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_explain?
       assert queries.empty?
     end
 
-    def teardown
+    def test_collects_cte_queries
+      SUBSCRIBER.finish(nil, nil, name: 'SQL', sql: 'with s as (values(3)) select 1 from s')
+      assert_equal 1, queries.size
+    end
+
+    teardown do
       ActiveRecord::ExplainRegistry.reset
     end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/explain_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/explain_test.rb
index 6dac5db111..64dfd86ce2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/explain_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/explain_test.rb
@@ -26,8 +26,12 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_explain?
 
       sql, binds = queries[0]
       assert_match "SELECT", sql
-      assert_match "honda", sql
-      assert_equal [], binds
+      if binds.any?
+        assert_equal 1, binds.length
+        assert_equal "honda", binds.last.value
+      else
+        assert_match 'honda', sql
+      end
     end
 
     def test_exec_explain_with_no_binds
@@ -35,38 +39,49 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_explain?
       binds   = [[], []]
       queries = sqls.zip(binds)
 
-      connection.stubs(:explain).returns('query plan foo', 'query plan bar')
-      expected = sqls.map {|sql| "EXPLAIN for: #{sql}\nquery plan #{sql}"}.join("\n")
-      assert_equal expected, base.exec_explain(queries)
+      stub_explain_for_query_plans do
+        expected = sqls.map {|sql| "EXPLAIN for: #{sql}\nquery plan #{sql}"}.join("\n")
+        assert_equal expected, base.exec_explain(queries)
+      end
     end
 
     def test_exec_explain_with_binds
-      cols = [Object.new, Object.new]
-      cols[0].expects(:name).returns('wadus')
-      cols[1].expects(:name).returns('chaflan')
+      object = Struct.new(:name)
+      cols = [object.new('wadus'), object.new('chaflan')]
 
       sqls    = %w(foo bar)
       binds   = [[[cols[0], 1]], [[cols[1], 2]]]
       queries = sqls.zip(binds)
 
-      connection.stubs(:explain).returns("query plan foo\n", "query plan bar\n")
-      expected = <<-SQL.strip_heredoc
-        EXPLAIN for: #{sqls[0]} [["wadus", 1]]
-        query plan foo
+      stub_explain_for_query_plans(["query plan foo\n", "query plan bar\n"]) do
+        expected = <<-SQL.strip_heredoc
+          EXPLAIN for: #{sqls[0]} [["wadus", 1]]
+          query plan foo
 
-        EXPLAIN for: #{sqls[1]} [["chaflan", 2]]
-        query plan bar
-      SQL
-      assert_equal expected, base.exec_explain(queries)
+          EXPLAIN for: #{sqls[1]} [["chaflan", 2]]
+          query plan bar
+        SQL
+        assert_equal expected, base.exec_explain(queries)
+      end
     end
 
     def test_unsupported_connection_adapter
-      connection.stubs(:supports_explain?).returns(false)
+      connection.stub(:supports_explain?, false) do
+        assert_not_called(base.logger, :warn) do
+          Car.where(:name => 'honda').to_a
+        end
+      end
+    end
 
-      base.logger.expects(:warn).never
+    private
 
-      Car.where(:name => 'honda').to_a
-    end
+      def stub_explain_for_query_plans(query_plans = ['query plan foo', 'query plan bar'])
+        explain_called = 0
+
+        connection.stub(:explain, proc{ explain_called += 1; query_plans[explain_called - 1] }) do
+          yield
+        end
+      end
 
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/finder_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/finder_test.rb
index b1eded6494..73f5312eba 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/finder_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/finder_test.rb
@@ -4,18 +4,22 @@ require 'models/author'
 require 'models/categorization'
 require 'models/comment'
 require 'models/company'
+require 'models/tagging'
 require 'models/topic'
 require 'models/reply'
 require 'models/entrant'
 require 'models/project'
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 require 'models/customer'
 require 'models/toy'
 require 'models/matey'
 require 'models/dog'
+require 'models/car'
+require 'models/tyre'
 
 class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :companies, :topics, :entrants, :developers, :developers_projects, :posts, :comments, :accounts, :authors, :customers, :categories, :categorizations
+  fixtures :companies, :topics, :entrants, :developers, :developers_projects, :posts, :comments, :accounts, :authors, :customers, :categories, :categorizations, :cars
 
   def test_find_by_id_with_hash
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
@@ -33,11 +37,31 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal(topics(:first).title, Topic.find(1).title)
   end
 
+  def test_find_with_proc_parameter_and_block
+    exception = assert_raises(RuntimeError) do
+      Topic.all.find(-> { raise "should happen" }) { |e| e.title == "non-existing-title" }
+    end
+    assert_equal "should happen", exception.message
+
+    assert_nothing_raised(RuntimeError) do
+      Topic.all.find(-> { raise "should not happen" }) { |e| e.title == topics(:first).title }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_find_passing_active_record_object_is_deprecated
+    assert_deprecated do
+      Topic.find(Topic.last)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_symbols_table_ref
-    Post.first # warm up
+    gc_disabled = GC.disable
+    Post.where("author_id" => nil)  # warm up
     x = Symbol.all_symbols.count
     Post.where("title" => {"xxxqqqq" => "bar"})
     assert_equal x, Symbol.all_symbols.count
+  ensure
+    GC.enable if gc_disabled == false
   end
 
   # find should handle strings that come from URLs
@@ -56,17 +80,35 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal true, Topic.exists?(id: [1, 9999])
 
     assert_equal false, Topic.exists?(45)
-    assert_equal false, Topic.exists?(Topic.new)
+    assert_equal false, Topic.exists?(Topic.new.id)
+
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { Topic.exists?([1,2]) }
+  end
+
+  def test_exists_with_polymorphic_relation
+    post = Post.create!(title: 'Post', body: 'default', taggings: [Tagging.new(comment: 'tagging comment')])
+    relation = Post.tagged_with_comment('tagging comment')
+
+    assert_equal true, relation.exists?(title: ['Post'])
+    assert_equal true, relation.exists?(['title LIKE ?', 'Post%'])
+    assert_equal true, relation.exists?
+    assert_equal true, relation.exists?(post.id)
+    assert_equal true, relation.exists?(post.id.to_s)
 
-    begin
-      assert_equal false, Topic.exists?("foo")
-    rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
-      # PostgreSQL complains about string comparison with integer field
-    rescue Exception
-      flunk
+    assert_equal false, relation.exists?(false)
+  end
+
+  def test_exists_passing_active_record_object_is_deprecated
+    assert_deprecated do
+      Topic.exists?(Topic.new)
     end
+  end
 
-    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { Topic.exists?([1,2]) }
+  def test_exists_fails_when_parameter_has_invalid_type
+    assert_raises(RangeError) do
+      assert_equal false, Topic.exists?(("9"*53).to_i) # number that's bigger than int
+    end
+    assert_equal false, Topic.exists?("foo")
   end
 
   def test_exists_does_not_select_columns_without_alias
@@ -111,8 +153,8 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_exists_with_distinct_association_includes_limit_and_order
     author = Author.first
-    assert_equal false, author.unique_categorized_posts.includes(:special_comments).order('comments.taggings_count DESC').limit(0).exists?
-    assert_equal true, author.unique_categorized_posts.includes(:special_comments).order('comments.taggings_count DESC').limit(1).exists?
+    assert_equal false, author.unique_categorized_posts.includes(:special_comments).order('comments.tags_count DESC').limit(0).exists?
+    assert_equal true, author.unique_categorized_posts.includes(:special_comments).order('comments.tags_count DESC').limit(1).exists?
   end
 
   def test_exists_with_empty_table_and_no_args_given
@@ -136,8 +178,9 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_exists_does_not_instantiate_records
-    Developer.expects(:instantiate).never
-    Developer.exists?
+    assert_not_called(Developer, :instantiate) do
+      Developer.exists?
+    end
   end
 
   def test_find_by_array_of_one_id
@@ -162,6 +205,28 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 2, last_devs.size
   end
 
+  def test_find_with_large_number
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.find('9999999999999999999999999999999') }
+  end
+
+  def test_find_by_with_large_number
+    assert_nil Topic.find_by(id: '9999999999999999999999999999999')
+  end
+
+  def test_find_by_id_with_large_number
+    assert_nil Topic.find_by_id('9999999999999999999999999999999')
+  end
+
+  def test_find_on_relation_with_large_number
+    assert_nil Topic.where('1=1').find_by(id: 9999999999999999999999999999999)
+  end
+
+  def test_find_by_bang_on_relation_with_large_number
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) do
+      Topic.where('1=1').find_by!(id: 9999999999999999999999999999999)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_find_an_empty_array
     assert_equal [], Topic.find([])
   end
@@ -200,6 +265,12 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [Account], accounts.collect(&:class).uniq
   end
 
+  def test_find_by_association_subquery
+    author = authors(:david)
+    assert_equal author.post, Post.find_by(author: Author.where(id: author))
+    assert_equal author.post, Post.find_by(author_id: Author.where(id: author))
+  end
+
   def test_take
     assert_equal topics(:first), Topic.take
   end
@@ -215,7 +286,7 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_take_bang_missing
-    assert_raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound do
+    assert_raises_with_message ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find Topic" do
       Topic.where("title = 'This title does not exist'").take!
     end
   end
@@ -235,7 +306,7 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_first_bang_missing
-    assert_raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound do
+    assert_raises_with_message ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find Topic" do
       Topic.where("title = 'This title does not exist'").first!
     end
   end
@@ -249,7 +320,7 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_model_class_responds_to_first_bang
     assert Topic.first!
     Topic.delete_all
-    assert_raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound do
+    assert_raises_with_message ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find Topic" do
       Topic.first!
     end
   end
@@ -271,7 +342,7 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_model_class_responds_to_second_bang
     assert Topic.second!
     Topic.delete_all
-    assert_raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound do
+    assert_raises_with_message ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find Topic" do
       Topic.second!
     end
   end
@@ -293,7 +364,7 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_model_class_responds_to_third_bang
     assert Topic.third!
     Topic.delete_all
-    assert_raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound do
+    assert_raises_with_message ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find Topic" do
       Topic.third!
     end
   end
@@ -315,7 +386,7 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_model_class_responds_to_fourth_bang
     assert Topic.fourth!
     Topic.delete_all
-    assert_raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound do
+    assert_raises_with_message ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find Topic" do
       Topic.fourth!
     end
   end
@@ -337,7 +408,7 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_model_class_responds_to_fifth_bang
     assert Topic.fifth!
     Topic.delete_all
-    assert_raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound do
+    assert_raises_with_message ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find Topic" do
       Topic.fifth!
     end
   end
@@ -349,23 +420,23 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_last_bang_missing
-    assert_raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound do
+    assert_raises_with_message ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find Topic" do
       Topic.where("title = 'This title does not exist'").last!
     end
   end
 
   def test_model_class_responds_to_last_bang
     assert_equal topics(:fifth), Topic.last!
-    assert_raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound do
+    assert_raises_with_message ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find Topic" do
       Topic.delete_all
       Topic.last!
     end
   end
 
   def test_take_and_first_and_last_with_integer_should_use_sql_limit
-    assert_sql(/LIMIT 3|ROWNUM <= 3/) { Topic.take(3).entries }
-    assert_sql(/LIMIT 2|ROWNUM <= 2/) { Topic.first(2).entries }
-    assert_sql(/LIMIT 5|ROWNUM <= 5/) { Topic.last(5).entries }
+    assert_sql(/LIMIT|ROWNUM <=/) { Topic.take(3).entries }
+    assert_sql(/LIMIT|ROWNUM <=/) { Topic.first(2).entries }
+    assert_sql(/LIMIT|ROWNUM <=/) { Topic.last(5).entries }
   end
 
   def test_last_with_integer_and_order_should_keep_the_order
@@ -430,6 +501,12 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.where(topics: { approved: true }).find(1) }
   end
 
+  def test_find_on_combined_explicit_and_hashed_table_names
+    assert Topic.where('topics.approved' => false, topics: { author_name: "David" }).find(1)
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.where('topics.approved' => true, topics: { author_name: "David" }).find(1) }
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.where('topics.approved' => false, topics: { author_name: "Melanie" }).find(1) }
+  end
+
   def test_find_with_hash_conditions_on_joined_table
     firms = Firm.joins(:account).where(:accounts => { :credit_limit => 50 })
     assert_equal 1, firms.size
@@ -474,6 +551,10 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9], Comment.where(id: [1..2, 3, 5, 6..8, 9]).to_a.map(&:id).sort
   end
 
+  def test_find_on_hash_conditions_with_array_of_ranges
+    assert_equal [1,2,6,7,8], Comment.where(id: [1..2, 6..8]).to_a.map(&:id).sort
+  end
+
   def test_find_on_multiple_hash_conditions
     assert Topic.where(author_name: "David", title: "The First Topic", replies_count: 1, approved: false).find(1)
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.where(author_name: "David", title: "The First Topic", replies_count: 1, approved: true).find(1) }
@@ -625,90 +706,13 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert Company.where(["name = :name", {name: "37signals' go'es agains"}]).first
   end
 
-  def test_bind_arity
-    assert_nothing_raised                                 { bind '' }
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::PreparedStatementInvalid) { bind '', 1 }
-
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::PreparedStatementInvalid) { bind '?' }
-    assert_nothing_raised                                 { bind '?', 1 }
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::PreparedStatementInvalid) { bind '?', 1, 1  }
-  end
-
   def test_named_bind_variables
-    assert_equal '1', bind(':a', :a => 1) # ' ruby-mode
-    assert_equal '1 1', bind(':a :a', :a => 1)  # ' ruby-mode
-
-    assert_nothing_raised { bind("'+00:00'", :foo => "bar") }
-
     assert_kind_of Firm, Company.where(["name = :name", { name: "37signals" }]).first
     assert_nil Company.where(["name = :name", { name: "37signals!" }]).first
     assert_nil Company.where(["name = :name", { name: "37signals!' OR 1=1" }]).first
     assert_kind_of Time, Topic.where(["id = :id", { id: 1 }]).first.written_on
   end
 
-  class SimpleEnumerable
-    include Enumerable
-
-    def initialize(ary)
-      @ary = ary
-    end
-
-    def each(&b)
-      @ary.each(&b)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_bind_enumerable
-    quoted_abc = %(#{ActiveRecord::Base.connection.quote('a')},#{ActiveRecord::Base.connection.quote('b')},#{ActiveRecord::Base.connection.quote('c')})
-
-    assert_equal '1,2,3', bind('?', [1, 2, 3])
-    assert_equal quoted_abc, bind('?', %w(a b c))
-
-    assert_equal '1,2,3', bind(':a', :a => [1, 2, 3])
-    assert_equal quoted_abc, bind(':a', :a => %w(a b c)) # '
-
-    assert_equal '1,2,3', bind('?', SimpleEnumerable.new([1, 2, 3]))
-    assert_equal quoted_abc, bind('?', SimpleEnumerable.new(%w(a b c)))
-
-    assert_equal '1,2,3', bind(':a', :a => SimpleEnumerable.new([1, 2, 3]))
-    assert_equal quoted_abc, bind(':a', :a => SimpleEnumerable.new(%w(a b c))) # '
-  end
-
-  def test_bind_empty_enumerable
-    quoted_nil = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.quote(nil)
-    assert_equal quoted_nil, bind('?', [])
-    assert_equal " in (#{quoted_nil})", bind(' in (?)', [])
-    assert_equal "foo in (#{quoted_nil})", bind('foo in (?)', [])
-  end
-
-  def test_bind_empty_string
-    quoted_empty = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.quote('')
-    assert_equal quoted_empty, bind('?', '')
-  end
-
-  def test_bind_chars
-    quoted_bambi = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.quote("Bambi")
-    quoted_bambi_and_thumper = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.quote("Bambi\nand\nThumper")
-    assert_equal "name=#{quoted_bambi}", bind('name=?', "Bambi")
-    assert_equal "name=#{quoted_bambi_and_thumper}", bind('name=?', "Bambi\nand\nThumper")
-    assert_equal "name=#{quoted_bambi}", bind('name=?', "Bambi".mb_chars)
-    assert_equal "name=#{quoted_bambi_and_thumper}", bind('name=?', "Bambi\nand\nThumper".mb_chars)
-  end
-
-  def test_bind_record
-    o = Struct.new(:quoted_id).new(1)
-    assert_equal '1', bind('?', o)
-
-    os = [o] * 3
-    assert_equal '1,1,1', bind('?', os)
-  end
-
-  def test_named_bind_with_postgresql_type_casts
-    l = Proc.new { bind(":a::integer '2009-01-01'::date", :a => '10') }
-    assert_nothing_raised(&l)
-    assert_equal "#{ActiveRecord::Base.connection.quote('10')}::integer '2009-01-01'::date", l.call
-  end
-
   def test_string_sanitation
     assert_not_equal "'something ' 1=1'", ActiveRecord::Base.sanitize("something ' 1=1")
     assert_equal "'something; select table'", ActiveRecord::Base.sanitize("something; select table")
@@ -727,7 +731,9 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_find_by_one_attribute_bang
     assert_equal topics(:first), Topic.find_by_title!("The First Topic")
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.find_by_title!("The First Topic!") }
+    assert_raises_with_message(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find Topic") do
+      Topic.find_by_title!("The First Topic!")
+    end
   end
 
   def test_find_by_on_attribute_that_is_a_reserved_word
@@ -845,7 +851,7 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       joins('LEFT JOIN developers_projects ON developers.id = developers_projects.developer_id').
       where('project_id=1').to_a
     assert_equal 3, developers_on_project_one.length
-    developer_names = developers_on_project_one.map { |d| d.name }
+    developer_names = developers_on_project_one.map(&:name)
     assert developer_names.include?('David')
     assert developer_names.include?('Jamis')
   end
@@ -871,7 +877,6 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  # http://dev.rubyonrails.org/ticket/6778
   def test_find_ignores_previously_inserted_record
     Post.create!(:title => 'test', :body => 'it out')
     assert_equal [], Post.where(id: nil)
@@ -900,7 +905,7 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_select_values
-    assert_equal ["1","2","3","4","5","6","7","8","9", "10", "11"], Company.connection.select_values("SELECT id FROM companies ORDER BY id").map! { |i| i.to_s }
+    assert_equal ["1","2","3","4","5","6","7","8","9", "10", "11"], Company.connection.select_values("SELECT id FROM companies ORDER BY id").map!(&:to_s)
     assert_equal ["37signals","Summit","Microsoft", "Flamboyant Software", "Ex Nihilo", "RailsCore", "Leetsoft", "Jadedpixel", "Odegy", "Ex Nihilo Part Deux", "Apex"], Company.connection.select_values("SELECT name FROM companies ORDER BY id")
   end
 
@@ -926,7 +931,7 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       where(client_of: [2, 1, nil],
             name: ['37signals', 'Summit', 'Microsoft']).
       order('client_of DESC').
-      map { |x| x.client_of }
+      map(&:client_of)
 
     assert client_of.include?(nil)
     assert_equal [2, 1].sort, client_of.compact.sort
@@ -936,7 +941,7 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     client_of = Company.
       where(client_of: [nil]).
       order('client_of DESC').
-      map { |x| x.client_of }
+      map(&:client_of)
 
     assert_equal [], client_of.compact
   end
@@ -980,15 +985,74 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_nothing_raised(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) { Topic.offset("3").to_a }
   end
 
-  protected
-    def bind(statement, *vars)
-      if vars.first.is_a?(Hash)
-        ActiveRecord::Base.send(:replace_named_bind_variables, statement, vars.first)
-      else
-        ActiveRecord::Base.send(:replace_bind_variables, statement, vars)
-      end
+  test "find_by with hash conditions returns the first matching record" do
+    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), Post.find_by(id: posts(:eager_other).id)
+  end
+
+  test "find_by with non-hash conditions returns the first matching record" do
+    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), Post.find_by("id = #{posts(:eager_other).id}")
+  end
+
+  test "find_by with multi-arg conditions returns the first matching record" do
+    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), Post.find_by('id = ?', posts(:eager_other).id)
+  end
+
+  test "find_by returns nil if the record is missing" do
+    assert_equal nil, Post.find_by("1 = 0")
+  end
+
+  test "find_by with associations" do
+    assert_equal authors(:david), Post.find_by(author: authors(:david)).author
+    assert_equal authors(:mary) , Post.find_by(author: authors(:mary) ).author
+  end
+
+  test "find_by doesn't have implicit ordering" do
+    assert_sql(/^((?!ORDER).)*$/) { Post.find_by(id: posts(:eager_other).id) }
+  end
+
+  test "find_by! with hash conditions returns the first matching record" do
+    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), Post.find_by!(id: posts(:eager_other).id)
+  end
+
+  test "find_by! with non-hash conditions returns the first matching record" do
+    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), Post.find_by!("id = #{posts(:eager_other).id}")
+  end
+
+  test "find_by! with multi-arg conditions returns the first matching record" do
+    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), Post.find_by!('id = ?', posts(:eager_other).id)
+  end
+
+  test "find_by! doesn't have implicit ordering" do
+    assert_sql(/^((?!ORDER).)*$/) { Post.find_by!(id: posts(:eager_other).id) }
+  end
+
+  test "find_by! raises RecordNotFound if the record is missing" do
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) do
+      Post.find_by!("1 = 0")
     end
+  end
+
+  test "find on a scope does not perform statement caching" do
+    honda = cars(:honda)
+    zyke = cars(:zyke)
+    tyre = honda.tyres.create!
+    tyre2 = zyke.tyres.create!
+
+    assert_equal tyre, honda.tyres.custom_find(tyre.id)
+    assert_equal tyre2, zyke.tyres.custom_find(tyre2.id)
+  end
+
+  test "find_by on a scope does not perform statement caching" do
+    honda = cars(:honda)
+    zyke = cars(:zyke)
+    tyre = honda.tyres.create!
+    tyre2 = zyke.tyres.create!
 
+    assert_equal tyre, honda.tyres.custom_find_by(id: tyre.id)
+    assert_equal tyre2, zyke.tyres.custom_find_by(id: tyre2.id)
+  end
+
+  protected
     def table_with_custom_primary_key
       yield(Class.new(Toy) do
         def self.name
@@ -996,4 +1060,10 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
         end
       end)
     end
+
+    def assert_raises_with_message(exception_class, message, &block)
+      err = assert_raises(exception_class) { block.call }
+      assert_match message, err.message
+    end
+
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/fixture_set/file_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/fixture_set/file_test.rb
index 92efa8aca7..242e7a9bec 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/fixture_set/file_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/fixture_set/file_test.rb
@@ -123,6 +123,18 @@ END
         end
       end
 
+      def test_removes_fixture_config_row
+        File.open(::File.join(FIXTURES_ROOT, 'other_posts.yml')) do |fh|
+          assert_equal(['second_welcome'], fh.each.map { |name, _| name })
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_extracts_model_class_from_config_row
+        File.open(::File.join(FIXTURES_ROOT, 'other_posts.yml')) do |fh|
+          assert_equal 'Post', fh.model_class
+        end
+      end
+
       private
       def tmp_yaml(name, contents)
         t = Tempfile.new name
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/fixtures_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/fixtures_test.rb
index 37c6af74da..f30ed4fcc8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/fixtures_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/fixtures_test.rb
@@ -5,11 +5,14 @@ require 'models/admin/randomly_named_c1'
 require 'models/admin/user'
 require 'models/binary'
 require 'models/book'
+require 'models/bulb'
 require 'models/category'
+require 'models/comment'
 require 'models/company'
 require 'models/computer'
 require 'models/course'
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/doubloon'
 require 'models/joke'
 require 'models/matey'
 require 'models/parrot'
@@ -26,7 +29,7 @@ require 'tempfile'
 
 class FixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   self.use_instantiated_fixtures = true
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
 
   # other_topics fixture should not be included here
   fixtures :topics, :developers, :accounts, :tasks, :categories, :funny_jokes, :binaries, :traffic_lights
@@ -84,12 +87,6 @@ class FixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert fixtures.detect { |f| f.name == 'collections' }, "no fixtures named 'collections' in #{fixtures.map(&:name).inspect}"
   end
 
-  def test_create_symbol_fixtures_is_deprecated
-    assert_deprecated do
-      ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.create_fixtures(FIXTURES_ROOT, :collections, :collections => 'Course') { Course.connection }
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_attributes
     topics = create_fixtures("topics").first
     assert_equal("The First Topic", topics["first"]["title"])
@@ -220,6 +217,13 @@ class FixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_yaml_file_with_invalid_column
+    e = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::Fixture::FixtureError) do
+      ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.create_fixtures(FIXTURES_ROOT + "/naked/yml", "parrots")
+    end
+    assert_equal(%(table "parrots" has no column named "arrr".), e.message)
+  end
+
   def test_omap_fixtures
     assert_nothing_raised do
       fixtures = ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.new(Account.connection, 'categories', Category, FIXTURES_ROOT + "/categories_ordered")
@@ -254,19 +258,20 @@ class FixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_fixtures_are_set_up_with_database_env_variable
     db_url_tmp = ENV['DATABASE_URL']
-    ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "sqlite3:///:memory:"
-    ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:configurations).returns({})
-    test_case = Class.new(ActiveRecord::TestCase) do
-      fixtures :accounts
+    ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "sqlite3::memory:"
+    ActiveRecord::Base.stub(:configurations, {}) do
+      test_case = Class.new(ActiveRecord::TestCase) do
+        fixtures :accounts
 
-      def test_fixtures
-        assert accounts(:signals37)
+        def test_fixtures
+          assert accounts(:signals37)
+        end
       end
-    end
 
-    result = test_case.new(:test_fixtures).run
+      result = test_case.new(:test_fixtures).run
 
-    assert result.passed?, "Expected #{result.name} to pass:\n#{result}"
+      assert result.passed?, "Expected #{result.name} to pass:\n#{result}"
+    end
   ensure
     ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = db_url_tmp
   end
@@ -277,16 +282,16 @@ class HasManyThroughFixture < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) { define_singleton_method(:name) { name } }
   end
 
-  def test_has_many_through
+  def test_has_many_through_with_default_table_name
     pt = make_model "ParrotTreasure"
     parrot = make_model "Parrot"
     treasure = make_model "Treasure"
 
     pt.table_name = "parrots_treasures"
-    pt.belongs_to :parrot, :class => parrot
-    pt.belongs_to :treasure, :class => treasure
+    pt.belongs_to :parrot, :anonymous_class => parrot
+    pt.belongs_to :treasure, :anonymous_class => treasure
 
-    parrot.has_many :parrot_treasures, :class => pt
+    parrot.has_many :parrot_treasures, :anonymous_class => pt
     parrot.has_many :treasures, :through => :parrot_treasures
 
     parrots = File.join FIXTURES_ROOT, 'parrots'
@@ -296,6 +301,24 @@ class HasManyThroughFixture < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal load_has_and_belongs_to_many['parrots_treasures'], rows['parrots_treasures']
   end
 
+  def test_has_many_through_with_renamed_table
+    pt = make_model "ParrotTreasure"
+    parrot = make_model "Parrot"
+    treasure = make_model "Treasure"
+
+    pt.belongs_to :parrot, :anonymous_class => parrot
+    pt.belongs_to :treasure, :anonymous_class => treasure
+
+    parrot.has_many :parrot_treasures, :anonymous_class => pt
+    parrot.has_many :treasures, :through => :parrot_treasures
+
+    parrots = File.join FIXTURES_ROOT, 'parrots'
+
+    fs = ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.new parrot.connection, "parrots", parrot, parrots
+    rows = fs.table_rows
+    assert_equal load_has_and_belongs_to_many['parrots_treasures'], rows['parrot_treasures']
+  end
+
   def load_has_and_belongs_to_many
     parrot = make_model "Parrot"
     parrot.has_and_belongs_to_many :treasures
@@ -313,7 +336,7 @@ if Account.connection.respond_to?(:reset_pk_sequence!)
     fixtures :companies
 
     def setup
-      @instances = [Account.new(:credit_limit => 50), Company.new(:name => 'RoR Consulting')]
+      @instances = [Account.new(:credit_limit => 50), Company.new(:name => 'RoR Consulting'), Course.new(name: 'Test')]
       ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.reset_cache # make sure tables get reinitialized
     end
 
@@ -386,9 +409,11 @@ class FixturesWithoutInstantiationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_reloading_fixtures_through_accessor_methods
+    topic = Struct.new(:title)
     assert_equal "The First Topic", topics(:first).title
-    @loaded_fixtures['topics']['first'].expects(:find).returns(stub(:title => "Fresh Topic!"))
-    assert_equal "Fresh Topic!", topics(:first, true).title
+    assert_called(@loaded_fixtures['topics']['first'], :find, returns: topic.new("Fresh Topic!")) do
+      assert_equal "Fresh Topic!", topics(:first, true).title
+    end
   end
 end
 
@@ -405,7 +430,7 @@ end
 
 class TransactionalFixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   self.use_instantiated_fixtures = true
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = true
+  self.use_transactional_tests = true
 
   fixtures :topics
 
@@ -492,12 +517,44 @@ class OverRideFixtureMethodTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 end
 
+class FixtureWithSetModelClassTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  fixtures :other_posts, :other_comments
+
+  # Set to false to blow away fixtures cache and ensure our fixtures are loaded
+  # and thus takes into account the +set_model_class+.
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
+
+  def test_uses_fixture_class_defined_in_yaml
+    assert_kind_of Post, other_posts(:second_welcome)
+  end
+
+  def test_loads_the_associations_to_fixtures_with_set_model_class
+    post = other_posts(:second_welcome)
+    comment = other_comments(:second_greetings)
+    assert_equal [comment], post.comments
+    assert_equal post, comment.post
+  end
+end
+
+class SetFixtureClassPrevailsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  set_fixture_class bad_posts: Post
+  fixtures :bad_posts
+
+  # Set to false to blow away fixtures cache and ensure our fixtures are loaded
+  # and thus takes into account the +set_model_class+.
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
+
+  def test_uses_set_fixture_class
+    assert_kind_of Post, bad_posts(:bad_welcome)
+  end
+end
+
 class CheckSetTableNameFixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   set_fixture_class :funny_jokes => Joke
   fixtures :funny_jokes
   # Set to false to blow away fixtures cache and ensure our fixtures are loaded
   # and thus takes into account our set_fixture_class
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
 
   def test_table_method
     assert_kind_of Joke, funny_jokes(:a_joke)
@@ -509,7 +566,7 @@ class FixtureNameIsNotTableNameFixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :items
   # Set to false to blow away fixtures cache and ensure our fixtures are loaded
   # and thus takes into account our set_fixture_class
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
 
   def test_named_accessor
     assert_kind_of Book, items(:dvd)
@@ -521,7 +578,7 @@ class FixtureNameIsNotTableNameMultipleFixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :items, :funny_jokes
   # Set to false to blow away fixtures cache and ensure our fixtures are loaded
   # and thus takes into account our set_fixture_class
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
 
   def test_named_accessor_of_differently_named_fixture
     assert_kind_of Book, items(:dvd)
@@ -535,7 +592,7 @@ end
 class CustomConnectionFixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   set_fixture_class :courses => Course
   fixtures :courses
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
 
   def test_leaky_destroy
     assert_nothing_raised { courses(:ruby) }
@@ -550,7 +607,7 @@ end
 class TransactionalFixturesOnCustomConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   set_fixture_class :courses => Course
   fixtures :courses
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = true
+  self.use_transactional_tests = true
 
   def test_leaky_destroy
     assert_nothing_raised { courses(:ruby) }
@@ -566,7 +623,7 @@ class InvalidTableNameFixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :funny_jokes
   # Set to false to blow away fixtures cache and ensure our fixtures are loaded
   # and thus takes into account our lack of set_fixture_class
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
 
   def test_raises_error
     assert_raise ActiveRecord::FixtureClassNotFound do
@@ -580,7 +637,7 @@ class CheckEscapedYamlFixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :funny_jokes
   # Set to false to blow away fixtures cache and ensure our fixtures are loaded
   # and thus takes into account our set_fixture_class
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
 
   def test_proper_escaped_fixture
     assert_equal "The \\n Aristocrats\nAte the candy\n", funny_jokes(:another_joke).name
@@ -650,6 +707,7 @@ class LoadAllFixturesWithPathnameTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 end
 
 class FasterFixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
   fixtures :categories, :authors
 
   def load_extra_fixture(name)
@@ -675,7 +733,14 @@ class FasterFixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 end
 
 class FoxyFixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :parrots, :parrots_pirates, :pirates, :treasures, :mateys, :ships, :computers, :developers, :"admin/accounts", :"admin/users"
+  fixtures :parrots, :parrots_pirates, :pirates, :treasures, :mateys, :ships, :computers,
+           :developers, :"admin/accounts", :"admin/users", :live_parrots, :dead_parrots, :books
+
+  if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.adapter_name == 'PostgreSQL'
+    require 'models/uuid_parent'
+    require 'models/uuid_child'
+    fixtures :uuid_parents, :uuid_children
+  end
 
   def test_identifies_strings
     assert_equal(ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify("foo"), ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify("foo"))
@@ -689,6 +754,9 @@ class FoxyFixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_identifies_consistently
     assert_equal 207281424, ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(:ruby)
     assert_equal 1066363776, ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(:sapphire_2)
+
+    assert_equal 'f92b6bda-0d0d-5fe1-9124-502b18badded', ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(:daddy, :uuid)
+    assert_equal 'b4b10018-ad47-595d-b42f-d8bdaa6d01bf', ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(:sonny, :uuid)
   end
 
   TIMESTAMP_COLUMNS = %w(created_at created_on updated_at updated_on)
@@ -782,6 +850,14 @@ class FoxyFixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal("frederick", parrots(:frederick).name)
   end
 
+  def test_supports_label_string_interpolation
+    assert_equal("X marks the spot!", pirates(:mark).catchphrase)
+  end
+
+  def test_supports_label_interpolation_for_fixnum_label
+    assert_equal("#1 pirate!", pirates(1).catchphrase)
+  end
+
   def test_supports_polymorphic_belongs_to
     assert_equal(pirates(:redbeard), treasures(:sapphire).looter)
     assert_equal(parrots(:louis), treasures(:ruby).looter)
@@ -798,10 +874,23 @@ class FoxyFixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal pirates(:blackbeard), parrots(:polly).killer
   end
 
+  def test_supports_sti_with_respective_files
+    assert_kind_of LiveParrot, live_parrots(:dusty)
+    assert_kind_of DeadParrot, dead_parrots(:deadbird)
+    assert_equal pirates(:blackbeard), dead_parrots(:deadbird).killer
+  end
+
   def test_namespaced_models
     assert admin_accounts(:signals37).users.include?(admin_users(:david))
     assert_equal 2, admin_accounts(:signals37).users.size
   end
+
+  def test_resolves_enums
+    assert books(:awdr).published?
+    assert books(:awdr).read?
+    assert books(:rfr).proposed?
+    assert books(:ddd).published?
+  end
 end
 
 class ActiveSupportSubclassWithFixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -814,29 +903,15 @@ class ActiveSupportSubclassWithFixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 end
 
-class FixtureLoadingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  def test_logs_message_for_failed_dependency_load
-    ActiveRecord::TestCase.expects(:require_dependency).with(:does_not_exist).raises(LoadError)
-    ActiveRecord::Base.logger.expects(:warn)
-    ActiveRecord::TestCase.try_to_load_dependency(:does_not_exist)
-  end
-
-  def test_does_not_logs_message_for_successful_dependency_load
-    ActiveRecord::TestCase.expects(:require_dependency).with(:works_out_fine)
-    ActiveRecord::Base.logger.expects(:warn).never
-    ActiveRecord::TestCase.try_to_load_dependency(:works_out_fine)
-  end
-end
-
 class CustomNameForFixtureOrModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.reset_cache
 
   set_fixture_class :randomly_named_a9         =>
                         ClassNameThatDoesNotFollowCONVENTIONS,
                     :'admin/randomly_named_a9' =>
-                        Admin::ClassNameThatDoesNotFollowCONVENTIONS,
+                        Admin::ClassNameThatDoesNotFollowCONVENTIONS1,
                     'admin/randomly_named_b0'  =>
-                        Admin::ClassNameThatDoesNotFollowCONVENTIONS
+                        Admin::ClassNameThatDoesNotFollowCONVENTIONS2
 
   fixtures :randomly_named_a9, 'admin/randomly_named_a9',
            :'admin/randomly_named_b0'
@@ -847,14 +922,50 @@ class CustomNameForFixtureOrModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_named_accessor_for_randomly_named_namespaced_fixture_and_class
-    assert_kind_of Admin::ClassNameThatDoesNotFollowCONVENTIONS,
+    assert_kind_of Admin::ClassNameThatDoesNotFollowCONVENTIONS1,
                    admin_randomly_named_a9(:first_instance)
-    assert_kind_of Admin::ClassNameThatDoesNotFollowCONVENTIONS,
+    assert_kind_of Admin::ClassNameThatDoesNotFollowCONVENTIONS2,
                    admin_randomly_named_b0(:second_instance)
   end
 
   def test_table_name_is_defined_in_the_model
-    assert_equal 'randomly_named_table', ActiveRecord::FixtureSet::all_loaded_fixtures["admin/randomly_named_a9"].table_name
-    assert_equal 'randomly_named_table', Admin::ClassNameThatDoesNotFollowCONVENTIONS.table_name
+    assert_equal 'randomly_named_table2', ActiveRecord::FixtureSet::all_loaded_fixtures["admin/randomly_named_a9"].table_name
+    assert_equal 'randomly_named_table2', Admin::ClassNameThatDoesNotFollowCONVENTIONS1.table_name
+  end
+end
+
+class FixturesWithDefaultScopeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  fixtures :bulbs
+
+  test "inserts fixtures excluded by a default scope" do
+    assert_equal 1, Bulb.count
+    assert_equal 2, Bulb.unscoped.count
+  end
+
+  test "allows access to fixtures excluded by a default scope" do
+    assert_equal "special", bulbs(:special).name
+  end
+end
+
+class FixturesWithAbstractBelongsTo < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  fixtures :pirates, :doubloons
+
+  test "creates fixtures with belongs_to associations defined in abstract base classes" do
+    assert_not_nil doubloons(:blackbeards_doubloon)
+    assert_equal pirates(:blackbeard), doubloons(:blackbeards_doubloon).pirate
+  end
+end
+
+class FixtureClassNamesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @saved_cache = self.fixture_class_names.dup
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    self.fixture_class_names.replace(@saved_cache)
+  end
+
+  test "fixture_class_names returns nil for unregistered identifier" do
+    assert_nil self.fixture_class_names['unregistered_identifier']
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/forbidden_attributes_protection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/forbidden_attributes_protection_test.rb
index 981a75faf6..91921469b8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/forbidden_attributes_protection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/forbidden_attributes_protection_test.rb
@@ -1,14 +1,20 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access'
-require 'models/person'
+
 require 'models/company'
+require 'models/person'
+require 'models/ship'
+require 'models/ship_part'
+require 'models/treasure'
 
-class ProtectedParams < ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess
+class ProtectedParams
   attr_accessor :permitted
   alias :permitted? :permitted
 
+  delegate :keys, :key?, :has_key?, :empty?, to: :@parameters
+
   def initialize(attributes)
-    super(attributes)
+    @parameters = attributes.with_indifferent_access
     @permitted = false
   end
 
@@ -17,6 +23,18 @@ class ProtectedParams < ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess
     self
   end
 
+  def [](key)
+    @parameters[key]
+  end
+
+  def to_h
+    @parameters
+  end
+
+  def stringify_keys
+    dup
+  end
+
   def dup
     super.tap do |duplicate|
       duplicate.instance_variable_set :@permitted, @permitted
@@ -66,4 +84,82 @@ class ForbiddenAttributesProtectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     person = Person.new
     assert_nil person.assign_attributes(ProtectedParams.new({}))
   end
+
+  def test_create_with_checks_permitted
+    params = ProtectedParams.new(first_name: 'Guille', gender: 'm')
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesError) do
+      Person.create_with(params).create!
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_create_with_works_with_permitted_params
+    params = ProtectedParams.new(first_name: 'Guille').permit!
+
+    person = Person.create_with(params).create!
+    assert_equal 'Guille', person.first_name
+  end
+
+  def test_create_with_works_with_params_values
+    params = ProtectedParams.new(first_name: 'Guille')
+
+    person = Person.create_with(first_name: params[:first_name]).create!
+    assert_equal 'Guille', person.first_name
+  end
+
+  def test_where_checks_permitted
+    params = ProtectedParams.new(first_name: 'Guille', gender: 'm')
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesError) do
+      Person.where(params).create!
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_where_works_with_permitted_params
+    params = ProtectedParams.new(first_name: 'Guille').permit!
+
+    person = Person.where(params).create!
+    assert_equal 'Guille', person.first_name
+  end
+
+  def test_where_works_with_params_values
+    params = ProtectedParams.new(first_name: 'Guille')
+
+    person = Person.where(first_name: params[:first_name]).create!
+    assert_equal 'Guille', person.first_name
+  end
+
+  def test_where_not_checks_permitted
+    params = ProtectedParams.new(first_name: 'Guille', gender: 'm')
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesError) do
+      Person.where().not(params)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_where_not_works_with_permitted_params
+    params = ProtectedParams.new(first_name: 'Guille').permit!
+    Person.create!(params)
+    assert_empty Person.where.not(params).select {|p| p.first_name == 'Guille' }
+  end
+
+  def test_strong_params_style_objects_work_with_singular_associations
+    params = ProtectedParams.new( name: "Stern", ship_attributes: ProtectedParams.new(name: "The Black Rock").permit!).permit!
+    part = ShipPart.new(params)
+
+    assert_equal "Stern", part.name
+    assert_equal "The Black Rock", part.ship.name
+  end
+
+  def test_strong_params_style_objects_work_with_collection_associations
+    params = ProtectedParams.new(
+      trinkets_attributes: ProtectedParams.new(
+        "0" => ProtectedParams.new(name: "Necklace").permit!,
+        "1" => ProtectedParams.new(name: "Spoon").permit! ) ).permit!
+    part = ShipPart.new(params)
+
+    assert_equal "Necklace", part.trinkets[0].name
+    assert_equal "Spoon", part.trinkets[1].name
+  end
+
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/helper.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/helper.rb
index 3758224b0c..07dbc8a53f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/helper.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/helper.rb
@@ -3,12 +3,14 @@ require File.expand_path('../../../../load_paths', __FILE__)
 require 'config'
 
 require 'active_support/testing/autorun'
+require 'active_support/testing/method_call_assertions'
 require 'stringio'
 
 require 'active_record'
 require 'cases/test_case'
 require 'active_support/dependencies'
 require 'active_support/logger'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/strip'
 
 require 'support/config'
 require 'support/connection'
@@ -29,6 +31,9 @@ ARTest.connect
 # Quote "type" if it's a reserved word for the current connection.
 QUOTED_TYPE = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.quote_column_name('type')
 
+# FIXME: Remove this when the deprecation cycle on TZ aware types by default ends.
+ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_types << :time
+
 def current_adapter?(*types)
   types.any? do |type|
     ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters.const_defined?(type) &&
@@ -41,6 +46,14 @@ def in_memory_db?
   ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.spec.config[:database] == ":memory:"
 end
 
+def subsecond_precision_supported?
+  ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_datetime_with_precision?
+end
+
+def mysql_enforcing_gtid_consistency?
+  current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter) && 'ON' == ActiveRecord::Base.connection.show_variable('enforce_gtid_consistency')
+end
+
 def supports_savepoints?
   ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_savepoints?
 end
@@ -82,7 +95,7 @@ EXPECTED_TIME_ZONE_AWARE_ATTRIBUTES = false
 def verify_default_timezone_config
   if Time.zone != EXPECTED_ZONE
     $stderr.puts <<-MSG
-\n#{self.to_s}
+\n#{self}
     Global state `Time.zone` was leaked.
       Expected: #{EXPECTED_ZONE}
       Got: #{Time.zone}
@@ -90,7 +103,7 @@ def verify_default_timezone_config
   end
   if ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone != EXPECTED_DEFAULT_TIMEZONE
     $stderr.puts <<-MSG
-\n#{self.to_s}
+\n#{self}
     Global state `ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone` was leaked.
       Expected: #{EXPECTED_DEFAULT_TIMEZONE}
       Got: #{ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone}
@@ -98,7 +111,7 @@ def verify_default_timezone_config
   end
   if ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes != EXPECTED_TIME_ZONE_AWARE_ATTRIBUTES
     $stderr.puts <<-MSG
-\n#{self.to_s}
+\n#{self}
     Global state `ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes` was leaked.
       Expected: #{EXPECTED_TIME_ZONE_AWARE_ATTRIBUTES}
       Got: #{ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes}
@@ -106,27 +119,32 @@ def verify_default_timezone_config
   end
 end
 
-unless ENV['FIXTURE_DEBUG']
-  module ActiveRecord::TestFixtures::ClassMethods
-    def try_to_load_dependency_with_silence(*args)
-      old = ActiveRecord::Base.logger.level
-      ActiveRecord::Base.logger.level = ActiveSupport::Logger::ERROR
-      try_to_load_dependency_without_silence(*args)
-      ActiveRecord::Base.logger.level = old
-    end
+def enable_extension!(extension, connection)
+  return false unless connection.supports_extensions?
+  return connection.reconnect! if connection.extension_enabled?(extension)
 
-    alias_method_chain :try_to_load_dependency, :silence
-  end
+  connection.enable_extension extension
+  connection.commit_db_transaction if connection.transaction_open?
+  connection.reconnect!
+end
+
+def disable_extension!(extension, connection)
+  return false unless connection.supports_extensions?
+  return true unless connection.extension_enabled?(extension)
+
+  connection.disable_extension extension
+  connection.reconnect!
 end
 
 require "cases/validations_repair_helper"
 class ActiveSupport::TestCase
   include ActiveRecord::TestFixtures
   include ActiveRecord::ValidationsRepairHelper
+  include ActiveSupport::Testing::MethodCallAssertions
 
   self.fixture_path = FIXTURES_ROOT
   self.use_instantiated_fixtures  = false
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = true
+  self.use_transactional_tests = true
 
   def create_fixtures(*fixture_set_names, &block)
     ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.create_fixtures(ActiveSupport::TestCase.fixture_path, fixture_set_names, fixture_class_names, &block)
@@ -163,7 +181,7 @@ class SQLSubscriber
 
   def start(name, id, payload)
     @payloads << payload
-    @logged << [payload[:sql], payload[:name], payload[:binds]]
+    @logged << [payload[:sql].squish, payload[:name], payload[:binds]]
   end
 
   def finish(name, id, payload); end
@@ -184,3 +202,5 @@ module InTimeZone
     ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = old_tz
   end
 end
+
+require 'mocha/setup' # FIXME: stop using mocha
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/hot_compatibility_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/hot_compatibility_test.rb
index 367d04a154..5ba9a1029a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/hot_compatibility_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/hot_compatibility_test.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
 
 class HotCompatibilityTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
 
   setup do
     @klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class HotCompatibilityTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   teardown do
-    @klass.connection.drop_table :hot_compatibilities
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table :hot_compatibilities
   end
 
   test "insert after remove_column" do
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/inheritance_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/inheritance_test.rb
index e2ff2aa451..03bce547da 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/inheritance_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/inheritance_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
+require 'models/author'
 require 'models/company'
 require 'models/person'
 require 'models/post'
@@ -7,22 +8,39 @@ require 'models/subscriber'
 require 'models/vegetables'
 require 'models/shop'
 
+module InheritanceTestHelper
+  def with_store_full_sti_class(&block)
+    assign_store_full_sti_class true, &block
+  end
+
+  def without_store_full_sti_class(&block)
+    assign_store_full_sti_class false, &block
+  end
+
+  def assign_store_full_sti_class(flag)
+    old_store_full_sti_class = ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class
+    ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class = flag
+    yield
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class = old_store_full_sti_class
+  end
+end
+
 class InheritanceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include InheritanceTestHelper
   fixtures :companies, :projects, :subscribers, :accounts, :vegetables
 
   def test_class_with_store_full_sti_class_returns_full_name
-    old = ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class
-    ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class = true
-    assert_equal 'Namespaced::Company', Namespaced::Company.sti_name
-  ensure
-    ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class = old
+    with_store_full_sti_class do
+      assert_equal 'Namespaced::Company', Namespaced::Company.sti_name
+    end
   end
 
   def test_class_with_blank_sti_name
     company = Company.first
     company = company.dup
     company.extend(Module.new {
-      def read_attribute(name)
+      def _read_attribute(name)
         return '  ' if name == 'type'
         super
       end
@@ -33,39 +51,104 @@ class InheritanceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_class_without_store_full_sti_class_returns_demodulized_name
-    old = ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class
-    ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class = false
-    assert_equal 'Company', Namespaced::Company.sti_name
-  ensure
-    ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class = old
+    without_store_full_sti_class do
+      assert_equal 'Company', Namespaced::Company.sti_name
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_compute_type_success
+    assert_equal Author, ActiveRecord::Base.send(:compute_type, 'Author')
+  end
+
+  def test_compute_type_nonexistent_constant
+    e = assert_raises NameError do
+      ActiveRecord::Base.send :compute_type, 'NonexistentModel'
+    end
+    assert_equal 'uninitialized constant ActiveRecord::Base::NonexistentModel', e.message
+    assert_equal 'ActiveRecord::Base::NonexistentModel', e.name
+  end
+
+  def test_compute_type_no_method_error
+    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.stub(:safe_constantize, proc{ raise NoMethodError }) do
+      assert_raises NoMethodError do
+        ActiveRecord::Base.send :compute_type, 'InvalidModel'
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_compute_type_on_undefined_method
+    error = nil
+    begin
+      Class.new(Author) do
+        alias_method :foo, :bar
+      end
+    rescue => e
+      error = e
+    end
+
+    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.stub(:safe_constantize, proc{ raise e }) do
+
+      exception = assert_raises NameError do
+        ActiveRecord::Base.send :compute_type, 'InvalidModel'
+      end
+      assert_equal error.message, exception.message
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_compute_type_argument_error
+    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.stub(:safe_constantize, proc{ raise ArgumentError }) do
+      assert_raises ArgumentError do
+        ActiveRecord::Base.send :compute_type, 'InvalidModel'
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   def test_should_store_demodulized_class_name_with_store_full_sti_class_option_disabled
-    old = ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class
-    ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class = false
-    item = Namespaced::Company.new
-    assert_equal 'Company', item[:type]
-  ensure
-    ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class = old
+    without_store_full_sti_class do
+      item = Namespaced::Company.new
+      assert_equal 'Company', item[:type]
+    end
   end
 
   def test_should_store_full_class_name_with_store_full_sti_class_option_enabled
-    old = ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class
-    ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class = true
-    item = Namespaced::Company.new
-    assert_equal 'Namespaced::Company', item[:type]
-  ensure
-    ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class = old
+    with_store_full_sti_class do
+      item = Namespaced::Company.new
+      assert_equal 'Namespaced::Company', item[:type]
+    end
   end
 
   def test_different_namespace_subclass_should_load_correctly_with_store_full_sti_class_option
-    old = ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class
-    ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class = true
-    item = Namespaced::Company.create :name => "Wolverine 2"
-    assert_not_nil Company.find(item.id)
-    assert_not_nil Namespaced::Company.find(item.id)
-  ensure
-    ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class = old
+    with_store_full_sti_class do
+      item = Namespaced::Company.create name: "Wolverine 2"
+      assert_not_nil Company.find(item.id)
+      assert_not_nil Namespaced::Company.find(item.id)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_descends_from_active_record
+    assert !ActiveRecord::Base.descends_from_active_record?
+
+    # Abstract subclass of AR::Base.
+    assert LoosePerson.descends_from_active_record?
+
+    # Concrete subclass of an abstract class.
+    assert LooseDescendant.descends_from_active_record?
+
+    # Concrete subclass of AR::Base.
+    assert TightPerson.descends_from_active_record?
+
+    # Concrete subclass of a concrete class but has no type column.
+    assert TightDescendant.descends_from_active_record?
+
+    # Concrete subclass of AR::Base.
+    assert Post.descends_from_active_record?
+
+    # Abstract subclass of a concrete class which has a type column.
+    # This is pathological, as you'll never have Sub < Abstract < Concrete.
+    assert !StiPost.descends_from_active_record?
+
+    # Concrete subclasses an abstract class which has a type column.
+    assert !SubStiPost.descends_from_active_record?
   end
 
   def test_company_descends_from_active_record
@@ -75,6 +158,12 @@ class InheritanceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert !Class.new(Company).descends_from_active_record?, 'Company subclass should not descend from ActiveRecord::Base'
   end
 
+  def test_abstract_class
+    assert !ActiveRecord::Base.abstract_class?
+    assert LoosePerson.abstract_class?
+    assert !LooseDescendant.abstract_class?
+  end
+
   def test_inheritance_base_class
     assert_equal Post, Post.base_class
     assert_equal Post, SpecialPost.base_class
@@ -95,16 +184,8 @@ class InheritanceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_a_bad_type_column
-    #SQLServer need to turn Identity Insert On before manually inserting into the Identity column
-    if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
-      Company.connection.execute "SET IDENTITY_INSERT companies ON"
-    end
     Company.connection.insert "INSERT INTO companies (id, #{QUOTED_TYPE}, name) VALUES(100, 'bad_class!', 'Not happening')"
 
-    #We then need to turn it back Off before continuing.
-    if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
-      Company.connection.execute "SET IDENTITY_INSERT companies OFF"
-    end
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::SubclassNotFound) { Company.find(100) }
   end
 
@@ -129,6 +210,12 @@ class InheritanceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_kind_of Cabbage, cabbage
   end
 
+  def test_becomes_and_change_tracking_for_inheritance_columns
+    cucumber = Vegetable.find(1)
+    cabbage = cucumber.becomes!(Cabbage)
+    assert_equal ['Cucumber', 'Cabbage'], cabbage.custom_type_change
+  end
+
   def test_alt_becomes_bang_resets_inheritance_type_column
     vegetable = Vegetable.create!(name: "Red Pepper")
     assert_nil vegetable.custom_type
@@ -206,10 +293,27 @@ class InheritanceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::SubclassNotFound) { Company.new(:type => 'Account') }
   end
 
+  def test_new_with_unrelated_namespaced_type
+    without_store_full_sti_class do
+      e = assert_raises ActiveRecord::SubclassNotFound do
+        Namespaced::Company.new(type: 'Firm')
+      end
+
+      assert_equal "Invalid single-table inheritance type: Namespaced::Firm is not a subclass of Namespaced::Company", e.message
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_new_with_complex_inheritance
     assert_nothing_raised { Client.new(type: 'VerySpecialClient') }
   end
 
+  def test_new_without_storing_full_sti_class
+    without_store_full_sti_class do
+      item = Company.new(type: 'SpecialCo')
+      assert_instance_of Company::SpecialCo, item
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_new_with_autoload_paths
     path = File.expand_path('../../models/autoloadable', __FILE__)
     ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths << path
@@ -302,17 +406,17 @@ class InheritanceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_eager_load_belongs_to_something_inherited
     account = Account.all.merge!(:includes => :firm).find(1)
-    assert account.association_cache.key?(:firm), "nil proves eager load failed"
+    assert account.association(:firm).loaded?, "association was not eager loaded"
   end
 
   def test_alt_eager_loading
     cabbage = RedCabbage.all.merge!(:includes => :seller).find(4)
-    assert cabbage.association_cache.key?(:seller), "nil proves eager load failed"
+    assert cabbage.association(:seller).loaded?, "association was not eager loaded"
   end
 
   def test_eager_load_belongs_to_primary_key_quoting
     con = Account.connection
-    assert_sql(/#{con.quote_table_name('companies')}.#{con.quote_column_name('id')} IN \(1\)/) do
+    assert_sql(/#{con.quote_table_name('companies')}.#{con.quote_column_name('id')} = 1/) do
       Account.all.merge!(:includes => :firm).find(1)
     end
   end
@@ -333,40 +437,40 @@ class InheritanceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 end
 
 class InheritanceComputeTypeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include InheritanceTestHelper
   fixtures :companies
 
   def setup
     ActiveSupport::Dependencies.log_activity = true
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     ActiveSupport::Dependencies.log_activity = false
     self.class.const_remove :FirmOnTheFly rescue nil
     Firm.const_remove :FirmOnTheFly rescue nil
   end
 
   def test_instantiation_doesnt_try_to_require_corresponding_file
-    ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class = false
-    foo = Firm.first.clone
-    foo.type = 'FirmOnTheFly'
-    foo.save!
+    without_store_full_sti_class do
+      foo = Firm.first.clone
+      foo.type = 'FirmOnTheFly'
+      foo.save!
 
-    # Should fail without FirmOnTheFly in the type condition.
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Firm.find(foo.id) }
+      # Should fail without FirmOnTheFly in the type condition.
+      assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Firm.find(foo.id) }
 
-    # Nest FirmOnTheFly in the test case where Dependencies won't see it.
-    self.class.const_set :FirmOnTheFly, Class.new(Firm)
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::SubclassNotFound) { Firm.find(foo.id) }
+      # Nest FirmOnTheFly in the test case where Dependencies won't see it.
+      self.class.const_set :FirmOnTheFly, Class.new(Firm)
+      assert_raise(ActiveRecord::SubclassNotFound) { Firm.find(foo.id) }
 
-    # Nest FirmOnTheFly in Firm where Dependencies will see it.
-    # This is analogous to nesting models in a migration.
-    Firm.const_set :FirmOnTheFly, Class.new(Firm)
+      # Nest FirmOnTheFly in Firm where Dependencies will see it.
+      # This is analogous to nesting models in a migration.
+      Firm.const_set :FirmOnTheFly, Class.new(Firm)
 
-    # And instantiate will find the existing constant rather than trying
-    # to require firm_on_the_fly.
-    assert_nothing_raised { assert_kind_of Firm::FirmOnTheFly, Firm.find(foo.id) }
-  ensure
-    ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class = true
+      # And instantiate will find the existing constant rather than trying
+      # to require firm_on_the_fly.
+      assert_nothing_raised { assert_kind_of Firm::FirmOnTheFly, Firm.find(foo.id) }
+    end
   end
 
   def test_sti_type_from_attributes_disabled_in_non_sti_class
@@ -374,4 +478,49 @@ class InheritanceComputeTypeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     product = Shop::Product.new(:type => phone)
     assert product.save
   end
+
+  def test_inheritance_new_with_subclass_as_default
+    original_type = Company.columns_hash["type"].default
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.change_column_default :companies, :type, 'Firm'
+    Company.reset_column_information
+
+    firm = Company.new # without arguments
+    assert_equal 'Firm', firm.type
+    assert_instance_of Firm, firm
+
+    firm = Company.new(firm_name: 'Shri Hans Plastic') # with arguments
+    assert_equal 'Firm', firm.type
+    assert_instance_of Firm, firm
+
+    firm = Company.new(type: 'Client') # overwrite the default type
+    assert_equal 'Client', firm.type
+    assert_instance_of Client, firm
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.change_column_default :companies, :type, original_type
+    Company.reset_column_information
+  end
+end
+
+class InheritanceAttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+
+  class Company < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = 'companies'
+    attribute :type, :string, default: "InheritanceAttributeTest::Startup"
+  end
+
+  class Startup < Company
+  end
+
+  class Empire < Company
+  end
+
+  def test_inheritance_new_with_subclass_as_default
+    startup = Company.new # without arguments
+    assert_equal 'InheritanceAttributeTest::Startup', startup.type
+    assert_instance_of Startup, startup
+
+    empire = Company.new(type: 'InheritanceAttributeTest::Empire') # without arguments
+    assert_equal 'InheritanceAttributeTest::Empire', empire.type
+    assert_instance_of Empire, empire
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/integration_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/integration_test.rb
index dfb8a608cb..08a186ae07 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/integration_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/integration_test.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 
 require 'cases/helper'
 require 'models/company'
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 require 'models/owner'
 require 'models/pet'
 
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ class IntegrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_cache_key_format_for_existing_record_with_updated_at
     dev = Developer.first
-    assert_equal "developers/#{dev.id}-#{dev.updated_at.utc.to_s(:nsec)}", dev.cache_key
+    assert_equal "developers/#{dev.id}-#{dev.updated_at.utc.to_s(:usec)}", dev.cache_key
   end
 
   def test_cache_key_format_for_existing_record_with_updated_at_and_custom_cache_timestamp_format
@@ -96,7 +96,9 @@ class IntegrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     owner.update_column :updated_at, Time.current
     key = owner.cache_key
 
-    assert pet.touch
+    travel(1.second) do
+      assert pet.touch
+    end
     assert_not_equal key, owner.reload.cache_key
   end
 
@@ -109,30 +111,39 @@ class IntegrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_cache_key_for_updated_on
     dev = Developer.first
     dev.updated_at = nil
-    assert_equal "developers/#{dev.id}-#{dev.updated_on.utc.to_s(:nsec)}", dev.cache_key
+    assert_equal "developers/#{dev.id}-#{dev.updated_on.utc.to_s(:usec)}", dev.cache_key
   end
 
   def test_cache_key_for_newer_updated_at
     dev = Developer.first
     dev.updated_at += 3600
-    assert_equal "developers/#{dev.id}-#{dev.updated_at.utc.to_s(:nsec)}", dev.cache_key
+    assert_equal "developers/#{dev.id}-#{dev.updated_at.utc.to_s(:usec)}", dev.cache_key
   end
 
   def test_cache_key_for_newer_updated_on
     dev = Developer.first
     dev.updated_on += 3600
-    assert_equal "developers/#{dev.id}-#{dev.updated_on.utc.to_s(:nsec)}", dev.cache_key
+    assert_equal "developers/#{dev.id}-#{dev.updated_on.utc.to_s(:usec)}", dev.cache_key
   end
 
   def test_cache_key_format_is_precise_enough
+    skip("Subsecond precision is not supported") unless subsecond_precision_supported?
     dev = Developer.first
     key = dev.cache_key
     dev.touch
     assert_not_equal key, dev.cache_key
   end
 
+  def test_cache_key_format_is_not_too_precise
+    skip("Subsecond precision is not supported") unless subsecond_precision_supported?
+    dev = Developer.first
+    dev.touch
+    key = dev.cache_key
+    assert_equal key, dev.reload.cache_key
+  end
+
   def test_named_timestamps_for_cache_key
     owner = owners(:blackbeard)
-    assert_equal "owners/#{owner.id}-#{owner.happy_at.utc.to_s(:nsec)}", owner.cache_key(:updated_at, :happy_at)
+    assert_equal "owners/#{owner.id}-#{owner.happy_at.utc.to_s(:usec)}", owner.cache_key(:updated_at, :happy_at)
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/invalid_connection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/invalid_connection_test.rb
index f6774d7ef4..6523fc29fd 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/invalid_connection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/invalid_connection_test.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class TestAdapterWithInvalidConnection < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
 
   class Bird < ActiveRecord::Base
   end
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ class TestAdapterWithInvalidConnection < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     Bird.establish_connection adapter: 'mysql', database: 'i_do_not_exist'
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     Bird.remove_connection
   end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/invertible_migration_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/invertible_migration_test.rb
index 2b1749cf70..0e5df6bd5b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/invertible_migration_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/invertible_migration_test.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 
+class Horse < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+
 module ActiveRecord
   class InvertibleMigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-    class SilentMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
+    class SilentMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
       def write(text = '')
         # sssshhhhh!!
       end
@@ -76,7 +79,33 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
-    class LegacyMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
+    class ChangeColumnDefault1 < SilentMigration
+      def change
+        create_table("horses") do |t|
+          t.column :name, :string, default: "Sekitoba"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    class ChangeColumnDefault2 < SilentMigration
+      def change
+        change_column_default :horses, :name, from: "Sekitoba", to: "Diomed"
+      end
+    end
+
+    class DisableExtension1 < SilentMigration
+      def change
+        enable_extension "hstore"
+      end
+    end
+
+    class DisableExtension2 < SilentMigration
+      def change
+        disable_extension "hstore"
+      end
+    end
+
+    class LegacyMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
       def self.up
         create_table("horses") do |t|
           t.column :content, :text
@@ -122,12 +151,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
-    def teardown
+    setup do
+      @verbose_was, ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose, false
+    end
+
+    teardown do
       %w[horses new_horses].each do |table|
-        if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.table_exists?(table)
-          ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table(table)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+          if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.table_exists?(table)
+            ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table(table)
+          end
         end
       end
+      ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = @verbose_was
     end
 
     def test_no_reverse
@@ -139,26 +175,30 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def test_exception_on_removing_index_without_column_option
-      RemoveIndexMigration1.new.migrate(:up)
-      migration = RemoveIndexMigration2.new
-      migration.migrate(:up)
+      index_definition = ["horses", [:name, :color]]
+      migration1 = RemoveIndexMigration1.new
+      migration1.migrate(:up)
+      assert migration1.connection.index_exists?(*index_definition)
 
-      assert_raises(IrreversibleMigration) do
-        migration.migrate(:down)
-      end
+      migration2 = RemoveIndexMigration2.new
+      migration2.migrate(:up)
+      assert_not migration2.connection.index_exists?(*index_definition)
+
+      migration2.migrate(:down)
+      assert migration2.connection.index_exists?(*index_definition)
     end
 
     def test_migrate_up
       migration = InvertibleMigration.new
       migration.migrate(:up)
-      assert migration.connection.table_exists?("horses"), "horses should exist"
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { assert migration.connection.table_exists?("horses"), "horses should exist" }
     end
 
     def test_migrate_down
       migration = InvertibleMigration.new
       migration.migrate :up
       migration.migrate :down
-      assert !migration.connection.table_exists?("horses")
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { assert !migration.connection.table_exists?("horses") }
     end
 
     def test_migrate_revert
@@ -166,11 +206,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       revert = InvertibleRevertMigration.new
       migration.migrate :up
       revert.migrate :up
-      assert !migration.connection.table_exists?("horses")
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { assert !migration.connection.table_exists?("horses") }
       revert.migrate :down
-      assert migration.connection.table_exists?("horses")
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { assert migration.connection.table_exists?("horses") }
       migration.migrate :down
-      assert !migration.connection.table_exists?("horses")
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { assert !migration.connection.table_exists?("horses") }
     end
 
     def test_migrate_revert_by_part
@@ -178,18 +218,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
       received = []
       migration = InvertibleByPartsMigration.new
       migration.test = ->(dir){
-        assert migration.connection.table_exists?("horses")
-        assert migration.connection.table_exists?("new_horses")
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+          assert migration.connection.table_exists?("horses")
+          assert migration.connection.table_exists?("new_horses")
+        end
         received << dir
       }
       migration.migrate :up
       assert_equal [:both, :up], received
-      assert !migration.connection.table_exists?("horses")
-      assert migration.connection.table_exists?("new_horses")
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+        assert !migration.connection.table_exists?("horses")
+        assert migration.connection.table_exists?("new_horses")
+      end
       migration.migrate :down
       assert_equal [:both, :up, :both, :down], received
-      assert migration.connection.table_exists?("horses")
-      assert !migration.connection.table_exists?("new_horses")
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+        assert migration.connection.table_exists?("horses")
+        assert !migration.connection.table_exists?("new_horses")
+      end
     end
 
     def test_migrate_revert_whole_migration
@@ -198,20 +244,56 @@ module ActiveRecord
         revert = RevertWholeMigration.new(klass)
         migration.migrate :up
         revert.migrate :up
-        assert !migration.connection.table_exists?("horses")
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { assert !migration.connection.table_exists?("horses") }
         revert.migrate :down
-        assert migration.connection.table_exists?("horses")
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { assert migration.connection.table_exists?("horses") }
         migration.migrate :down
-        assert !migration.connection.table_exists?("horses")
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { assert !migration.connection.table_exists?("horses") }
       end
     end
 
     def test_migrate_nested_revert_whole_migration
       revert = NestedRevertWholeMigration.new(InvertibleRevertMigration)
       revert.migrate :down
-      assert revert.connection.table_exists?("horses")
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { assert revert.connection.table_exists?("horses") }
       revert.migrate :up
-      assert !revert.connection.table_exists?("horses")
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { assert !revert.connection.table_exists?("horses") }
+    end
+
+    def test_migrate_revert_change_column_default
+      migration1 = ChangeColumnDefault1.new
+      migration1.migrate(:up)
+      assert_equal "Sekitoba", Horse.new.name
+
+      migration2 = ChangeColumnDefault2.new
+      migration2.migrate(:up)
+      Horse.reset_column_information
+      assert_equal "Diomed", Horse.new.name
+
+      migration2.migrate(:down)
+      Horse.reset_column_information
+      assert_equal "Sekitoba", Horse.new.name
+    end
+
+    if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+      def test_migrate_enable_and_disable_extension
+        migration1 = InvertibleMigration.new
+        migration2 = DisableExtension1.new
+        migration3 = DisableExtension2.new
+
+        migration1.migrate(:up)
+        migration2.migrate(:up)
+        assert_equal true, Horse.connection.extension_enabled?('hstore')
+
+        migration3.migrate(:up)
+        assert_equal false, Horse.connection.extension_enabled?('hstore')
+
+        migration3.migrate(:down)
+        assert_equal true, Horse.connection.extension_enabled?('hstore')
+
+        migration2.migrate(:down)
+        assert_equal false, Horse.connection.extension_enabled?('hstore')
+      end
     end
 
     def test_revert_order
@@ -240,24 +322,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     def test_legacy_up
       LegacyMigration.migrate :up
-      assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection.table_exists?("horses"), "horses should exist"
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection.table_exists?("horses"), "horses should exist" }
     end
 
     def test_legacy_down
       LegacyMigration.migrate :up
       LegacyMigration.migrate :down
-      assert !ActiveRecord::Base.connection.table_exists?("horses"), "horses should not exist"
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { assert !ActiveRecord::Base.connection.table_exists?("horses"), "horses should not exist" }
     end
 
     def test_up
       LegacyMigration.up
-      assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection.table_exists?("horses"), "horses should exist"
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection.table_exists?("horses"), "horses should exist" }
     end
 
     def test_down
       LegacyMigration.up
       LegacyMigration.down
-      assert !ActiveRecord::Base.connection.table_exists?("horses"), "horses should not exist"
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { assert !ActiveRecord::Base.connection.table_exists?("horses"), "horses should not exist" }
     end
 
     def test_migrate_down_with_table_name_prefix
@@ -266,7 +348,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       migration = InvertibleMigration.new
       migration.migrate(:up)
       assert_nothing_raised { migration.migrate(:down) }
-      assert !ActiveRecord::Base.connection.table_exists?("p_horses_s"), "p_horses_s should not exist"
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { assert !ActiveRecord::Base.connection.table_exists?("p_horses_s"), "p_horses_s should not exist" }
     ensure
       ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = ''
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/locking_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/locking_test.rb
index c373dc1511..4fe76e563a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/locking_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/locking_test.rb
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ require 'models/job'
 require 'models/reader'
 require 'models/ship'
 require 'models/legacy_thing'
+require 'models/personal_legacy_thing'
 require 'models/reference'
 require 'models/string_key_object'
 require 'models/car'
@@ -32,8 +33,6 @@ class OptimisticLockingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     p1 = Person.find(1)
     assert_equal 0, p1.lock_version
 
-    Person.expects(:quote_value).with(0, Person.columns_hash[Person.locking_column]).returns('0').once
-
     p1.first_name = 'anika2'
     p1.save!
 
@@ -178,6 +177,16 @@ class OptimisticLockingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 1, p1.lock_version
   end
 
+  def test_touch_stale_object
+    person = Person.create!(first_name: 'Mehmet Emin')
+    stale_person = Person.find(person.id)
+    person.update_attribute(:gender, 'M')
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StaleObjectError) do
+      stale_person.touch
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_lock_column_name_existing
     t1 = LegacyThing.find(1)
     t2 = LegacyThing.find(1)
@@ -216,10 +225,12 @@ class OptimisticLockingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_lock_with_custom_column_without_default_sets_version_to_zero
     t1 = LockWithCustomColumnWithoutDefault.new
     assert_equal 0, t1.custom_lock_version
+    assert_nil t1.custom_lock_version_before_type_cast
 
-    t1.save
-    t1 = LockWithCustomColumnWithoutDefault.find(t1.id)
+    t1.save!
+    t1.reload
     assert_equal 0, t1.custom_lock_version
+    assert [0, "0"].include?(t1.custom_lock_version_before_type_cast)
   end
 
   def test_readonly_attributes
@@ -259,7 +270,7 @@ class OptimisticLockingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       car.wheels << Wheel.create!
     end
     assert_difference 'car.wheels.count', -1  do
-      car.destroy
+      car.reload.destroy
     end
     assert car.destroyed?
   end
@@ -273,18 +284,21 @@ class OptimisticLockingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert RichPerson.connection.select_all("SELECT * FROM peoples_treasures WHERE rich_person_id = 1").empty?
   end
 
-  def test_quoted_locking_column_is_deprecated
-    assert_deprecated { ActiveRecord::Base.quoted_locking_column }
+  def test_yaml_dumping_with_lock_column
+    t1 = LockWithoutDefault.new
+    t2 = YAML.load(YAML.dump(t1))
+
+    assert_equal t1.attributes, t2.attributes
   end
 end
 
 class OptimisticLockingWithSchemaChangeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :people, :legacy_things, :references
 
-  # need to disable transactional fixtures, because otherwise the sqlite3
+  # need to disable transactional tests, because otherwise the sqlite3
   # adapter (at least) chokes when we try and change the schema in the middle
   # of a test (see test_increment_counter_*).
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
 
   { :lock_version => Person, :custom_lock_version => LegacyThing }.each do |name, model|
     define_method("test_increment_counter_updates_#{name}") do
@@ -308,30 +322,24 @@ class OptimisticLockingWithSchemaChangeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   # See Lighthouse ticket #1966
   def test_destroy_dependents
-    # Establish dependent relationship between People and LegacyThing
-    add_counter_column_to(Person, 'legacy_things_count')
-    LegacyThing.connection.add_column LegacyThing.table_name, 'person_id', :integer
-    LegacyThing.reset_column_information
-    LegacyThing.class_eval do
-      belongs_to :person, :counter_cache => true
-    end
-    Person.class_eval do
-      has_many :legacy_things, :dependent => :destroy
-    end
+    # Establish dependent relationship between Person and PersonalLegacyThing
+    add_counter_column_to(Person, 'personal_legacy_things_count')
+    PersonalLegacyThing.reset_column_information
 
     # Make sure that counter incrementing doesn't cause problems
     p1 = Person.new(:first_name => 'fjord')
     p1.save!
-    t = LegacyThing.new(:person => p1)
+    t = PersonalLegacyThing.new(:person => p1)
     t.save!
     p1.reload
-    assert_equal 1, p1.legacy_things_count
+    assert_equal 1, p1.personal_legacy_things_count
     assert p1.destroy
     assert_equal true, p1.frozen?
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Person.find(p1.id) }
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { LegacyThing.find(t.id) }
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { PersonalLegacyThing.find(t.id) }
   ensure
-    remove_counter_column_from(Person, 'legacy_things_count')
+    remove_counter_column_from(Person, 'personal_legacy_things_count')
+    PersonalLegacyThing.reset_column_information
   end
 
   private
@@ -339,8 +347,6 @@ class OptimisticLockingWithSchemaChangeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     def add_counter_column_to(model, col='test_count')
       model.connection.add_column model.table_name, col, :integer, :null => false, :default => 0
       model.reset_column_information
-      # OpenBase does not set a value to existing rows when adding a not null default column
-      model.update_all(col => 0) if current_adapter?(:OpenBaseAdapter)
     end
 
     def remove_counter_column_from(model, col = :test_count)
@@ -367,9 +373,9 @@ end
 # is so cumbersome. Will deadlock Ruby threads if the underlying db.execute
 # blocks, so separate script called by Kernel#system is needed.
 # (See exec vs. async_exec in the PostgreSQL adapter.)
-unless current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter, :OpenBaseAdapter) || in_memory_db?
+unless in_memory_db?
   class PessimisticLockingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-    self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+    self.use_transactional_tests = false
     fixtures :people, :readers
 
     def setup
@@ -435,7 +441,7 @@ unless current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter, :OpenBaseAdapter) || in_memory_db?
       def test_lock_sending_custom_lock_statement
         Person.transaction do
           person = Person.find(1)
-          assert_sql(/LIMIT 1 FOR SHARE NOWAIT/) do
+          assert_sql(/LIMIT \$\d FOR SHARE NOWAIT/) do
             person.lock!('FOR SHARE NOWAIT')
           end
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/log_subscriber_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/log_subscriber_test.rb
index 97c0350911..707a2d1da1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/log_subscriber_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/log_subscriber_test.rb
@@ -7,6 +7,20 @@ require "active_support/log_subscriber/test_helper"
 class LogSubscriberTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   include ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber::TestHelper
   include ActiveSupport::Logger::Severity
+  REGEXP_CLEAR = Regexp.escape(ActiveRecord::LogSubscriber::CLEAR)
+  REGEXP_BOLD = Regexp.escape(ActiveRecord::LogSubscriber::BOLD)
+  REGEXP_MAGENTA = Regexp.escape(ActiveRecord::LogSubscriber::MAGENTA)
+  REGEXP_CYAN = Regexp.escape(ActiveRecord::LogSubscriber::CYAN)
+  SQL_COLORINGS = {
+      SELECT: Regexp.escape(ActiveRecord::LogSubscriber::BLUE),
+      INSERT: Regexp.escape(ActiveRecord::LogSubscriber::GREEN),
+      UPDATE: Regexp.escape(ActiveRecord::LogSubscriber::YELLOW),
+      DELETE: Regexp.escape(ActiveRecord::LogSubscriber::RED),
+      LOCK: Regexp.escape(ActiveRecord::LogSubscriber::WHITE),
+      ROLLBACK: Regexp.escape(ActiveRecord::LogSubscriber::RED),
+      TRANSACTION: REGEXP_CYAN,
+      OTHER: REGEXP_MAGENTA
+  }
 
   class TestDebugLogSubscriber < ActiveRecord::LogSubscriber
     attr_reader :debugs
@@ -63,14 +77,6 @@ class LogSubscriberTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_match(/ruby   rails/, logger.debugs.first)
   end
 
-  def test_ignore_binds_payload_with_nil_column
-    event = Struct.new(:duration, :payload)
-
-    logger = TestDebugLogSubscriber.new
-    logger.sql(event.new(0, sql: 'hi mom!', binds: [[nil, 1]]))
-    assert_equal 1, logger.debugs.length
-  end
-
   def test_basic_query_logging
     Developer.all.load
     wait
@@ -79,6 +85,90 @@ class LogSubscriberTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_match(/SELECT .*?FROM .?developers.?/i, @logger.logged(:debug).last)
   end
 
+  def test_basic_query_logging_coloration
+    event = Struct.new(:duration, :payload)
+    logger = TestDebugLogSubscriber.new
+    logger.colorize_logging = true
+    SQL_COLORINGS.each do |verb, color_regex|
+      logger.sql(event.new(0, sql: verb.to_s))
+      assert_match(/#{REGEXP_BOLD}#{color_regex}#{verb}#{REGEXP_CLEAR}/i, logger.debugs.last)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_basic_payload_name_logging_coloration_generic_sql
+    event = Struct.new(:duration, :payload)
+    logger = TestDebugLogSubscriber.new
+    logger.colorize_logging = true
+    SQL_COLORINGS.each do |verb, _|
+      logger.sql(event.new(0, sql: verb.to_s))
+      assert_match(/#{REGEXP_BOLD}#{REGEXP_MAGENTA} \(0.0ms\)#{REGEXP_CLEAR}/i, logger.debugs.last)
+
+      logger.sql(event.new(0, {sql: verb.to_s, name: "SQL"}))
+      assert_match(/#{REGEXP_BOLD}#{REGEXP_MAGENTA}SQL \(0.0ms\)#{REGEXP_CLEAR}/i, logger.debugs.last)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_basic_payload_name_logging_coloration_named_sql
+    event = Struct.new(:duration, :payload)
+    logger = TestDebugLogSubscriber.new
+    logger.colorize_logging = true
+    SQL_COLORINGS.each do |verb, _|
+      logger.sql(event.new(0, {sql: verb.to_s, name: "Model Load"}))
+      assert_match(/#{REGEXP_BOLD}#{REGEXP_CYAN}Model Load \(0.0ms\)#{REGEXP_CLEAR}/i, logger.debugs.last)
+
+      logger.sql(event.new(0, {sql: verb.to_s, name: "Model Exists"}))
+      assert_match(/#{REGEXP_BOLD}#{REGEXP_CYAN}Model Exists \(0.0ms\)#{REGEXP_CLEAR}/i, logger.debugs.last)
+
+      logger.sql(event.new(0, {sql: verb.to_s, name: "ANY SPECIFIC NAME"}))
+      assert_match(/#{REGEXP_BOLD}#{REGEXP_CYAN}ANY SPECIFIC NAME \(0.0ms\)#{REGEXP_CLEAR}/i, logger.debugs.last)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_query_logging_coloration_with_nested_select
+    event = Struct.new(:duration, :payload)
+    logger = TestDebugLogSubscriber.new
+    logger.colorize_logging = true
+    SQL_COLORINGS.slice(:SELECT, :INSERT, :UPDATE, :DELETE).each do |verb, color_regex|
+      logger.sql(event.new(0, sql: "#{verb} WHERE ID IN SELECT"))
+      assert_match(/#{REGEXP_BOLD}#{REGEXP_MAGENTA} \(0.0ms\)#{REGEXP_CLEAR}  #{REGEXP_BOLD}#{color_regex}#{verb} WHERE ID IN SELECT#{REGEXP_CLEAR}/i, logger.debugs.last)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_query_logging_coloration_with_multi_line_nested_select
+    event = Struct.new(:duration, :payload)
+    logger = TestDebugLogSubscriber.new
+    logger.colorize_logging = true
+    SQL_COLORINGS.slice(:SELECT, :INSERT, :UPDATE, :DELETE).each do |verb, color_regex|
+      sql = <<-EOS
+        #{verb}
+        WHERE ID IN (
+          SELECT ID FROM THINGS
+        )
+      EOS
+      logger.sql(event.new(0, sql: sql))
+      assert_match(/#{REGEXP_BOLD}#{REGEXP_MAGENTA} \(0.0ms\)#{REGEXP_CLEAR}  #{REGEXP_BOLD}#{color_regex}.*#{verb}.*#{REGEXP_CLEAR}/mi, logger.debugs.last)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_query_logging_coloration_with_lock
+    event = Struct.new(:duration, :payload)
+    logger = TestDebugLogSubscriber.new
+    logger.colorize_logging = true
+    sql = <<-EOS
+      SELECT * FROM
+        (SELECT * FROM mytable FOR UPDATE) ss
+      WHERE col1 = 5;
+    EOS
+    logger.sql(event.new(0, sql: sql))
+    assert_match(/#{REGEXP_BOLD}#{REGEXP_MAGENTA} \(0.0ms\)#{REGEXP_CLEAR}  #{REGEXP_BOLD}#{SQL_COLORINGS[:LOCK]}.*FOR UPDATE.*#{REGEXP_CLEAR}/mi, logger.debugs.last)
+
+    sql = <<-EOS
+      LOCK TABLE films IN SHARE MODE;
+    EOS
+    logger.sql(event.new(0, sql: sql))
+    assert_match(/#{REGEXP_BOLD}#{REGEXP_MAGENTA} \(0.0ms\)#{REGEXP_CLEAR}  #{REGEXP_BOLD}#{SQL_COLORINGS[:LOCK]}.*LOCK TABLE.*#{REGEXP_CLEAR}/mi, logger.debugs.last)
+  end
+
   def test_exists_query_logging
     Developer.exists? 1
     wait
@@ -119,7 +209,7 @@ class LogSubscriberTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     Thread.new { assert_equal 0, ActiveRecord::LogSubscriber.runtime }.join
   end
 
-  unless current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
+  if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.prepared_statements
     def test_binary_data_is_not_logged
       Binary.create(data: 'some binary data')
       wait
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_schema_test.rb
index 294f2eb9fe..86e691e564 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_schema_test.rb
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @table_name = :testings
       end
 
-      def teardown
-        super
+      teardown do
         connection.drop_table :testings rescue nil
         ActiveRecord::Base.primary_key_prefix_type = nil
+        ActiveRecord::Base.clear_cache!
       end
 
       def test_create_table_without_id
@@ -68,9 +68,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         five = columns.detect { |c| c.name == "five" } unless mysql
 
         assert_equal "hello", one.default
-        assert_equal true, two.default
-        assert_equal false, three.default
-        assert_equal 1, four.default
+        assert_equal true, connection.lookup_cast_type_from_column(two).deserialize(two.default)
+        assert_equal false, connection.lookup_cast_type_from_column(three).deserialize(three.default)
+        assert_equal '1', four.default
         assert_equal "hello", five.default unless mysql
       end
 
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           columns = connection.columns(:testings)
           array_column = columns.detect { |c| c.name == "foo" }
 
-          assert array_column.array
+          assert array_column.array?
         end
 
         def test_create_table_with_array_column
@@ -93,8 +93,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
           columns = connection.columns(:testings)
           array_column = columns.detect { |c| c.name == "foo" }
 
-          assert array_column.array
+          assert array_column.array?
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_create_table_with_bigint
+        connection.create_table :testings do |t|
+          t.bigint :eight_int
+        end
+        columns = connection.columns(:testings)
+        eight   = columns.detect { |c| c.name == "eight_int"   }
+
+        if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
+          assert_equal 'NUMBER(19)', eight.sql_type
+        elsif current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
+          assert_equal 'bigint', eight.sql_type
+        else
+          assert_equal :integer, eight.type
+          assert_equal 8, eight.limit
         end
+      ensure
+        connection.drop_table :testings
       end
 
       def test_create_table_with_limits
@@ -184,30 +203,30 @@ module ActiveRecord
         created_at_column = created_columns.detect {|c| c.name == 'created_at' }
         updated_at_column = created_columns.detect {|c| c.name == 'updated_at' }
 
-        assert created_at_column.null
-        assert updated_at_column.null
+        assert !created_at_column.null
+        assert !updated_at_column.null
       end
 
       def test_create_table_with_timestamps_should_create_datetime_columns_with_options
         connection.create_table table_name do |t|
-          t.timestamps :null => false
+          t.timestamps null: true
         end
         created_columns = connection.columns(table_name)
 
         created_at_column = created_columns.detect {|c| c.name == 'created_at' }
         updated_at_column = created_columns.detect {|c| c.name == 'updated_at' }
 
-        assert !created_at_column.null
-        assert !updated_at_column.null
+        assert created_at_column.null
+        assert updated_at_column.null
       end
 
       def test_create_table_without_a_block
         connection.create_table table_name
       end
 
-      # Sybase, and SQLite3 will not allow you to add a NOT NULL
+      # SQLite3 will not allow you to add a NOT NULL
       # column to a table without a default value.
-      unless current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter, :SQLite3Adapter)
+      unless current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
         def test_add_column_not_null_without_default
           connection.create_table :testings do |t|
             t.column :foo, :string
@@ -226,18 +245,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         con = connection
-        connection.enable_identity_insert("testings", true) if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
         connection.execute "insert into testings (#{con.quote_column_name('id')}, #{con.quote_column_name('foo')}) values (1, 'hello')"
-        connection.enable_identity_insert("testings", false) if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
         assert_nothing_raised {connection.add_column :testings, :bar, :string, :null => false, :default => "default" }
 
         assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
-          unless current_adapter?(:OpenBaseAdapter)
-            connection.execute "insert into testings (#{con.quote_column_name('id')}, #{con.quote_column_name('foo')}, #{con.quote_column_name('bar')}) values (2, 'hello', NULL)"
-          else
-            connection.insert("INSERT INTO testings (#{con.quote_column_name('id')}, #{con.quote_column_name('foo')}, #{con.quote_column_name('bar')}) VALUES (2, 'hello', NULL)",
-                                     "Testing Insert","id",2)
-          end
+          connection.execute "insert into testings (#{con.quote_column_name('id')}, #{con.quote_column_name('foo')}, #{con.quote_column_name('bar')}) values (2, 'hello', NULL)"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_add_column_with_timestamp_type
+        connection.create_table :testings do |t|
+          t.column :foo, :timestamp
+        end
+
+        klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
+        klass.table_name = 'testings'
+
+        assert_equal :datetime, klass.columns_hash['foo'].type
+
+        if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+          assert_equal 'timestamp without time zone', klass.columns_hash['foo'].sql_type
+        else
+          assert_equal klass.connection.type_to_sql('datetime'), klass.columns_hash['foo'].sql_type
         end
       end
 
@@ -265,7 +294,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         person_klass.connection.add_column "testings", "wealth", :integer, :null => false, :default => 99
         person_klass.reset_column_information
-        assert_equal 99, person_klass.columns_hash["wealth"].default
+        assert_equal 99, person_klass.column_defaults["wealth"]
         assert_equal false, person_klass.columns_hash["wealth"].null
         # Oracle needs primary key value from sequence
         if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
@@ -277,20 +306,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # change column default to see that column doesn't lose its not null definition
         person_klass.connection.change_column_default "testings", "wealth", 100
         person_klass.reset_column_information
-        assert_equal 100, person_klass.columns_hash["wealth"].default
+        assert_equal 100, person_klass.column_defaults["wealth"]
         assert_equal false, person_klass.columns_hash["wealth"].null
 
         # rename column to see that column doesn't lose its not null and/or default definition
         person_klass.connection.rename_column "testings", "wealth", "money"
         person_klass.reset_column_information
         assert_nil person_klass.columns_hash["wealth"]
-        assert_equal 100, person_klass.columns_hash["money"].default
+        assert_equal 100, person_klass.column_defaults["money"]
         assert_equal false, person_klass.columns_hash["money"].null
 
         # change column
         person_klass.connection.change_column "testings", "money", :integer, :null => false, :default => 1000
         person_klass.reset_column_information
-        assert_equal 1000, person_klass.columns_hash["money"].default
+        assert_equal 1000, person_klass.column_defaults["money"]
         assert_equal false, person_klass.columns_hash["money"].null
 
         # change column, make it nullable and clear default
@@ -310,7 +339,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def test_change_column_null
         testing_table_with_only_foo_attribute do
-          notnull_migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration) do
+          notnull_migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration::Current) do
             def change
               change_column_null :testings, :foo, false
             end
@@ -374,6 +403,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      def test_drop_table_if_exists
+        connection.create_table(:testings)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { assert connection.table_exists?(:testings) }
+        connection.drop_table(:testings, if_exists: true)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { assert_not connection.table_exists?(:testings) }
+      end
+
+      def test_drop_table_if_exists_nothing_raised
+        assert_nothing_raised { connection.drop_table(:nonexistent, if_exists: true) }
+      end
+
       private
       def testing_table_with_only_foo_attribute
         connection.create_table :testings, :id => false do |t|
@@ -383,5 +423,36 @@ module ActiveRecord
         yield
       end
     end
+
+    if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_foreign_keys?
+      class ChangeSchemaWithDependentObjectsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+        self.use_transactional_tests = false
+
+        setup do
+          @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+          @connection.create_table :trains
+          @connection.create_table(:wagons) { |t| t.references :train }
+          @connection.add_foreign_key :wagons, :trains
+        end
+
+        teardown do
+          [:wagons, :trains].each do |table|
+            @connection.drop_table table, if_exists: true
+          end
+        end
+
+        def test_create_table_with_force_cascade_drops_dependent_objects
+          skip "MySQL > 5.5 does not drop dependent objects with DROP TABLE CASCADE" if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
+          # can't re-create table referenced by foreign key
+          assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
+            @connection.create_table :trains, force: true
+          end
+
+          # can recreate referenced table with force: :cascade
+          @connection.create_table :trains, force: :cascade
+          assert_equal [], @connection.foreign_keys(:wagons)
+        end
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_table_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_table_test.rb
index c1d7cd5874..2f9c50141f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_table_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_table_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 require "cases/migration/helper"
-require "minitest/mock"
 
 module ActiveRecord
   class Migration
@@ -8,12 +7,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @connection = Minitest::Mock.new
       end
 
-      def teardown
+      teardown do
         assert @connection.verify
       end
 
       def with_change_table
-        yield ConnectionAdapters::Table.new(:delete_me, @connection)
+        yield ActiveRecord::Base.connection.update_table_definition(:delete_me, @connection)
       end
 
       def test_references_column_type_adds_id
@@ -72,17 +71,38 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      def test_references_column_type_with_polymorphic_and_type
+        with_change_table do |t|
+          @connection.expect :add_reference, nil, [:delete_me, :taggable, polymorphic: true, type: :string]
+          t.references :taggable, polymorphic: true, type: :string
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_remove_references_column_type_with_polymorphic_and_type
+        with_change_table do |t|
+          @connection.expect :remove_reference, nil, [:delete_me, :taggable, polymorphic: true, type: :string]
+          t.remove_references :taggable, polymorphic: true, type: :string
+        end
+      end
+
       def test_timestamps_creates_updated_at_and_created_at
         with_change_table do |t|
-          @connection.expect :add_timestamps, nil, [:delete_me]
-          t.timestamps
+          @connection.expect :add_timestamps, nil, [:delete_me, null: true]
+          t.timestamps null: true
         end
       end
 
       def test_remove_timestamps_creates_updated_at_and_created_at
         with_change_table do |t|
-          @connection.expect :remove_timestamps, nil, [:delete_me]
-          t.remove_timestamps
+          @connection.expect :remove_timestamps, nil, [:delete_me, { null: true }]
+          t.remove_timestamps({ null: true })
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_primary_key_creates_primary_key_column
+        with_change_table do |t|
+          @connection.expect :add_column, nil, [:delete_me, :id, :primary_key, primary_key: true, first: true]
+          t.primary_key :id, first: true
         end
       end
 
@@ -94,6 +114,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      def test_bigint_creates_bigint_column
+        with_change_table do |t|
+          @connection.expect :add_column, nil, [:delete_me, :foo, :bigint, {}]
+          @connection.expect :add_column, nil, [:delete_me, :bar, :bigint, {}]
+          t.bigint :foo, :bar
+        end
+      end
+
       def test_string_creates_string_column
         with_change_table do |t|
           @connection.expect :add_column, nil, [:delete_me, :foo, :string, {}]
@@ -102,6 +130,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+        def test_json_creates_json_column
+          with_change_table do |t|
+            @connection.expect :add_column, nil, [:delete_me, :foo, :json, {}]
+            @connection.expect :add_column, nil, [:delete_me, :bar, :json, {}]
+            t.json :foo, :bar
+          end
+        end
+
+        def test_xml_creates_xml_column
+          with_change_table do |t|
+            @connection.expect :add_column, nil, [:delete_me, :foo, :xml, {}]
+            @connection.expect :add_column, nil, [:delete_me, :bar, :xml, {}]
+            t.xml :foo, :bar
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
       def test_column_creates_column
         with_change_table do |t|
           @connection.expect :add_column, nil, [:delete_me, :bar, :integer, {}]
@@ -199,6 +245,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
           t.rename :bar, :baz
         end
       end
+
+      def test_table_name_set
+        with_change_table do |t|
+          assert_equal :delete_me, t.name
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_attributes_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_attributes_test.rb
index ccf19fb4d0..8d8e661aa5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_attributes_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_attributes_test.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     class ColumnAttributesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       include ActiveRecord::Migration::TestHelper
 
-      self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+      self.use_transactional_tests = false
 
       def test_add_column_newline_default
         string = "foo\nbar"
@@ -35,6 +35,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_no_column TestModel, :last_name
       end
 
+      def test_add_column_without_limit
+        # TODO: limit: nil should work with all adapters.
+        skip "MySQL wrongly enforces a limit of 255" if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
+        add_column :test_models, :description, :string, limit: nil
+        TestModel.reset_column_information
+        assert_nil TestModel.columns_hash["description"].limit
+      end
+
       if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
         def test_unabstracted_database_dependent_types
           add_column :test_models, :intelligence_quotient, :tinyint
@@ -43,46 +51,46 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      # We specifically do a manual INSERT here, and then test only the SELECT
-      # functionality. This allows us to more easily catch INSERT being broken,
-      # but SELECT actually working fine.
-      def test_native_decimal_insert_manual_vs_automatic
-        correct_value = '0012345678901234567890.0123456789'.to_d
-
-        connection.add_column "test_models", "wealth", :decimal, :precision => '30', :scale => '10'
-
-        # Do a manual insertion
-        if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
-          connection.execute "insert into test_models (id, wealth) values (people_seq.nextval, 12345678901234567890.0123456789)"
-        elsif current_adapter?(:OpenBaseAdapter) || (current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter) && Mysql.client_version < 50003) #before mysql 5.0.3 decimals stored as strings
-          connection.execute "insert into test_models (wealth) values ('12345678901234567890.0123456789')"
-        elsif current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
-          connection.execute "insert into test_models (wealth) values (12345678901234567890.0123456789)"
-        else
-          connection.execute "insert into test_models (wealth) values (12345678901234567890.0123456789)"
-        end
+      unless current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
+        # We specifically do a manual INSERT here, and then test only the SELECT
+        # functionality. This allows us to more easily catch INSERT being broken,
+        # but SELECT actually working fine.
+        def test_native_decimal_insert_manual_vs_automatic
+          correct_value = '0012345678901234567890.0123456789'.to_d
+
+          connection.add_column "test_models", "wealth", :decimal, :precision => '30', :scale => '10'
+
+          # Do a manual insertion
+          if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
+            connection.execute "insert into test_models (id, wealth) values (people_seq.nextval, 12345678901234567890.0123456789)"
+          elsif current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter) && Mysql.client_version < 50003 #before MySQL 5.0.3 decimals stored as strings
+            connection.execute "insert into test_models (wealth) values ('12345678901234567890.0123456789')"
+          elsif current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+            connection.execute "insert into test_models (wealth) values (12345678901234567890.0123456789)"
+          else
+            connection.execute "insert into test_models (wealth) values (12345678901234567890.0123456789)"
+          end
 
-        # SELECT
-        row = TestModel.first
-        assert_kind_of BigDecimal, row.wealth
+          # SELECT
+          row = TestModel.first
+          assert_kind_of BigDecimal, row.wealth
 
-        # If this assert fails, that means the SELECT is broken!
-        unless current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
-          assert_equal correct_value, row.wealth
-        end
+          # If this assert fails, that means the SELECT is broken!
+          unless current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
+            assert_equal correct_value, row.wealth
+          end
 
-        # Reset to old state
-        TestModel.delete_all
+          # Reset to old state
+          TestModel.delete_all
 
-        # Now use the Rails insertion
-        TestModel.create :wealth => BigDecimal.new("12345678901234567890.0123456789")
+          # Now use the Rails insertion
+          TestModel.create :wealth => BigDecimal.new("12345678901234567890.0123456789")
 
-        # SELECT
-        row = TestModel.first
-        assert_kind_of BigDecimal, row.wealth
+          # SELECT
+          row = TestModel.first
+          assert_kind_of BigDecimal, row.wealth
 
-        # If these asserts fail, that means the INSERT (create function, or cast to SQL) is broken!
-        unless current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
+          # If these asserts fail, that means the INSERT (create function, or cast to SQL) is broken!
           assert_equal correct_value, row.wealth
         end
       end
@@ -113,54 +121,54 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def test_native_types
-        add_column "test_models", "first_name", :string
-        add_column "test_models", "last_name", :string
-        add_column "test_models", "bio", :text
-        add_column "test_models", "age", :integer
-        add_column "test_models", "height", :float
-        add_column "test_models", "wealth", :decimal, :precision => '30', :scale => '10'
-        add_column "test_models", "birthday", :datetime
-        add_column "test_models", "favorite_day", :date
-        add_column "test_models", "moment_of_truth", :datetime
-        add_column "test_models", "male", :boolean
-
-        TestModel.create :first_name => 'bob', :last_name => 'bobsen',
-          :bio => "I was born ....", :age => 18, :height => 1.78,
-          :wealth => BigDecimal.new("12345678901234567890.0123456789"),
-          :birthday => 18.years.ago, :favorite_day => 10.days.ago,
-          :moment_of_truth => "1782-10-10 21:40:18", :male => true
-
-        bob = TestModel.first
-        assert_equal 'bob', bob.first_name
-        assert_equal 'bobsen', bob.last_name
-        assert_equal "I was born ....", bob.bio
-        assert_equal 18, bob.age
-
-        # Test for 30 significant digits (beyond the 16 of float), 10 of them
-        # after the decimal place.
-
-        unless current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
+      unless current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
+        def test_native_types
+          add_column "test_models", "first_name", :string
+          add_column "test_models", "last_name", :string
+          add_column "test_models", "bio", :text
+          add_column "test_models", "age", :integer
+          add_column "test_models", "height", :float
+          add_column "test_models", "wealth", :decimal, :precision => '30', :scale => '10'
+          add_column "test_models", "birthday", :datetime
+          add_column "test_models", "favorite_day", :date
+          add_column "test_models", "moment_of_truth", :datetime
+          add_column "test_models", "male", :boolean
+
+          TestModel.create :first_name => 'bob', :last_name => 'bobsen',
+            :bio => "I was born ....", :age => 18, :height => 1.78,
+            :wealth => BigDecimal.new("12345678901234567890.0123456789"),
+            :birthday => 18.years.ago, :favorite_day => 10.days.ago,
+            :moment_of_truth => "1782-10-10 21:40:18", :male => true
+
+          bob = TestModel.first
+          assert_equal 'bob', bob.first_name
+          assert_equal 'bobsen', bob.last_name
+          assert_equal "I was born ....", bob.bio
+          assert_equal 18, bob.age
+
+          # Test for 30 significant digits (beyond the 16 of float), 10 of them
+          # after the decimal place.
+
           assert_equal BigDecimal.new("0012345678901234567890.0123456789"), bob.wealth
-        end
 
-        assert_equal true, bob.male?
+          assert_equal true, bob.male?
 
-        assert_equal String, bob.first_name.class
-        assert_equal String, bob.last_name.class
-        assert_equal String, bob.bio.class
-        assert_equal Fixnum, bob.age.class
-        assert_equal Time, bob.birthday.class
+          assert_equal String, bob.first_name.class
+          assert_equal String, bob.last_name.class
+          assert_equal String, bob.bio.class
+          assert_equal Fixnum, bob.age.class
+          assert_equal Time, bob.birthday.class
 
-        if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter, :SybaseAdapter)
-          # Sybase, and Oracle don't differentiate between date/time
-          assert_equal Time, bob.favorite_day.class
-        else
-          assert_equal Date, bob.favorite_day.class
-        end
+          if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
+            # Oracle doesn't differentiate between date/time
+            assert_equal Time, bob.favorite_day.class
+          else
+            assert_equal Date, bob.favorite_day.class
+          end
 
-        assert_instance_of TrueClass, bob.male?
-        assert_kind_of BigDecimal, bob.wealth
+          assert_instance_of TrueClass, bob.male?
+          assert_kind_of BigDecimal, bob.wealth
+        end
       end
 
       if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter, :PostgreSQLAdapter)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_positioning_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_positioning_test.rb
index 87e29e41ba..4637970ce0 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_positioning_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_positioning_test.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ require 'cases/helper'
 module ActiveRecord
   class Migration
     class ColumnPositioningTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-      attr_reader :connection, :table_name
+      attr_reader :connection
       alias :conn :connection
 
       def setup
@@ -18,38 +18,37 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def teardown
-        super
+      teardown do
         connection.drop_table :testings rescue nil
         ActiveRecord::Base.primary_key_prefix_type = nil
       end
 
       if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
         def test_column_positioning
-          assert_equal %w(first second third), conn.columns(:testings).map {|c| c.name }
+          assert_equal %w(first second third), conn.columns(:testings).map(&:name)
         end
 
         def test_add_column_with_positioning
           conn.add_column :testings, :new_col, :integer
-          assert_equal %w(first second third new_col), conn.columns(:testings).map {|c| c.name }
+          assert_equal %w(first second third new_col), conn.columns(:testings).map(&:name)
         end
 
         def test_add_column_with_positioning_first
           conn.add_column :testings, :new_col, :integer, :first => true
-          assert_equal %w(new_col first second third), conn.columns(:testings).map {|c| c.name }
+          assert_equal %w(new_col first second third), conn.columns(:testings).map(&:name)
         end
 
         def test_add_column_with_positioning_after
           conn.add_column :testings, :new_col, :integer, :after => :first
-          assert_equal %w(first new_col second third), conn.columns(:testings).map {|c| c.name }
+          assert_equal %w(first new_col second third), conn.columns(:testings).map(&:name)
         end
 
         def test_change_column_with_positioning
           conn.change_column :testings, :second, :integer, :first => true
-          assert_equal %w(second first third), conn.columns(:testings).map {|c| c.name }
+          assert_equal %w(second first third), conn.columns(:testings).map(&:name)
 
           conn.change_column :testings, :second, :integer, :after => :third
-          assert_equal %w(first third second), conn.columns(:testings).map {|c| c.name }
+          assert_equal %w(first third second), conn.columns(:testings).map(&:name)
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/columns_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/columns_test.rb
index 2d7a7ec73a..ab3f584350 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/columns_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/columns_test.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     class ColumnsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       include ActiveRecord::Migration::TestHelper
 
-      self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+      self.use_transactional_tests = false
 
       # FIXME: this is more of an integration test with AR::Base and the
       # schema modifications.  Maybe we should move this?
@@ -53,19 +53,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
         add_column 'test_models', 'salary', :integer, :default => 70000
 
         default_before = connection.columns("test_models").find { |c| c.name == "salary" }.default
-        assert_equal 70000, default_before
+        assert_equal '70000', default_before
 
         rename_column "test_models", "salary", "annual_salary"
 
         assert TestModel.column_names.include?("annual_salary")
         default_after = connection.columns("test_models").find { |c| c.name == "annual_salary" }.default
-        assert_equal 70000, default_after
+        assert_equal '70000', default_after
       end
 
       if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
         def test_mysql_rename_column_preserves_auto_increment
           rename_column "test_models", "id", "id_test"
-          assert_equal "auto_increment", connection.columns("test_models").find { |c| c.name == "id_test" }.extra
+          assert connection.columns("test_models").find { |c| c.name == "id_test" }.auto_increment?
+          TestModel.reset_column_information
+        ensure
+          rename_column "test_models", "id_test", "id"
         end
       end
 
@@ -193,14 +196,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         old_columns = connection.columns(TestModel.table_name)
         assert old_columns.find { |c|
-          c.name == 'approved' && c.type == :boolean && c.default == true
+          default = connection.lookup_cast_type_from_column(c).deserialize(c.default)
+          c.name == 'approved' && c.type == :boolean && default == true
         }
 
         change_column :test_models, :approved, :boolean, :default => false
         new_columns = connection.columns(TestModel.table_name)
 
-        assert_not new_columns.find { |c| c.name == 'approved' and c.type == :boolean and c.default == true }
-        assert new_columns.find { |c| c.name == 'approved' and c.type == :boolean and c.default == false }
+        assert_not new_columns.find { |c|
+          default = connection.lookup_cast_type_from_column(c).deserialize(c.default)
+          c.name == 'approved' and c.type == :boolean and default == true
+        }
+        assert new_columns.find { |c|
+          default = connection.lookup_cast_type_from_column(c).deserialize(c.default)
+          c.name == 'approved' and c.type == :boolean and default == false
+        }
         change_column :test_models, :approved, :boolean, :default => true
       end
 
@@ -257,6 +267,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_nil TestModel.new.first_name
       end
 
+      def test_change_column_default_with_from_and_to
+        add_column "test_models", "first_name", :string
+        connection.change_column_default "test_models", "first_name", from: nil, to: "Tester"
+
+        assert_equal "Tester", TestModel.new.first_name
+      end
+
       def test_remove_column_no_second_parameter_raises_exception
         assert_raise(ArgumentError) { connection.remove_column("funny") }
       end
@@ -274,6 +291,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
       ensure
         connection.drop_table(:my_table) rescue nil
       end
+
+      def test_column_with_index
+        connection.create_table "my_table", force: true do |t|
+          t.string :item_number, index: true
+        end
+
+        assert connection.index_exists?("my_table", :item_number, name: :index_my_table_on_item_number)
+      ensure
+        connection.drop_table(:my_table) rescue nil
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/command_recorder_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/command_recorder_test.rb
index a925cf4c05..1e3529db54 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/command_recorder_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/command_recorder_test.rb
@@ -31,7 +31,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_unknown_commands_delegate
-        recorder = CommandRecorder.new(stub(:foo => 'bar'))
+        recorder = Struct.new(:foo)
+        recorder = CommandRecorder.new(recorder.new('bar'))
         assert_equal 'bar', recorder.foo
       end
 
@@ -157,6 +158,33 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_equal [:remove_column, [:table, :column, :type, {}], nil], remove
       end
 
+      def test_invert_change_column
+        assert_raises(ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration) do
+          @recorder.inverse_of :change_column, [:table, :column, :type, {}]
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_invert_change_column_default
+        assert_raises(ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration) do
+          @recorder.inverse_of :change_column_default, [:table, :column, 'default_value']
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_invert_change_column_default_with_from_and_to
+        change = @recorder.inverse_of :change_column_default, [:table, :column, from: "old_value", to: "new_value"]
+        assert_equal [:change_column_default, [:table, :column, from: "new_value", to: "old_value"]], change
+      end
+
+      def test_invert_change_column_default_with_from_and_to_with_boolean
+        change = @recorder.inverse_of :change_column_default, [:table, :column, from: true, to: false]
+        assert_equal [:change_column_default, [:table, :column, from: false, to: true]], change
+      end
+
+      def test_invert_change_column_null
+        add = @recorder.inverse_of :change_column_null, [:table, :column, true]
+        assert_equal [:change_column_null, [:table, :column, false]], add
+      end
+
       def test_invert_remove_column
         add = @recorder.inverse_of :remove_column, [:table, :column, :type, {}]
         assert_equal [:add_column, [:table, :column, :type, {}], nil], add
@@ -189,6 +217,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_invert_remove_index
+        add = @recorder.inverse_of :remove_index, [:table, :one]
+        assert_equal [:add_index, [:table, :one]], add
+      end
+
+      def test_invert_remove_index_with_column
         add = @recorder.inverse_of :remove_index, [:table, {column: [:one, :two], options: true}]
         assert_equal [:add_index, [:table, [:one, :two], options: true]], add
       end
@@ -220,8 +253,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_invert_remove_timestamps
-        add = @recorder.inverse_of :remove_timestamps, [:table]
-        assert_equal [:add_timestamps, [:table], nil], add
+        add = @recorder.inverse_of :remove_timestamps, [:table, { null: true }]
+        assert_equal [:add_timestamps, [:table, {null: true }], nil], add
       end
 
       def test_invert_add_reference
@@ -239,6 +272,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_equal [:add_reference, [:table, :taggable, { polymorphic: true }], nil], add
       end
 
+      def test_invert_remove_reference_with_index_and_foreign_key
+        add = @recorder.inverse_of :remove_reference, [:table, :taggable, { index: true, foreign_key: true }]
+        assert_equal [:add_reference, [:table, :taggable, { index: true, foreign_key: true }], nil], add
+      end
+
       def test_invert_remove_belongs_to_alias
         add = @recorder.inverse_of :remove_belongs_to, [:table, :user]
         assert_equal [:add_reference, [:table, :user], nil], add
@@ -253,6 +291,60 @@ module ActiveRecord
         enable = @recorder.inverse_of :disable_extension, ['uuid-ossp']
         assert_equal [:enable_extension, ['uuid-ossp'], nil], enable
       end
+
+      def test_invert_add_foreign_key
+        enable = @recorder.inverse_of :add_foreign_key, [:dogs, :people]
+        assert_equal [:remove_foreign_key, [:dogs, :people]], enable
+      end
+
+      def test_invert_remove_foreign_key
+        enable = @recorder.inverse_of :remove_foreign_key, [:dogs, :people]
+        assert_equal [:add_foreign_key, [:dogs, :people]], enable
+      end
+
+      def test_invert_add_foreign_key_with_column
+        enable = @recorder.inverse_of :add_foreign_key, [:dogs, :people, column: "owner_id"]
+        assert_equal [:remove_foreign_key, [:dogs, column: "owner_id"]], enable
+      end
+
+      def test_invert_remove_foreign_key_with_column
+        enable = @recorder.inverse_of :remove_foreign_key, [:dogs, :people, column: "owner_id"]
+        assert_equal [:add_foreign_key, [:dogs, :people, column: "owner_id"]], enable
+      end
+
+      def test_invert_add_foreign_key_with_column_and_name
+        enable = @recorder.inverse_of :add_foreign_key, [:dogs, :people, column: "owner_id", name: "fk"]
+        assert_equal [:remove_foreign_key, [:dogs, name: "fk"]], enable
+      end
+
+      def test_invert_remove_foreign_key_with_column_and_name
+        enable = @recorder.inverse_of :remove_foreign_key, [:dogs, :people, column: "owner_id", name: "fk"]
+        assert_equal [:add_foreign_key, [:dogs, :people, column: "owner_id", name: "fk"]], enable
+      end
+
+      def test_invert_remove_foreign_key_with_primary_key
+        enable = @recorder.inverse_of :remove_foreign_key, [:dogs, :people, primary_key: "person_id"]
+        assert_equal [:add_foreign_key, [:dogs, :people, primary_key: "person_id"]], enable
+      end
+
+      def test_invert_remove_foreign_key_with_on_delete_on_update
+        enable = @recorder.inverse_of :remove_foreign_key, [:dogs, :people, on_delete: :nullify, on_update: :cascade]
+        assert_equal [:add_foreign_key, [:dogs, :people, on_delete: :nullify, on_update: :cascade]], enable
+      end
+
+      def test_invert_remove_foreign_key_is_irreversible_without_to_table
+        assert_raises ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration do
+          @recorder.inverse_of :remove_foreign_key, [:dogs, column: "owner_id"]
+        end
+
+        assert_raises ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration do
+          @recorder.inverse_of :remove_foreign_key, [:dogs, name: "fk"]
+        end
+
+        assert_raises ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration do
+          @recorder.inverse_of :remove_foreign_key, [:dogs]
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/create_join_table_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/create_join_table_test.rb
index efaec0f823..0a7b57455c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/create_join_table_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/create_join_table_test.rb
@@ -10,10 +10,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
       end
 
-      def teardown
-        super
+      teardown do
         %w(artists_musics musics_videos catalog).each do |table_name|
-          connection.drop_table table_name if connection.tables.include?(table_name)
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+            connection.drop_table table_name if connection.table_exists?(table_name)
+          end
         end
       end
 
@@ -83,43 +84,67 @@ module ActiveRecord
         connection.create_join_table :artists, :musics
         connection.drop_join_table :artists, :musics
 
-        assert !connection.tables.include?('artists_musics')
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { assert !connection.table_exists?('artists_musics') }
       end
 
       def test_drop_join_table_with_strings
         connection.create_join_table :artists, :musics
         connection.drop_join_table 'artists', 'musics'
 
-        assert !connection.tables.include?('artists_musics')
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { assert !connection.table_exists?('artists_musics') }
       end
 
       def test_drop_join_table_with_the_proper_order
         connection.create_join_table :videos, :musics
         connection.drop_join_table :videos, :musics
 
-        assert !connection.tables.include?('musics_videos')
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { assert !connection.table_exists?('musics_videos') }
       end
 
       def test_drop_join_table_with_the_table_name
         connection.create_join_table :artists, :musics, table_name: :catalog
         connection.drop_join_table :artists, :musics, table_name: :catalog
 
-        assert !connection.tables.include?('catalog')
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { assert !connection.table_exists?('catalog') }
       end
 
       def test_drop_join_table_with_the_table_name_as_string
         connection.create_join_table :artists, :musics, table_name: 'catalog'
         connection.drop_join_table :artists, :musics, table_name: 'catalog'
 
-        assert !connection.tables.include?('catalog')
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { assert !connection.table_exists?('catalog') }
       end
 
       def test_drop_join_table_with_column_options
         connection.create_join_table :artists, :musics, column_options: {null: true}
         connection.drop_join_table :artists, :musics, column_options: {null: true}
 
-        assert !connection.tables.include?('artists_musics')
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { assert !connection.table_exists?('artists_musics') }
+      end
+
+      def test_create_and_drop_join_table_with_common_prefix
+        with_table_cleanup do
+          connection.create_join_table 'audio_artists', 'audio_musics'
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { assert connection.table_exists?('audio_artists_musics') }
+
+          connection.drop_join_table 'audio_artists', 'audio_musics'
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { assert !connection.table_exists?('audio_artists_musics'), "Should have dropped join table, but didn't" }
+        end
       end
+
+      private
+
+        def with_table_cleanup
+          tables_before = connection.data_sources
+
+          yield
+        ensure
+          tables_after = connection.data_sources - tables_before
+
+          tables_after.each do |table|
+            connection.drop_table table
+          end
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/foreign_key_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/foreign_key_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4e1fbfb690
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/foreign_key_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,304 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+require 'support/ddl_helper'
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
+
+if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_foreign_keys?
+module ActiveRecord
+  class Migration
+    class ForeignKeyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      include DdlHelper
+      include SchemaDumpingHelper
+      include ActiveSupport::Testing::Stream
+
+      class Rocket < ActiveRecord::Base
+      end
+
+      class Astronaut < ActiveRecord::Base
+      end
+
+      setup do
+        @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+        @connection.create_table "rockets", force: true do |t|
+          t.string :name
+        end
+
+        @connection.create_table "astronauts", force: true do |t|
+          t.string :name
+          t.references :rocket
+        end
+      end
+
+      teardown do
+        if defined?(@connection)
+          @connection.drop_table "astronauts", if_exists: true
+          @connection.drop_table "rockets", if_exists: true
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_foreign_keys
+        foreign_keys = @connection.foreign_keys("fk_test_has_fk")
+        assert_equal 1, foreign_keys.size
+
+        fk = foreign_keys.first
+        assert_equal "fk_test_has_fk", fk.from_table
+        assert_equal "fk_test_has_pk", fk.to_table
+        assert_equal "fk_id", fk.column
+        assert_equal "pk_id", fk.primary_key
+        assert_equal "fk_name", fk.name
+      end
+
+      def test_add_foreign_key_inferes_column
+        @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets
+
+        foreign_keys = @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts")
+        assert_equal 1, foreign_keys.size
+
+        fk = foreign_keys.first
+        assert_equal "astronauts", fk.from_table
+        assert_equal "rockets", fk.to_table
+        assert_equal "rocket_id", fk.column
+        assert_equal "id", fk.primary_key
+        assert_equal("fk_rails_78146ddd2e", fk.name)
+      end
+
+      def test_add_foreign_key_with_column
+        @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets, column: "rocket_id"
+
+        foreign_keys = @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts")
+        assert_equal 1, foreign_keys.size
+
+        fk = foreign_keys.first
+        assert_equal "astronauts", fk.from_table
+        assert_equal "rockets", fk.to_table
+        assert_equal "rocket_id", fk.column
+        assert_equal "id", fk.primary_key
+        assert_equal("fk_rails_78146ddd2e", fk.name)
+      end
+
+      def test_add_foreign_key_with_non_standard_primary_key
+        with_example_table @connection, "space_shuttles", "pk integer PRIMARY KEY" do
+          @connection.add_foreign_key(:astronauts, :space_shuttles,
+                                      column: "rocket_id", primary_key: "pk", name: "custom_pk")
+
+          foreign_keys = @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts")
+          assert_equal 1, foreign_keys.size
+
+          fk = foreign_keys.first
+          assert_equal "astronauts", fk.from_table
+          assert_equal "space_shuttles", fk.to_table
+          assert_equal "pk", fk.primary_key
+
+          @connection.remove_foreign_key :astronauts, name: "custom_pk"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_add_on_delete_restrict_foreign_key
+        @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets, column: "rocket_id", on_delete: :restrict
+
+        foreign_keys = @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts")
+        assert_equal 1, foreign_keys.size
+
+        fk = foreign_keys.first
+        if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
+          # ON DELETE RESTRICT is the default on MySQL
+          assert_equal nil, fk.on_delete
+        else
+          assert_equal :restrict, fk.on_delete
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_add_on_delete_cascade_foreign_key
+        @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets, column: "rocket_id", on_delete: :cascade
+
+        foreign_keys = @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts")
+        assert_equal 1, foreign_keys.size
+
+        fk = foreign_keys.first
+        assert_equal :cascade, fk.on_delete
+      end
+
+      def test_add_on_delete_nullify_foreign_key
+        @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets, column: "rocket_id", on_delete: :nullify
+
+        foreign_keys = @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts")
+        assert_equal 1, foreign_keys.size
+
+        fk = foreign_keys.first
+        assert_equal :nullify, fk.on_delete
+      end
+
+      def test_on_update_and_on_delete_raises_with_invalid_values
+        assert_raises ArgumentError do
+          @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets, column: "rocket_id", on_delete: :invalid
+        end
+
+        assert_raises ArgumentError do
+          @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets, column: "rocket_id", on_update: :invalid
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_add_foreign_key_with_on_update
+        @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets, column: "rocket_id", on_update: :nullify
+
+        foreign_keys = @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts")
+        assert_equal 1, foreign_keys.size
+
+        fk = foreign_keys.first
+        assert_equal :nullify, fk.on_update
+      end
+
+      def test_foreign_key_exists
+        @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets
+
+        assert @connection.foreign_key_exists?(:astronauts, :rockets)
+        assert_not @connection.foreign_key_exists?(:astronauts, :stars)
+      end
+
+      def test_foreign_key_exists_by_column
+        @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets, column: "rocket_id"
+
+        assert @connection.foreign_key_exists?(:astronauts, column: "rocket_id")
+        assert_not @connection.foreign_key_exists?(:astronauts, column: "star_id")
+      end
+
+      def test_foreign_key_exists_by_name
+        @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets, column: "rocket_id", name: "fancy_named_fk"
+
+        assert @connection.foreign_key_exists?(:astronauts, name: "fancy_named_fk")
+        assert_not @connection.foreign_key_exists?(:astronauts, name: "other_fancy_named_fk")
+      end
+
+      def test_remove_foreign_key_inferes_column
+        @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets
+
+        assert_equal 1, @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts").size
+        @connection.remove_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets
+        assert_equal [], @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts")
+      end
+
+      def test_remove_foreign_key_by_column
+        @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets, column: "rocket_id"
+
+        assert_equal 1, @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts").size
+        @connection.remove_foreign_key :astronauts, column: "rocket_id"
+        assert_equal [], @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts")
+      end
+
+      def test_remove_foreign_key_by_symbol_column
+        @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets, column: :rocket_id
+
+        assert_equal 1, @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts").size
+        @connection.remove_foreign_key :astronauts, column: :rocket_id
+        assert_equal [], @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts")
+      end
+
+      def test_remove_foreign_key_by_name
+        @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets, column: "rocket_id", name: "fancy_named_fk"
+
+        assert_equal 1, @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts").size
+        @connection.remove_foreign_key :astronauts, name: "fancy_named_fk"
+        assert_equal [], @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts")
+      end
+
+      def test_remove_foreign_non_existing_foreign_key_raises
+        assert_raises ArgumentError do
+          @connection.remove_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_schema_dumping
+        @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets
+        output = dump_table_schema "astronauts"
+        assert_match %r{\s+add_foreign_key "astronauts", "rockets"$}, output
+      end
+
+      def test_schema_dumping_with_options
+        output = dump_table_schema "fk_test_has_fk"
+        assert_match %r{\s+add_foreign_key "fk_test_has_fk", "fk_test_has_pk", column: "fk_id", primary_key: "pk_id", name: "fk_name"$}, output
+      end
+
+      def test_schema_dumping_on_delete_and_on_update_options
+        @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets, column: "rocket_id", on_delete: :nullify, on_update: :cascade
+
+        output = dump_table_schema "astronauts"
+        assert_match %r{\s+add_foreign_key "astronauts",.+on_update: :cascade,.+on_delete: :nullify$}, output
+      end
+
+      class CreateCitiesAndHousesMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
+        def change
+          create_table("cities") { |t| }
+
+          create_table("houses") do |t|
+            t.column :city_id, :integer
+          end
+          add_foreign_key :houses, :cities, column: "city_id"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_add_foreign_key_is_reversible
+        migration = CreateCitiesAndHousesMigration.new
+        silence_stream($stdout) { migration.migrate(:up) }
+        assert_equal 1, @connection.foreign_keys("houses").size
+      ensure
+        silence_stream($stdout) { migration.migrate(:down) }
+      end
+
+      class CreateSchoolsAndClassesMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
+        def change
+          create_table(:schools)
+
+          create_table(:classes) do |t|
+            t.column :school_id, :integer
+          end
+          add_foreign_key :classes, :schools
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_add_foreign_key_with_prefix
+        ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = 'p_'
+        migration = CreateSchoolsAndClassesMigration.new
+        silence_stream($stdout) { migration.migrate(:up) }
+        assert_equal 1, @connection.foreign_keys("p_classes").size
+      ensure
+        silence_stream($stdout) { migration.migrate(:down) }
+        ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = nil
+      end
+
+      def test_add_foreign_key_with_suffix
+        ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = '_s'
+        migration = CreateSchoolsAndClassesMigration.new
+        silence_stream($stdout) { migration.migrate(:up) }
+        assert_equal 1, @connection.foreign_keys("classes_s").size
+      ensure
+        silence_stream($stdout) { migration.migrate(:down) }
+        ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = nil
+      end
+
+    end
+  end
+end
+else
+module ActiveRecord
+  class Migration
+    class NoForeignKeySupportTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      setup do
+        @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+      end
+
+      def test_add_foreign_key_should_be_noop
+        @connection.add_foreign_key :clubs, :categories
+      end
+
+      def test_remove_foreign_key_should_be_noop
+        @connection.remove_foreign_key :clubs, :categories
+      end
+
+      def test_foreign_keys_should_raise_not_implemented
+        assert_raises NotImplementedError do
+          @connection.foreign_keys("clubs")
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/helper.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/helper.rb
index e28feedcf9..ad85684c0b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/helper.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/helper.rb
@@ -5,10 +5,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     class << self; attr_accessor :message_count; end
     self.message_count = 0
 
-    def puts(text="")
-      ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count += 1
-    end
-
     module TestHelper
       attr_reader :connection, :table_name
 
@@ -22,7 +18,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         super
         @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
         connection.create_table :test_models do |t|
-          t.timestamps
+          t.timestamps null: true
         end
 
         TestModel.reset_column_information
@@ -32,7 +28,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         super
         TestModel.reset_table_name
         TestModel.reset_sequence_name
-        connection.drop_table :test_models rescue nil
+        connection.drop_table :test_models, if_exists: true
       end
 
       private
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/index_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/index_test.rb
index 8d1daa0a04..b23b9a679f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/index_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/index_test.rb
@@ -21,34 +21,44 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def teardown
-        super
+      teardown do
         connection.drop_table :testings rescue nil
         ActiveRecord::Base.primary_key_prefix_type = nil
       end
 
-      unless current_adapter?(:OpenBaseAdapter)
-        def test_rename_index
-          # keep the names short to make Oracle and similar behave
-          connection.add_index(table_name, [:foo], :name => 'old_idx')
-          connection.rename_index(table_name, 'old_idx', 'new_idx')
+      def test_rename_index
+        # keep the names short to make Oracle and similar behave
+        connection.add_index(table_name, [:foo], :name => 'old_idx')
+        connection.rename_index(table_name, 'old_idx', 'new_idx')
+
+        # if the adapter doesn't support the indexes call, pick defaults that let the test pass
+        assert_not connection.index_name_exists?(table_name, 'old_idx', false)
+        assert connection.index_name_exists?(table_name, 'new_idx', true)
+      end
+
+      def test_rename_index_too_long
+        too_long_index_name = good_index_name + 'x'
+        # keep the names short to make Oracle and similar behave
+        connection.add_index(table_name, [:foo], :name => 'old_idx')
+        e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) {
+          connection.rename_index(table_name, 'old_idx', too_long_index_name)
+        }
+        assert_match(/too long; the limit is #{connection.allowed_index_name_length} characters/, e.message)
+
+        # if the adapter doesn't support the indexes call, pick defaults that let the test pass
+        assert connection.index_name_exists?(table_name, 'old_idx', false)
+      end
 
-          # if the adapter doesn't support the indexes call, pick defaults that let the test pass
-          assert_not connection.index_name_exists?(table_name, 'old_idx', false)
-          assert connection.index_name_exists?(table_name, 'new_idx', true)
-        end
 
-        def test_double_add_index
+      def test_double_add_index
+        connection.add_index(table_name, [:foo], :name => 'some_idx')
+        assert_raises(ArgumentError) {
           connection.add_index(table_name, [:foo], :name => 'some_idx')
-          assert_raises(ArgumentError) {
-            connection.add_index(table_name, [:foo], :name => 'some_idx')
-          }
-        end
+        }
+      end
 
-        def test_remove_nonexistent_index
-          # we do this by name, so OpenBase is a wash as noted above
-          assert_raise(ArgumentError) { connection.remove_index(table_name, "no_such_index") }
-        end
+      def test_remove_nonexistent_index
+        assert_raise(ArgumentError) { connection.remove_index(table_name, "no_such_index") }
       end
 
       def test_add_index_works_with_long_index_names
@@ -99,6 +109,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert connection.index_exists?(:testings, [:foo, :bar])
       end
 
+      def test_index_exists_with_custom_name_checks_columns
+        connection.add_index :testings, [:foo, :bar], name: "my_index"
+        assert connection.index_exists?(:testings, [:foo, :bar], name: "my_index")
+        assert_not connection.index_exists?(:testings, [:foo], name: "my_index")
+      end
+
       def test_valid_index_options
         assert_raise ArgumentError do
           connection.add_index :testings, :foo, unqiue: true
@@ -127,50 +143,37 @@ module ActiveRecord
         connection.add_index("testings", "last_name")
         connection.remove_index("testings", "last_name")
 
-        # Orcl nds shrt indx nms.  Sybs 2.
-        # OpenBase does not have named indexes.  You must specify a single column name
-        unless current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter, :OpenBaseAdapter)
+        connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"])
+        connection.remove_index("testings", :column => ["last_name", "first_name"])
+
+        # Oracle adapter cannot have specified index name larger than 30 characters
+        # Oracle adapter is shortening index name when just column list is given
+        unless current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
           connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"])
-          connection.remove_index("testings", :column => ["last_name", "first_name"])
-
-          # Oracle adapter cannot have specified index name larger than 30 characters
-          # Oracle adapter is shortening index name when just column list is given
-          unless current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
-            connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"])
-            connection.remove_index("testings", :name => :index_testings_on_last_name_and_first_name)
-            connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"])
-            connection.remove_index("testings", "last_name_and_first_name")
-          end
+          connection.remove_index("testings", :name => :index_testings_on_last_name_and_first_name)
           connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"])
-          connection.remove_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"])
+          connection.remove_index("testings", "last_name_and_first_name")
+        end
+        connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"])
+        connection.remove_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"])
 
-          connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name"], :length => 10)
-          connection.remove_index("testings", "last_name")
+        connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name"], :length => 10)
+        connection.remove_index("testings", "last_name")
 
-          connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name"], :length => {:last_name => 10})
-          connection.remove_index("testings", ["last_name"])
+        connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name"], :length => {:last_name => 10})
+        connection.remove_index("testings", ["last_name"])
 
-          connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"], :length => 10)
-          connection.remove_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"])
+        connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"], :length => 10)
+        connection.remove_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"])
 
-          connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"], :length => {:last_name => 10, :first_name => 20})
-          connection.remove_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"])
-        end
+        connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"], :length => {:last_name => 10, :first_name => 20})
+        connection.remove_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"])
 
-        # quoting
-        # Note: changed index name from "key" to "key_idx" since "key" is a Firebird reserved word
-        # OpenBase does not have named indexes.  You must specify a single column name
-        unless current_adapter?(:OpenBaseAdapter)
-          connection.add_index("testings", ["key"], :name => "key_idx", :unique => true)
-          connection.remove_index("testings", :name => "key_idx", :unique => true)
-        end
+        connection.add_index("testings", ["key"], :name => "key_idx", :unique => true)
+        connection.remove_index("testings", :name => "key_idx", :unique => true)
 
-        # Sybase adapter does not support indexes on :boolean columns
-        # OpenBase does not have named indexes.  You must specify a single column
-        unless current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter, :OpenBaseAdapter)
-          connection.add_index("testings", %w(last_name first_name administrator), :name => "named_admin")
-          connection.remove_index("testings", :name => "named_admin")
-        end
+        connection.add_index("testings", %w(last_name first_name administrator), :name => "named_admin")
+        connection.remove_index("testings", :name => "named_admin")
 
         # Selected adapters support index sort order
         if current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter, :MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter, :PostgreSQLAdapter)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/logger_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/logger_test.rb
index 97efb94b66..bf6e684887 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/logger_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/logger_test.rb
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ require "cases/helper"
 module ActiveRecord
   class Migration
     class LoggerTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-      # mysql can't roll back ddl changes
-      self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+      # MySQL can't roll back ddl changes
+      self.use_transactional_tests = false
 
       Migration = Struct.new(:name, :version) do
         def disable_ddl_transaction; false end
@@ -19,8 +19,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.delete_all
       end
 
-      def teardown
-        super
+      teardown do
         ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.drop_table
       end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/pending_migrations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/pending_migrations_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4f5589f32a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/pending_migrations_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class Migration
+    class PendingMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      def setup
+        super
+        @connection = Minitest::Mock.new
+        @app = Minitest::Mock.new
+        conn = @connection
+        @pending = Class.new(CheckPending) {
+          define_method(:connection) { conn }
+        }.new(@app)
+        @pending.instance_variable_set :@last_check, -1 # Force checking
+      end
+
+      def teardown
+        assert @connection.verify
+        assert @app.verify
+        super
+      end
+
+      def test_errors_if_pending
+        @connection.expect :supports_migrations?, true
+
+        ActiveRecord::Migrator.stub :needs_migration?, true do
+          assert_raise ActiveRecord::PendingMigrationError do
+            @pending.call(nil)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_checks_if_supported
+        @connection.expect :supports_migrations?, true
+        @app.expect :call, nil, [:foo]
+
+        ActiveRecord::Migrator.stub :needs_migration?, false do
+          @pending.call(:foo)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_doesnt_check_if_unsupported
+        @connection.expect :supports_migrations?, false
+        @app.expect :call, nil, [:foo]
+
+        ActiveRecord::Migrator.stub :needs_migration?, true do
+          @pending.call(:foo)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_foreign_key_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_foreign_key_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..edbc8abe4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_foreign_key_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+
+if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_foreign_keys?
+module ActiveRecord
+  class Migration
+    class ReferencesForeignKeyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      setup do
+        @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+        @connection.create_table(:testing_parents, force: true)
+      end
+
+      teardown do
+        @connection.drop_table "testings", if_exists: true
+        @connection.drop_table "testing_parents", if_exists: true
+      end
+
+      test "foreign keys can be created with the table" do
+        @connection.create_table :testings do |t|
+          t.references :testing_parent, foreign_key: true
+        end
+
+        fk = @connection.foreign_keys("testings").first
+        assert_equal "testings", fk.from_table
+        assert_equal "testing_parents", fk.to_table
+      end
+
+      test "no foreign key is created by default" do
+        @connection.create_table :testings do |t|
+          t.references :testing_parent
+        end
+
+        assert_equal [], @connection.foreign_keys("testings")
+      end
+
+      test "foreign keys can be created in one query" do
+        assert_queries(1) do
+          @connection.create_table :testings do |t|
+            t.references :testing_parent, foreign_key: true
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      test "options hash can be passed" do
+        @connection.change_table :testing_parents do |t|
+          t.integer :other_id
+          t.index :other_id, unique: true
+        end
+        @connection.create_table :testings do |t|
+          t.references :testing_parent, foreign_key: { primary_key: :other_id }
+        end
+
+        fk = @connection.foreign_keys("testings").find { |k| k.to_table == "testing_parents" }
+        assert_equal "other_id", fk.primary_key
+      end
+
+      test "to_table option can be passed" do
+        @connection.create_table :testings do |t|
+          t.references :parent, foreign_key: { to_table: :testing_parents }
+        end
+        fks = @connection.foreign_keys("testings")
+        assert_equal([["testings", "testing_parents", "parent_id"]],
+                     fks.map {|fk| [fk.from_table, fk.to_table, fk.column] })
+      end
+
+      test "foreign keys cannot be added to polymorphic relations when creating the table" do
+        @connection.create_table :testings do |t|
+          assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+            t.references :testing_parent, polymorphic: true, foreign_key: true
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      test "foreign keys can be created while changing the table" do
+        @connection.create_table :testings
+        @connection.change_table :testings do |t|
+          t.references :testing_parent, foreign_key: true
+        end
+
+        fk = @connection.foreign_keys("testings").first
+        assert_equal "testings", fk.from_table
+        assert_equal "testing_parents", fk.to_table
+      end
+
+      test "foreign keys are not added by default when changing the table" do
+        @connection.create_table :testings
+        @connection.change_table :testings do |t|
+          t.references :testing_parent
+        end
+
+        assert_equal [], @connection.foreign_keys("testings")
+      end
+
+      test "foreign keys accept options when changing the table" do
+        @connection.change_table :testing_parents do |t|
+          t.integer :other_id
+          t.index :other_id, unique: true
+        end
+        @connection.create_table :testings
+        @connection.change_table :testings do |t|
+          t.references :testing_parent, foreign_key: { primary_key: :other_id }
+        end
+
+        fk = @connection.foreign_keys("testings").find { |k| k.to_table == "testing_parents" }
+        assert_equal "other_id", fk.primary_key
+      end
+
+      test "foreign keys cannot be added to polymorphic relations when changing the table" do
+        @connection.create_table :testings
+        @connection.change_table :testings do |t|
+          assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+            t.references :testing_parent, polymorphic: true, foreign_key: true
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      test "foreign key column can be removed" do
+        @connection.create_table :testings do |t|
+          t.references :testing_parent, index: true, foreign_key: true
+        end
+
+        assert_difference "@connection.foreign_keys('testings').size", -1 do
+          @connection.remove_reference :testings, :testing_parent, foreign_key: true
+        end
+      end
+
+      test "foreign key methods respect pluralize_table_names" do
+        begin
+          original_pluralize_table_names = ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names
+          ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names = false
+          @connection.create_table :testing
+          @connection.change_table :testing_parents do |t|
+            t.references :testing, foreign_key: true
+          end
+
+          fk = @connection.foreign_keys("testing_parents").first
+          assert_equal "testing_parents", fk.from_table
+          assert_equal "testing", fk.to_table
+
+          assert_difference "@connection.foreign_keys('testing_parents').size", -1 do
+            @connection.remove_reference :testing_parents, :testing, foreign_key: true
+          end
+        ensure
+          ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names = original_pluralize_table_names
+          @connection.drop_table "testing", if_exists: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+else
+class ReferencesWithoutForeignKeySupportTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_table(:testing_parents, force: true)
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.drop_table("testings", if_exists: true)
+    @connection.drop_table("testing_parents", if_exists: true)
+  end
+
+  test "ignores foreign keys defined with the table" do
+    @connection.create_table :testings do |t|
+      t.references :testing_parent, foreign_key: true
+    end
+
+    assert_includes @connection.data_sources, "testings"
+  end
+end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_index_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_index_test.rb
index 19eb7d3c9e..ad6b828d0b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_index_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_index_test.rb
@@ -11,8 +11,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @table_name = :testings
       end
 
-      def teardown
-        super
+      teardown do
         connection.drop_table :testings rescue nil
       end
 
@@ -56,7 +55,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             t.references :foo, :polymorphic => true, :index => true
           end
 
-          assert connection.index_exists?(table_name, [:foo_id, :foo_type], :name => :index_testings_on_foo_id_and_foo_type)
+          assert connection.index_exists?(table_name, [:foo_type, :foo_id], name: :index_testings_on_foo_type_and_foo_id)
         end
       end
 
@@ -94,7 +93,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             t.references :foo, :polymorphic => true, :index => true
           end
 
-          assert connection.index_exists?(table_name, [:foo_id, :foo_type], :name => :index_testings_on_foo_id_and_foo_type)
+          assert connection.index_exists?(table_name, [:foo_type, :foo_id], name: :index_testings_on_foo_type_and_foo_id)
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_statements_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_statements_test.rb
index e9545f2cce..f613fd66c3 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_statements_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_statements_test.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     class ReferencesStatementsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       include ActiveRecord::Migration::TestHelper
 
-      self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+      self.use_transactional_tests = false
 
       def setup
         super
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def test_creates_polymorphic_index
         add_reference table_name, :taggable, polymorphic: true, index: true
-        assert index_exists?(table_name, [:taggable_id, :taggable_type])
+        assert index_exists?(table_name, [:taggable_type, :taggable_id])
       end
 
       def test_creates_reference_type_column_with_default
@@ -55,6 +55,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert index_exists?(table_name, :tag_id, name: 'index_taggings_on_tag_id')
       end
 
+      def test_creates_reference_id_with_specified_type
+        add_reference table_name, :user, type: :string
+        assert column_exists?(table_name, :user_id, :string)
+      end
+
       def test_deletes_reference_id_column
         remove_reference table_name, :supplier
         assert_not column_exists?(table_name, :supplier_id, :integer)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/rename_table_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/rename_table_test.rb
index 2a7fafc559..8eb027d53f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/rename_table_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/rename_table_test.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     class RenameTableTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       include ActiveRecord::Migration::TestHelper
 
-      self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+      self.use_transactional_tests = false
 
       def setup
         super
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def teardown
-        rename_table :octopi, :test_models if connection.table_exists? :octopi
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { rename_table :octopi, :test_models if connection.table_exists? :octopi }
         super
       end
 
@@ -39,41 +39,35 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def test_rename_table
-        rename_table :test_models, :octopi
-
-        # Using explicit id in insert for compatibility across all databases
-        connection.enable_identity_insert("octopi", true) if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
-
-        connection.execute "INSERT INTO octopi (#{connection.quote_column_name('id')}, #{connection.quote_column_name('url')}) VALUES (1, 'http://www.foreverflying.com/octopus-black7.jpg')"
+      unless current_adapter?(:FbAdapter) # Firebird cannot rename tables
+        def test_rename_table
+          rename_table :test_models, :octopi
 
-        connection.enable_identity_insert("octopi", false) if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
+          connection.execute "INSERT INTO octopi (#{connection.quote_column_name('id')}, #{connection.quote_column_name('url')}) VALUES (1, 'http://www.foreverflying.com/octopus-black7.jpg')"
 
-        assert_equal 'http://www.foreverflying.com/octopus-black7.jpg', connection.select_value("SELECT url FROM octopi WHERE id=1")
-      end
+          assert_equal 'http://www.foreverflying.com/octopus-black7.jpg', connection.select_value("SELECT url FROM octopi WHERE id=1")
+        end
 
-      def test_rename_table_with_an_index
-        add_index :test_models, :url
+        def test_rename_table_with_an_index
+          add_index :test_models, :url
 
-        rename_table :test_models, :octopi
+          rename_table :test_models, :octopi
 
-        # Using explicit id in insert for compatibility across all databases
-        connection.enable_identity_insert("octopi", true) if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
-        connection.execute "INSERT INTO octopi (#{connection.quote_column_name('id')}, #{connection.quote_column_name('url')}) VALUES (1, 'http://www.foreverflying.com/octopus-black7.jpg')"
-        connection.enable_identity_insert("octopi", false) if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
+          connection.execute "INSERT INTO octopi (#{connection.quote_column_name('id')}, #{connection.quote_column_name('url')}) VALUES (1, 'http://www.foreverflying.com/octopus-black7.jpg')"
 
-        assert_equal 'http://www.foreverflying.com/octopus-black7.jpg', connection.select_value("SELECT url FROM octopi WHERE id=1")
-        index = connection.indexes(:octopi).first
-        assert index.columns.include?("url")
-        assert_equal 'index_octopi_on_url', index.name
-      end
+          assert_equal 'http://www.foreverflying.com/octopus-black7.jpg', connection.select_value("SELECT url FROM octopi WHERE id=1")
+          index = connection.indexes(:octopi).first
+          assert index.columns.include?("url")
+          assert_equal 'index_octopi_on_url', index.name
+        end
 
-      def test_rename_table_does_not_rename_custom_named_index
-        add_index :test_models, :url, name: 'special_url_idx'
+        def test_rename_table_does_not_rename_custom_named_index
+          add_index :test_models, :url, name: 'special_url_idx'
 
-        rename_table :test_models, :octopi
+          rename_table :test_models, :octopi
 
-        assert_equal ['special_url_idx'], connection.indexes(:octopi).map(&:name)
+          assert_equal ['special_url_idx'], connection.indexes(:octopi).map(&:name)
+        end
       end
 
       if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
@@ -82,7 +76,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
           pk, seq = connection.pk_and_sequence_for('octopi')
 
-          assert_equal "octopi_#{pk}_seq", seq
+          assert_equal ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::Name.new("public", "octopi_#{pk}_seq"), seq
+        end
+
+        def test_renaming_table_doesnt_attempt_to_rename_non_existent_sequences
+          enable_extension!('uuid-ossp', connection)
+          connection.create_table :cats, id: :uuid
+          assert_nothing_raised { rename_table :cats, :felines }
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { assert connection.table_exists? :felines }
+        ensure
+          disable_extension!('uuid-ossp', connection)
+          connection.drop_table :cats, if_exists: true
+          connection.drop_table :felines, if_exists: true
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/table_and_index_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/table_and_index_test.rb
index 8fd770abd1..24cba84a09 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/table_and_index_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/table_and_index_test.rb
@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def test_add_schema_info_respects_prefix_and_suffix
         conn = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
 
-        conn.drop_table(ActiveRecord::Migrator.schema_migrations_table_name) if conn.table_exists?(ActiveRecord::Migrator.schema_migrations_table_name)
+        conn.drop_table(ActiveRecord::Migrator.schema_migrations_table_name, if_exists: true)
         # Use shorter prefix and suffix as in Oracle database identifier cannot be larger than 30 characters
         ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = 'p_'
         ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = '_s'
-        conn.drop_table(ActiveRecord::Migrator.schema_migrations_table_name) if conn.table_exists?(ActiveRecord::Migrator.schema_migrations_table_name)
+        conn.drop_table(ActiveRecord::Migrator.schema_migrations_table_name, if_exists: true)
 
         conn.initialize_schema_migrations_table
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb
index 1bda472d23..19be357b6e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb
@@ -1,24 +1,31 @@
-require "cases/helper"
-require "cases/migration/helper"
+require 'cases/helper'
+require 'cases/migration/helper'
 require 'bigdecimal/util'
+require 'concurrent/atomic/count_down_latch'
 
 require 'models/person'
 require 'models/topic'
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 
 require MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid/2_we_need_reminders"
 require MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/rename/1_we_need_things"
 require MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/rename/2_rename_things"
 require MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/decimal/1_give_me_big_numbers"
 
-class BigNumber < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+class BigNumber < ActiveRecord::Base
+  unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter, :SQLite3Adapter)
+    attribute :value_of_e, :integer
+  end
+  attribute :my_house_population, :integer
+end
 
 class Reminder < ActiveRecord::Base; end
 
 class Thing < ActiveRecord::Base; end
 
 class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
 
   fixtures :people
 
@@ -28,12 +35,11 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       Reminder.connection.drop_table(table) rescue nil
     end
     Reminder.reset_column_information
-    ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = true
-    ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count = 0
+    @verbose_was, ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose, false
     ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_cache.clear!
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = ""
     ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = ""
 
@@ -57,8 +63,10 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
     Person.connection.remove_column("people", "first_name") rescue nil
     Person.connection.remove_column("people", "middle_name") rescue nil
-    Person.connection.add_column("people", "first_name", :string, :limit => 40)
+    Person.connection.add_column("people", "first_name", :string)
     Person.reset_column_information
+
+    ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = @verbose_was
   end
 
   def test_migrator_versions
@@ -68,26 +76,48 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     ActiveRecord::Migrator.up(migrations_path)
     assert_equal 3, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version
-    assert_equal 3, ActiveRecord::Migrator.last_version
     assert_equal false, ActiveRecord::Migrator.needs_migration?
 
     ActiveRecord::Migrator.down(MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid")
     assert_equal 0, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version
-    assert_equal 3, ActiveRecord::Migrator.last_version
+    assert_equal true, ActiveRecord::Migrator.needs_migration?
+
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create!(version: 3)
+    assert_equal true, ActiveRecord::Migrator.needs_migration?
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths = old_path
+  end
+
+  def test_migration_detection_without_schema_migration_table
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table 'schema_migrations', if_exists: true
+
+    migrations_path = MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid"
+    old_path = ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths = migrations_path
+
     assert_equal true, ActiveRecord::Migrator.needs_migration?
   ensure
     ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths = old_path
   end
 
+  def test_any_migrations
+    old_path = ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths = MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid"
+
+    assert ActiveRecord::Migrator.any_migrations?
+
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths = MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/empty"
+
+    assert_not ActiveRecord::Migrator.any_migrations?
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths = old_path
+  end
+
   def test_migration_version
-    ActiveRecord::Migrator.run(:up, MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/version_check", 20131219224947)
+    assert_nothing_raised { ActiveRecord::Migrator.run(:up, MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/version_check", 20131219224947) }
   end
 
   def test_create_table_with_force_true_does_not_drop_nonexisting_table
-    if Person.connection.table_exists?(:testings2)
-      Person.connection.drop_table :testings2
-    end
-
     # using a copy as we need the drop_table method to
     # continue to work for the ensure block of the test
     temp_conn = Person.connection.dup
@@ -98,20 +128,16 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       t.column :foo, :string
     end
   ensure
-    Person.connection.drop_table :testings2 rescue nil
-  end
-
-  def connection
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    Person.connection.drop_table :testings2, if_exists: true
   end
 
   def test_migration_instance_has_connection
-    migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration).new
-    assert_equal connection, migration.connection
+    migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration::Current).new
+    assert_equal ActiveRecord::Base.connection, migration.connection
   end
 
   def test_method_missing_delegates_to_connection
-    migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration) {
+    migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration::Current) {
       def connection
         Class.new {
           def create_table; "hi mom!"; end
@@ -127,6 +153,7 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert !BigNumber.table_exists?
     GiveMeBigNumbers.up
+    BigNumber.reset_column_information
 
     assert BigNumber.create(
       :bank_balance => 1586.43,
@@ -199,7 +226,7 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) { Reminder.first }
   end
 
-  class MockMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  class MockMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
     attr_reader :went_up, :went_down
     def initialize
       @went_up   = false
@@ -241,7 +268,7 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     def test_migrator_one_up_with_exception_and_rollback
       assert_no_column Person, :last_name
 
-      migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration) {
+      migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration::Current) {
         def version; 100 end
         def migrate(x)
           add_column "people", "last_name", :string
@@ -262,7 +289,7 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     def test_migrator_one_up_with_exception_and_rollback_using_run
       assert_no_column Person, :last_name
 
-      migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration) {
+      migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration::Current) {
         def version; 100 end
         def migrate(x)
           add_column "people", "last_name", :string
@@ -283,7 +310,7 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     def test_migration_without_transaction
       assert_no_column Person, :last_name
 
-      migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration) {
+      migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration::Current) {
         self.disable_ddl_transaction!
 
         def version; 101 end
@@ -327,47 +354,6 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     Reminder.reset_table_name
   end
 
-  def test_proper_table_name_on_migrator
-    reminder_class = new_isolated_reminder_class
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_equal "table", ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name('table')
-    end
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_equal "table", ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name(:table)
-    end
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_equal "reminders", ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name(reminder_class)
-    end
-    reminder_class.reset_table_name
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_equal reminder_class.table_name, ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name(reminder_class)
-    end
-
-    # Use the model's own prefix/suffix if a model is given
-    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = "ARprefix_"
-    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = "_ARsuffix"
-    reminder_class.table_name_prefix = 'prefix_'
-    reminder_class.table_name_suffix = '_suffix'
-    reminder_class.reset_table_name
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_equal "prefix_reminders_suffix", ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name(reminder_class)
-    end
-    reminder_class.table_name_prefix = ''
-    reminder_class.table_name_suffix = ''
-    reminder_class.reset_table_name
-
-    # Use AR::Base's prefix/suffix if string or symbol is given
-    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = "prefix_"
-    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = "_suffix"
-    reminder_class.reset_table_name
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_equal "prefix_table_suffix", ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name('table')
-    end
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_equal "prefix_table_suffix", ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name(:table)
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_proper_table_name_on_migration
     reminder_class = new_isolated_reminder_class
     migration = ActiveRecord::Migration.new
@@ -403,6 +389,7 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     Thing.reset_table_name
     Thing.reset_sequence_name
     WeNeedThings.up
+    Thing.reset_column_information
 
     assert Thing.create("content" => "hello world")
     assert_equal "hello world", Thing.first.content
@@ -422,6 +409,7 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = '_suffix'
     Reminder.reset_table_name
     Reminder.reset_sequence_name
+    Reminder.reset_column_information
     WeNeedReminders.up
     assert Reminder.create("content" => "hello world", "remind_at" => Time.now)
     assert_equal "hello world", Reminder.first.content
@@ -433,8 +421,6 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_create_table_with_binary_column
-    Person.connection.drop_table :binary_testings rescue nil
-
     assert_nothing_raised {
       Person.connection.create_table :binary_testings do |t|
         t.column "data", :binary, :null => false
@@ -446,33 +432,35 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert_nil data_column.default
 
-    Person.connection.drop_table :binary_testings rescue nil
+    Person.connection.drop_table :binary_testings, if_exists: true
   end
 
-  def test_create_table_with_query
-    Person.connection.drop_table :table_from_query_testings rescue nil
-    Person.connection.create_table(:person, force: true)
+  unless mysql_enforcing_gtid_consistency?
+    def test_create_table_with_query
+      Person.connection.drop_table :table_from_query_testings rescue nil
+      Person.connection.create_table(:person, force: true)
 
-    Person.connection.create_table :table_from_query_testings, as: "SELECT id FROM person"
+      Person.connection.create_table :table_from_query_testings, as: "SELECT id FROM person"
 
-    columns = Person.connection.columns(:table_from_query_testings)
-    assert_equal 1, columns.length
-    assert_equal "id", columns.first.name
+      columns = Person.connection.columns(:table_from_query_testings)
+      assert_equal 1, columns.length
+      assert_equal "id", columns.first.name
 
-    Person.connection.drop_table :table_from_query_testings rescue nil
-  end
+      Person.connection.drop_table :table_from_query_testings rescue nil
+    end
 
-  def test_create_table_with_query_from_relation
-    Person.connection.drop_table :table_from_query_testings rescue nil
-    Person.connection.create_table(:person, force: true)
+    def test_create_table_with_query_from_relation
+      Person.connection.drop_table :table_from_query_testings rescue nil
+      Person.connection.create_table(:person, force: true)
 
-    Person.connection.create_table :table_from_query_testings, as: Person.select(:id)
+      Person.connection.create_table :table_from_query_testings, as: Person.select(:id)
 
-    columns = Person.connection.columns(:table_from_query_testings)
-    assert_equal 1, columns.length
-    assert_equal "id", columns.first.name
+      columns = Person.connection.columns(:table_from_query_testings)
+      assert_equal 1, columns.length
+      assert_equal "id", columns.first.name
 
-    Person.connection.drop_table :table_from_query_testings rescue nil
+      Person.connection.drop_table :table_from_query_testings rescue nil
+    end
   end
 
   if current_adapter? :OracleAdapter
@@ -515,12 +503,14 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter, :PostgreSQLAdapter)
     def test_out_of_range_limit_should_raise
       Person.connection.drop_table :test_limits rescue nil
-      assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError, "integer limit didn't raise") do
+      e = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError, "integer limit didn't raise") do
         Person.connection.create_table :test_integer_limits, :force => true do |t|
           t.column :bigone, :integer, :limit => 10
         end
       end
 
+      assert_match(/No integer type has byte size 10/, e.message)
+
       unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
         assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError, "text limit didn't raise") do
           Person.connection.create_table :test_text_limits, :force => true do |t|
@@ -533,6 +523,79 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_advisory_locks?
+    def test_migrator_generates_valid_lock_id
+      migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration::Current).new
+      migrator = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], 100)
+
+      lock_id = migrator.send(:generate_migrator_advisory_lock_id)
+
+      assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection.get_advisory_lock(lock_id),
+        "the Migrator should have generated a valid lock id, but it didn't"
+      assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection.release_advisory_lock(lock_id),
+        "the Migrator should have generated a valid lock id, but it didn't"
+    end
+
+    def test_generate_migrator_advisory_lock_id
+      # It is important we are consistent with how we generate this so that
+      # exclusive locking works across migrator versions
+      migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration::Current).new
+      migrator = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], 100)
+
+      lock_id = migrator.send(:generate_migrator_advisory_lock_id)
+
+      current_database = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.current_database
+      salt = ActiveRecord::Migrator::MIGRATOR_SALT
+      expected_id = Zlib.crc32(current_database) * salt
+
+      assert lock_id == expected_id, "expected lock id generated by the migrator to be #{expected_id}, but it was #{lock_id} instead"
+      assert lock_id.is_a?(Fixnum), "expected lock id to be a Fixnum, but it wasn't"
+      assert lock_id.bit_length <= 63, "lock id must be a signed integer of max 63 bits magnitude"
+    end
+
+    def test_migrator_one_up_with_unavailable_lock
+      assert_no_column Person, :last_name
+
+      migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration::Current) {
+        def version; 100 end
+        def migrate(x)
+          add_column "people", "last_name", :string
+        end
+      }.new
+
+      migrator = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], 100)
+      lock_id = migrator.send(:generate_migrator_advisory_lock_id)
+
+      with_another_process_holding_lock(lock_id) do
+        assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ConcurrentMigrationError) { migrator.migrate }
+      end
+
+      assert_no_column Person, :last_name,
+        "without an advisory lock, the Migrator should not make any changes, but it did."
+    end
+
+    def test_migrator_one_up_with_unavailable_lock_using_run
+      assert_no_column Person, :last_name
+
+      migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration::Current) {
+        def version; 100 end
+        def migrate(x)
+          add_column "people", "last_name", :string
+        end
+      }.new
+
+      migrator = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], 100)
+      lock_id = migrator.send(:generate_migrator_advisory_lock_id)
+
+      with_another_process_holding_lock(lock_id) do
+        assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ConcurrentMigrationError) { migrator.run }
+      end
+
+      assert_no_column Person, :last_name,
+        "without an advisory lock, the Migrator should not make any changes, but it did."
+    end
+  end
+
   protected
     # This is needed to isolate class_attribute assignments like `table_name_prefix`
     # for each test case.
@@ -542,6 +605,30 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
         def self.base_class; self; end
       }
     end
+
+    def with_another_process_holding_lock(lock_id)
+      thread_lock = Concurrent::CountDownLatch.new
+      test_terminated = Concurrent::CountDownLatch.new
+
+      other_process = Thread.new do
+        begin
+          conn = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.checkout
+          conn.get_advisory_lock(lock_id)
+          thread_lock.count_down
+          test_terminated.wait # hold the lock open until we tested everything
+        ensure
+          conn.release_advisory_lock(lock_id)
+          ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.checkin(conn)
+        end
+      end
+
+      thread_lock.wait # wait until the 'other process' has the lock
+
+      yield
+
+      test_terminated.count_down
+      other_process.join
+    end
 end
 
 class ReservedWordsMigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -585,7 +672,7 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_bulk_alter?
       Person.reset_sequence_name
     end
 
-    def teardown
+    teardown do
       Person.connection.drop_table(:delete_me) rescue nil
     end
 
@@ -596,13 +683,13 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_bulk_alter?
           t.string :qualification, :experience
           t.integer :age, :default => 0
           t.date :birthdate
-          t.timestamps
+          t.timestamps null: true
         end
       end
 
       assert_equal 8, columns.size
       [:name, :qualification, :experience].each {|s| assert_equal :string, column(s).type }
-      assert_equal 0, column(:age).default
+      assert_equal '0', column(:age).default
     end
 
     def test_removing_columns
@@ -722,6 +809,8 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_bulk_alter?
 end
 
 class CopyMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include ActiveSupport::Testing::Stream
+
   def setup
   end
 
@@ -930,4 +1019,5 @@ class CopyMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   ensure
     ActiveRecord::Base.logger = old
   end
+
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migrator_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migrator_test.rb
index 3f9854200d..86eca53141 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migrator_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migrator_test.rb
@@ -1,378 +1,388 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 require "cases/migration/helper"
 
-module ActiveRecord
-  class MigratorTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-    self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+class MigratorTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
 
-    # Use this class to sense if migrations have gone
-    # up or down.
-    class Sensor < ActiveRecord::Migration
-      attr_reader :went_up, :went_down
+  # Use this class to sense if migrations have gone
+  # up or down.
+  class Sensor < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
+    attr_reader :went_up, :went_down
 
-      def initialize name = self.class.name, version = nil
-        super
-        @went_up  = false
-        @went_down = false
-      end
-
-      def up; @went_up = true; end
-      def down; @went_down = true; end
-    end
-
-    def setup
+    def initialize name = self.class.name, version = nil
       super
-      ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create_table
-      ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.delete_all rescue nil
+      @went_up  = false
+      @went_down = false
     end
 
-    def teardown
-      super
-      ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.delete_all rescue nil
-      ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = true
-    end
+    def up; @went_up = true; end
+    def down; @went_down = true; end
+  end
 
-    def test_migrator_with_duplicate_names
-      assert_raises(ActiveRecord::DuplicateMigrationNameError, "Multiple migrations have the name Chunky") do
-        list = [Migration.new('Chunky'), Migration.new('Chunky')]
-        ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, list)
+  def setup
+    super
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create_table
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.delete_all rescue nil
+    @verbose_was = ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose
+    ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count = 0
+    ActiveRecord::Migration.class_eval do
+      undef :puts
+      def puts(*)
+        ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count += 1
       end
     end
+  end
 
-    def test_migrator_with_duplicate_versions
-      assert_raises(ActiveRecord::DuplicateMigrationVersionError) do
-        list = [Migration.new('Foo', 1), Migration.new('Bar', 1)]
-        ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, list)
+  teardown do
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.delete_all rescue nil
+    ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = @verbose_was
+    ActiveRecord::Migration.class_eval do
+      undef :puts
+      def puts(*)
+        super
       end
     end
+  end
 
-    def test_migrator_with_missing_version_numbers
-      assert_raises(ActiveRecord::UnknownMigrationVersionError) do
-        list = [Migration.new('Foo', 1), Migration.new('Bar', 2)]
-        ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, list, 3).run
-      end
+  def test_migrator_with_duplicate_names
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::DuplicateMigrationNameError, "Multiple migrations have the name Chunky") do
+      list = [ActiveRecord::Migration.new('Chunky'), ActiveRecord::Migration.new('Chunky')]
+      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, list)
     end
+  end
 
-    def test_finds_migrations
-      migrations = ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations(MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid")
+  def test_migrator_with_duplicate_versions
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::DuplicateMigrationVersionError) do
+      list = [ActiveRecord::Migration.new('Foo', 1), ActiveRecord::Migration.new('Bar', 1)]
+      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, list)
+    end
+  end
 
-      [[1, 'ValidPeopleHaveLastNames'], [2, 'WeNeedReminders'], [3, 'InnocentJointable']].each_with_index do |pair, i|
-        assert_equal migrations[i].version, pair.first
-        assert_equal migrations[i].name, pair.last
-      end
+  def test_migrator_with_missing_version_numbers
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::UnknownMigrationVersionError) do
+      list = [ActiveRecord::Migration.new('Foo', 1), ActiveRecord::Migration.new('Bar', 2)]
+      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, list, 3).run
     end
+  end
 
-    def test_finds_migrations_in_subdirectories
-      migrations = ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations(MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid_with_subdirectories")
+  def test_finds_migrations
+    migrations = ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations(MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid")
 
-      [[1, 'ValidPeopleHaveLastNames'], [2, 'WeNeedReminders'], [3, 'InnocentJointable']].each_with_index do |pair, i|
-        assert_equal migrations[i].version, pair.first
-        assert_equal migrations[i].name, pair.last
-      end
+    [[1, 'ValidPeopleHaveLastNames'], [2, 'WeNeedReminders'], [3, 'InnocentJointable']].each_with_index do |pair, i|
+      assert_equal migrations[i].version, pair.first
+      assert_equal migrations[i].name, pair.last
     end
+  end
 
-    def test_finds_migrations_from_two_directories
-      directories = [MIGRATIONS_ROOT + '/valid_with_timestamps', MIGRATIONS_ROOT + '/to_copy_with_timestamps']
-      migrations = ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations directories
-
-      [[20090101010101, "PeopleHaveHobbies"],
-       [20090101010202, "PeopleHaveDescriptions"],
-       [20100101010101, "ValidWithTimestampsPeopleHaveLastNames"],
-       [20100201010101, "ValidWithTimestampsWeNeedReminders"],
-       [20100301010101, "ValidWithTimestampsInnocentJointable"]].each_with_index do |pair, i|
-        assert_equal pair.first, migrations[i].version
-        assert_equal pair.last, migrations[i].name
-       end
-    end
+  def test_finds_migrations_in_subdirectories
+    migrations = ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations(MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid_with_subdirectories")
 
-    def test_finds_migrations_in_numbered_directory
-      migrations = ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations [MIGRATIONS_ROOT + '/10_urban']
-      assert_equal 9, migrations[0].version
-      assert_equal 'AddExpressions', migrations[0].name
+    [[1, 'ValidPeopleHaveLastNames'], [2, 'WeNeedReminders'], [3, 'InnocentJointable']].each_with_index do |pair, i|
+      assert_equal migrations[i].version, pair.first
+      assert_equal migrations[i].name, pair.last
     end
+  end
 
-    def test_relative_migrations
-      list = Dir.chdir(MIGRATIONS_ROOT) do
-        ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations("valid/")
-      end
+  def test_finds_migrations_from_two_directories
+    directories = [MIGRATIONS_ROOT + '/valid_with_timestamps', MIGRATIONS_ROOT + '/to_copy_with_timestamps']
+    migrations = ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations directories
+
+    [[20090101010101, "PeopleHaveHobbies"],
+     [20090101010202, "PeopleHaveDescriptions"],
+     [20100101010101, "ValidWithTimestampsPeopleHaveLastNames"],
+     [20100201010101, "ValidWithTimestampsWeNeedReminders"],
+     [20100301010101, "ValidWithTimestampsInnocentJointable"]].each_with_index do |pair, i|
+      assert_equal pair.first, migrations[i].version
+      assert_equal pair.last, migrations[i].name
+     end
+  end
 
-      migration_proxy = list.find { |item|
-        item.name == 'ValidPeopleHaveLastNames'
-      }
-      assert migration_proxy, 'should find pending migration'
+  def test_finds_migrations_in_numbered_directory
+    migrations = ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations [MIGRATIONS_ROOT + '/10_urban']
+    assert_equal 9, migrations[0].version
+    assert_equal 'AddExpressions', migrations[0].name
+  end
+
+  def test_relative_migrations
+    list = Dir.chdir(MIGRATIONS_ROOT) do
+      ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations("valid")
     end
 
-    def test_finds_pending_migrations
-      ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create!(:version => '1')
-      migration_list = [ Migration.new('foo', 1), Migration.new('bar', 3) ]
-      migrations = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migration_list).pending_migrations
+    migration_proxy = list.find { |item|
+      item.name == 'ValidPeopleHaveLastNames'
+    }
+    assert migration_proxy, 'should find pending migration'
+  end
 
-      assert_equal 1, migrations.size
-      assert_equal migration_list.last, migrations.first
-    end
+  def test_finds_pending_migrations
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create!(:version => '1')
+    migration_list = [ActiveRecord::Migration.new('foo', 1), ActiveRecord::Migration.new('bar', 3)]
+    migrations = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migration_list).pending_migrations
 
-    def test_migrator_interleaved_migrations
-      pass_one = [Sensor.new('One', 1)]
+    assert_equal 1, migrations.size
+    assert_equal migration_list.last, migrations.first
+  end
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, pass_one).migrate
-      assert pass_one.first.went_up
-      assert_not pass_one.first.went_down
+  def test_migrator_interleaved_migrations
+    pass_one = [Sensor.new('One', 1)]
 
-      pass_two = [Sensor.new('One', 1), Sensor.new('Three', 3)]
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, pass_two).migrate
-      assert_not pass_two[0].went_up
-      assert pass_two[1].went_up
-      assert pass_two.all? { |x| !x.went_down }
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, pass_one).migrate
+    assert pass_one.first.went_up
+    assert_not pass_one.first.went_down
 
-      pass_three = [Sensor.new('One', 1),
-                    Sensor.new('Two', 2),
-                    Sensor.new('Three', 3)]
+    pass_two = [Sensor.new('One', 1), Sensor.new('Three', 3)]
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, pass_two).migrate
+    assert_not pass_two[0].went_up
+    assert pass_two[1].went_up
+    assert pass_two.all? { |x| !x.went_down }
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, pass_three).migrate
-      assert pass_three[0].went_down
-      assert_not pass_three[1].went_down
-      assert pass_three[2].went_down
-    end
+    pass_three = [Sensor.new('One', 1),
+                  Sensor.new('Two', 2),
+                  Sensor.new('Three', 3)]
 
-    def test_up_calls_up
-      migrations = [Sensor.new(nil, 0), Sensor.new(nil, 1), Sensor.new(nil, 2)]
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations).migrate
-      assert migrations.all? { |m| m.went_up }
-      assert migrations.all? { |m| !m.went_down }
-      assert_equal 2, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version
-    end
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, pass_three).migrate
+    assert pass_three[0].went_down
+    assert_not pass_three[1].went_down
+    assert pass_three[2].went_down
+  end
 
-    def test_down_calls_down
-      test_up_calls_up
+  def test_up_calls_up
+    migrations = [Sensor.new(nil, 0), Sensor.new(nil, 1), Sensor.new(nil, 2)]
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations).migrate
+    assert migrations.all?(&:went_up)
+    assert migrations.all? { |m| !m.went_down }
+    assert_equal 2, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version
+  end
 
-      migrations = [Sensor.new(nil, 0), Sensor.new(nil, 1), Sensor.new(nil, 2)]
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations).migrate
-      assert migrations.all? { |m| !m.went_up }
-      assert migrations.all? { |m| m.went_down }
-      assert_equal 0, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version
-    end
+  def test_down_calls_down
+    test_up_calls_up
 
-    def test_current_version
-      ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create!(:version => '1000')
-      assert_equal 1000, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version
-    end
+    migrations = [Sensor.new(nil, 0), Sensor.new(nil, 1), Sensor.new(nil, 2)]
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations).migrate
+    assert migrations.all? { |m| !m.went_up }
+    assert migrations.all?(&:went_down)
+    assert_equal 0, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version
+  end
 
-    def test_migrator_one_up
-      calls, migrations = sensors(3)
+  def test_current_version
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create!(:version => '1000')
+    assert_equal 1000, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version
+  end
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
-      assert_equal [[:up, 1]], calls
-      calls.clear
+  def test_migrator_one_up
+    calls, migrations = sensors(3)
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 2).migrate
-      assert_equal [[:up, 2]], calls
-    end
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
+    assert_equal [[:up, 1]], calls
+    calls.clear
 
-    def test_migrator_one_down
-      calls, migrations = sensors(3)
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 2).migrate
+    assert_equal [[:up, 2]], calls
+  end
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations).migrate
-      assert_equal [[:up, 1], [:up, 2], [:up, 3]], calls
-      calls.clear
+  def test_migrator_one_down
+    calls, migrations = sensors(3)
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 1).migrate
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations).migrate
+    assert_equal [[:up, 1], [:up, 2], [:up, 3]], calls
+    calls.clear
 
-      assert_equal [[:down, 3], [:down, 2]], calls
-    end
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 1).migrate
 
-    def test_migrator_one_up_one_down
-      calls, migrations = sensors(3)
+    assert_equal [[:down, 3], [:down, 2]], calls
+  end
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
-      assert_equal [[:up, 1]], calls
-      calls.clear
+  def test_migrator_one_up_one_down
+    calls, migrations = sensors(3)
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 0).migrate
-      assert_equal [[:down, 1]], calls
-    end
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
+    assert_equal [[:up, 1]], calls
+    calls.clear
 
-    def test_migrator_double_up
-      calls, migrations = sensors(3)
-      assert_equal(0, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 0).migrate
+    assert_equal [[:down, 1]], calls
+  end
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
-      assert_equal [[:up, 1]], calls
-      calls.clear
+  def test_migrator_double_up
+    calls, migrations = sensors(3)
+    assert_equal(0, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
-      assert_equal [], calls
-    end
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
+    assert_equal [[:up, 1]], calls
+    calls.clear
 
-    def test_migrator_double_down
-      calls, migrations = sensors(3)
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
+    assert_equal [], calls
+  end
 
-      assert_equal(0, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
+  def test_migrator_double_down
+    calls, migrations = sensors(3)
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).run
-      assert_equal [[:up, 1]], calls
-      calls.clear
+    assert_equal(0, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 1).run
-      assert_equal [[:down, 1]], calls
-      calls.clear
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).run
+    assert_equal [[:up, 1]], calls
+    calls.clear
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 1).run
-      assert_equal [], calls
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 1).run
+    assert_equal [[:down, 1]], calls
+    calls.clear
 
-      assert_equal(0, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
-    end
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 1).run
+    assert_equal [], calls
 
-    def test_migrator_verbosity
-      _, migrations = sensors(3)
+    assert_equal(0, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
+  end
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
-      assert_not_equal 0, ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count
+  def test_migrator_verbosity
+    _, migrations = sensors(3)
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count = 0
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
+    assert_not_equal 0, ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 0).migrate
-      assert_not_equal 0, ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count
-      ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count = 0
-    end
+    ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count = 0
 
-    def test_migrator_verbosity_off
-      _, migrations = sensors(3)
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 0).migrate
+    assert_not_equal 0, ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count
+  end
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count = 0
-      ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = false
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
-      assert_equal 0, ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 0).migrate
-      assert_equal 0, ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count
-    end
+  def test_migrator_verbosity_off
+    _, migrations = sensors(3)
 
-    def test_target_version_zero_should_run_only_once
-      calls, migrations = sensors(3)
+    ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count = 0
+    ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = false
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
+    assert_equal 0, ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 0).migrate
+    assert_equal 0, ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count
+  end
 
-      # migrate up to 1
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
-      assert_equal [[:up, 1]], calls
-      calls.clear
+  def test_target_version_zero_should_run_only_once
+    calls, migrations = sensors(3)
 
-      # migrate down to 0
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 0).migrate
-      assert_equal [[:down, 1]], calls
-      calls.clear
+    # migrate up to 1
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
+    assert_equal [[:up, 1]], calls
+    calls.clear
 
-      # migrate down to 0 again
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 0).migrate
-      assert_equal [], calls
-    end
+    # migrate down to 0
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 0).migrate
+    assert_equal [[:down, 1]], calls
+    calls.clear
 
-    def test_migrator_going_down_due_to_version_target
-      calls, migrator = migrator_class(3)
+    # migrate down to 0 again
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 0).migrate
+    assert_equal [], calls
+  end
 
-      migrator.up("valid", 1)
-      assert_equal [[:up, 1]], calls
-      calls.clear
+  def test_migrator_going_down_due_to_version_target
+    calls, migrator = migrator_class(3)
 
-      migrator.migrate("valid", 0)
-      assert_equal [[:down, 1]], calls
-      calls.clear
+    migrator.up("valid", 1)
+    assert_equal [[:up, 1]], calls
+    calls.clear
 
-      migrator.migrate("valid")
-      assert_equal [[:up, 1], [:up, 2], [:up, 3]], calls
-    end
+    migrator.migrate("valid", 0)
+    assert_equal [[:down, 1]], calls
+    calls.clear
 
-    def test_migrator_rollback
-      _, migrator = migrator_class(3)
+    migrator.migrate("valid")
+    assert_equal [[:up, 1], [:up, 2], [:up, 3]], calls
+  end
 
-      migrator.migrate("valid")
-      assert_equal(3, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
+  def test_migrator_rollback
+    _, migrator = migrator_class(3)
 
-      migrator.rollback("valid")
-      assert_equal(2, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
+    migrator.migrate("valid")
+    assert_equal(3, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
 
-      migrator.rollback("valid")
-      assert_equal(1, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
+    migrator.rollback("valid")
+    assert_equal(2, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
 
-      migrator.rollback("valid")
-      assert_equal(0, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
+    migrator.rollback("valid")
+    assert_equal(1, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
 
-      migrator.rollback("valid")
-      assert_equal(0, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
-    end
+    migrator.rollback("valid")
+    assert_equal(0, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
 
-    def test_migrator_db_has_no_schema_migrations_table
-      _, migrator = migrator_class(3)
+    migrator.rollback("valid")
+    assert_equal(0, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
+  end
 
-      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("DROP TABLE schema_migrations")
-      assert_not ActiveRecord::Base.connection.table_exists?('schema_migrations')
-      migrator.migrate("valid", 1)
-      assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection.table_exists?('schema_migrations')
-    end
+  def test_migrator_db_has_no_schema_migrations_table
+    _, migrator = migrator_class(3)
 
-    def test_migrator_forward
-      _, migrator = migrator_class(3)
-      migrator.migrate("/valid", 1)
-      assert_equal(1, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table "schema_migrations", if_exists: true
+    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { assert_not ActiveRecord::Base.connection.table_exists?('schema_migrations') }
+    migrator.migrate("valid", 1)
+    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection.table_exists?('schema_migrations') }
+  end
 
-      migrator.forward("/valid", 2)
-      assert_equal(3, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
+  def test_migrator_forward
+    _, migrator = migrator_class(3)
+    migrator.migrate("/valid", 1)
+    assert_equal(1, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
 
-      migrator.forward("/valid")
-      assert_equal(3, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
-    end
+    migrator.forward("/valid", 2)
+    assert_equal(3, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
+
+    migrator.forward("/valid")
+    assert_equal(3, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
+  end
 
-    def test_only_loads_pending_migrations
-      # migrate up to 1
-      ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create!(:version => '1')
+  def test_only_loads_pending_migrations
+    # migrate up to 1
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create!(:version => '1')
 
-      calls, migrator = migrator_class(3)
-      migrator.migrate("valid", nil)
+    calls, migrator = migrator_class(3)
+    migrator.migrate("valid", nil)
 
-      assert_equal [[:up, 2], [:up, 3]], calls
-    end
+    assert_equal [[:up, 2], [:up, 3]], calls
+  end
 
-    def test_get_all_versions
-      _, migrator = migrator_class(3)
+  def test_get_all_versions
+    _, migrator = migrator_class(3)
 
-      migrator.migrate("valid")
-      assert_equal([1,2,3], ActiveRecord::Migrator.get_all_versions)
+    migrator.migrate("valid")
+    assert_equal([1,2,3], ActiveRecord::Migrator.get_all_versions)
 
-      migrator.rollback("valid")
-      assert_equal([1,2], ActiveRecord::Migrator.get_all_versions)
+    migrator.rollback("valid")
+    assert_equal([1,2], ActiveRecord::Migrator.get_all_versions)
 
-      migrator.rollback("valid")
-      assert_equal([1], ActiveRecord::Migrator.get_all_versions)
+    migrator.rollback("valid")
+    assert_equal([1], ActiveRecord::Migrator.get_all_versions)
 
-      migrator.rollback("valid")
-      assert_equal([], ActiveRecord::Migrator.get_all_versions)
-    end
+    migrator.rollback("valid")
+    assert_equal([], ActiveRecord::Migrator.get_all_versions)
+  end
 
-    private
-    def m(name, version, &block)
-      x = Sensor.new name, version
-      x.extend(Module.new {
-        define_method(:up) { block.call(:up, x); super() }
-        define_method(:down) { block.call(:down, x); super() }
-      }) if block_given?
-    end
+  private
+  def m(name, version)
+    x = Sensor.new name, version
+    x.extend(Module.new {
+      define_method(:up) { yield(:up, x); super() }
+      define_method(:down) { yield(:down, x); super() }
+    }) if block_given?
+  end
 
-    def sensors(count)
-      calls = []
-      migrations = count.times.map { |i|
-        m(nil, i + 1) { |c,migration|
-          calls << [c, migration.version]
-        }
+  def sensors(count)
+    calls = []
+    migrations = count.times.map { |i|
+      m(nil, i + 1) { |c,migration|
+        calls << [c, migration.version]
       }
-      [calls, migrations]
-    end
+    }
+    [calls, migrations]
+  end
 
-    def migrator_class(count)
-      calls, migrations = sensors(count)
+  def migrator_class(count)
+    calls, migrations = sensors(count)
 
-      migrator = Class.new(Migrator).extend(Module.new {
-        define_method(:migrations) { |paths|
-          migrations
-        }
-      })
-      [calls, migrator]
-    end
+    migrator = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migrator).extend(Module.new {
+      define_method(:migrations) { |paths|
+        migrations
+      }
+    })
+    [calls, migrator]
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/mixin_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/mixin_test.rb
index 7ddb2bfee1..7ebdcac711 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/mixin_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/mixin_test.rb
@@ -61,8 +61,6 @@ class TouchTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   # Make sure Mixin.record_timestamps gets reset, even if this test fails,
   # so that other tests do not fail because Mixin.record_timestamps == false
-  rescue Exception => e
-    raise e
   ensure
     Mixin.record_timestamps = true
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/modules_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/modules_test.rb
index 9124105e6d..7f31325f47 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/modules_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/modules_test.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/company_in_module'
 require 'models/shop'
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 
 class ModulesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :accounts, :companies, :projects, :developers, :collections, :products, :variants
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ class ModulesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class = false
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     # reinstate the constants that we undefined in the setup
     @undefined_consts.each do |constant, value|
       Object.send :const_set, constant, value unless value.nil?
@@ -67,8 +68,7 @@ class ModulesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  # need to add an eager loading condition to force the eager loading model into
-  # the old join model, to test that. See http://dev.rubyonrails.org/ticket/9640
+  # An eager loading condition to force the eager loading model into the old join model.
   def test_eager_loading_in_modules
     clients = []
 
@@ -112,6 +112,34 @@ class ModulesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     classes.each(&:reset_table_name)
   end
 
+  def test_module_table_name_suffix
+    assert_equal 'companies_suffixed', MyApplication::Business::Suffixed::Company.table_name, 'inferred table_name for ActiveRecord model in module with table_name_suffix'
+    assert_equal 'companies_suffixed', MyApplication::Business::Suffixed::Nested::Company.table_name, 'table_name for ActiveRecord model in nested module with a parent table_name_suffix'
+    assert_equal 'companies', MyApplication::Business::Suffixed::Firm.table_name, 'explicit table_name for ActiveRecord model in module with table_name_suffix should not be suffixed'
+  end
+
+  def test_module_table_name_suffix_with_global_suffix
+    classes = [ MyApplication::Business::Company,
+                MyApplication::Business::Firm,
+                MyApplication::Business::Client,
+                MyApplication::Business::Client::Contact,
+                MyApplication::Business::Developer,
+                MyApplication::Business::Project,
+                MyApplication::Business::Suffixed::Company,
+                MyApplication::Business::Suffixed::Nested::Company,
+                MyApplication::Billing::Account ]
+
+    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = '_global'
+    classes.each(&:reset_table_name)
+    assert_equal 'companies_global', MyApplication::Business::Company.table_name, 'inferred table_name for ActiveRecord model in module without table_name_suffix'
+    assert_equal 'companies_suffixed', MyApplication::Business::Suffixed::Company.table_name, 'inferred table_name for ActiveRecord model in module with table_name_suffix'
+    assert_equal 'companies_suffixed', MyApplication::Business::Suffixed::Nested::Company.table_name, 'table_name for ActiveRecord model in nested module with a parent table_name_suffix'
+    assert_equal 'companies', MyApplication::Business::Suffixed::Firm.table_name, 'explicit table_name for ActiveRecord model in module with table_name_suffix should not be suffixed'
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = ''
+    classes.each(&:reset_table_name)
+  end
+
   def test_compute_type_can_infer_class_name_of_sibling_inside_module
     old = ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class
     ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class = true
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/multiparameter_attributes_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/multiparameter_attributes_test.rb
index c70a8f296f..ae18573126 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/multiparameter_attributes_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/multiparameter_attributes_test.rb
@@ -199,6 +199,7 @@ class MultiParameterAttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_multiparameter_attributes_on_time_with_time_zone_aware_attributes
     with_timezone_config default: :utc, aware_attributes: true, zone: -28800 do
+      Topic.reset_column_information
       attributes = {
         "written_on(1i)" => "2004", "written_on(2i)" => "6", "written_on(3i)" => "24",
         "written_on(4i)" => "16", "written_on(5i)" => "24", "written_on(6i)" => "00"
@@ -209,6 +210,8 @@ class MultiParameterAttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert_equal Time.utc(2004, 6, 24, 16, 24, 0), topic.written_on.time
       assert_equal Time.zone, topic.written_on.time_zone
     end
+  ensure
+    Topic.reset_column_information
   end
 
   def test_multiparameter_attributes_on_time_with_time_zone_aware_attributes_false
@@ -227,6 +230,7 @@ class MultiParameterAttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_multiparameter_attributes_on_time_with_skip_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes
     with_timezone_config default: :utc, aware_attributes: true, zone: -28800 do
       Topic.skip_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes = [:written_on]
+      Topic.reset_column_information
       attributes = {
         "written_on(1i)" => "2004", "written_on(2i)" => "6", "written_on(3i)" => "24",
         "written_on(4i)" => "16", "written_on(5i)" => "24", "written_on(6i)" => "00"
@@ -238,21 +242,25 @@ class MultiParameterAttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   ensure
     Topic.skip_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes = []
+    Topic.reset_column_information
   end
 
-  # Oracle, and Sybase do not have a TIME datatype.
-  unless current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter, :SybaseAdapter)
+  # Oracle does not have a TIME datatype.
+  unless current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
     def test_multiparameter_attributes_on_time_only_column_with_time_zone_aware_attributes_does_not_do_time_zone_conversion
       with_timezone_config default: :utc, aware_attributes: true, zone: -28800 do
+        Topic.reset_column_information
         attributes = {
           "bonus_time(1i)" => "2000", "bonus_time(2i)" => "1", "bonus_time(3i)" => "1",
           "bonus_time(4i)" => "16", "bonus_time(5i)" => "24"
         }
         topic = Topic.find(1)
         topic.attributes = attributes
-        assert_equal Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 16, 24, 0), topic.bonus_time
-        assert topic.bonus_time.utc?
+        assert_equal Time.zone.local(2000, 1, 1, 16, 24, 0), topic.bonus_time
+        assert_not topic.bonus_time.utc?
       end
+    ensure
+      Topic.reset_column_information
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/multiple_db_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/multiple_db_test.rb
index 3831de6ae3..39cdcf5403 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/multiple_db_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/multiple_db_test.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ require 'models/bird'
 require 'models/course'
 
 class MultipleDbTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
 
   def setup
     @courses  = create_fixtures("courses") { Course.retrieve_connection }
@@ -94,6 +94,13 @@ class MultipleDbTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   unless in_memory_db?
+    def test_count_on_custom_connection
+      ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
+      assert_equal 1, College.count
+    ensure
+      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection :arunit
+    end
+
     def test_associations_should_work_when_model_has_no_connection
       begin
         ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb
index 2f89699df7..0b700afcb4 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb
@@ -11,25 +11,9 @@ require "models/owner"
 require "models/pet"
 require 'active_support/hash_with_indifferent_access'
 
-module AssertRaiseWithMessage
-  def assert_raise_with_message(expected_exception, expected_message)
-    begin
-      error_raised = false
-      yield
-    rescue expected_exception => error
-      error_raised = true
-      actual_message = error.message
-    end
-    assert error_raised
-    assert_equal expected_message, actual_message
-  end
-end
-
 class TestNestedAttributesInGeneral < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  include AssertRaiseWithMessage
-
-  def teardown
-    Pirate.accepts_nested_attributes_for :ship, :allow_destroy => true, :reject_if => proc { |attributes| attributes.empty? }
+  teardown do
+    Pirate.accepts_nested_attributes_for :ship, :allow_destroy => true, :reject_if => proc(&:empty?)
   end
 
   def test_base_should_have_an_empty_nested_attributes_options
@@ -71,9 +55,10 @@ class TestNestedAttributesInGeneral < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_raise_an_ArgumentError_for_non_existing_associations
-    assert_raise_with_message ArgumentError, "No association found for name `honesty'. Has it been defined yet?" do
+    exception = assert_raise ArgumentError do
       Pirate.accepts_nested_attributes_for :honesty
     end
+    assert_equal "No association found for name `honesty'. Has it been defined yet?", exception.message
   end
 
   def test_should_disable_allow_destroy_by_default
@@ -213,17 +198,16 @@ class TestNestedAttributesInGeneral < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 end
 
 class TestNestedAttributesOnAHasOneAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  include AssertRaiseWithMessage
-
   def setup
     @pirate = Pirate.create!(:catchphrase => "Don' botharrr talkin' like one, savvy?")
     @ship = @pirate.create_ship(:name => 'Nights Dirty Lightning')
   end
 
   def test_should_raise_argument_error_if_trying_to_build_polymorphic_belongs_to
-    assert_raise_with_message ArgumentError, "Cannot build association `looter'. Are you trying to build a polymorphic one-to-one association?" do
+    exception = assert_raise ArgumentError do
       Treasure.new(:name => 'pearl', :looter_attributes => {:catchphrase => "Arrr"})
     end
+    assert_equal "Cannot build association `looter'. Are you trying to build a polymorphic one-to-one association?", exception.message
   end
 
   def test_should_define_an_attribute_writer_method_for_the_association
@@ -275,9 +259,10 @@ class TestNestedAttributesOnAHasOneAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_raise_RecordNotFound_if_an_id_is_given_but_doesnt_return_a_record
-    assert_raise_with_message ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find Ship with ID=1234567890 for Pirate with ID=#{@pirate.id}" do
+    exception = assert_raise ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound do
       @pirate.ship_attributes = { :id => 1234567890 }
     end
+    assert_equal "Couldn't find Ship with ID=1234567890 for Pirate with ID=#{@pirate.id}", exception.message
   end
 
   def test_should_take_a_hash_with_string_keys_and_update_the_associated_model
@@ -288,10 +273,11 @@ class TestNestedAttributesOnAHasOneAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_modify_an_existing_record_if_there_is_a_matching_composite_id
-    @ship.stubs(:id).returns('ABC1X')
-    @pirate.ship_attributes = { :id => @ship.id, :name => 'Davy Jones Gold Dagger' }
+    @ship.stub(:id, 'ABC1X') do
+      @pirate.ship_attributes = { :id => @ship.id, :name => 'Davy Jones Gold Dagger' }
 
-    assert_equal 'Davy Jones Gold Dagger', @pirate.ship.name
+      assert_equal 'Davy Jones Gold Dagger', @pirate.ship.name
+    end
   end
 
   def test_should_destroy_an_existing_record_if_there_is_a_matching_id_and_destroy_is_truthy
@@ -315,13 +301,13 @@ class TestNestedAttributesOnAHasOneAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_not_destroy_an_existing_record_if_allow_destroy_is_false
-    Pirate.accepts_nested_attributes_for :ship, :allow_destroy => false, :reject_if => proc { |attributes| attributes.empty? }
+    Pirate.accepts_nested_attributes_for :ship, :allow_destroy => false, :reject_if => proc(&:empty?)
 
     @pirate.update(ship_attributes: { id: @pirate.ship.id, _destroy: '1' })
 
     assert_equal @ship, @pirate.reload.ship
 
-    Pirate.accepts_nested_attributes_for :ship, :allow_destroy => true, :reject_if => proc { |attributes| attributes.empty? }
+    Pirate.accepts_nested_attributes_for :ship, :allow_destroy => true, :reject_if => proc(&:empty?)
   end
 
   def test_should_also_work_with_a_HashWithIndifferentAccess
@@ -403,8 +389,6 @@ class TestNestedAttributesOnAHasOneAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 end
 
 class TestNestedAttributesOnABelongsToAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  include AssertRaiseWithMessage
-
   def setup
     @ship = Ship.new(:name => 'Nights Dirty Lightning')
     @pirate = @ship.build_pirate(:catchphrase => 'Aye')
@@ -460,9 +444,10 @@ class TestNestedAttributesOnABelongsToAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_raise_RecordNotFound_if_an_id_is_given_but_doesnt_return_a_record
-    assert_raise_with_message ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find Pirate with ID=1234567890 for Ship with ID=#{@ship.id}" do
+    exception = assert_raise ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound do
       @ship.pirate_attributes = { :id => 1234567890 }
     end
+    assert_equal "Couldn't find Pirate with ID=1234567890 for Ship with ID=#{@ship.id}", exception.message
   end
 
   def test_should_take_a_hash_with_string_keys_and_update_the_associated_model
@@ -473,10 +458,11 @@ class TestNestedAttributesOnABelongsToAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_modify_an_existing_record_if_there_is_a_matching_composite_id
-    @pirate.stubs(:id).returns('ABC1X')
-    @ship.pirate_attributes = { :id => @pirate.id, :catchphrase => 'Arr' }
+    @pirate.stub(:id, 'ABC1X') do
+      @ship.pirate_attributes = { :id => @pirate.id, :catchphrase => 'Arr' }
 
-    assert_equal 'Arr', @ship.pirate.catchphrase
+      assert_equal 'Arr', @ship.pirate.catchphrase
+    end
   end
 
   def test_should_destroy_an_existing_record_if_there_is_a_matching_id_and_destroy_is_truthy
@@ -510,12 +496,12 @@ class TestNestedAttributesOnABelongsToAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_not_destroy_an_existing_record_if_allow_destroy_is_false
-    Ship.accepts_nested_attributes_for :pirate, :allow_destroy => false, :reject_if => proc { |attributes| attributes.empty? }
+    Ship.accepts_nested_attributes_for :pirate, :allow_destroy => false, :reject_if => proc(&:empty?)
 
     @ship.update(pirate_attributes: { id: @ship.pirate.id, _destroy: '1' })
     assert_nothing_raised(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { @ship.pirate.reload }
   ensure
-    Ship.accepts_nested_attributes_for :pirate, :allow_destroy => true, :reject_if => proc { |attributes| attributes.empty? }
+    Ship.accepts_nested_attributes_for :pirate, :allow_destroy => true, :reject_if => proc(&:empty?)
   end
 
   def test_should_work_with_update_as_well
@@ -579,8 +565,6 @@ class TestNestedAttributesOnABelongsToAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 end
 
 module NestedAttributesOnACollectionAssociationTests
-  include AssertRaiseWithMessage
-
   def test_should_define_an_attribute_writer_method_for_the_association
     assert_respond_to @pirate, association_setter
   end
@@ -656,23 +640,36 @@ module NestedAttributesOnACollectionAssociationTests
   end
 
   def test_should_take_a_hash_with_composite_id_keys_and_assign_the_attributes_to_the_associated_models
-    @child_1.stubs(:id).returns('ABC1X')
-    @child_2.stubs(:id).returns('ABC2X')
-
-    @pirate.attributes = {
-      association_getter => [
-        { :id => @child_1.id, :name => 'Grace OMalley' },
-        { :id => @child_2.id, :name => 'Privateers Greed' }
-      ]
-    }
+    @child_1.stub(:id, 'ABC1X') do
+      @child_2.stub(:id, 'ABC2X') do
 
-    assert_equal ['Grace OMalley', 'Privateers Greed'], [@child_1.name, @child_2.name]
+        @pirate.attributes = {
+          association_getter => [
+            { :id => @child_1.id, :name => 'Grace OMalley' },
+            { :id => @child_2.id, :name => 'Privateers Greed' }
+          ]
+        }
+
+        assert_equal ['Grace OMalley', 'Privateers Greed'], [@child_1.name, @child_2.name]
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   def test_should_raise_RecordNotFound_if_an_id_is_given_but_doesnt_return_a_record
-    assert_raise_with_message ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find #{@child_1.class.name} with ID=1234567890 for Pirate with ID=#{@pirate.id}" do
+    exception = assert_raise ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound do
       @pirate.attributes = { association_getter => [{ :id => 1234567890 }] }
     end
+    assert_equal "Couldn't find #{@child_1.class.name} with ID=1234567890 for Pirate with ID=#{@pirate.id}", exception.message
+  end
+
+  def test_should_raise_RecordNotFound_if_an_id_belonging_to_a_different_record_is_given
+    other_pirate = Pirate.create! catchphrase: 'Ahoy!'
+    other_child = other_pirate.send(@association_name).create! name: 'Buccaneers Servant'
+
+    exception = assert_raise ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound do
+      @pirate.attributes = { association_getter => [{ id: other_child.id }] }
+    end
+    assert_equal "Couldn't find #{@child_1.class.name} with ID=#{other_child.id} for Pirate with ID=#{@pirate.id}", exception.message
   end
 
   def test_should_automatically_build_new_associated_models_for_each_entry_in_a_hash_where_the_id_is_missing
@@ -727,9 +724,10 @@ module NestedAttributesOnACollectionAssociationTests
     assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError) { @pirate.send(association_setter, {}) }
     assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError) { @pirate.send(association_setter, Hash.new) }
 
-    assert_raise_with_message ArgumentError, 'Hash or Array expected, got String ("foo")' do
+    exception = assert_raise ArgumentError do
       @pirate.send(association_setter, "foo")
     end
+    assert_equal 'Hash or Array expected, got String ("foo")', exception.message
   end
 
   def test_should_work_with_update_as_well
@@ -871,7 +869,7 @@ end
 
 module NestedAttributesLimitTests
   def teardown
-    Pirate.accepts_nested_attributes_for :parrots, :allow_destroy => true, :reject_if => proc { |attributes| attributes.empty? }
+    Pirate.accepts_nested_attributes_for :parrots, :allow_destroy => true, :reject_if => proc(&:empty?)
   end
 
   def test_limit_with_less_records
@@ -959,7 +957,7 @@ class TestNestedAttributesWithNonStandardPrimaryKeys < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 end
 
 class TestHasOneAutosaveAssociationWhichItselfHasAutosaveAssociations < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false unless supports_savepoints?
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false unless supports_savepoints?
 
   def setup
     @pirate = Pirate.create!(:catchphrase => "My baby takes tha mornin' train!")
@@ -999,7 +997,7 @@ class TestHasOneAutosaveAssociationWhichItselfHasAutosaveAssociations < ActiveRe
 end
 
 class TestHasManyAutosaveAssociationWhichItselfHasAutosaveAssociations < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false unless supports_savepoints?
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false unless supports_savepoints?
 
   def setup
     @ship = Ship.create!(:name => "The good ship Dollypop")
@@ -1053,4 +1051,21 @@ class TestHasManyAutosaveAssociationWhichItselfHasAutosaveAssociations < ActiveR
     ShipPart.create!(:ship => @ship, :name => "Stern")
     assert_no_queries { @ship.valid? }
   end
+
+  test "circular references do not perform unnecessary queries" do
+    ship = Ship.new(name: "The Black Rock")
+    part = ship.parts.build(name: "Stern")
+    ship.treasures.build(looter: part)
+
+    assert_queries 3 do
+      ship.save!
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "nested singular associations are validated" do
+    part = ShipPart.new(name: "Stern", ship_attributes: { name: nil })
+
+    assert_not part.valid?
+    assert_equal ["Ship name can't be blank"], part.errors.full_messages
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/persistence_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/persistence_test.rb
index b9f0624f76..af15e63d9c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/persistence_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/persistence_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'models/aircraft'
 require 'models/post'
 require 'models/comment'
 require 'models/author'
@@ -7,6 +8,7 @@ require 'models/reply'
 require 'models/category'
 require 'models/company'
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 require 'models/project'
 require 'models/minimalistic'
 require 'models/warehouse_thing'
@@ -15,11 +17,14 @@ require 'models/minivan'
 require 'models/owner'
 require 'models/person'
 require 'models/pet'
+require 'models/ship'
 require 'models/toy'
+require 'models/admin'
+require 'models/admin/user'
 require 'rexml/document'
 
 class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :topics, :companies, :developers, :projects, :computers, :accounts, :minimalistics, 'warehouse-things', :authors, :categorizations, :categories, :posts, :minivans, :pets, :toys
+  fixtures :topics, :companies, :developers, :projects, :computers, :accounts, :minimalistics, 'warehouse-things', :authors, :author_addresses, :categorizations, :categories, :posts, :minivans, :pets, :toys
 
   # Oracle UPDATE does not support ORDER BY
   unless current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
@@ -117,15 +122,24 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 59, accounts(:signals37, :reload).credit_limit
   end
 
+  def test_increment_updates_counter_in_db_using_offset
+    a1 = accounts(:signals37)
+    initial_credit = a1.credit_limit
+    a2 = Account.find(accounts(:signals37).id)
+    a1.increment!(:credit_limit)
+    a2.increment!(:credit_limit)
+    assert_equal initial_credit + 2, a1.reload.credit_limit
+  end
+
   def test_destroy_all
     conditions = "author_name = 'Mary'"
     topics_by_mary = Topic.all.merge!(:where => conditions, :order => 'id').to_a
     assert ! topics_by_mary.empty?
 
     assert_difference('Topic.count', -topics_by_mary.size) do
-      destroyed = Topic.destroy_all(conditions).sort_by(&:id)
+      destroyed = Topic.where(conditions).destroy_all.sort_by(&:id)
       assert_equal topics_by_mary, destroyed
-      assert destroyed.all? { |topic| topic.frozen? }, "destroyed topics should be frozen"
+      assert destroyed.all?(&:frozen?), "destroyed topics should be frozen"
     end
   end
 
@@ -135,7 +149,7 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_difference('Client.count', -2) do
       destroyed = Client.destroy([2, 3]).sort_by(&:id)
       assert_equal clients, destroyed
-      assert destroyed.all? { |client| client.frozen? }, "destroyed clients should be frozen"
+      assert destroyed.all?(&:frozen?), "destroyed clients should be frozen"
     end
   end
 
@@ -149,7 +163,24 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert !company.valid?
     original_errors = company.errors
     client = company.becomes(Client)
-    assert_equal original_errors, client.errors
+    assert_equal original_errors.keys, client.errors.keys
+  end
+
+  def test_becomes_errors_base
+    child_class = Class.new(Admin::User) do
+      store_accessor :settings, :foo
+
+      def self.name; 'Admin::ChildUser'; end
+    end
+
+    admin = Admin::User.new
+    admin.errors.add :token, :invalid
+    child = admin.becomes(child_class)
+
+    assert_equal [:token], child.errors.keys
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      child.errors.add :foo, :invalid
+    end
   end
 
   def test_dupd_becomes_persists_changes_from_the_original
@@ -233,6 +264,15 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_nothing_raised { Minimalistic.create!(:id => 2) }
   end
 
+  def test_save_with_duping_of_destroyed_object
+    developer = Developer.first
+    developer.destroy
+    new_developer = developer.dup
+    new_developer.save
+    assert new_developer.persisted?
+    assert_not new_developer.destroyed?
+  end
+
   def test_create_many
     topics = Topic.create([ { "title" => "first" }, { "title" => "second" }])
     assert_equal 2, topics.size
@@ -240,7 +280,7 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_create_columns_not_equal_attributes
-    topic = Topic.allocate.init_with(
+    topic = Topic.instantiate(
       'attributes' => {
         'title'          => 'Another New Topic',
         'does_not_exist' => 'test'
@@ -290,10 +330,7 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     topic.title = "Still another topic"
     topic.save
 
-    topic_reloaded = Topic.allocate
-    topic_reloaded.init_with(
-      'attributes' => topic.attributes.merge('does_not_exist' => 'test')
-    )
+    topic_reloaded = Topic.instantiate(topic.attributes.merge('does_not_exist' => 'test'))
     topic_reloaded.title = 'A New Topic'
     assert_nothing_raised { topic_reloaded.save }
   end
@@ -323,6 +360,15 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal "Reply", topic.type
   end
 
+  def test_update_sti_subclass_type
+    assert_instance_of Topic, topics(:first)
+
+    reply = topics(:first).becomes!(Reply)
+    assert_instance_of Reply, reply
+    reply.save!
+    assert_instance_of Reply, Reply.find(reply.id)
+  end
+
   def test_update_after_create
     klass = Class.new(Topic) do
       def self.name; 'Topic'; end
@@ -339,6 +385,22 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal("David", topic_reloaded.author_name)
   end
 
+  def test_update_attribute_does_not_run_sql_if_attribute_is_not_changed
+    klass = Class.new(Topic) do
+      def self.name; 'Topic'; end
+    end
+    topic = klass.create(title: 'Another New Topic')
+    assert_queries(0) do
+      topic.update_attribute(:title, 'Another New Topic')
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_update_does_not_run_sql_if_record_has_not_changed
+    topic = Topic.create(title: 'Another New Topic')
+    assert_queries(0) { topic.update(title: 'Another New Topic') }
+    assert_queries(0) { topic.update_attributes(title: 'Another New Topic') }
+  end
+
   def test_delete
     topic = Topic.find(1)
     assert_equal topic, topic.delete, 'topic.delete did not return self'
@@ -452,7 +514,7 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_update_attribute_for_updated_at_on
     developer = Developer.find(1)
-    prev_month = Time.now.prev_month
+    prev_month = Time.now.prev_month.change(usec: 0)
 
     developer.update_attribute(:updated_at, prev_month)
     assert_equal prev_month, developer.updated_at
@@ -495,14 +557,14 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_update_column_should_not_leave_the_object_dirty
     topic = Topic.find(1)
-    topic.update_column("content", "Have a nice day")
+    topic.update_column("content", "--- Have a nice day\n...\n")
 
     topic.reload
-    topic.update_column(:content, "You too")
+    topic.update_column(:content, "--- You too\n...\n")
     assert_equal [], topic.changed
 
     topic.reload
-    topic.update_column("content", "Have a nice day")
+    topic.update_column("content", "--- Have a nice day\n...\n")
     assert_equal [], topic.changed
   end
 
@@ -523,7 +585,7 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_update_column_should_not_modify_updated_at
     developer = Developer.find(1)
-    prev_month = Time.now.prev_month
+    prev_month = Time.now.prev_month.change(usec: 0)
 
     developer.update_column(:updated_at, prev_month)
     assert_equal prev_month, developer.updated_at
@@ -586,14 +648,14 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_update_columns_should_not_leave_the_object_dirty
     topic = Topic.find(1)
-    topic.update({ "content" => "Have a nice day", :author_name => "Jose" })
+    topic.update({ "content" => "--- Have a nice day\n...\n", :author_name => "Jose" })
 
     topic.reload
-    topic.update_columns({ content: "You too", "author_name" => "Sebastian" })
+    topic.update_columns({ content: "--- You too\n...\n", "author_name" => "Sebastian" })
     assert_equal [], topic.changed
 
     topic.reload
-    topic.update_columns({ content: "Have a nice day", author_name: "Jose" })
+    topic.update_columns({ content: "--- Have a nice day\n...\n", author_name: "Jose" })
     assert_equal [], topic.changed
   end
 
@@ -620,7 +682,7 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_update_columns_should_not_modify_updated_at
     developer = Developer.find(1)
-    prev_month = Time.now.prev_month
+    prev_month = Time.now.prev_month.change(usec: 0)
 
     developer.update_columns(updated_at: prev_month)
     assert_equal prev_month, developer.updated_at
@@ -701,9 +763,10 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert !topic.approved?
     assert_equal "The First Topic", topic.title
 
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique, ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
+    error = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique, ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
       topic.update_attributes(id: 3, title: "Hm is it possible?")
     end
+    assert_not_nil error.cause
     assert_not_equal "Hm is it possible?", Topic.find(3).title
 
     topic.update_attributes(id: 1234)
@@ -820,4 +883,119 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_persist_inherited_class_with_different_table_name
+    minimalistic_aircrafts = Class.new(Minimalistic) do
+      self.table_name = "aircraft"
+    end
+
+    assert_difference "Aircraft.count", 1 do
+      aircraft = minimalistic_aircrafts.create(name: "Wright Flyer")
+      aircraft.name = "Wright Glider"
+      aircraft.save
+    end
+
+    assert_equal "Wright Glider", Aircraft.last.name
+  end
+
+  def test_instantiate_creates_a_new_instance
+    post = Post.instantiate("title" => "appropriate documentation", "type" => "SpecialPost")
+    assert_equal "appropriate documentation", post.title
+    assert_instance_of SpecialPost, post
+
+    # body was not initialized
+    assert_raises ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError do
+      post.body
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_reload_removes_custom_selects
+    post = Post.select('posts.*, 1 as wibble').last!
+
+    assert_equal 1, post[:wibble]
+    assert_nil post.reload[:wibble]
+  end
+
+  def test_find_via_reload
+    post = Post.new
+
+    assert post.new_record?
+
+    post.id = 1
+    post.reload
+
+    assert_equal "Welcome to the weblog", post.title
+    assert_not post.new_record?
+  end
+
+  def test_reload_via_querycache
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.enable_query_cache!
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.clear_query_cache
+    assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection.query_cache_enabled, 'cache should be on'
+    parrot = Parrot.create(:name => 'Shane')
+
+    # populate the cache with the SELECT result
+    found_parrot = Parrot.find(parrot.id)
+    assert_equal parrot.id, found_parrot.id
+
+    # Manually update the 'name' attribute in the DB directly
+    assert_equal 1, ActiveRecord::Base.connection.query_cache.length
+    ActiveRecord::Base.uncached do
+      found_parrot.name = 'Mary'
+      found_parrot.save
+    end
+
+    # Now reload, and verify that it gets the DB version, and not the querycache version
+    found_parrot.reload
+    assert_equal 'Mary', found_parrot.name
+
+    found_parrot = Parrot.find(parrot.id)
+    assert_equal 'Mary', found_parrot.name
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.disable_query_cache!
+  end
+
+  class SaveTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    self.use_transactional_tests = false
+
+    def test_save_touch_false
+      widget = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+        connection.create_table :widgets, force: true do |t|
+          t.string :name
+          t.timestamps null: false
+        end
+
+        self.table_name = :widgets
+      end
+
+      instance  = widget.create!({
+        name: 'Bob',
+        created_at: 1.day.ago,
+        updated_at: 1.day.ago
+      })
+
+      created_at = instance.created_at
+      updated_at = instance.updated_at
+
+      instance.name = 'Barb'
+      instance.save!(touch: false)
+      assert_equal instance.created_at, created_at
+      assert_equal instance.updated_at, updated_at
+    ensure
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table widget.table_name
+      widget.reset_column_information
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_reset_column_information_resets_children
+    child = Class.new(Topic)
+    child.new # force schema to load
+
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.add_column(:topics, :foo, :string)
+    Topic.reset_column_information
+
+    assert_equal "bar", child.new(foo: :bar).foo
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.remove_column(:topics, :foo)
+    Topic.reset_column_information
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/pooled_connections_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/pooled_connections_test.rb
index 626c6aeaf8..bca50dd008 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/pooled_connections_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/pooled_connections_test.rb
@@ -3,17 +3,17 @@ require "models/project"
 require "timeout"
 
 class PooledConnectionsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
 
   def setup
     @per_test_teardown = []
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     ActiveRecord::Base.clear_all_connections!
     ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(@connection)
-    @per_test_teardown.each {|td| td.call }
+    @per_test_teardown.each(&:call)
   end
 
   # Will deadlock due to lack of Monitor timeouts in 1.9
@@ -35,6 +35,22 @@ class PooledConnectionsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def checkout_checkin_connections_loop(pool_size, loops)
+    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(@connection.merge({:pool => pool_size, :checkout_timeout => 0.5}))
+    @connection_count = 0
+    @timed_out = 0
+    loops.times do
+      begin
+        conn = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.checkout
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.checkin conn
+        @connection_count += 1
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection.data_sources
+      rescue ActiveRecord::ConnectionTimeoutError
+        @timed_out += 1
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_pooled_connection_checkin_one
     checkout_checkin_connections 1, 2
     assert_equal 2, @connection_count
@@ -42,10 +58,24 @@ class PooledConnectionsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 1, ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.connections.size
   end
 
+  def test_pooled_connection_checkin_two
+    checkout_checkin_connections_loop 2, 3
+    assert_equal 3, @connection_count
+    assert_equal 0, @timed_out
+    assert_equal 2, ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.connections.size
+  end
+
+  def test_pooled_connection_remove
+    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(@connection.merge({:pool => 2, :checkout_timeout => 0.5}))
+    old_connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    extra_connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.checkout
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.remove(extra_connection)
+    assert_equal ActiveRecord::Base.connection, old_connection
+  end
 
   private
 
   def add_record(name)
     ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.with_connection { Project.create! :name => name }
   end
-end unless current_adapter?(:FrontBase) || in_memory_db?
+end unless in_memory_db?
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/primary_keys_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/primary_keys_test.rb
index 51ddd406ed..d883784553 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/primary_keys_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/primary_keys_test.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
 require 'models/topic'
 require 'models/reply'
 require 'models/subscriber'
 require 'models/movie'
 require 'models/keyboard'
 require 'models/mixed_case_monkey'
+require 'models/dashboard'
 
 class PrimaryKeysTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :topics, :subscribers, :movies, :mixed_case_monkeys
@@ -92,6 +94,7 @@ class PrimaryKeysTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_primary_key_prefix
+    old_primary_key_prefix_type = ActiveRecord::Base.primary_key_prefix_type
     ActiveRecord::Base.primary_key_prefix_type = :table_name
     Topic.reset_primary_key
     assert_equal "topicid", Topic.primary_key
@@ -103,6 +106,8 @@ class PrimaryKeysTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     ActiveRecord::Base.primary_key_prefix_type = nil
     Topic.reset_primary_key
     assert_equal "id", Topic.primary_key
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Base.primary_key_prefix_type = old_primary_key_prefix_type
   end
 
   def test_delete_should_quote_pkey
@@ -131,14 +136,22 @@ class PrimaryKeysTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_primary_key_returns_value_if_it_exists
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = 'developers'
+    end
+
     if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_primary_key?
-      assert_equal 'id', ActiveRecord::Base.connection.primary_key('developers')
+      assert_equal 'id', klass.primary_key
     end
   end
 
   def test_primary_key_returns_nil_if_it_does_not_exist
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = 'developers_projects'
+    end
+
     if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_primary_key?
-      assert_nil ActiveRecord::Base.connection.primary_key('developers_projects')
+      assert_nil klass.primary_key
     end
   end
 
@@ -149,46 +162,37 @@ class PrimaryKeysTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal k.connection.quote_column_name("foo"), k.quoted_primary_key
   end
 
-  def test_two_models_with_same_table_but_different_primary_key
-    k1 = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
-    k1.table_name = 'posts'
-    k1.primary_key = 'id'
-
-    k2 = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
-    k2.table_name = 'posts'
-    k2.primary_key = 'title'
-
-    assert k1.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'id' }.primary
-    assert !k1.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'title' }.primary
-    assert k1.columns_hash['id'].primary
-    assert !k1.columns_hash['title'].primary
-
-    assert !k2.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'id' }.primary
-    assert k2.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'title' }.primary
-    assert !k2.columns_hash['id'].primary
-    assert k2.columns_hash['title'].primary
+  def test_auto_detect_primary_key_from_schema
+    MixedCaseMonkey.reset_primary_key
+    assert_equal "monkeyID", MixedCaseMonkey.primary_key
   end
 
-  def test_models_with_same_table_have_different_columns
-    k1 = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
-    k1.table_name = 'posts'
+  def test_primary_key_update_with_custom_key_name
+    dashboard = Dashboard.create!(dashboard_id: '1')
+    dashboard.id = '2'
+    dashboard.save!
 
-    k2 = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
-    k2.table_name = 'posts'
+    dashboard = Dashboard.first
+    assert_equal '2', dashboard.id
+  end
 
-    k1.columns.zip(k2.columns).each do |col1, col2|
-      assert !col1.equal?(col2)
+  if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+    def test_serial_with_quoted_sequence_name
+      column = MixedCaseMonkey.columns_hash[MixedCaseMonkey.primary_key]
+      assert_equal "nextval('\"mixed_case_monkeys_monkeyID_seq\"'::regclass)", column.default_function
+      assert column.serial?
     end
-  end
 
-  def test_auto_detect_primary_key_from_schema
-    MixedCaseMonkey.reset_primary_key
-    assert_equal "monkeyID", MixedCaseMonkey.primary_key
+    def test_serial_with_unquoted_sequence_name
+      column = Topic.columns_hash[Topic.primary_key]
+      assert_equal "nextval('topics_id_seq'::regclass)", column.default_function
+      assert column.serial?
+    end
   end
 end
 
 class PrimaryKeyWithNoConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
 
   unless in_memory_db?
     def test_set_primary_key_with_no_connection
@@ -206,9 +210,67 @@ class PrimaryKeyWithNoConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 end
 
+class PrimaryKeyAnyTypeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
+
+  class Barcode < ActiveRecord::Base
+  end
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_table(:barcodes, primary_key: "code", id: :string, limit: 42, force: true)
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.drop_table(:barcodes, if_exists: true)
+  end
+
+  def test_any_type_primary_key
+    assert_equal "code", Barcode.primary_key
+
+    column_type = Barcode.type_for_attribute(Barcode.primary_key)
+    assert_equal :string, column_type.type
+    assert_equal 42, column_type.limit
+  end
+
+  test "schema dump primary key includes type and options" do
+    schema = dump_table_schema "barcodes"
+    assert_match %r{create_table "barcodes", primary_key: "code", id: :string, limit: 42}, schema
+  end
+end
+
+class CompositePrimaryKeyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
+
+  def setup
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_table(:barcodes, primary_key: ["region", "code"], force: true) do |t|
+      t.string :region
+      t.integer :code
+    end
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    @connection.drop_table(:barcodes, if_exists: true)
+  end
+
+  def test_composite_primary_key
+    assert_equal ["region", "code"], @connection.primary_keys("barcodes")
+  end
+
+  def test_collectly_dump_composite_primary_key
+    schema = dump_table_schema "barcodes"
+    assert_match %r{create_table "barcodes", primary_key: \["region", "code"\]}, schema
+  end
+end
+
 if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
   class PrimaryKeyWithAnsiQuotesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-    self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+    self.use_transactional_tests = false
 
     def test_primary_key_method_with_ansi_quotes
       con = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
@@ -218,4 +280,86 @@ if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
       con.reconnect!
     end
   end
+
+  class PrimaryKeyBigintNilDefaultTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    include SchemaDumpingHelper
+
+    self.use_transactional_tests = false
+
+    def setup
+      @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+      @connection.create_table(:bigint_defaults, id: :bigint, default: nil, force: true)
+    end
+
+    def teardown
+      @connection.drop_table :bigint_defaults, if_exists: true
+    end
+
+    test "primary key with bigint allows default override via nil" do
+      column = @connection.columns(:bigint_defaults).find { |c| c.name == 'id' }
+      assert column.bigint?
+      assert_not column.auto_increment?
+    end
+
+    test "schema dump primary key with bigint default nil" do
+      schema = dump_table_schema "bigint_defaults"
+      assert_match %r{create_table "bigint_defaults", id: :bigint, default: nil}, schema
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter, :MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
+  class PrimaryKeyBigSerialTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    include SchemaDumpingHelper
+
+    self.use_transactional_tests = false
+
+    class Widget < ActiveRecord::Base
+    end
+
+    setup do
+      @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+      if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+        @connection.create_table(:widgets, id: :bigserial, force: true)
+      else
+        @connection.create_table(:widgets, id: :bigint, force: true)
+      end
+    end
+
+    teardown do
+      @connection.drop_table :widgets, if_exists: true
+      Widget.reset_column_information
+    end
+
+    test "primary key column type with bigserial" do
+      column_type = Widget.type_for_attribute(Widget.primary_key)
+      assert_equal :integer, column_type.type
+      assert_equal 8, column_type.limit
+    end
+
+    test "primary key with bigserial are automatically numbered" do
+      widget = Widget.create!
+      assert_not_nil widget.id
+    end
+
+    test "schema dump primary key with bigserial" do
+      schema = dump_table_schema "widgets"
+      if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+        assert_match %r{create_table "widgets", id: :bigserial}, schema
+      else
+        assert_match %r{create_table "widgets", id: :bigint}, schema
+      end
+    end
+
+    if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
+      test "primary key column type with options" do
+        @connection.create_table(:widgets, id: :primary_key, limit: 8, unsigned: true, force: true)
+        column = @connection.columns(:widgets).find { |c| c.name == 'id' }
+        assert column.auto_increment?
+        assert_equal :integer, column.type
+        assert_equal 8, column.limit
+        assert column.unsigned?
+      end
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/query_cache_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/query_cache_test.rb
index da8ae672fe..d84653e4c9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/query_cache_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/query_cache_test.rb
@@ -118,6 +118,14 @@ class QueryCacheTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection.query_cache.empty?, 'cache should be empty'
   end
 
+  def test_cache_passing_a_relation
+    post = Post.first
+    Post.cache do
+      query = post.categories.select(:post_id)
+      assert Post.connection.select_all(query).is_a?(ActiveRecord::Result)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_find_queries
     assert_queries(2) { Task.find(1); Task.find(1) }
   end
@@ -176,7 +184,7 @@ class QueryCacheTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       # Oracle adapter returns count() as Fixnum or Float
       if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
         assert_kind_of Numeric, Task.connection.select_value("SELECT count(*) AS count_all FROM tasks")
-      elsif current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
+      elsif current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter, :Mysql2Adapter, :PostgreSQLAdapter)
         # Future versions of the sqlite3 adapter will return numeric
         assert_instance_of Fixnum,
          Task.connection.select_value("SELECT count(*) AS count_all FROM tasks")
@@ -204,6 +212,38 @@ class QueryCacheTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   ensure
     ActiveRecord::Base.configurations = conf
   end
+
+  def test_query_cache_doesnt_leak_cached_results_of_rolled_back_queries
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.enable_query_cache!
+    post = Post.first
+
+    Post.transaction do
+      post.update_attributes(title: 'rollback')
+      assert_equal 1, Post.where(title: 'rollback').to_a.count
+      raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 0, Post.where(title: 'rollback').to_a.count
+
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.uncached do
+      assert_equal 0, Post.where(title: 'rollback').to_a.count
+    end
+
+    begin
+      Post.transaction do
+        post.update_attributes(title: 'rollback')
+        assert_equal 1, Post.where(title: 'rollback').to_a.count
+        raise 'broken'
+      end
+    rescue Exception
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 0, Post.where(title: 'rollback').to_a.count
+
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.uncached do
+      assert_equal 0, Post.where(title: 'rollback').to_a.count
+    end
+  end
 end
 
 class QueryCacheExpiryTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -222,61 +262,66 @@ class QueryCacheExpiryTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_find
-    Task.connection.expects(:clear_query_cache).times(1)
+    assert_called(Task.connection, :clear_query_cache) do
+      assert !Task.connection.query_cache_enabled
+      Task.cache do
+        assert Task.connection.query_cache_enabled
+        Task.find(1)
 
-    assert !Task.connection.query_cache_enabled
-    Task.cache do
-      assert Task.connection.query_cache_enabled
-      Task.find(1)
+        Task.uncached do
+          assert !Task.connection.query_cache_enabled
+          Task.find(1)
+        end
 
-      Task.uncached do
-        assert !Task.connection.query_cache_enabled
-        Task.find(1)
+        assert Task.connection.query_cache_enabled
       end
-
-      assert Task.connection.query_cache_enabled
+      assert !Task.connection.query_cache_enabled
     end
-    assert !Task.connection.query_cache_enabled
   end
 
   def test_update
-    Task.connection.expects(:clear_query_cache).times(2)
-    Task.cache do
-      task = Task.find(1)
-      task.starting = Time.now.utc
-      task.save!
+    assert_called(Task.connection, :clear_query_cache, times: 2) do
+      Task.cache do
+        task = Task.find(1)
+        task.starting = Time.now.utc
+        task.save!
+      end
     end
   end
 
   def test_destroy
-    Task.connection.expects(:clear_query_cache).times(2)
-    Task.cache do
-      Task.find(1).destroy
+    assert_called(Task.connection, :clear_query_cache, times: 2) do
+      Task.cache do
+        Task.find(1).destroy
+      end
     end
   end
 
   def test_insert
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.expects(:clear_query_cache).times(2)
-    Task.cache do
-      Task.create!
+    assert_called(ActiveRecord::Base.connection, :clear_query_cache, times: 2) do
+      Task.cache do
+        Task.create!
+      end
     end
   end
 
   def test_cache_is_expired_by_habtm_update
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.expects(:clear_query_cache).times(2)
-    ActiveRecord::Base.cache do
-      c = Category.first
-      p = Post.first
-      p.categories << c
+    assert_called(ActiveRecord::Base.connection, :clear_query_cache, times: 2) do
+      ActiveRecord::Base.cache do
+        c = Category.first
+        p = Post.first
+        p.categories << c
+      end
     end
   end
 
   def test_cache_is_expired_by_habtm_delete
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.expects(:clear_query_cache).times(2)
-    ActiveRecord::Base.cache do
-      p = Post.find(1)
-      assert p.categories.any?
-      p.categories.delete_all
+    assert_called(ActiveRecord::Base.connection, :clear_query_cache, times: 2) do
+      ActiveRecord::Base.cache do
+        p = Post.find(1)
+        assert p.categories.any?
+        p.categories.delete_all
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/quoting_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/quoting_test.rb
index e2439b9a24..6d91f96bf6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/quoting_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/quoting_test.rb
@@ -3,14 +3,6 @@ require "cases/helper"
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     class QuotingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-      class FakeColumn < ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Column
-        attr_accessor :type
-
-        def initialize type
-          @type = type
-        end
-      end
-
       def setup
         @quoter = Class.new { include Quoting }.new
       end
@@ -54,28 +46,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def test_quoted_time_utc
         with_timezone_config default: :utc do
-          t = Time.now
+          t = Time.now.change(usec: 0)
           assert_equal t.getutc.to_s(:db), @quoter.quoted_date(t)
         end
       end
 
       def test_quoted_time_local
         with_timezone_config default: :local do
-          t = Time.now
+          t = Time.now.change(usec: 0)
           assert_equal t.getlocal.to_s(:db), @quoter.quoted_date(t)
         end
       end
 
       def test_quoted_time_crazy
         with_timezone_config default: :asdfasdf do
-          t = Time.now
+          t = Time.now.change(usec: 0)
           assert_equal t.getlocal.to_s(:db), @quoter.quoted_date(t)
         end
       end
 
       def test_quoted_datetime_utc
         with_timezone_config default: :utc do
-          t = DateTime.now
+          t = Time.now.change(usec: 0).to_datetime
           assert_equal t.getutc.to_s(:db), @quoter.quoted_date(t)
         end
       end
@@ -84,76 +76,60 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # DateTime doesn't define getlocal, so make sure it does nothing
       def test_quoted_datetime_local
         with_timezone_config default: :local do
-          t = DateTime.now
+          t = Time.now.change(usec: 0).to_datetime
           assert_equal t.to_s(:db), @quoter.quoted_date(t)
         end
       end
 
       def test_quote_with_quoted_id
         assert_equal 1, @quoter.quote(Struct.new(:quoted_id).new(1), nil)
-        assert_equal 1, @quoter.quote(Struct.new(:quoted_id).new(1), 'foo')
       end
 
       def test_quote_nil
         assert_equal 'NULL', @quoter.quote(nil, nil)
-        assert_equal 'NULL', @quoter.quote(nil, 'foo')
       end
 
       def test_quote_true
         assert_equal @quoter.quoted_true, @quoter.quote(true, nil)
-        assert_equal '1', @quoter.quote(true, Struct.new(:type).new(:integer))
       end
 
       def test_quote_false
         assert_equal @quoter.quoted_false, @quoter.quote(false, nil)
-        assert_equal '0', @quoter.quote(false, Struct.new(:type).new(:integer))
       end
 
       def test_quote_float
         float = 1.2
         assert_equal float.to_s, @quoter.quote(float, nil)
-        assert_equal float.to_s, @quoter.quote(float, Object.new)
       end
 
       def test_quote_fixnum
         fixnum = 1
         assert_equal fixnum.to_s, @quoter.quote(fixnum, nil)
-        assert_equal fixnum.to_s, @quoter.quote(fixnum, Object.new)
       end
 
       def test_quote_bignum
         bignum = 1 << 100
         assert_equal bignum.to_s, @quoter.quote(bignum, nil)
-        assert_equal bignum.to_s, @quoter.quote(bignum, Object.new)
       end
 
       def test_quote_bigdecimal
         bigdec = BigDecimal.new((1 << 100).to_s)
         assert_equal bigdec.to_s('F'), @quoter.quote(bigdec, nil)
-        assert_equal bigdec.to_s('F'), @quoter.quote(bigdec, Object.new)
       end
 
       def test_dates_and_times
         @quoter.extend(Module.new { def quoted_date(value) 'lol' end })
         assert_equal "'lol'", @quoter.quote(Date.today, nil)
-        assert_equal "'lol'", @quoter.quote(Date.today, Object.new)
         assert_equal "'lol'", @quoter.quote(Time.now, nil)
-        assert_equal "'lol'", @quoter.quote(Time.now, Object.new)
         assert_equal "'lol'", @quoter.quote(DateTime.now, nil)
-        assert_equal "'lol'", @quoter.quote(DateTime.now, Object.new)
       end
 
       def test_crazy_object
-        crazy = Class.new.new
-        expected = "'#{YAML.dump(crazy)}'"
-        assert_equal expected, @quoter.quote(crazy, nil)
-        assert_equal expected, @quoter.quote(crazy, Object.new)
-      end
-
-      def test_crazy_object_calls_quote_string
-        crazy = Class.new { def initialize; @lol = 'lo\l' end }.new
-        assert_match "lo\\\\l", @quoter.quote(crazy, nil)
-        assert_match "lo\\\\l", @quoter.quote(crazy, Object.new)
+        crazy = Object.new
+        e = assert_raises(TypeError) do
+          @quoter.quote(crazy, nil)
+        end
+        assert_equal "can't quote Object", e.message
       end
 
       def test_quote_string_no_column
@@ -165,36 +141,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_equal "'lo\\\\l'", @quoter.quote(string, nil)
       end
 
-      def test_quote_string_int_column
-        assert_equal "1", @quoter.quote('1', FakeColumn.new(:integer))
-        assert_equal "1", @quoter.quote('1.2', FakeColumn.new(:integer))
-      end
-
-      def test_quote_string_float_column
-        assert_equal "1.0", @quoter.quote('1', FakeColumn.new(:float))
-        assert_equal "1.2", @quoter.quote('1.2', FakeColumn.new(:float))
-      end
-
-      def test_quote_as_mb_chars_binary_column
-        string = ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars.new('lo\l')
-        assert_equal "'lo\\\\l'", @quoter.quote(string, FakeColumn.new(:binary))
-      end
-
-      def test_quote_binary_without_string_to_binary
-        assert_equal "'lo\\\\l'", @quoter.quote('lo\l', FakeColumn.new(:binary))
-      end
-
       def test_string_with_crazy_column
-        assert_equal "'lo\\\\l'", @quoter.quote('lo\l', FakeColumn.new(:foo))
+        assert_equal "'lo\\\\l'", @quoter.quote('lo\l')
       end
 
       def test_quote_duration
         assert_equal "1800", @quoter.quote(30.minutes)
       end
-
-      def test_quote_duration_int_column
-        assert_equal "7200", @quoter.quote(2.hours, FakeColumn.new(:integer))
-      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/readonly_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/readonly_test.rb
index 2afd25c989..5f6eb41240 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/readonly_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/readonly_test.rb
@@ -3,9 +3,11 @@ require 'models/author'
 require 'models/post'
 require 'models/comment'
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 require 'models/project'
 require 'models/reader'
 require 'models/person'
+require 'models/ship'
 
 class ReadOnlyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :authors, :posts, :comments, :developers, :projects, :developers_projects, :people, :readers
@@ -22,9 +24,15 @@ class ReadOnlyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert !dev.save
       dev.name = 'Forbidden.'
     end
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyRecord) { dev.save  }
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyRecord) { dev.save! }
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyRecord) { dev.destroy }
+
+    e = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyRecord) { dev.save  }
+    assert_equal "Developer is marked as readonly", e.message
+
+    e = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyRecord) { dev.save! }
+    assert_equal "Developer is marked as readonly", e.message
+
+    e = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyRecord) { dev.destroy }
+    assert_equal "Developer is marked as readonly", e.message
   end
 
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/reaper_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/reaper_test.rb
index b62a41c08e..cccfc6774e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/reaper_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/reaper_test.rb
@@ -10,8 +10,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @pool = ConnectionPool.new ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.spec
       end
 
-      def teardown
-        super
+      teardown do
         @pool.connections.each(&:close)
       end
 
@@ -61,20 +60,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def test_connection_pool_starts_reaper
         spec = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.spec.dup
-        spec.config[:reaping_frequency] = 0.0001
+        spec.config[:reaping_frequency] = '0.0001'
 
         pool = ConnectionPool.new spec
-        pool.dead_connection_timeout = 0
 
-        conn = pool.checkout
-        count = pool.connections.length
+        conn = nil
+        child = Thread.new do
+          conn = pool.checkout
+          Thread.stop
+        end
+        Thread.pass while conn.nil?
+
+        assert conn.in_use?
 
-        conn.extend(Module.new { def active_threadsafe?; false; end; })
+        child.terminate
 
-        while count == pool.connections.length
+        while conn.in_use?
           Thread.pass
         end
-        assert_equal(count - 1, pool.connections.length)
+        assert !conn.in_use?
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/reflection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/reflection_test.rb
index d7ad5ed29f..9c04a41e69 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/reflection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/reflection_test.rb
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ require 'models/chef'
 require 'models/department'
 require 'models/cake_designer'
 require 'models/drink_designer'
+require 'models/recipe'
 
 class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   include ActiveRecord::Reflection
@@ -50,20 +51,20 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_columns_are_returned_in_the_order_they_were_declared
-    column_names = Topic.columns.map { |column| column.name }
+    column_names = Topic.columns.map(&:name)
     assert_equal %w(id title author_name author_email_address written_on bonus_time last_read content important approved replies_count unique_replies_count parent_id parent_title type group created_at updated_at), column_names
   end
 
   def test_content_columns
     content_columns        = Topic.content_columns
-    content_column_names   = content_columns.map {|column| column.name}
+    content_column_names   = content_columns.map(&:name)
     assert_equal 13, content_columns.length
     assert_equal %w(title author_name author_email_address written_on bonus_time last_read content important group approved parent_title created_at updated_at).sort, content_column_names.sort
   end
 
   def test_column_string_type_and_limit
     assert_equal :string, @first.column_for_attribute("title").type
-    assert_equal 255, @first.column_for_attribute("title").limit
+    assert_equal 250, @first.column_for_attribute("title").limit
   end
 
   def test_column_null_not_null
@@ -80,24 +81,49 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal :integer, @first.column_for_attribute("id").type
   end
 
+  def test_non_existent_columns_return_null_object
+    column = @first.column_for_attribute("attribute_that_doesnt_exist")
+    assert_instance_of ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::NullColumn, column
+    assert_equal "attribute_that_doesnt_exist", column.name
+    assert_equal nil, column.sql_type
+    assert_equal nil, column.type
+  end
+
+  def test_non_existent_types_are_identity_types
+    type = @first.type_for_attribute("attribute_that_doesnt_exist")
+    object = Object.new
+
+    assert_equal object, type.deserialize(object)
+    assert_equal object, type.cast(object)
+    assert_equal object, type.serialize(object)
+  end
+
   def test_reflection_klass_for_nested_class_name
-    reflection = MacroReflection.new(:company, nil, nil, { :class_name => 'MyApplication::Business::Company' }, ActiveRecord::Base)
+    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, nil, nil, { :class_name => 'MyApplication::Business::Company' }, ActiveRecord::Base)
     assert_nothing_raised do
       assert_equal MyApplication::Business::Company, reflection.klass
     end
   end
 
+  def test_irregular_reflection_class_name
+    ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
+      inflect.irregular 'plural_irregular', 'plurales_irregulares'
+    end
+    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, 'plurales_irregulares', nil, {}, ActiveRecord::Base)
+    assert_equal 'PluralIrregular', reflection.class_name
+  end
+
   def test_aggregation_reflection
     reflection_for_address = AggregateReflection.new(
-      :composed_of, :address, nil, { :mapping => [ %w(address_street street), %w(address_city city), %w(address_country country) ] }, Customer
+      :address, nil, { :mapping => [ %w(address_street street), %w(address_city city), %w(address_country country) ] }, Customer
     )
 
     reflection_for_balance = AggregateReflection.new(
-      :composed_of, :balance, nil, { :class_name => "Money", :mapping => %w(balance amount) }, Customer
+      :balance, nil, { :class_name => "Money", :mapping => %w(balance amount) }, Customer
     )
 
     reflection_for_gps_location = AggregateReflection.new(
-      :composed_of, :gps_location, nil, { }, Customer
+      :gps_location, nil, { }, Customer
     )
 
     assert Customer.reflect_on_all_aggregations.include?(reflection_for_gps_location)
@@ -121,7 +147,7 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_has_many_reflection
-    reflection_for_clients = AssociationReflection.new(:has_many, :clients, nil, { :order => "id", :dependent => :destroy }, Firm)
+    reflection_for_clients = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :clients, nil, { :order => "id", :dependent => :destroy }, Firm)
 
     assert_equal reflection_for_clients, Firm.reflect_on_association(:clients)
 
@@ -133,7 +159,7 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_has_one_reflection
-    reflection_for_account = AssociationReflection.new(:has_one, :account, nil, { :foreign_key => "firm_id", :dependent => :destroy }, Firm)
+    reflection_for_account = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_one, :account, nil, { :foreign_key => "firm_id", :dependent => :destroy }, Firm)
     assert_equal reflection_for_account, Firm.reflect_on_association(:account)
 
     assert_equal Account, Firm.reflect_on_association(:account).klass
@@ -192,7 +218,16 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_reflection_should_not_raise_error_when_compared_to_other_object
-    assert_nothing_raised { Firm.reflections[:clients] == Object.new }
+    assert_not_equal Object.new, Firm._reflections['clients']
+  end
+
+  def test_reflections_should_return_keys_as_strings
+    assert Category.reflections.keys.all? { |key| key.is_a? String }, "Model.reflections is expected to return string for keys"
+  end
+
+  def test_has_and_belongs_to_many_reflection
+    assert_equal :has_and_belongs_to_many, Category.reflections['posts'].macro
+    assert_equal :posts, Category.reflect_on_all_associations(:has_and_belongs_to_many).first.name
   end
 
   def test_has_many_through_reflection
@@ -243,6 +278,22 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 2, @hotel.chefs.size
   end
 
+  def test_scope_chain_of_polymorphic_association_does_not_leak_into_other_hmt_associations
+    hotel = Hotel.create!
+    department = hotel.departments.create!
+    drink = department.chefs.create!(employable: DrinkDesigner.create!)
+    Recipe.create!(chef_id: drink.id, hotel_id: hotel.id)
+
+    expected_sql = capture_sql { hotel.recipes.to_a }
+
+    Hotel.reflect_on_association(:recipes).clear_association_scope_cache
+    hotel.reload
+    hotel.drink_designers.to_a
+    loaded_sql = capture_sql { hotel.recipes.to_a }
+
+    assert_equal expected_sql, loaded_sql
+  end
+
   def test_nested?
     assert !Author.reflect_on_association(:comments).nested?
     assert Author.reflect_on_association(:tags).nested?
@@ -265,12 +316,12 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_association_primary_key_raises_when_missing_primary_key
-    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection::AssociationReflection.new(:fuu, :edge, nil, {}, Author)
+    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :edge, nil, {}, Author)
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::UnknownPrimaryKey) { reflection.association_primary_key }
 
     through = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Reflection::ThroughReflection) {
       define_method(:source_reflection) { reflection }
-    }.new(:fuu, :edge, nil, {}, Author)
+    }.new(reflection)
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::UnknownPrimaryKey) { through.association_primary_key }
   end
 
@@ -280,7 +331,7 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_active_record_primary_key_raises_when_missing_primary_key
-    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection::AssociationReflection.new(:fuu, :author, nil, {}, Edge)
+    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :author, nil, {}, Edge)
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::UnknownPrimaryKey) { reflection.active_record_primary_key }
   end
 
@@ -298,32 +349,28 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_default_association_validation
-    assert AssociationReflection.new(:has_many, :clients, nil, {}, Firm).validate?
+    assert ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :clients, nil, {}, Firm).validate?
 
-    assert !AssociationReflection.new(:has_one, :client, nil, {}, Firm).validate?
-    assert !AssociationReflection.new(:belongs_to, :client, nil, {}, Firm).validate?
-    assert !AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :clients, nil, {}, Firm).validate?
+    assert !ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_one, :client, nil, {}, Firm).validate?
+    assert !ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:belongs_to, :client, nil, {}, Firm).validate?
   end
 
   def test_always_validate_association_if_explicit
-    assert AssociationReflection.new(:has_one, :client, nil, { :validate => true }, Firm).validate?
-    assert AssociationReflection.new(:belongs_to, :client, nil, { :validate => true }, Firm).validate?
-    assert AssociationReflection.new(:has_many, :clients, nil, { :validate => true }, Firm).validate?
-    assert AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :clients, nil, { :validate => true }, Firm).validate?
+    assert ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_one, :client, nil, { :validate => true }, Firm).validate?
+    assert ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:belongs_to, :client, nil, { :validate => true }, Firm).validate?
+    assert ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :clients, nil, { :validate => true }, Firm).validate?
   end
 
   def test_validate_association_if_autosave
-    assert AssociationReflection.new(:has_one, :client, nil, { :autosave => true }, Firm).validate?
-    assert AssociationReflection.new(:belongs_to, :client, nil, { :autosave => true }, Firm).validate?
-    assert AssociationReflection.new(:has_many, :clients, nil, { :autosave => true }, Firm).validate?
-    assert AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :clients, nil, { :autosave => true }, Firm).validate?
+    assert ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_one, :client, nil, { :autosave => true }, Firm).validate?
+    assert ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:belongs_to, :client, nil, { :autosave => true }, Firm).validate?
+    assert ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :clients, nil, { :autosave => true }, Firm).validate?
   end
 
   def test_never_validate_association_if_explicit
-    assert !AssociationReflection.new(:has_one, :client, nil, { :autosave => true, :validate => false }, Firm).validate?
-    assert !AssociationReflection.new(:belongs_to, :client, nil, { :autosave => true, :validate => false }, Firm).validate?
-    assert !AssociationReflection.new(:has_many, :clients, nil, { :autosave => true, :validate => false }, Firm).validate?
-    assert !AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :clients, nil, { :autosave => true, :validate => false }, Firm).validate?
+    assert !ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_one, :client, nil, { :autosave => true, :validate => false }, Firm).validate?
+    assert !ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:belongs_to, :client, nil, { :autosave => true, :validate => false }, Firm).validate?
+    assert !ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :clients, nil, { :autosave => true, :validate => false }, Firm).validate?
   end
 
   def test_foreign_key
@@ -345,52 +392,92 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     category = Struct.new(:table_name, :pluralize_table_names).new('categories', true)
     product = Struct.new(:table_name, :pluralize_table_names).new('products', true)
 
-    reflection = AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :categories, nil, {}, product)
-    reflection.stubs(:klass).returns(category)
-    assert_equal 'categories_products', reflection.join_table
+    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :categories, nil, {}, product)
+    reflection.stub(:klass, category) do
+      assert_equal 'categories_products', reflection.join_table
+    end
 
-    reflection = AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :products, nil, {}, category)
-    reflection.stubs(:klass).returns(product)
-    assert_equal 'categories_products', reflection.join_table
+    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :products, nil, {}, category)
+    reflection.stub(:klass, product) do
+      assert_equal 'categories_products', reflection.join_table
+    end
   end
 
   def test_join_table_with_common_prefix
     category = Struct.new(:table_name, :pluralize_table_names).new('catalog_categories', true)
     product = Struct.new(:table_name, :pluralize_table_names).new('catalog_products', true)
 
-    reflection = AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :categories, nil, {}, product)
-    reflection.stubs(:klass).returns(category)
-    assert_equal 'catalog_categories_products', reflection.join_table
+    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :categories, nil, {}, product)
+    reflection.stub(:klass, category) do
+      assert_equal 'catalog_categories_products', reflection.join_table
+    end
 
-    reflection = AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :products, nil, {}, category)
-    reflection.stubs(:klass).returns(product)
-    assert_equal 'catalog_categories_products', reflection.join_table
+    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :products, nil, {}, category)
+    reflection.stub(:klass, product) do
+      assert_equal 'catalog_categories_products', reflection.join_table
+    end
   end
 
   def test_join_table_with_different_prefix
     category = Struct.new(:table_name, :pluralize_table_names).new('catalog_categories', true)
     page = Struct.new(:table_name, :pluralize_table_names).new('content_pages', true)
 
-    reflection = AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :categories, nil, {}, page)
-    reflection.stubs(:klass).returns(category)
-    assert_equal 'catalog_categories_content_pages', reflection.join_table
+    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :categories, nil, {}, page)
+    reflection.stub(:klass, category) do
+      assert_equal 'catalog_categories_content_pages', reflection.join_table
+    end
 
-    reflection = AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :pages, nil, {}, category)
-    reflection.stubs(:klass).returns(page)
-    assert_equal 'catalog_categories_content_pages', reflection.join_table
+    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :pages, nil, {}, category)
+    reflection.stub(:klass, page) do
+      assert_equal 'catalog_categories_content_pages', reflection.join_table
+    end
   end
 
   def test_join_table_can_be_overridden
     category = Struct.new(:table_name, :pluralize_table_names).new('categories', true)
     product = Struct.new(:table_name, :pluralize_table_names).new('products', true)
 
-    reflection = AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :categories, nil, { :join_table => 'product_categories' }, product)
-    reflection.stubs(:klass).returns(category)
-    assert_equal 'product_categories', reflection.join_table
+    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :categories, nil, { :join_table => 'product_categories' }, product)
+    reflection.stub(:klass, category) do
+      assert_equal 'product_categories', reflection.join_table
+    end
+
+    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :products, nil, { :join_table => 'product_categories' }, category)
+    reflection.stub(:klass, product) do
+      assert_equal 'product_categories', reflection.join_table
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_includes_accepts_symbols
+    hotel = Hotel.create!
+    department = hotel.departments.create!
+    department.chefs.create!
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_equal department.chefs, Hotel.includes([departments: :chefs]).first.chefs
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_includes_accepts_strings
+    hotel = Hotel.create!
+    department = hotel.departments.create!
+    department.chefs.create!
 
-    reflection = AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :products, nil, { :join_table => 'product_categories' }, category)
-    reflection.stubs(:klass).returns(product)
-    assert_equal 'product_categories', reflection.join_table
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_equal department.chefs, Hotel.includes(['departments' => 'chefs']).first.chefs
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_reflect_on_association_accepts_symbols
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_equal Hotel.reflect_on_association(:departments).name, :departments
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_reflect_on_association_accepts_strings
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_equal Hotel.reflect_on_association("departments").name, :departments
+    end
   end
 
   private
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/delegation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/delegation_test.rb
index 9b2bfed039..f0e07e0731 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/delegation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/delegation_test.rb
@@ -27,12 +27,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
   module DelegationWhitelistBlacklistTests
     ARRAY_DELEGATES = [
-      :+, :-, :|, :&, :[],
-      :all?, :collect, :detect, :each, :each_cons, :each_with_index,
+      :+, :-, :|, :&, :[], :shuffle,
+      :all?, :collect, :compact, :detect, :each, :each_cons, :each_with_index,
       :exclude?, :find_all, :flat_map, :group_by, :include?, :length,
       :map, :none?, :one?, :partition, :reject, :reverse,
       :sample, :second, :sort, :sort_by, :third,
-      :to_ary, :to_set, :to_xml, :to_yaml
+      :to_ary, :to_set, :to_xml, :to_yaml, :join
     ]
 
     ARRAY_DELEGATES.each do |method|
@@ -40,12 +40,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_respond_to target, method
       end
     end
-
-    ActiveRecord::Delegation::BLACKLISTED_ARRAY_METHODS.each do |method|
-      define_method "test_#{method}_is_not_delegated_to_Array" do
-        assert_raises(NoMethodError) { call_method(target, method) }
-      end
-    end
   end
 
   class DelegationAssociationTest < DelegationTest
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/merging_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/merging_test.rb
index 23500bf5d8..0a2e874e4f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/merging_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/merging_test.rb
@@ -2,8 +2,10 @@ require 'cases/helper'
 require 'models/author'
 require 'models/comment'
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 require 'models/post'
 require 'models/project'
+require 'models/rating'
 
 class RelationMergingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :developers, :comments, :authors, :posts
@@ -17,10 +19,9 @@ class RelationMergingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_relation_to_sql
-    sql = Post.connection.unprepared_statement do
-      Post.first.comments.to_sql
-    end
-    assert_no_match(/\?/, sql)
+    post = Post.first
+    sql = post.comments.to_sql
+    assert_match(/.?post_id.? = #{post.id}\Z/i, sql)
   end
 
   def test_relation_merging_with_arel_equalities_keeps_last_equality
@@ -81,57 +82,32 @@ class RelationMergingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     left  = Post.where(title: "omg").where(comments_count: 1)
     right = Post.where(title: "wtf").where(title: "bbq")
 
-    expected = [left.where_values[1]] + right.where_values
+    expected = [left.bound_attributes[1]] + right.bound_attributes
     merged   = left.merge(right)
 
-    assert_equal expected, merged.where_values
+    assert_equal expected, merged.bound_attributes
     assert !merged.to_sql.include?("omg")
     assert merged.to_sql.include?("wtf")
     assert merged.to_sql.include?("bbq")
   end
 
-  def test_merging_removes_rhs_bind_parameters
-    left  = Post.where(id: Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new('?'))
-    column = Post.columns_hash['id']
-    left.bind_values += [[column, 20]]
-    right   = Post.where(id: 10)
-
-    merged = left.merge(right)
-    assert_equal [], merged.bind_values
-  end
-
-  def test_merging_keeps_lhs_bind_parameters
-    column = Post.columns_hash['id']
-    binds = [[column, 20]]
-
-    right  = Post.where(id: Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new('?'))
-    right.bind_values += binds
-    left   = Post.where(id: 10)
-
-    merged = left.merge(right)
-    assert_equal binds, merged.bind_values
-  end
-
   def test_merging_reorders_bind_params
-    post         = Post.first
-    id_column    = Post.columns_hash['id']
-    title_column = Post.columns_hash['title']
-
-    bv = Post.connection.substitute_at id_column, 0
-
-    right  = Post.where(id: bv)
-    right.bind_values += [[id_column, post.id]]
-
-    left   = Post.where(title: bv)
-    left.bind_values += [[title_column, post.title]]
+    post  = Post.first
+    right = Post.where(id: 1)
+    left  = Post.where(title: post.title)
 
     merged = left.merge(right)
     assert_equal post, merged.first
   end
+
+  def test_merging_compares_symbols_and_strings_as_equal
+    post = PostThatLoadsCommentsInAnAfterSaveHook.create!(title: "First Post", body: "Blah blah blah.")
+    assert_equal "First comment!", post.comments.where(body: "First comment!").first_or_create.body
+  end
 end
 
 class MergingDifferentRelationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :posts, :authors
+  fixtures :posts, :authors, :developers
 
   test "merging where relations" do
     hello_by_bob = Post.where(body: "hello").joins(:author).
@@ -159,4 +135,16 @@ class MergingDifferentRelationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert_equal ["Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "David"], posts_by_author_name
   end
+
+  test "relation merging (using a proc  argument)" do
+    dev = Developer.where(name: "Jamis").first
+
+    comment_1 = dev.comments.create!(body: "I'm Jamis", post: Post.first)
+    rating_1 = comment_1.ratings.create!
+
+    comment_2 = dev.comments.create!(body: "I'm John", post: Post.first)
+    comment_2.ratings.create!
+
+    assert_equal dev.ratings, [rating_1]
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/mutation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/mutation_test.rb
index 4fafa668fb..d0f60a84b5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/mutation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/mutation_test.rb
@@ -18,19 +18,32 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def attribute_alias?(name)
         false
       end
+
+      def sanitize_sql(sql)
+        sql
+      end
+
+      def sanitize_sql_for_order(sql)
+        sql
+      end
     end
 
     def relation
-      @relation ||= Relation.new FakeKlass.new('posts'), Post.arel_table
+      @relation ||= Relation.new FakeKlass.new('posts'), Post.arel_table, Post.predicate_builder
     end
 
-    (Relation::MULTI_VALUE_METHODS - [:references, :extending, :order, :unscope]).each do |method|
+    (Relation::MULTI_VALUE_METHODS - [:references, :extending, :order, :unscope, :select, :left_joins]).each do |method|
       test "##{method}!" do
         assert relation.public_send("#{method}!", :foo).equal?(relation)
         assert_equal [:foo], relation.public_send("#{method}_values")
       end
     end
 
+    test "#_select!" do
+      assert relation.public_send("_select!", :foo).equal?(relation)
+      assert_equal [:foo], relation.public_send("select_values")
+    end
+
     test '#order!' do
       assert relation.order!('name ASC').equal?(relation)
       assert_equal ['name ASC'], relation.order_values
@@ -46,9 +59,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     test '#order! on non-string does not attempt regexp match for references' do
       obj = Object.new
-      obj.expects(:=~).never
-      assert relation.order!(obj)
-      assert_equal [obj], relation.order_values
+      assert_not_called(obj, :=~) do
+        assert relation.order!(obj)
+        assert_equal [obj], relation.order_values
+      end
     end
 
     test '#references!' do
@@ -72,7 +86,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       assert_equal [], relation.extending_values
     end
 
-    (Relation::SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS - [:from, :lock, :reordering, :reverse_order, :create_with]).each do |method|
+    (Relation::SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS - [:lock, :reordering, :reverse_order, :create_with, :uniq]).each do |method|
       test "##{method}!" do
         assert relation.public_send("#{method}!", :foo).equal?(relation)
         assert_equal :foo, relation.public_send("#{method}_value")
@@ -81,7 +95,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     test '#from!' do
       assert relation.from!('foo').equal?(relation)
-      assert_equal ['foo', nil], relation.from_value
+      assert_equal 'foo', relation.from_clause.value
     end
 
     test '#lock!' do
@@ -90,7 +104,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     test '#reorder!' do
-      relation = self.relation.order('foo')
+      @relation = self.relation.order('foo')
 
       assert relation.reorder!('bar').equal?(relation)
       assert_equal ['bar'], relation.order_values
@@ -107,10 +121,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     test 'reverse_order!' do
-      assert relation.reverse_order!.equal?(relation)
-      assert relation.reverse_order_value
+      @relation = Post.order('title ASC, comments_count DESC')
+
       relation.reverse_order!
-      assert !relation.reverse_order_value
+
+      assert_equal 'title DESC', relation.order_values.first
+      assert_equal 'comments_count ASC', relation.order_values.last
+
+
+      relation.reverse_order!
+
+      assert_equal 'title ASC', relation.order_values.first
+      assert_equal 'comments_count DESC', relation.order_values.last
     end
 
     test 'create_with!' do
@@ -119,12 +141,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     test 'test_merge!' do
-      assert relation.merge!(where: :foo).equal?(relation)
-      assert_equal [:foo], relation.where_values
+      assert relation.merge!(select: :foo).equal?(relation)
+      assert_equal [:foo], relation.select_values
     end
 
     test 'merge with a proc' do
-      assert_equal [:foo], relation.merge(-> { where(:foo) }).where_values
+      assert_equal [:foo], relation.merge(-> { select(:foo) }).select_values
     end
 
     test 'none!' do
@@ -136,13 +158,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
     test 'distinct!' do
       relation.distinct! :foo
       assert_equal :foo, relation.distinct_value
-      assert_equal :foo, relation.uniq_value # deprecated access
+
+      assert_deprecated do
+        assert_equal :foo, relation.uniq_value # deprecated access
+      end
     end
 
     test 'uniq! was replaced by distinct!' do
-      relation.uniq! :foo
+      assert_deprecated(/use distinct! instead/) do
+        relation.uniq! :foo
+      end
+
+      assert_deprecated(/use distinct_value instead/) do
+        assert_equal :foo, relation.uniq_value # deprecated access
+      end
+
       assert_equal :foo, relation.distinct_value
-      assert_equal :foo, relation.uniq_value # deprecated access
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/or_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/or_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2006fc9611
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/or_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require 'models/post'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class OrTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    fixtures :posts
+
+    def test_or_with_relation
+      expected = Post.where('id = 1 or id = 2').to_a
+      assert_equal expected, Post.where('id = 1').or(Post.where('id = 2')).to_a
+    end
+
+    def test_or_identity
+      expected = Post.where('id = 1').to_a
+      assert_equal expected, Post.where('id = 1').or(Post.where('id = 1')).to_a
+    end
+
+    def test_or_with_null_left
+      expected = Post.where('id = 1').to_a
+      assert_equal expected, Post.none.or(Post.where('id = 1')).to_a
+    end
+
+    def test_or_with_null_right
+      expected = Post.where('id = 1').to_a
+      assert_equal expected, Post.where('id = 1').or(Post.none).to_a
+    end
+
+    def test_or_with_bind_params
+      assert_equal Post.find([1, 2]), Post.where(id: 1).or(Post.where(id: 2)).to_a
+    end
+
+    def test_or_with_null_both
+      expected = Post.none.to_a
+      assert_equal expected, Post.none.or(Post.none).to_a
+    end
+
+    def test_or_without_left_where
+      expected = Post.all
+      assert_equal expected, Post.or(Post.where('id = 1')).to_a
+    end
+
+    def test_or_without_right_where
+      expected = Post.all
+      assert_equal expected, Post.where('id = 1').or(Post.all).to_a
+    end
+
+    def test_or_preserves_other_querying_methods
+      expected = Post.where('id = 1 or id = 2 or id = 3').order('body asc').to_a
+      partial = Post.order('body asc')
+      assert_equal expected, partial.where('id = 1').or(partial.where(:id => [2, 3])).to_a
+      assert_equal expected, Post.order('body asc').where('id = 1').or(Post.order('body asc').where(:id => [2, 3])).to_a
+    end
+
+    def test_or_with_incompatible_relations
+      assert_raises ArgumentError do
+        Post.order('body asc').where('id = 1').or(Post.order('id desc').where(:id => [2, 3])).to_a
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_or_when_grouping
+      groups = Post.where('id < 10').group('body').select('body, COUNT(*) AS c')
+      expected = groups.having("COUNT(*) > 1 OR body like 'Such%'").to_a.map {|o| [o.body, o.c] }
+      assert_equal expected, groups.having('COUNT(*) > 1').or(groups.having("body like 'Such%'")).to_a.map {|o| [o.body, o.c] }
+    end
+
+    def test_or_with_named_scope
+      expected = Post.where("id = 1 or body LIKE '\%a\%'").to_a
+      assert_equal expected, Post.where('id = 1').or(Post.containing_the_letter_a)
+    end
+
+    def test_or_inside_named_scope
+      expected = Post.where("body LIKE '\%a\%' OR title LIKE ?", "%'%").order('id DESC').to_a
+      assert_equal expected, Post.order(id: :desc).typographically_interesting
+    end
+
+    def test_or_on_loaded_relation
+      expected = Post.where('id = 1 or id = 2').to_a
+      p = Post.where('id = 1')
+      p.load
+      assert_equal p.loaded?, true
+      assert_equal expected, p.or(Post.where('id = 2')).to_a
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/predicate_builder_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/predicate_builder_test.rb
index 14a8d97d36..8f62014622 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/predicate_builder_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/predicate_builder_test.rb
@@ -4,11 +4,13 @@ require 'models/topic'
 module ActiveRecord
   class PredicateBuilderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     def test_registering_new_handlers
-      PredicateBuilder.register_handler(Regexp, proc do |column, value|
-        Arel::Nodes::InfixOperation.new('~', column, value.source)
+      Topic.predicate_builder.register_handler(Regexp, proc do |column, value|
+        Arel::Nodes::InfixOperation.new('~', column, Arel.sql(value.source))
       end)
 
-      assert_match %r{["`]topics["`].["`]title["`] ~ 'rails'}i, Topic.where(title: /rails/).to_sql
+      assert_match %r{["`]topics["`]\.["`]title["`] ~ rails}i, Topic.where(title: /rails/).to_sql
+    ensure
+      Topic.reset_column_information
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/record_fetch_warning_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/record_fetch_warning_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..62f0a7cc49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/record_fetch_warning_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+require 'models/post'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class RecordFetchWarningTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    fixtures :posts
+
+    def test_warn_on_records_fetched_greater_than
+      original_logger = ActiveRecord::Base.logger
+      orginal_warn_on_records_fetched_greater_than = ActiveRecord::Base.warn_on_records_fetched_greater_than
+
+      log = StringIO.new
+      ActiveRecord::Base.logger = ActiveSupport::Logger.new(log)
+      ActiveRecord::Base.logger.level = Logger::WARN
+
+      require 'active_record/relation/record_fetch_warning'
+
+      ActiveRecord::Base.warn_on_records_fetched_greater_than = 1
+
+      Post.all.to_a
+
+      assert_match(/Query fetched/, log.string)
+    ensure
+      ActiveRecord::Base.logger = original_logger
+      ActiveRecord::Base.warn_on_records_fetched_greater_than = orginal_warn_on_records_fetched_greater_than
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_chain_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_chain_test.rb
index fd2420cb88..27bbd80f79 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_chain_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_chain_test.rb
@@ -11,16 +11,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @name = 'title'
     end
 
-    def test_not_eq
-      expected = Arel::Nodes::NotEqual.new(Post.arel_table[@name], 'hello')
+    def test_not_inverts_where_clause
       relation = Post.where.not(title: 'hello')
-      assert_equal([expected], relation.where_values)
-    end
+      expected_where_clause = Post.where(title: 'hello').where_clause.invert
 
-    def test_not_null
-      expected = Arel::Nodes::NotEqual.new(Post.arel_table[@name], nil)
-      relation = Post.where.not(title: nil)
-      assert_equal([expected], relation.where_values)
+      assert_equal expected_where_clause, relation.where_clause
     end
 
     def test_not_with_nil
@@ -29,88 +24,82 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
-    def test_not_in
-      expected = Arel::Nodes::NotIn.new(Post.arel_table[@name], %w[hello goodbye])
-      relation = Post.where.not(title: %w[hello goodbye])
-      assert_equal([expected], relation.where_values)
-    end
-
     def test_association_not_eq
-      expected = Arel::Nodes::NotEqual.new(Comment.arel_table[@name], 'hello')
+      expected = Arel::Nodes::Grouping.new(Comment.arel_table[@name].not_eq(Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new))
       relation = Post.joins(:comments).where.not(comments: {title: 'hello'})
-      assert_equal(expected.to_sql, relation.where_values.first.to_sql)
+      assert_equal(expected.to_sql, relation.where_clause.ast.to_sql)
     end
 
     def test_not_eq_with_preceding_where
       relation = Post.where(title: 'hello').where.not(title: 'world')
+      expected_where_clause =
+        Post.where(title: 'hello').where_clause +
+        Post.where(title: 'world').where_clause.invert
 
-      expected = Arel::Nodes::Equality.new(Post.arel_table[@name], 'hello')
-      assert_equal(expected, relation.where_values.first)
-
-      expected = Arel::Nodes::NotEqual.new(Post.arel_table[@name], 'world')
-      assert_equal(expected, relation.where_values.last)
+      assert_equal expected_where_clause, relation.where_clause
     end
 
     def test_not_eq_with_succeeding_where
       relation = Post.where.not(title: 'hello').where(title: 'world')
+      expected_where_clause =
+        Post.where(title: 'hello').where_clause.invert +
+        Post.where(title: 'world').where_clause
 
-      expected = Arel::Nodes::NotEqual.new(Post.arel_table[@name], 'hello')
-      assert_equal(expected, relation.where_values.first)
-
-      expected = Arel::Nodes::Equality.new(Post.arel_table[@name], 'world')
-      assert_equal(expected, relation.where_values.last)
-    end
-
-    def test_not_eq_with_string_parameter
-      expected = Arel::Nodes::Not.new("title = 'hello'")
-      relation = Post.where.not("title = 'hello'")
-      assert_equal([expected], relation.where_values)
-    end
-
-    def test_not_eq_with_array_parameter
-      expected = Arel::Nodes::Not.new("title = 'hello'")
-      relation = Post.where.not(['title = ?', 'hello'])
-      assert_equal([expected], relation.where_values)
+      assert_equal expected_where_clause, relation.where_clause
     end
 
     def test_chaining_multiple
       relation = Post.where.not(author_id: [1, 2]).where.not(title: 'ruby on rails')
+      expected_where_clause =
+        Post.where(author_id: [1, 2]).where_clause.invert +
+        Post.where(title: 'ruby on rails').where_clause.invert
 
-      expected = Arel::Nodes::NotIn.new(Post.arel_table['author_id'], [1, 2])
-      assert_equal(expected, relation.where_values[0])
-
-      expected = Arel::Nodes::NotEqual.new(Post.arel_table[@name], 'ruby on rails')
-      assert_equal(expected, relation.where_values[1])
+      assert_equal expected_where_clause, relation.where_clause
     end
-    
+
     def test_rewhere_with_one_condition
       relation = Post.where(title: 'hello').where(title: 'world').rewhere(title: 'alone')
+      expected = Post.where(title: 'alone')
 
-      expected = Arel::Nodes::Equality.new(Post.arel_table[@name], 'alone')
-      assert_equal 1, relation.where_values.size
-      assert_equal expected, relation.where_values.first
+      assert_equal expected.where_clause, relation.where_clause
     end
 
     def test_rewhere_with_multiple_overwriting_conditions
       relation = Post.where(title: 'hello').where(body: 'world').rewhere(title: 'alone', body: 'again')
+      expected = Post.where(title: 'alone', body: 'again')
 
-      title_expected = Arel::Nodes::Equality.new(Post.arel_table['title'], 'alone')
-      body_expected  = Arel::Nodes::Equality.new(Post.arel_table['body'], 'again')
-
-      assert_equal 2, relation.where_values.size
-      assert_equal title_expected, relation.where_values.first
-      assert_equal body_expected, relation.where_values.second
+      assert_equal expected.where_clause, relation.where_clause
     end
 
     def test_rewhere_with_one_overwriting_condition_and_one_unrelated
       relation = Post.where(title: 'hello').where(body: 'world').rewhere(title: 'alone')
+      expected = Post.where(body: 'world', title: 'alone')
+
+      assert_equal expected.where_clause, relation.where_clause
+    end
+
+    def test_rewhere_with_range
+      relation = Post.where(comments_count: 1..3).rewhere(comments_count: 3..5)
+
+      assert_equal Post.where(comments_count: 3..5), relation
+    end
+
+    def test_rewhere_with_infinite_upper_bound_range
+      relation = Post.where(comments_count: 1..Float::INFINITY).rewhere(comments_count: 3..5)
+
+      assert_equal Post.where(comments_count: 3..5), relation
+    end
+
+    def test_rewhere_with_infinite_lower_bound_range
+      relation = Post.where(comments_count: -Float::INFINITY..1).rewhere(comments_count: 3..5)
+
+      assert_equal Post.where(comments_count: 3..5), relation
+    end
 
-      title_expected = Arel::Nodes::Equality.new(Post.arel_table['title'], 'alone')
-      body_expected  = Arel::Nodes::Equality.new(Post.arel_table['body'], 'world')
+    def test_rewhere_with_infinite_range
+      relation = Post.where(comments_count: -Float::INFINITY..Float::INFINITY).rewhere(comments_count: 3..5)
 
-      assert_equal 2, relation.where_values.size
-      assert_equal body_expected, relation.where_values.first
-      assert_equal title_expected, relation.where_values.second
+      assert_equal Post.where(comments_count: 3..5), relation
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_clause_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_clause_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c20ed94d90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_clause_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+class ActiveRecord::Relation
+  class WhereClauseTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    test "+ combines two where clauses" do
+      first_clause = WhereClause.new([table["id"].eq(bind_param)], [["id", 1]])
+      second_clause = WhereClause.new([table["name"].eq(bind_param)], [["name", "Sean"]])
+      combined = WhereClause.new(
+        [table["id"].eq(bind_param), table["name"].eq(bind_param)],
+        [["id", 1], ["name", "Sean"]],
+      )
+
+      assert_equal combined, first_clause + second_clause
+    end
+
+    test "+ is associative, but not commutative" do
+      a = WhereClause.new(["a"], ["bind a"])
+      b = WhereClause.new(["b"], ["bind b"])
+      c = WhereClause.new(["c"], ["bind c"])
+
+      assert_equal a + (b + c), (a + b) + c
+      assert_not_equal a + b, b + a
+    end
+
+    test "an empty where clause is the identity value for +" do
+      clause = WhereClause.new([table["id"].eq(bind_param)], [["id", 1]])
+
+      assert_equal clause, clause + WhereClause.empty
+    end
+
+    test "merge combines two where clauses" do
+      a = WhereClause.new([table["id"].eq(1)], [])
+      b = WhereClause.new([table["name"].eq("Sean")], [])
+      expected = WhereClause.new([table["id"].eq(1), table["name"].eq("Sean")], [])
+
+      assert_equal expected, a.merge(b)
+    end
+
+    test "merge keeps the right side, when two equality clauses reference the same column" do
+      a = WhereClause.new([table["id"].eq(1), table["name"].eq("Sean")], [])
+      b = WhereClause.new([table["name"].eq("Jim")], [])
+      expected = WhereClause.new([table["id"].eq(1), table["name"].eq("Jim")], [])
+
+      assert_equal expected, a.merge(b)
+    end
+
+    test "merge removes bind parameters matching overlapping equality clauses" do
+      a = WhereClause.new(
+        [table["id"].eq(bind_param), table["name"].eq(bind_param)],
+        [attribute("id", 1), attribute("name", "Sean")],
+      )
+      b = WhereClause.new(
+        [table["name"].eq(bind_param)],
+        [attribute("name", "Jim")]
+      )
+      expected = WhereClause.new(
+        [table["id"].eq(bind_param), table["name"].eq(bind_param)],
+        [attribute("id", 1), attribute("name", "Jim")],
+      )
+
+      assert_equal expected, a.merge(b)
+    end
+
+    test "merge allows for columns with the same name from different tables" do
+      skip "This is not possible as of 4.2, and the binds do not yet contain sufficient information for this to happen"
+      # We might be able to change the implementation to remove conflicts by index, rather than column name
+    end
+
+    test "a clause knows if it is empty" do
+      assert WhereClause.empty.empty?
+      assert_not WhereClause.new(["anything"], []).empty?
+    end
+
+    test "invert cannot handle nil" do
+      where_clause = WhereClause.new([nil], [])
+
+      assert_raises ArgumentError do
+        where_clause.invert
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "invert replaces each part of the predicate with its inverse" do
+      random_object = Object.new
+      original = WhereClause.new([
+        table["id"].in([1, 2, 3]),
+        table["id"].eq(1),
+        "sql literal",
+        random_object
+      ], [])
+      expected = WhereClause.new([
+        table["id"].not_in([1, 2, 3]),
+        table["id"].not_eq(1),
+        Arel::Nodes::Not.new(Arel::Nodes::SqlLiteral.new("sql literal")),
+        Arel::Nodes::Not.new(random_object)
+      ], [])
+
+      assert_equal expected, original.invert
+    end
+
+    test "accept removes binary predicates referencing a given column" do
+      where_clause = WhereClause.new([
+        table["id"].in([1, 2, 3]),
+        table["name"].eq(bind_param),
+        table["age"].gteq(bind_param),
+      ], [
+        attribute("name", "Sean"),
+        attribute("age", 30),
+      ])
+      expected = WhereClause.new([table["age"].gteq(bind_param)], [attribute("age", 30)])
+
+      assert_equal expected, where_clause.except("id", "name")
+    end
+
+    test "ast groups its predicates with AND" do
+      predicates = [
+        table["id"].in([1, 2, 3]),
+        table["name"].eq(bind_param),
+      ]
+      where_clause = WhereClause.new(predicates, [])
+      expected = Arel::Nodes::And.new(predicates)
+
+      assert_equal expected, where_clause.ast
+    end
+
+    test "ast wraps any SQL literals in parenthesis" do
+      random_object = Object.new
+      where_clause = WhereClause.new([
+        table["id"].in([1, 2, 3]),
+        "foo = bar",
+        random_object,
+      ], [])
+      expected = Arel::Nodes::And.new([
+        table["id"].in([1, 2, 3]),
+        Arel::Nodes::Grouping.new(Arel.sql("foo = bar")),
+        Arel::Nodes::Grouping.new(random_object),
+      ])
+
+      assert_equal expected, where_clause.ast
+    end
+
+    test "ast removes any empty strings" do
+      where_clause = WhereClause.new([table["id"].in([1, 2, 3])], [])
+      where_clause_with_empty = WhereClause.new([table["id"].in([1, 2, 3]), ''], [])
+
+      assert_equal where_clause.ast, where_clause_with_empty.ast
+    end
+
+    test "or joins the two clauses using OR" do
+      where_clause = WhereClause.new([table["id"].eq(bind_param)], [attribute("id", 1)])
+      other_clause = WhereClause.new([table["name"].eq(bind_param)], [attribute("name", "Sean")])
+      expected_ast =
+        Arel::Nodes::Grouping.new(
+          Arel::Nodes::Or.new(table["id"].eq(bind_param), table["name"].eq(bind_param))
+        )
+      expected_binds = where_clause.binds + other_clause.binds
+
+      assert_equal expected_ast.to_sql, where_clause.or(other_clause).ast.to_sql
+      assert_equal expected_binds, where_clause.or(other_clause).binds
+    end
+
+    test "or returns an empty where clause when either side is empty" do
+      where_clause = WhereClause.new([table["id"].eq(bind_param)], [attribute("id", 1)])
+
+      assert_equal WhereClause.empty, where_clause.or(WhereClause.empty)
+      assert_equal WhereClause.empty, WhereClause.empty.or(where_clause)
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def table
+      Arel::Table.new("table")
+    end
+
+    def bind_param
+      Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new
+    end
+
+    def attribute(name, value)
+      ActiveRecord::Attribute.with_cast_value(name, value, ActiveRecord::Type::Value.new)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_test.rb
index 937f226b1d..bc6378b90e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_test.rb
@@ -1,15 +1,20 @@
 require "cases/helper"
-require 'models/author'
-require 'models/price_estimate'
-require 'models/treasure'
-require 'models/post'
-require 'models/comment'
-require 'models/edge'
-require 'models/topic'
+require "models/author"
+require "models/binary"
+require "models/cake_designer"
+require "models/chef"
+require "models/comment"
+require "models/edge"
+require "models/essay"
+require "models/post"
+require "models/price_estimate"
+require "models/topic"
+require "models/treasure"
+require "models/vertex"
 
 module ActiveRecord
   class WhereTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-    fixtures :posts, :edges, :authors
+    fixtures :posts, :edges, :authors, :binaries, :essays
 
     def test_where_copies_bind_params
       author = authors(:david)
@@ -24,6 +29,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
       }
     end
 
+    def test_where_copies_bind_params_in_the_right_order
+      author = authors(:david)
+      posts = author.posts.where.not(id: 1)
+      joined = Post.where(id: posts, title: posts.first.title)
+
+      assert_equal joined, [posts.first]
+    end
+
+    def test_where_copies_arel_bind_params
+      chef = Chef.create!
+      CakeDesigner.create!(chef: chef)
+
+      cake_designers = CakeDesigner.joins(:chef).where(chefs: { id: chef.id })
+      chefs = Chef.where(employable: cake_designers)
+
+      assert_equal [chef], chefs.to_a
+    end
+
     def test_rewhere_on_root
       assert_equal posts(:welcome), Post.rewhere(title: 'Welcome to the weblog').first
     end
@@ -60,6 +83,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
       assert_equal expected.to_sql, actual.to_sql
     end
 
+    def test_belongs_to_nested_where_with_relation
+      author = authors(:david)
+
+      expected = Author.where(id: author ).joins(:posts)
+      actual   = Author.where(posts: { author_id: Author.where(id: author.id) }).joins(:posts)
+
+      assert_equal expected.to_a, actual.to_a
+    end
+
     def test_polymorphic_shallow_where
       treasure = Treasure.new
       treasure.id = 1
@@ -179,5 +211,100 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_equal 4, Edge.where(blank).order("sink_id").to_a.size
       end
     end
+
+    def test_where_with_integer_for_string_column
+      count = Post.where(:title => 0).count
+      assert_equal 0, count
+    end
+
+    def test_where_with_float_for_string_column
+      count = Post.where(:title => 0.0).count
+      assert_equal 0, count
+    end
+
+    def test_where_with_boolean_for_string_column
+      count = Post.where(:title => false).count
+      assert_equal 0, count
+    end
+
+    def test_where_with_decimal_for_string_column
+      count = Post.where(:title => BigDecimal.new(0)).count
+      assert_equal 0, count
+    end
+
+    def test_where_with_duration_for_string_column
+      count = Post.where(:title => 0.seconds).count
+      assert_equal 0, count
+    end
+
+    def test_where_with_integer_for_binary_column
+      count = Binary.where(:data => 0).count
+      assert_equal 0, count
+    end
+
+    def test_where_on_association_with_custom_primary_key
+      author = authors(:david)
+      essay = Essay.where(writer: author).first
+
+      assert_equal essays(:david_modest_proposal), essay
+    end
+
+    def test_where_on_association_with_custom_primary_key_with_relation
+      author = authors(:david)
+      essay = Essay.where(writer: Author.where(id: author.id)).first
+
+      assert_equal essays(:david_modest_proposal), essay
+    end
+
+    def test_where_on_association_with_relation_performs_subselect_not_two_queries
+      author = authors(:david)
+
+      assert_queries(1) do
+        Essay.where(writer: Author.where(id: author.id)).to_a
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_where_on_association_with_custom_primary_key_with_array_of_base
+      author = authors(:david)
+      essay = Essay.where(writer: [author]).first
+
+      assert_equal essays(:david_modest_proposal), essay
+    end
+
+    def test_where_on_association_with_custom_primary_key_with_array_of_ids
+      essay = Essay.where(writer: ["David"]).first
+
+      assert_equal essays(:david_modest_proposal), essay
+    end
+
+    def test_where_with_strong_parameters
+      protected_params = Class.new do
+        attr_reader :permitted
+        alias :permitted? :permitted
+
+        def initialize(parameters)
+          @parameters = parameters
+          @permitted = false
+        end
+
+        def to_h
+          @parameters
+        end
+
+        def permit!
+          @permitted = true
+          self
+        end
+      end
+
+      author = authors(:david)
+      params = protected_params.new(name: author.name)
+      assert_raises(ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesError) { Author.where(params) }
+      assert_equal author, Author.where(params.permit!).first
+    end
+
+    def test_where_with_unsupported_arguments
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Author.where(42) }
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation_test.rb
index 15611656fd..f46d414b95 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation_test.rb
@@ -16,22 +16,30 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def self.connection
         Post.connection
       end
+
+      def self.table_name
+        'fake_table'
+      end
+
+      def self.sanitize_sql_for_order(sql)
+        sql
+      end
     end
 
     def test_construction
-      relation = Relation.new FakeKlass, :b
+      relation = Relation.new(FakeKlass, :b, nil)
       assert_equal FakeKlass, relation.klass
       assert_equal :b, relation.table
       assert !relation.loaded, 'relation is not loaded'
     end
 
     def test_responds_to_model_and_returns_klass
-      relation = Relation.new FakeKlass, :b
+      relation = Relation.new(FakeKlass, :b, nil)
       assert_equal FakeKlass, relation.model
     end
 
     def test_initialize_single_values
-      relation = Relation.new FakeKlass, :b
+      relation = Relation.new(FakeKlass, :b, nil)
       (Relation::SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS - [:create_with]).each do |method|
         assert_nil relation.send("#{method}_value"), method.to_s
       end
@@ -39,39 +47,37 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def test_multi_value_initialize
-      relation = Relation.new FakeKlass, :b
+      relation = Relation.new(FakeKlass, :b, nil)
       Relation::MULTI_VALUE_METHODS.each do |method|
         assert_equal [], relation.send("#{method}_values"), method.to_s
       end
     end
 
     def test_extensions
-      relation = Relation.new FakeKlass, :b
+      relation = Relation.new(FakeKlass, :b, nil)
       assert_equal [], relation.extensions
     end
 
     def test_empty_where_values_hash
-      relation = Relation.new FakeKlass, :b
-      assert_equal({}, relation.where_values_hash)
-
-      relation.where! :hello
+      relation = Relation.new(FakeKlass, :b, nil)
       assert_equal({}, relation.where_values_hash)
     end
 
     def test_has_values
-      relation = Relation.new Post, Post.arel_table
+      relation = Relation.new(Post, Post.arel_table, Post.predicate_builder)
       relation.where! relation.table[:id].eq(10)
       assert_equal({:id => 10}, relation.where_values_hash)
     end
 
     def test_values_wrong_table
-      relation = Relation.new Post, Post.arel_table
+      relation = Relation.new(Post, Post.arel_table, Post.predicate_builder)
       relation.where! Comment.arel_table[:id].eq(10)
       assert_equal({}, relation.where_values_hash)
     end
 
     def test_tree_is_not_traversed
-      relation = Relation.new Post, Post.arel_table
+      relation = Relation.new(Post, Post.arel_table, Post.predicate_builder)
+      # FIXME: Remove the Arel::Nodes::Quoted in Rails 5.1
       left     = relation.table[:id].eq(10)
       right    = relation.table[:id].eq(10)
       combine  = left.and right
@@ -80,24 +86,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def test_table_name_delegates_to_klass
-      relation = Relation.new FakeKlass.new('posts'), :b
+      relation = Relation.new(FakeKlass.new('posts'), :b, Post.predicate_builder)
       assert_equal 'posts', relation.table_name
     end
 
     def test_scope_for_create
-      relation = Relation.new FakeKlass, :b
+      relation = Relation.new(FakeKlass, :b, nil)
       assert_equal({}, relation.scope_for_create)
     end
 
     def test_create_with_value
-      relation = Relation.new Post, Post.arel_table
+      relation = Relation.new(Post, Post.arel_table, Post.predicate_builder)
       hash = { :hello => 'world' }
       relation.create_with_value = hash
       assert_equal hash, relation.scope_for_create
     end
 
     def test_create_with_value_with_wheres
-      relation = Relation.new Post, Post.arel_table
+      relation = Relation.new(Post, Post.arel_table, Post.predicate_builder)
+      # FIXME: Remove the Arel::Nodes::Quoted in Rails 5.1
       relation.where! relation.table[:id].eq(10)
       relation.create_with_value = {:hello => 'world'}
       assert_equal({:hello => 'world', :id => 10}, relation.scope_for_create)
@@ -105,9 +112,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     # FIXME: is this really wanted or expected behavior?
     def test_scope_for_create_is_cached
-      relation = Relation.new Post, Post.arel_table
+      relation = Relation.new(Post, Post.arel_table, Post.predicate_builder)
       assert_equal({}, relation.scope_for_create)
 
+      # FIXME: Remove the Arel::Nodes::Quoted in Rails 5.1
       relation.where! relation.table[:id].eq(10)
       assert_equal({}, relation.scope_for_create)
 
@@ -122,62 +130,72 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def test_empty_eager_loading?
-      relation = Relation.new FakeKlass, :b
+      relation = Relation.new(FakeKlass, :b, nil)
       assert !relation.eager_loading?
     end
 
     def test_eager_load_values
-      relation = Relation.new FakeKlass, :b
+      relation = Relation.new(FakeKlass, :b, nil)
       relation.eager_load! :b
       assert relation.eager_loading?
     end
 
     def test_references_values
-      relation = Relation.new FakeKlass, :b
+      relation = Relation.new(FakeKlass, :b, nil)
       assert_equal [], relation.references_values
       relation = relation.references(:foo).references(:omg, :lol)
       assert_equal ['foo', 'omg', 'lol'], relation.references_values
     end
 
     def test_references_values_dont_duplicate
-      relation = Relation.new FakeKlass, :b
+      relation = Relation.new(FakeKlass, :b, nil)
       relation = relation.references(:foo).references(:foo)
       assert_equal ['foo'], relation.references_values
     end
 
     test 'merging a hash into a relation' do
-      relation = Relation.new FakeKlass, :b
-      relation = relation.merge where: :lol, readonly: true
+      relation = Relation.new(Post, Post.arel_table, Post.predicate_builder)
+      relation = relation.merge where: {name: :lol}, readonly: true
 
-      assert_equal [:lol], relation.where_values
+      assert_equal({"name"=>:lol}, relation.where_clause.to_h)
       assert_equal true, relation.readonly_value
     end
 
     test 'merging an empty hash into a relation' do
-      assert_equal [], Relation.new(FakeKlass, :b).merge({}).where_values
+      assert_equal Relation::WhereClause.empty, Relation.new(FakeKlass, :b, nil).merge({}).where_clause
     end
 
     test 'merging a hash with unknown keys raises' do
       assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Relation::HashMerger.new(nil, omg: 'lol') }
     end
 
+    test 'merging nil or false raises' do
+      relation = Relation.new(FakeKlass, :b, nil)
+
+      e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+        relation = relation.merge nil
+      end
+
+      assert_equal 'invalid argument: nil.', e.message
+
+      e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+        relation = relation.merge false
+      end
+
+      assert_equal 'invalid argument: false.', e.message
+    end
+
     test '#values returns a dup of the values' do
-      relation = Relation.new(FakeKlass, :b).where! :foo
+      relation = Relation.new(Post, Post.arel_table, Post.predicate_builder).where!(name: :foo)
       values   = relation.values
 
       values[:where] = nil
-      assert_not_nil relation.where_values
+      assert_not_nil relation.where_clause
     end
 
     test 'relations can be created with a values hash' do
-      relation = Relation.new(FakeKlass, :b, where: [:foo])
-      assert_equal [:foo], relation.where_values
-    end
-
-    test 'merging a single where value' do
-      relation = Relation.new(FakeKlass, :b)
-      relation.merge!(where: :foo)
-      assert_equal [:foo], relation.where_values
+      relation = Relation.new(FakeKlass, :b, nil, select: [:foo])
+      assert_equal [:foo], relation.select_values
     end
 
     test 'merging a hash interpolates conditions' do
@@ -188,13 +206,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      relation = Relation.new(klass, :b)
+      relation = Relation.new(klass, :b, nil)
       relation.merge!(where: ['foo = ?', 'bar'])
-      assert_equal ['foo = bar'], relation.where_values
+      assert_equal Relation::WhereClause.new(['foo = bar'], []), relation.where_clause
     end
 
     def test_merging_readonly_false
-      relation = Relation.new FakeKlass, :b
+      relation = Relation.new(FakeKlass, :b, nil)
       readonly_false_relation = relation.readonly(false)
       # test merging in both directions
       assert_equal false, relation.merge(readonly_false_relation).readonly_value
@@ -217,6 +235,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
       assert_equal 3, relation.where(id: post.id).pluck(:id).size
     end
 
+    def test_merge_raises_with_invalid_argument
+      assert_raises ArgumentError do
+        relation = Relation.new(FakeKlass, :b, nil)
+        relation.merge(true)
+      end
+    end
+
     def test_respond_to_for_non_selected_element
       post = Post.select(:title).first
       assert_equal false, post.respond_to?(:body), "post should not respond_to?(:body) since invoking it raises exception"
@@ -225,11 +250,78 @@ module ActiveRecord
       assert_equal false, post.respond_to?(:title), "post should not respond_to?(:body) since invoking it raises exception"
     end
 
+    def test_select_quotes_when_using_from_clause
+      skip_if_sqlite3_version_includes_quoting_bug
+      quoted_join = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.quote_table_name("join")
+      selected = Post.select(:join).from(Post.select("id as #{quoted_join}")).map(&:join)
+      assert_equal Post.pluck(:id), selected
+    end
+
+    def test_selecting_aliased_attribute_quotes_column_name_when_from_is_used
+      skip_if_sqlite3_version_includes_quoting_bug
+      klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+        self.table_name = :test_with_keyword_column_name
+        alias_attribute :description, :desc
+      end
+      klass.create!(description: "foo")
+
+      assert_equal ["foo"], klass.select(:description).from(klass.all).map(&:desc)
+    end
+
     def test_relation_merging_with_merged_joins_as_strings
       join_string = "LEFT OUTER JOIN #{Rating.quoted_table_name} ON #{SpecialComment.quoted_table_name}.id = #{Rating.quoted_table_name}.comment_id"
       special_comments_with_ratings = SpecialComment.joins join_string
       posts_with_special_comments_with_ratings = Post.group("posts.id").joins(:special_comments).merge(special_comments_with_ratings)
       assert_equal 3, authors(:david).posts.merge(posts_with_special_comments_with_ratings).count.length
     end
+
+    class EnsureRoundTripTypeCasting < ActiveRecord::Type::Value
+      def type
+        :string
+      end
+
+      def deserialize(value)
+        raise value unless value == "type cast for database"
+        "type cast from database"
+      end
+
+      def serialize(value)
+        raise value unless value == "value from user"
+        "type cast for database"
+      end
+    end
+
+    class UpdateAllTestModel < ActiveRecord::Base
+      self.table_name = 'posts'
+
+      attribute :body, EnsureRoundTripTypeCasting.new
+    end
+
+    def test_update_all_goes_through_normal_type_casting
+      UpdateAllTestModel.update_all(body: "value from user", type: nil) # No STI
+
+      assert_equal "type cast from database", UpdateAllTestModel.first.body
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def skip_if_sqlite3_version_includes_quoting_bug
+      if sqlite3_version_includes_quoting_bug?
+        skip <<-ERROR.squish
+          You are using an outdated version of SQLite3 which has a bug in
+          quoted column names. Please update SQLite3 and rebuild the sqlite3
+          ruby gem
+        ERROR
+      end
+    end
+
+    def sqlite3_version_includes_quoting_bug?
+      if current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
+        selected_quoted_column_names = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query(
+          'SELECT "join" FROM (SELECT id AS "join" FROM posts) subquery'
+        ).columns
+        ["join"] != selected_quoted_column_names
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb
index 8718110c36..7149c7d072 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ require 'models/comment'
 require 'models/author'
 require 'models/entrant'
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 require 'models/reply'
 require 'models/company'
 require 'models/bird'
@@ -14,12 +15,20 @@ require 'models/car'
 require 'models/engine'
 require 'models/tyre'
 require 'models/minivan'
-
+require 'models/aircraft'
+require "models/possession"
+require "models/reader"
+require "models/categorization"
 
 class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :authors, :topics, :entrants, :developers, :companies, :developers_projects, :accounts, :categories, :categorizations, :posts, :comments,
     :tags, :taggings, :cars, :minivans
 
+  class TopicWithCallbacks < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = :topics
+    before_update { |topic| topic.author_name = 'David' if topic.author_name.blank? }
+  end
+
   def test_do_not_double_quote_string_id
     van = Minivan.last
     assert van
@@ -32,15 +41,6 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal van, Minivan.where(:minivan_id => [van]).to_a.first
   end
 
-  def test_bind_values
-    relation = Post.all
-    assert_equal [], relation.bind_values
-
-    relation2 = relation.bind 'foo'
-    assert_equal %w{ foo }, relation2.bind_values
-    assert_equal [], relation.bind_values
-  end
-
   def test_two_scopes_with_includes_should_not_drop_any_include
     # heat habtm cache
     car = Car.incl_engines.incl_tyres.first
@@ -158,6 +158,17 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_select_with_subquery_in_from_does_not_use_original_table_name
+    relation = Comment.group(:type).select('COUNT(post_id) AS post_count, type')
+    subquery = Comment.from(relation).select('type','post_count')
+    assert_equal(relation.map(&:post_count).sort,subquery.map(&:post_count).sort)
+  end
+
+  def test_group_with_subquery_in_from_does_not_use_original_table_name
+    relation = Comment.group(:type).select('COUNT(post_id) AS post_count,type')
+    subquery = Comment.from(relation).group('type').average("post_count")
+    assert_equal(relation.map(&:post_count).sort,subquery.values.sort)
+  end
 
   def test_finding_with_conditions
     assert_equal ["David"], Author.where(:name => 'David').map(&:name)
@@ -171,7 +182,6 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal topics(:first).title, topics.first.title
   end
 
-
   def test_finding_with_arel_order
     topics = Topic.order(Topic.arel_table[:id].asc)
     assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
@@ -194,8 +204,33 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal Topic.order(:id).to_sql, Topic.order(:id => :asc).to_sql
   end
 
+  def test_finding_with_desc_order_with_string
+    topics = Topic.order(id: "desc")
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal [topics(:fifth), topics(:fourth), topics(:third), topics(:second), topics(:first)], topics.to_a
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_asc_order_with_string
+    topics = Topic.order(id: 'asc')
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal [topics(:first), topics(:second), topics(:third), topics(:fourth), topics(:fifth)], topics.to_a
+  end
+
+  def test_support_upper_and_lower_case_directions
+    assert_includes Topic.order(id: "ASC").to_sql, "ASC"
+    assert_includes Topic.order(id: "asc").to_sql, "ASC"
+    assert_includes Topic.order(id: :ASC).to_sql, "ASC"
+    assert_includes Topic.order(id: :asc).to_sql, "ASC"
+
+    assert_includes Topic.order(id: "DESC").to_sql, "DESC"
+    assert_includes Topic.order(id: "desc").to_sql, "DESC"
+    assert_includes Topic.order(id: :DESC).to_sql, "DESC"
+    assert_includes Topic.order(id: :desc).to_sql,"DESC"
+  end
+
   def test_raising_exception_on_invalid_hash_params
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.order(:name, "id DESC", :id => :DeSc) }
+    e = assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.order(:name, "id DESC", id: :asfsdf) }
+    assert_equal 'Direction "asfsdf" is invalid. Valid directions are: [:asc, :desc, :ASC, :DESC, "asc", "desc", "ASC", "DESC"]', e.message
   end
 
   def test_finding_last_with_arel_order
@@ -223,7 +258,7 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_finding_with_reorder
     topics = Topic.order('author_name').order('title').reorder('id').to_a
-    topics_titles = topics.map{ |t| t.title }
+    topics_titles = topics.map(&:title)
     assert_equal ['The First Topic', 'The Second Topic of the day', 'The Third Topic of the day', 'The Fourth Topic of the day', 'The Fifth Topic of the day'], topics_titles
   end
 
@@ -263,6 +298,11 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 3, tags.length
   end
 
+  def test_finding_with_sanitized_order
+    query = Tag.order(["field(id, ?)", [1,3,2]]).to_sql
+    assert_match(/field\(id, 1,3,2\)/, query)
+  end
+
   def test_finding_with_order_limit_and_offset
     entrants = Entrant.order("id ASC").limit(2).offset(1)
 
@@ -286,26 +326,26 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_none
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       assert_equal [], Developer.none
       assert_equal [], Developer.all.none
     end
   end
 
   def test_none_chainable
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       assert_equal [], Developer.none.where(:name => 'David')
     end
   end
 
   def test_none_chainable_to_existing_scope_extension_method
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       assert_equal 1, Topic.anonymous_extension.none.one
     end
   end
 
   def test_none_chained_to_methods_firing_queries_straight_to_db
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       assert_equal [],    Developer.none.pluck(:id, :name)
       assert_equal 0,     Developer.none.delete_all
       assert_equal 0,     Developer.none.update_all(:name => 'David')
@@ -315,19 +355,21 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_null_relation_content_size_methods
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       assert_equal 0,     Developer.none.size
       assert_equal 0,     Developer.none.count
       assert_equal true,  Developer.none.empty?
+      assert_equal true, Developer.none.none?
       assert_equal false, Developer.none.any?
+      assert_equal false, Developer.none.one?
       assert_equal false, Developer.none.many?
     end
   end
 
   def test_null_relation_calculations_methods
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       assert_equal 0, Developer.none.count
-      assert_equal 0, Developer.none.calculate(:count, nil, {})
+      assert_equal 0, Developer.none.calculate(:count, nil)
       assert_equal nil, Developer.none.calculate(:average, 'salary')
     end
   end
@@ -341,6 +383,65 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal({ 'salary' => 100_000 }, Developer.none.where(salary: 100_000).where_values_hash)
   end
 
+  def test_null_relation_sum
+    ac = Aircraft.new
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:id).sum(:id)
+    assert_equal        0, ac.engines.count
+    ac.save
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:id).sum(:id)
+    assert_equal        0, ac.engines.count
+  end
+
+  def test_null_relation_count
+    ac = Aircraft.new
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:id).count
+    assert_equal        0, ac.engines.count
+    ac.save
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:id).count
+    assert_equal        0, ac.engines.count
+  end
+
+  def test_null_relation_size
+    ac = Aircraft.new
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:id).size
+    assert_equal        0, ac.engines.size
+    ac.save
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:id).size
+    assert_equal        0, ac.engines.size
+  end
+
+  def test_null_relation_average
+    ac = Aircraft.new
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:car_id).average(:id)
+    assert_equal        nil, ac.engines.average(:id)
+    ac.save
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:car_id).average(:id)
+    assert_equal        nil, ac.engines.average(:id)
+  end
+
+  def test_null_relation_minimum
+    ac = Aircraft.new
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:car_id).minimum(:id)
+    assert_equal        nil, ac.engines.minimum(:id)
+    ac.save
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:car_id).minimum(:id)
+    assert_equal        nil, ac.engines.minimum(:id)
+  end
+
+  def test_null_relation_maximum
+    ac = Aircraft.new
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:car_id).maximum(:id)
+    assert_equal        nil, ac.engines.maximum(:id)
+    ac.save
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:car_id).maximum(:id)
+    assert_equal        nil, ac.engines.maximum(:id)
+  end
+
+  def test_null_relation_in_where_condition
+    assert_operator Comment.count, :>, 0 # precondition, make sure there are comments.
+    assert_equal 0, Comment.where(post_id: Post.none).to_a.size
+  end
+
   def test_joins_with_nil_argument
     assert_nothing_raised { DependentFirm.joins(nil).first }
   end
@@ -356,7 +457,7 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       where('project_id=1').to_a
 
     assert_equal 3, developers_on_project_one.length
-    developer_names = developers_on_project_one.map { |d| d.name }
+    developer_names = developers_on_project_one.map(&:name)
     assert developer_names.include?('David')
     assert developer_names.include?('Jamis')
   end
@@ -526,6 +627,51 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 1, query.to_a.size
   end
 
+  def test_preloading_with_associations_and_merges
+    post = Post.create! title: 'Uhuu', body: 'body'
+    reader = Reader.create! post_id: post.id, person_id: 1
+    comment = Comment.create! post_id: post.id, body: 'body'
+
+    assert !comment.respond_to?(:readers)
+
+    post_rel = Post.preload(:readers).joins(:readers).where(title: 'Uhuu')
+    result_comment = Comment.joins(:post).merge(post_rel).to_a.first
+    assert_equal comment, result_comment
+
+    assert_no_queries do
+      assert_equal post, result_comment.post
+      assert_equal [reader], result_comment.post.readers.to_a
+    end
+
+    post_rel = Post.includes(:readers).where(title: 'Uhuu')
+    result_comment = Comment.joins(:post).merge(post_rel).first
+    assert_equal comment, result_comment
+
+    assert_no_queries do
+      assert_equal post, result_comment.post
+      assert_equal [reader], result_comment.post.readers.to_a
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_preloading_with_associations_default_scopes_and_merges
+    post = Post.create! title: 'Uhuu', body: 'body'
+    reader = Reader.create! post_id: post.id, person_id: 1
+
+    post_rel = PostWithPreloadDefaultScope.preload(:readers).joins(:readers).where(title: 'Uhuu')
+    result_post = PostWithPreloadDefaultScope.all.merge(post_rel).to_a.first
+
+    assert_no_queries do
+      assert_equal [reader], result_post.readers.to_a
+    end
+
+    post_rel = PostWithIncludesDefaultScope.includes(:readers).where(title: 'Uhuu')
+    result_post = PostWithIncludesDefaultScope.all.merge(post_rel).to_a.first
+
+    assert_no_queries do
+      assert_equal [reader], result_post.readers.to_a
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_loading_with_one_association
     posts = Post.preload(:comments)
     post = posts.find { |p| p.id == 1 }
@@ -549,6 +695,12 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal expected, actual
   end
 
+  def test_to_sql_on_scoped_proxy
+    auth = Author.first
+    Post.where("1=1").written_by(auth)
+    assert_not auth.posts.to_sql.include?("1=1")
+  end
+
   def test_loading_with_one_association_with_non_preload
     posts = Post.eager_load(:last_comment).order('comments.id DESC')
     post = posts.find { |p| p.id == 1 }
@@ -561,8 +713,8 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     expected_taggings = taggings(:welcome_general, :thinking_general)
 
     assert_no_queries do
-      assert_equal expected_taggings, author.taggings.distinct.sort_by { |t| t.id }
-      assert_equal expected_taggings, author.taggings.uniq.sort_by { |t| t.id }
+      assert_equal expected_taggings, author.taggings.distinct.sort_by(&:id)
+      assert_equal expected_taggings, author.taggings.uniq.sort_by(&:id)
     end
 
     authors = Author.all
@@ -613,7 +765,7 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_find_with_list_of_ar
     author = Author.first
-    authors = Author.find([author])
+    authors = Author.find([author.id])
     assert_equal author, authors.first
   end
 
@@ -621,7 +773,9 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_find_by_classname
     Author.create!(:name => Mary.name)
-    assert_equal 1, Author.where(:name => Mary).size
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_equal 1, Author.where(:name => Mary).size
+    end
   end
 
   def test_find_by_id_with_list_of_ar
@@ -658,6 +812,13 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [], relation.to_a
   end
 
+  def test_typecasting_where_with_array
+    ids = Author.pluck(:id)
+    slugs = ids.map { |id| "#{id}-as-a-slug" }
+
+    assert_equal Author.all.to_a, Author.where(id: slugs).to_a
+  end
+
   def test_find_all_using_where_with_relation
     david = authors(:david)
     # switching the lines below would succeed in current rails
@@ -745,13 +906,25 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert ! davids.exists?(authors(:mary).id)
     assert ! davids.exists?("42")
     assert ! davids.exists?(42)
-    assert ! davids.exists?(davids.new)
+    assert ! davids.exists?(davids.new.id)
 
     fake  = Author.where(:name => 'fake author')
     assert ! fake.exists?
     assert ! fake.exists?(authors(:david).id)
   end
 
+  def test_exists_uses_existing_scope
+    post = authors(:david).posts.first
+    authors = Author.includes(:posts).where(name: "David", posts: { id: post.id })
+    assert authors.exists?(authors(:david).id)
+  end
+
+  def test_any_with_scope_on_hash_includes
+    post = authors(:david).posts.first
+    categories = Categorization.includes(author: :posts).where(posts: { id: post.id })
+    assert categories.exists?
+  end
+
   def test_last
     authors = Author.all
     assert_equal authors(:bob), authors.last
@@ -770,6 +943,12 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert davids.loaded?
   end
 
+  def test_destroy_all_with_conditions_is_deprecated
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_difference('Author.count', -1) { Author.destroy_all(name: 'David') }
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_delete_all
     davids = Author.where(:name => 'David')
 
@@ -777,6 +956,12 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert ! davids.loaded?
   end
 
+  def test_delete_all_with_conditions_is_deprecated
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_difference('Author.count', -1) { Author.delete_all(name: 'David') }
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_delete_all_loaded
     davids = Author.where(:name => 'David')
 
@@ -790,8 +975,22 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert davids.loaded?
   end
 
-  def test_delete_all_limit_error
+  def test_delete_all_with_unpermitted_relation_raises_error
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) { Author.limit(10).delete_all }
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) { Author.distinct.delete_all }
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) { Author.group(:name).delete_all }
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) { Author.having('SUM(id) < 3').delete_all }
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) { Author.offset(10).delete_all }
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_aggregates
+    posts = Post.select(:title, :body)
+
+    assert_equal 11, posts.count(:all)
+    assert_equal 11, posts.size
+    assert posts.any?
+    assert posts.many?
+    assert_not posts.empty?
   end
 
   def test_select_takes_a_variable_list_of_args
@@ -824,6 +1023,17 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 9, posts.where(:comments_count => 0).count
   end
 
+  def test_count_on_association_relation
+    author = Author.last
+    another_author = Author.first
+    posts = Post.where(author_id: author.id)
+
+    assert_equal author.posts.where(author_id: author.id).size, posts.count
+
+    assert_equal 0, author.posts.where(author_id: another_author.id).size
+    assert author.posts.where(author_id: another_author.id).empty?
+  end
+
   def test_count_with_distinct
     posts = Post.all
 
@@ -834,6 +1044,14 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 11, posts.distinct(false).select(:comments_count).count
   end
 
+  def test_update_all_with_scope
+    tag = Tag.first
+    Post.tagged_with(tag.id).update_all title: "rofl"
+    list = Post.tagged_with(tag.id).all.to_a
+    assert_operator list.length, :>, 0
+    list.each { |post| assert_equal 'rofl', post.title }
+  end
+
   def test_count_explicit_columns
     Post.update_all(:comments_count => nil)
     posts = Post.all
@@ -966,6 +1184,38 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert ! posts.limit(1).many?
   end
 
+  def test_none?
+    posts = Post.all
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      assert ! posts.none? # Uses COUNT()
+    end
+
+    assert ! posts.loaded?
+
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      assert posts.none? {|p| p.id < 0 }
+      assert ! posts.none? {|p| p.id == 1 }
+    end
+
+    assert posts.loaded?
+  end
+
+  def test_one
+    posts = Post.all
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      assert ! posts.one? # Uses COUNT()
+    end
+
+    assert ! posts.loaded?
+
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      assert ! posts.one? {|p| p.id < 3 }
+      assert posts.one? {|p| p.id == 1 }
+    end
+
+    assert posts.loaded?
+  end
+
   def test_build
     posts = Post.all
 
@@ -1244,12 +1494,6 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal "id", Post.all.primary_key
   end
 
-  def test_disable_implicit_join_references_is_deprecated
-    assert_deprecated do
-      ActiveRecord::Base.disable_implicit_join_references = true
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_ordering_with_extra_spaces
     assert_equal authors(:david), Author.order('id DESC , name DESC').last
   end
@@ -1296,6 +1540,26 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal posts(:welcome),  comments(:greetings).post
   end
 
+  def test_update_on_relation
+    topic1 = TopicWithCallbacks.create! title: 'arel', author_name: nil
+    topic2 = TopicWithCallbacks.create! title: 'activerecord', author_name: nil
+    topics = TopicWithCallbacks.where(id: [topic1.id, topic2.id])
+    topics.update(title: 'adequaterecord')
+
+    assert_equal 'adequaterecord', topic1.reload.title
+    assert_equal 'adequaterecord', topic2.reload.title
+    # Testing that the before_update callbacks have run
+    assert_equal 'David', topic1.reload.author_name
+    assert_equal 'David', topic2.reload.author_name
+  end
+
+  def test_update_on_relation_passing_active_record_object_is_deprecated
+    topic = Topic.create!(title: 'Foo', author_name: nil)
+    assert_deprecated(/update/) do
+      Topic.where(id: topic.id).update(topic, title: 'Bar')
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_distinct
     tag1 = Tag.create(:name => 'Foo')
     tag2 = Tag.create(:name => 'Foo')
@@ -1305,22 +1569,46 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal ['Foo', 'Foo'], query.map(&:name)
     assert_sql(/DISTINCT/) do
       assert_equal ['Foo'], query.distinct.map(&:name)
-      assert_equal ['Foo'], query.uniq.map(&:name)
+      assert_deprecated { assert_equal ['Foo'], query.uniq.map(&:name) }
     end
     assert_sql(/DISTINCT/) do
       assert_equal ['Foo'], query.distinct(true).map(&:name)
-      assert_equal ['Foo'], query.uniq(true).map(&:name)
+      assert_deprecated { assert_equal ['Foo'], query.uniq(true).map(&:name) }
     end
     assert_equal ['Foo', 'Foo'], query.distinct(true).distinct(false).map(&:name)
-    assert_equal ['Foo', 'Foo'], query.uniq(true).uniq(false).map(&:name)
+
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_equal ['Foo', 'Foo'], query.uniq(true).uniq(false).map(&:name)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_doesnt_add_having_values_if_options_are_blank
     scope = Post.having('')
-    assert_equal [], scope.having_values
+    assert scope.having_clause.empty?
 
     scope = Post.having([])
-    assert_equal [], scope.having_values
+    assert scope.having_clause.empty?
+  end
+
+  def test_having_with_binds_for_both_where_and_having
+    post = Post.first
+    having_then_where = Post.having(id: post.id).where(title: post.title).group(:id)
+    where_then_having = Post.where(title: post.title).having(id: post.id).group(:id)
+
+    assert_equal [post], having_then_where
+    assert_equal [post], where_then_having
+  end
+
+  def test_multiple_where_and_having_clauses
+    post = Post.first
+    having_then_where = Post.having(id: post.id).where(title: post.title)
+      .having(id: post.id).where(title: post.title).group(:id)
+
+    assert_equal [post], having_then_where
+  end
+
+  def test_grouping_by_column_with_reserved_name
+    assert_equal [], Possession.select(:where).group(:where).to_a
   end
 
   def test_references_triggers_eager_loading
@@ -1342,6 +1630,14 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal ['comments'], scope.references_values
   end
 
+  def test_automatically_added_where_not_references
+    scope = Post.where.not(comments: { body: "Bla" })
+    assert_equal ['comments'], scope.references_values
+
+    scope = Post.where.not('comments.body' => 'Bla')
+    assert_equal ['comments'], scope.references_values
+  end
+
   def test_automatically_added_having_references
     scope = Post.having(:comments => { :body => "Bla" })
     assert_equal ['comments'], scope.references_values
@@ -1386,6 +1682,18 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [], scope.references_values
   end
 
+  def test_order_with_reorder_nil_removes_the_order
+    relation = Post.order(:title).reorder(nil)
+
+    assert_nil relation.order_values.first
+  end
+
+  def test_reverse_order_with_reorder_nil_removes_the_order
+    relation = Post.order(:title).reverse_order.reorder(nil)
+
+    assert_nil relation.order_values.first
+  end
+
   def test_presence
     topics = Topic.all
 
@@ -1425,7 +1733,11 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   test "find_by doesn't have implicit ordering" do
-    assert_sql(/^((?!ORDER).)*$/) { Post.find_by(author_id: 2) }
+    assert_sql(/^((?!ORDER).)*$/) { Post.all.find_by(author_id: 2) }
+  end
+
+  test "find_by requires at least one argument" do
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Post.all.find_by }
   end
 
   test "find_by! with hash conditions returns the first matching record" do
@@ -1441,7 +1753,7 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   test "find_by! doesn't have implicit ordering" do
-    assert_sql(/^((?!ORDER).)*$/) { Post.find_by!(author_id: 2) }
+    assert_sql(/^((?!ORDER).)*$/) { Post.all.find_by!(author_id: 2) }
   end
 
   test "find_by! raises RecordNotFound if the record is missing" do
@@ -1450,6 +1762,10 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  test "find_by! requires at least one argument" do
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Post.all.find_by! }
+  end
+
   test "loaded relations cannot be mutated by multi value methods" do
     relation = Post.all
     relation.to_a
@@ -1486,6 +1802,14 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  test "relations with cached arel can't be mutated [internal API]" do
+    relation = Post.all
+    relation.count
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ImmutableRelation) { relation.limit!(5) }
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ImmutableRelation) { relation.where!("1 = 2") }
+  end
+
   test "relations show the records in #inspect" do
     relation = Post.limit(2)
     assert_equal "#<ActiveRecord::Relation [#{Post.limit(2).map(&:inspect).join(', ')}]>", relation.inspect
@@ -1510,7 +1834,9 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   test 'using a custom table affects the wheres' do
     table_alias = Post.arel_table.alias('omg_posts')
 
-    relation = ActiveRecord::Relation.new Post, table_alias
+    table_metadata = ActiveRecord::TableMetadata.new(Post, table_alias)
+    predicate_builder = ActiveRecord::PredicateBuilder.new(table_metadata)
+    relation = ActiveRecord::Relation.new(Post, table_alias, predicate_builder)
     relation.where!(:foo => "bar")
 
     node = relation.arel.constraints.first.grep(Arel::Attributes::Attribute).first
@@ -1552,7 +1878,7 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_unscope_removes_binds
-    left  = Post.where(id: Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new('?'))
+    left  = Post.where(id: Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new)
     column = Post.columns_hash['id']
     left.bind_values += [[column, 20]]
 
@@ -1561,41 +1887,33 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_merging_removes_rhs_bind_parameters
-    left  = Post.where(id: Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new('?'))
-    column = Post.columns_hash['id']
-    left.bind_values += [[column, 20]]
-    right   = Post.where(id: 10)
+    left  = Post.where(id: 20)
+    right   = Post.where(id: [1,2,3,4])
 
     merged = left.merge(right)
     assert_equal [], merged.bind_values
   end
 
   def test_merging_keeps_lhs_bind_parameters
-    column = Post.columns_hash['id']
-    binds = [[column, 20]]
+    binds = [ActiveRecord::Relation::QueryAttribute.new("id", 20, Post.type_for_attribute("id"))]
 
-    right  = Post.where(id: Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new('?'))
-    right.bind_values += binds
+    right  = Post.where(id: 20)
     left   = Post.where(id: 10)
 
     merged = left.merge(right)
-    assert_equal binds, merged.bind_values
+    assert_equal binds, merged.bound_attributes
   end
 
   def test_merging_reorders_bind_params
-    post         = Post.first
-    id_column    = Post.columns_hash['id']
-    title_column = Post.columns_hash['title']
-
-    bv = Post.connection.substitute_at id_column, 0
-
-    right  = Post.where(id: bv)
-    right.bind_values += [[id_column, post.id]]
-
-    left   = Post.where(title: bv)
-    left.bind_values += [[title_column, post.title]]
+    post  = Post.first
+    right = Post.where(id: post.id)
+    left  = Post.where(title: post.title)
 
     merged = left.merge(right)
     assert_equal post, merged.first
   end
+
+  def test_relation_join_method
+    assert_equal 'Thank you for the welcome,Thank you again for the welcome', Post.first.comments.join(",")
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/reload_models_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/reload_models_test.rb
index 0d16a3526f..431fbf1297 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/reload_models_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/reload_models_test.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ require 'models/owner'
 require 'models/pet'
 
 class ReloadModelsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :pets
+  fixtures :pets, :owners
 
   def test_has_one_with_reload
     pet = Pet.find_by_name('parrot')
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/result_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/result_test.rb
index 2131b32a0c..dec01dfa76 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/result_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/result_test.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       ])
     end
 
-    def test_to_hash_returns_row_hashes
+    test "length" do
+      assert_equal 3, result.length
+    end
+
+    test "to_hash returns row_hashes" do
       assert_equal [
         {'col_1' => 'row 1 col 1', 'col_2' => 'row 1 col 2'},
         {'col_1' => 'row 2 col 1', 'col_2' => 'row 2 col 2'},
@@ -18,13 +22,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
       ], result.to_hash
     end
 
-    def test_each_with_block_returns_row_hashes
+    test "each with block returns row hashes" do
       result.each do |row|
         assert_equal ['col_1', 'col_2'], row.keys
       end
     end
 
-    def test_each_without_block_returns_an_enumerator
+    test "each without block returns an enumerator" do
       result.each.with_index do |row, index|
         assert_equal ['col_1', 'col_2'], row.keys
         assert_kind_of Integer, index
@@ -32,9 +36,45 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     if Enumerator.method_defined? :size
-      def test_each_without_block_returns_a_sized_enumerator
+      test "each without block returns a sized enumerator" do
         assert_equal 3, result.each.size
       end
     end
+
+    test "cast_values returns rows after type casting" do
+      values = [["1.1", "2.2"], ["3.3", "4.4"]]
+      columns = ["col1", "col2"]
+      types = { "col1" => Type::Integer.new, "col2" => Type::Float.new }
+      result = Result.new(columns, values, types)
+
+      assert_equal [[1, 2.2], [3, 4.4]], result.cast_values
+    end
+
+    test "cast_values uses identity type for unknown types" do
+      values = [["1.1", "2.2"], ["3.3", "4.4"]]
+      columns = ["col1", "col2"]
+      types = { "col1" => Type::Integer.new }
+      result = Result.new(columns, values, types)
+
+      assert_equal [[1, "2.2"], [3, "4.4"]], result.cast_values
+    end
+
+    test "cast_values returns single dimensional array if single column" do
+      values = [["1.1"], ["3.3"]]
+      columns = ["col1"]
+      types = { "col1" => Type::Integer.new }
+      result = Result.new(columns, values, types)
+
+      assert_equal [1, 3], result.cast_values
+    end
+
+    test "cast_values can receive types to use instead" do
+      values = [["1.1", "2.2"], ["3.3", "4.4"]]
+      columns = ["col1", "col2"]
+      types = { "col1" => Type::Integer.new, "col2" => Type::Float.new }
+      result = Result.new(columns, values, types)
+
+      assert_equal [[1.1, 2.2], [3.3, 4.4]], result.cast_values("col1" => Type::Float.new)
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/sanitize_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/sanitize_test.rb
index 954eab8022..239f63d27b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/sanitize_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/sanitize_test.rb
@@ -7,22 +7,13 @@ class SanitizeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def setup
   end
 
-  def test_sanitize_sql_hash_handles_associations
-    quoted_bambi = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.quote("Bambi")
-    quoted_column_name = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.quote_column_name("name")
-    quoted_table_name = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.quote_table_name("adorable_animals")
-    expected_value = "#{quoted_table_name}.#{quoted_column_name} = #{quoted_bambi}"
-
-    assert_equal expected_value, Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_hash, {adorable_animals: {name: 'Bambi'}})
-  end
-
   def test_sanitize_sql_array_handles_string_interpolation
     quoted_bambi = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.quote_string("Bambi")
-    assert_equal "name=#{quoted_bambi}", Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ["name=%s", "Bambi"])
-    assert_equal "name=#{quoted_bambi}", Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ["name=%s", "Bambi".mb_chars])
+    assert_equal "name='#{quoted_bambi}'", Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ["name='%s'", "Bambi"])
+    assert_equal "name='#{quoted_bambi}'", Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ["name='%s'", "Bambi".mb_chars])
     quoted_bambi_and_thumper = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.quote_string("Bambi\nand\nThumper")
-    assert_equal "name=#{quoted_bambi_and_thumper}",Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ["name=%s", "Bambi\nand\nThumper"])
-    assert_equal "name=#{quoted_bambi_and_thumper}",Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ["name=%s", "Bambi\nand\nThumper".mb_chars])
+    assert_equal "name='#{quoted_bambi_and_thumper}'",Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ["name='%s'", "Bambi\nand\nThumper"])
+    assert_equal "name='#{quoted_bambi_and_thumper}'",Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ["name='%s'", "Bambi\nand\nThumper".mb_chars])
   end
 
   def test_sanitize_sql_array_handles_bind_variables
@@ -34,6 +25,16 @@ class SanitizeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal "name=#{quoted_bambi_and_thumper}", Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ["name=?", "Bambi\nand\nThumper".mb_chars])
   end
 
+  def test_sanitize_sql_array_handles_named_bind_variables
+    quoted_bambi = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.quote("Bambi")
+    assert_equal "name=#{quoted_bambi}", Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ["name=:name", name: "Bambi"])
+    assert_equal "name=#{quoted_bambi} AND id=1", Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ["name=:name AND id=:id", name: "Bambi", id: 1])
+
+    quoted_bambi_and_thumper = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.quote("Bambi\nand\nThumper")
+    assert_equal "name=#{quoted_bambi_and_thumper}", Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ["name=:name", name: "Bambi\nand\nThumper"])
+    assert_equal "name=#{quoted_bambi_and_thumper} AND name2=#{quoted_bambi_and_thumper}", Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ["name=:name AND name2=:name", name: "Bambi\nand\nThumper"])
+  end
+
   def test_sanitize_sql_array_handles_relations
     david = Author.create!(name: 'David')
     david_posts = david.posts.select(:id)
@@ -51,4 +52,125 @@ class SanitizeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     select_author_sql = Post.send(:sanitize_sql_array, [''])
     assert_equal('', select_author_sql)
   end
+
+  def test_sanitize_sql_like
+    assert_equal '100\%', Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_like, '100%')
+    assert_equal 'snake\_cased\_string', Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_like, 'snake_cased_string')
+    assert_equal 'C:\\\\Programs\\\\MsPaint', Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_like, 'C:\\Programs\\MsPaint')
+    assert_equal 'normal string 42', Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_like, 'normal string 42')
+  end
+
+  def test_sanitize_sql_like_with_custom_escape_character
+    assert_equal '100!%', Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_like, '100%', '!')
+    assert_equal 'snake!_cased!_string', Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_like, 'snake_cased_string', '!')
+    assert_equal 'great!!', Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_like, 'great!', '!')
+    assert_equal 'C:\\Programs\\MsPaint', Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_like, 'C:\\Programs\\MsPaint', '!')
+    assert_equal 'normal string 42', Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_like, 'normal string 42', '!')
+  end
+
+  def test_sanitize_sql_like_example_use_case
+    searchable_post = Class.new(Post) do
+      def self.search(term)
+        where("title LIKE ?", sanitize_sql_like(term, '!'))
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_sql(/LIKE '20!% !_reduction!_!!'/) do
+      searchable_post.search("20% _reduction_!").to_a
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_bind_arity
+    assert_nothing_raised                                { bind '' }
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::PreparedStatementInvalid) { bind '', 1 }
+
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::PreparedStatementInvalid) { bind '?' }
+    assert_nothing_raised                                { bind '?', 1 }
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::PreparedStatementInvalid) { bind '?', 1, 1 }
+  end
+
+  def test_named_bind_variables
+    assert_equal '1', bind(':a', :a => 1) # ' ruby-mode
+    assert_equal '1 1', bind(':a :a', :a => 1)  # ' ruby-mode
+
+    assert_nothing_raised { bind("'+00:00'", :foo => "bar") }
+  end
+
+  def test_named_bind_arity
+    assert_nothing_raised                                { bind "name = :name", { name: "37signals" } }
+    assert_nothing_raised                                { bind "name = :name", { name: "37signals", id: 1 } }
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::PreparedStatementInvalid) { bind "name = :name", { id: 1 } }
+  end
+
+  class SimpleEnumerable
+    include Enumerable
+
+    def initialize(ary)
+      @ary = ary
+    end
+
+    def each(&b)
+      @ary.each(&b)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_bind_enumerable
+    quoted_abc = %(#{ActiveRecord::Base.connection.quote('a')},#{ActiveRecord::Base.connection.quote('b')},#{ActiveRecord::Base.connection.quote('c')})
+
+    assert_equal '1,2,3', bind('?', [1, 2, 3])
+    assert_equal quoted_abc, bind('?', %w(a b c))
+
+    assert_equal '1,2,3', bind(':a', :a => [1, 2, 3])
+    assert_equal quoted_abc, bind(':a', :a => %w(a b c)) # '
+
+    assert_equal '1,2,3', bind('?', SimpleEnumerable.new([1, 2, 3]))
+    assert_equal quoted_abc, bind('?', SimpleEnumerable.new(%w(a b c)))
+
+    assert_equal '1,2,3', bind(':a', :a => SimpleEnumerable.new([1, 2, 3]))
+    assert_equal quoted_abc, bind(':a', :a => SimpleEnumerable.new(%w(a b c))) # '
+  end
+
+  def test_bind_empty_enumerable
+    quoted_nil = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.quote(nil)
+    assert_equal quoted_nil, bind('?', [])
+    assert_equal " in (#{quoted_nil})", bind(' in (?)', [])
+    assert_equal "foo in (#{quoted_nil})", bind('foo in (?)', [])
+  end
+
+  def test_bind_empty_string
+    quoted_empty = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.quote('')
+    assert_equal quoted_empty, bind('?', '')
+  end
+
+  def test_bind_chars
+    quoted_bambi = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.quote("Bambi")
+    quoted_bambi_and_thumper = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.quote("Bambi\nand\nThumper")
+    assert_equal "name=#{quoted_bambi}", bind('name=?', "Bambi")
+    assert_equal "name=#{quoted_bambi_and_thumper}", bind('name=?', "Bambi\nand\nThumper")
+    assert_equal "name=#{quoted_bambi}", bind('name=?', "Bambi".mb_chars)
+    assert_equal "name=#{quoted_bambi_and_thumper}", bind('name=?', "Bambi\nand\nThumper".mb_chars)
+  end
+
+  def test_bind_record
+    o = Struct.new(:quoted_id).new(1)
+    assert_equal '1', bind('?', o)
+
+    os = [o] * 3
+    assert_equal '1,1,1', bind('?', os)
+  end
+
+  def test_named_bind_with_postgresql_type_casts
+    l = Proc.new { bind(":a::integer '2009-01-01'::date", :a => '10') }
+    assert_nothing_raised(&l)
+    assert_equal "#{ActiveRecord::Base.connection.quote('10')}::integer '2009-01-01'::date", l.call
+  end
+
+  private
+    def bind(statement, *vars)
+      if vars.first.is_a?(Hash)
+        ActiveRecord::Base.send(:replace_named_bind_variables, statement, vars.first)
+      else
+        ActiveRecord::Base.send(:replace_bind_variables, statement, vars)
+      end
+    end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/schema_dumper_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/schema_dumper_test.rb
index c085663efb..9a5e4313d8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/schema_dumper_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/schema_dumper_test.rb
@@ -1,31 +1,36 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
 
 class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  def setup
-    super
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
+
+  setup do
     ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create_table
-    @stream = StringIO.new
   end
 
   def standard_dump
-    @stream = StringIO.new
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables = []
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.dump(ActiveRecord::Base.connection, @stream)
-    @stream.string
+    @@standard_dump ||= perform_schema_dump
+  end
+
+  def perform_schema_dump
+    dump_all_table_schema []
   end
 
   def test_dump_schema_information_outputs_lexically_ordered_versions
     versions = %w{ 20100101010101 20100201010101 20100301010101 }
-    versions.reverse.each do |v|
+    versions.reverse_each do |v|
       ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create!(:version => v)
     end
 
     schema_info = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.dump_schema_information
     assert_match(/20100201010101.*20100301010101/m, schema_info)
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.delete_all
   end
 
   def test_magic_comment
-    assert_match "# encoding: #{@stream.external_encoding.name}", standard_dump
+    assert_match "# encoding: #{Encoding.default_external.name}", standard_dump
   end
 
   def test_schema_dump
@@ -35,6 +40,11 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_no_match %r{create_table "schema_migrations"}, output
   end
 
+  def test_schema_dump_uses_force_cascade_on_create_table
+    output = dump_table_schema "authors"
+    assert_match %r{create_table "authors", force: :cascade}, output
+  end
+
   def test_schema_dump_excludes_sqlite_sequence
     output = standard_dump
     assert_no_match %r{create_table "sqlite_sequence"}, output
@@ -63,10 +73,10 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       next if column_set.empty?
 
       lengths = column_set.map do |column|
-        if match = column.match(/t\.(?:integer|decimal|float|datetime|timestamp|time|date|text|binary|string|boolean)\s+"/)
+        if match = column.match(/\bt\.\w+\s+"/)
           match[0].length
         end
-      end
+      end.compact
 
       assert_equal 1, lengths.uniq.length
     end
@@ -86,22 +96,18 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_schema_dump_includes_not_null_columns
-    stream = StringIO.new
-
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables = [/^[^r]/]
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.dump(ActiveRecord::Base.connection, stream)
-    output = stream.string
+    output = dump_all_table_schema([/^[^r]/])
     assert_match %r{null: false}, output
   end
 
   def test_schema_dump_includes_limit_constraint_for_integer_columns
-    stream = StringIO.new
+    output = dump_all_table_schema([/^(?!integer_limits)/])
 
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables = [/^(?!integer_limits)/]
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.dump(ActiveRecord::Base.connection, stream)
-    output = stream.string
+    assert_match %r{c_int_without_limit}, output
 
     if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+      assert_no_match %r{c_int_without_limit.*limit:}, output
+
       assert_match %r{c_int_1.*limit: 2}, output
       assert_match %r{c_int_2.*limit: 2}, output
 
@@ -112,6 +118,8 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert_match %r{c_int_4.*}, output
       assert_no_match %r{c_int_4.*limit:}, output
     elsif current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
+      assert_match %r{c_int_without_limit.*limit: 4}, output
+
       assert_match %r{c_int_1.*limit: 1}, output
       assert_match %r{c_int_2.*limit: 2}, output
       assert_match %r{c_int_3.*limit: 3}, output
@@ -119,13 +127,13 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert_match %r{c_int_4.*}, output
       assert_no_match %r{c_int_4.*:limit}, output
     elsif current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
+      assert_no_match %r{c_int_without_limit.*limit:}, output
+
       assert_match %r{c_int_1.*limit: 1}, output
       assert_match %r{c_int_2.*limit: 2}, output
       assert_match %r{c_int_3.*limit: 3}, output
       assert_match %r{c_int_4.*limit: 4}, output
     end
-    assert_match %r{c_int_without_limit.*}, output
-    assert_no_match %r{c_int_without_limit.*limit:}, output
 
     if current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
       assert_match %r{c_int_5.*limit: 5}, output
@@ -146,54 +154,38 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_schema_dump_with_string_ignored_table
-    stream = StringIO.new
-
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables = ['accounts']
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.dump(ActiveRecord::Base.connection, stream)
-    output = stream.string
+    output = dump_all_table_schema(['accounts'])
     assert_no_match %r{create_table "accounts"}, output
     assert_match %r{create_table "authors"}, output
     assert_no_match %r{create_table "schema_migrations"}, output
   end
 
   def test_schema_dump_with_regexp_ignored_table
-    stream = StringIO.new
-
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables = [/^account/]
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.dump(ActiveRecord::Base.connection, stream)
-    output = stream.string
+    output = dump_all_table_schema([/^account/])
     assert_no_match %r{create_table "accounts"}, output
     assert_match %r{create_table "authors"}, output
     assert_no_match %r{create_table "schema_migrations"}, output
   end
 
-  def test_schema_dump_illegal_ignored_table_value
-    stream = StringIO.new
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables = [5]
-    assert_raise(StandardError) do
-      ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.dump(ActiveRecord::Base.connection, stream)
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_schema_dumps_index_columns_in_right_order
-    index_definition = standard_dump.split(/\n/).grep(/add_index.*companies/).first.strip
-    if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter) || current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter) || current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
-      assert_equal 'add_index "companies", ["firm_id", "type", "rating"], name: "company_index", using: :btree', index_definition
+    index_definition = standard_dump.split(/\n/).grep(/t\.index.*company_index/).first.strip
+    if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter, :PostgreSQLAdapter)
+      assert_equal 't.index ["firm_id", "type", "rating"], name: "company_index", using: :btree', index_definition
     else
-      assert_equal 'add_index "companies", ["firm_id", "type", "rating"], name: "company_index"', index_definition
+      assert_equal 't.index ["firm_id", "type", "rating"], name: "company_index"', index_definition
     end
   end
 
   def test_schema_dumps_partial_indices
-    index_definition = standard_dump.split(/\n/).grep(/add_index.*company_partial_index/).first.strip
+    index_definition = standard_dump.split(/\n/).grep(/t\.index.*company_partial_index/).first.strip
     if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
-      assert_equal 'add_index "companies", ["firm_id", "type"], name: "company_partial_index", where: "(rating > 10)", using: :btree', index_definition
-    elsif current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter) || current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
-      assert_equal 'add_index "companies", ["firm_id", "type"], name: "company_partial_index", using: :btree', index_definition
+      assert_equal 't.index ["firm_id", "type"], name: "company_partial_index", where: "(rating > 10)", using: :btree', index_definition
+    elsif current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
+      assert_equal 't.index ["firm_id", "type"], name: "company_partial_index", using: :btree', index_definition
     elsif current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter) && ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_partial_index?
-      assert_equal 'add_index "companies", ["firm_id", "type"], name: "company_partial_index", where: "rating > 10"', index_definition
+      assert_equal 't.index ["firm_id", "type"], name: "company_partial_index", where: "rating > 10"', index_definition
     else
-      assert_equal 'add_index "companies", ["firm_id", "type"], name: "company_partial_index"', index_definition
+      assert_equal 't.index ["firm_id", "type"], name: "company_partial_index"', index_definition
     end
   end
 
@@ -210,48 +202,60 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
-    def test_schema_dump_should_not_add_default_value_for_mysql_text_field
+    def test_schema_dump_should_add_default_value_for_mysql_text_field
       output = standard_dump
-      assert_match %r{t.text\s+"body",\s+null: false$}, output
+      assert_match %r{t\.text\s+"body",\s+limit: 65535,\s+null: false$}, output
     end
 
     def test_schema_dump_includes_length_for_mysql_binary_fields
       output = standard_dump
-      assert_match %r{t.binary\s+"var_binary",\s+limit: 255$}, output
-      assert_match %r{t.binary\s+"var_binary_large",\s+limit: 4095$}, output
+      assert_match %r{t\.binary\s+"var_binary",\s+limit: 255$}, output
+      assert_match %r{t\.binary\s+"var_binary_large",\s+limit: 4095$}, output
     end
 
     def test_schema_dump_includes_length_for_mysql_blob_and_text_fields
       output = standard_dump
-      assert_match %r{t.binary\s+"tiny_blob",\s+limit: 255$}, output
-      assert_match %r{t.binary\s+"normal_blob"$}, output
-      assert_match %r{t.binary\s+"medium_blob",\s+limit: 16777215$}, output
-      assert_match %r{t.binary\s+"long_blob",\s+limit: 2147483647$}, output
-      assert_match %r{t.text\s+"tiny_text",\s+limit: 255$}, output
-      assert_match %r{t.text\s+"normal_text"$}, output
-      assert_match %r{t.text\s+"medium_text",\s+limit: 16777215$}, output
-      assert_match %r{t.text\s+"long_text",\s+limit: 2147483647$}, output
+      assert_match %r{t\.blob\s+"tiny_blob",\s+limit: 255$}, output
+      assert_match %r{t\.binary\s+"normal_blob",\s+limit: 65535$}, output
+      assert_match %r{t\.binary\s+"medium_blob",\s+limit: 16777215$}, output
+      assert_match %r{t\.binary\s+"long_blob",\s+limit: 4294967295$}, output
+      assert_match %r{t\.text\s+"tiny_text",\s+limit: 255$}, output
+      assert_match %r{t\.text\s+"normal_text",\s+limit: 65535$}, output
+      assert_match %r{t\.text\s+"medium_text",\s+limit: 16777215$}, output
+      assert_match %r{t\.text\s+"long_text",\s+limit: 4294967295$}, output
+    end
+
+    def test_schema_does_not_include_limit_for_emulated_mysql_boolean_fields
+      output = standard_dump
+      assert_no_match %r{t\.boolean\s+"has_fun",.+limit: 1}, output
     end
 
     def test_schema_dumps_index_type
       output = standard_dump
-      assert_match %r{add_index "key_tests", \["awesome"\], name: "index_key_tests_on_awesome", type: :fulltext}, output
-      assert_match %r{add_index "key_tests", \["pizza"\], name: "index_key_tests_on_pizza", using: :btree}, output
+      assert_match %r{t\.index \["awesome"\], name: "index_key_tests_on_awesome", type: :fulltext}, output
+      assert_match %r{t\.index \["pizza"\], name: "index_key_tests_on_pizza", using: :btree}, output
     end
   end
 
   def test_schema_dump_includes_decimal_options
-    stream = StringIO.new
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables = [/^[^n]/]
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.dump(ActiveRecord::Base.connection, stream)
-    output = stream.string
-    assert_match %r{precision: 3,[[:space:]]+scale: 2,[[:space:]]+default: 2.78}, output
+    output = dump_all_table_schema([/^[^n]/])
+    assert_match %r{precision: 3,[[:space:]]+scale: 2,[[:space:]]+default: "2\.78"}, output
   end
 
   if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
     def test_schema_dump_includes_bigint_default
       output = standard_dump
-      assert_match %r{t.integer\s+"bigint_default",\s+limit: 8,\s+default: 0}, output
+      assert_match %r{t\.integer\s+"bigint_default",\s+limit: 8,\s+default: 0}, output
+    end
+
+    def test_schema_dump_includes_limit_on_array_type
+      output = standard_dump
+      assert_match %r{t\.integer\s+"big_int_data_points\",\s+limit: 8,\s+array: true}, output
+    end
+
+    def test_schema_dump_allows_array_of_decimal_defaults
+      output = standard_dump
+      assert_match %r{t\.decimal\s+"decimal_array_default",\s+default: \["1.23", "3.45"\],\s+array: true}, output
     end
 
     if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_extensions?
@@ -259,96 +263,27 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
         connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
 
         connection.stubs(:extensions).returns(['hstore'])
-        output = standard_dump
+        output = perform_schema_dump
         assert_match "# These are extensions that must be enabled", output
         assert_match %r{enable_extension "hstore"}, output
 
         connection.stubs(:extensions).returns([])
-        output = standard_dump
+        output = perform_schema_dump
         assert_no_match "# These are extensions that must be enabled", output
         assert_no_match %r{enable_extension}, output
       end
     end
-
-    def test_schema_dump_includes_xml_shorthand_definition
-      output = standard_dump
-      if %r{create_table "postgresql_xml_data_type"} =~ output
-        assert_match %r{t.xml "data"}, output
-      end
-    end
-
-    def test_schema_dump_includes_json_shorthand_definition
-      output = standard_dump
-      if %r{create_table "postgresql_json_data_type"} =~ output
-        assert_match %r|t.json "json_data", default: {}|, output
-      end
-    end
-
-    def test_schema_dump_includes_inet_shorthand_definition
-      output = standard_dump
-      if %r{create_table "postgresql_network_addresses"} =~ output
-        assert_match %r{t.inet\s+"inet_address",\s+default: "192.168.1.1"}, output
-      end
-    end
-
-    def test_schema_dump_includes_cidr_shorthand_definition
-      output = standard_dump
-      if %r{create_table "postgresql_network_addresses"} =~ output
-        assert_match %r{t.cidr\s+"cidr_address",\s+default: "192.168.1.0/24"}, output
-      end
-    end
-
-    def test_schema_dump_includes_macaddr_shorthand_definition
-      output = standard_dump
-      if %r{create_table "postgresql_network_addresses"} =~ output
-        assert_match %r{t.macaddr\s+"mac_address",\s+default: "ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff"}, output
-      end
-    end
-
-    def test_schema_dump_includes_uuid_shorthand_definition
-      output = standard_dump
-      if %r{create_table "postgresql_uuids"} =~ output
-        assert_match %r{t.uuid "guid"}, output
-      end
-    end
-
-    def test_schema_dump_includes_hstores_shorthand_definition
-      output = standard_dump
-      if %r{create_table "postgresql_hstores"} =~ output
-        assert_match %r[t.hstore "hash_store", default: {}], output
-      end
-    end
-
-    def test_schema_dump_includes_ltrees_shorthand_definition
-      output = standard_dump
-      if %r{create_table "postgresql_ltrees"} =~ output
-        assert_match %r[t.ltree "path"], output
-      end
-    end
-
-    def test_schema_dump_includes_arrays_shorthand_definition
-      output = standard_dump
-      if %r{create_table "postgresql_arrays"} =~ output
-        assert_match %r[t.text\s+"nicknames",\s+array: true], output
-        assert_match %r[t.integer\s+"commission_by_quarter",\s+array: true], output
-      end
-    end
-
-    def test_schema_dump_includes_tsvector_shorthand_definition
-      output = standard_dump
-      if %r{create_table "postgresql_tsvectors"} =~ output
-        assert_match %r{t.tsvector "text_vector"}, output
-      end
-    end
   end
 
   def test_schema_dump_keeps_large_precision_integer_columns_as_decimal
     output = standard_dump
     # Oracle supports precision up to 38 and it identifies decimals with scale 0 as integers
     if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
-      assert_match %r{t.integer\s+"atoms_in_universe",\s+precision: 38,\s+scale: 0}, output
+      assert_match %r{t\.integer\s+"atoms_in_universe",\s+precision: 38}, output
+    elsif current_adapter?(:FbAdapter)
+      assert_match %r{t\.integer\s+"atoms_in_universe",\s+precision: 18}, output
     else
-      assert_match %r{t.decimal\s+"atoms_in_universe",\s+precision: 55,\s+scale: 0}, output
+      assert_match %r{t\.decimal\s+"atoms_in_universe",\s+precision: 55}, output
     end
   end
 
@@ -357,7 +292,7 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     match = output.match(%r{create_table "goofy_string_id"(.*)do.*\n(.*)\n})
     assert_not_nil(match, "goofy_string_id table not found")
     assert_match %r(id: false), match[1], "no table id not preserved"
-    assert_match %r{t.string[[:space:]]+"id",[[:space:]]+null: false$}, match[2], "non-primary key id column not preserved"
+    assert_match %r{t\.string\s+"id",.*?null: false$}, match[2], "non-primary key id column not preserved"
   end
 
   def test_schema_dump_keeps_id_false_when_id_is_false_and_unique_not_null_column_added
@@ -365,15 +300,33 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_match %r{create_table "subscribers", id: false}, output
   end
 
-  class CreateDogMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_foreign_keys?
+    def test_foreign_keys_are_dumped_at_the_bottom_to_circumvent_dependency_issues
+      output = standard_dump
+      assert_match(/^\s+add_foreign_key "fk_test_has_fk"[^\n]+\n\s+add_foreign_key "lessons_students"/, output)
+    end
+
+    def test_do_not_dump_foreign_keys_for_ignored_tables
+      output = dump_table_schema "authors"
+      assert_equal ["authors"], output.scan(/^\s*add_foreign_key "([^"]+)".+$/).flatten
+    end
+  end
+
+  class CreateDogMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
     def up
+      create_table("dog_owners") do |t|
+      end
+
       create_table("dogs") do |t|
         t.column :name, :string
+        t.column :owner_id, :integer
       end
       add_index "dogs", [:name]
+      add_foreign_key :dogs, :dog_owners, column: "owner_id" if supports_foreign_keys?
     end
     def down
       drop_table("dogs")
+      drop_table("dog_owners")
     end
   end
 
@@ -385,10 +338,15 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     migration = CreateDogMigration.new
     migration.migrate(:up)
 
-    output = standard_dump
+    output = perform_schema_dump
     assert_no_match %r{create_table "foo_.+_bar"}, output
-    assert_no_match %r{create_index "foo_.+_bar"}, output
+    assert_no_match %r{add_index "foo_.+_bar"}, output
     assert_no_match %r{create_table "schema_migrations"}, output
+
+    if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_foreign_keys?
+      assert_no_match %r{add_foreign_key "foo_.+_bar"}, output
+      assert_no_match %r{add_foreign_key "[^"]+", "foo_.+_bar"}, output
+    end
   ensure
     migration.migrate(:down)
 
@@ -396,4 +354,63 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     $stdout = original
   end
 
+  def test_schema_dump_with_table_name_prefix_and_ignoring_tables
+    original, $stdout = $stdout, StringIO.new
+
+    create_cat_migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration::Current) do
+      def change
+        create_table("cats") do |t|
+        end
+        create_table("omg_cats") do |t|
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    original_table_name_prefix = ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix
+    original_schema_dumper_ignore_tables = ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables
+    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = 'omg_'
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables = ["cats"]
+    migration = create_cat_migration.new
+    migration.migrate(:up)
+
+    stream = StringIO.new
+    output = ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.dump(ActiveRecord::Base.connection, stream).string
+
+    assert_match %r{create_table "omg_cats"}, output
+    refute_match %r{create_table "cats"}, output
+  ensure
+    migration.migrate(:down)
+    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = original_table_name_prefix
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables = original_schema_dumper_ignore_tables
+
+    $stdout = original
+  end
+end
+
+class SchemaDumperDefaultsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_table :defaults, force: true do |t|
+      t.string   :string_with_default,   default: "Hello!"
+      t.date     :date_with_default,     default: '2014-06-05'
+      t.datetime :datetime_with_default, default: "2014-06-05 07:17:04"
+      t.time     :time_with_default,     default: "07:17:04"
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    return unless @connection
+    @connection.drop_table 'defaults', if_exists: true
+  end
+
+  def test_schema_dump_defaults_with_universally_supported_types
+    output = dump_table_schema('defaults')
+
+    assert_match %r{t\.string\s+"string_with_default",.*?default: "Hello!"}, output
+    assert_match %r{t\.date\s+"date_with_default",\s+default: '2014-06-05'}, output
+    assert_match %r{t\.datetime\s+"datetime_with_default",\s+default: '2014-06-05 07:17:04'}, output
+    assert_match %r{t\.time\s+"time_with_default",\s+default: '2000-01-01 07:17:04'}, output
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/default_scoping_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/default_scoping_test.rb
index 9a4d8c6740..86316ab476 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/default_scoping_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/default_scoping_test.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,16 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
 require 'models/post'
+require 'models/comment'
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
+require 'models/vehicle'
 
 class DefaultScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :developers, :posts
+  fixtures :developers, :posts, :comments
 
   def test_default_scope
-    expected = Developer.all.merge!(:order => 'salary DESC').to_a.collect { |dev| dev.salary }
-    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.all.collect { |dev| dev.salary }
+    expected = Developer.all.merge!(:order => 'salary DESC').to_a.collect(&:salary)
+    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.all.collect(&:salary)
     assert_equal expected, received
   end
 
@@ -84,14 +87,14 @@ class DefaultScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_scope_overwrites_default
-    expected = Developer.all.merge!(order: 'salary DESC, name DESC').to_a.collect { |dev| dev.name }
-    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.by_name.to_a.collect { |dev| dev.name }
+    expected = Developer.all.merge!(order: 'salary DESC, name DESC').to_a.collect(&:name)
+    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.by_name.to_a.collect(&:name)
     assert_equal expected, received
   end
 
   def test_reorder_overrides_default_scope_order
-    expected = Developer.order('name DESC').collect { |dev| dev.name }
-    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.reorder('name DESC').collect { |dev| dev.name }
+    expected = Developer.order('name DESC').collect(&:name)
+    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.reorder('name DESC').collect(&:name)
     assert_equal expected, received
   end
 
@@ -141,37 +144,57 @@ class DefaultScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     expected_5 = Developer.order('salary DESC').collect(&:name)
     received_5 = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.where.not("name" => ["Jamis", "David"]).unscope(where: :name).collect(&:name)
     assert_equal expected_5, received_5
+
+    expected_6 = Developer.order('salary DESC').collect(&:name)
+    received_6 = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.where(Developer.arel_table['name'].eq('David')).unscope(where: :name).collect(&:name)
+    assert_equal expected_6, received_6
+
+    expected_7 = Developer.order('salary DESC').collect(&:name)
+    received_7 = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.where(Developer.arel_table[:name].eq('David')).unscope(where: :name).collect(&:name)
+    assert_equal expected_7, received_7
+  end
+
+  def test_unscope_comparison_where_clauses
+    # unscoped for WHERE (`developers`.`id` <= 2)
+    expected = Developer.order('salary DESC').collect(&:name)
+    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.where(id: -Float::INFINITY..2).unscope(where: :id).collect { |dev| dev.name }
+    assert_equal expected, received
+
+    # unscoped for WHERE (`developers`.`id` < 2)
+    expected = Developer.order('salary DESC').collect(&:name)
+    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.where(id: -Float::INFINITY...2).unscope(where: :id).collect { |dev| dev.name }
+    assert_equal expected, received
   end
 
   def test_unscope_multiple_where_clauses
-    expected = Developer.order('salary DESC').collect { |dev| dev.name }
-    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.where(name: 'Jamis').where(id: 1).unscope(where: [:name, :id]).collect { |dev| dev.name }
+    expected = Developer.order('salary DESC').collect(&:name)
+    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.where(name: 'Jamis').where(id: 1).unscope(where: [:name, :id]).collect(&:name)
     assert_equal expected, received
   end
 
   def test_unscope_string_where_clauses_involved
     dev_relation = Developer.order('salary DESC').where("created_at > ?", 1.year.ago)
-    expected = dev_relation.collect { |dev| dev.name }
+    expected = dev_relation.collect(&:name)
 
     dev_ordered_relation = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.where(name: 'Jamis').where("created_at > ?", 1.year.ago)
-    received = dev_ordered_relation.unscope(where: [:name]).collect { |dev| dev.name }
+    received = dev_ordered_relation.unscope(where: [:name]).collect(&:name)
 
     assert_equal expected, received
   end
 
   def test_unscope_with_grouping_attributes
-    expected = Developer.order('salary DESC').collect { |dev| dev.name }
-    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.group(:name).unscope(:group).collect { |dev| dev.name }
+    expected = Developer.order('salary DESC').collect(&:name)
+    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.group(:name).unscope(:group).collect(&:name)
     assert_equal expected, received
 
-    expected_2 = Developer.order('salary DESC').collect { |dev| dev.name }
-    received_2 = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.group("name").unscope(:group).collect { |dev| dev.name }
+    expected_2 = Developer.order('salary DESC').collect(&:name)
+    received_2 = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.group("name").unscope(:group).collect(&:name)
     assert_equal expected_2, received_2
   end
 
   def test_unscope_with_limit_in_query
-    expected = Developer.order('salary DESC').collect { |dev| dev.name }
-    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.limit(1).unscope(:limit).collect { |dev| dev.name }
+    expected = Developer.order('salary DESC').collect(&:name)
+    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.limit(1).unscope(:limit).collect(&:name)
     assert_equal expected, received
   end
 
@@ -181,42 +204,42 @@ class DefaultScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_unscope_reverse_order
-    expected = Developer.all.collect { |dev| dev.name }
-    received = Developer.order('salary DESC').reverse_order.unscope(:order).collect { |dev| dev.name }
+    expected = Developer.all.collect(&:name)
+    received = Developer.order('salary DESC').reverse_order.unscope(:order).collect(&:name)
     assert_equal expected, received
   end
 
   def test_unscope_select
-    expected = Developer.order('salary ASC').collect { |dev| dev.name }
-    received = Developer.order('salary DESC').reverse_order.select(:name).unscope(:select).collect { |dev| dev.name }
+    expected = Developer.order('salary ASC').collect(&:name)
+    received = Developer.order('salary DESC').reverse_order.select(:name).unscope(:select).collect(&:name)
     assert_equal expected, received
 
-    expected_2 = Developer.all.collect { |dev| dev.id }
-    received_2 = Developer.select(:name).unscope(:select).collect { |dev| dev.id }
+    expected_2 = Developer.all.collect(&:id)
+    received_2 = Developer.select(:name).unscope(:select).collect(&:id)
     assert_equal expected_2, received_2
   end
 
   def test_unscope_offset
-    expected = Developer.all.collect { |dev| dev.name }
-    received = Developer.offset(5).unscope(:offset).collect { |dev| dev.name }
+    expected = Developer.all.collect(&:name)
+    received = Developer.offset(5).unscope(:offset).collect(&:name)
     assert_equal expected, received
   end
 
   def test_unscope_joins_and_select_on_developers_projects
-    expected = Developer.all.collect { |dev| dev.name }
-    received = Developer.joins('JOIN developers_projects ON id = developer_id').select(:id).unscope(:joins, :select).collect { |dev| dev.name }
+    expected = Developer.all.collect(&:name)
+    received = Developer.joins('JOIN developers_projects ON id = developer_id').select(:id).unscope(:joins, :select).collect(&:name)
     assert_equal expected, received
   end
 
   def test_unscope_includes
-    expected = Developer.all.collect { |dev| dev.name }
-    received = Developer.includes(:projects).select(:id).unscope(:includes, :select).collect { |dev| dev.name }
+    expected = Developer.all.collect(&:name)
+    received = Developer.includes(:projects).select(:id).unscope(:includes, :select).collect(&:name)
     assert_equal expected, received
   end
 
   def test_unscope_having
-    expected = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.all.collect { |dev| dev.name }
-    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.having("name IN ('Jamis', 'David')").unscope(:having).collect { |dev| dev.name }
+    expected = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.all.collect(&:name)
+    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.having("name IN ('Jamis', 'David')").unscope(:having).collect(&:name)
     assert_equal expected, received
   end
 
@@ -274,13 +297,13 @@ class DefaultScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_unscope_merging
     merged = Developer.where(name: "Jamis").merge(Developer.unscope(:where))
-    assert merged.where_values.empty?
-    assert !merged.where(name: "Jon").where_values.empty?
+    assert merged.where_clause.empty?
+    assert !merged.where(name: "Jon").where_clause.empty?
   end
 
   def test_order_in_default_scope_should_not_prevail
-    expected = Developer.all.merge!(order: 'salary desc').to_a.collect { |dev| dev.salary }
-    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.all.merge!(order: 'salary').to_a.collect { |dev| dev.salary }
+    expected = Developer.all.merge!(order: 'salary desc').to_a.collect(&:salary)
+    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.all.merge!(order: 'salary').to_a.collect(&:salary)
     assert_equal expected, received
   end
 
@@ -378,6 +401,24 @@ class DefaultScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 1, DeveloperWithIncludes.where(:audit_logs => { :message => 'foo' }).count
   end
 
+  def test_default_scope_with_references_works_through_collection_association
+    post = PostWithCommentWithDefaultScopeReferencesAssociation.create!(title: "Hello World", body: "Here we go.")
+    comment = post.comment_with_default_scope_references_associations.create!(body: "Great post.", developer_id: Developer.first.id)
+    assert_equal comment, post.comment_with_default_scope_references_associations.to_a.first
+  end
+
+  def test_default_scope_with_references_works_through_association
+    post = PostWithCommentWithDefaultScopeReferencesAssociation.create!(title: "Hello World", body: "Here we go.")
+    comment = post.comment_with_default_scope_references_associations.create!(body: "Great post.", developer_id: Developer.first.id)
+    assert_equal comment, post.first_comment
+  end
+
+  def test_default_scope_with_references_works_with_find_by
+    post = PostWithCommentWithDefaultScopeReferencesAssociation.create!(title: "Hello World", body: "Here we go.")
+    comment = post.comment_with_default_scope_references_associations.create!(body: "Great post.", developer_id: Developer.first.id)
+    assert_equal comment, CommentWithDefaultScopeReferencesAssociation.find_by(id: comment.id)
+  end
+
   unless in_memory_db?
     def test_default_scope_is_threadsafe
       threads = []
@@ -398,19 +439,24 @@ class DefaultScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   test "additional conditions are ANDed with the default scope" do
     scope = DeveloperCalledJamis.where(name: "David")
-    assert_equal 2, scope.where_values.length
+    assert_equal 2, scope.where_clause.ast.children.length
     assert_equal [], scope.to_a
   end
 
   test "additional conditions in a scope are ANDed with the default scope" do
     scope = DeveloperCalledJamis.david
-    assert_equal 2, scope.where_values.length
+    assert_equal 2, scope.where_clause.ast.children.length
     assert_equal [], scope.to_a
   end
 
   test "a scope can remove the condition from the default scope" do
     scope = DeveloperCalledJamis.david2
-    assert_equal 1, scope.where_values.length
-    assert_equal Developer.where(name: "David").map(&:id), scope.map(&:id)
+    assert_equal 1, scope.where_clause.ast.children.length
+    assert_equal Developer.where(name: "David"), scope
+  end
+
+  def test_with_abstract_class_where_clause_should_not_be_duplicated
+    scope = Bus.all
+    assert_equal scope.where_clause.ast.children.length, 1
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/named_scoping_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/named_scoping_test.rb
index f0ad9ebb8a..7a8eaeccb7 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/named_scoping_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/named_scoping_test.rb
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ require 'models/comment'
 require 'models/reply'
 require 'models/author'
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 
 class NamedScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :posts, :authors, :topics, :comments, :author_addresses
@@ -132,6 +133,13 @@ class NamedScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal Post.ranked_by_comments.limit_by(5), Post.top(5)
   end
 
+  def test_scopes_body_is_a_callable
+    e = assert_raises ArgumentError do
+      Class.new(Post).class_eval { scope :containing_the_letter_z, where("body LIKE '%z%'") }
+    end
+    assert_equal "The scope body needs to be callable.", e.message
+  end
+
   def test_active_records_have_scope_named__all__
     assert !Topic.all.empty?
 
@@ -180,8 +188,9 @@ class NamedScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_any_should_call_proxy_found_if_using_a_block
     topics = Topic.base
     assert_queries(1) do
-      topics.expects(:empty?).never
-      topics.any? { true }
+      assert_not_called(topics, :empty?) do
+        topics.any? { true }
+      end
     end
   end
 
@@ -209,8 +218,9 @@ class NamedScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_many_should_call_proxy_found_if_using_a_block
     topics = Topic.base
     assert_queries(1) do
-      topics.expects(:size).never
-      topics.many? { true }
+      assert_not_called(topics, :size) do
+        topics.many? { true }
+      end
     end
   end
 
@@ -291,6 +301,12 @@ class NamedScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       :relation,      # private class method on AR::Base
       :new,           # redefined class method on AR::Base
       :all,           # a default scope
+      :public,        # some imporant methods on Module and Class
+      :protected,
+      :private,
+      :name,
+      :parent,
+      :superclass
     ]
 
     non_conflicts = [
@@ -303,13 +319,15 @@ class NamedScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     ]
 
     conflicts.each do |name|
-      assert_raises(ArgumentError, "scope `#{name}` should not be allowed") do
+      e = assert_raises(ArgumentError, "scope `#{name}` should not be allowed") do
         klass.class_eval { scope name, ->{ where(approved: true) } }
       end
+      assert_match(/You tried to define a scope named \"#{name}\" on the model/, e.message)
 
-      assert_raises(ArgumentError, "scope `#{name}` should not be allowed") do
+      e = assert_raises(ArgumentError, "scope `#{name}` should not be allowed") do
         subklass.class_eval { scope name, ->{ where(approved: true) } }
       end
+      assert_match(/You tried to define a scope named \"#{name}\" on the model/, e.message)
     end
 
     non_conflicts.each do |name|
@@ -366,8 +384,8 @@ class NamedScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_not_duplicates_where_values
-    where_values = Topic.where("1=1").scope_with_lambda.where_values
-    assert_equal ["1=1"], where_values
+    relation = Topic.where("1=1")
+    assert_equal relation.where_clause, relation.scope_with_lambda.where_clause
   end
 
   def test_chaining_with_duplicate_joins
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/relation_scoping_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/relation_scoping_test.rb
index 0018fc06f2..4bfffbe9c6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/relation_scoping_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/relation_scoping_test.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/post'
 require 'models/author'
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 require 'models/project'
 require 'models/comment'
 require 'models/category'
@@ -11,6 +12,30 @@ require 'models/reference'
 class RelationScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :authors, :developers, :projects, :comments, :posts, :developers_projects
 
+  setup do
+    developers(:david)
+  end
+
+  def test_unscoped_breaks_caching
+    author = authors :mary
+    assert_nil author.first_post
+    post = FirstPost.unscoped do
+      author.reload.first_post
+    end
+    assert post
+  end
+
+  def test_scope_breaks_caching_on_collections
+    author = authors :david
+    ids = author.reload.special_posts_with_default_scope.map(&:id)
+    assert_equal [1,5,6], ids.sort
+    scoped_posts = SpecialPostWithDefaultScope.unscoped do
+      author = authors :david
+      author.reload.special_posts_with_default_scope.to_a
+    end
+    assert_equal author.posts.map(&:id).sort, scoped_posts.map(&:id).sort
+  end
+
   def test_reverse_order
     assert_equal Developer.order("id DESC").to_a.reverse, Developer.order("id DESC").reverse_order
   end
@@ -159,7 +184,7 @@ class RelationScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     rescue
     end
 
-    assert !Developer.all.where_values.include?("name = 'Jamis'")
+    assert_not Developer.all.to_sql.include?("name = 'Jamis'"), "scope was not restored"
   end
 
   def test_default_scope_filters_on_joins
@@ -183,6 +208,12 @@ class RelationScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [], DeveloperFilteredOnJoins.all
     assert_not_equal [], Developer.all
   end
+
+  def test_current_scope_does_not_pollute_other_subclasses
+    Post.none.scoping do
+      assert StiPost.all.any?
+    end
+  end
 end
 
 class NestedRelationScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -192,8 +223,9 @@ class NestedRelationScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     Developer.where('salary = 80000').scoping do
       Developer.limit(10).scoping do
         devs = Developer.all
-        assert_match '(salary = 80000)', devs.to_sql
-        assert_equal 10, devs.taken
+        sql = devs.to_sql
+        assert_match '(salary = 80000)', sql
+        assert_match 'LIMIT 10', sql
       end
     end
   end
@@ -259,7 +291,7 @@ class NestedRelationScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 end
 
-class HasManyScopingTest< ActiveRecord::TestCase
+class HasManyScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :comments, :posts, :people, :references
 
   def setup
@@ -305,7 +337,7 @@ class HasManyScopingTest< ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 end
 
-class HasAndBelongsToManyScopingTest< ActiveRecord::TestCase
+class HasAndBelongsToManyScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :posts, :categories, :categories_posts
 
   def setup
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/secure_token_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/secure_token_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e731443fc2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/secure_token_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+require 'models/user'
+
+class SecureTokenTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  setup do
+    @user = User.new
+  end
+
+  def test_token_values_are_generated_for_specified_attributes_and_persisted_on_save
+    @user.save
+    assert_not_nil @user.token
+    assert_not_nil @user.auth_token
+  end
+
+  def test_regenerating_the_secure_token
+    @user.save
+    old_token = @user.token
+    old_auth_token = @user.auth_token
+    @user.regenerate_token
+    @user.regenerate_auth_token
+
+    assert_not_equal @user.token, old_token
+    assert_not_equal @user.auth_token, old_auth_token
+  end
+
+  def test_token_value_not_overwritten_when_present
+    @user.token = "custom-secure-token"
+    @user.save
+
+    assert_equal @user.token, "custom-secure-token"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/serialization_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/serialization_test.rb
index c46060a646..14b80f4df4 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/serialization_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/serialization_test.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,14 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/contact'
 require 'models/topic'
+require 'models/book'
+require 'models/author'
+require 'models/post'
 
 class SerializationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  FORMATS = [ :xml, :json ]
+  fixtures :books
+
+  FORMATS = [ :json ]
 
   def setup
     @contact_attributes = {
@@ -65,4 +70,35 @@ class SerializationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   ensure
     ActiveRecord::Base.include_root_in_json = original_root_in_json
   end
+
+  def test_read_attribute_for_serialization_with_format_without_method_missing
+    klazz = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
+    klazz.table_name = 'books'
+
+    book = klazz.new
+    assert_nil book.read_attribute_for_serialization(:format)
+  end
+
+  def test_read_attribute_for_serialization_with_format_after_init
+    klazz = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
+    klazz.table_name = 'books'
+
+    book = klazz.new(format: 'paperback')
+    assert_equal 'paperback', book.read_attribute_for_serialization(:format)
+  end
+
+  def test_read_attribute_for_serialization_with_format_after_find
+    klazz = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
+    klazz.table_name = 'books'
+
+    book = klazz.find(books(:awdr).id)
+    assert_equal 'paperback', book.read_attribute_for_serialization(:format)
+  end
+
+  def test_find_records_by_serialized_attributes_through_join
+    author = Author.create!(name: "David")
+    author.serialized_posts.create!(title: "Hello")
+
+    assert_equal 1, Author.joins(:serialized_posts).where(name: "David", serialized_posts: { title: "Hello" }).length
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/serialized_attribute_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/serialized_attribute_test.rb
index bc67da8d27..6056156698 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/serialized_attribute_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/serialized_attribute_test.rb
@@ -3,20 +3,23 @@ require 'models/topic'
 require 'models/reply'
 require 'models/person'
 require 'models/traffic_light'
+require 'models/post'
 require 'bcrypt'
 
 class SerializedAttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :topics
+  fixtures :topics, :posts
 
   MyObject = Struct.new :attribute1, :attribute2
 
-  def teardown
-    super
+  teardown do
     Topic.serialize("content")
   end
 
-  def test_list_of_serialized_attributes
-    assert_equal %w(content), Topic.serialized_attributes.keys
+  def test_serialize_does_not_eagerly_load_columns
+    Topic.reset_column_information
+    assert_no_queries do
+      Topic.serialize(:content)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_serialized_attribute
@@ -30,12 +33,6 @@ class SerializedAttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal(myobj, topic.content)
   end
 
-  def test_serialized_attribute_init_with
-    topic = Topic.allocate
-    topic.init_with('attributes' => { 'content' => '--- foo' })
-    assert_equal 'foo', topic.content
-  end
-
   def test_serialized_attribute_in_base_class
     Topic.serialize("content", Hash)
 
@@ -47,34 +44,56 @@ class SerializedAttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal(hash, important_topic.content)
   end
 
-  # This test was added to fix GH #4004. Obviously the value returned
-  # is not really the value 'before type cast' so we should maybe think
-  # about changing that in the future.
-  def test_serialized_attribute_before_type_cast_returns_unserialized_value
+  def test_serialized_attributes_from_database_on_subclass
     Topic.serialize :content, Hash
 
-    t = Topic.new(content: { foo: :bar })
-    assert_equal({ foo: :bar }, t.content_before_type_cast)
+    t = Reply.new(content: { foo: :bar })
+    assert_equal({ foo: :bar }, t.content)
     t.save!
-    t.reload
-    assert_equal({ foo: :bar }, t.content_before_type_cast)
+    t = Reply.last
+    assert_equal({ foo: :bar }, t.content)
   end
 
-  def test_serialized_attributes_before_type_cast_returns_unserialized_value
-    Topic.serialize :content, Hash
+  def test_serialized_attribute_calling_dup_method
+    Topic.serialize :content, JSON
 
-    t = Topic.new(content: { foo: :bar })
-    assert_equal({ foo: :bar }, t.attributes_before_type_cast["content"])
+    orig = Topic.new(content: { foo: :bar })
+    clone = orig.dup
+    assert_equal(orig.content, clone.content)
+  end
+
+  def test_serialized_json_attribute_returns_unserialized_value
+    Topic.serialize :content, JSON
+    my_post = posts(:welcome)
+
+    t = Topic.new(content: my_post)
     t.save!
     t.reload
-    assert_equal({ foo: :bar }, t.attributes_before_type_cast["content"])
+
+    assert_instance_of(Hash, t.content)
+    assert_equal(my_post.id, t.content["id"])
+    assert_equal(my_post.title, t.content["title"])
   end
 
-  def test_serialized_attribute_calling_dup_method
+  def test_json_read_legacy_null
+    Topic.serialize :content, JSON
+
+    # Force a row to have a JSON "null" instead of a database NULL (this is how
+    # null values are saved on 4.1 and before)
+    id = Topic.connection.insert "INSERT INTO topics (content) VALUES('null')"
+    t = Topic.find(id)
+
+    assert_nil t.content
+  end
+
+  def test_json_read_db_null
     Topic.serialize :content, JSON
 
-    t = Topic.new(:content => { :foo => :bar }).dup
-    assert_equal({ :foo => :bar }, t.content_before_type_cast)
+    # Force a row to have a database NULL instead of a JSON "null"
+    id = Topic.connection.insert "INSERT INTO topics (content) VALUES(NULL)"
+    t = Topic.find(id)
+
+    assert_nil t.content
   end
 
   def test_serialized_attribute_declared_in_subclass
@@ -115,10 +134,11 @@ class SerializedAttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 1, Topic.where(:content => nil).count
   end
 
-  def test_serialized_attribute_should_raise_exception_on_save_with_wrong_type
+  def test_serialized_attribute_should_raise_exception_on_assignment_with_wrong_type
     Topic.serialize(:content, Hash)
-    topic = Topic.new(:content => "string")
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::SerializationTypeMismatch) { topic.save }
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::SerializationTypeMismatch) do
+      Topic.new(content: 'string')
+    end
   end
 
   def test_should_raise_exception_on_serialized_attribute_with_type_mismatch
@@ -169,45 +189,22 @@ class SerializedAttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_serialize_with_coder
-    coder = Class.new {
-      # Identity
-      def load(thing)
-        thing
-      end
-
-      # base 64
-      def dump(thing)
-        [thing].pack('m')
-      end
-    }.new
-
-    Topic.serialize(:content, coder)
-    s = 'hello world'
-    topic = Topic.new(:content => s)
-    assert topic.save
-    topic = topic.reload
-    assert_equal [s].pack('m'), topic.content
-  end
-
-  def test_serialize_with_bcrypt_coder
-    crypt_coder = Class.new {
-      def load(thing)
-        return unless thing
-        BCrypt::Password.new thing
+    some_class = Struct.new(:foo) do
+      def self.dump(value)
+        value.foo
       end
 
-      def dump(thing)
-        BCrypt::Password.create(thing).to_s
+      def self.load(value)
+        new(value)
       end
-    }.new
+    end
 
-    Topic.serialize(:content, crypt_coder)
-    password = 'password'
-    topic = Topic.new(:content => password)
-    assert topic.save
-    topic = topic.reload
-    assert_kind_of BCrypt::Password, topic.content
-    assert_equal(true, topic.content == password, 'password should equal')
+    Topic.serialize(:content, some_class)
+    topic = Topic.new(:content => some_class.new('my value'))
+    topic.save!
+    topic.reload
+    assert_kind_of some_class, topic.content
+    assert_equal topic.content, some_class.new('my value')
   end
 
   def test_serialize_attribute_via_select_method_when_time_zone_available
@@ -236,13 +233,66 @@ class SerializedAttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [], light.long_state
   end
 
-  def test_serialized_column_should_not_be_wrapped_twice
-    Topic.serialize(:content, MyObject)
+  def test_serialized_column_should_unserialize_after_update_column
+    t = Topic.create(content: "first")
+    assert_equal("first", t.content)
 
-    myobj = MyObject.new('value1', 'value2')
-    Topic.create(content: myobj)
-    Topic.create(content: myobj)
-    type = Topic.column_types["content"]
-    assert !type.instance_variable_get("@column").is_a?(ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::Serialization::Type)
+    t.update_column(:content, ["second"])
+    assert_equal(["second"], t.content)
+    assert_equal(["second"], t.reload.content)
+  end
+
+  def test_serialized_column_should_unserialize_after_update_attribute
+    t = Topic.create(content: "first")
+    assert_equal("first", t.content)
+
+    t.update_attribute(:content, "second")
+    assert_equal("second", t.content)
+    assert_equal("second", t.reload.content)
+  end
+
+  def test_nil_is_not_changed_when_serialized_with_a_class
+    Topic.serialize(:content, Array)
+
+    topic = Topic.new(content: nil)
+
+    assert_not topic.content_changed?
+  end
+
+  def test_classes_without_no_arg_constructors_are_not_supported
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      Topic.serialize(:content, Regexp)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_newly_emptied_serialized_hash_is_changed
+    Topic.serialize(:content, Hash)
+    topic = Topic.create(content: { "things" => "stuff" })
+    topic.content.delete("things")
+    topic.save!
+    topic.reload
+
+    assert_equal({}, topic.content)
+  end
+
+  def test_values_cast_from_nil_are_persisted_as_nil
+    # This is required to fulfil the following contract, which must be universally
+    # true in Active Record:
+    #
+    # model.attribute = value
+    # assert_equal model.attribute, model.tap(&:save).reload.attribute
+    Topic.serialize(:content, Hash)
+    topic = Topic.create!(content: {})
+    topic2 = Topic.create!(content: nil)
+
+    assert_equal [topic, topic2], Topic.where(content: nil)
+  end
+
+  def test_nil_is_always_persisted_as_null
+    Topic.serialize(:content, Hash)
+
+    topic = Topic.create!(content: { foo: "bar" })
+    topic.update_attribute :content, nil
+    assert_equal [topic], Topic.where(content: nil)
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/statement_cache_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/statement_cache_test.rb
index 76da49707f..a704b861cb 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/statement_cache_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/statement_cache_test.rb
@@ -10,27 +10,61 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
     end
 
+    #Cache v 1.1 tests
+    def test_statement_cache
+      Book.create(name: "my book")
+      Book.create(name: "my other book")
+
+      cache = StatementCache.create(Book.connection) do |params|
+        Book.where(:name => params.bind)
+      end
+
+      b = cache.execute([ "my book" ], Book, Book.connection)
+      assert_equal "my book", b[0].name
+      b = cache.execute([ "my other book" ], Book, Book.connection)
+      assert_equal "my other book", b[0].name
+    end
+
+
+    def test_statement_cache_id
+      b1 = Book.create(name: "my book")
+      b2 = Book.create(name: "my other book")
+
+      cache = StatementCache.create(Book.connection) do |params|
+        Book.where(id: params.bind)
+      end
+
+      b = cache.execute([ b1.id ], Book, Book.connection)
+      assert_equal b1.name, b[0].name
+      b = cache.execute([ b2.id ], Book, Book.connection)
+      assert_equal b2.name, b[0].name
+    end
+
+    def test_find_or_create_by
+      Book.create(name: "my book")
+
+      a = Book.find_or_create_by(name: "my book")
+      b = Book.find_or_create_by(name: "my other book")
+
+      assert_equal("my book", a.name)
+      assert_equal("my other book", b.name)
+    end
+
+    #End
+
     def test_statement_cache_with_simple_statement
-      cache = ActiveRecord::StatementCache.new do
+      cache = ActiveRecord::StatementCache.create(Book.connection) do |params|
         Book.where(name: "my book").where("author_id > 3")
       end
 
       Book.create(name: "my book", author_id: 4)
 
-      books = cache.execute
+      books = cache.execute([], Book, Book.connection)
       assert_equal "my book", books[0].name
     end
 
-    def test_statement_cache_with_nil_statement_raises_error
-      assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
-        ActiveRecord::StatementCache.new do
-          nil
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
     def test_statement_cache_with_complex_statement
-      cache = ActiveRecord::StatementCache.new do
+      cache = ActiveRecord::StatementCache.create(Book.connection) do |params|
         Liquid.joins(:molecules => :electrons).where('molecules.name' => 'dioxane', 'electrons.name' => 'lepton')
       end
 
@@ -38,12 +72,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       molecule = salty.molecules.create(name: 'dioxane')
       molecule.electrons.create(name: 'lepton')
 
-      liquids = cache.execute
+      liquids = cache.execute([], Book, Book.connection)
       assert_equal "salty", liquids[0].name
     end
 
     def test_statement_cache_values_differ
-      cache = ActiveRecord::StatementCache.new do
+      cache = ActiveRecord::StatementCache.create(Book.connection) do |params|
         Book.where(name: "my book")
       end
 
@@ -51,13 +85,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         Book.create(name: "my book")
       end
 
-      first_books = cache.execute
+      first_books = cache.execute([], Book, Book.connection)
 
       3.times do
         Book.create(name: "my book")
       end
 
-      additional_books = cache.execute
+      additional_books = cache.execute([], Book, Book.connection)
       assert first_books != additional_books
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/store_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/store_test.rb
index 978cee9cfb..e9cdf94c99 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/store_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/store_test.rb
@@ -163,22 +163,24 @@ class StoreTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [:width, :height], second_model.stored_attributes[:data]
   end
 
-  test "YAML coder initializes the store when a Nil value is given" do
-    assert_equal({}, @john.params)
-  end
+  test "stored_attributes are tracked per subclass" do
+    first_model = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      store_accessor :data, :color
+    end
+    second_model = Class.new(first_model) do
+      store_accessor :data, :width, :height
+    end
+    third_model = Class.new(first_model) do
+      store_accessor :data, :area, :volume
+    end
 
-  test "attributes_for_coder should return stored fields already serialized" do
-    attributes = {
-      "id" => @john.id,
-      "name"=> @john.name,
-      "settings" => "--- !ruby/hash:ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess\ncolor: black\n",
-      "preferences" => "--- !ruby/hash:ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess\nremember_login: true\n",
-      "json_data" => "{\"height\":\"tall\"}", "json_data_empty"=>"{\"is_a_good_guy\":true}",
-      "params" => "--- !ruby/hash:ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess {}\n",
-      "account_id"=> @john.account_id
-    }
+    assert_equal [:color], first_model.stored_attributes[:data]
+    assert_equal [:color, :width, :height], second_model.stored_attributes[:data]
+    assert_equal [:color, :area, :volume], third_model.stored_attributes[:data]
+  end
 
-    assert_equal attributes, @john.attributes_for_coder
+  test "YAML coder initializes the store when a Nil value is given" do
+    assert_equal({}, @john.params)
   end
 
   test "dump, load and dump again a model" do
@@ -187,7 +189,6 @@ class StoreTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal @john, loaded
 
     second_dump = YAML.dump(loaded)
-    assert_equal dumped, second_dump
     assert_equal @john, YAML.load(second_dump)
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/suppressor_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/suppressor_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..72c5c16555
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/suppressor_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+require 'models/notification'
+require 'models/user'
+
+class SuppressorTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  def test_suppresses_create
+    assert_no_difference -> { Notification.count } do
+      Notification.suppress do
+        Notification.create
+        Notification.create!
+        Notification.new.save
+        Notification.new.save!
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_suppresses_update
+    user = User.create! token: 'asdf'
+
+    User.suppress do
+      user.update token: 'ghjkl'
+      assert_equal 'asdf', user.reload.token
+
+      user.update! token: 'zxcvbnm'
+      assert_equal 'asdf', user.reload.token
+
+      user.token = 'qwerty'
+      user.save
+      assert_equal 'asdf', user.reload.token
+
+      user.token = 'uiop'
+      user.save!
+      assert_equal 'asdf', user.reload.token
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_suppresses_create_in_callback
+    assert_difference -> { User.count } do
+      assert_no_difference -> { Notification.count } do
+        Notification.suppress { UserWithNotification.create! }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_resumes_saving_after_suppression_complete
+    Notification.suppress { UserWithNotification.create! }
+
+    assert_difference -> { Notification.count } do
+      Notification.create!
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/database_tasks_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/database_tasks_test.rb
index bf9e14fa4f..c8f4179313 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/database_tasks_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/database_tasks_test.rb
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop_all
     end
 
-    def test_creates_configurations_with_local_ip
+    def test_drops_configurations_with_local_ip
       @configurations[:development].merge!('host' => '127.0.0.1')
 
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:drop)
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop_all
     end
 
-    def test_creates_configurations_with_local_host
+    def test_drops_configurations_with_local_host
       @configurations[:development].merge!('host' => 'localhost')
 
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:drop)
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop_all
     end
 
-    def test_creates_configurations_with_blank_hosts
+    def test_drops_configurations_with_blank_hosts
       @configurations[:development].merge!('host' => nil)
 
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:drop)
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:configurations).returns(@configurations)
     end
 
-    def test_creates_current_environment_database
+    def test_drops_current_environment_database
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:drop).
         with('database' => 'prod-db')
 
@@ -273,6 +273,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
   end
 
+  class DatabaseTasksMigrateTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    def test_migrate_receives_correct_env_vars
+      verbose, version = ENV['VERBOSE'], ENV['VERSION']
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrations_paths = 'custom/path'
+      ENV['VERBOSE'] = 'false'
+      ENV['VERSION'] = '4'
+
+      ActiveRecord::Migrator.expects(:migrate).with('custom/path', 4)
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrate
+    ensure
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrations_paths = nil
+      ENV['VERBOSE'], ENV['VERSION'] = verbose, version
+    end
+  end
 
   class DatabaseTasksPurgeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     include DatabaseTasksSetupper
@@ -285,6 +300,35 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
   end
 
+  class DatabaseTasksPurgeCurrentTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    def test_purges_current_environment_database
+      configurations = {
+        'development' => {'database' => 'dev-db'},
+        'test'        => {'database' => 'test-db'},
+        'production'  => {'database' => 'prod-db'}
+      }
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:configurations).returns(configurations)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:purge).
+        with('database' => 'prod-db')
+      ActiveRecord::Base.expects(:establish_connection).with(:production)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.purge_current('production')
+    end
+  end
+
+  class DatabaseTasksPurgeAllTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    def test_purge_all_local_configurations
+      configurations = {:development => {'database' => 'my-db'}}
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:configurations).returns(configurations)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:purge).
+        with('database' => 'my-db')
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.purge_all
+    end
+  end
+
   class DatabaseTasksCharsetTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     include DatabaseTasksSetupper
 
@@ -335,4 +379,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.check_schema_file("awesome-file.sql")
     end
   end
+
+  class DatabaseTasksCheckSchemaFileDefaultsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    def test_check_schema_file_defaults
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.stubs(:db_dir).returns('/tmp')
+      assert_equal '/tmp/schema.rb', ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.schema_file
+    end
+  end
+
+  class DatabaseTasksCheckSchemaFileSpecifiedFormatsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    {ruby: 'schema.rb', sql: 'structure.sql'}.each_pair do |fmt, filename|
+      define_method("test_check_schema_file_for_#{fmt}_format") do
+        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.stubs(:db_dir).returns('/tmp')
+        assert_equal "/tmp/#{filename}", ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.schema_file(fmt)
+      end
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/mysql_rake_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/mysql_rake_test.rb
index 3e3a2828f3..723a7618ba 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/mysql_rake_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/mysql_rake_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
 
+if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
 module ActiveRecord
   class MysqlDBCreateTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     def setup
@@ -20,28 +21,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
     end
 
-    def test_creates_database_with_default_encoding_and_collation
+    def test_creates_database_with_no_default_options
       @connection.expects(:create_database).
-        with('my-app-db', charset: 'utf8', collation: 'utf8_unicode_ci')
+        with('my-app-db', {})
 
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
     end
 
-    def test_creates_database_with_given_encoding_and_default_collation
-      @connection.expects(:create_database).
-        with('my-app-db', charset: 'utf8', collation: 'utf8_unicode_ci')
-
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration.merge('encoding' => 'utf8')
-    end
-
-    def test_creates_database_with_given_encoding_and_no_collation
+    def test_creates_database_with_given_encoding
       @connection.expects(:create_database).
         with('my-app-db', charset: 'latin1')
 
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration.merge('encoding' => 'latin1')
     end
 
-    def test_creates_database_with_given_collation_and_no_encoding
+    def test_creates_database_with_given_collation
       @connection.expects(:create_database).
         with('my-app-db', collation: 'latin1_swedish_ci')
 
@@ -110,7 +104,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def test_database_created_by_root
         assert_permissions_granted_for "pat"
         @connection.expects(:create_database).
-          with('my-app-db', :charset => 'utf8', :collation => 'utf8_unicode_ci')
+          with('my-app-db', {})
 
         ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
       end
@@ -196,15 +190,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
       ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:establish_connection).returns(true)
     end
 
-    def test_establishes_connection_to_test_database
-      ActiveRecord::Base.expects(:establish_connection).with(:test)
+    def test_establishes_connection_to_the_appropriate_database
+      ActiveRecord::Base.expects(:establish_connection).with(@configuration)
 
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.purge @configuration
     end
 
-    def test_recreates_database_with_the_default_options
+    def test_recreates_database_with_no_default_options
       @connection.expects(:recreate_database).
-        with('test-db', charset: 'utf8', collation: 'utf8_unicode_ci')
+        with('test-db', {})
 
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.purge @configuration
     end
@@ -264,30 +258,40 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     def test_structure_dump
       filename = "awesome-file.sql"
-      Kernel.expects(:system).with("mysqldump", "--result-file", filename, "--no-data", "test-db").returns(true)
+      Kernel.expects(:system).with("mysqldump", "--result-file", filename, "--no-data", "--routines", "test-db").returns(true)
 
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_dump(@configuration, filename)
     end
 
-    def test_warn_when_external_structure_dump_fails
+    def test_warn_when_external_structure_dump_command_execution_fails
       filename = "awesome-file.sql"
-      Kernel.expects(:system).with("mysqldump", "--result-file", filename, "--no-data", "test-db").returns(false)
+      Kernel.expects(:system)
+        .with("mysqldump", "--result-file", filename, "--no-data", "--routines", "test-db")
+        .returns(false)
 
-      warnings = capture(:stderr) do
+      e = assert_raise(RuntimeError) {
         ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_dump(@configuration, filename)
-      end
-
-      assert_match(/Could not dump the database structure/, warnings)
+      }
+      assert_match(/^failed to execute: `mysqldump`$/, e.message)
     end
 
     def test_structure_dump_with_port_number
       filename = "awesome-file.sql"
-      Kernel.expects(:system).with("mysqldump", "--port", "10000", "--result-file", filename, "--no-data", "test-db").returns(true)
+      Kernel.expects(:system).with("mysqldump", "--port=10000", "--result-file", filename, "--no-data", "--routines", "test-db").returns(true)
 
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_dump(
         @configuration.merge('port' => 10000),
         filename)
     end
+
+    def test_structure_dump_with_ssl
+      filename = "awesome-file.sql"
+      Kernel.expects(:system).with("mysqldump", "--ssl-ca=ca.crt", "--result-file", filename, "--no-data", "--routines", "test-db").returns(true)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_dump(
+        @configuration.merge("sslca" => "ca.crt"),
+        filename)
+    end
   end
 
   class MySQLStructureLoadTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -301,9 +305,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def test_structure_load
       filename = "awesome-file.sql"
       Kernel.expects(:system).with('mysql', '--execute', %{SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 0; SOURCE #{filename}; SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 1}, "--database", "test-db")
+        .returns(true)
 
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_load(@configuration, filename)
     end
   end
 
 end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/postgresql_rake_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/postgresql_rake_test.rb
index 6ea225178f..ba53f340ae 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/postgresql_rake_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/postgresql_rake_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
 
+if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
 module ActiveRecord
   class PostgreSQLDBCreateTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     def setup
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       $stderr.expects(:puts).
         with("Couldn't create database for #{@configuration.inspect}")
 
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
+      assert_raises(Exception) { ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration }
     end
 
     def test_create_when_database_exists_outputs_info_to_stderr
@@ -194,21 +195,54 @@ module ActiveRecord
         'adapter'  => 'postgresql',
         'database' => 'my-app-db'
       }
+      @filename = "awesome-file.sql"
 
       ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:connection).returns(@connection)
       ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:establish_connection).returns(true)
       Kernel.stubs(:system)
+      File.stubs(:open)
     end
 
     def test_structure_dump
-      filename = "awesome-file.sql"
-      Kernel.expects(:system).with("pg_dump -i -s -x -O -f #{filename}  my-app-db").returns(true)
-      @connection.expects(:schema_search_path).returns("foo")
+      Kernel.expects(:system).with('pg_dump', '-s', '-x', '-O', '-f', @filename, 'my-app-db').returns(true)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_dump(@configuration, @filename)
+    end
+
+    def test_structure_dump_with_schema_search_path
+      @configuration['schema_search_path'] = 'foo,bar'
+
+      Kernel.expects(:system).with('pg_dump', '-s', '-x', '-O', '-f', @filename, '--schema=foo', '--schema=bar', 'my-app-db').returns(true)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_dump(@configuration, @filename)
+    end
+
+    def test_structure_dump_with_schema_search_path_and_dump_schemas_all
+      @configuration['schema_search_path'] = 'foo,bar'
 
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_dump(@configuration, filename)
-      assert File.exist?(filename)
+      Kernel.expects(:system).with("pg_dump", '-s', '-x', '-O', '-f', @filename,  'my-app-db').returns(true)
+
+      with_dump_schemas(:all) do
+        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_dump(@configuration, @filename)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_structure_dump_with_dump_schemas_string
+      Kernel.expects(:system).with("pg_dump", '-s', '-x', '-O', '-f', @filename, '--schema=foo', '--schema=bar', "my-app-db").returns(true)
+
+      with_dump_schemas('foo,bar') do
+        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_dump(@configuration, @filename)
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def with_dump_schemas(value, &block)
+      old_dump_schemas = ActiveRecord::Base.dump_schemas
+      ActiveRecord::Base.dump_schemas = value
+      yield
     ensure
-      FileUtils.rm(filename)
+      ActiveRecord::Base.dump_schemas = old_dump_schemas
     end
   end
 
@@ -227,17 +261,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     def test_structure_load
       filename = "awesome-file.sql"
-      Kernel.expects(:system).with("psql -q -f #{filename} my-app-db")
+      Kernel.expects(:system).with('psql', '-q', '-f', filename, @configuration['database']).returns(true)
 
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_load(@configuration, filename)
     end
 
     def test_structure_load_accepts_path_with_spaces
       filename = "awesome file.sql"
-      Kernel.expects(:system).with("psql -q -f awesome\\ file.sql my-app-db")
+      Kernel.expects(:system).with('psql', '-q', '-f', filename, @configuration['database']).returns(true)
 
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_load(@configuration, filename)
     end
   end
 
 end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/sqlite_rake_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/sqlite_rake_test.rb
index da3471adf9..0aea0c3b38 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/sqlite_rake_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/sqlite_rake_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
 require 'pathname'
 
+if current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
 module ActiveRecord
   class SqliteDBCreateTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     def setup
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       $stderr.expects(:puts).
         with("Couldn't create database for #{@configuration.inspect}")
 
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration, '/rails/root'
+      assert_raises(Exception) { ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration, '/rails/root' }
     end
   end
 
@@ -189,3 +190,4 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
   end
 end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/test_case.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/test_case.rb
index 4476ce3410..47e664f4e7 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/test_case.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/test_case.rb
@@ -1,34 +1,35 @@
 require 'active_support/test_case'
+require 'active_support/testing/stream'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   # = Active Record Test Case
   #
   # Defines some test assertions to test against SQL queries.
   class TestCase < ActiveSupport::TestCase #:nodoc:
+    include ActiveSupport::Testing::Stream
+
     def teardown
       SQLCounter.clear_log
     end
 
     def assert_date_from_db(expected, actual, message = nil)
-      # SybaseAdapter doesn't have a separate column type just for dates,
-      # so the time is in the string and incorrectly formatted
-      if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
-        assert_equal expected.to_s, actual.to_date.to_s, message
-      else
-        assert_equal expected.to_s, actual.to_s, message
-      end
+      assert_equal expected.to_s, actual.to_s, message
     end
 
-    def assert_sql(*patterns_to_match)
+    def capture_sql
       SQLCounter.clear_log
       yield
-      SQLCounter.log_all
+      SQLCounter.log_all.dup
+    end
+
+    def assert_sql(*patterns_to_match)
+      capture_sql { yield }
     ensure
       failed_patterns = []
       patterns_to_match.each do |pattern|
         failed_patterns << pattern unless SQLCounter.log_all.any?{ |sql| pattern === sql }
       end
-      assert failed_patterns.empty?, "Query pattern(s) #{failed_patterns.map{ |p| p.inspect }.join(', ')} not found.#{SQLCounter.log.size == 0 ? '' : "\nQueries:\n#{SQLCounter.log.join("\n")}"}"
+      assert failed_patterns.empty?, "Query pattern(s) #{failed_patterns.map(&:inspect).join(', ')} not found.#{SQLCounter.log.size == 0 ? '' : "\nQueries:\n#{SQLCounter.log.join("\n")}"}"
     end
 
     def assert_queries(num = 1, options = {})
@@ -64,6 +65,30 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
   end
 
+  class PostgreSQLTestCase < TestCase
+    def self.run(*args)
+      super if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Mysql2TestCase < TestCase
+    def self.run(*args)
+      super if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
+    end
+  end
+
+  class MysqlTestCase < TestCase
+    def self.run(*args)
+      super if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter)
+    end
+  end
+
+  class SQLite3TestCase < TestCase
+    def self.run(*args)
+      super if current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
+    end
+  end
+
   class SQLCounter
     class << self
       attr_accessor :ignored_sql, :log, :log_all
@@ -78,9 +103,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # ignored SQL, or better yet, use a different notification for the queries
     # instead examining the SQL content.
     oracle_ignored     = [/^select .*nextval/i, /^SAVEPOINT/, /^ROLLBACK TO/, /^\s*select .* from all_triggers/im, /^\s*select .* from all_constraints/im, /^\s*select .* from all_tab_cols/im]
-    mysql_ignored      = [/^SHOW TABLES/i, /^SHOW FULL FIELDS/, /^SHOW CREATE TABLE /i]
-    postgresql_ignored = [/^\s*select\b.*\bfrom\b.*pg_namespace\b/im, /^\s*select\b.*\battname\b.*\bfrom\b.*\bpg_attribute\b/im, /^SHOW search_path/i]
-    sqlite3_ignored =    [/^\s*SELECT name\b.*\bFROM sqlite_master/im]
+    mysql_ignored      = [/^SHOW FULL TABLES/i, /^SHOW FULL FIELDS/, /^SHOW CREATE TABLE /i, /^SHOW VARIABLES /, /^\s*SELECT (?:column_name|table_name)\b.*\bFROM information_schema\.(?:key_column_usage|tables)\b/im]
+    postgresql_ignored = [/^\s*select\b.*\bfrom\b.*pg_namespace\b/im, /^\s*select tablename\b.*from pg_tables\b/im, /^\s*select\b.*\battname\b.*\bfrom\b.*\bpg_attribute\b/im, /^SHOW search_path/i]
+    sqlite3_ignored =    [/^\s*SELECT name\b.*\bFROM sqlite_master/im, /^\s*SELECT sql\b.*\bFROM sqlite_master/im]
 
     [oracle_ignored, mysql_ignored, postgresql_ignored, sqlite3_ignored].each do |db_ignored_sql|
       ignored_sql.concat db_ignored_sql
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/test_fixtures_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/test_fixtures_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1970fe82d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/test_fixtures_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+
+class TestFixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  setup do
+    @klass = Class.new
+    @klass.send(:include, ActiveRecord::TestFixtures)
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_use_transactional_fixtures=
+    assert_deprecated 'use use_transactional_tests= instead' do
+      @klass.use_transactional_fixtures = true
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_use_transactional_tests_prefers_use_transactional_fixtures
+    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+      @klass.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+    end
+
+    assert_equal false, @klass.use_transactional_tests
+  end
+
+  def test_use_transactional_tests_defaults_to_true
+    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+      @klass.use_transactional_fixtures = nil
+    end
+
+    assert_equal true, @klass.use_transactional_tests
+  end
+
+  def test_use_transactional_tests_can_be_overridden
+    @klass.use_transactional_tests = "foobar"
+
+    assert_equal "foobar", @klass.use_transactional_tests
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/time_precision_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/time_precision_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3b6e4dcc2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/time_precision_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
+
+if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_datetime_with_precision?
+class TimePrecisionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
+
+  class Foo < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    Foo.reset_column_information
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.drop_table :foos, if_exists: true
+  end
+
+  def test_time_data_type_with_precision
+    @connection.create_table(:foos, force: true)
+    @connection.add_column :foos, :start,  :time, precision: 3
+    @connection.add_column :foos, :finish, :time, precision: 6
+    assert_equal 3, Foo.columns_hash['start'].precision
+    assert_equal 6, Foo.columns_hash['finish'].precision
+  end
+
+  def test_passing_precision_to_time_does_not_set_limit
+    @connection.create_table(:foos, force: true) do |t|
+      t.time :start,  precision: 3
+      t.time :finish, precision: 6
+    end
+    assert_nil Foo.columns_hash['start'].limit
+    assert_nil Foo.columns_hash['finish'].limit
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_time_precision_raises_error
+    assert_raises ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError do
+      @connection.create_table(:foos, force: true) do |t|
+        t.time :start,  precision: 7
+        t.time :finish, precision: 7
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_formatting_time_according_to_precision
+    @connection.create_table(:foos, force: true) do |t|
+      t.time :start,  precision: 0
+      t.time :finish, precision: 4
+    end
+    time = ::Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 12, 30, 0, 999999)
+    Foo.create!(start: time, finish: time)
+    assert foo = Foo.find_by(start: time)
+    assert_equal 1, Foo.where(finish: time).count
+    assert_equal time.to_s, foo.start.to_s
+    assert_equal time.to_s, foo.finish.to_s
+    assert_equal 000000, foo.start.usec
+    assert_equal 999900, foo.finish.usec
+  end
+
+  def test_schema_dump_includes_time_precision
+    @connection.create_table(:foos, force: true) do |t|
+      t.time :start,  precision: 4
+      t.time :finish, precision: 6
+    end
+    output = dump_table_schema("foos")
+    assert_match %r{t\.time\s+"start",\s+precision: 4$}, output
+    assert_match %r{t\.time\s+"finish",\s+precision: 6$}, output
+  end
+
+  if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+    def test_time_precision_with_zero_should_be_dumped
+      @connection.create_table(:foos, force: true) do |t|
+        t.time :start,  precision: 0
+        t.time :finish, precision: 0
+      end
+      output = dump_table_schema("foos")
+      assert_match %r{t\.time\s+"start",\s+precision: 0$}, output
+      assert_match %r{t\.time\s+"finish",\s+precision: 0$}, output
+    end
+  end
+
+end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/timestamp_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/timestamp_test.rb
index 717e0e1866..970f6bcf4a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/timestamp_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/timestamp_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
+require 'support/ddl_helper'
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 require 'models/owner'
 require 'models/pet'
 require 'models/toy'
@@ -71,9 +73,20 @@ class TimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal @previously_updated_at, @developer.updated_at
   end
 
+  def test_touching_updates_timestamp_with_given_time
+    previously_updated_at = @developer.updated_at 
+    new_time = Time.utc(2015, 2, 16, 0, 0, 0) 
+    @developer.touch(time: new_time) 
+
+    assert_not_equal previously_updated_at, @developer.updated_at 
+    assert_equal new_time, @developer.updated_at 
+  end
+
   def test_touching_an_attribute_updates_timestamp
     previously_created_at = @developer.created_at
-    @developer.touch(:created_at)
+    travel(1.second) do
+      @developer.touch(:created_at)
+    end
 
     assert !@developer.created_at_changed? , 'created_at should not be changed'
     assert !@developer.changed?, 'record should not be changed'
@@ -89,6 +102,30 @@ class TimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_in_delta Time.now, task.ending, 1
   end
 
+  def test_touching_an_attribute_updates_timestamp_with_given_time
+    previously_updated_at = @developer.updated_at 
+    previously_created_at = @developer.created_at
+    new_time = Time.utc(2015, 2, 16, 4, 54, 0) 
+    @developer.touch(:created_at, time: new_time)
+
+    assert_not_equal previously_created_at, @developer.created_at
+    assert_not_equal previously_updated_at, @developer.updated_at
+    assert_equal new_time, @developer.created_at
+    assert_equal new_time, @developer.updated_at
+  end
+
+  def test_touching_many_attributes_updates_them
+    task = Task.first
+    previous_starting = task.starting
+    previous_ending = task.ending
+    task.touch(:starting, :ending)
+
+    assert_not_equal previous_starting, task.starting
+    assert_not_equal previous_ending, task.ending
+    assert_in_delta Time.now, task.starting, 1
+    assert_in_delta Time.now, task.ending, 1
+  end
+
   def test_touching_a_record_without_timestamps_is_unexceptional
     assert_nothing_raised { Car.first.touch }
   end
@@ -140,13 +177,34 @@ class TimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert !@developer.no_touching?
   end
 
+  def test_no_touching_with_callbacks
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = "developers"
+
+      attr_accessor :after_touch_called
+
+      after_touch do |user|
+        user.after_touch_called = true
+      end
+    end
+
+    developer = klass.first
+
+    klass.no_touching do
+      developer.touch
+      assert_not developer.after_touch_called
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_saving_a_record_with_a_belongs_to_that_specifies_touching_the_parent_should_update_the_parent_updated_at
     pet   = Pet.first
     owner = pet.owner
     previously_owner_updated_at = owner.updated_at
 
-    pet.name = "Fluffy the Third"
-    pet.save
+    travel(1.second) do
+      pet.name = "Fluffy the Third"
+      pet.save
+    end
 
     assert_not_equal previously_owner_updated_at, pet.owner.updated_at
   end
@@ -156,7 +214,9 @@ class TimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     owner = pet.owner
     previously_owner_updated_at = owner.updated_at
 
-    pet.destroy
+    travel(1.second) do
+      pet.destroy
+    end
 
     assert_not_equal previously_owner_updated_at, pet.owner.updated_at
   end
@@ -200,8 +260,10 @@ class TimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     owner.update_columns(happy_at: 3.days.ago)
     previously_owner_updated_at = owner.updated_at
 
-    pet.name = "I'm a parrot"
-    pet.save
+    travel(1.second) do
+      pet.name = "I'm a parrot"
+      pet.save
+    end
 
     assert_not_equal previously_owner_updated_at, pet.owner.updated_at
   end
@@ -350,6 +412,19 @@ class TimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_not_equal time, pet.updated_at
   end
 
+  def test_timestamp_column_values_are_present_in_the_callbacks
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = 'people'
+
+      before_create do
+        self.born_at = self.created_at
+      end
+    end
+
+    person = klass.create first_name: 'David'
+    assert_not_equal person.born_at, nil
+  end
+
   def test_timestamp_attributes_for_create
     toy = Toy.first
     assert_equal [:created_at, :created_on], toy.send(:timestamp_attributes_for_create)
@@ -379,4 +454,33 @@ class TimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     toy = Toy.first
     assert_equal [:created_at, :updated_at], toy.send(:all_timestamp_attributes_in_model)
   end
+
+  def test_index_is_created_for_both_timestamps
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:foos, force: true) do |t|
+      t.timestamps(:foos, null: true, index: true)
+    end
+
+    indexes = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.indexes('foos')
+    assert_equal ['created_at', 'updated_at'], indexes.flat_map(&:columns).sort
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table(:foos)
+  end
+end
+
+class TimestampsWithoutTransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include DdlHelper
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
+
+  class TimestampAttributePost < ActiveRecord::Base
+    attr_accessor :created_at, :updated_at
+  end
+
+  def test_do_not_write_timestamps_on_save_if_they_are_not_attributes
+    with_example_table ActiveRecord::Base.connection, "timestamp_attribute_posts", "id integer primary key" do
+      post = TimestampAttributePost.new(id: 1)
+      post.save! # should not try to assign and persist created_at, updated_at
+      assert_nil post.created_at
+      assert_nil post.updated_at
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/touch_later_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/touch_later_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b47769eed7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/touch_later_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+require 'models/invoice'
+require 'models/line_item'
+require 'models/topic'
+require 'models/node'
+require 'models/tree'
+
+class TouchLaterTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  fixtures :nodes, :trees
+
+  def test_touch_laster_raise_if_non_persisted
+    invoice = Invoice.new
+    Invoice.transaction do
+      assert_not invoice.persisted?
+      assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) do
+        invoice.touch_later
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_touch_later_dont_set_dirty_attributes
+    invoice = Invoice.create!
+    invoice.touch_later
+    assert_not invoice.changed?
+  end
+
+  def test_touch_later_update_the_attributes
+    time = Time.now.utc - 25.days
+    topic = Topic.create!(updated_at: time, created_at: time)
+    assert_equal time.to_i, topic.updated_at.to_i
+    assert_equal time.to_i, topic.created_at.to_i
+
+    Topic.transaction do
+      topic.touch_later(:created_at)
+      assert_not_equal time.to_i, topic.updated_at.to_i
+      assert_not_equal time.to_i, topic.created_at.to_i
+
+      assert_equal time.to_i, topic.reload.updated_at.to_i
+      assert_equal time.to_i, topic.reload.created_at.to_i
+    end
+    assert_not_equal time.to_i, topic.reload.updated_at.to_i
+    assert_not_equal time.to_i, topic.reload.created_at.to_i
+  end
+
+  def test_touch_touches_immediately
+    time = Time.now.utc - 25.days
+    topic = Topic.create!(updated_at: time, created_at: time)
+    assert_equal time.to_i, topic.updated_at.to_i
+    assert_equal time.to_i, topic.created_at.to_i
+
+    Topic.transaction do
+      topic.touch_later(:created_at)
+      topic.touch
+
+      assert_not_equal time, topic.reload.updated_at
+      assert_not_equal time, topic.reload.created_at
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_touch_later_an_association_dont_autosave_parent
+    time = Time.now.utc - 25.days
+    line_item = LineItem.create!(amount: 1)
+    invoice = Invoice.create!(line_items: [line_item])
+    invoice.touch(time: time)
+
+    Invoice.transaction do
+      line_item.update(amount: 2)
+      assert_equal time.to_i, invoice.reload.updated_at.to_i
+    end
+
+    assert_not_equal time.to_i, invoice.updated_at.to_i
+  end
+
+  def test_touch_touches_immediately_with_a_custom_time
+    time = (Time.now.utc - 25.days).change(nsec: 0)
+    topic = Topic.create!(updated_at: time, created_at: time)
+    assert_equal time, topic.updated_at
+    assert_equal time, topic.created_at
+
+    Topic.transaction do
+      topic.touch_later(:created_at)
+      time = Time.now.utc - 2.days
+      topic.touch(time: time)
+
+      assert_equal time.to_i, topic.reload.updated_at.to_i
+      assert_equal time.to_i, topic.reload.created_at.to_i
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_touch_later_dont_hit_the_db
+    invoice = Invoice.create!
+    assert_queries(0) do
+      invoice.touch_later
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_touching_three_deep
+    previous_tree_updated_at        = trees(:root).updated_at
+    previous_grandparent_updated_at = nodes(:grandparent).updated_at
+    previous_parent_updated_at      = nodes(:parent_a).updated_at
+    previous_child_updated_at       = nodes(:child_one_of_a).updated_at
+
+    travel 5.seconds do
+      Node.create! parent: nodes(:child_one_of_a), tree: trees(:root)
+    end
+
+    assert_not_equal nodes(:child_one_of_a).reload.updated_at, previous_child_updated_at
+    assert_not_equal nodes(:parent_a).reload.updated_at, previous_parent_updated_at
+    assert_not_equal nodes(:grandparent).reload.updated_at, previous_grandparent_updated_at
+    assert_not_equal trees(:root).reload.updated_at, previous_tree_updated_at
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_callbacks_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_callbacks_test.rb
index 3d64ecb464..637f89196e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_callbacks_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_callbacks_test.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ require 'models/pet'
 require 'models/topic'
 
 class TransactionCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
   fixtures :topics, :owners, :pets
 
   class ReplyWithCallbacks < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -36,9 +35,9 @@ class TransactionCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     has_many :replies, class_name: "ReplyWithCallbacks", foreign_key: "parent_id"
 
     after_commit { |record| record.do_after_commit(nil) }
-    after_commit(on: :create) { |record| record.do_after_commit(:create) }
-    after_commit(on: :update) { |record| record.do_after_commit(:update) }
-    after_commit(on: :destroy) { |record| record.do_after_commit(:destroy) }
+    after_create_commit { |record| record.do_after_commit(:create) }
+    after_update_commit { |record| record.do_after_commit(:update) }
+    after_destroy_commit { |record| record.do_after_commit(:destroy) }
     after_rollback { |record| record.do_after_rollback(nil) }
     after_rollback(on: :create) { |record| record.do_after_rollback(:create) }
     after_rollback(on: :update) { |record| record.do_after_rollback(:update) }
@@ -129,6 +128,19 @@ class TransactionCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [:commit_on_update], @first.history
   end
 
+  def test_only_call_after_commit_on_top_level_transactions
+    @first.after_commit_block{|r| r.history << :after_commit}
+    assert @first.history.empty?
+
+    @first.transaction do
+      @first.transaction(requires_new: true) do
+        @first.touch
+      end
+      assert @first.history.empty?
+    end
+    assert_equal [:after_commit], @first.history
+  end
+
   def test_call_after_rollback_after_transaction_rollsback
     @first.after_commit_block{|r| r.history << :after_commit}
     @first.after_rollback_block{|r| r.history << :after_rollback}
@@ -187,21 +199,21 @@ class TransactionCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_call_after_rollback_when_commit_fails
-    @first.class.connection.singleton_class.send(:alias_method, :real_method_commit_db_transaction, :commit_db_transaction)
-    begin
-      @first.class.connection.singleton_class.class_eval do
-        def commit_db_transaction; raise "boom!"; end
-      end
+    @first.after_commit_block { |r| r.history << :after_commit }
+    @first.after_rollback_block { |r| r.history << :after_rollback }
 
-      @first.after_commit_block{|r| r.history << :after_commit}
-      @first.after_rollback_block{|r| r.history << :after_rollback}
+    assert_raises RuntimeError do
+      @first.transaction do
+        tx = @first.class.connection.transaction_manager.current_transaction
+        def tx.commit
+          raise
+        end
 
-      assert !@first.save rescue nil
-      assert_equal [:after_rollback], @first.history
-    ensure
-      @first.class.connection.singleton_class.send(:remove_method, :commit_db_transaction)
-      @first.class.connection.singleton_class.send(:alias_method, :commit_db_transaction, :real_method_commit_db_transaction)
+        @first.save
+      end
     end
+
+    assert_equal [:after_rollback], @first.history
   end
 
   def test_only_call_after_rollback_on_records_rolled_back_to_a_savepoint
@@ -253,39 +265,78 @@ class TransactionCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 2, @first.rollbacks
   end
 
-  def test_after_transaction_callbacks_should_prevent_callbacks_from_being_called
-    def @first.last_after_transaction_error=(e); @last_transaction_error = e; end
-    def @first.last_after_transaction_error; @last_transaction_error; end
-    @first.after_commit_block{|r| r.last_after_transaction_error = :commit; raise "fail!";}
-    @first.after_rollback_block{|r| r.last_after_transaction_error = :rollback; raise "fail!";}
+  def test_after_commit_callback_should_not_swallow_errors
+    @first.after_commit_block{ fail "boom" }
+    assert_raises(RuntimeError) do
+      Topic.transaction do
+        @first.save!
+      end
+    end
+  end
 
-    second = TopicWithCallbacks.find(3)
-    second.after_commit_block{|r| r.history << :after_commit}
-    second.after_rollback_block{|r| r.history << :after_rollback}
+  def test_after_commit_callback_when_raise_should_not_restore_state
+    first = TopicWithCallbacks.new
+    second = TopicWithCallbacks.new
+    first.after_commit_block{ fail "boom" }
+    second.after_commit_block{ fail "boom" }
 
-    Topic.transaction do
-      @first.save!
-      second.save!
+    begin
+      Topic.transaction do
+        first.save!
+        assert_not_nil first.id
+        second.save!
+        assert_not_nil second.id
+      end
+    rescue
     end
-    assert_equal :commit, @first.last_after_transaction_error
-    assert_equal [:after_commit], second.history
+    assert_not_nil first.id
+    assert_not_nil second.id
+    assert first.reload
+  end
 
-    second.history.clear
-    Topic.transaction do
-      @first.save!
-      second.save!
-      raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
+  def test_after_rollback_callback_should_not_swallow_errors_when_set_to_raise
+    error_class = Class.new(StandardError)
+    @first.after_rollback_block{ raise error_class }
+    assert_raises(error_class) do
+      Topic.transaction do
+        @first.save!
+        raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_after_rollback_callback_when_raise_should_restore_state
+    error_class = Class.new(StandardError)
+
+    first = TopicWithCallbacks.new
+    second = TopicWithCallbacks.new
+    first.after_rollback_block{ raise error_class }
+    second.after_rollback_block{ raise error_class }
+
+    begin
+      Topic.transaction do
+        first.save!
+        assert_not_nil first.id
+        second.save!
+        assert_not_nil second.id
+        raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
+      end
+    rescue error_class
     end
-    assert_equal :rollback, @first.last_after_transaction_error
-    assert_equal [:after_rollback], second.history
+    assert_nil first.id
+    assert_nil second.id
   end
 
   def test_after_rollback_callbacks_should_validate_on_condition
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.after_rollback(on: :save) }
+    e = assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.after_rollback(on: 'create') }
+    assert_match(/:on conditions for after_commit and after_rollback callbacks have to be one of \[:create, :destroy, :update\]/, e.message)
   end
 
   def test_after_commit_callbacks_should_validate_on_condition
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.after_commit(on: :save) }
+    e = assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.after_commit(on: 'create') }
+    assert_match(/:on conditions for after_commit and after_rollback callbacks have to be one of \[:create, :destroy, :update\]/, e.message)
   end
 
   def test_saving_a_record_with_a_belongs_to_that_specifies_touching_the_parent_should_call_callbacks_on_the_parent_object
@@ -316,7 +367,7 @@ class TransactionCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 end
 
 class CallbacksOnMultipleActionsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
 
   class TopicWithCallbacksOnMultipleActions < ActiveRecord::Base
     self.table_name = :topics
@@ -325,6 +376,9 @@ class CallbacksOnMultipleActionsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     after_commit(on: [:create, :update]) { |record| record.history << :create_and_update }
     after_commit(on: [:update, :destroy]) { |record| record.history << :update_and_destroy }
 
+    before_commit(if: :save_before_commit_history) { |record| record.history << :before_commit }
+    before_commit(if: :update_title) { |record| record.update(title: "before commit title") }
+
     def clear_history
       @history = []
     end
@@ -332,6 +386,8 @@ class CallbacksOnMultipleActionsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     def history
       @history ||= []
     end
+
+    attr_accessor :save_before_commit_history, :update_title
   end
 
   def test_after_commit_on_multiple_actions
@@ -348,4 +404,81 @@ class CallbacksOnMultipleActionsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     topic.destroy
     assert_equal [:update_and_destroy, :create_and_destroy], topic.history
   end
+
+  def test_before_commit_actions
+    topic = TopicWithCallbacksOnMultipleActions.new
+    topic.save_before_commit_history = true
+    topic.save
+
+    assert_equal [:before_commit, :create_and_update, :create_and_destroy], topic.history
+  end
+
+  def test_before_commit_update_in_same_transaction
+    topic = TopicWithCallbacksOnMultipleActions.new
+    topic.update_title = true
+    topic.save
+
+    assert_equal "before commit title", topic.title
+    assert_equal "before commit title", topic.reload.title
+  end
+end
+
+
+class TransactionEnrollmentCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+
+  class TopicWithoutTransactionalEnrollmentCallbacks < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = :topics
+
+    before_commit_without_transaction_enrollment { |r| r.history << :before_commit }
+    after_commit_without_transaction_enrollment { |r| r.history << :after_commit }
+    after_rollback_without_transaction_enrollment { |r| r.history << :rollback }
+
+    def history
+      @history ||= []
+    end
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    @topic = TopicWithoutTransactionalEnrollmentCallbacks.create!
+  end
+
+  def test_commit_does_not_run_transactions_callbacks_without_enrollment
+    @topic.transaction do
+      @topic.content = 'foo'
+      @topic.save!
+    end
+    assert @topic.history.empty?
+  end
+
+  def test_commit_run_transactions_callbacks_with_explicit_enrollment
+    @topic.transaction do
+      2.times do
+        @topic.content = 'foo'
+        @topic.save!
+      end
+      @topic.class.connection.add_transaction_record(@topic)
+    end
+    assert_equal [:before_commit, :after_commit], @topic.history
+  end
+
+  def test_rollback_does_not_run_transactions_callbacks_without_enrollment
+    @topic.transaction do
+      @topic.content = 'foo'
+      @topic.save!
+      raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
+    end
+    assert @topic.history.empty?
+  end
+
+  def test_rollback_run_transactions_callbacks_with_explicit_enrollment
+    @topic.transaction do
+      2.times do
+        @topic.content = 'foo'
+        @topic.save!
+      end
+      @topic.class.connection.add_transaction_record(@topic)
+      raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
+    end
+    assert_equal [:rollback], @topic.history
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_isolation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_isolation_test.rb
index f89c26532d..2f7d208ed2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_isolation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_isolation_test.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ require 'cases/helper'
 
 unless ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_transaction_isolation?
   class TransactionIsolationUnsupportedTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-    self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+    self.use_transactional_tests = false
 
     class Tag < ActiveRecord::Base
     end
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ end
 
 if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_transaction_isolation?
   class TransactionIsolationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-    self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+    self.use_transactional_tests = false
 
     class Tag < ActiveRecord::Base
       self.table_name = 'tags'
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/transactions_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/transactions_test.rb
index 1664f1a096..ec5bdfd725 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/transactions_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/transactions_test.rb
@@ -2,16 +2,23 @@ require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/topic'
 require 'models/reply'
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 require 'models/book'
 require 'models/author'
 require 'models/post'
+require 'models/movie'
 
 class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
   fixtures :topics, :developers, :authors, :posts
 
   def setup
-    @first, @second = Topic.find(1, 2).sort_by { |t| t.id }
+    @first, @second = Topic.find(1, 2).sort_by(&:id)
+  end
+
+  def test_persisted_in_a_model_with_custom_primary_key_after_failed_save
+    movie = Movie.create
+    assert !movie.persisted?
   end
 
   def test_raise_after_destroy
@@ -74,6 +81,30 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_number_of_transactions_in_commit
+    num = nil
+
+    Topic.connection.class_eval do
+      alias :real_commit_db_transaction :commit_db_transaction
+      define_method(:commit_db_transaction) do
+        num = transaction_manager.open_transactions
+        real_commit_db_transaction
+      end
+    end
+
+    Topic.transaction do
+      @first.approved  = true
+      @first.save!
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 0, num
+  ensure
+    Topic.connection.class_eval do
+      remove_method :commit_db_transaction
+      alias :commit_db_transaction :real_commit_db_transaction rescue nil
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_successful_with_instance_method
     @first.transaction do
       @first.approved  = true
@@ -117,6 +148,19 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert !Topic.find(1).approved?
   end
 
+  def test_rolling_back_in_a_callback_rollbacks_before_save
+    def @first.before_save_for_transaction
+      raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
+    end
+    assert !@first.approved
+
+    Topic.transaction do
+      @first.approved  = true
+      @first.save!
+    end
+    assert !Topic.find(@first.id).approved?, "Should not commit the approved flag"
+  end
+
   def test_raising_exception_in_nested_transaction_restore_state_in_save
     topic = Topic.new
 
@@ -131,13 +175,20 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert topic.new_record?, "#{topic.inspect} should be new record"
   end
 
+  def test_transaction_state_is_cleared_when_record_is_persisted
+    author = Author.create! name: 'foo'
+    author.name = nil
+    assert_not author.save
+    assert_not author.new_record?
+  end
+
   def test_update_should_rollback_on_failure
     author = Author.find(1)
     posts_count = author.posts.size
     assert posts_count > 0
     status = author.update(name: nil, post_ids: [])
     assert !status
-    assert_equal posts_count, author.posts(true).size
+    assert_equal posts_count, author.posts.reload.size
   end
 
   def test_update_should_rollback_on_failure!
@@ -147,7 +198,17 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) do
       author.update!(name: nil, post_ids: [])
     end
-    assert_equal posts_count, author.posts(true).size
+    assert_equal posts_count, author.posts.reload.size
+  end
+
+  def test_cancellation_from_returning_false_in_before_filter
+    def @first.before_save_for_transaction
+      false
+    end
+
+    assert_deprecated do
+      @first.save
+    end
   end
 
   def test_cancellation_from_before_destroy_rollbacks_in_destroy
@@ -405,14 +466,38 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_savepoints_name
+    Topic.transaction do
+      assert_nil Topic.connection.current_savepoint_name
+      assert_nil Topic.connection.current_transaction.savepoint_name
+
+      Topic.transaction(requires_new: true) do
+        assert_equal "active_record_1", Topic.connection.current_savepoint_name
+        assert_equal "active_record_1", Topic.connection.current_transaction.savepoint_name
+
+        Topic.transaction(requires_new: true) do
+          assert_equal "active_record_2", Topic.connection.current_savepoint_name
+          assert_equal "active_record_2", Topic.connection.current_transaction.savepoint_name
+        end
+
+        assert_equal "active_record_1", Topic.connection.current_savepoint_name
+        assert_equal "active_record_1", Topic.connection.current_transaction.savepoint_name
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_rollback_when_commit_raises
-    Topic.connection.expects(:begin_db_transaction)
-    Topic.connection.expects(:commit_db_transaction).raises('OH NOES')
-    Topic.connection.expects(:rollback_db_transaction)
+    assert_called(Topic.connection, :begin_db_transaction) do
+      Topic.connection.stub(:commit_db_transaction, ->{ raise('OH NOES') }) do
+        assert_called(Topic.connection, :rollback_db_transaction) do
 
-    assert_raise RuntimeError do
-      Topic.transaction do
-        # do nothing
+          e = assert_raise RuntimeError do
+            Topic.transaction do
+              # do nothing
+            end
+          end
+          assert_equal 'OH NOES', e.message
+        end
       end
     end
   end
@@ -429,6 +514,34 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert topic.frozen?, 'not frozen'
   end
 
+  def test_rollback_when_thread_killed
+    return if in_memory_db?
+
+    queue = Queue.new
+    thread = Thread.new do
+      Topic.transaction do
+        @first.approved  = true
+        @second.approved = false
+        @first.save
+
+        queue.push nil
+        sleep
+
+        @second.save
+      end
+    end
+
+    queue.pop
+    thread.kill
+    thread.join
+
+    assert @first.approved?, "First should still be changed in the objects"
+    assert !@second.approved?, "Second should still be changed in the objects"
+
+    assert !Topic.find(1).approved?, "First shouldn't have been approved"
+    assert Topic.find(2).approved?, "Second should still be approved"
+  end
+
   def test_restore_active_record_state_for_all_records_in_a_transaction
     topic_without_callbacks = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
       self.table_name = 'topics'
@@ -467,6 +580,39 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert !@second.destroyed?, 'not destroyed'
   end
 
+  def test_restore_frozen_state_after_double_destroy
+    topic = Topic.create
+    reply = topic.replies.create
+
+    Topic.transaction do
+      topic.destroy # calls #destroy on reply (since dependent: destroy)
+      reply.destroy
+
+      raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
+    end
+
+    assert_not reply.frozen?
+    assert_not topic.frozen?
+  end
+
+  def test_rollback_of_frozen_records
+    topic = Topic.create.freeze
+    Topic.transaction do
+      topic.destroy
+      raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
+    end
+    assert topic.frozen?, 'frozen'
+  end
+
+  def test_rollback_for_freshly_persisted_records
+    topic = Topic.create
+    Topic.transaction do
+      topic.destroy
+      raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
+    end
+    assert topic.persisted?, 'persisted'
+  end
+
   def test_sqlite_add_column_in_transaction
     return true unless current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
 
@@ -507,13 +653,13 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_transactions_state_from_rollback
     connection = Topic.connection
-    transaction = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ClosedTransaction.new(connection).begin
+    transaction = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::TransactionManager.new(connection).begin_transaction
 
     assert transaction.open?
     assert !transaction.state.rolledback?
     assert !transaction.state.committed?
 
-    transaction.perform_rollback
+    transaction.rollback
 
     assert transaction.state.rolledback?
     assert !transaction.state.committed?
@@ -521,18 +667,39 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_transactions_state_from_commit
     connection = Topic.connection
-    transaction = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ClosedTransaction.new(connection).begin
+    transaction = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::TransactionManager.new(connection).begin_transaction
 
     assert transaction.open?
     assert !transaction.state.rolledback?
     assert !transaction.state.committed?
 
-    transaction.perform_commit
+    transaction.commit
 
     assert !transaction.state.rolledback?
     assert transaction.state.committed?
   end
 
+  def test_transaction_rollback_with_primarykeyless_tables
+    connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    connection.create_table(:transaction_without_primary_keys, force: true, id: false) do |t|
+       t.integer :thing_id
+    end
+
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = 'transaction_without_primary_keys'
+      after_commit { } # necessary to trigger the has_transactional_callbacks branch
+    end
+
+    assert_no_difference(-> { klass.count }) do
+      ActiveRecord::Base.transaction do
+        klass.create!
+        raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
+      end
+    end
+  ensure
+    connection.drop_table 'transaction_without_primary_keys', if_exists: true
+  end
+
   private
 
   %w(validation save destroy).each do |filter|
@@ -540,14 +707,14 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       meta = class << topic; self; end
       meta.send("define_method", "before_#{filter}_for_transaction") do
         Book.create
-        false
+        throw(:abort)
       end
     end
   end
 end
 
 class TransactionsWithTransactionalFixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = true
+  self.use_transactional_tests = true
   fixtures :topics
 
   def test_automatic_savepoint_in_outer_transaction
@@ -604,7 +771,7 @@ if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
           end
         end
 
-        threads.each { |t| t.join }
+        threads.each(&:join)
       end
     end
 
@@ -652,7 +819,7 @@ if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
           Developer.connection.close
         end
 
-        threads.each { |t| t.join }
+        threads.each(&:join)
       end
 
       assert_equal original_salary, Developer.find(1).salary
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/type/adapter_specific_registry_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/type/adapter_specific_registry_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8b836b4793
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/type/adapter_specific_registry_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class AdapterSpecificRegistryTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    test "a class can be registered for a symbol" do
+      registry = Type::AdapterSpecificRegistry.new
+      registry.register(:foo, ::String)
+      registry.register(:bar, ::Array)
+
+      assert_equal "", registry.lookup(:foo)
+      assert_equal [], registry.lookup(:bar)
+    end
+
+    test "a block can be registered" do
+      registry = Type::AdapterSpecificRegistry.new
+      registry.register(:foo) do |*args|
+        [*args, "block for foo"]
+      end
+      registry.register(:bar) do |*args|
+        [*args, "block for bar"]
+      end
+
+      assert_equal [:foo, 1, "block for foo"], registry.lookup(:foo, 1)
+      assert_equal [:foo, 2, "block for foo"], registry.lookup(:foo, 2)
+      assert_equal [:bar, 1, 2, 3, "block for bar"], registry.lookup(:bar, 1, 2, 3)
+    end
+
+    test "filtering by adapter" do
+      registry = Type::AdapterSpecificRegistry.new
+      registry.register(:foo, String, adapter: :sqlite3)
+      registry.register(:foo, Array, adapter: :postgresql)
+
+      assert_equal "", registry.lookup(:foo, adapter: :sqlite3)
+      assert_equal [], registry.lookup(:foo, adapter: :postgresql)
+    end
+
+    test "an error is raised if both a generic and adapter specific type match" do
+      registry = Type::AdapterSpecificRegistry.new
+      registry.register(:foo, String)
+      registry.register(:foo, Array, adapter: :postgresql)
+
+      assert_raises TypeConflictError do
+        registry.lookup(:foo, adapter: :postgresql)
+      end
+      assert_equal "", registry.lookup(:foo, adapter: :sqlite3)
+    end
+
+    test "a generic type can explicitly override an adapter specific type" do
+      registry = Type::AdapterSpecificRegistry.new
+      registry.register(:foo, String, override: true)
+      registry.register(:foo, Array, adapter: :postgresql)
+
+      assert_equal "", registry.lookup(:foo, adapter: :postgresql)
+      assert_equal "", registry.lookup(:foo, adapter: :sqlite3)
+    end
+
+    test "a generic type can explicitly allow an adapter type to be used instead" do
+      registry = Type::AdapterSpecificRegistry.new
+      registry.register(:foo, String, override: false)
+      registry.register(:foo, Array, adapter: :postgresql)
+
+      assert_equal [], registry.lookup(:foo, adapter: :postgresql)
+      assert_equal "", registry.lookup(:foo, adapter: :sqlite3)
+    end
+
+    test "a reasonable error is given when no type is found" do
+      registry = Type::AdapterSpecificRegistry.new
+
+      e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+        registry.lookup(:foo)
+      end
+
+      assert_equal "Unknown type :foo", e.message
+    end
+
+    test "construct args are passed to the type" do
+      type = Struct.new(:args)
+      registry = Type::AdapterSpecificRegistry.new
+      registry.register(:foo, type)
+
+      assert_equal type.new, registry.lookup(:foo)
+      assert_equal type.new(:ordered_arg), registry.lookup(:foo, :ordered_arg)
+      assert_equal type.new(keyword: :arg), registry.lookup(:foo, keyword: :arg)
+      assert_equal type.new(keyword: :arg), registry.lookup(:foo, keyword: :arg, adapter: :postgresql)
+    end
+
+    test "registering a modifier" do
+      decoration = Struct.new(:value)
+      registry = Type::AdapterSpecificRegistry.new
+      registry.register(:foo, String)
+      registry.register(:bar, Hash)
+      registry.add_modifier({ array: true }, decoration)
+
+      assert_equal decoration.new(""), registry.lookup(:foo, array: true)
+      assert_equal decoration.new({}), registry.lookup(:bar, array: true)
+      assert_equal "", registry.lookup(:foo)
+    end
+
+    test "registering multiple modifiers" do
+      decoration = Struct.new(:value)
+      other_decoration = Struct.new(:value)
+      registry = Type::AdapterSpecificRegistry.new
+      registry.register(:foo, String)
+      registry.add_modifier({ array: true }, decoration)
+      registry.add_modifier({ range: true }, other_decoration)
+
+      assert_equal "", registry.lookup(:foo)
+      assert_equal decoration.new(""), registry.lookup(:foo, array: true)
+      assert_equal other_decoration.new(""), registry.lookup(:foo, range: true)
+      assert_equal(
+        decoration.new(other_decoration.new("")),
+        registry.lookup(:foo, array: true, range: true)
+      )
+    end
+
+    test "registering adapter specific modifiers" do
+      decoration = Struct.new(:value)
+      type = Struct.new(:args)
+      registry = Type::AdapterSpecificRegistry.new
+      registry.register(:foo, type)
+      registry.add_modifier({ array: true }, decoration, adapter: :postgresql)
+
+      assert_equal(
+        decoration.new(type.new(keyword: :arg)),
+        registry.lookup(:foo, array: true, adapter: :postgresql, keyword: :arg)
+      )
+      assert_equal(
+        type.new(array: true),
+        registry.lookup(:foo, array: true, adapter: :sqlite3)
+      )
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/type/date_time_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/type/date_time_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bc4900e1c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/type/date_time_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require "models/task"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class IntegerTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      def test_datetime_seconds_precision_applied_to_timestamp
+        skip "This test is invalid if subsecond precision isn't supported" unless subsecond_precision_supported?
+        p = Task.create!(starting: ::Time.now)
+        assert_equal p.starting.usec, p.reload.starting.usec
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/type/integer_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/type/integer_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c0932d5357
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/type/integer_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require "models/company"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class IntegerTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      test "casting ActiveRecord models" do
+        type = Type::Integer.new
+        firm = Firm.create(:name => 'Apple')
+        assert_nil type.cast(firm)
+      end
+
+      test "values which are out of range can be re-assigned" do
+        klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+          self.table_name = 'posts'
+          attribute :foo, :integer
+        end
+        model = klass.new
+
+        model.foo = 2147483648
+        model.foo = 1
+
+        assert_equal 1, model.foo
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/type/string_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/type/string_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6fe6d46711
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/type/string_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class StringTypeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    test "string mutations are detected" do
+      klass = Class.new(Base)
+      klass.table_name = 'authors'
+
+      author = klass.create!(name: 'Sean')
+      assert_not author.changed?
+
+      author.name << ' Griffin'
+      assert author.name_changed?
+
+      author.save!
+      author.reload
+
+      assert_equal 'Sean Griffin', author.name
+      assert_not author.changed?
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/type/type_map_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/type/type_map_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..172c6dfc4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/type/type_map_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class TypeMapTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      def test_default_type
+        mapping = TypeMap.new
+
+        assert_kind_of Value, mapping.lookup(:undefined)
+      end
+
+      def test_registering_types
+        boolean = Boolean.new
+        mapping = TypeMap.new
+
+        mapping.register_type(/boolean/i, boolean)
+
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup('boolean'), boolean
+      end
+
+      def test_overriding_registered_types
+        time = Time.new
+        timestamp = DateTime.new
+        mapping = TypeMap.new
+
+        mapping.register_type(/time/i, time)
+        mapping.register_type(/time/i, timestamp)
+
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup('time'), timestamp
+      end
+
+      def test_fuzzy_lookup
+        string = String.new
+        mapping = TypeMap.new
+
+        mapping.register_type(/varchar/i, string)
+
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup('varchar(20)'), string
+      end
+
+      def test_aliasing_types
+        string = String.new
+        mapping = TypeMap.new
+
+        mapping.register_type(/string/i, string)
+        mapping.alias_type(/varchar/i, 'string')
+
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup('varchar'), string
+      end
+
+      def test_changing_type_changes_aliases
+        time = Time.new
+        timestamp = DateTime.new
+        mapping = TypeMap.new
+
+        mapping.register_type(/timestamp/i, time)
+        mapping.alias_type(/datetime/i, 'timestamp')
+        mapping.register_type(/timestamp/i, timestamp)
+
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup('datetime'), timestamp
+      end
+
+      def test_aliases_keep_metadata
+        mapping = TypeMap.new
+
+        mapping.register_type(/decimal/i) { |sql_type| sql_type }
+        mapping.alias_type(/number/i, 'decimal')
+
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup('number(20)'), 'decimal(20)'
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup('number'), 'decimal'
+      end
+
+      def test_register_proc
+        string = String.new
+        binary = Binary.new
+        mapping = TypeMap.new
+
+        mapping.register_type(/varchar/i) do |type|
+          if type.include?('(')
+            string
+          else
+            binary
+          end
+        end
+
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup('varchar(20)'), string
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup('varchar'), binary
+      end
+
+      def test_additional_lookup_args
+        mapping = TypeMap.new
+
+        mapping.register_type(/varchar/i) do |type, limit|
+          if limit > 255
+            'text'
+          else
+            'string'
+          end
+        end
+        mapping.alias_type(/string/i, 'varchar')
+
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup('varchar', 200), 'string'
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup('varchar', 400), 'text'
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup('string', 400), 'text'
+      end
+
+      def test_requires_value_or_block
+        mapping = TypeMap.new
+
+        assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+          mapping.register_type(/only key/i)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_lookup_non_strings
+        mapping = HashLookupTypeMap.new
+
+        mapping.register_type(1, 'string')
+        mapping.register_type(2, 'int')
+        mapping.alias_type(3, 1)
+
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup(1), 'string'
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup(2), 'int'
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup(3), 'string'
+        assert_kind_of Type::Value, mapping.lookup(4)
+      end
+
+      def test_fetch
+        mapping = TypeMap.new
+        mapping.register_type(1, "string")
+
+        assert_equal "string", mapping.fetch(1) { "int" }
+        assert_equal "int", mapping.fetch(2) { "int" }
+      end
+
+      def test_fetch_yields_args
+        mapping = TypeMap.new
+
+        assert_equal "foo-1-2-3", mapping.fetch("foo", 1, 2, 3) { |*args| args.join("-") }
+        assert_equal "bar-1-2-3", mapping.fetch("bar", 1, 2, 3) { |*args| args.join("-") }
+      end
+
+      def test_fetch_memoizes
+        mapping = TypeMap.new
+
+        looked_up = false
+        mapping.register_type(1) do
+          fail if looked_up
+          looked_up = true
+          "string"
+        end
+
+        assert_equal "string", mapping.fetch(1)
+        assert_equal "string", mapping.fetch(1)
+      end
+
+      def test_fetch_memoizes_on_args
+        mapping = TypeMap.new
+        mapping.register_type("foo") { |*args| args.join("-") }
+
+        assert_equal "foo-1-2-3", mapping.fetch("foo", 1, 2, 3) { |*args| args.join("-") }
+        assert_equal "foo-2-3-4", mapping.fetch("foo", 2, 3, 4) { |*args| args.join("-") }
+      end
+
+      def test_register_clears_cache
+        mapping = TypeMap.new
+
+        mapping.register_type(1, "string")
+        mapping.lookup(1)
+        mapping.register_type(1, "int")
+
+        assert_equal "int", mapping.lookup(1)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/type_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/type_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d45a9b3141
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/type_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+class TypeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  setup do
+    @old_registry = ActiveRecord::Type.registry
+    ActiveRecord::Type.registry = ActiveRecord::Type::AdapterSpecificRegistry.new
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    ActiveRecord::Type.registry = @old_registry
+  end
+
+  test "registering a new type" do
+    type = Struct.new(:args)
+    ActiveRecord::Type.register(:foo, type)
+
+    assert_equal type.new(:arg), ActiveRecord::Type.lookup(:foo, :arg)
+  end
+
+  test "looking up a type for a specific adapter" do
+    type = Struct.new(:args)
+    pgtype = Struct.new(:args)
+    ActiveRecord::Type.register(:foo, type, override: false)
+    ActiveRecord::Type.register(:foo, pgtype, adapter: :postgresql)
+
+    assert_equal type.new, ActiveRecord::Type.lookup(:foo, adapter: :sqlite)
+    assert_equal pgtype.new, ActiveRecord::Type.lookup(:foo, adapter: :postgresql)
+  end
+
+  test "lookup defaults to the current adapter" do
+    current_adapter = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.adapter_name.downcase.to_sym
+    type = Struct.new(:args)
+    adapter_type = Struct.new(:args)
+    ActiveRecord::Type.register(:foo, type, override: false)
+    ActiveRecord::Type.register(:foo, adapter_type, adapter: current_adapter)
+
+    assert_equal adapter_type.new, ActiveRecord::Type.lookup(:foo)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/types_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/types_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..81fcf04a27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/types_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    class TypesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      def test_attributes_which_are_invalid_for_database_can_still_be_reassigned
+        type_which_cannot_go_to_the_database = Type::Value.new
+        def type_which_cannot_go_to_the_database.serialize(*)
+          raise
+        end
+        klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+          self.table_name = 'posts'
+          attribute :foo, type_which_cannot_go_to_the_database
+        end
+        model = klass.new
+
+        model.foo = "foo"
+        model.foo = "bar"
+
+        assert_equal "bar", model.foo
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/unconnected_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/unconnected_test.rb
index e82ca3f93d..b210584644 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/unconnected_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/unconnected_test.rb
@@ -4,14 +4,14 @@ class TestRecord < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 
 class TestUnconnectedAdapter < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
 
   def setup
     @underlying = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
     @specification = ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     @underlying = nil
     ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(@specification)
     load_schema if in_memory_db?
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/absence_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/absence_validation_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dd43ee358c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/absence_validation_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require 'models/face'
+require 'models/interest'
+require 'models/man'
+require 'models/topic'
+
+class AbsenceValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  def test_non_association
+    boy_klass = Class.new(Man) do
+      def self.name; "Boy" end
+      validates_absence_of :name
+    end
+
+    assert boy_klass.new.valid?
+    assert_not boy_klass.new(name: "Alex").valid?
+  end
+
+  def test_has_one_marked_for_destruction
+    boy_klass = Class.new(Man) do
+      def self.name; "Boy" end
+      validates_absence_of :face
+    end
+
+    boy = boy_klass.new(face: Face.new)
+    assert_not boy.valid?, "should not be valid if has_one association is present"
+    assert_equal 1, boy.errors[:face].size, "should only add one error"
+
+    boy.face.mark_for_destruction
+    assert boy.valid?, "should be valid if association is marked for destruction"
+  end
+
+  def test_has_many_marked_for_destruction
+    boy_klass = Class.new(Man) do
+      def self.name; "Boy" end
+      validates_absence_of :interests
+    end
+    boy = boy_klass.new
+    boy.interests << [i1 = Interest.new, i2 = Interest.new]
+    assert_not boy.valid?, "should not be valid if has_many association is present"
+
+    i1.mark_for_destruction
+    assert_not boy.valid?, "should not be valid if has_many association is present"
+
+    i2.mark_for_destruction
+    assert boy.valid?
+  end
+
+  def test_does_not_call_to_a_on_associations
+    boy_klass = Class.new(Man) do
+      def self.name; "Boy" end
+      validates_absence_of :face
+    end
+
+    face_with_to_a = Face.new
+    def face_with_to_a.to_a; ['(/)', '(\)']; end
+
+    assert_nothing_raised { boy_klass.new(face: face_with_to_a).valid? }
+  end
+
+  def test_does_not_validate_if_parent_record_is_validate_false
+    repair_validations(Interest) do
+      Interest.validates_absence_of(:topic)
+      interest = Interest.new(topic: Topic.new(title: "Math"))
+      interest.save!(validate: false)
+      assert interest.persisted?
+
+      man = Man.new(interest_ids: [interest.id])
+      man.save!
+
+      assert_equal man.interests.size, 1
+      assert interest.valid?
+      assert man.valid?
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/association_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/association_validation_test.rb
index 602f633c45..584a3dc0d8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/association_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/association_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,44 +1,14 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/topic'
 require 'models/reply'
-require 'models/owner'
-require 'models/pet'
 require 'models/man'
 require 'models/interest'
 
 class AssociationValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :topics, :owners
+  fixtures :topics
 
   repair_validations(Topic, Reply)
 
-  def test_validates_size_of_association
-    repair_validations Owner do
-      assert_nothing_raised { Owner.validates_size_of :pets, :minimum => 1 }
-      o = Owner.new('name' => 'nopets')
-      assert !o.save
-      assert o.errors[:pets].any?
-      o.pets.build('name' => 'apet')
-      assert o.valid?
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_validates_size_of_association_using_within
-    repair_validations Owner do
-      assert_nothing_raised { Owner.validates_size_of :pets, :within => 1..2 }
-      o = Owner.new('name' => 'nopets')
-      assert !o.save
-      assert o.errors[:pets].any?
-
-      o.pets.build('name' => 'apet')
-      assert o.valid?
-
-      2.times { o.pets.build('name' => 'apet') }
-      assert !o.save
-      assert o.errors[:pets].any?
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_validates_associated_many
     Topic.validates_associated(:replies)
     Reply.validates_presence_of(:content)
@@ -75,12 +45,24 @@ class AssociationValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert t.valid?
   end
 
+  def test_validates_associated_without_marked_for_destruction
+    reply = Class.new do
+      def valid?
+        true
+      end
+    end
+    Topic.validates_associated(:replies)
+    t = Topic.new
+    t.define_singleton_method(:replies) { [reply.new] }
+    assert t.valid?
+  end
+
   def test_validates_associated_with_custom_message_using_quotes
     Reply.validates_associated :topic, :message=> "This string contains 'single' and \"double\" quotes"
     Topic.validates_presence_of :content
     r = Reply.create("title" => "A reply", "content" => "with content!")
     r.topic = Topic.create("title" => "uhohuhoh")
-    assert !r.valid?
+    assert_not_operator r, :valid?
     assert_equal ["This string contains 'single' and \"double\" quotes"], r.errors[:topic]
   end
 
@@ -94,17 +76,6 @@ class AssociationValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert r.valid?
   end
 
-  def test_validates_size_of_association_utf8
-    repair_validations Owner do
-      assert_nothing_raised { Owner.validates_size_of :pets, :minimum => 1 }
-      o = Owner.new('name' => '����������')
-      assert !o.save
-      assert o.errors[:pets].any?
-      o.pets.build('name' => '����������')
-      assert o.valid?
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_validates_presence_of_belongs_to_association__parent_is_new_record
     repair_validations(Interest) do
       # Note that Interest and Man have the :inverse_of option set
@@ -123,5 +94,4 @@ class AssociationValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert interest.valid?, "Expected interest to be valid, but was not. Interest should have a man object associated"
     end
   end
-
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb
index efa0c9b934..981239c4d6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   repair_validations(Topic, Reply)
 
   def setup
+    repair_validations(Topic, Reply)
     Reply.validates_presence_of(:title)
     @topic = Topic.new
     @old_load_path, @old_backend = I18n.load_path.dup, I18n.backend
@@ -14,7 +15,7 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     I18n.backend.store_translations('en', :errors => {:messages => {:custom => nil}})
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     I18n.load_path.replace @old_load_path
     I18n.backend = @old_backend
   end
@@ -52,8 +53,9 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     test "validates_uniqueness_of on generated message #{name}" do
       Topic.validates_uniqueness_of :title, validation_options
       @topic.title = unique_topic.title
-      @topic.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :taken, generate_message_options.merge(:value => 'unique!'))
-      @topic.valid?
+      assert_called_with(@topic.errors, :generate_message, [:title, :taken, generate_message_options.merge(:value => 'unique!')]) do
+        @topic.valid?
+      end
     end
   end
 
@@ -62,8 +64,9 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_associated on generated message #{name}" do
       Topic.validates_associated :replies, validation_options
-      replied_topic.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:replies, :invalid, generate_message_options.merge(:value => replied_topic.replies))
-      replied_topic.save
+      assert_called_with(replied_topic.errors, :generate_message, [:replies, :invalid, generate_message_options.merge(:value => replied_topic.replies)]) do
+        replied_topic.save
+      end
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/length_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/length_validation_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c5d8f8895c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/length_validation_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require 'models/owner'
+require 'models/pet'
+require 'models/person'
+
+class LengthValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  fixtures :owners
+
+  setup do
+    @owner = Class.new(Owner) do
+      def self.name; 'Owner'; end
+    end
+  end
+
+
+  def test_validates_size_of_association
+    assert_nothing_raised { @owner.validates_size_of :pets, minimum: 1 }
+    o = @owner.new('name' => 'nopets')
+    assert !o.save
+    assert o.errors[:pets].any?
+    o.pets.build('name' => 'apet')
+    assert o.valid?
+  end
+
+  def test_validates_size_of_association_using_within
+    assert_nothing_raised { @owner.validates_size_of :pets, within: 1..2 }
+    o = @owner.new('name' => 'nopets')
+    assert !o.save
+    assert o.errors[:pets].any?
+
+    o.pets.build('name' => 'apet')
+    assert o.valid?
+
+    2.times { o.pets.build('name' => 'apet') }
+    assert !o.save
+    assert o.errors[:pets].any?
+  end
+
+  def test_validates_size_of_association_utf8
+    @owner.validates_size_of :pets, minimum: 1
+    o = @owner.new('name' => '����������')
+    assert !o.save
+    assert o.errors[:pets].any?
+    o.pets.build('name' => '����������')
+    assert o.valid?
+  end
+
+  def test_validates_size_of_respects_records_marked_for_destruction
+    @owner.validates_size_of :pets, minimum: 1
+    owner = @owner.new
+    assert_not owner.save
+    assert owner.errors[:pets].any?
+    pet = owner.pets.build
+    assert owner.valid?
+    assert owner.save
+
+    pet_count = Pet.count
+    assert_not owner.update_attributes pets_attributes: [ {_destroy: 1, id: pet.id} ]
+    assert_not owner.valid?
+    assert owner.errors[:pets].any?
+    assert_equal pet_count, Pet.count
+  end
+
+  def test_does_not_validate_length_of_if_parent_record_is_validate_false
+    @owner.validates_length_of :name, minimum: 1
+    owner = @owner.new
+    owner.save!(validate: false)
+    assert owner.persisted?
+
+    pet = Pet.new(owner_id: owner.id)
+    pet.save!
+
+    assert_equal owner.pets.size, 1
+    assert owner.valid?
+    assert pet.valid?
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb
index 3790d3c8cf..6f8ad06ab6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/man'
 require 'models/face'
@@ -52,16 +51,33 @@ class PresenceValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_presence_doesnt_convert_to_array
-    Speedometer.validates_presence_of :dashboard
+    speedometer = Class.new(Speedometer)
+    speedometer.validates_presence_of :dashboard
 
     dash = Dashboard.new
 
     # dashboard has to_a method
     def dash.to_a; ['(/)', '(\)']; end
 
-    s = Speedometer.new
+    s = speedometer.new
     s.dashboard = dash
 
     assert_nothing_raised { s.valid? }
   end
+
+  def test_does_not_validate_presence_of_if_parent_record_is_validate_false
+    repair_validations(Interest) do
+      Interest.validates_presence_of(:topic)
+      interest = Interest.new
+      interest.save!(validate: false)
+      assert interest.persisted?
+
+      man = Man.new(interest_ids: [interest.id])
+      man.save!
+
+      assert_equal man.interests.size, 1
+      assert interest.valid?
+      assert man.valid?
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/uniqueness_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/uniqueness_validation_test.rb
index 74c696c858..7502a55391 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/uniqueness_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/uniqueness_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/topic'
 require 'models/reply'
 require 'models/warehouse_thing'
 require 'models/guid'
 require 'models/event'
+require 'models/dashboard'
 
 class Wizard < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.abstract_class = true
@@ -30,18 +30,28 @@ class ReplyWithTitleObject < Reply
   def title; ReplyTitle.new; end
 end
 
-class Employee < ActiveRecord::Base
-  self.table_name = 'postgresql_arrays'
-  validates_uniqueness_of :nicknames
-end
-
 class TopicWithUniqEvent < Topic
   belongs_to :event, foreign_key: :parent_id
   validates :event, uniqueness: true
 end
 
+class BigIntTest < ActiveRecord::Base
+  INT_MAX_VALUE = 2147483647
+  self.table_name = 'cars'
+  validates :engines_count, uniqueness: true, inclusion: { in: 0..INT_MAX_VALUE }
+end
+
+class BigIntReverseTest < ActiveRecord::Base
+  INT_MAX_VALUE = 2147483647
+  self.table_name = 'cars'
+  validates :engines_count, inclusion: { in: 0..INT_MAX_VALUE }
+  validates :engines_count, uniqueness: true
+end
+
 class UniquenessValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :topics, 'warehouse-things', :developers
+  INT_MAX_VALUE = 2147483647
+
+  fixtures :topics, 'warehouse-things'
 
   repair_validations(Topic, Reply)
 
@@ -92,6 +102,16 @@ class UniquenessValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert t2.errors[:title]
   end
 
+  def test_validate_uniqueness_when_integer_out_of_range
+    entry = BigIntTest.create(engines_count: INT_MAX_VALUE + 1)
+    assert_equal entry.errors[:engines_count], ['is not included in the list']
+  end
+
+  def test_validate_uniqueness_when_integer_out_of_range_show_order_does_not_matter
+    entry = BigIntReverseTest.create(engines_count: INT_MAX_VALUE + 1)
+    assert_equal entry.errors[:engines_count], ['is not included in the list']
+  end
+
   def test_validates_uniqueness_with_newline_chars
     Topic.validates_uniqueness_of(:title, :case_sensitive => false)
 
@@ -223,7 +243,7 @@ class UniquenessValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert t_utf8.save, "Should save t_utf8 as unique"
 
     # If database hasn't UTF-8 character set, this test fails
-    if Topic.all.merge!(:select => 'LOWER(title) AS title').find(t_utf8).title == "� тоже уникальный!"
+    if Topic.all.merge!(:select => 'LOWER(title) AS title').find(t_utf8.id).title == "� тоже уникальный!"
       t2_utf8 = Topic.new("title" => "� тоже У�ИК�ЛЬ�ЫЙ!")
       assert !t2_utf8.valid?, "Shouldn't be valid"
       assert !t2_utf8.save, "Shouldn't save t2_utf8 as unique"
@@ -378,18 +398,6 @@ class UniquenessValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     }
   end
 
-  if current_adapter? :PostgreSQLAdapter
-    def test_validate_uniqueness_with_array_column
-      e1 = Employee.create("nicknames" => ["john", "johnny"], "commission_by_quarter" => [1000, 1200])
-      assert e1.persisted?, "Saving e1"
-
-      e2 = Employee.create("nicknames" => ["john", "johnny"], "commission_by_quarter" => [2200])
-      assert !e2.persisted?, "e2 shouldn't be valid"
-      assert e2.errors[:nicknames].any?, "Should have errors for nicknames"
-      assert_equal ["has already been taken"], e2.errors[:nicknames], "Should have uniqueness message for nicknames"
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_validate_uniqueness_on_existing_relation
     event = Event.create
     assert TopicWithUniqEvent.create(event: event).valid?
@@ -403,4 +411,62 @@ class UniquenessValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     topic = TopicWithUniqEvent.new
     assert topic.valid?
   end
+
+  def test_does_not_validate_uniqueness_of_if_parent_record_is_validate_false
+    Reply.validates_uniqueness_of(:content)
+
+    Reply.create!(content: "Topic Title")
+
+    reply = Reply.new(content: "Topic Title")
+    reply.save!(validate: false)
+    assert reply.persisted?
+
+    topic = Topic.new(reply_ids: [reply.id])
+    topic.save!
+
+    assert_equal topic.replies.size, 1
+    assert reply.valid?
+    assert topic.valid?
+  end
+
+  def test_validate_uniqueness_of_custom_primary_key
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = "keyboards"
+      self.primary_key = :key_number
+
+      validates_uniqueness_of :key_number
+
+      def self.name
+        "Keyboard"
+      end
+    end
+
+    klass.create!(key_number: 10)
+    key2 = klass.create!(key_number: 11)
+
+    key2.key_number = 10
+    assert_not key2.valid?
+  end
+
+  def test_validate_uniqueness_without_primary_key
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = "dashboards"
+
+      validates_uniqueness_of :dashboard_id
+
+      def self.name; "Dashboard" end
+    end
+
+    abc = klass.create!(dashboard_id: "abc")
+    assert klass.new(dashboard_id: "xyz").valid?
+    assert_not klass.new(dashboard_id: "abc").valid?
+
+    abc.dashboard_id = "def"
+
+    e = assert_raises ActiveRecord::UnknownPrimaryKey do
+      abc.save!
+    end
+    assert_match(/\AUnknown primary key for table dashboards in model/, e.message)
+    assert_match(/Can not validate uniqueness for persisted record without primary key.\z/, e.message)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations_repair_helper.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations_repair_helper.rb
index c02b3241cd..b30666d876 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations_repair_helper.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations_repair_helper.rb
@@ -5,19 +5,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
     module ClassMethods
       def repair_validations(*model_classes)
         teardown do
-          model_classes.each do |k|
-            k.clear_validators!
-          end
+          model_classes.each(&:clear_validators!)
         end
       end
     end
 
     def repair_validations(*model_classes)
-      yield
+      yield if block_given?
     ensure
-      model_classes.each do |k|
-        k.clear_validators!
-      end
+      model_classes.each(&:clear_validators!)
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations_test.rb
index de618902aa..d04f4f7ce7 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations_test.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/topic'
 require 'models/reply'
 require 'models/person'
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 require 'models/parrot'
 require 'models/company'
 
@@ -14,28 +14,28 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   # Other classes we mess with will be dealt with in the specific tests
   repair_validations(Topic)
 
-  def test_error_on_create
+  def test_valid_uses_create_context_when_new
     r = WrongReply.new
     r.title = "Wrong Create"
-    assert !r.save
+    assert_not r.valid?
     assert r.errors[:title].any?, "A reply with a bad title should mark that attribute as invalid"
     assert_equal ["is Wrong Create"], r.errors[:title], "A reply with a bad content should contain an error"
   end
 
-  def test_error_on_update
+  def test_valid_uses_update_context_when_persisted
     r = WrongReply.new
     r.title = "Bad"
     r.content = "Good"
-    assert r.save, "First save should be successful"
+    assert r.save, "First validation should be successful"
 
     r.title = "Wrong Update"
-    assert !r.save, "Second save should fail"
+    assert_not r.valid?, "Second validation should fail"
 
     assert r.errors[:title].any?, "A reply with a bad title should mark that attribute as invalid"
     assert_equal ["is Wrong Update"], r.errors[:title], "A reply with a bad content should contain an error"
   end
 
-  def test_error_on_given_context
+  def test_valid_using_special_context
     r = WrongReply.new(:title => "Valid title")
     assert !r.valid?(:special_case)
     assert_equal "Invalid", r.errors[:author_name].join
@@ -45,11 +45,33 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert r.valid?(:special_case)
 
     r.author_name = nil
-    assert !r.save(:context => :special_case)
+    assert_not r.valid?(:special_case)
     assert_equal "Invalid", r.errors[:author_name].join
 
     r.author_name = "secret"
-    assert r.save(:context => :special_case)
+    assert r.valid?(:special_case)
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_using_multiple_contexts
+    r = WrongReply.new(:title => 'Wrong Create')
+    assert r.invalid?([:special_case, :create])
+    assert_equal "Invalid", r.errors[:author_name].join
+    assert_equal "is Wrong Create", r.errors[:title].join
+  end
+
+  def test_validate
+    r = WrongReply.new
+
+    r.validate
+    assert_empty r.errors[:author_name]
+
+    r.validate(:special_case)
+    assert_not_empty r.errors[:author_name]
+
+    r.author_name = "secret"
+
+    r.validate(:special_case)
+    assert_empty r.errors[:author_name]
   end
 
   def test_invalid_record_exception
@@ -63,6 +85,20 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal r, invalid.record
   end
 
+  def test_validate_with_bang
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) do
+      WrongReply.new.validate!
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_validate_with_bang_and_context
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) do
+      WrongReply.new.validate!(:special_case)
+    end
+    r = WrongReply.new(:title => "Valid title", :author_name => "secret", :content => "Good")
+    assert r.validate!(:special_case)
+  end
+
   def test_exception_on_create_bang_many
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) do
       WrongReply.create!([ { "title" => "OK" }, { "title" => "Wrong Create" }])
@@ -85,7 +121,7 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_create_without_validation
+  def test_save_without_validation
     reply = WrongReply.new
     assert !reply.save
     assert reply.save(:validate => false)
@@ -119,4 +155,28 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 1, Company.validators_on(:name).size
   end
 
+  def test_numericality_validation_with_mutation
+    Topic.class_eval do
+      attribute :wibble, :string
+      validates_numericality_of :wibble, only_integer: true
+    end
+
+    topic = Topic.new(wibble: '123-4567')
+    topic.wibble.gsub!('-', '')
+
+    assert topic.valid?
+  ensure
+    Topic.reset_column_information
+  end
+
+  def test_acceptance_validator_doesnt_require_db_connection
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = 'posts'
+    end
+    klass.reset_column_information
+
+    assert_no_queries do
+      klass.validates_acceptance_of(:foo)
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/view_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/view_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d50ae74e35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/view_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require "models/book"
+require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
+
+module ViewBehavior
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+  extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+  included do
+    fixtures :books
+  end
+
+  class Ebook < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.primary_key = "id"
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    super
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    create_view "ebooks", <<-SQL
+      SELECT id, name, status FROM books WHERE format = 'ebook'
+    SQL
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    super
+    drop_view "ebooks"
+  end
+
+  def test_reading
+    books = Ebook.all
+    assert_equal [books(:rfr).id], books.map(&:id)
+    assert_equal ["Ruby for Rails"], books.map(&:name)
+  end
+
+  def test_views
+    assert_equal [Ebook.table_name], @connection.views
+  end
+
+  def test_view_exists
+    view_name = Ebook.table_name
+    assert @connection.view_exists?(view_name), "'#{view_name}' view should exist"
+  end
+
+  def test_table_exists
+    view_name = Ebook.table_name
+    # TODO: switch this assertion around once we changed #tables to not return views.
+    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { assert @connection.table_exists?(view_name), "'#{view_name}' table should exist" }
+  end
+
+  def test_views_ara_valid_data_sources
+    view_name = Ebook.table_name
+    assert @connection.data_source_exists?(view_name), "'#{view_name}' should be a data source"
+  end
+
+  def test_column_definitions
+    assert_equal([["id", :integer],
+                  ["name", :string],
+                  ["status", :integer]], Ebook.columns.map { |c| [c.name, c.type] })
+  end
+
+  def test_attributes
+    assert_equal({"id" => 2, "name" => "Ruby for Rails", "status" => 0},
+                 Ebook.first.attributes)
+  end
+
+  def test_does_not_assume_id_column_as_primary_key
+    model = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = "ebooks"
+    end
+    assert_nil model.primary_key
+  end
+
+  def test_does_not_dump_view_as_table
+    schema = dump_table_schema "ebooks"
+    assert_no_match %r{create_table "ebooks"}, schema
+  end
+end
+
+if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_views?
+class ViewWithPrimaryKeyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include ViewBehavior
+
+  private
+  def create_view(name, query)
+    @connection.execute "CREATE VIEW #{name} AS #{query}"
+  end
+
+  def drop_view(name)
+    @connection.execute "DROP VIEW #{name}" if @connection.view_exists? name
+  end
+end
+
+class ViewWithoutPrimaryKeyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+  fixtures :books
+
+  class Paperback < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.execute <<-SQL
+      CREATE VIEW paperbacks
+        AS SELECT name, status FROM books WHERE format = 'paperback'
+    SQL
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.execute "DROP VIEW paperbacks" if @connection.view_exists? "paperbacks"
+  end
+
+  def test_reading
+    books = Paperback.all
+    assert_equal ["Agile Web Development with Rails"], books.map(&:name)
+  end
+
+  def test_views
+    assert_equal [Paperback.table_name], @connection.views
+  end
+
+  def test_view_exists
+    view_name = Paperback.table_name
+    assert @connection.view_exists?(view_name), "'#{view_name}' view should exist"
+  end
+
+  def test_table_exists
+    view_name = Paperback.table_name
+    # TODO: switch this assertion around once we changed #tables to not return views.
+    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { assert @connection.table_exists?(view_name), "'#{view_name}' table should exist" }    
+  end
+
+  def test_column_definitions
+    assert_equal([["name", :string],
+                  ["status", :integer]], Paperback.columns.map { |c| [c.name, c.type] })
+  end
+
+  def test_attributes
+    assert_equal({"name" => "Agile Web Development with Rails", "status" => 2},
+                 Paperback.first.attributes)
+  end
+
+  def test_does_not_have_a_primary_key
+    assert_nil Paperback.primary_key
+  end
+
+  def test_does_not_dump_view_as_table
+    schema = dump_table_schema "paperbacks"
+    assert_no_match %r{create_table "paperbacks"}, schema
+  end
+end
+
+# sqlite dose not support CREATE, INSERT, and DELETE for VIEW
+if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter, :PostgreSQLAdapter)
+class UpdateableViewTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  self.use_transactional_tests = false
+  fixtures :books
+
+  class PrintedBook < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.primary_key = "id"
+  end
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.execute <<-SQL
+      CREATE VIEW printed_books
+        AS SELECT id, name, status, format FROM books WHERE format = 'paperback'
+    SQL
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.execute "DROP VIEW printed_books" if @connection.view_exists? "printed_books"
+  end
+
+  def test_update_record
+    book = PrintedBook.first
+    book.name = "AWDwR"
+    book.save!
+    book.reload
+    assert_equal "AWDwR", book.name
+  end
+
+  def test_insert_record
+    PrintedBook.create! name: "Rails in Action", status: 0, format: "paperback"
+
+    new_book = PrintedBook.last
+    assert_equal "Rails in Action", new_book.name
+  end
+
+  def test_update_record_to_fail_view_conditions
+    book = PrintedBook.first
+    book.format = "ebook"
+    book.save!
+
+    assert_raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound do
+      book.reload
+    end
+  end
+end
+end # end fo `if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter, :PostgreSQLAdapter)`
+end # end fo `if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_views?`
+
+if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.respond_to?(:supports_materialized_views?) &&
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_materialized_views?
+class MaterializedViewTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
+  include ViewBehavior
+
+  private
+  def create_view(name, query)
+    @connection.execute "CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW #{name} AS #{query}"
+  end
+
+  def drop_view(name)
+    @connection.execute "DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW #{name}" if @connection.view_exists? name
+  end
+end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/xml_serialization_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/xml_serialization_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 78fa2f935a..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/xml_serialization_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,451 +0,0 @@
-require "cases/helper"
-require 'models/contact'
-require 'models/post'
-require 'models/author'
-require 'models/comment'
-require 'models/company_in_module'
-require 'models/toy'
-require 'models/topic'
-require 'models/reply'
-require 'models/company'
-
-class XmlSerializationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  def test_should_serialize_default_root
-    @xml = Contact.new.to_xml
-    assert_match %r{^<contact>},  @xml
-    assert_match %r{</contact>$}, @xml
-  end
-
-  def test_should_serialize_default_root_with_namespace
-    @xml = Contact.new.to_xml :namespace=>"http://xml.rubyonrails.org/contact"
-    assert_match %r{^<contact xmlns="http://xml.rubyonrails.org/contact">},  @xml
-    assert_match %r{</contact>$}, @xml
-  end
-
-  def test_should_serialize_custom_root
-    @xml = Contact.new.to_xml :root => 'xml_contact'
-    assert_match %r{^<xml-contact>},  @xml
-    assert_match %r{</xml-contact>$}, @xml
-  end
-
-  def test_should_allow_undasherized_tags
-    @xml = Contact.new.to_xml :root => 'xml_contact', :dasherize => false
-    assert_match %r{^<xml_contact>},  @xml
-    assert_match %r{</xml_contact>$}, @xml
-    assert_match %r{<created_at},     @xml
-  end
-
-  def test_should_allow_camelized_tags
-    @xml = Contact.new.to_xml :root => 'xml_contact', :camelize => true
-    assert_match %r{^<XmlContact>},  @xml
-    assert_match %r{</XmlContact>$}, @xml
-    assert_match %r{<CreatedAt},    @xml
-  end
-
-  def test_should_allow_skipped_types
-    @xml = Contact.new(:age => 25).to_xml :skip_types => true
-    assert %r{<age>25</age>}.match(@xml)
-  end
-
-  def test_should_include_yielded_additions
-    @xml = Contact.new.to_xml do |xml|
-      xml.creator "David"
-    end
-    assert_match %r{<creator>David</creator>}, @xml
-  end
-
-  def test_to_xml_with_block
-    value = "Rockin' the block"
-    xml = Contact.new.to_xml(:skip_instruct => true) do |_xml|
-      _xml.tag! "arbitrary-element", value
-    end
-    assert_equal "<contact>", xml.first(9)
-    assert xml.include?(%(<arbitrary-element>#{value}</arbitrary-element>))
-  end
-
-  def test_should_skip_instruct_for_included_records
-    @contact = Contact.new
-    @contact.alternative = Contact.new(:name => 'Copa Cabana')
-    @xml = @contact.to_xml(:include => [ :alternative ])
-    assert_equal @xml.index('<?xml '), 0
-    assert_nil @xml.index('<?xml ', 1)
-  end
-end
-
-class DefaultXmlSerializationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  def setup
-    @contact = Contact.new(
-      :name        => 'aaron stack',
-      :age         => 25,
-      :avatar      => 'binarydata',
-      :created_at  => Time.utc(2006, 8, 1),
-      :awesome     => false,
-      :preferences => { :gem => 'ruby' }
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_should_serialize_string
-    assert_match %r{<name>aaron stack</name>}, @contact.to_xml
-  end
-
-  def test_should_serialize_integer
-    assert_match %r{<age type="integer">25</age>}, @contact.to_xml
-  end
-
-  def test_should_serialize_binary
-    xml = @contact.to_xml
-    assert_match %r{YmluYXJ5ZGF0YQ==\n</avatar>},    xml
-    assert_match %r{<avatar(.*)(type="binary")},     xml
-    assert_match %r{<avatar(.*)(encoding="base64")}, xml
-  end
-
-  def test_should_serialize_datetime
-    assert_match %r{<created-at type=\"dateTime\">2006-08-01T00:00:00Z</created-at>}, @contact.to_xml
-  end
-
-  def test_should_serialize_boolean
-    assert_match %r{<awesome type=\"boolean\">false</awesome>}, @contact.to_xml
-  end
-
-  def test_should_serialize_hash
-    assert_match %r{<preferences>\s*<gem>ruby</gem>\s*</preferences>}m, @contact.to_xml
-  end
-
-  def test_uses_serializable_hash_with_only_option
-    def @contact.serializable_hash(options=nil)
-      super(only: %w(name))
-    end
-
-    xml = @contact.to_xml
-    assert_match %r{<name>aaron stack</name>}, xml
-    assert_no_match %r{age}, xml
-    assert_no_match %r{awesome}, xml
-  end
-
-  def test_uses_serializable_hash_with_except_option
-    def @contact.serializable_hash(options=nil)
-      super(except: %w(age))
-    end
-
-    xml = @contact.to_xml
-    assert_match %r{<name>aaron stack</name>}, xml
-    assert_match %r{<awesome type=\"boolean\">false</awesome>}, xml
-    assert_no_match %r{age}, xml
-  end
-
-  def test_does_not_include_inheritance_column_from_sti
-    @contact = ContactSti.new(@contact.attributes)
-    assert_equal 'ContactSti', @contact.type
-
-    xml = @contact.to_xml
-    assert_match %r{<name>aaron stack</name>}, xml
-    assert_no_match %r{<type}, xml
-    assert_no_match %r{ContactSti}, xml
-  end
-
-  def test_serializable_hash_with_default_except_option_and_excluding_inheritance_column_from_sti
-    @contact = ContactSti.new(@contact.attributes)
-    assert_equal 'ContactSti', @contact.type
-
-    def @contact.serializable_hash(options={})
-      super({ except: %w(age) }.merge!(options))
-    end
-
-    xml = @contact.to_xml
-    assert_match %r{<name>aaron stack</name>}, xml
-    assert_no_match %r{age}, xml
-    assert_no_match %r{<type}, xml
-    assert_no_match %r{ContactSti}, xml
-  end
-end
-
-class DefaultXmlSerializationTimezoneTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  def test_should_serialize_datetime_with_timezone
-    with_timezone_config zone: "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
-      toy = Toy.create(:name => 'Mickey', :updated_at => Time.utc(2006, 8, 1))
-      assert_match %r{<updated-at type=\"dateTime\">2006-07-31T17:00:00-07:00</updated-at>}, toy.to_xml
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_should_serialize_datetime_with_timezone_reloaded
-    with_timezone_config zone: "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
-      toy = Toy.create(:name => 'Minnie', :updated_at => Time.utc(2006, 8, 1)).reload
-      assert_match %r{<updated-at type=\"dateTime\">2006-07-31T17:00:00-07:00</updated-at>}, toy.to_xml
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class NilXmlSerializationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  def setup
-    @xml = Contact.new.to_xml(:root => 'xml_contact')
-  end
-
-  def test_should_serialize_string
-    assert_match %r{<name nil="true"/>}, @xml
-  end
-
-  def test_should_serialize_integer
-    assert %r{<age (.*)/>}.match(@xml)
-    attributes = $1
-    assert_match %r{nil="true"}, attributes
-    assert_match %r{type="integer"}, attributes
-  end
-
-  def test_should_serialize_binary
-    assert %r{<avatar (.*)/>}.match(@xml)
-    attributes = $1
-    assert_match %r{type="binary"}, attributes
-    assert_match %r{encoding="base64"}, attributes
-    assert_match %r{nil="true"}, attributes
-  end
-
-  def test_should_serialize_datetime
-    assert %r{<created-at (.*)/>}.match(@xml)
-    attributes = $1
-    assert_match %r{nil="true"}, attributes
-    assert_match %r{type="dateTime"}, attributes
-  end
-
-  def test_should_serialize_boolean
-    assert %r{<awesome (.*)/>}.match(@xml)
-    attributes = $1
-    assert_match %r{type="boolean"}, attributes
-    assert_match %r{nil="true"}, attributes
-  end
-
-  def test_should_serialize_yaml
-    assert_match %r{<preferences nil=\"true\"/>}, @xml
-  end
-end
-
-class DatabaseConnectedXmlSerializationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :topics, :companies, :accounts, :authors, :posts, :projects
-
-  def test_to_xml
-    xml = REXML::Document.new(topics(:first).to_xml(:indent => 0))
-    bonus_time_in_current_timezone = topics(:first).bonus_time.xmlschema
-    written_on_in_current_timezone = topics(:first).written_on.xmlschema
-    last_read_in_current_timezone = topics(:first).last_read.xmlschema
-
-    assert_equal "topic", xml.root.name
-    assert_equal "The First Topic" , xml.elements["//title"].text
-    assert_equal "David" , xml.elements["//author-name"].text
-    assert_match "Have a nice day", xml.elements["//content"].text
-
-    assert_equal "1", xml.elements["//id"].text
-    assert_equal "integer" , xml.elements["//id"].attributes['type']
-
-    assert_equal "1", xml.elements["//replies-count"].text
-    assert_equal "integer" , xml.elements["//replies-count"].attributes['type']
-
-    assert_equal written_on_in_current_timezone, xml.elements["//written-on"].text
-    assert_equal "dateTime" , xml.elements["//written-on"].attributes['type']
-
-    assert_equal "david@loudthinking.com", xml.elements["//author-email-address"].text
-
-    assert_equal nil, xml.elements["//parent-id"].text
-    assert_equal "integer", xml.elements["//parent-id"].attributes['type']
-    assert_equal "true", xml.elements["//parent-id"].attributes['nil']
-
-    if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
-      assert_equal last_read_in_current_timezone, xml.elements["//last-read"].text
-      assert_equal "dateTime" , xml.elements["//last-read"].attributes['type']
-    else
-      # Oracle enhanced adapter allows to define Date attributes in model class (see topic.rb)
-      assert_equal "2004-04-15", xml.elements["//last-read"].text
-      assert_equal "date" , xml.elements["//last-read"].attributes['type']
-    end
-
-    # Oracle and DB2 don't have true boolean or time-only fields
-    unless current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter, :DB2Adapter)
-      assert_equal "false", xml.elements["//approved"].text
-      assert_equal "boolean" , xml.elements["//approved"].attributes['type']
-
-      assert_equal bonus_time_in_current_timezone, xml.elements["//bonus-time"].text
-      assert_equal "dateTime" , xml.elements["//bonus-time"].attributes['type']
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_except_option
-    xml = topics(:first).to_xml(:indent => 0, :skip_instruct => true, :except => [:title, :replies_count])
-    assert_equal "<topic>", xml.first(7)
-    assert !xml.include?(%(<title>The First Topic</title>))
-    assert xml.include?(%(<author-name>David</author-name>))
-
-    xml = topics(:first).to_xml(:indent => 0, :skip_instruct => true, :except => [:title, :author_name, :replies_count])
-    assert !xml.include?(%(<title>The First Topic</title>))
-    assert !xml.include?(%(<author-name>David</author-name>))
-  end
-
-  # to_xml used to mess with the hash the user provided which
-  # caused the builder to be reused.  This meant the document kept
-  # getting appended to.
-
-  def test_modules
-    projects = MyApplication::Business::Project.all
-    xml = projects.to_xml
-    root = projects.first.class.to_s.underscore.pluralize.tr('/','_').dasherize
-    assert_match "<#{root} type=\"array\">", xml
-    assert_match "</#{root}>", xml
-  end
-
-  def test_passing_hash_shouldnt_reuse_builder
-    options = {:include=>:posts}
-    david = authors(:david)
-    first_xml_size = david.to_xml(options).size
-    second_xml_size = david.to_xml(options).size
-    assert_equal first_xml_size, second_xml_size
-  end
-
-  def test_include_uses_association_name
-    xml = authors(:david).to_xml :include=>:hello_posts, :indent => 0
-    assert_match %r{<hello-posts type="array">}, xml
-    assert_match %r{<hello-post type="Post">}, xml
-    assert_match %r{<hello-post type="StiPost">}, xml
-  end
-
-  def test_included_associations_should_skip_types
-    xml = authors(:david).to_xml :include=>:hello_posts, :indent => 0, :skip_types => true
-    assert_match %r{<hello-posts>}, xml
-    assert_match %r{<hello-post>}, xml
-    assert_match %r{<hello-post>}, xml
-  end
-
-  def test_including_has_many_association
-    xml = topics(:first).to_xml(:indent => 0, :skip_instruct => true, :include => :replies, :except => :replies_count)
-    assert_equal "<topic>", xml.first(7)
-    assert xml.include?(%(<replies type="array"><reply>))
-    assert xml.include?(%(<title>The Second Topic of the day</title>))
-  end
-
-  def test_including_belongs_to_association
-    xml = companies(:first_client).to_xml(:indent => 0, :skip_instruct => true, :include => :firm)
-    assert !xml.include?("<firm>")
-
-    xml = companies(:second_client).to_xml(:indent => 0, :skip_instruct => true, :include => :firm)
-    assert xml.include?("<firm>")
-  end
-
-  def test_including_multiple_associations
-    xml = companies(:first_firm).to_xml(:indent => 0, :skip_instruct => true, :include => [ :clients, :account ])
-    assert_equal "<firm>", xml.first(6)
-    assert xml.include?(%(<account>))
-    assert xml.include?(%(<clients type="array"><client>))
-  end
-
-  def test_including_association_with_options
-    xml = companies(:first_firm).to_xml(
-      :indent  => 0, :skip_instruct => true,
-      :include => { :clients => { :only => :name } }
-    )
-
-    assert_equal "<firm>", xml.first(6)
-    assert xml.include?(%(<client><name>Summit</name></client>))
-    assert xml.include?(%(<clients type="array"><client>))
-  end
-
-  def test_methods_are_called_on_object
-    xml = authors(:david).to_xml :methods => :label, :indent => 0
-    assert_match %r{<label>.*</label>}, xml
-  end
-
-  def test_should_not_call_methods_on_associations_that_dont_respond
-    xml = authors(:david).to_xml :include=>:hello_posts, :methods => :label, :indent => 2
-    assert !authors(:david).hello_posts.first.respond_to?(:label)
-    assert_match %r{^  <label>.*</label>}, xml
-    assert_no_match %r{^      <label>}, xml
-  end
-
-  def test_procs_are_called_on_object
-    proc = Proc.new { |options| options[:builder].tag!('nationality', 'Danish') }
-    xml = authors(:david).to_xml(:procs => [ proc ])
-    assert_match %r{<nationality>Danish</nationality>}, xml
-  end
-
-  def test_dual_arity_procs_are_called_on_object
-    proc = Proc.new { |options, record| options[:builder].tag!('name-reverse', record.name.reverse) }
-    xml = authors(:david).to_xml(:procs => [ proc ])
-    assert_match %r{<name-reverse>divaD</name-reverse>}, xml
-  end
-
-  def test_top_level_procs_arent_applied_to_associations
-    author_proc = Proc.new { |options| options[:builder].tag!('nationality', 'Danish') }
-    xml = authors(:david).to_xml(:procs => [ author_proc ], :include => :posts, :indent => 2)
-
-    assert_match %r{^  <nationality>Danish</nationality>}, xml
-    assert_no_match %r{^ {6}<nationality>Danish</nationality>}, xml
-  end
-
-  def test_procs_on_included_associations_are_called
-    posts_proc = Proc.new { |options| options[:builder].tag!('copyright', 'DHH') }
-    xml = authors(:david).to_xml(
-      :indent => 2,
-      :include => {
-        :posts => { :procs => [ posts_proc ] }
-      }
-    )
-
-    assert_no_match %r{^  <copyright>DHH</copyright>}, xml
-    assert_match %r{^ {6}<copyright>DHH</copyright>}, xml
-  end
-
-  def test_should_include_empty_has_many_as_empty_array
-    authors(:david).posts.delete_all
-    xml = authors(:david).to_xml :include=>:posts, :indent => 2
-
-    assert_equal [], Hash.from_xml(xml)['author']['posts']
-    assert_match %r{^  <posts type="array"/>}, xml
-  end
-
-  def test_should_has_many_array_elements_should_include_type_when_different_from_guessed_value
-    xml = authors(:david).to_xml :include=>:posts_with_comments, :indent => 2
-
-    assert Hash.from_xml(xml)
-    assert_match %r{^  <posts-with-comments type="array">}, xml
-    assert_match %r{^    <posts-with-comment type="Post">}, xml
-    assert_match %r{^    <posts-with-comment type="StiPost">}, xml
-
-    types = Hash.from_xml(xml)['author']['posts_with_comments'].collect {|t| t['type'] }
-    assert types.include?('SpecialPost')
-    assert types.include?('Post')
-    assert types.include?('StiPost')
-  end
-
-  def test_should_produce_xml_for_methods_returning_array
-    xml = authors(:david).to_xml(:methods => :social)
-    array = Hash.from_xml(xml)['author']['social']
-    assert_equal 2, array.size
-    assert array.include? 'twitter'
-    assert array.include? 'github'
-  end
-
-  def test_should_support_aliased_attributes
-    xml = Author.select("name as firstname").to_xml
-    array = Hash.from_xml(xml)['authors']
-    assert_equal array.size, array.select { |author| author.has_key? 'firstname' }.size
-  end
-
-  def test_array_to_xml_including_has_many_association
-    xml = [ topics(:first), topics(:second) ].to_xml(:indent => 0, :skip_instruct => true, :include => :replies)
-    assert xml.include?(%(<replies type="array"><reply>))
-  end
-
-  def test_array_to_xml_including_methods
-    xml = [ topics(:first), topics(:second) ].to_xml(:indent => 0, :skip_instruct => true, :methods => [ :topic_id ])
-    assert xml.include?(%(<topic-id type="integer">#{topics(:first).topic_id}</topic-id>)), xml
-    assert xml.include?(%(<topic-id type="integer">#{topics(:second).topic_id}</topic-id>)), xml
-  end
-
-  def test_array_to_xml_including_has_one_association
-    xml = [ companies(:first_firm), companies(:rails_core) ].to_xml(:indent => 0, :skip_instruct => true, :include => :account)
-    assert xml.include?(companies(:first_firm).account.to_xml(:indent => 0, :skip_instruct => true))
-    assert xml.include?(companies(:rails_core).account.to_xml(:indent => 0, :skip_instruct => true))
-  end
-
-  def test_array_to_xml_including_belongs_to_association
-    xml = [ companies(:first_client), companies(:second_client), companies(:another_client) ].to_xml(:indent => 0, :skip_instruct => true, :include => :firm)
-    assert xml.include?(companies(:first_client).to_xml(:indent => 0, :skip_instruct => true))
-    assert xml.include?(companies(:second_client).firm.to_xml(:indent => 0, :skip_instruct => true))
-    assert xml.include?(companies(:another_client).firm.to_xml(:indent => 0, :skip_instruct => true))
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/yaml_serialization_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/yaml_serialization_test.rb
index 15815d56e4..56909a8630 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/yaml_serialization_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/yaml_serialization_test.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
 require 'models/topic'
+require 'models/reply'
+require 'models/post'
+require 'models/author'
 
 class YamlSerializationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :topics
+  fixtures :topics, :authors, :posts
 
   def test_to_yaml_with_time_with_zone_should_not_raise_exception
     with_timezone_config aware_attributes: true, zone: "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
@@ -23,13 +26,6 @@ class YamlSerializationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal({:omg=>:lol}, YAML.load(YAML.dump(topic)).content)
   end
 
-  def test_encode_with_coder
-    topic = Topic.first
-    coder = {}
-    topic.encode_with coder
-    assert_equal({'attributes' => topic.attributes}, coder)
-  end
-
   def test_psych_roundtrip
     topic = Topic.first
     assert topic
@@ -47,4 +43,79 @@ class YamlSerializationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_active_record_relation_serialization
     [Topic.all].to_yaml
   end
+
+  def test_raw_types_are_not_changed_on_round_trip
+    topic = Topic.new(parent_id: "123")
+    assert_equal "123", topic.parent_id_before_type_cast
+    assert_equal "123", YAML.load(YAML.dump(topic)).parent_id_before_type_cast
+  end
+
+  def test_cast_types_are_not_changed_on_round_trip
+    topic = Topic.new(parent_id: "123")
+    assert_equal 123, topic.parent_id
+    assert_equal 123, YAML.load(YAML.dump(topic)).parent_id
+  end
+
+  def test_new_records_remain_new_after_round_trip
+    topic = Topic.new
+
+    assert topic.new_record?, "Sanity check that new records are new"
+    assert YAML.load(YAML.dump(topic)).new_record?, "Record should be new after deserialization"
+
+    topic.save!
+
+    assert_not topic.new_record?, "Saved records are not new"
+    assert_not YAML.load(YAML.dump(topic)).new_record?, "Saved record should not be new after deserialization"
+
+    topic = Topic.select('title').last
+
+    assert_not topic.new_record?, "Loaded records without ID are not new"
+    assert_not YAML.load(YAML.dump(topic)).new_record?, "Record should not be new after deserialization"
+  end
+
+  def test_types_of_virtual_columns_are_not_changed_on_round_trip
+    author = Author.select('authors.*, count(posts.id) as posts_count')
+      .joins(:posts)
+      .group('authors.id')
+      .first
+    dumped = YAML.load(YAML.dump(author))
+
+    assert_equal 5, author.posts_count
+    assert_equal 5, dumped.posts_count
+  end
+
+  def test_a_yaml_version_is_provided_for_future_backwards_compat
+    coder = {}
+    Topic.first.encode_with(coder)
+
+    assert coder['active_record_yaml_version']
+  end
+
+  def test_deserializing_rails_41_yaml
+    topic = YAML.load(yaml_fixture("rails_4_1"))
+
+    assert topic.new_record?
+    assert_equal nil, topic.id
+    assert_equal "The First Topic", topic.title
+    assert_equal({ omg: :lol }, topic.content)
+  end
+
+  def test_deserializing_rails_4_2_0_yaml
+    topic = YAML.load(yaml_fixture("rails_4_2_0"))
+
+    assert_not topic.new_record?
+    assert_equal 1, topic.id
+    assert_equal "The First Topic", topic.title
+    assert_equal("Have a nice day", topic.content)
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def yaml_fixture(file_name)
+    path = File.expand_path(
+      "../../support/yaml_compatibility_fixtures/#{file_name}.yml",
+      __FILE__
+    )
+    File.read(path)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/config.example.yml b/activerecord/test/config.example.yml
index 479b8c050d..e3b55d640e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/config.example.yml
+++ b/activerecord/test/config.example.yml
@@ -51,32 +51,11 @@ connections:
       password: arunit
       database: arunit2
 
-  firebird:
-    arunit:
-      host: localhost
-      username: rails
-      password: rails
-      charset: UTF8
-    arunit2:
-      host: localhost
-      username: rails
-      password: rails
-      charset: UTF8
-
-  frontbase:
-    arunit:
-      host: localhost
-      username: rails
-      session_name: unittest-<%= $$ %>
-    arunit2:
-      host: localhost
-      username: rails
-      session_name: unittest-<%= $$ %>
-
   mysql:
     arunit:
       username: rails
       encoding: utf8
+      collation: utf8_unicode_ci
     arunit2:
       username: rails
       encoding: utf8
@@ -85,16 +64,11 @@ connections:
     arunit:
       username: rails
       encoding: utf8
+      collation: utf8_unicode_ci
     arunit2:
       username: rails
       encoding: utf8
 
-  openbase:
-    arunit:
-      username: admin
-    arunit2:
-      username: admin
-
   oracle:
      arunit:
        adapter: oracle_enhanced
@@ -130,11 +104,3 @@ connections:
     arunit2:
       adapter: sqlite3
       database: ':memory:'
-
-  sybase:
-    arunit:
-      host: database_ASE
-      username: sa
-    arunit2:
-      host: database_ASE
-      username: sa
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/bad_posts.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/bad_posts.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..addee8e3bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/bad_posts.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# Please do not use this fixture without `set_fixture_class` as Post
+
+_fixture:
+  model_class: BadPostModel
+
+bad_welcome:
+  author_id: 1
+  title: Welcome to the another weblog
+  body: It's really nice today
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/books.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/books.yml
index fb48645456..a304fba399 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/fixtures/books.yml
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/books.yml
@@ -2,8 +2,30 @@ awdr:
   author_id: 1
   id: 1
   name: "Agile Web Development with Rails"
+  format: "paperback"
+  status: :published
+  read_status: :read
+  language: :english
+  author_visibility: :visible
+  illustrator_visibility: :visible
+  font_size: :medium
 
 rfr:
   author_id: 1
   id: 2
   name: "Ruby for Rails"
+  format: "ebook"
+  status: "proposed"
+  read_status: "reading"
+
+ddd:
+  author_id: 1
+  id: 3
+  name: "Domain-Driven Design"
+  format: "hardcover"
+  status: 2
+
+tlg:
+  author_id: 1
+  id: 4
+  name: "Thoughtleadering"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/bulbs.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/bulbs.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e5ce2b796c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/bulbs.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+defaulty:
+  name: defaulty
+
+special:
+  name: special
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/computers.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/computers.yml
index 7281a4d768..ad5ae2ec71 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/fixtures/computers.yml
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/computers.yml
@@ -3,3 +3,8 @@ workstation:
   system: 'Linux'
   developer: 1
   extendedWarranty: 1
+
+laptop:
+  system: 'MacOS 1'
+  developer: 1
+  extendedWarranty: 1
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/content.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/content.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0d12ee03dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/content.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+content:
+  id: 1
+  title: How to use Rails
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/content_positions.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/content_positions.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9e85773f8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/content_positions.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+content_positions:
+  id: 1
+  content_id: 1
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/dead_parrots.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/dead_parrots.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..da5529dd27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/dead_parrots.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+deadbird:
+  name: "Dusty DeadBird"
+  treasures: [ruby, sapphire]
+  parrot_sti_class: DeadParrot
+  killer: blackbeard
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/developers.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/developers.yml
index 3656564f63..54b74e7a74 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/fixtures/developers.yml
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/developers.yml
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ david:
   id: 1
   name: David
   salary: 80000
+  shared_computers: laptop
 
 jamis:
   id: 2
@@ -18,4 +19,4 @@ dev_<%= digit %>:
 poor_jamis:
   id: 11
   name: Jamis
-  salary: 9000
\ No newline at end of file
+  salary: 9000
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/doubloons.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/doubloons.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..efd1643971
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/doubloons.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+blackbeards_doubloon:
+  pirate: blackbeard
+  weight: 2
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/fk_test_has_pk.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/fk_test_has_pk.yml
index c93952180b..73882bac41 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/fixtures/fk_test_has_pk.yml
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/fk_test_has_pk.yml
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 first:
-  id: 1
\ No newline at end of file
+  pk_id: 1
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/live_parrots.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/live_parrots.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..95b2078da7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/live_parrots.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+dusty:
+  name: "Dusty Bluebird"
+  treasures: [ruby, sapphire]
+  parrot_sti_class: LiveParrot
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/naked/csv/accounts.csv b/activerecord/test/fixtures/naked/csv/accounts.csv
deleted file mode 100644
index 8b13789179..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/test/fixtures/naked/csv/accounts.csv
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/naked/yml/parrots.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/naked/yml/parrots.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3e10331105
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/naked/yml/parrots.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+george:
+  arrr: "Curious George"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/nodes.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/nodes.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b8bb8216ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/nodes.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+grandparent:
+  id: 1
+  tree_id: 1
+  name: Grand Parent
+
+parent_a:
+  id: 2
+  tree_id: 1
+  parent_id: 1
+  name: Parent A
+
+parent_b:
+  id: 3
+  tree_id: 1
+  parent_id: 1
+  name: Parent B
+
+child_one_of_a:
+  id: 4
+  tree_id: 1
+  parent_id: 2
+  name: Child one
+
+child_two_of_b:
+  id: 5
+  tree_id: 1
+  parent_id: 2
+  name: Child two
+
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/other_comments.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/other_comments.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..55e8216ec7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/other_comments.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+_fixture:
+  model_class: Comment
+
+second_greetings:
+  post: second_welcome
+  body: Thank you for the second welcome
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/other_posts.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/other_posts.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..39ff763547
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/other_posts.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+_fixture:
+  model_class: Post
+
+second_welcome:
+  author_id: 1
+  title: Welcome to the another weblog
+  body: It's really nice today
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/pirates.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/pirates.yml
index 6004f390a4..0b1a785853 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/fixtures/pirates.yml
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/pirates.yml
@@ -7,3 +7,9 @@ redbeard:
   parrot: louis
   created_on: "<%= 2.weeks.ago.to_s(:db) %>"
   updated_on: "<%= 2.weeks.ago.to_s(:db) %>"
+
+mark:
+  catchphrase: "X $LABELs the spot!"
+
+1:
+  catchphrase: "#$LABEL pirate!"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/posts.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/posts.yml
index 7298096025..86d46f753a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/fixtures/posts.yml
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/posts.yml
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ welcome:
   title: Welcome to the weblog
   body: Such a lovely day
   comments_count: 2
-  taggings_count: 1
   tags_count: 1
   type: Post
 
@@ -14,7 +13,6 @@ thinking:
   title: So I was thinking
   body: Like I hopefully always am
   comments_count: 1
-  taggings_count: 1
   tags_count: 1
   type: SpecialPost
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/topics.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/topics.yml
index bf049abbf1..4c98b10380 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/fixtures/topics.yml
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/topics.yml
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ first:
   written_on: 2003-07-16t15:28:11.2233+01:00
   last_read: 2004-04-15
   bonus_time: 2005-01-30t15:28:00.00+01:00
-  content: Have a nice day
+  content: "--- Have a nice day\n...\n"
   approved: false
   replies_count: 1
 
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ second:
   title: The Second Topic of the day
   author_name: Mary
   written_on: 2004-07-15t15:28:00.0099+01:00
-  content: Have a nice day
+  content: "--- Have a nice day\n...\n"
   approved: true
   replies_count: 0
   parent_id: 1
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ third:
   title: The Third Topic of the day
   author_name: Carl
   written_on: 2012-08-12t20:24:22.129346+00:00
-  content: I'm a troll
+  content: "--- I'm a troll\n...\n"
   approved: true
   replies_count: 1
 
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ fourth:
   title: The Fourth Topic of the day
   author_name: Carl
   written_on: 2006-07-15t15:28:00.0099+01:00
-  content: Why not?
+  content: "--- Why not?\n...\n"
   approved: true
   type: Reply
   parent_id: 3
@@ -45,5 +45,5 @@ fifth:
   title: The Fifth Topic of the day
   author_name: Jason
   written_on: 2013-07-13t12:11:00.0099+01:00
-  content: Omakase
+  content: "--- Omakase\n...\n"
   approved: true
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/trees.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/trees.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9e030b7632
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/trees.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+root:
+  id: 1
+  name: The Root
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/uuid_children.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/uuid_children.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a7b15016e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/uuid_children.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+sonny:
+  uuid_parent: daddy
+  name: Sonny
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/uuid_parents.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/uuid_parents.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0b40225c5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/uuid_parents.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+daddy:
+  name: Daddy
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/10_urban/9_add_expressions.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/10_urban/9_add_expressions.rb
index 79a342e574..e908c9eabc 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/10_urban/9_add_expressions.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/10_urban/9_add_expressions.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-class AddExpressions < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class AddExpressions < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     create_table("expressions") do |t|
       t.column :expression, :string
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/decimal/1_give_me_big_numbers.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/decimal/1_give_me_big_numbers.rb
index 0aed7cbd84..549647de86 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/decimal/1_give_me_big_numbers.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/decimal/1_give_me_big_numbers.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-class GiveMeBigNumbers < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class GiveMeBigNumbers < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     create_table :big_numbers do |table|
       table.column :bank_balance, :decimal, :precision => 10, :scale => 2
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/magic/1_currencies_have_symbols.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/magic/1_currencies_have_symbols.rb
index c066c068c2..53b263bf55 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/magic/1_currencies_have_symbols.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/magic/1_currencies_have_symbols.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # coding: ISO-8859-15
 
-class CurrenciesHaveSymbols < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class CurrenciesHaveSymbols < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     # We use ¤ for default currency symbol
     add_column "currencies", "symbol", :string, :default => "¤"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/missing/1000_people_have_middle_names.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/missing/1000_people_have_middle_names.rb
index 9fd495b97c..e046944e31 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/missing/1000_people_have_middle_names.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/missing/1000_people_have_middle_names.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-class PeopleHaveMiddleNames < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class PeopleHaveMiddleNames < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     add_column "people", "middle_name", :string
   end
@@ -6,4 +6,4 @@ class PeopleHaveMiddleNames < ActiveRecord::Migration
   def self.down
     remove_column "people", "middle_name"
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/missing/1_people_have_last_names.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/missing/1_people_have_last_names.rb
index 81af5fef5e..50fe2a9c8e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/missing/1_people_have_last_names.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/missing/1_people_have_last_names.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-class PeopleHaveLastNames < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class PeopleHaveLastNames < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     add_column "people", "last_name", :string
   end
@@ -6,4 +6,4 @@ class PeopleHaveLastNames < ActiveRecord::Migration
   def self.down
     remove_column "people", "last_name"
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/missing/3_we_need_reminders.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/missing/3_we_need_reminders.rb
index d5e71ce8ef..d7c63ac892 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/missing/3_we_need_reminders.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/missing/3_we_need_reminders.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-class WeNeedReminders < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class WeNeedReminders < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     create_table("reminders") do |t|
       t.column :content, :text
@@ -9,4 +9,4 @@ class WeNeedReminders < ActiveRecord::Migration
   def self.down
     drop_table "reminders"
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/missing/4_innocent_jointable.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/missing/4_innocent_jointable.rb
index 21c9ca5328..20fe183777 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/missing/4_innocent_jointable.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/missing/4_innocent_jointable.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-class InnocentJointable < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class InnocentJointable < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     create_table("people_reminders", :id => false) do |t|
       t.column :reminder_id, :integer
@@ -9,4 +9,4 @@ class InnocentJointable < ActiveRecord::Migration
   def self.down
     drop_table "people_reminders"
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/rename/1_we_need_things.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/rename/1_we_need_things.rb
index cdbe0b1679..9dce01acfd 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/rename/1_we_need_things.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/rename/1_we_need_things.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-class WeNeedThings < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class WeNeedThings < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     create_table("things") do |t|
       t.column :content, :text
@@ -8,4 +8,4 @@ class WeNeedThings < ActiveRecord::Migration
   def self.down
     drop_table "things"
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/rename/2_rename_things.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/rename/2_rename_things.rb
index d441b71fc9..cb8484e7dc 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/rename/2_rename_things.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/rename/2_rename_things.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-class RenameThings < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class RenameThings < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     rename_table "things", "awesome_things"
   end
@@ -6,4 +6,4 @@ class RenameThings < ActiveRecord::Migration
   def self.down
     rename_table "awesome_things", "things"
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy/1_people_have_hobbies.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy/1_people_have_hobbies.rb
index 639841f663..607113b091 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy/1_people_have_hobbies.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy/1_people_have_hobbies.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-class PeopleHaveLastNames < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class PeopleHaveLastNames < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     add_column "people", "hobbies", :text
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy/2_people_have_descriptions.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy/2_people_have_descriptions.rb
index b3d0b30640..d4cbddab50 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy/2_people_have_descriptions.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy/2_people_have_descriptions.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-class PeopleHaveLastNames < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class PeopleHaveLastNames < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     add_column "people", "description", :text
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy2/1_create_articles.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy2/1_create_articles.rb
index 0f048d90f7..2e9f5ec6bc 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy2/1_create_articles.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy2/1_create_articles.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-class CreateArticles < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class CreateArticles < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
   end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy2/2_create_comments.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy2/2_create_comments.rb
index 0f048d90f7..2e9f5ec6bc 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy2/2_create_comments.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy2/2_create_comments.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-class CreateArticles < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class CreateArticles < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
   end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy_with_name_collision/1_people_have_hobbies.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy_with_name_collision/1_people_have_hobbies.rb
index e438cf5999..8f81805fe1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy_with_name_collision/1_people_have_hobbies.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy_with_name_collision/1_people_have_hobbies.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-class PeopleHaveLastNames < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class PeopleHaveLastNames < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     add_column "people", "hobbies", :string
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy_with_timestamps/20090101010101_people_have_hobbies.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy_with_timestamps/20090101010101_people_have_hobbies.rb
index 639841f663..607113b091 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy_with_timestamps/20090101010101_people_have_hobbies.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy_with_timestamps/20090101010101_people_have_hobbies.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-class PeopleHaveLastNames < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class PeopleHaveLastNames < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     add_column "people", "hobbies", :text
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy_with_timestamps/20090101010202_people_have_descriptions.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy_with_timestamps/20090101010202_people_have_descriptions.rb
index b3d0b30640..d4cbddab50 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy_with_timestamps/20090101010202_people_have_descriptions.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy_with_timestamps/20090101010202_people_have_descriptions.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-class PeopleHaveLastNames < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class PeopleHaveLastNames < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     add_column "people", "description", :text
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy_with_timestamps2/20090101010101_create_articles.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy_with_timestamps2/20090101010101_create_articles.rb
index 0f048d90f7..2e9f5ec6bc 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy_with_timestamps2/20090101010101_create_articles.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy_with_timestamps2/20090101010101_create_articles.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-class CreateArticles < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class CreateArticles < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
   end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy_with_timestamps2/20090101010202_create_comments.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy_with_timestamps2/20090101010202_create_comments.rb
index 2b048edbb5..d361847d4b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy_with_timestamps2/20090101010202_create_comments.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy_with_timestamps2/20090101010202_create_comments.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-class CreateComments < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class CreateComments < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
   end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/valid/1_valid_people_have_last_names.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/valid/1_valid_people_have_last_names.rb
index 06cb911117..c450211d8c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/valid/1_valid_people_have_last_names.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/valid/1_valid_people_have_last_names.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-class ValidPeopleHaveLastNames < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class ValidPeopleHaveLastNames < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     add_column "people", "last_name", :string
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/valid/2_we_need_reminders.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/valid/2_we_need_reminders.rb
index d5e71ce8ef..d7c63ac892 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/valid/2_we_need_reminders.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/valid/2_we_need_reminders.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-class WeNeedReminders < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class WeNeedReminders < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     create_table("reminders") do |t|
       t.column :content, :text
@@ -9,4 +9,4 @@ class WeNeedReminders < ActiveRecord::Migration
   def self.down
     drop_table "reminders"
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/valid/3_innocent_jointable.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/valid/3_innocent_jointable.rb
index 21c9ca5328..20fe183777 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/valid/3_innocent_jointable.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/valid/3_innocent_jointable.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-class InnocentJointable < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class InnocentJointable < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     create_table("people_reminders", :id => false) do |t|
       t.column :reminder_id, :integer
@@ -9,4 +9,4 @@ class InnocentJointable < ActiveRecord::Migration
   def self.down
     drop_table "people_reminders"
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_subdirectories/1_valid_people_have_last_names.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_subdirectories/1_valid_people_have_last_names.rb
index 06cb911117..c450211d8c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_subdirectories/1_valid_people_have_last_names.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_subdirectories/1_valid_people_have_last_names.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-class ValidPeopleHaveLastNames < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class ValidPeopleHaveLastNames < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     add_column "people", "last_name", :string
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_subdirectories/sub/2_we_need_reminders.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_subdirectories/sub/2_we_need_reminders.rb
index d5e71ce8ef..d7c63ac892 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_subdirectories/sub/2_we_need_reminders.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_subdirectories/sub/2_we_need_reminders.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-class WeNeedReminders < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class WeNeedReminders < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     create_table("reminders") do |t|
       t.column :content, :text
@@ -9,4 +9,4 @@ class WeNeedReminders < ActiveRecord::Migration
   def self.down
     drop_table "reminders"
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_subdirectories/sub1/3_innocent_jointable.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_subdirectories/sub1/3_innocent_jointable.rb
index 21c9ca5328..20fe183777 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_subdirectories/sub1/3_innocent_jointable.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_subdirectories/sub1/3_innocent_jointable.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-class InnocentJointable < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class InnocentJointable < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     create_table("people_reminders", :id => false) do |t|
       t.column :reminder_id, :integer
@@ -9,4 +9,4 @@ class InnocentJointable < ActiveRecord::Migration
   def self.down
     drop_table "people_reminders"
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_timestamps/20100101010101_valid_with_timestamps_people_have_last_names.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_timestamps/20100101010101_valid_with_timestamps_people_have_last_names.rb
index 1da99ceaba..9fd27593f0 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_timestamps/20100101010101_valid_with_timestamps_people_have_last_names.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_timestamps/20100101010101_valid_with_timestamps_people_have_last_names.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-class ValidWithTimestampsPeopleHaveLastNames < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class ValidWithTimestampsPeopleHaveLastNames < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     add_column "people", "last_name", :string
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_timestamps/20100201010101_valid_with_timestamps_we_need_reminders.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_timestamps/20100201010101_valid_with_timestamps_we_need_reminders.rb
index cb6d735c8b..4a59921136 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_timestamps/20100201010101_valid_with_timestamps_we_need_reminders.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_timestamps/20100201010101_valid_with_timestamps_we_need_reminders.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-class ValidWithTimestampsWeNeedReminders < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class ValidWithTimestampsWeNeedReminders < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     create_table("reminders") do |t|
       t.column :content, :text
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_timestamps/20100301010101_valid_with_timestamps_innocent_jointable.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_timestamps/20100301010101_valid_with_timestamps_innocent_jointable.rb
index 4bd4b4714d..bf934576c9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_timestamps/20100301010101_valid_with_timestamps_innocent_jointable.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_timestamps/20100301010101_valid_with_timestamps_innocent_jointable.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-class ValidWithTimestampsInnocentJointable < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class ValidWithTimestampsInnocentJointable < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     create_table("people_reminders", :id => false) do |t|
       t.column :reminder_id, :integer
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/version_check/20131219224947_migration_version_check.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/version_check/20131219224947_migration_version_check.rb
index 9d46485a31..6f314c881c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/version_check/20131219224947_migration_version_check.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/version_check/20131219224947_migration_version_check.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-class MigrationVersionCheck < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class MigrationVersionCheck < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     raise "incorrect migration version" unless version == 20131219224947
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/admin.rb b/activerecord/test/models/admin.rb
index 00e69fbed8..a38e3f4846 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/admin.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/admin.rb
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@ module Admin
   def self.table_name_prefix
     'admin_'
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/admin/account.rb b/activerecord/test/models/admin/account.rb
index 46de28aae1..bd23192d20 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/admin/account.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/admin/account.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 class Admin::Account < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :users
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/admin/randomly_named_c1.rb b/activerecord/test/models/admin/randomly_named_c1.rb
index 2f81d5b831..b64ae7fc41 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/admin/randomly_named_c1.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/admin/randomly_named_c1.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
-class Admin::ClassNameThatDoesNotFollowCONVENTIONS < ActiveRecord::Base

-  self.table_name = :randomly_named_table

+class Admin::ClassNameThatDoesNotFollowCONVENTIONS1 < ActiveRecord::Base

+  self.table_name = :randomly_named_table2

+end

+

+class Admin::ClassNameThatDoesNotFollowCONVENTIONS2 < ActiveRecord::Base

+  self.table_name = :randomly_named_table3

 end

diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/aircraft.rb b/activerecord/test/models/aircraft.rb
index 1f35ef45da..c4404a8094 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/aircraft.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/aircraft.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 class Aircraft < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.pluralize_table_names = false
   has_many :engines, :foreign_key => "car_id"
+  has_many :wheels, as: :wheelable
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/author.rb b/activerecord/test/models/author.rb
index c197951c71..0d90cbb110 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/author.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/author.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :posts
+  has_many :serialized_posts
   has_one :post
   has_many :very_special_comments, :through => :posts
   has_many :posts_with_comments, -> { includes(:comments) }, :class_name => "Post"
@@ -44,13 +45,14 @@ class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
 
   has_many :special_posts
   has_many :special_post_comments, :through => :special_posts, :source => :comments
+  has_many :special_posts_with_default_scope, :class_name => 'SpecialPostWithDefaultScope'
 
   has_many :sti_posts, :class_name => 'StiPost'
   has_many :sti_post_comments, :through => :sti_posts, :source => :comments
 
-  has_many :special_nonexistant_posts, -> { where("posts.body = 'nonexistant'") }, :class_name => "SpecialPost"
-  has_many :special_nonexistant_post_comments, -> { where('comments.post_id' => 0) }, :through => :special_nonexistant_posts, :source => :comments
-  has_many :nonexistant_comments, :through => :posts
+  has_many :special_nonexistent_posts, -> { where("posts.body = 'nonexistent'") }, :class_name => "SpecialPost"
+  has_many :special_nonexistent_post_comments, -> { where('comments.post_id' => 0) }, :through => :special_nonexistent_posts, :source => :comments
+  has_many :nonexistent_comments, :through => :posts
 
   has_many :hello_posts, -> { where "posts.body = 'hello'" }, :class_name => "Post"
   has_many :hello_post_comments, :through => :hello_posts, :source => :comments
@@ -140,8 +142,7 @@ class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :posts_with_default_include, :class_name => 'PostWithDefaultInclude'
   has_many :comments_on_posts_with_default_include, :through => :posts_with_default_include, :source => :comments
 
-  scope :relation_include_posts, -> { includes(:posts) }
-  scope :relation_include_tags,  -> { includes(:tags) }
+  has_many :posts_with_signature, ->(record) { where("posts.title LIKE ?", "%by #{record.name.downcase}%") }, class_name: "Post"
 
   attr_accessor :post_log
   after_initialize :set_post_log
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/binary.rb b/activerecord/test/models/binary.rb
index 950c459199..39b2f5090a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/binary.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/binary.rb
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 class Binary < ActiveRecord::Base
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/bird.rb b/activerecord/test/models/bird.rb
index dff099c1fb..2a51d903b8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/bird.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/bird.rb
@@ -7,6 +7,6 @@ class Bird < ActiveRecord::Base
   attr_accessor :cancel_save_from_callback
   before_save :cancel_save_callback_method, :if => :cancel_save_from_callback
   def cancel_save_callback_method
-    false
+    throw(:abort)
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/book.rb b/activerecord/test/models/book.rb
index 2170018068..1927191393 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/book.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/book.rb
@@ -10,6 +10,10 @@ class Book < ActiveRecord::Base
   enum status: [:proposed, :written, :published]
   enum read_status: {unread: 0, reading: 2, read: 3}
   enum nullable_status: [:single, :married]
+  enum language: [:english, :spanish, :french], _prefix: :in
+  enum author_visibility: [:visible, :invisible], _prefix: true
+  enum illustrator_visibility: [:visible, :invisible], _prefix: true
+  enum font_size: [:small, :medium, :large], _prefix: :with, _suffix: true
 
   def published!
     super
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/bulb.rb b/activerecord/test/models/bulb.rb
index 831a0d5387..dc0296305a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/bulb.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/bulb.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 class Bulb < ActiveRecord::Base
   default_scope { where(:name => 'defaulty') }
   belongs_to :car, :touch => true
+  scope :awesome, -> { where(frickinawesome: true) }
 
   attr_reader :scope_after_initialize, :attributes_after_initialize
 
@@ -46,6 +47,12 @@ end
 
 class FailedBulb < Bulb
   before_destroy do
-    false
+    throw(:abort)
+  end
+end
+
+class TrickyBulb < Bulb
+  after_create do |record|
+    record.car.bulbs.to_a
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/car.rb b/activerecord/test/models/car.rb
index db0f93f63b..778c22b1f6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/car.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/car.rb
@@ -4,11 +4,12 @@ class Car < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :funky_bulbs, class_name: 'FunkyBulb', dependent: :destroy
   has_many :failed_bulbs, class_name: 'FailedBulb', dependent: :destroy
   has_many :foo_bulbs, -> { where(:name => 'foo') }, :class_name => "Bulb"
+  has_many :awesome_bulbs, -> { awesome }, class_name: "Bulb"
 
   has_one :bulb
 
   has_many :tyres
-  has_many :engines, :dependent => :destroy
+  has_many :engines, :dependent => :destroy, inverse_of: :my_car
   has_many :wheels, :as => :wheelable, :dependent => :destroy
 
   scope :incl_tyres, -> { includes(:tyres) }
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/carrier.rb b/activerecord/test/models/carrier.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..230be118c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/carrier.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+class Carrier < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/categorization.rb b/activerecord/test/models/categorization.rb
index 6588531de6..4cd67c970a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/categorization.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/categorization.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 class Categorization < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :post
-  belongs_to :category
+  belongs_to :category, counter_cache: true
   belongs_to :named_category, :class_name => 'Category', :foreign_key => :named_category_name, :primary_key => :name
   belongs_to :author
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/category.rb b/activerecord/test/models/category.rb
index 7da39a8e33..272223e1d8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/category.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/category.rb
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ class Category < ActiveRecord::Base
   end
 
   has_many :categorizations
+  has_many :special_categorizations
   has_many :post_comments, :through => :posts, :source => :comments
 
   has_many :authors, :through => :categorizations
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/chef.rb b/activerecord/test/models/chef.rb
index 67a4e54f06..698a52e045 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/chef.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/chef.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 class Chef < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :employable, polymorphic: true
+  has_many :recipes
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/club.rb b/activerecord/test/models/club.rb
index 566e0873f1..6ceafe5858 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/club.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/club.rb
@@ -6,9 +6,18 @@ class Club < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_one :sponsored_member, :through => :sponsor, :source => :sponsorable, :source_type => "Member"
   belongs_to :category
 
+  has_many :favourites, -> { where(memberships: { favourite: true }) }, through: :memberships, source: :member
+
   private
 
   def private_method
     "I'm sorry sir, this is a *private* club, not a *pirate* club"
   end
 end
+
+class SuperClub < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.table_name = "clubs"
+
+  has_many :memberships, class_name: 'SuperMembership', foreign_key: 'club_id'
+  has_many :members, through: :memberships
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/college.rb b/activerecord/test/models/college.rb
index c7495d7deb..501af4a8dd 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/college.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/college.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 require_dependency 'models/arunit2_model'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/with_options'
 
 class College < ARUnit2Model
   has_many :courses
+
+  with_options dependent: :destroy do |assoc|
+    assoc.has_many :students, -> { where(active: true) }
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/column.rb b/activerecord/test/models/column.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..499358b4cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/column.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+class Column < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :record
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/comment.rb b/activerecord/test/models/comment.rb
index ede5fbd0c6..b38b17e90e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/comment.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/comment.rb
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
   scope :created, -> { all }
 
   belongs_to :post, :counter_cache => true
+  belongs_to :author,   polymorphic: true
+  belongs_to :resource, polymorphic: true
+  belongs_to :developer
+
   has_many :ratings
 
   belongs_to :first_post, :foreign_key => :post_id
@@ -26,6 +30,10 @@ class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
     all
   end
   scope :all_as_scope, -> { all }
+
+  def to_s
+    body
+  end
 end
 
 class SpecialComment < Comment
@@ -36,3 +44,16 @@ end
 
 class VerySpecialComment < Comment
 end
+
+class CommentThatAutomaticallyAltersPostBody < Comment
+  belongs_to :post, class_name: "PostThatLoadsCommentsInAnAfterSaveHook", foreign_key: :post_id
+
+  after_save do |comment|
+    comment.post.update_attributes(body: "Automatically altered")
+  end
+end
+
+class CommentWithDefaultScopeReferencesAssociation < Comment
+  default_scope ->{ includes(:developer).order('developers.name').references(:developer) }
+  belongs_to :developer
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/company.rb b/activerecord/test/models/company.rb
index 76411ecb37..1dcd9fc21e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/company.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/company.rb
@@ -25,6 +25,9 @@ class Company < AbstractCompany
   def private_method
     "I am Jack's innermost fears and aspirations"
   end
+
+  class SpecialCo < Company
+  end
 end
 
 module Namespaced
@@ -71,6 +74,7 @@ class Firm < Company
   # Oracle tests were failing because of that as the second fixture was selected
   has_one :account_using_primary_key, -> { order('id') }, :primary_key => "firm_id", :class_name => "Account"
   has_one :account_using_foreign_and_primary_keys, :foreign_key => "firm_name", :primary_key => "name", :class_name => "Account"
+  has_one :account_with_inexistent_foreign_key, class_name: 'Account', foreign_key: "inexistent"
   has_one :deletable_account, :foreign_key => "firm_id", :class_name => "Account", :dependent => :delete
 
   has_one :account_limit_500_with_hash_conditions, -> { where :credit_limit => 500 }, :foreign_key => "firm_id", :class_name => "Account"
@@ -81,6 +85,9 @@ class Firm < Company
 
   has_many :association_with_references, -> { references(:foo) }, :class_name => 'Client'
 
+  has_one :lead_developer, class_name: "Developer"
+  has_many :projects
+
   def log
     @log ||= []
   end
@@ -212,7 +219,7 @@ class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
   protected
 
   def check_empty_credit_limit
-    errors.add_on_empty "credit_limit"
+    errors.add("credit_limit", :blank) if credit_limit.blank?
   end
 
   private
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/company_in_module.rb b/activerecord/test/models/company_in_module.rb
index 38b0b6aafa..bf0a0d1c3e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/company_in_module.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/company_in_module.rb
@@ -46,6 +46,24 @@ module MyApplication
         end
       end
     end
+
+    module Suffixed
+      def self.table_name_suffix
+        '_suffixed'
+      end
+
+      class Company < ActiveRecord::Base
+      end
+
+      class Firm < Company
+        self.table_name = 'companies'
+      end
+
+      module Nested
+        class Company < ActiveRecord::Base
+        end
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   module Billing
@@ -73,7 +91,7 @@ module MyApplication
       protected
 
       def check_empty_credit_limit
-        errors.add_on_empty "credit_limit"
+        errors.add("credit_card", :blank) if credit_card.blank?
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/contact.rb b/activerecord/test/models/contact.rb
index a1cb8d62b6..9f2f69e1ee 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/contact.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/contact.rb
@@ -3,11 +3,12 @@ module ContactFakeColumns
     base.class_eval do
       establish_connection(:adapter => 'fake')
 
-      connection.tables = [table_name]
+      connection.data_sources = [table_name]
       connection.primary_keys = {
         table_name => 'id'
       }
 
+      column :id,             :integer
       column :name,           :string
       column :age,            :integer
       column :avatar,         :binary
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/content.rb b/activerecord/test/models/content.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..140e1dfc78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/content.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+class Content < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.table_name = 'content'
+  has_one :content_position, dependent: :destroy
+
+  def self.destroyed_ids
+    @destroyed_ids ||= []
+  end
+
+  before_destroy do |object|
+    Content.destroyed_ids << object.id
+  end
+end
+
+class ContentWhichRequiresTwoDestroyCalls < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.table_name = 'content'
+  has_one :content_position, foreign_key: 'content_id', dependent: :destroy
+
+  after_initialize do
+    @destroy_count = 0
+  end
+
+  before_destroy do
+    @destroy_count += 1
+    if @destroy_count == 1
+      throw :abort
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class ContentPosition < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :content, dependent: :destroy
+
+  def self.destroyed_ids
+    @destroyed_ids ||= []
+  end
+
+  before_destroy do |object|
+    ContentPosition.destroyed_ids << object.id
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/customer.rb b/activerecord/test/models/customer.rb
index 7e8e82542f..afe4b3d707 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/customer.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/customer.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
   cattr_accessor :gps_conversion_was_run
 
   composed_of :address, :mapping => [ %w(address_street street), %w(address_city city), %w(address_country country) ], :allow_nil => true
-  composed_of :balance, :class_name => "Money", :mapping => %w(balance amount), :converter => Proc.new { |balance| balance.to_money }
+  composed_of :balance, :class_name => "Money", :mapping => %w(balance amount), :converter => Proc.new(&:to_money)
   composed_of :gps_location, :allow_nil => true
   composed_of :non_blank_gps_location, :class_name => "GpsLocation", :allow_nil => true, :mapping => %w(gps_location gps_location),
               :converter => lambda { |gps| self.gps_conversion_was_run = true; gps.blank? ? nil : GpsLocation.new(gps)}
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/customer_carrier.rb b/activerecord/test/models/customer_carrier.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..37186903ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/customer_carrier.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+class CustomerCarrier < ActiveRecord::Base
+  cattr_accessor :current_customer
+
+  belongs_to :customer
+  belongs_to :carrier
+
+  default_scope -> {
+    if current_customer
+      where(customer: current_customer)
+    else
+      all
+    end
+  }
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/developer.rb b/activerecord/test/models/developer.rb
index 762259ffa3..9a907273f8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/developer.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/developer.rb
@@ -7,12 +7,20 @@ module DeveloperProjectsAssociationExtension2
 end
 
 class Developer < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.ignored_columns = %w(first_name last_name)
+
   has_and_belongs_to_many :projects do
     def find_most_recent
       order("id DESC").first
     end
   end
 
+  belongs_to :mentor
+
+  accepts_nested_attributes_for :projects
+
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :shared_computers, class_name: "Computer"
+
   has_and_belongs_to_many :projects_extended_by_name,
       -> { extending(DeveloperProjectsAssociationExtension) },
       :class_name => "Project",
@@ -44,6 +52,12 @@ class Developer < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :audit_logs
   has_many :contracts
   has_many :firms, :through => :contracts, :source => :firm
+  has_many :comments, ->(developer) { where(body: "I'm #{developer.name}") }
+  has_many :ratings, through: :comments
+  has_one :ship, dependent: :nullify
+
+  belongs_to :firm
+  has_many :contracted_projects, class_name: "Project"
 
   scope :jamises, -> { where(:name => 'Jamis') }
 
@@ -54,6 +68,9 @@ class Developer < ActiveRecord::Base
     developer.audit_logs.build :message => "Computer created"
   end
 
+  attr_accessor :last_name
+  define_attribute_method 'last_name'
+
   def log=(message)
     audit_logs.build :message => message
   end
@@ -74,12 +91,6 @@ class AuditLog < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :unvalidated_developer, :class_name => 'Developer'
 end
 
-DeveloperSalary = Struct.new(:amount)
-class DeveloperWithAggregate < ActiveRecord::Base
-  self.table_name = 'developers'
-  composed_of :salary, :class_name => 'DeveloperSalary', :mapping => [%w(salary amount)]
-end
-
 class DeveloperWithBeforeDestroyRaise < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'developers'
   has_and_belongs_to_many :projects, :join_table => 'developers_projects', :foreign_key => 'developer_id'
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/doubloon.rb b/activerecord/test/models/doubloon.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2b11d128e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/doubloon.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+class AbstractDoubloon < ActiveRecord::Base
+  # This has functionality that might be shared by multiple classes.
+
+  self.abstract_class = true
+  belongs_to :pirate
+end
+
+class Doubloon < AbstractDoubloon
+  # This uses an abstract class that defines attributes and associations.
+
+  self.table_name = 'doubloons'
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/event.rb b/activerecord/test/models/event.rb
index 99fa0feeb7..365ab32b0b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/event.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/event.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 class Event < ActiveRecord::Base
   validates_uniqueness_of :title
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/face.rb b/activerecord/test/models/face.rb
index edb75d333f..af76fea52c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/face.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/face.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 class Face < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :man, :inverse_of => :face
   belongs_to :polymorphic_man, :polymorphic => true, :inverse_of => :polymorphic_face
+  # Oracle identifier length is limited to 30 bytes or less, `polymorphic` renamed `poly`
+  belongs_to :poly_man_without_inverse, :polymorphic => true
   # These is a "broken" inverse_of for the purposes of testing
   belongs_to :horrible_man, :class_name => 'Man', :inverse_of => :horrible_face
   belongs_to :horrible_polymorphic_man, :polymorphic => true, :inverse_of => :horrible_polymorphic_face
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/guid.rb b/activerecord/test/models/guid.rb
index 9208dc28fa..05653ba498 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/guid.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/guid.rb
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 class Guid < ActiveRecord::Base
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/guitar.rb b/activerecord/test/models/guitar.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cd068ff53d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/guitar.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+class Guitar < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :tuning_pegs, index_errors: true
+  accepts_nested_attributes_for :tuning_pegs
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/hotel.rb b/activerecord/test/models/hotel.rb
index b352cd22f3..491f8dfde3 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/hotel.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/hotel.rb
@@ -3,4 +3,5 @@ class Hotel < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :chefs, through: :departments
   has_many :cake_designers, source_type: 'CakeDesigner', source: :employable, through: :chefs
   has_many :drink_designers, source_type: 'DrinkDesigner', source: :employable, through: :chefs
+  has_many :recipes, through: :chefs
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/image.rb b/activerecord/test/models/image.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7ae8e4a7f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/image.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+class Image < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :imageable, foreign_key: :imageable_identifier, foreign_type: :imageable_class
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/man.rb b/activerecord/test/models/man.rb
index f4d127730c..4fbb6b226b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/man.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/man.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 class Man < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_one :face, :inverse_of => :man
   has_one :polymorphic_face, :class_name => 'Face', :as => :polymorphic_man, :inverse_of => :polymorphic_man
+  has_one :polymorphic_face_without_inverse, :class_name => 'Face', :as => :poly_man_without_inverse
   has_many :interests, :inverse_of => :man
   has_many :polymorphic_interests, :class_name => 'Interest', :as => :polymorphic_man, :inverse_of => :polymorphic_man
   # These are "broken" inverse_of associations for the purposes of testing
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/member.rb b/activerecord/test/models/member.rb
index 72095f9236..7693c6e515 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/member.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/member.rb
@@ -26,7 +26,13 @@ class Member < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :current_memberships, -> { where :favourite => true }
   has_many :clubs, :through => :current_memberships
 
+  has_many :tenant_memberships
+  has_many :tenant_clubs, through: :tenant_memberships, class_name: 'Club', source: :club
+
   has_one :club_through_many, :through => :current_memberships, :source => :club
+
+  belongs_to :admittable, polymorphic: true
+  has_one :premium_club, through: :admittable
 end
 
 class SelfMember < ActiveRecord::Base
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/member_detail.rb b/activerecord/test/models/member_detail.rb
index 9d253aa126..157130986c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/member_detail.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/member_detail.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 class MemberDetail < ActiveRecord::Base
-  belongs_to :member, :inverse_of => false
+  belongs_to :member, inverse_of: false
   belongs_to :organization
-  has_one :member_type, :through => :member
+  has_one :member_type, through: :member
+  has_one :membership, through: :member
 
-  has_many :organization_member_details, :through => :organization, :source => :member_details
+  has_many :organization_member_details, through: :organization, source: :member_details
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/membership.rb b/activerecord/test/models/membership.rb
index df7167ee93..e181ba1f11 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/membership.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/membership.rb
@@ -18,3 +18,18 @@ class SelectedMembership < Membership
     select("'1' as foo")
   end
 end
+
+class TenantMembership < Membership
+  cattr_accessor :current_member
+
+  belongs_to :member
+  belongs_to :club
+
+  default_scope -> {
+    if current_member
+      where(member: current_member)
+    else
+      all
+    end
+  }
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/mentor.rb b/activerecord/test/models/mentor.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..11f1e4bff8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/mentor.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+class Mentor < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :developers
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/movie.rb b/activerecord/test/models/movie.rb
index c441be2bef..0302abad1e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/movie.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/movie.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 class Movie < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.primary_key = "movieid"
+
+  validates_presence_of :name
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/node.rb b/activerecord/test/models/node.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..07dd2dbccb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/node.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+class Node < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :tree, touch: true
+  belongs_to :parent,   class_name: 'Node', touch: true, optional: true
+  has_many   :children, class_name: 'Node', foreign_key: :parent_id, dependent: :destroy
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/notification.rb b/activerecord/test/models/notification.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b4b4b8f1b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/notification.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+class Notification < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/organization.rb b/activerecord/test/models/organization.rb
index 72e7bade68..f3e92f3067 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/organization.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/organization.rb
@@ -8,5 +8,7 @@ class Organization < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_one :author, :primary_key => :name
   has_one :author_owned_essay_category, :through => :author, :source => :owned_essay_category
 
+  has_many :posts, :through => :author, :source => :posts
+
   scope :clubs, -> { from('clubs') }
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/owner.rb b/activerecord/test/models/owner.rb
index cf24502d3a..cedb774b10 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/owner.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/owner.rb
@@ -3,8 +3,22 @@ class Owner < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :pets, -> { order 'pets.name desc' }
   has_many :toys, :through => :pets
 
+  belongs_to :last_pet, class_name: 'Pet'
+  scope :including_last_pet, -> {
+    select(%q[
+      owners.*, (
+        select p.pet_id from pets p
+        where p.owner_id = owners.owner_id
+        order by p.name desc
+        limit 1
+      ) as last_pet_id
+    ]).includes(:last_pet)
+  }
+
   after_commit :execute_blocks
 
+  accepts_nested_attributes_for :pets, allow_destroy: true
+
   def blocks
     @blocks ||= []
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/parrot.rb b/activerecord/test/models/parrot.rb
index e76e83f314..ddc9dcaf29 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/parrot.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/parrot.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class Parrot < ActiveRecord::Base
   attr_accessor :cancel_save_from_callback
   before_save :cancel_save_callback_method, :if => :cancel_save_from_callback
   def cancel_save_callback_method
-    false
+    throw(:abort)
   end
 end
 
@@ -19,11 +19,5 @@ class LiveParrot < Parrot
 end
 
 class DeadParrot < Parrot
-  belongs_to :killer, :class_name => 'Pirate'
-end
-
-class FunkyParrot < Parrot
-  before_destroy do
-    raise "before_destroy was called"
-  end
+  belongs_to :killer, :class_name => 'Pirate', foreign_key: :killer_id
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/person.rb b/activerecord/test/models/person.rb
index 1a282dbce4..a4a9c6b0d4 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/person.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/person.rb
@@ -30,12 +30,13 @@ class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :agents_of_agents, :through => :agents, :source => :agents
   belongs_to :number1_fan, :class_name => 'Person'
 
+  has_many :personal_legacy_things, :dependent => :destroy
+
   has_many :agents_posts,         :through => :agents,       :source => :posts
   has_many :agents_posts_authors, :through => :agents_posts, :source => :author
   has_many :essays, primary_key: "first_name", foreign_key: "writer_id"
 
   scope :males,   -> { where(:gender => 'M') }
-  scope :females, -> { where(:gender => 'F') }
 end
 
 class PersonWithDependentDestroyJobs < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -89,6 +90,19 @@ class RichPerson < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'people'
 
   has_and_belongs_to_many :treasures, :join_table => 'peoples_treasures'
+
+  before_validation :run_before_create, on: :create
+  before_validation :run_before_validation
+
+  private
+
+  def run_before_create
+    self.first_name = first_name.to_s + 'run_before_create'
+  end
+
+  def run_before_validation
+    self.first_name = first_name.to_s + 'run_before_validation'
+  end
 end
 
 class NestedPerson < ActiveRecord::Base
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/personal_legacy_thing.rb b/activerecord/test/models/personal_legacy_thing.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a7ee3a0bca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/personal_legacy_thing.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+class PersonalLegacyThing < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.locking_column = :version
+  belongs_to :person, :counter_cache => true
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/pirate.rb b/activerecord/test/models/pirate.rb
index 7bb0caf44b..30545bdcd7 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/pirate.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/pirate.rb
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ class Pirate < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :treasures, :as => :looter
   has_many :treasure_estimates, :through => :treasures, :source => :price_estimates
 
-  # These both have :autosave enabled because accepts_nested_attributes_for is used on them.
   has_one :ship
   has_one :update_only_ship, :class_name => 'Ship'
   has_one :non_validated_ship, :class_name => 'Ship'
@@ -37,8 +36,8 @@ class Pirate < ActiveRecord::Base
 
   has_one :foo_bulb, -> { where :name => 'foo' }, :foreign_key => :car_id, :class_name => "Bulb"
 
-  accepts_nested_attributes_for :parrots, :birds, :allow_destroy => true, :reject_if => proc { |attributes| attributes.empty? }
-  accepts_nested_attributes_for :ship, :allow_destroy => true, :reject_if => proc { |attributes| attributes.empty? }
+  accepts_nested_attributes_for :parrots, :birds, :allow_destroy => true, :reject_if => proc(&:empty?)
+  accepts_nested_attributes_for :ship, :allow_destroy => true, :reject_if => proc(&:empty?)
   accepts_nested_attributes_for :update_only_ship, :update_only => true
   accepts_nested_attributes_for :parrots_with_method_callbacks, :parrots_with_proc_callbacks,
     :birds_with_method_callbacks, :birds_with_proc_callbacks, :allow_destroy => true
@@ -57,7 +56,7 @@ class Pirate < ActiveRecord::Base
   attr_accessor :cancel_save_from_callback, :parrots_limit
   before_save :cancel_save_callback_method, :if => :cancel_save_from_callback
   def cancel_save_callback_method
-    false
+    throw(:abort)
   end
 
   private
@@ -85,3 +84,9 @@ end
 class DestructivePirate < Pirate
   has_one :dependent_ship, :class_name => 'Ship', :foreign_key => :pirate_id, :dependent => :destroy
 end
+
+class FamousPirate < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.table_name = 'pirates'
+  has_many :famous_ships
+  validates_presence_of :catchphrase, on: :conference
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/post.rb b/activerecord/test/models/post.rb
index faf539a562..23cebe2602 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/post.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/post.rb
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
   end
 
   scope :containing_the_letter_a, -> { where("body LIKE '%a%'") }
+  scope :titled_with_an_apostrophe, -> { where("title LIKE '%''%'") }
   scope :ranked_by_comments,      -> { order("comments_count DESC") }
 
   scope :limit_by, lambda {|l| limit(l) }
@@ -40,6 +41,11 @@ class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
   scope :with_comments, -> { preload(:comments) }
   scope :with_tags, -> { preload(:taggings) }
 
+  scope :tagged_with, ->(id) { joins(:taggings).where(taggings: { tag_id: id }) }
+  scope :tagged_with_comment, ->(comment) { joins(:taggings).where(taggings: { comment: comment }) }
+
+  scope :typographically_interesting, -> { containing_the_letter_a.or(titled_with_an_apostrophe) }
+
   has_many   :comments do
     def find_most_recent
       order("id DESC").first
@@ -69,14 +75,11 @@ class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
     through: :author_with_address,
     source: :author_address_extra
 
-  has_many :comments_with_interpolated_conditions,
-    ->(p) { where "#{"#{p.aliased_table_name}." rescue ""}body = ?", 'Thank you for the welcome' },
-    :class_name => 'Comment'
-
   has_one  :very_special_comment
   has_one  :very_special_comment_with_post, -> { includes(:post) }, :class_name => "VerySpecialComment"
+  has_one :very_special_comment_with_post_with_joins, -> { joins(:post).order('posts.id') }, class_name: "VerySpecialComment"
   has_many :special_comments
-  has_many :nonexistant_comments, -> { where 'comments.id < 0' }, :class_name => 'Comment'
+  has_many :nonexistent_comments, -> { where 'comments.id < 0' }, :class_name => 'Comment'
 
   has_many :special_comments_ratings, :through => :special_comments, :source => :ratings
   has_many :special_comments_ratings_taggings, :through => :special_comments_ratings, :source => :taggings
@@ -86,7 +89,7 @@ class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_and_belongs_to_many :categories
   has_and_belongs_to_many :special_categories, :join_table => "categories_posts", :association_foreign_key => 'category_id'
 
-  has_many :taggings, :as => :taggable
+  has_many :taggings, :as => :taggable, :counter_cache => :tags_count
   has_many :tags, :through => :taggings do
     def add_joins_and_select
       select('tags.*, authors.id as author_id')
@@ -95,11 +98,11 @@ class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
     end
   end
 
-  has_many :taggings_with_delete_all, :class_name => 'Tagging', :as => :taggable, :dependent => :delete_all
-  has_many :taggings_with_destroy, :class_name => 'Tagging', :as => :taggable, :dependent => :destroy
+  has_many :taggings_with_delete_all, :class_name => 'Tagging', :as => :taggable, :dependent => :delete_all, counter_cache: :taggings_with_delete_all_count
+  has_many :taggings_with_destroy, :class_name => 'Tagging', :as => :taggable, :dependent => :destroy, counter_cache: :taggings_with_destroy_count
 
-  has_many :tags_with_destroy, :through => :taggings, :source => :tag, :dependent => :destroy
-  has_many :tags_with_nullify, :through => :taggings, :source => :tag, :dependent => :nullify
+  has_many :tags_with_destroy, :through => :taggings, :source => :tag, :dependent => :destroy, counter_cache: :tags_with_destroy_count
+  has_many :tags_with_nullify, :through => :taggings, :source => :tag, :dependent => :nullify, counter_cache: :tags_with_nullify_count
 
   has_many :misc_tags, -> { where :tags => { :name => 'Misc' } }, :through => :taggings, :source => :tag
   has_many :funky_tags, :through => :taggings, :source => :tag
@@ -124,6 +127,9 @@ class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :taggings_using_author_id, :primary_key => :author_id, :as => :taggable, :class_name => 'Tagging'
   has_many :tags_using_author_id, :through => :taggings_using_author_id, :source => :tag
 
+  has_many :images, :as => :imageable, :foreign_key => :imageable_identifier, :foreign_type => :imageable_class
+  has_one :main_image, :as => :imageable, :foreign_key => :imageable_identifier, :foreign_type => :imageable_class, :class_name => 'Image'
+
   has_many :standard_categorizations, :class_name => 'Categorization', :foreign_key => :post_id
   has_many :author_using_custom_pk,  :through => :standard_categorizations
   has_many :authors_using_custom_pk, :through => :standard_categorizations
@@ -145,10 +151,18 @@ class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :lazy_readers
   has_many :lazy_readers_skimmers_or_not, -> { where(skimmer: [ true, false ]) }, :class_name => 'LazyReader'
 
+  has_many :lazy_people, :through => :lazy_readers, :source => :person
+  has_many :lazy_readers_unscope_skimmers, -> { skimmers_or_not }, :class_name => 'LazyReader'
+  has_many :lazy_people_unscope_skimmers, :through => :lazy_readers_unscope_skimmers, :source => :person
+
   def self.top(limit)
     ranked_by_comments.limit_by(limit)
   end
 
+  def self.written_by(author)
+    where(id: author.posts.pluck(:id))
+  end
+
   def self.reset_log
     @log = []
   end
@@ -157,10 +171,6 @@ class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
     return @log if message.nil?
     @log << [message, side, new_record]
   end
-
-  def self.what_are_you
-    'a post...'
-  end
 end
 
 class SpecialPost < Post; end
@@ -175,6 +185,7 @@ class SubStiPost < StiPost
 end
 
 class FirstPost < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.inheritance_column = :disabled
   self.table_name = 'posts'
   default_scope { where(:id => 1) }
 
@@ -183,6 +194,7 @@ class FirstPost < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 
 class PostWithDefaultInclude < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.inheritance_column = :disabled
   self.table_name = 'posts'
   default_scope { includes(:comments) }
   has_many :comments, :foreign_key => :post_id
@@ -194,11 +206,60 @@ class PostWithSpecialCategorization < Post
 end
 
 class PostWithDefaultScope < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.inheritance_column = :disabled
   self.table_name = 'posts'
   default_scope { order(:title) }
 end
 
+class PostWithPreloadDefaultScope < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.table_name = 'posts'
+
+  has_many :readers, foreign_key: 'post_id'
+
+  default_scope { preload(:readers) }
+end
+
+class PostWithIncludesDefaultScope < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.table_name = 'posts'
+
+  has_many :readers, foreign_key: 'post_id'
+
+  default_scope { includes(:readers) }
+end
+
 class SpecialPostWithDefaultScope < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.inheritance_column = :disabled
   self.table_name = 'posts'
   default_scope { where(:id => [1, 5,6]) }
 end
+
+class PostThatLoadsCommentsInAnAfterSaveHook < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.inheritance_column = :disabled
+  self.table_name = 'posts'
+  has_many :comments, class_name: "CommentThatAutomaticallyAltersPostBody", foreign_key: :post_id
+
+  after_save do |post|
+    post.comments.load
+  end
+end
+
+class PostWithAfterCreateCallback < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.inheritance_column = :disabled
+  self.table_name = 'posts'
+  has_many :comments, foreign_key: :post_id
+
+  after_create do |post|
+    update_attribute(:author_id, comments.first.id)
+  end
+end
+
+class PostWithCommentWithDefaultScopeReferencesAssociation < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.inheritance_column = :disabled
+  self.table_name = 'posts'
+  has_many :comment_with_default_scope_references_associations, foreign_key: :post_id
+  has_one :first_comment, class_name: "CommentWithDefaultScopeReferencesAssociation", foreign_key: :post_id
+end
+
+class SerializedPost < ActiveRecord::Base
+  serialize :title
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/professor.rb b/activerecord/test/models/professor.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7654eda0ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/professor.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+require_dependency 'models/arunit2_model'
+
+class Professor < ARUnit2Model
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :courses
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/project.rb b/activerecord/test/models/project.rb
index 7f42a4b1f8..efa8246f1e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/project.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/project.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :mentor
   has_and_belongs_to_many :developers, -> { distinct.order 'developers.name desc, developers.id desc' }
   has_and_belongs_to_many :readonly_developers, -> { readonly }, :class_name => "Developer"
   has_and_belongs_to_many :non_unique_developers, -> { order 'developers.name desc, developers.id desc' }, :class_name => 'Developer'
@@ -11,6 +12,16 @@ class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
                             :before_remove => Proc.new {|o, r| o.developers_log << "before_removing#{r.id}"},
                             :after_remove => Proc.new {|o, r| o.developers_log << "after_removing#{r.id}"}
   has_and_belongs_to_many :well_payed_salary_groups, -> { group("developers.salary").having("SUM(salary) > 10000").select("SUM(salary) as salary") }, :class_name => "Developer"
+  belongs_to :firm
+  has_one :lead_developer, through: :firm, inverse_of: :contracted_projects
+
+  begin
+    previous_value, ActiveRecord::Base.belongs_to_required_by_default =
+      ActiveRecord::Base.belongs_to_required_by_default, true
+    has_and_belongs_to_many :developers_required_by_default, class_name: "Developer"
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Base.belongs_to_required_by_default = previous_value
+  end
 
   attr_accessor :developers_log
   after_initialize :set_developers_log
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/publisher.rb b/activerecord/test/models/publisher.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0d4a7f9235
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/publisher.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+module Publisher
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/publisher/article.rb b/activerecord/test/models/publisher/article.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d73a8eb936
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/publisher/article.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+class Publisher::Article < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :magazines
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :tags
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/publisher/magazine.rb b/activerecord/test/models/publisher/magazine.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..82e1a14008
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/publisher/magazine.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+class Publisher::Magazine < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :articles
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/randomly_named_c1.rb b/activerecord/test/models/randomly_named_c1.rb
index 18a86c4989..d4be1e13b4 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/randomly_named_c1.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/randomly_named_c1.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 class ClassNameThatDoesNotFollowCONVENTIONS < ActiveRecord::Base

-  self.table_name = :randomly_named_table

+  self.table_name = :randomly_named_table1

 end

diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/reader.rb b/activerecord/test/models/reader.rb
index 3a6b7fad34..91afc1898c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/reader.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/reader.rb
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ class LazyReader < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = "readers"
   default_scope -> { where(skimmer: true) }
 
+  scope :skimmers_or_not, -> { unscope(:where => :skimmer) }
+
   belongs_to :post
   belongs_to :person
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/recipe.rb b/activerecord/test/models/recipe.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c387230603
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/recipe.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+class Recipe < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :chef
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/record.rb b/activerecord/test/models/record.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f77ac9fc03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/record.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+class Record < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/ship.rb b/activerecord/test/models/ship.rb
index 3da031946f..e333b964ab 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/ship.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/ship.rb
@@ -3,10 +3,12 @@ class Ship < ActiveRecord::Base
 
   belongs_to :pirate
   belongs_to :update_only_pirate, :class_name => 'Pirate'
+  belongs_to :developer, dependent: :destroy
   has_many :parts, :class_name => 'ShipPart'
+  has_many :treasures
 
   accepts_nested_attributes_for :parts, :allow_destroy => true
-  accepts_nested_attributes_for :pirate, :allow_destroy => true, :reject_if => proc { |attributes| attributes.empty? }
+  accepts_nested_attributes_for :pirate, :allow_destroy => true, :reject_if => proc(&:empty?)
   accepts_nested_attributes_for :update_only_pirate, :update_only => true
 
   validates_presence_of :name
@@ -14,6 +16,24 @@ class Ship < ActiveRecord::Base
   attr_accessor :cancel_save_from_callback
   before_save :cancel_save_callback_method, :if => :cancel_save_from_callback
   def cancel_save_callback_method
-    false
+    throw(:abort)
   end
 end
+
+class ShipWithoutNestedAttributes < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.table_name = "ships"
+  has_many :prisoners, inverse_of: :ship, foreign_key: :ship_id
+  has_many :parts, class_name: "ShipPart", foreign_key: :ship_id
+
+  validates :name, presence: true
+end
+
+class Prisoner < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :ship, autosave: true, class_name: "ShipWithoutNestedAttributes", inverse_of: :prisoners
+end
+
+class FamousShip < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.table_name = 'ships'
+  belongs_to :famous_pirate
+  validates_presence_of :name, on: :conference
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/ship_part.rb b/activerecord/test/models/ship_part.rb
index b6a8a506b4..05c65f8a4a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/ship_part.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/ship_part.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ class ShipPart < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :ship
   has_many :trinkets, :class_name => "Treasure", :as => :looter
   accepts_nested_attributes_for :trinkets, :allow_destroy => true
+  accepts_nested_attributes_for :ship
 
   validates_presence_of :name
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/shop_account.rb b/activerecord/test/models/shop_account.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1580e8b20c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/shop_account.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+class ShopAccount < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :customer
+  belongs_to :customer_carrier
+
+  has_one :carrier, through: :customer_carrier
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/student.rb b/activerecord/test/models/student.rb
index f459f2a9a3..28a0b6c99b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/student.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/student.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 class Student < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_and_belongs_to_many :lessons
+  belongs_to :college
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/tag.rb b/activerecord/test/models/tag.rb
index a581b381e8..80d4725f7e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/tag.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/tag.rb
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@ class Tag < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :taggables, :through => :taggings
   has_one  :tagging
 
-  has_many :tagged_posts, :through => :taggings, :source => :taggable, :source_type => 'Post'
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+  has_many :tagged_posts, :through => :taggings, :source => 'taggable', :source_type => 'Post'
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/tagging.rb b/activerecord/test/models/tagging.rb
index f91f2ad2e9..a6c05da26a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/tagging.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/tagging.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,6 @@ class Tagging < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :invalid_tag, :class_name => 'Tag', :foreign_key => 'tag_id'
   belongs_to :blue_tag, -> { where :tags => { :name => 'Blue' } }, :class_name => 'Tag', :foreign_key => :tag_id
   belongs_to :tag_with_primary_key, :class_name => 'Tag', :foreign_key => :tag_id, :primary_key => :custom_primary_key
-  belongs_to :taggable, :polymorphic => true, :counter_cache => true
+  belongs_to :taggable, :polymorphic => true, :counter_cache => :tags_count
   has_many :things, :through => :taggable
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/topic.rb b/activerecord/test/models/topic.rb
index f81ffe1d90..176bc79dc7 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/topic.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/topic.rb
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base
     end
   end
 
-  has_many :replies, :dependent => :destroy, :foreign_key => "parent_id"
+  has_many :replies, dependent: :destroy, foreign_key: "parent_id", autosave: true
   has_many :approved_replies, -> { approved }, class_name: 'Reply', foreign_key: "parent_id", counter_cache: 'replies_count'
 
   has_many :unique_replies, :dependent => :destroy, :foreign_key => "parent_id"
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base
     end
 
     def destroy_children
-      self.class.delete_all "parent_id = #{id}"
+      self.class.where("parent_id = #{id}").delete_all
     end
 
     def set_email_address
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/treasure.rb b/activerecord/test/models/treasure.rb
index e864295acf..63ff0c23ec 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/treasure.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/treasure.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 class Treasure < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_and_belongs_to_many :parrots
   belongs_to :looter, :polymorphic => true
+  # No counter_cache option given
+  belongs_to :ship
 
   has_many :price_estimates, :as => :estimate_of
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :rich_people, join_table: 'peoples_treasures', validate: false
 
   accepts_nested_attributes_for :looter
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/tree.rb b/activerecord/test/models/tree.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dc29cccc9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/tree.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+class Tree < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :nodes, dependent: :destroy
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/tuning_peg.rb b/activerecord/test/models/tuning_peg.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1252d6dc1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/tuning_peg.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+class TuningPeg < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :guitar
+  validates_numericality_of :pitch
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/tyre.rb b/activerecord/test/models/tyre.rb
index bc3444aa7d..e50a21ca68 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/tyre.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/tyre.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,11 @@
 class Tyre < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :car
+
+  def self.custom_find(id)
+    find(id)
+  end
+
+  def self.custom_find_by(*args)
+    find_by(*args)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/user.rb b/activerecord/test/models/user.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f5dc93e994
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/user.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_secure_token
+  has_secure_token :auth_token
+end
+
+class UserWithNotification < User
+  after_create -> { Notification.create! message: "A new user has been created." }
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/uuid_child.rb b/activerecord/test/models/uuid_child.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a3d0962ad6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/uuid_child.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+class UuidChild < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :uuid_parent
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/uuid_parent.rb b/activerecord/test/models/uuid_parent.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5634f22d0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/uuid_parent.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+class UuidParent < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :uuid_children
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/vehicle.rb b/activerecord/test/models/vehicle.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ef26170f1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/vehicle.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+class Vehicle < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.abstract_class = true
+  default_scope -> { where("tires_count IS NOT NULL") }
+end
+
+class Bus < Vehicle
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activerecord/test/schema/mysql2_specific_schema.rb b/activerecord/test/schema/mysql2_specific_schema.rb
index a9a6514c9d..92e0b197a7 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/schema/mysql2_specific_schema.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/schema/mysql2_specific_schema.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
   create_table :binary_fields, force: true do |t|
     t.binary :var_binary, limit: 255
     t.binary :var_binary_large, limit: 4095
-    t.column :tiny_blob, 'tinyblob', limit: 255
+    t.blob   :tiny_blob, limit: 255
     t.binary :normal_blob, limit: 65535
     t.binary :medium_blob, limit: 16777215
     t.binary :long_blob, limit: 2147483647
@@ -24,6 +24,11 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
   add_index :key_tests, :pizza, :using => :btree, :name => 'index_key_tests_on_pizza'
   add_index :key_tests, :snacks, :name => 'index_key_tests_on_snack'
 
+  create_table :collation_tests, id: false, force: true do |t|
+    t.string :string_cs_column, limit: 1, collation: 'utf8_bin'
+    t.string :string_ci_column, limit: 1, collation: 'utf8_general_ci'
+  end
+
   ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute <<-SQL
 DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS ten;
 SQL
@@ -36,19 +41,17 @@ END
 SQL
 
   ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute <<-SQL
-DROP TABLE IF EXISTS collation_tests;
+DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS topics;
 SQL
 
   ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute <<-SQL
-CREATE TABLE collation_tests (
-  string_cs_column VARCHAR(1) COLLATE utf8_bin,
-  string_ci_column VARCHAR(1) COLLATE utf8_general_ci
-) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci
+CREATE PROCEDURE topics(IN num INT) SQL SECURITY INVOKER
+BEGIN
+  select * from topics limit num;
+END
 SQL
 
-  ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute <<-SQL
-DROP TABLE IF EXISTS enum_tests;
-SQL
+  ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table "enum_tests", if_exists: true
 
   ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute <<-SQL
 CREATE TABLE enum_tests (
diff --git a/activerecord/test/schema/mysql_specific_schema.rb b/activerecord/test/schema/mysql_specific_schema.rb
index f2cffca52c..553cb56103 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/schema/mysql_specific_schema.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/schema/mysql_specific_schema.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
   create_table :binary_fields, force: true do |t|
     t.binary :var_binary, limit: 255
     t.binary :var_binary_large, limit: 4095
-    t.column :tiny_blob, 'tinyblob', limit: 255
+    t.blob   :tiny_blob, limit: 255
     t.binary :normal_blob, limit: 65535
     t.binary :medium_blob, limit: 16777215
     t.binary :long_blob, limit: 2147483647
@@ -24,6 +24,11 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
   add_index :key_tests, :pizza, :using => :btree, :name => 'index_key_tests_on_pizza'
   add_index :key_tests, :snacks, :name => 'index_key_tests_on_snack'
 
+  create_table :collation_tests, id: false, force: true do |t|
+    t.string :string_cs_column, limit: 1, collation: 'utf8_bin'
+    t.string :string_ci_column, limit: 1, collation: 'utf8_general_ci'
+  end
+
   ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute <<-SQL
 DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS ten;
 SQL
@@ -40,26 +45,13 @@ DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS topics;
 SQL
 
   ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute <<-SQL
-CREATE PROCEDURE topics() SQL SECURITY INVOKER
+CREATE PROCEDURE topics(IN num INT) SQL SECURITY INVOKER
 BEGIN
-	select * from topics limit 1;
+  select * from topics limit num;
 END
 SQL
 
-  ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute <<-SQL
-DROP TABLE IF EXISTS collation_tests;
-SQL
-
-  ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute <<-SQL
-CREATE TABLE collation_tests (
-  string_cs_column VARCHAR(1) COLLATE utf8_bin,
-  string_ci_column VARCHAR(1) COLLATE utf8_general_ci
-) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci
-SQL
-
-  ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute <<-SQL
-DROP TABLE IF EXISTS enum_tests;
-SQL
+  ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table "enum_tests", if_exists: true
 
   ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute <<-SQL
 CREATE TABLE enum_tests (
diff --git a/activerecord/test/schema/oracle_specific_schema.rb b/activerecord/test/schema/oracle_specific_schema.rb
index a7817772f4..264d9b8910 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/schema/oracle_specific_schema.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/schema/oracle_specific_schema.rb
@@ -32,10 +32,7 @@ create sequence test_oracle_defaults_seq minvalue 10000
       fixed_time date default TO_DATE('2004-01-01 00:00:00', 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'),
       char1 varchar2(1) default 'Y',
       char2 varchar2(50) default 'a varchar field',
-      char3 clob default 'a text field',
-      positive_integer integer default 1,
-      negative_integer integer default -1,
-      decimal_number number(3,2) default 2.78
+      char3 clob default 'a text field'
   )
   SQL
   execute "create sequence defaults_seq minvalue 10000"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/schema/postgresql_specific_schema.rb b/activerecord/test/schema/postgresql_specific_schema.rb
index a86a188bcf..df0362573b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/schema/postgresql_specific_schema.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/schema/postgresql_specific_schema.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,19 @@
 ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
 
-  %w(postgresql_tsvectors postgresql_hstores postgresql_arrays postgresql_moneys postgresql_numbers postgresql_times postgresql_network_addresses postgresql_bit_strings postgresql_uuids postgresql_ltrees
-      postgresql_oids postgresql_xml_data_type defaults geometrics postgresql_timestamp_with_zones postgresql_partitioned_table postgresql_partitioned_table_parent postgresql_json_data_type).each do |table_name|
-    execute "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS #{quote_table_name table_name}"
+  enable_extension!('uuid-ossp', ActiveRecord::Base.connection)
+
+  create_table :uuid_parents, id: :uuid, force: true do |t|
+    t.string :name
+  end
+
+  create_table :uuid_children, id: :uuid, force: true do |t|
+    t.string :name
+    t.uuid :uuid_parent_id
+  end
+
+  %w(postgresql_times postgresql_oids defaults postgresql_timestamp_with_zones
+      postgresql_partitioned_table postgresql_partitioned_table_parent).each do |table_name|
+    drop_table table_name, if_exists: true
   end
 
   execute 'DROP SEQUENCE IF EXISTS companies_nonstd_seq CASCADE'
@@ -12,8 +23,6 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
 
   execute 'DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS partitioned_insert_trigger()'
 
-  execute "DROP SCHEMA IF EXISTS schema_1 CASCADE"
-
   %w(accounts_id_seq developers_id_seq projects_id_seq topics_id_seq customers_id_seq orders_id_seq).each do |seq_name|
     execute "SELECT setval('#{seq_name}', 100)"
   end
@@ -30,99 +39,13 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     char1 char(1) default 'Y',
     char2 character varying(50) default 'a varchar field',
     char3 text default 'a text field',
-    positive_integer integer default 1,
-    negative_integer integer default -1,
     bigint_default bigint default 0::bigint,
-    decimal_number decimal(3,2) default 2.78,
     multiline_default text DEFAULT '--- []
 
 '::text
 );
 _SQL
 
-  execute "CREATE SCHEMA schema_1"
-  execute "CREATE DOMAIN schema_1.text AS text"
-  execute "CREATE DOMAIN schema_1.varchar AS varchar"
-  execute "CREATE DOMAIN schema_1.bpchar AS bpchar"
-
-  execute <<_SQL
-  CREATE TABLE geometrics (
-    id serial primary key,
-    a_point point,
-    -- a_line line, (the line type is currently not implemented in postgresql)
-    a_line_segment lseg,
-    a_box box,
-    a_path path,
-    a_polygon polygon,
-    a_circle circle
-  );
-_SQL
-
-  execute <<_SQL
-  CREATE TABLE postgresql_arrays (
-    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
-    commission_by_quarter INTEGER[],
-    nicknames TEXT[]
-  );
-_SQL
-
-  execute <<_SQL
-  CREATE TABLE postgresql_uuids (
-    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
-    guid uuid,
-    compact_guid uuid
-  );
-_SQL
-
-  execute <<_SQL
-  CREATE TABLE postgresql_tsvectors (
-    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
-    text_vector tsvector
-  );
-_SQL
-
-  if 't' == select_value("select 'hstore'=ANY(select typname from pg_type)")
-  execute <<_SQL
-  CREATE TABLE postgresql_hstores (
-    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
-    hash_store hstore default ''::hstore
-  );
-_SQL
-  end
-
-  if 't' == select_value("select 'ltree'=ANY(select typname from pg_type)")
-  execute <<_SQL
-  CREATE TABLE postgresql_ltrees (
-    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
-    path ltree
-  );
-_SQL
-  end
-
-  if 't' == select_value("select 'json'=ANY(select typname from pg_type)")
-  execute <<_SQL
-  CREATE TABLE postgresql_json_data_type (
-    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
-    json_data json default '{}'::json
-  );
-_SQL
-  end
-
-  execute <<_SQL
-  CREATE TABLE postgresql_moneys (
-    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
-    wealth MONEY
-  );
-_SQL
-
-  execute <<_SQL
-  CREATE TABLE postgresql_numbers (
-    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
-    single REAL,
-    double DOUBLE PRECISION
-  );
-_SQL
-
   execute <<_SQL
   CREATE TABLE postgresql_times (
     id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
@@ -132,23 +55,6 @@ _SQL
 _SQL
 
   execute <<_SQL
-  CREATE TABLE postgresql_network_addresses (
-    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
-    cidr_address CIDR default '192.168.1.0/24',
-    inet_address INET default '192.168.1.1',
-    mac_address MACADDR default 'ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff'
-  );
-_SQL
-
-  execute <<_SQL
-  CREATE TABLE postgresql_bit_strings (
-    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
-    bit_string BIT(8),
-    bit_string_varying BIT VARYING(8)
-  );
-_SQL
-
-  execute <<_SQL
   CREATE TABLE postgresql_oids (
     id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
     obj_id OID
@@ -193,19 +99,14 @@ _SQL
     end
   end
 
-  begin
-    execute <<_SQL
-    CREATE TABLE postgresql_xml_data_type (
-    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
-    data xml
-    );
-_SQL
-  rescue #This version of PostgreSQL either has no XML support or is was not compiled with XML support: skipping table
-  end
-
   # This table is to verify if the :limit option is being ignored for text and binary columns
   create_table :limitless_fields, force: true do |t|
     t.binary :binary, limit: 100_000
     t.text :text, limit: 100_000
   end
+
+  create_table :bigint_array, force: true do |t|
+    t.integer :big_int_data_points, limit: 8, array: true
+    t.decimal :decimal_array_default, array: true, default: [1.23, 3.45]
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/schema/schema.rb b/activerecord/test/schema/schema.rb
index 5f2d6acbcb..025184f63a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/schema/schema.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/schema/schema.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
-
 ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
   def except(adapter_names_to_exclude)
     unless [adapter_names_to_exclude].flatten.include?(adapter_name)
@@ -7,19 +5,6 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     end
   end
 
-  #put adapter specific setup here
-  case adapter_name
-    # For Firebird, set the sequence values 10000 when create_table is called;
-    # this prevents primary key collisions between "normally" created records
-    # and fixture-based (YAML) records.
-  when "Firebird"
-    def create_table(*args, &block)
-      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(*args, &block)
-      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute "SET GENERATOR #{args.first}_seq TO 10000"
-    end
-  end
-
-
   # ------------------------------------------------------------------- #
   #                                                                     #
   #   Please keep these create table statements in alphabetical order   #
@@ -51,6 +36,20 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
 
   create_table :aircraft, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
+    t.integer :wheels_count, default: 0, null: false
+  end
+
+  create_table :articles, force: true do |t|
+  end
+
+  create_table :articles_magazines, force: true do |t|
+    t.references :article
+    t.references :magazine
+  end
+
+  create_table :articles_tags, force: true do |t|
+    t.references :article
+    t.references :tag
   end
 
   create_table :audit_logs, force: true do |t|
@@ -70,6 +69,8 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
   create_table :author_addresses, force: true do |t|
   end
 
+  add_foreign_key :authors, :author_addresses
+
   create_table :author_favorites, force: true do |t|
     t.column :author_id, :integer
     t.column :favorite_author_id, :integer
@@ -94,10 +95,15 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
 
   create_table :books, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :author_id
+    t.string :format
     t.column :name, :string
     t.column :status, :integer, default: 0
     t.column :read_status, :integer, default: 0
     t.column :nullable_status, :integer
+    t.column :language, :integer, default: 0
+    t.column :author_visibility, :integer, default: 0
+    t.column :illustrator_visibility, :integer, default: 0
+    t.column :font_size, :integer, default: 0
   end
 
   create_table :booleans, force: true do |t|
@@ -108,7 +114,7 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
   create_table :bulbs, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :car_id
     t.string  :name
-    t.boolean :frickinawesome
+    t.boolean :frickinawesome, default: false
     t.string :color
   end
 
@@ -121,9 +127,11 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.integer :engines_count
     t.integer :wheels_count
     t.column :lock_version, :integer, null: false, default: 0
-    t.timestamps
+    t.timestamps null: false
   end
 
+  create_table :carriers, force: true
+
   create_table :categories, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name, null: false
     t.string :type
@@ -161,6 +169,10 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.integer :references, null: false
   end
 
+  create_table :columns, force: true do |t|
+    t.references :record
+  end
+
   create_table :comments, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :post_id, null: false
     # use VARCHAR2(4000) instead of CLOB datatype as CLOB data type has many limitations in
@@ -171,9 +183,13 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
       t.text    :body, null: false
     end
     t.string  :type
-    t.integer :taggings_count, default: 0
+    t.integer :tags_count, default: 0
     t.integer :children_count, default: 0
     t.integer :parent_id
+    t.references :author, polymorphic: true
+    t.string :resource_id
+    t.string :resource_type
+    t.integer :developer_id
   end
 
   create_table :companies, force: true do |t|
@@ -191,6 +207,14 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
   add_index :companies, [:firm_id, :type], name: "company_partial_index", where: "rating > 10"
   add_index :companies, :name, name: 'company_name_index', using: :btree
 
+  create_table :content, force: true do |t|
+    t.string :title
+  end
+
+  create_table :content_positions, force: true do |t|
+    t.integer :content_id
+  end
+
   create_table :vegetables, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
     t.integer :seller_id
@@ -203,6 +227,11 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.integer :extendedWarranty, null: false
   end
 
+  create_table :computers_developers, id: false, force: true do |t|
+    t.references :computer
+    t.references :developer
+  end
+
   create_table :contracts, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :developer_id
     t.integer :company_id
@@ -217,6 +246,11 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.string  :gps_location
   end
 
+  create_table :customer_carriers, force: true do |t|
+    t.references :customer
+    t.references :carrier
+  end
+
   create_table :dashboards, force: true, id: false do |t|
     t.string :dashboard_id
     t.string :name
@@ -224,11 +258,21 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
 
   create_table :developers, force: true do |t|
     t.string   :name
+    t.string   :first_name
     t.integer  :salary, default: 70000
-    t.datetime :created_at
-    t.datetime :updated_at
-    t.datetime :created_on
-    t.datetime :updated_on
+    t.integer :firm_id
+    t.integer :mentor_id
+    if subsecond_precision_supported?
+      t.datetime :created_at, precision: 6
+      t.datetime :updated_at, precision: 6
+      t.datetime :created_on, precision: 6
+      t.datetime :updated_on, precision: 6
+    else
+      t.datetime :created_at
+      t.datetime :updated_at
+      t.datetime :created_on
+      t.datetime :updated_on
+    end
   end
 
   create_table :developers_projects, force: true, id: false do |t|
@@ -251,6 +295,11 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.string  :alias
   end
 
+  create_table :doubloons, force: true do |t|
+    t.integer :pirate_id
+    t.integer :weight
+  end
+
   create_table :edges, force: true, id: false do |t|
     t.column :source_id, :integer, null: false
     t.column :sink_id,   :integer, null: false
@@ -286,7 +335,7 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
   end
 
   create_table :cold_jokes, force: true do |t|
-    t.string :name
+    t.string :cold_name
   end
 
   create_table :friendships, force: true do |t|
@@ -307,6 +356,10 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.column :key, :string
   end
 
+  create_table :guitars, force: true do |t|
+    t.string :color
+  end
+
   create_table :inept_wizards, force: true do |t|
     t.column :name, :string, null: false
     t.column :city, :string, null: false
@@ -322,7 +375,11 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
 
   create_table :invoices, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :balance
-    t.datetime :updated_at
+    if subsecond_precision_supported?
+      t.datetime :updated_at, precision: 6
+    else
+      t.datetime :updated_at
+    end
   end
 
   create_table :iris, force: true do |t|
@@ -372,6 +429,9 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.column :custom_lock_version, :integer
   end
 
+  create_table :magazines, force: true do |t|
+  end
+
   create_table :mateys, id: false, force: true do |t|
     t.column :pirate_id, :integer
     t.column :target_id, :integer
@@ -405,6 +465,10 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.string :name
   end
 
+  create_table :mentors, force: true do |t|
+    t.string :name
+  end
+
   create_table :minivans, force: true, id: false do |t|
     t.string :minivan_id
     t.string :name
@@ -436,6 +500,10 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.string      :name
   end
 
+  create_table :notifications, force: true do |t|
+    t.string :message
+  end
+
   create_table :numeric_data, force: true do |t|
     t.decimal :bank_balance, precision: 10, scale: 2
     t.decimal :big_bank_balance, precision: 15, scale: 2
@@ -446,6 +514,8 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     # Oracle/SQLServer supports precision up to 38
     if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter, :SQLServerAdapter)
       t.decimal :atoms_in_universe, precision: 38, scale: 0
+    elsif current_adapter?(:FbAdapter)
+      t.decimal :atoms_in_universe, precision: 18, scale: 0
     else
       t.decimal :atoms_in_universe, precision: 55, scale: 0
     end
@@ -463,7 +533,11 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
 
   create_table :owners, primary_key: :owner_id, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
-    t.column :updated_at, :datetime
+    if subsecond_precision_supported?
+      t.column :updated_at, :datetime, precision: 6
+    else
+      t.column :updated_at, :datetime
+    end
     t.column :happy_at,   :datetime
     t.string :essay_id
   end
@@ -481,10 +555,17 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.column :color, :string
     t.column :parrot_sti_class, :string
     t.column :killer_id, :integer
-    t.column :created_at, :datetime
-    t.column :created_on, :datetime
-    t.column :updated_at, :datetime
-    t.column :updated_on, :datetime
+    if subsecond_precision_supported?
+      t.column :created_at, :datetime, precision: 0
+      t.column :created_on, :datetime, precision: 0
+      t.column :updated_at, :datetime, precision: 0
+      t.column :updated_on, :datetime, precision: 0
+    else
+      t.column :created_at, :datetime
+      t.column :created_on, :datetime
+      t.column :updated_at, :datetime
+      t.column :updated_on, :datetime
+    end
   end
 
   create_table :parrots_pirates, id: false, force: true do |t|
@@ -509,7 +590,8 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.references :best_friend
     t.references :best_friend_of
     t.integer    :insures, null: false, default: 0
-    t.timestamps
+    t.timestamp :born_at
+    t.timestamps null: false
   end
 
   create_table :peoples_treasures, id: false, force: true do |t|
@@ -517,18 +599,33 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.column :treasure_id, :integer
   end
 
+  create_table :personal_legacy_things, force: true do |t|
+    t.integer :tps_report_number
+    t.integer :person_id
+    t.integer :version, null: false, default: 0
+  end
+
   create_table :pets, primary_key: :pet_id, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
     t.integer :owner_id, :integer
-    t.timestamps
+    if subsecond_precision_supported?
+      t.timestamps null: false, precision: 6
+    else
+      t.timestamps null: false
+    end
   end
 
   create_table :pirates, force: true do |t|
     t.column :catchphrase, :string
     t.column :parrot_id, :integer
     t.integer :non_validated_parrot_id
-    t.column :created_on, :datetime
-    t.column :updated_on, :datetime
+    if subsecond_precision_supported?
+      t.column :created_on, :datetime, precision: 6
+      t.column :updated_on, :datetime, precision: 6
+    else
+      t.column :created_on, :datetime
+      t.column :updated_on, :datetime
+    end
   end
 
   create_table :posts, force: true do |t|
@@ -543,7 +640,6 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     end
     t.string  :type
     t.integer :comments_count, default: 0
-    t.integer :taggings_count, default: 0
     t.integer :taggings_with_delete_all_count, default: 0
     t.integer :taggings_with_destroy_count, default: 0
     t.integer :tags_count, default: 0
@@ -551,6 +647,16 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.integer :tags_with_nullify_count, default: 0
   end
 
+  create_table :serialized_posts, force: true do |t|
+    t.integer :author_id
+    t.string :title, null: false
+  end
+
+  create_table :images, force: true do |t|
+    t.integer :imageable_identifier
+    t.string :imageable_class
+  end
+
   create_table :price_estimates, force: true do |t|
     t.string :estimate_of_type
     t.integer :estimate_of_id
@@ -570,9 +676,21 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
   create_table :projects, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
     t.string :type
+    t.integer :firm_id
+    t.integer :mentor_id
   end
 
-  create_table :randomly_named_table, force: true do |t|
+  create_table :randomly_named_table1, force: true do |t|
+    t.string  :some_attribute
+    t.integer :another_attribute
+  end
+
+  create_table :randomly_named_table2, force: true do |t|
+    t.string  :some_attribute
+    t.integer :another_attribute
+  end
+
+  create_table :randomly_named_table3, force: true do |t|
     t.string  :some_attribute
     t.integer :another_attribute
   end
@@ -606,7 +724,10 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
   create_table :ships, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
     t.integer :pirate_id
+    t.belongs_to :developer
     t.integer :update_only_pirate_id
+    # Conventionally named column for counter_cache
+    t.integer :treasures_count, default: 0
     t.datetime :created_at
     t.datetime :created_on
     t.datetime :updated_at
@@ -616,6 +737,20 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
   create_table :ship_parts, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
     t.integer :ship_id
+    if subsecond_precision_supported?
+      t.datetime :updated_at, precision: 6
+    else
+      t.datetime :updated_at
+    end
+  end
+
+  create_table :prisoners, force: true do |t|
+    t.belongs_to :ship
+  end
+
+  create_table :shop_accounts, force: true do |t|
+    t.references :customer
+    t.references :customer_carrier
   end
 
   create_table :speedometers, force: true, id: false do |t|
@@ -638,6 +773,8 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
 
   create_table :students, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
+    t.boolean :active
+    t.integer :college_id
   end
 
   create_table :subscribers, force: true, id: false do |t|
@@ -671,10 +808,14 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
   end
 
   create_table :topics, force: true do |t|
-    t.string   :title
+    t.string   :title, limit: 250
     t.string   :author_name
     t.string   :author_email_address
-    t.datetime :written_on
+    if subsecond_precision_supported?
+      t.datetime :written_on, precision: 6
+    else
+      t.datetime :written_on
+    end
     t.time     :bonus_time
     t.date     :last_read
     # use VARCHAR2(4000) instead of CLOB datatype as CLOB data type has many limitations in
@@ -693,13 +834,17 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.string   :parent_title
     t.string   :type
     t.string   :group
-    t.timestamps
+    if subsecond_precision_supported?
+      t.timestamps null: true, precision: 6
+    else
+      t.timestamps null: true
+    end
   end
 
   create_table :toys, primary_key: :toy_id, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
     t.integer :pet_id, :integer
-    t.timestamps
+    t.timestamps null: false
   end
 
   create_table :traffic_lights, force: true do |t|
@@ -715,6 +860,12 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.column :type, :string
     t.column :looter_id, :integer
     t.column :looter_type, :string
+    t.belongs_to :ship
+  end
+
+  create_table :tuning_pegs, force: true do |t|
+    t.integer :guitar_id
+    t.float :pitch
   end
 
   create_table :tyres, force: true do |t|
@@ -748,6 +899,8 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.integer :man_id
     t.integer :polymorphic_man_id
     t.string  :polymorphic_man_type
+    t.integer :poly_man_without_inverse_id
+    t.string  :poly_man_without_inverse_type
     t.integer :horrible_polymorphic_man_id
     t.string  :horrible_polymorphic_man_type
   end
@@ -798,6 +951,17 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.string 'from'
   end
 
+  create_table :nodes, force: true do |t|
+    t.integer :tree_id
+    t.integer :parent_id
+    t.string :name
+    t.datetime :updated_at
+  end
+  create_table :trees, force: true do |t|
+    t.string :name
+    t.datetime :updated_at
+  end
+
   create_table :hotels, force: true do |t|
   end
   create_table :departments, force: true do |t|
@@ -812,7 +976,13 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.string :employable_type
     t.integer :department_id
   end
+  create_table :recipes, force: true do |t|
+    t.integer :chef_id
+    t.integer :hotel_id
+  end
 
+  create_table :records, force: true do |t|
+  end
 
   except 'SQLite' do
     # fk_test_has_fk should be before fk_test_has_pk
@@ -820,12 +990,27 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
       t.integer :fk_id, null: false
     end
 
-    create_table :fk_test_has_pk, force: true do |t|
+    create_table :fk_test_has_pk, force: true, primary_key: "pk_id" do |t|
     end
 
-    execute "ALTER TABLE fk_test_has_fk ADD CONSTRAINT fk_name FOREIGN KEY (#{quote_column_name 'fk_id'}) REFERENCES #{quote_table_name 'fk_test_has_pk'} (#{quote_column_name 'id'})"
+    add_foreign_key :fk_test_has_fk, :fk_test_has_pk, column: "fk_id", name: "fk_name", primary_key: "pk_id"
+    add_foreign_key :lessons_students, :students
+  end
 
-    execute "ALTER TABLE lessons_students ADD CONSTRAINT student_id_fk FOREIGN KEY (#{quote_column_name 'student_id'}) REFERENCES #{quote_table_name 'students'} (#{quote_column_name 'id'})"
+  create_table :overloaded_types, force: true do |t|
+    t.float :overloaded_float, default: 500
+    t.float :unoverloaded_float
+    t.string :overloaded_string_with_limit, limit: 255
+    t.string :string_with_default, default: 'the original default'
+  end
+
+  create_table :users, force: true do |t|
+    t.string :token
+    t.string :auth_token
+  end
+
+  create_table :test_with_keyword_column_name, force: true do |t|
+    t.string :desc
   end
 end
 
@@ -837,3 +1022,12 @@ end
 College.connection.create_table :colleges, force: true do |t|
   t.column :name, :string, null: false
 end
+
+Professor.connection.create_table :professors, force: true do |t|
+  t.column :name, :string, null: false
+end
+
+Professor.connection.create_table :courses_professors, id: false, force: true do |t|
+  t.references :course
+  t.references :professor
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/schema/sqlite_specific_schema.rb b/activerecord/test/schema/sqlite_specific_schema.rb
index b7aff4f47d..b5552c2755 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/schema/sqlite_specific_schema.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/schema/sqlite_specific_schema.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
   execute "DROP TABLE fk_test_has_pk" rescue nil
   execute <<_SQL
   CREATE TABLE 'fk_test_has_pk' (
-    'id' INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY
+    'pk_id' INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY
   );
 _SQL
 
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ _SQL
     'id'    INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
     'fk_id' INTEGER NOT NULL,
 
-    FOREIGN KEY ('fk_id') REFERENCES 'fk_test_has_pk'('id')
+    FOREIGN KEY ('fk_id') REFERENCES 'fk_test_has_pk'('pk_id')
   );
 _SQL
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/support/connection.rb b/activerecord/test/support/connection.rb
index d11fd9cfc1..c5334e8596 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/support/connection.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/support/connection.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require 'active_support/logger'
 require 'models/college'
 require 'models/course'
+require 'models/professor'
 
 module ARTest
   def self.connection_name
diff --git a/activerecord/test/support/connection_helper.rb b/activerecord/test/support/connection_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4a19e5df44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/support/connection_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+module ConnectionHelper
+  def run_without_connection
+    original_connection = ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
+    yield original_connection
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(original_connection)
+  end
+
+  # Used to drop all cache query plans in tests.
+  def reset_connection
+    original_connection = ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
+    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(original_connection)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/support/ddl_helper.rb b/activerecord/test/support/ddl_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..43cb235e01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/support/ddl_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+module DdlHelper
+  def with_example_table(connection, table_name, definition = nil)
+    connection.execute("CREATE TABLE #{table_name}(#{definition})")
+    yield
+  ensure
+    connection.execute("DROP TABLE #{table_name}")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/support/schema_dumping_helper.rb b/activerecord/test/support/schema_dumping_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..666c1b6a14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/support/schema_dumping_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+module SchemaDumpingHelper
+  def dump_table_schema(table, connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection)
+    old_ignore_tables = ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables = connection.data_sources - [table]
+    stream = StringIO.new
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.dump(ActiveRecord::Base.connection, stream)
+    stream.string
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables = old_ignore_tables
+  end
+
+  def dump_all_table_schema(ignore_tables)
+    old_ignore_tables, ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables = ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables, ignore_tables
+    stream = StringIO.new
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.dump(ActiveRecord::Base.connection, stream)
+    stream.string
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables = old_ignore_tables
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/support/yaml_compatibility_fixtures/rails_4_1.yml b/activerecord/test/support/yaml_compatibility_fixtures/rails_4_1.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..20b128db9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/support/yaml_compatibility_fixtures/rails_4_1.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+--- !ruby/object:Topic
+  attributes:
+    id: 
+    title: The First Topic
+    author_name: David
+    author_email_address: david@loudthinking.com
+    written_on: 2003-07-16 14:28:11.223300000 Z
+    bonus_time: 2000-01-01 14:28:00.000000000 Z
+    last_read: 2004-04-15
+    content: |
+      ---
+      :omg: :lol
+    important: 
+    approved: false
+    replies_count: 1
+    unique_replies_count: 0
+    parent_id: 
+    parent_title: 
+    type: 
+    group: 
+    created_at: 2015-03-10 17:05:42.000000000 Z
+    updated_at: 2015-03-10 17:05:42.000000000 Z
diff --git a/activerecord/test/support/yaml_compatibility_fixtures/rails_4_2_0.yml b/activerecord/test/support/yaml_compatibility_fixtures/rails_4_2_0.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b3d3b33141
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/support/yaml_compatibility_fixtures/rails_4_2_0.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+--- !ruby/object:Topic
+raw_attributes:
+  id: 1
+  title: The First Topic
+  author_name: David
+  author_email_address: david@loudthinking.com
+  written_on: '2003-07-16 14:28:11.223300'
+  bonus_time: '2005-01-30 14:28:00.000000'
+  last_read: '2004-04-15'
+  content: |
+    --- Have a nice day
+    ...
+  important:
+  approved: f
+  replies_count: 1
+  unique_replies_count: 0
+  parent_id:
+  parent_title:
+  type:
+  group:
+  created_at: '2015-03-10 17:44:41'
+  updated_at: '2015-03-10 17:44:41'
+attributes: !ruby/object:ActiveRecord::AttributeSet
+  attributes: !ruby/object:ActiveRecord::LazyAttributeHash
+    types:
+      id: &5 !ruby/object:ActiveRecord::Type::Integer
+        precision:
+        scale:
+        limit:
+        range: !ruby/range
+          begin: -2147483648
+          end: 2147483648
+          excl: true
+      title: &6 !ruby/object:ActiveRecord::Type::String
+        precision:
+        scale:
+        limit: 250
+      author_name: &1 !ruby/object:ActiveRecord::Type::String
+        precision:
+        scale:
+        limit:
+      author_email_address: *1
+      written_on: &4 !ruby/object:ActiveRecord::Type::DateTime
+        precision:
+        scale:
+        limit:
+      bonus_time: &7 !ruby/object:ActiveRecord::Type::Time
+        precision:
+        scale:
+        limit:
+      last_read: &8 !ruby/object:ActiveRecord::Type::Date
+        precision:
+        scale:
+        limit:
+      content: !ruby/object:ActiveRecord::Type::Serialized
+        coder: &9 !ruby/object:ActiveRecord::Coders::YAMLColumn
+          object_class: !ruby/class 'Object'
+        subtype: &2 !ruby/object:ActiveRecord::Type::Text
+          precision:
+          scale:
+          limit:
+      important: *2
+      approved: &10 !ruby/object:ActiveRecord::Type::Boolean
+        precision:
+        scale:
+        limit:
+      replies_count: &3 !ruby/object:ActiveRecord::Type::Integer
+        precision:
+        scale:
+        limit:
+        range: !ruby/range
+          begin: -2147483648
+          end: 2147483648
+          excl: true
+      unique_replies_count: *3
+      parent_id: *3
+      parent_title: *1
+      type: *1
+      group: *1
+      created_at: *4
+      updated_at: *4
+    values:
+      id: 1
+      title: The First Topic
+      author_name: David
+      author_email_address: david@loudthinking.com
+      written_on: '2003-07-16 14:28:11.223300'
+      bonus_time: '2005-01-30 14:28:00.000000'
+      last_read: '2004-04-15'
+      content: |
+        --- Have a nice day
+        ...
+      important:
+      approved: f
+      replies_count: 1
+      unique_replies_count: 0
+      parent_id:
+      parent_title:
+      type:
+      group:
+      created_at: '2015-03-10 17:44:41'
+      updated_at: '2015-03-10 17:44:41'
+    additional_types: {}
+    materialized: true
+    delegate_hash:
+      id: !ruby/object:ActiveRecord::Attribute::FromDatabase
+        name: id
+        value_before_type_cast: 1
+        type: *5
+      title: !ruby/object:ActiveRecord::Attribute::FromDatabase
+        name: title
+        value_before_type_cast: The First Topic
+        type: *6
+      author_name: !ruby/object:ActiveRecord::Attribute::FromDatabase
+        name: author_name
+        value_before_type_cast: David
+        type: *1
+      author_email_address: !ruby/object:ActiveRecord::Attribute::FromDatabase
+        name: author_email_address
+        value_before_type_cast: david@loudthinking.com
+        type: *1
+      written_on: !ruby/object:ActiveRecord::Attribute::FromDatabase
+        name: written_on
+        value_before_type_cast: '2003-07-16 14:28:11.223300'
+        type: *4
+      bonus_time: !ruby/object:ActiveRecord::Attribute::FromDatabase
+        name: bonus_time
+        value_before_type_cast: '2005-01-30 14:28:00.000000'
+        type: *7
+      last_read: !ruby/object:ActiveRecord::Attribute::FromDatabase
+        name: last_read
+        value_before_type_cast: '2004-04-15'
+        type: *8
+      content: !ruby/object:ActiveRecord::Attribute::FromDatabase
+        name: content
+        value_before_type_cast: |
+          --- Have a nice day
+          ...
+        type: !ruby/object:ActiveRecord::Type::Serialized
+          coder: *9
+          subtype: *2
+      important: !ruby/object:ActiveRecord::Attribute::FromDatabase
+        name: important
+        value_before_type_cast:
+        type: *2
+      approved: !ruby/object:ActiveRecord::Attribute::FromDatabase
+        name: approved
+        value_before_type_cast: f
+        type: *10
+      replies_count: !ruby/object:ActiveRecord::Attribute::FromDatabase
+        name: replies_count
+        value_before_type_cast: 1
+        type: *3
+      unique_replies_count: !ruby/object:ActiveRecord::Attribute::FromDatabase
+        name: unique_replies_count
+        value_before_type_cast: 0
+        type: *3
+      parent_id: !ruby/object:ActiveRecord::Attribute::FromDatabase
+        name: parent_id
+        value_before_type_cast:
+        type: *3
+      parent_title: !ruby/object:ActiveRecord::Attribute::FromDatabase
+        name: parent_title
+        value_before_type_cast:
+        type: *1
+      type: !ruby/object:ActiveRecord::Attribute::FromDatabase
+        name: type
+        value_before_type_cast:
+        type: *1
+      group: !ruby/object:ActiveRecord::Attribute::FromDatabase
+        name: group
+        value_before_type_cast:
+        type: *1
+      created_at: !ruby/object:ActiveRecord::Attribute::FromDatabase
+        name: created_at
+        value_before_type_cast: '2015-03-10 17:44:41'
+        type: *4
+      updated_at: !ruby/object:ActiveRecord::Attribute::FromDatabase
+        name: updated_at
+        value_before_type_cast: '2015-03-10 17:44:41'
+        type: *4
+new_record: false
diff --git a/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md b/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md
index 7be22309ea..88558cde1c 100644
--- a/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,29 +1,449 @@
-*   Introduce `Concern#class_methods` as a sleek alternative to clunky
-    `module ClassMethods`. Add `Kernel#concern` to define at the toplevel
-    without chunky `module Foo; extend ActiveSupport::Concern` boilerplate.
-
-        # app/models/concerns/authentication.rb
-        concern :Authentication do
-          included do
-            after_create :generate_private_key
-          end
+*   `ActiveSupport::Cache::Store#namespaced_key`, 
+    `ActiveSupport::Cache::MemCachedStore#escape_key`, and 
+    `ActiveSupport::Cache::FileStore#key_file_path` 
+    are deprecated and replaced with `normalize_key` that now calls `super`.
+    
+    `ActiveSupport::Cache::LocaleCache#set_cache_value` is deprecated and replaced with `write_cache_value`.
+    
+    *Michael Grosser*
+
+*   Implements an evented file watcher to asynchronously detect changes in the
+    application source code, routes, locales, etc.
+
+    This watcher is disabled by default, applications my enable it in the configuration:
+
+        # config/environments/development.rb
+        config.file_watcher = ActiveSupport::EventedFileUpdateChecker
+
+    This feature depends on the [listen](https://github.com/guard/listen) gem:
+
+        group :development do
+          gem 'listen', '~> 3.0.5'
+        end
+
+    *Puneet Agarwal* and *Xavier Noria*
+
+*   Added `Time.days_in_year` to return the number of days in the given year, or the
+    current year if no argument is provided.
+
+    *Jon Pascoe*
+
+*   Updated `parameterize` to preserve the case of a string, optionally.
+
+    Example:
+
+        parameterize("Donald E. Knuth", separator: '_') # => "donald_e_knuth"
+        parameterize("Donald E. Knuth", preserve_case: true) # => "Donald-E-Knuth"
+
+    *Swaathi Kakarla*
+
+*   `HashWithIndifferentAccess.new` respects the default value or proc on objects
+    that respond to `#to_hash`. `.new_from_hash_copying_default` simply invokes `.new`.
+    All calls to `.new_from_hash_copying_default` are replaced with `.new`.
+
+    *Gordon Chan*
+
+*   Change Integer#year to return a Fixnum instead of a Float to improve
+    consistency.
+
+    Integer#years returned a Float while the rest of the accompanying methods
+    (days, weeks, months, etc.) return a Fixnum.
+
+    Before:
+
+    1.year # => 31557600.0
+
+    After:
+
+    1.year # => 31557600
+
+    *Konstantinos Rousis*
+
+*   Handle invalid UTF-8 strings when HTML escaping
+
+    Use `ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Unicode.tidy_bytes` to handle invalid UTF-8
+    strings in `ERB::Util.unwrapped_html_escape` and `ERB::Util.html_escape_once`.
+    Prevents user-entered input passed from a querystring into a form field from
+    causing invalid byte sequence errors.
+
+    *Grey Baker*
+
+*   Update `ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars#slice!` to return `nil` if the
+    arguments are out of bounds, to mirror the behavior of `String#slice!`
+
+    *Gourav Tiwari*
+
+*   Fix `number_to_human` so that 999999999 rounds to "1 Billion" instead of
+    "1000 Million".
+
+    *Max Jacobson*
+
+*   Fix `ActiveSupport::Deprecation#deprecate_methods` to report using the
+    current deprecator instance, where applicable.
+
+    *Brandon Dunne*
+
+*   `Cache#fetch` instrumentation marks whether it was a `:hit`.
+
+    *Robin Clowers*
+
+*   `assert_difference` and `assert_no_difference` now returns the result of the
+    yielded block.
+
+    Example:
+
+      post = assert_difference -> { Post.count }, 1 do
+        Post.create
+      end
+
+    *Lucas Mazza*
+
+*   Short-circuit `blank?` on date and time values since they are never blank.
+
+    Fixes #21657
+
+    *Andrew White*
+
+*   Replaced deprecated `ThreadSafe::Cache` with its successor `Concurrent::Map` now that
+    the thread_safe gem has been merged into concurrent-ruby.
+
+    *Jerry D'Antonio*
+
+*   Updated Unicode version to 8.0.0
+
+    *Anshul Sharma*
+
+*   `number_to_currency` and `number_with_delimiter` now accept custom `delimiter_pattern` option
+     to handle placement of delimiter, to support currency formats like INR
+
+     Example:
+
+        number_to_currency(1230000, delimiter_pattern: /(\d+?)(?=(\d\d)+(\d)(?!\d))/, unit: '₹', format: "%u %n")
+        # => '₹ 12,30,000.00'
+
+    *Vipul A M*
+
+*   Deprecate `:prefix` option of `number_to_human_size` with no replacement.
+
+    *Jean Boussier*
+
+*   Fix `TimeWithZone#eql?` to properly handle `TimeWithZone` created from `DateTime`:
+        twz = DateTime.now.in_time_zone
+        twz.eql?(twz.dup) => true
+
+    Fixes #14178.
+
+    *Roque Pinel*
+
+*   ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess `select` and `reject` will now return
+    enumerator if called without block.
+
+    Fixes #20095
+
+    *Bernard Potocki*
+
+*   Removed `ActiveSupport::Concurrency::Latch`, superseded by `Concurrent::CountDownLatch`
+    from the concurrent-ruby gem.
+
+    *Jerry D'Antonio*
+
+*   Fix not calling `#default` on `HashWithIndifferentAccess#to_hash` when only
+    `default_proc` is set, which could raise.
+
+    *Simon Eskildsen*
+
+*   Fix setting `default_proc` on `HashWithIndifferentAccess#dup`
+
+    *Simon Eskildsen*
+
+*   Fix a range of values for parameters of the Time#change
+
+    *Nikolay Kondratyev*
+
+*   Add `Enumerable#pluck` to get the same values from arrays as from ActiveRecord
+    associations.
+
+    Fixes #20339.
+
+    *Kevin Deisz*
+
+*   Add a bang version to `ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions` get methods which will raise
+    an `KeyError` if the value is `.blank?`
+
+    Before:
+
+        if (slack_url = Rails.application.secrets.slack_url).present?
+          # Do something worthwhile
+        else
+          # Raise as important secret password is not specified
+        end
+
+    After:
+
+        slack_url = Rails.application.secrets.slack_url!
+
+    *Aditya Sanghi*, *Gaurish Sharma*
+
+*   Remove deprecated `Class#superclass_delegating_accessor`.
+    Use `Class#class_attribute` instead.
+
+    *Akshay Vishnoi*
+
+*   Patch `Delegator` to work with `#try`.
+
+    Fixes #5790.
+
+    *Nate Smith*
+
+*   Add `Integer#positive?` and `Integer#negative?` query methods
+    in the vein of `Fixnum#zero?`.
+
+    This makes it nicer to do things like `bunch_of_numbers.select(&:positive?)`.
+
+    *DHH*
+
+*   Encoding `ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone` to YAML now preserves the timezone information.
+
+    Fixes #9183.
+
+    *Andrew White*
 
-          class_methods do
-            def authenticate(credentials)
-              # ...
+*   Added `ActiveSupport::TimeZone#strptime` to allow parsing times as if
+    from a given timezone.
+
+    *Paul A Jungwirth*
+
+*   `ActiveSupport::Callbacks#skip_callback` now raises an `ArgumentError` if
+    an unrecognized callback is removed.
+
+    *Iain Beeston*
+
+*   Added `ActiveSupport::ArrayInquirer` and `Array#inquiry`.
+
+    Wrapping an array in an `ArrayInquirer` gives a friendlier way to check its
+    contents:
+
+        variants = ActiveSupport::ArrayInquirer.new([:phone, :tablet])
+
+        variants.phone?    # => true
+        variants.tablet?   # => true
+        variants.desktop?  # => false
+
+        variants.any?(:phone, :tablet)   # => true
+        variants.any?(:phone, :desktop)  # => true
+        variants.any?(:desktop, :watch)  # => false
+
+    `Array#inquiry` is a shortcut for wrapping the receiving array in an
+    `ArrayInquirer`.
+
+    *George Claghorn*
+
+*   Deprecate `alias_method_chain` in favour of `Module#prepend` introduced in
+    Ruby 2.0.
+
+    *Kir Shatrov*
+
+*   Added `#without` on `Enumerable` and `Array` to return a copy of an
+    enumerable without the specified elements.
+
+    *Todd Bealmear*
+
+*   Fixed a problem where `String#truncate_words` would get stuck with a complex
+    string.
+
+    *Henrik Nygren*
+
+*   Fixed a roundtrip problem with `AS::SafeBuffer` where primitive-like strings
+    will be dumped as primitives:
+
+    Before:
+
+        YAML.load ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new("Hello").to_yaml  # => "Hello"
+        YAML.load ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new("true").to_yaml   # => true
+        YAML.load ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new("false").to_yaml  # => false
+        YAML.load ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new("1").to_yaml      # => 1
+        YAML.load ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new("1.1").to_yaml    # => 1.1
+
+    After:
+
+        YAML.load ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new("Hello").to_yaml  # => "Hello"
+        YAML.load ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new("true").to_yaml   # => "true"
+        YAML.load ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new("false").to_yaml  # => "false"
+        YAML.load ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new("1").to_yaml      # => "1"
+        YAML.load ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new("1.1").to_yaml    # => "1.1"
+
+    *Godfrey Chan*
+
+*   Enable `number_to_percentage` to keep the number's precision by allowing
+    `:precision` to be `nil`.
+
+    *Jack Xu*
+
+*   `config_accessor` became a private method, as with Ruby's `attr_accessor`.
+
+    *Akira Matsuda*
+
+*   `AS::Testing::TimeHelpers#travel_to` now changes `DateTime.now` as well as
+    `Time.now` and `Date.today`.
+
+    *Yuki Nishijima*
+
+*   Add `file_fixture` to `ActiveSupport::TestCase`.
+    It provides a simple mechanism to access sample files in your test cases.
+
+    By default file fixtures are stored in `test/fixtures/files`. This can be
+    configured per test-case using the `file_fixture_path` class attribute.
+
+    *Yves Senn*
+
+*   Return value of yielded block in `File.atomic_write`.
+
+    *Ian Ker-Seymer*
+
+*   Duplicate frozen array when assigning it to a `HashWithIndifferentAccess` so
+    that it doesn't raise a `RuntimeError` when calling `map!` on it in `convert_value`.
+
+    Fixes #18550.
+
+    *Aditya Kapoor*
+
+*   Add missing time zone definitions for Russian Federation and sync them
+    with `zone.tab` file from tzdata version 2014j (latest).
+
+    *Andrey Novikov*
+
+*   Add `SecureRandom.base58` for generation of random base58 strings.
+
+    *Matthew Draper*, *Guillermo Iguaran*
+
+*   Add `#prev_day` and `#next_day` counterparts to `#yesterday` and
+    `#tomorrow` for `Date`, `Time`, and `DateTime`.
+
+    *George Claghorn*
+
+*   Add `same_time` option to `#next_week` and `#prev_week` for `Date`, `Time`,
+    and `DateTime`.
+
+    *George Claghorn*
+
+*   Add `#on_weekend?`, `#next_weekday`, `#prev_weekday` methods to `Date`,
+    `Time`, and `DateTime`.
+
+    `#on_weekend?` returns `true` if the receiving date/time falls on a Saturday
+    or Sunday.
+
+    `#next_weekday` returns a new date/time representing the next day that does
+    not fall on a Saturday or Sunday.
+
+    `#prev_weekday` returns a new date/time representing the previous day that
+    does not fall on a Saturday or Sunday.
+
+    *George Claghorn*
+
+*   Change the default test order from `:sorted` to `:random`.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Remove deprecated `ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding::CircularReferenceError`.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Remove deprecated methods `ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.encode_big_decimal_as_string=`
+    and `ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.encode_big_decimal_as_string`.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Remove deprecated `ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer#prepend`.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Remove deprecated methods at `Kernel`.
+
+    `silence_stderr`, `silence_stream`, `capture` and `quietly`.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Remove deprecated `active_support/core_ext/big_decimal/yaml_conversions`
+    file.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Remove deprecated methods `ActiveSupport::Cache::Store.instrument` and
+    `ActiveSupport::Cache::Store.instrument=`.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Change the way in which callback chains can be halted.
+
+    The preferred method to halt a callback chain from now on is to explicitly
+    `throw(:abort)`.
+    In the past, callbacks could only be halted by explicitly providing a
+    terminator and by having a callback match the conditions of the terminator.
+
+*   Add `ActiveSupport.halt_callback_chains_on_return_false`
+
+    Setting `ActiveSupport.halt_callback_chains_on_return_false`
+    to `true` will let an app support the deprecated way of halting Active Record,
+    and Active Model callback chains by returning `false`.
+
+    Setting the value to `false` will tell the app to ignore any `false` value
+    returned by those callbacks, and only halt the chain upon `throw(:abort)`.
+
+    When the configuration option is missing, its value is `true`, so older apps
+    ported to Rails 5.0 will not break (but display a deprecation warning).
+    For new Rails 5.0 apps, its value is set to `false` in an initializer, so
+    these apps will support the new behavior by default.
+
+    *claudiob*, *Roque Pinel*
+
+*   Changes arguments and default value of CallbackChain's `:terminator` option
+
+    Chains of callbacks defined without an explicit `:terminator` option will
+    now be halted as soon as a `before_` callback throws `:abort`.
+
+    Chains of callbacks defined with a `:terminator` option will maintain their
+    existing behavior of halting as soon as a `before_` callback matches the
+    terminator's expectation.
+
+    *claudiob*
+
+*   Deprecate `MissingSourceFile` in favor of `LoadError`.
+
+    `MissingSourceFile` was just an alias to `LoadError` and was not being
+    raised inside the framework.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Add support for error dispatcher classes in `ActiveSupport::Rescuable`.
+    Now it acts closer to Ruby's rescue.
+
+    Example:
+
+        class BaseController < ApplicationController
+          module ErrorDispatcher
+            def self.===(other)
+              Exception === other && other.respond_to?(:status)
             end
           end
 
-          def generate_private_key
-            # ...
+          rescue_from ErrorDispatcher do |error|
+            render status: error.status, json: { error: error.to_s }
           end
         end
 
-        # app/models/user.rb
-        class User < ActiveRecord::Base
-          include Authentication
-        end
+    *Genadi Samokovarov*
+
+*   Add `#verified` and `#valid_message?` methods to `ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier`
+
+    Previously, the only way to decode a message with `ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier`
+    was to use `#verify`, which would raise an exception on invalid messages. Now
+    `#verified` can also be used, which returns `nil` on messages that cannot be
+    decoded.
+
+    Previously, there was no way to check if a message's format was valid without
+    attempting to decode it. `#valid_message?` is a boolean convenience method that
+    checks whether the message is valid without actually decoding it.
 
-    *Jeremy Kemper*
+    *Logan Leger*
 
-Please check [4-1-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-1-stable/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+Please check [4-2-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/activesupport/MIT-LICENSE b/activesupport/MIT-LICENSE
index d06d4f3b2d..7bffebb076 100644
--- a/activesupport/MIT-LICENSE
+++ b/activesupport/MIT-LICENSE
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright (c) 2005-2014 David Heinemeier Hansson
+Copyright (c) 2005-2015 David Heinemeier Hansson
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
diff --git a/activesupport/README.rdoc b/activesupport/README.rdoc
index f3582767c0..14ce204303 100644
--- a/activesupport/README.rdoc
+++ b/activesupport/README.rdoc
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ outside of Rails.
 
 The latest version of Active Support can be installed with RubyGems:
 
-  % [sudo] gem install activesupport
+  $ gem install activesupport
 
 Source code can be downloaded as part of the Rails project on GitHub:
 
@@ -30,6 +30,10 @@ API documentation is at:
 
 * http://api.rubyonrails.org
 
-Bug reports and feature requests can be filed with the rest for the Ruby on Rails project here:
+Bug reports can be filed for the Ruby on Rails project here:
 
 * https://github.com/rails/rails/issues
+
+Feature requests should be discussed on the rails-core mailing list here:
+
+* https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/rubyonrails-core
diff --git a/activesupport/Rakefile b/activesupport/Rakefile
index 5ba153662a..81c242d4b1 100644
--- a/activesupport/Rakefile
+++ b/activesupport/Rakefile
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 require 'rake/testtask'
-require 'rubygems/package_task'
 
 task :default => :test
 Rake::TestTask.new do |t|
@@ -7,9 +6,9 @@ Rake::TestTask.new do |t|
   t.pattern = 'test/**/*_test.rb'
   t.warning = true
   t.verbose = true
+  t.ruby_opts = ["--dev"] if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
 end
 
-
 namespace :test do
   task :isolated do
     Dir.glob("test/**/*_test.rb").all? do |file|
@@ -17,16 +16,3 @@ namespace :test do
     end or raise "Failures"
   end
 end
-
-spec = eval(File.read('activesupport.gemspec'))
-
-Gem::PackageTask.new(spec) do |p|
-  p.gem_spec = spec
-end
-
-desc "Release to rubygems"
-task :release => :package do
-  require 'rake/gemcutter'
-  Rake::Gemcutter::Tasks.new(spec).define
-  Rake::Task['gem:push'].invoke
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/activesupport.gemspec b/activesupport/activesupport.gemspec
index f3625e8b79..32e28c0212 100644
--- a/activesupport/activesupport.gemspec
+++ b/activesupport/activesupport.gemspec
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.summary     = 'A toolkit of support libraries and Ruby core extensions extracted from the Rails framework.'
   s.description = 'A toolkit of support libraries and Ruby core extensions extracted from the Rails framework. Rich support for multibyte strings, internationalization, time zones, and testing.'
 
-  s.required_ruby_version = '>= 1.9.3'
+  s.required_ruby_version = '>= 2.2.2'
 
   s.license = 'MIT'
 
@@ -20,9 +20,10 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
 
   s.rdoc_options.concat ['--encoding',  'UTF-8']
 
-  s.add_dependency 'i18n',       '~> 0.6', '>= 0.6.9'
+  s.add_dependency 'i18n',       '~> 0.7'
   s.add_dependency 'json',       '~> 1.7', '>= 1.7.7'
   s.add_dependency 'tzinfo',     '~> 1.1'
   s.add_dependency 'minitest',   '~> 5.1'
-  s.add_dependency 'thread_safe','~> 0.1'
+  s.add_dependency 'concurrent-ruby', '~> 1.0'
+  s.add_dependency 'method_source'
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/bin/generate_tables b/activesupport/bin/generate_tables
index f39e89b7d0..71a6b78652 100755
--- a/activesupport/bin/generate_tables
+++ b/activesupport/bin/generate_tables
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
           codepoint.combining_class   = Integer($4)
           #codepoint.bidi_class        = $5
           codepoint.decomp_type       = $7
-          codepoint.decomp_mapping    = ($8=='') ? nil : $8.split.collect { |element| element.hex }
+          codepoint.decomp_mapping    = ($8=='') ? nil : $8.split.collect(&:hex)
           #codepoint.bidi_mirrored     = ($13=='Y') ? true : false
           codepoint.uppercase_mapping = ($16=='') ? 0 : $16.hex
           codepoint.lowercase_mapping = ($17=='') ? 0 : $17.hex
diff --git a/activesupport/bin/test b/activesupport/bin/test
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..404cabba51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/bin/test
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+COMPONENT_ROOT = File.expand_path("../../", __FILE__)
+require File.expand_path("../tools/test", COMPONENT_ROOT)
+exit Minitest.run(ARGV)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support.rb
index ab0054b339..2019afeb00 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #--
-# Copyright (c) 2005-2014 David Heinemeier Hansson
+# Copyright (c) 2005-2015 David Heinemeier Hansson
 #
 # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 # a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
   autoload :Dependencies
   autoload :DescendantsTracker
   autoload :FileUpdateChecker
+  autoload :EventedFileUpdateChecker
   autoload :LogSubscriber
   autoload :Notifications
 
@@ -59,6 +60,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     autoload :StringInquirer
     autoload :TaggedLogging
     autoload :XmlMini
+    autoload :ArrayInquirer
   end
 
   autoload :Rescuable
@@ -70,6 +72,16 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
     NumberHelper.eager_load!
   end
+
+  cattr_accessor :test_order # :nodoc:
+
+  def self.halt_callback_chains_on_return_false
+    Callbacks.halt_and_display_warning_on_return_false
+  end
+
+  def self.halt_callback_chains_on_return_false=(value)
+    Callbacks.halt_and_display_warning_on_return_false = value
+  end
 end
 
 autoload :I18n, "active_support/i18n"
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/array_inquirer.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/array_inquirer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f59ddf5403
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/array_inquirer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+module ActiveSupport
+  # Wrapping an array in an +ArrayInquirer+ gives a friendlier way to check
+  # its string-like contents:
+  #
+  #   variants = ActiveSupport::ArrayInquirer.new([:phone, :tablet])
+  #
+  #   variants.phone?    # => true
+  #   variants.tablet?   # => true
+  #   variants.desktop?  # => false
+  class ArrayInquirer < Array
+    # Passes each element of +candidates+ collection to ArrayInquirer collection.
+    # The method returns true if at least one element is the same. If +candidates+
+    # collection is not given, method returns true.
+    #
+    #   variants = ActiveSupport::ArrayInquirer.new([:phone, :tablet])
+    #
+    #   variants.any?                      # => true
+    #   variants.any?(:phone, :tablet)     # => true
+    #   variants.any?('phone', 'desktop')  # => true
+    #   variants.any?(:desktop, :watch)    # => false
+    def any?(*candidates, &block)
+      if candidates.none?
+        super
+      else
+        candidates.any? do |candidate|
+          include?(candidate.to_sym) || include?(candidate.to_s)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+      def respond_to_missing?(name, include_private = false)
+        name[-1] == '?'
+      end
+
+      def method_missing(name, *args)
+        if name[-1] == '?'
+          any?(name[0..-2])
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/backtrace_cleaner.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/backtrace_cleaner.rb
index d58578b7bc..e161ec4cca 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/backtrace_cleaner.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/backtrace_cleaner.rb
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
   # can focus on the rest.
   #
   #   bc = BacktraceCleaner.new
-  #   bc.add_filter   { |line| line.gsub(Rails.root, '') } # strip the Rails.root prefix
+  #   bc.add_filter   { |line| line.gsub(Rails.root.to_s, '') } # strip the Rails.root prefix
   #   bc.add_silencer { |line| line =~ /mongrel|rubygems/ } # skip any lines from mongrel or rubygems
   #   bc.clean(exception.backtrace) # perform the cleanup
   #
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
   # of the backtrace, you can call <tt>BacktraceCleaner#remove_filters!</tt>
   # These two methods will give you a completely untouched backtrace.
   #
-  # Inspired by the Quiet Backtrace gem by Thoughtbot.
+  # Inspired by the Quiet Backtrace gem by thoughtbot.
   class BacktraceCleaner
     def initialize
       @filters, @silencers = [], []
@@ -65,14 +65,14 @@ module ActiveSupport
       @silencers << block
     end
 
-    # Will remove all silencers, but leave in the filters. This is useful if
-    # your context of debugging suddenly expands as you suspect a bug in one of
+    # Removes all silencers, but leaves in the filters. Useful if your
+    # context of debugging suddenly expands as you suspect a bug in one of
     # the libraries you use.
     def remove_silencers!
       @silencers = []
     end
 
-    # Removes all filters, but leaves in silencers. Useful if you suddenly
+    # Removes all filters, but leaves in the silencers. Useful if you suddenly
     # need to see entire filepaths in the backtrace that you had already
     # filtered out.
     def remove_filters!
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache.rb
index 2b7f5943b5..5011014e96 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/numeric/bytes'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/numeric/time'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/to_param'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/strip'
 
 module ActiveSupport
   # See ActiveSupport::Cache::Store for documentation.
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     class << self
-      # Creates a new CacheStore object according to the given options.
+      # Creates a new Store object according to the given options.
       #
       # If no arguments are passed to this method, then a new
       # ActiveSupport::Cache::MemoryStore object will be returned.
@@ -178,16 +179,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
         @silence = previous_silence
       end
 
-      # Set to +true+ if cache stores should be instrumented.
-      # Default is +false+.
-      def self.instrument=(boolean)
-        Thread.current[:instrument_cache_store] = boolean
-      end
-
-      def self.instrument
-        Thread.current[:instrument_cache_store] || false
-      end
-
       # Fetches data from the cache, using the given key. If there is data in
       # the cache with the given key, then that data is returned.
       #
@@ -234,7 +225,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # seconds. Because of extended life of the previous cache, other processes
       # will continue to use slightly stale data for a just a bit longer. In the
       # meantime that first process will go ahead and will write into cache the
-      # new value. After that all the processes will start getting new value.
+      # new value. After that all the processes will start getting the new value.
       # The key is to keep <tt>:race_condition_ttl</tt> small.
       #
       # If the process regenerating the entry errors out, the entry will be
@@ -285,15 +276,20 @@ module ActiveSupport
       def fetch(name, options = nil)
         if block_given?
           options = merged_options(options)
-          key = namespaced_key(name, options)
+          key = normalize_key(name, options)
 
-          cached_entry = find_cached_entry(key, name, options) unless options[:force]
-          entry = handle_expired_entry(cached_entry, key, options)
+          instrument(:read, name, options) do |payload|
+            cached_entry = read_entry(key, options) unless options[:force]
+            payload[:super_operation] = :fetch if payload
+            entry = handle_expired_entry(cached_entry, key, options)
 
-          if entry
-            get_entry_value(entry, name, options)
-          else
-            save_block_result_to_cache(name, options) { |_name| yield _name }
+            if entry
+              payload[:hit] = true if payload
+              get_entry_value(entry, name, options)
+            else
+              payload[:hit] = false if payload
+              save_block_result_to_cache(name, options) { |_name| yield _name }
+            end
           end
         else
           read(name, options)
@@ -307,7 +303,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # Options are passed to the underlying cache implementation.
       def read(name, options = nil)
         options = merged_options(options)
-        key = namespaced_key(name, options)
+        key = normalize_key(name, options)
         instrument(:read, name, options) do |payload|
           entry = read_entry(key, options)
           if entry
@@ -335,19 +331,22 @@ module ActiveSupport
       def read_multi(*names)
         options = names.extract_options!
         options = merged_options(options)
-        results = {}
-        names.each do |name|
-          key = namespaced_key(name, options)
-          entry = read_entry(key, options)
-          if entry
-            if entry.expired?
-              delete_entry(key, options)
-            else
-              results[name] = entry.value
+
+        instrument_multi(:read, names, options) do |payload|
+          results = {}
+          names.each do |name|
+            key = normalize_key(name, options)
+            entry = read_entry(key, options)
+            if entry
+              if entry.expired?
+                delete_entry(key, options)
+              else
+                results[name] = entry.value
+              end
             end
           end
+          results
         end
-        results
       end
 
       # Fetches data from the cache, using the given keys. If there is data in
@@ -357,20 +356,22 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #
       # Options are passed to the underlying cache implementation.
       #
-      # Returns an array with the data for each of the names. For example:
+      # Returns a hash with the data for each of the names. For example:
       #
       #   cache.write("bim", "bam")
-      #   cache.fetch_multi("bim", "boom") {|key| key * 2 }
-      #   # => ["bam", "boomboom"]
+      #   cache.fetch_multi("bim", "unknown_key") do |key|
+      #     "Fallback value for key: #{key}"
+      #   end
+      #   # => { "bim" => "bam",
+      #   #      "unknown_key" => "Fallback value for key: unknown_key" }
       #
       def fetch_multi(*names)
         options = names.extract_options!
         options = merged_options(options)
-
         results = read_multi(*names, options)
 
-        names.map do |name|
-          results.fetch(name) do
+        names.each_with_object({}) do |name, memo|
+          memo[name] = results.fetch(name) do
             value = yield name
             write(name, value, options)
             value
@@ -386,7 +387,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
         instrument(:write, name, options) do
           entry = Entry.new(value, options)
-          write_entry(namespaced_key(name, options), entry, options)
+          write_entry(normalize_key(name, options), entry, options)
         end
       end
 
@@ -397,7 +398,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         options = merged_options(options)
 
         instrument(:delete, name) do
-          delete_entry(namespaced_key(name, options), options)
+          delete_entry(normalize_key(name, options), options)
         end
       end
 
@@ -408,7 +409,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         options = merged_options(options)
 
         instrument(:exist?, name) do
-          entry = read_entry(namespaced_key(name, options), options)
+          entry = read_entry(normalize_key(name, options), options)
           (entry && !entry.expired?) || false
         end
       end
@@ -529,7 +530,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
         # Prefix a key with the namespace. Namespace and key will be delimited
         # with a colon.
-        def namespaced_key(key, options)
+        def normalize_key(key, options)
           key = expanded_key(key)
           namespace = options[:namespace] if options
           prefix = namespace.is_a?(Proc) ? namespace.call : namespace
@@ -537,36 +538,44 @@ module ActiveSupport
           key
         end
 
+        def namespaced_key(*args)
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MESSAGE.strip_heredoc)
+            `namespaced_key` is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 5.1.
+            Please use `normalize_key` which will return a fully resolved key.
+          MESSAGE
+          normalize_key(*args)
+        end
+
         def instrument(operation, key, options = nil)
-          log(operation, key, options)
+          log { "Cache #{operation}: #{normalize_key(key, options)}#{options.blank? ? "" : " (#{options.inspect})"}" }
 
-          if self.class.instrument
-            payload = { :key => key }
-            payload.merge!(options) if options.is_a?(Hash)
-            ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("cache_#{operation}.active_support", payload){ yield(payload) }
-          else
-            yield(nil)
-          end
+          payload = { :key => key }
+          payload.merge!(options) if options.is_a?(Hash)
+          ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("cache_#{operation}.active_support", payload){ yield(payload) }
         end
 
-        def log(operation, key, options = nil)
-          return unless logger && logger.debug? && !silence?
-          logger.debug("Cache #{operation}: #{key}#{options.blank? ? "" : " (#{options.inspect})"}")
+        def instrument_multi(operation, keys, options = nil)
+          log do
+            formatted_keys = keys.map { |k| "- #{k}" }.join("\n")
+            "Caches multi #{operation}:\n#{formatted_keys}#{options.blank? ? "" : " (#{options.inspect})"}"
+          end
+
+          payload = { key: keys }
+          payload.merge!(options) if options.is_a?(Hash)
+          ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("cache_#{operation}_multi.active_support", payload) { yield(payload) }
         end
 
-        def find_cached_entry(key, name, options)
-          instrument(:read, name, options) do |payload|
-            payload[:super_operation] = :fetch if payload
-            read_entry(key, options)
-          end
+        def log
+          return unless logger && logger.debug? && !silence?
+          logger.debug(yield)
         end
 
         def handle_expired_entry(entry, key, options)
           if entry && entry.expired?
             race_ttl = options[:race_condition_ttl].to_i
-            if race_ttl && (Time.now.to_f - entry.expires_at <= race_ttl)
-              # When an entry has :race_condition_ttl defined, put the stale entry back into the cache
-              # for a brief period while the entry is begin recalculated.
+            if (race_ttl > 0) && (Time.now.to_f - entry.expires_at <= race_ttl)
+              # When an entry has a positive :race_condition_ttl defined, put the stale entry back into the cache
+              # for a brief period while the entry is being recalculated.
               entry.expires_at = Time.now + race_ttl
               write_entry(key, entry, :expires_in => race_ttl * 2)
             else
@@ -617,14 +626,12 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       def value
-        convert_version_4beta1_entry! if defined?(@v)
         compressed? ? uncompress(@value) : @value
       end
 
       # Check if the entry is expired. The +expires_in+ parameter can override
       # the value set when the entry was created.
       def expired?
-        convert_version_4beta1_entry! if defined?(@value)
         @expires_in && @created_at + @expires_in <= Time.now.to_f
       end
 
@@ -660,8 +667,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # Duplicate the value in a class. This is used by cache implementations that don't natively
       # serialize entries to protect against accidental cache modifications.
       def dup_value!
-        convert_version_4beta1_entry! if defined?(@v)
-
         if @value && !compressed? && !(@value.is_a?(Numeric) || @value == true || @value == false)
           if @value.is_a?(String)
             @value = @value.dup
@@ -694,26 +699,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
         def uncompress(value)
           Marshal.load(Zlib::Inflate.inflate(value))
         end
-
-        # The internals of this method changed between Rails 3.x and 4.0. This method provides the glue
-        # to ensure that cache entries created under the old version still work with the new class definition.
-        def convert_version_4beta1_entry!
-          if defined?(@v)
-            @value = @v
-            remove_instance_variable(:@v)
-          end
-
-          if defined?(@c)
-            @compressed = @c
-            remove_instance_variable(:@c)
-          end
-
-          if defined?(@x) && @x
-            @created_at ||= Time.now.to_f
-            @expires_in = @x - @created_at
-            remove_instance_variable(:@x)
-          end
-        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/file_store.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/file_store.rb
index 8ed60aebac..dff2443bc8 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/file_store.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/file_store.rb
@@ -10,16 +10,17 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # FileStore implements the Strategy::LocalCache strategy which implements
     # an in-memory cache inside of a block.
     class FileStore < Store
+      prepend Strategy::LocalCache
       attr_reader :cache_path
 
       DIR_FORMATTER = "%03X"
       FILENAME_MAX_SIZE = 228 # max filename size on file system is 255, minus room for timestamp and random characters appended by Tempfile (used by atomic write)
+      FILEPATH_MAX_SIZE = 900 # max is 1024, plus some room
       EXCLUDED_DIRS = ['.', '..'].freeze
 
       def initialize(cache_path, options = nil)
         super(options)
         @cache_path = cache_path.to_s
-        extend Strategy::LocalCache
       end
 
       # Deletes all items from the cache. In this case it deletes all the entries in the specified
@@ -28,6 +29,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       def clear(options = nil)
         root_dirs = Dir.entries(cache_path).reject {|f| (EXCLUDED_DIRS + [".gitkeep"]).include?(f)}
         FileUtils.rm_r(root_dirs.collect{|f| File.join(cache_path, f)})
+      rescue Errno::ENOENT
       end
 
       # Preemptively iterates through all stored keys and removes the ones which have expired.
@@ -58,7 +60,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
           matcher = key_matcher(matcher, options)
           search_dir(cache_path) do |path|
             key = file_path_key(path)
-            delete_entry(key, options) if key.match(matcher)
+            delete_entry(path, options) if key.match(matcher)
           end
         end
       end
@@ -66,9 +68,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
       protected
 
         def read_entry(key, options)
-          file_name = key_file_path(key)
-          if File.exist?(file_name)
-            File.open(file_name) { |f| Marshal.load(f) }
+          if File.exist?(key)
+            File.open(key) { |f| Marshal.load(f) }
           end
         rescue => e
           logger.error("FileStoreError (#{e}): #{e.message}") if logger
@@ -76,23 +77,21 @@ module ActiveSupport
         end
 
         def write_entry(key, entry, options)
-          file_name = key_file_path(key)
-          return false if options[:unless_exist] && File.exist?(file_name)
-          ensure_cache_path(File.dirname(file_name))
-          File.atomic_write(file_name, cache_path) {|f| Marshal.dump(entry, f)}
+          return false if options[:unless_exist] && File.exist?(key)
+          ensure_cache_path(File.dirname(key))
+          File.atomic_write(key, cache_path) {|f| Marshal.dump(entry, f)}
           true
         end
 
         def delete_entry(key, options)
-          file_name = key_file_path(key)
-          if File.exist?(file_name)
+          if File.exist?(key)
             begin
-              File.delete(file_name)
-              delete_empty_directories(File.dirname(file_name))
+              File.delete(key)
+              delete_empty_directories(File.dirname(key))
               true
             rescue => e
               # Just in case the error was caused by another process deleting the file first.
-              raise e if File.exist?(file_name)
+              raise e if File.exist?(key)
               false
             end
           end
@@ -116,8 +115,14 @@ module ActiveSupport
         end
 
         # Translate a key into a file path.
-        def key_file_path(key)
+        def normalize_key(key, options)
+          key = super
           fname = URI.encode_www_form_component(key)
+
+          if fname.size > FILEPATH_MAX_SIZE
+            fname = Digest::MD5.hexdigest(key)
+          end
+
           hash = Zlib.adler32(fname)
           hash, dir_1 = hash.divmod(0x1000)
           dir_2 = hash.modulo(0x1000)
@@ -132,6 +137,14 @@ module ActiveSupport
           File.join(cache_path, DIR_FORMATTER % dir_1, DIR_FORMATTER % dir_2, *fname_paths)
         end
 
+        def key_file_path(key)
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MESSAGE.strip_heredoc)
+            `key_file_path` is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 5.1.
+            Please use `normalize_key` which will return a fully resolved key or nothing.
+          MESSAGE
+          key
+        end
+
         # Translate a file path into a key.
         def file_path_key(path)
           fname = path[cache_path.to_s.size..-1].split(File::SEPARATOR, 4).last
@@ -168,7 +181,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         # Modifies the amount of an already existing integer value that is stored in the cache.
         # If the key is not found nothing is done.
         def modify_value(name, amount, options)
-          file_name = key_file_path(namespaced_key(name, options))
+          file_name = normalize_key(name, options)
 
           lock_file(file_name) do
             options = merged_options(options)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/mem_cache_store.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/mem_cache_store.rb
index 61b4f0b8b0..174913365a 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/mem_cache_store.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/mem_cache_store.rb
@@ -24,9 +24,41 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # MemCacheStore implements the Strategy::LocalCache strategy which implements
     # an in-memory cache inside of a block.
     class MemCacheStore < Store
+      # Provide support for raw values in the local cache strategy.
+      module LocalCacheWithRaw # :nodoc:
+        protected
+        def read_entry(key, options)
+          entry = super
+          if options[:raw] && local_cache && entry
+            entry = deserialize_entry(entry.value)
+          end
+          entry
+        end
+
+        def write_entry(key, entry, options) # :nodoc:
+          if options[:raw] && local_cache
+            raw_entry = Entry.new(entry.value.to_s)
+            raw_entry.expires_at = entry.expires_at
+            super(key, raw_entry, options)
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      prepend Strategy::LocalCache
+      prepend LocalCacheWithRaw
+
       ESCAPE_KEY_CHARS = /[\x00-\x20%\x7F-\xFF]/n
 
-      def self.build_mem_cache(*addresses)
+      # Creates a new Dalli::Client instance with specified addresses and options.
+      # By default address is equal localhost:11211.
+      #
+      #   ActiveSupport::Cache::MemCacheStore.build_mem_cache
+      #     # => #<Dalli::Client:0x007f98a47d2028 @servers=["localhost:11211"], @options={}, @ring=nil>
+      #   ActiveSupport::Cache::MemCacheStore.build_mem_cache('localhost:10290')
+      #     # => #<Dalli::Client:0x007f98a47b3a60 @servers=["localhost:10290"], @options={}, @ring=nil>
+      def self.build_mem_cache(*addresses) # :nodoc:
         addresses = addresses.flatten
         options = addresses.extract_options!
         addresses = ["localhost:11211"] if addresses.empty?
@@ -56,9 +88,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
           UNIVERSAL_OPTIONS.each{|name| mem_cache_options.delete(name)}
           @data = self.class.build_mem_cache(*(addresses + [mem_cache_options]))
         end
-
-        extend Strategy::LocalCache
-        extend LocalCacheWithRaw
       end
 
       # Reads multiple values from the cache using a single call to the
@@ -66,14 +95,17 @@ module ActiveSupport
       def read_multi(*names)
         options = names.extract_options!
         options = merged_options(options)
-        keys_to_names = Hash[names.map{|name| [escape_key(namespaced_key(name, options)), name]}]
-        raw_values = @data.get_multi(keys_to_names.keys, :raw => true)
-        values = {}
-        raw_values.each do |key, value|
-          entry = deserialize_entry(value)
-          values[keys_to_names[key]] = entry.value unless entry.expired?
+
+        instrument_multi(:read, names, options) do
+          keys_to_names = Hash[names.map{|name| [normalize_key(name, options), name]}]
+          raw_values = @data.get_multi(keys_to_names.keys, :raw => true)
+          values = {}
+          raw_values.each do |key, value|
+            entry = deserialize_entry(value)
+            values[keys_to_names[key]] = entry.value unless entry.expired?
+          end
+          values
         end
-        values
       end
 
       # Increment a cached value. This method uses the memcached incr atomic
@@ -83,11 +115,10 @@ module ActiveSupport
       def increment(name, amount = 1, options = nil) # :nodoc:
         options = merged_options(options)
         instrument(:increment, name, :amount => amount) do
-          @data.incr(escape_key(namespaced_key(name, options)), amount)
+          rescue_error_with nil do
+            @data.incr(normalize_key(name, options), amount)
+          end
         end
-      rescue Dalli::DalliError => e
-        logger.error("DalliError (#{e}): #{e.message}") if logger
-        nil
       end
 
       # Decrement a cached value. This method uses the memcached decr atomic
@@ -97,20 +128,16 @@ module ActiveSupport
       def decrement(name, amount = 1, options = nil) # :nodoc:
         options = merged_options(options)
         instrument(:decrement, name, :amount => amount) do
-          @data.decr(escape_key(namespaced_key(name, options)), amount)
+          rescue_error_with nil do
+            @data.decr(normalize_key(name, options), amount)
+          end
         end
-      rescue Dalli::DalliError => e
-        logger.error("DalliError (#{e}): #{e.message}") if logger
-        nil
       end
 
       # Clear the entire cache on all memcached servers. This method should
       # be used with care when shared cache is being used.
       def clear(options = nil)
-        @data.flush_all
-      rescue Dalli::DalliError => e
-        logger.error("DalliError (#{e}): #{e.message}") if logger
-        nil
+        rescue_error_with(nil) { @data.flush_all }
       end
 
       # Get the statistics from the memcached servers.
@@ -121,10 +148,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       protected
         # Read an entry from the cache.
         def read_entry(key, options) # :nodoc:
-          deserialize_entry(@data.get(escape_key(key), options))
-        rescue Dalli::DalliError => e
-          logger.error("DalliError (#{e}): #{e.message}") if logger
-          nil
+          rescue_error_with(nil) { deserialize_entry(@data.get(key, options)) }
         end
 
         # Write an entry to the cache.
@@ -136,18 +160,14 @@ module ActiveSupport
             # Set the memcache expire a few minutes in the future to support race condition ttls on read
             expires_in += 5.minutes
           end
-          @data.send(method, escape_key(key), value, expires_in, options)
-        rescue Dalli::DalliError => e
-          logger.error("DalliError (#{e}): #{e.message}") if logger
-          false
+          rescue_error_with false do
+            @data.send(method, key, value, expires_in, options)
+          end
         end
 
         # Delete an entry from the cache.
         def delete_entry(key, options) # :nodoc:
-          @data.delete(escape_key(key))
-        rescue Dalli::DalliError => e
-          logger.error("DalliError (#{e}): #{e.message}") if logger
-          false
+          rescue_error_with(false) { @data.delete(key) }
         end
 
       private
@@ -155,44 +175,35 @@ module ActiveSupport
         # Memcache keys are binaries. So we need to force their encoding to binary
         # before applying the regular expression to ensure we are escaping all
         # characters properly.
-        def escape_key(key)
-          key = key.to_s.dup
+        def normalize_key(key, options)
+          key = super.dup
           key = key.force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
           key = key.gsub(ESCAPE_KEY_CHARS){ |match| "%#{match.getbyte(0).to_s(16).upcase}" }
           key = "#{key[0, 213]}:md5:#{Digest::MD5.hexdigest(key)}" if key.size > 250
           key
         end
 
+        def escape_key(key)
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MESSAGE.strip_heredoc)
+            `escape_key` is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 5.1.
+            Please use `normalize_key` which will return a fully resolved key or nothing.
+          MESSAGE
+          key
+        end
+
         def deserialize_entry(raw_value)
           if raw_value
             entry = Marshal.load(raw_value) rescue raw_value
             entry.is_a?(Entry) ? entry : Entry.new(entry)
-          else
-            nil
           end
         end
 
-      # Provide support for raw values in the local cache strategy.
-      module LocalCacheWithRaw # :nodoc:
-        protected
-          def read_entry(key, options)
-            entry = super
-            if options[:raw] && local_cache && entry
-               entry = deserialize_entry(entry.value)
-            end
-            entry
-          end
-
-          def write_entry(key, entry, options) # :nodoc:
-            retval = super
-            if options[:raw] && local_cache && retval
-              raw_entry = Entry.new(entry.value.to_s)
-              raw_entry.expires_at = entry.expires_at
-              local_cache.write_entry(key, raw_entry, options)
-            end
-            retval
-          end
-      end
+        def rescue_error_with(fallback)
+          yield
+        rescue Dalli::DalliError => e
+          logger.error("DalliError (#{e}): #{e.message}") if logger
+          fallback
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/memory_store.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/memory_store.rb
index 8a0523d0e2..896c28ad8b 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/memory_store.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/memory_store.rb
@@ -75,30 +75,12 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
       # Increment an integer value in the cache.
       def increment(name, amount = 1, options = nil)
-        synchronize do
-          options = merged_options(options)
-          if num = read(name, options)
-            num = num.to_i + amount
-            write(name, num, options)
-            num
-          else
-            nil
-          end
-        end
+        modify_value(name, amount, options)
       end
 
       # Decrement an integer value in the cache.
       def decrement(name, amount = 1, options = nil)
-        synchronize do
-          options = merged_options(options)
-          if num = read(name, options)
-            num = num.to_i - amount
-            write(name, num, options)
-            num
-          else
-            nil
-          end
-        end
+        modify_value(name, -amount, options)
       end
 
       def delete_matched(matcher, options = nil)
@@ -126,7 +108,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
         PER_ENTRY_OVERHEAD = 240
 
-        def cached_size(key, entry)
+        def cached_size(key, entry) # :nodoc:
           key.to_s.bytesize + entry.size + PER_ENTRY_OVERHEAD
         end
 
@@ -167,6 +149,19 @@ module ActiveSupport
             !!entry
           end
         end
+
+      private
+
+        def modify_value(name, amount, options)
+          synchronize do
+            options = merged_options(options)
+            if num = read(name, options)
+              num = num.to_i + amount
+              write(name, num, options)
+              num
+            end
+          end
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/null_store.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/null_store.rb
index 4427eaafcd..0564ce5312 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/null_store.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/null_store.rb
@@ -8,10 +8,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # be cached inside blocks that utilize this strategy. See
     # ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache for more details.
     class NullStore < Store
-      def initialize(options = nil)
-        super(options)
-        extend Strategy::LocalCache
-      end
+      prepend Strategy::LocalCache
 
       def clear(options = nil)
       end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/strategy/local_cache.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/strategy/local_cache.rb
index 6afb07bd72..df38dbcf11 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/strategy/local_cache.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/strategy/local_cache.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
+require 'active_support/per_thread_registry'
 
 module ActiveSupport
   module Cache
@@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
             @data = {}
           end
 
-          # Don't allow synchronizing since it isn't thread safe,
+          # Don't allow synchronizing since it isn't thread safe.
           def synchronize # :nodoc:
             yield
           end
@@ -59,6 +60,10 @@ module ActiveSupport
           def delete_entry(key, options)
             !!@data.delete(key)
           end
+
+          def fetch_entry(key, options = nil) # :nodoc:
+            @data.fetch(key) { @data[key] = yield }
+          end
         end
 
         # Use a local cache for the duration of block.
@@ -74,36 +79,35 @@ module ActiveSupport
         end
 
         def clear(options = nil) # :nodoc:
-          local_cache.clear(options) if local_cache
+          return super unless cache = local_cache
+          cache.clear(options)
           super
         end
 
         def cleanup(options = nil) # :nodoc:
-          local_cache.clear(options) if local_cache
+          return super unless cache = local_cache
+          cache.clear(options)
           super
         end
 
         def increment(name, amount = 1, options = nil) # :nodoc:
+          return super unless local_cache
           value = bypass_local_cache{super}
-          increment_or_decrement(value, name, amount, options)
+          write_cache_value(name, value, options)
           value
         end
 
         def decrement(name, amount = 1, options = nil) # :nodoc:
+          return super unless local_cache
           value = bypass_local_cache{super}
-          increment_or_decrement(value, name, amount, options)
+          write_cache_value(name, value, options)
           value
         end
 
         protected
           def read_entry(key, options) # :nodoc:
-            if local_cache
-              entry = local_cache.read_entry(key, options)
-              unless entry
-                entry = super
-                local_cache.write_entry(key, entry, options)
-              end
-              entry
+            if cache = local_cache
+              cache.fetch_entry(key) { super }
             else
               super
             end
@@ -119,19 +123,28 @@ module ActiveSupport
             super
           end
 
-        private
-          def increment_or_decrement(value, name, amount, options)
-            if local_cache
-              local_cache.mute do
-                if value
-                  local_cache.write(name, value, options)
-                else
-                  local_cache.delete(name, options)
-                end
+          def set_cache_value(value, name, amount, options) # :nodoc:
+            ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MESSAGE.strip_heredoc)
+              `set_cache_value` is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 5.1.
+              Please use `write_cache_value`
+            MESSAGE
+            write_cache_value name, value, options
+          end
+
+          def write_cache_value(name, value, options) # :nodoc:
+            name = normalize_key(name, options)
+            cache = local_cache
+            cache.mute do
+              if value
+                cache.write(name, value, options)
+              else
+                cache.delete(name, options)
               end
             end
           end
 
+        private
+
           def local_cache_key
             @local_cache_key ||= "#{self.class.name.underscore}_local_cache_#{object_id}".gsub(/[\/-]/, '_').to_sym
           end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/strategy/local_cache_middleware.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/strategy/local_cache_middleware.rb
index 901c2e05a8..a6f24b1a3c 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/strategy/local_cache_middleware.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/strategy/local_cache_middleware.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 require 'rack/body_proxy'
+require 'rack/utils'
+
 module ActiveSupport
   module Cache
     module Strategy
@@ -28,6 +30,9 @@ module ActiveSupport
               LocalCacheRegistry.set_cache_for(local_cache_key, nil)
             end
             response
+          rescue Rack::Utils::InvalidParameterError
+            LocalCacheRegistry.set_cache_for(local_cache_key, nil)
+            [400, {}, []]
           rescue Exception
             LocalCacheRegistry.set_cache_for(local_cache_key, nil)
             raise
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb
index e14ece7f35..d43fde03a9 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,9 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/singleton_class'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/filters'
+require 'active_support/deprecation'
 require 'thread'
 
 module ActiveSupport
@@ -64,6 +67,12 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
     CALLBACK_FILTER_TYPES = [:before, :after, :around]
 
+    # If true, Active Record and Active Model callbacks returning +false+ will
+    # halt the entire callback chain and display a deprecation message.
+    # If false, callback chains will only be halted by calling +throw :abort+.
+    # Defaults to +true+.
+    mattr_accessor(:halt_and_display_warning_on_return_false) { true }
+
     # Runs the callbacks for the given event.
     #
     # Calls the before and around callbacks in the order they were set, yields
@@ -71,24 +80,28 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # order.
     #
     # If the callback chain was halted, returns +false+. Otherwise returns the
-    # result of the block, or +true+ if no block is given.
+    # result of the block, +nil+ if no callbacks have been set, or +true+
+    # if callbacks have been set but no block is given.
     #
     #   run_callbacks :save do
     #     save
     #   end
     def run_callbacks(kind, &block)
-      cbs = send("_#{kind}_callbacks")
-      if cbs.empty?
+      send "_run_#{kind}_callbacks", &block
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def __run_callbacks__(callbacks, &block)
+      if callbacks.empty?
         yield if block_given?
       else
-        runner = cbs.compile
+        runner = callbacks.compile
         e = Filters::Environment.new(self, false, nil, block)
         runner.call(e).value
       end
     end
 
-    private
-
     # A hook invoked every time a before callback is halted.
     # This can be overridden in AS::Callback implementors in order
     # to provide better debugging/logging.
@@ -117,102 +130,75 @@ module ActiveSupport
       ENDING = End.new
 
       class Before
-        def self.build(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions, chain_config, filter)
+        def self.build(callback_sequence, user_callback, user_conditions, chain_config, filter)
           halted_lambda = chain_config[:terminator]
 
-          if chain_config.key?(:terminator) && user_conditions.any?
-            halting_and_conditional(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions, halted_lambda, filter)
-          elsif chain_config.key? :terminator
-            halting(next_callback, user_callback, halted_lambda, filter)
-          elsif user_conditions.any?
-            conditional(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions)
+          if user_conditions.any?
+            halting_and_conditional(callback_sequence, user_callback, user_conditions, halted_lambda, filter)
           else
-            simple next_callback, user_callback
+            halting(callback_sequence, user_callback, halted_lambda, filter)
           end
         end
 
-        private
-
-        def self.halting_and_conditional(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions, halted_lambda, filter)
-          lambda { |env|
+        def self.halting_and_conditional(callback_sequence, user_callback, user_conditions, halted_lambda, filter)
+          callback_sequence.before do |env|
             target = env.target
             value  = env.value
             halted = env.halted
 
             if !halted && user_conditions.all? { |c| c.call(target, value) }
-              result = user_callback.call target, value
-              env.halted = halted_lambda.call(target, result)
+              result_lambda = -> { user_callback.call target, value }
+              env.halted = halted_lambda.call(target, result_lambda)
               if env.halted
                 target.send :halted_callback_hook, filter
               end
             end
-            next_callback.call env
-          }
+
+            env
+          end
         end
+        private_class_method :halting_and_conditional
 
-        def self.halting(next_callback, user_callback, halted_lambda, filter)
-          lambda { |env|
+        def self.halting(callback_sequence, user_callback, halted_lambda, filter)
+          callback_sequence.before do |env|
             target = env.target
             value  = env.value
             halted = env.halted
 
             unless halted
-              result = user_callback.call target, value
-              env.halted = halted_lambda.call(target, result)
+              result_lambda = -> { user_callback.call target, value }
+              env.halted = halted_lambda.call(target, result_lambda)
+
               if env.halted
                 target.send :halted_callback_hook, filter
               end
             end
-            next_callback.call env
-          }
-        end
 
-        def self.conditional(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions)
-          lambda { |env|
-            target = env.target
-            value  = env.value
-
-            if user_conditions.all? { |c| c.call(target, value) }
-              user_callback.call target, value
-            end
-            next_callback.call env
-          }
-        end
-
-        def self.simple(next_callback, user_callback)
-          lambda { |env|
-            user_callback.call env.target, env.value
-            next_callback.call env
-          }
+            env
+          end
         end
+        private_class_method :halting
       end
 
       class After
-        def self.build(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions, chain_config)
+        def self.build(callback_sequence, user_callback, user_conditions, chain_config)
           if chain_config[:skip_after_callbacks_if_terminated]
-            if chain_config.key?(:terminator) && user_conditions.any?
-              halting_and_conditional(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions)
-            elsif chain_config.key?(:terminator)
-              halting(next_callback, user_callback)
-            elsif user_conditions.any?
-              conditional next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions
+            if user_conditions.any?
+              halting_and_conditional(callback_sequence, user_callback, user_conditions)
             else
-              simple next_callback, user_callback
+              halting(callback_sequence, user_callback)
             end
           else
             if user_conditions.any?
-              conditional next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions
+              conditional callback_sequence, user_callback, user_conditions
             else
-              simple next_callback, user_callback
+              simple callback_sequence, user_callback
             end
           end
         end
 
-        private
-
-        def self.halting_and_conditional(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions)
-          lambda { |env|
-            env = next_callback.call env
+        def self.halting_and_conditional(callback_sequence, user_callback, user_conditions)
+          callback_sequence.after do |env|
             target = env.target
             value  = env.value
             halted = env.halted
@@ -220,118 +206,90 @@ module ActiveSupport
             if !halted && user_conditions.all? { |c| c.call(target, value) }
               user_callback.call target, value
             end
+
             env
-          }
+          end
         end
+        private_class_method :halting_and_conditional
 
-        def self.halting(next_callback, user_callback)
-          lambda { |env|
-            env = next_callback.call env
+        def self.halting(callback_sequence, user_callback)
+          callback_sequence.after do |env|
             unless env.halted
               user_callback.call env.target, env.value
             end
+
             env
-          }
+          end
         end
+        private_class_method :halting
 
-        def self.conditional(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions)
-          lambda { |env|
-            env = next_callback.call env
+        def self.conditional(callback_sequence, user_callback, user_conditions)
+          callback_sequence.after do |env|
             target = env.target
             value  = env.value
 
             if user_conditions.all? { |c| c.call(target, value) }
               user_callback.call target, value
             end
+
             env
-          }
+          end
         end
+        private_class_method :conditional
 
-        def self.simple(next_callback, user_callback)
-          lambda { |env|
-            env = next_callback.call env
+        def self.simple(callback_sequence, user_callback)
+          callback_sequence.after do |env|
             user_callback.call env.target, env.value
+
             env
-          }
+          end
         end
+        private_class_method :simple
       end
 
       class Around
-        def self.build(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions, chain_config)
-          if chain_config.key?(:terminator) && user_conditions.any?
-            halting_and_conditional(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions)
-          elsif chain_config.key? :terminator
-            halting(next_callback, user_callback)
-          elsif user_conditions.any?
-            conditional(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions)
+        def self.build(callback_sequence, user_callback, user_conditions, chain_config)
+          if user_conditions.any?
+            halting_and_conditional(callback_sequence, user_callback, user_conditions)
           else
-            simple(next_callback, user_callback)
+            halting(callback_sequence, user_callback)
           end
         end
 
-        private
-
-        def self.halting_and_conditional(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions)
-          lambda { |env|
+        def self.halting_and_conditional(callback_sequence, user_callback, user_conditions)
+          callback_sequence.around do |env, &run|
             target = env.target
             value  = env.value
             halted = env.halted
 
             if !halted && user_conditions.all? { |c| c.call(target, value) }
               user_callback.call(target, value) {
-                env = next_callback.call env
-                env.value
+                run.call.value
               }
               env
             else
-              next_callback.call env
+              run.call
             end
-          }
+          end
         end
+        private_class_method :halting_and_conditional
 
-        def self.halting(next_callback, user_callback)
-          lambda { |env|
+        def self.halting(callback_sequence, user_callback)
+          callback_sequence.around do |env, &run|
             target = env.target
             value  = env.value
 
-            unless env.halted
-              user_callback.call(target, value) {
-                env = next_callback.call env
-                env.value
-              }
-              env
+            if env.halted
+              run.call
             else
-              next_callback.call env
-            end
-          }
-        end
-
-        def self.conditional(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions)
-          lambda { |env|
-            target = env.target
-            value  = env.value
-
-            if user_conditions.all? { |c| c.call(target, value) }
               user_callback.call(target, value) {
-                env = next_callback.call env
-                env.value
+                run.call.value
               }
               env
-            else
-              next_callback.call env
             end
-          }
-        end
-
-        def self.simple(next_callback, user_callback)
-          lambda { |env|
-            user_callback.call(env.target, env.value) {
-              env = next_callback.call env
-              env.value
-            }
-            env
-          }
+          end
         end
+        private_class_method :halting
       end
     end
 
@@ -356,14 +314,14 @@ module ActiveSupport
       def filter; @key; end
       def raw_filter; @filter; end
 
-      def merge(chain, new_options)
+      def merge_conditional_options(chain, if_option:, unless_option:)
         options = {
           :if     => @if.dup,
           :unless => @unless.dup
         }
 
-        options[:if].concat     Array(new_options.fetch(:unless, []))
-        options[:unless].concat Array(new_options.fetch(:if, []))
+        options[:if].concat     Array(unless_option)
+        options[:unless].concat Array(if_option)
 
         self.class.build chain, @filter, @kind, options
       end
@@ -382,17 +340,17 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       # Wraps code with filter
-      def apply(next_callback)
+      def apply(callback_sequence)
         user_conditions = conditions_lambdas
         user_callback = make_lambda @filter
 
         case kind
         when :before
-          Filters::Before.build(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions, chain_config, @filter)
+          Filters::Before.build(callback_sequence, user_callback, user_conditions, chain_config, @filter)
         when :after
-          Filters::After.build(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions, chain_config)
+          Filters::After.build(callback_sequence, user_callback, user_conditions, chain_config)
         when :around
-          Filters::Around.build(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions, chain_config)
+          Filters::Around.build(callback_sequence, user_callback, user_conditions, chain_config)
         end
       end
 
@@ -409,15 +367,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #   Procs::   A proc to call with the object.
       #   Objects:: An object with a <tt>before_foo</tt> method on it to call.
       #
-      # All of these objects are compiled into methods and handled
-      # the same after this point:
-      #
-      #   Symbols:: Already methods.
-      #   Strings:: class_eval'd into methods.
-      #   Procs::   using define_method compiled into methods.
-      #   Objects::
-      #     a method is created that calls the before_foo method
-      #     on the object.
+      # All of these objects are converted into a lambda and handled
+      # the same after this point.
       def make_lambda(filter)
         case filter
         when Symbol
@@ -464,6 +415,42 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
     end
 
+    # Execute before and after filters in a sequence instead of
+    # chaining them with nested lambda calls, see:
+    # https://github.com/rails/rails/issues/18011
+    class CallbackSequence
+      def initialize(&call)
+        @call = call
+        @before = []
+        @after = []
+      end
+
+      def before(&before)
+        @before.unshift(before)
+        self
+      end
+
+      def after(&after)
+        @after.push(after)
+        self
+      end
+
+      def around(&around)
+        CallbackSequence.new do |arg|
+          around.call(arg) {
+            self.call(arg)
+          }
+        end
+      end
+
+      def call(arg)
+        @before.each { |b| b.call(arg) }
+        value = @call.call(arg)
+        @after.each { |a| a.call(arg) }
+        value
+      end
+    end
+
     # An Array with a compile method.
     class CallbackChain #:nodoc:#
       include Enumerable
@@ -473,7 +460,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
       def initialize(name, config)
         @name = name
         @config = {
-          :scope => [ :kind ]
+          scope: [:kind],
+          terminator: default_terminator
         }.merge!(config)
         @chain = []
         @callbacks = nil
@@ -508,8 +496,9 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
       def compile
         @callbacks || @mutex.synchronize do
-          @callbacks ||= @chain.reverse.inject(Filters::ENDING) do |chain, callback|
-            callback.apply chain
+          final_sequence = CallbackSequence.new { |env| Filters::ENDING.call(env) }
+          @callbacks ||= @chain.reverse.inject(final_sequence) do |callback_sequence, callback|
+            callback.apply callback_sequence
           end
         end
       end
@@ -543,6 +532,17 @@ module ActiveSupport
         @callbacks = nil
         @chain.delete_if { |c| callback.duplicates?(c) }
       end
+
+      def default_terminator
+        Proc.new do |target, result_lambda|
+          terminate = true
+          catch(:abort) do
+            result_lambda.call if result_lambda.is_a?(Proc)
+            terminate = false
+          end
+          terminate
+        end
+      end
     end
 
     module ClassMethods
@@ -556,7 +556,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # This is used internally to append, prepend and skip callbacks to the
       # CallbackChain.
       def __update_callbacks(name) #:nodoc:
-        ([self] + ActiveSupport::DescendantsTracker.descendants(self)).reverse.each do |target|
+        ([self] + ActiveSupport::DescendantsTracker.descendants(self)).reverse_each do |target|
           chain = target.get_callbacks name
           yield target, chain.dup
         end
@@ -566,9 +566,9 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #
       #   set_callback :save, :before, :before_meth
       #   set_callback :save, :after,  :after_meth, if: :condition
-      #   set_callback :save, :around, ->(r, &block) { stuff; result = block.call; stuff }
+      #   set_callback :save, :around, ->(r, block) { stuff; result = block.call; stuff }
       #
-      # The second arguments indicates whether the callback is to be run +:before+,
+      # The second argument indicates whether the callback is to be run +:before+,
       # +:after+, or +:around+ the event. If omitted, +:before+ is assumed. This
       # means the first example above can also be written as:
       #
@@ -591,10 +591,12 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #
       # ===== Options
       #
-      # * <tt>:if</tt> - A symbol naming an instance method or a proc; the
-      #   callback will be called only when it returns a +true+ value.
-      # * <tt>:unless</tt> - A symbol naming an instance method or a proc; the
-      #   callback will be called only when it returns a +false+ value.
+      # * <tt>:if</tt> - A symbol, a string or an array of symbols and strings,
+      #   each naming an instance method or a proc; the callback will be called
+      #   only when they all return a true value.
+      # * <tt>:unless</tt> - A symbol, a string or an array of symbols and
+      #   strings, each naming an instance method or a proc; the callback will
+      #   be called only when they all return a false value.
       # * <tt>:prepend</tt> - If +true+, the callback will be prepended to the
       #   existing chain rather than appended.
       def set_callback(name, *filter_list, &block)
@@ -617,19 +619,27 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #   class Writer < Person
       #      skip_callback :validate, :before, :check_membership, if: -> { self.age > 18 }
       #   end
+      #
+      # An <tt>ArgumentError</tt> will be raised if the callback has not
+      # already been set (unless the <tt>:raise</tt> option is set to <tt>false</tt>).
       def skip_callback(name, *filter_list, &block)
         type, filters, options = normalize_callback_params(filter_list, block)
+        options[:raise] = true unless options.key?(:raise)
 
         __update_callbacks(name) do |target, chain|
           filters.each do |filter|
-            filter = chain.find {|c| c.matches?(type, filter) }
+            callback = chain.find {|c| c.matches?(type, filter) }
+
+            if !callback && options[:raise]
+              raise ArgumentError, "#{type.to_s.capitalize} #{name} callback #{filter.inspect} has not been defined"
+            end
 
-            if filter && options.any?
-              new_filter = filter.merge(chain, options)
-              chain.insert(chain.index(filter), new_filter)
+            if callback && (options.key?(:if) || options.key?(:unless))
+              new_callback = callback.merge_conditional_options(chain, if_option: options[:if], unless_option: options[:unless])
+              chain.insert(chain.index(callback), new_callback)
             end
 
-            chain.delete(filter)
+            chain.delete(callback)
           end
           target.set_callbacks name, chain
         end
@@ -656,21 +666,23 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # ===== Options
       #
       # * <tt>:terminator</tt> - Determines when a before filter will halt the
-      #   callback chain, preventing following callbacks from being called and
-      #   the event from being triggered. This should be a lambda to be executed.
-      #   The current object and the return result of the callback will be called
-      #   with the lambda.
+      #   callback chain, preventing following before and around callbacks from
+      #   being called and the event from being triggered.
+      #   This should be a lambda to be executed.
+      #   The current object and the result lambda of the callback will be provided
+      #   to the terminator lambda.
       #
-      #     define_callbacks :validate, terminator: ->(target, result) { result == false }
+      #     define_callbacks :validate, terminator: ->(target, result_lambda) { result_lambda.call == false }
       #
       #   In this example, if any before validate callbacks returns +false+,
-      #   other callbacks are not executed. Defaults to +false+, meaning no value
-      #   halts the chain.
+      #   any successive before and around callback is not executed.
+      #
+      #   The default terminator halts the chain when a callback throws +:abort+.
       #
       # * <tt>:skip_after_callbacks_if_terminated</tt> - Determines if after
       #   callbacks should be terminated by the <tt>:terminator</tt> option. By
-      #   default after callbacks executed no matter if callback chain was
-      #   terminated or not. Option makes sense only when <tt>:terminator</tt>
+      #   default after callbacks are executed no matter if callback chain was
+      #   terminated or not. This option makes sense only when <tt>:terminator</tt>
       #   option is specified.
       #
       # * <tt>:scope</tt> - Indicates which methods should be executed when an
@@ -716,30 +728,57 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #     define_callbacks :save, scope: [:name]
       #
       #   would call <tt>Audit#save</tt>.
+      #
+      # NOTE: +method_name+ passed to `define_model_callbacks` must not end with
+      # `!`, `?` or `=`.
       def define_callbacks(*names)
         options = names.extract_options!
-        if options.key?(:terminator) && String === options[:terminator]
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "String based terminators are deprecated, please use a lambda"
-          value = options[:terminator]
-          line = class_eval "lambda { |result| #{value} }", __FILE__, __LINE__
-          options[:terminator] = lambda { |target, result| target.instance_exec(result, &line) }
-        end
 
         names.each do |name|
           class_attribute "_#{name}_callbacks"
           set_callbacks name, CallbackChain.new(name, options)
+
+          module_eval <<-RUBY, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+            def _run_#{name}_callbacks(&block)
+              __run_callbacks__(_#{name}_callbacks, &block)
+            end
+          RUBY
         end
       end
 
       protected
 
-      def get_callbacks(name)
+      def get_callbacks(name) # :nodoc:
         send "_#{name}_callbacks"
       end
 
-      def set_callbacks(name, callbacks)
+      def set_callbacks(name, callbacks) # :nodoc:
         send "_#{name}_callbacks=", callbacks
       end
+
+      def deprecated_false_terminator # :nodoc:
+        Proc.new do |target, result_lambda|
+          terminate = true
+          catch(:abort) do
+            result = result_lambda.call if result_lambda.is_a?(Proc)
+            if Callbacks.halt_and_display_warning_on_return_false && result == false
+              display_deprecation_warning_for_false_terminator
+            else
+              terminate = false
+            end
+          end
+          terminate
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def display_deprecation_warning_for_false_terminator
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
+          Returning `false` in Active Record and Active Model callbacks will not implicitly halt a callback chain in the next release of Rails.
+          To explicitly halt the callback chain, please use `throw :abort` instead.
+        MSG
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/concern.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/concern.rb
index 9d5cee54e3..0403eb70ca 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/concern.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/concern.rb
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
   #   end
   #
   #   class Host
-  #     include Bar # works, Bar takes care now of its dependencies
+  #     include Bar # It works, now Bar takes care of its dependencies
   #   end
   module Concern
     class MultipleIncludedBlocks < StandardError #:nodoc:
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         return false
       else
         return false if base < self
-        @_dependencies.each { |dep| base.send(:include, dep) }
+        @_dependencies.each { |dep| base.include(dep) }
         super
         base.extend const_get(:ClassMethods) if const_defined?(:ClassMethods)
         base.class_eval(&@_included_block) if instance_variable_defined?(:@_included_block)
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     def class_methods(&class_methods_module_definition)
-      mod = const_defined?(:ClassMethods) ?
+      mod = const_defined?(:ClassMethods, false) ?
         const_get(:ClassMethods) :
         const_set(:ClassMethods, Module.new)
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/concurrency/latch.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/concurrency/latch.rb
index 1507de433e..4abe5ece6f 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/concurrency/latch.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/concurrency/latch.rb
@@ -1,26 +1,18 @@
-require 'thread'
-require 'monitor'
+require 'concurrent/atomic/count_down_latch'
 
 module ActiveSupport
   module Concurrency
-    class Latch
+    class Latch < Concurrent::CountDownLatch
+
       def initialize(count = 1)
-        @count = count
-        @lock = Monitor.new
-        @cv = @lock.new_cond
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("ActiveSupport::Concurrency::Latch is deprecated. Please use Concurrent::CountDownLatch instead.")
+        super(count)
       end
 
-      def release
-        @lock.synchronize do
-          @count -= 1 if @count > 0
-          @cv.broadcast if @count.zero?
-        end
-      end
+      alias_method :release, :count_down
 
       def await
-        @lock.synchronize do
-          @cv.wait_while { @count > 0 }
-        end
+        wait(nil)
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/concurrency/share_lock.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/concurrency/share_lock.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ca48164c54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/concurrency/share_lock.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+require 'thread'
+require 'monitor'
+
+module ActiveSupport
+  module Concurrency
+    # A share/exclusive lock, otherwise known as a read/write lock.
+    #
+    # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Readers%E2%80%93writer_lock
+    #--
+    # Note that a pending Exclusive lock attempt does not block incoming
+    # Share requests (i.e., we are "read-preferring"). That seems
+    # consistent with the behavior of "loose" upgrades, but may be the
+    # wrong choice otherwise: it nominally reduces the possibility of
+    # deadlock by risking starvation instead.
+    class ShareLock
+      include MonitorMixin
+
+      # We track Thread objects, instead of just using counters, because
+      # we need exclusive locks to be reentrant, and we need to be able
+      # to upgrade share locks to exclusive.
+
+
+      def initialize
+        super()
+
+        @cv = new_cond
+
+        @sharing = Hash.new(0)
+        @waiting = {}
+        @exclusive_thread = nil
+        @exclusive_depth = 0
+      end
+
+      # Returns false if +no_wait+ is set and the lock is not
+      # immediately available. Otherwise, returns true after the lock
+      # has been acquired.
+      #
+      # +purpose+ and +compatible+ work together; while this thread is
+      # waiting for the exclusive lock, it will yield its share (if any)
+      # to any other attempt whose +purpose+ appears in this attempt's
+      # +compatible+ list. This allows a "loose" upgrade, which, being
+      # less strict, prevents some classes of deadlocks.
+      #
+      # For many resources, loose upgrades are sufficient: if a thread
+      # is awaiting a lock, it is not running any other code. With
+      # +purpose+ matching, it is possible to yield only to other
+      # threads whose activity will not interfere.
+      def start_exclusive(purpose: nil, compatible: [], no_wait: false)
+        synchronize do
+          unless @exclusive_thread == Thread.current
+            if busy?(purpose)
+              return false if no_wait
+
+              loose_shares = @sharing.delete(Thread.current)
+              @waiting[Thread.current] = compatible if loose_shares
+
+              begin
+                @cv.wait_while { busy?(purpose) }
+              ensure
+                @waiting.delete Thread.current
+                @sharing[Thread.current] = loose_shares if loose_shares
+              end
+            end
+            @exclusive_thread = Thread.current
+          end
+          @exclusive_depth += 1
+
+          true
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Relinquish the exclusive lock. Must only be called by the thread
+      # that called start_exclusive (and currently holds the lock).
+      def stop_exclusive
+        synchronize do
+          raise "invalid unlock" if @exclusive_thread != Thread.current
+
+          @exclusive_depth -= 1
+          if @exclusive_depth == 0
+            @exclusive_thread = nil
+            @cv.broadcast
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def start_sharing
+        synchronize do
+          if @exclusive_thread && @exclusive_thread != Thread.current
+            @cv.wait_while { @exclusive_thread }
+          end
+          @sharing[Thread.current] += 1
+        end
+      end
+
+      def stop_sharing
+        synchronize do
+          if @sharing[Thread.current] > 1
+            @sharing[Thread.current] -= 1
+          else
+            @sharing.delete Thread.current
+            @cv.broadcast
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Execute the supplied block while holding the Exclusive lock. If
+      # +no_wait+ is set and the lock is not immediately available,
+      # returns +nil+ without yielding. Otherwise, returns the result of
+      # the block.
+      #
+      # See +start_exclusive+ for other options.
+      def exclusive(purpose: nil, compatible: [], no_wait: false)
+        if start_exclusive(purpose: purpose, compatible: compatible, no_wait: no_wait)
+          begin
+            yield
+          ensure
+            stop_exclusive
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Execute the supplied block while holding the Share lock.
+      def sharing
+        start_sharing
+        begin
+          yield
+        ensure
+          stop_sharing
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      # Must be called within synchronize
+      def busy?(purpose)
+        (@exclusive_thread && @exclusive_thread != Thread.current) ||
+          @waiting.any? { |k, v| k != Thread.current && !v.include?(purpose) } ||
+          @sharing.size > (@sharing[Thread.current] > 0 ? 1 : 0)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/configurable.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/configurable.rb
index 3dd44e32d8..8256c325af 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/configurable.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/configurable.rb
@@ -122,6 +122,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
           send("#{name}=", yield) if block_given?
         end
       end
+      private :config_accessor
     end
 
     # Reads and writes attributes from a configuration <tt>OrderedHash</tt>.
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext.rb
index 199aa91020..52706c3d7a 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
-Dir["#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/core_ext/*.rb"].each do |path|
+DEPRECATED_FILES = ["#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/core_ext/struct.rb"]
+(Dir["#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/core_ext/*.rb"] - DEPRECATED_FILES).each do |path|
   require path
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array.rb
index 7d0c1e4c8d..7551551bd7 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array.rb
@@ -4,3 +4,4 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/array/conversions'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/grouping'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/prepend_and_append'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/array/inquiry'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/access.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/access.rb
index 67f58bc0fe..3177d8498e 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/access.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/access.rb
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ class Array
   #   %w( a b c d ).from(2)  # => ["c", "d"]
   #   %w( a b c d ).from(10) # => []
   #   %w().from(0)           # => []
+  #   %w( a b c d ).from(-2) # => ["c", "d"]
+  #   %w( a b c ).from(-10)  # => []
   def from(position)
     self[position, length] || []
   end
@@ -15,8 +17,26 @@ class Array
   #   %w( a b c d ).to(2)  # => ["a", "b", "c"]
   #   %w( a b c d ).to(10) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
   #   %w().to(0)           # => []
+  #   %w( a b c d ).to(-2) # => ["a", "b", "c"]
+  #   %w( a b c ).to(-10)  # => []
   def to(position)
-    first position + 1
+    if position >= 0
+      take position + 1
+    else
+      self[0..position]
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Returns a copy of the Array without the specified elements.
+  #
+  #   people = ["David", "Rafael", "Aaron", "Todd"]
+  #   people.without "Aaron", "Todd"
+  #     => ["David", "Rafael"]
+  #
+  # Note: This is an optimization of `Enumerable#without` that uses `Array#-`
+  # instead of `Array#reject` for performance reasons.
+  def without(*elements)
+    self - elements
   end
 
   # Equal to <tt>self[1]</tt>.
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/conversions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/conversions.rb
index 76ffd23ed1..8718b7e1e5 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/conversions.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/conversions.rb
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class Array
   #   ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence # => "one, two, and three"
   #
   #   ['one', 'two'].to_sentence(passing: 'invalid option')
-  #   # => ArgumentError: Unknown key :passing
+  #   # => ArgumentError: Unknown key: :passing. Valid keys are: :words_connector, :two_words_connector, :last_word_connector, :locale
   #
   #   ['one', 'two'].to_sentence(two_words_connector: '-')
   #   # => "one-two"
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ class Array
     when 0
       ''
     when 1
-      self[0].to_s.dup
+      "#{self[0]}"
     when 2
       "#{self[0]}#{options[:two_words_connector]}#{self[1]}"
     else
@@ -85,14 +85,16 @@ class Array
   # Extends <tt>Array#to_s</tt> to convert a collection of elements into a
   # comma separated id list if <tt>:db</tt> argument is given as the format.
   #
-  #   Blog.all.to_formatted_s(:db) # => "1,2,3"
+  #   Blog.all.to_formatted_s(:db)  # => "1,2,3"
+  #   Blog.none.to_formatted_s(:db) # => "null"
+  #   [1,2].to_formatted_s          # => "[1, 2]"
   def to_formatted_s(format = :default)
     case format
     when :db
       if empty?
         'null'
       else
-        collect { |element| element.id }.join(',')
+        collect(&:id).join(',')
       end
     else
       to_default_s
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/grouping.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/grouping.rb
index 3529d57174..87ae052eb0 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/grouping.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/grouping.rb
@@ -18,6 +18,11 @@ class Array
   #   ["3", "4"]
   #   ["5"]
   def in_groups_of(number, fill_with = nil)
+    if number.to_i <= 0
+      raise ArgumentError,
+        "Group size must be a positive integer, was #{number.inspect}"
+    end
+
     if fill_with == false
       collection = self
     else
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/inquiry.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/inquiry.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e8f44cc378
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/inquiry.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+require 'active_support/array_inquirer'
+
+class Array
+  # Wraps the array in an +ArrayInquirer+ object, which gives a friendlier way
+  # to check its string-like contents.
+  #
+  #   pets = [:cat, :dog].inquiry
+  #
+  #   pets.cat?     # => true
+  #   pets.ferret?  # => false
+  #
+  #   pets.any?(:cat, :ferret)  # => true
+  #   pets.any?(:ferret, :alligator)  # => false
+  def inquiry
+    ActiveSupport::ArrayInquirer.new(self)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/wrap.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/wrap.rb
index 152eb02218..b611d34c27 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/wrap.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/wrap.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ class Array
   #
   # Specifically:
   #
-  # * If the argument is +nil+ an empty list is returned.
+  # * If the argument is +nil+ an empty array is returned.
   # * Otherwise, if the argument responds to +to_ary+ it is invoked, and its result returned.
   # * Otherwise, returns an array with the argument as its single element.
   #
@@ -15,12 +15,13 @@ class Array
   #
   # * If the argument responds to +to_ary+ the method is invoked. <tt>Kernel#Array</tt>
   #   moves on to try +to_a+ if the returned value is +nil+, but <tt>Array.wrap</tt> returns
-  #   +nil+ right away.
+  #   an array with the argument as its single element right away.
   # * If the returned value from +to_ary+ is neither +nil+ nor an +Array+ object, <tt>Kernel#Array</tt>
   #   raises an exception, while <tt>Array.wrap</tt> does not, it just returns the value.
-  # * It does not call +to_a+ on the argument, but returns an empty array if argument is +nil+.
+  # * It does not call +to_a+ on the argument, if the argument does not respond to +to_ary+
+  #   it returns an array with the argument as its single element.
   #
-  # The second point is easily explained with some enumerables:
+  # The last point is easily explained with some enumerables:
   #
   #   Array(foo: :bar)      # => [[:foo, :bar]]
   #   Array.wrap(foo: :bar) # => [{:foo=>:bar}]
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/big_decimal/conversions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/big_decimal/conversions.rb
index 843c592669..22fc7ecf92 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/big_decimal/conversions.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/big_decimal/conversions.rb
@@ -1,16 +1,14 @@
 require 'bigdecimal'
 require 'bigdecimal/util'
 
-class BigDecimal
-  DEFAULT_STRING_FORMAT = 'F'
-  def to_formatted_s(*args)
-    if args[0].is_a?(Symbol)
-      super
-    else
-      format = args[0] || DEFAULT_STRING_FORMAT
-      _original_to_s(format)
+module ActiveSupport
+  module BigDecimalWithDefaultFormat #:nodoc:
+    DEFAULT_STRING_FORMAT = 'F'
+
+    def to_s(format = nil)
+      super(format || DEFAULT_STRING_FORMAT)
     end
   end
-  alias_method :_original_to_s, :to_s
-  alias_method :to_s, :to_formatted_s
 end
+
+BigDecimal.prepend(ActiveSupport::BigDecimalWithDefaultFormat)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/big_decimal/yaml_conversions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/big_decimal/yaml_conversions.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 46ba93ead4..0000000000
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/big_decimal/yaml_conversions.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn 'core_ext/big_decimal/yaml_conversions is deprecated and will be removed in the future.'
-
-require 'bigdecimal'
-require 'yaml'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/big_decimal/conversions'
-
-class BigDecimal
-  YAML_MAPPING = { 'Infinity' => '.Inf', '-Infinity' => '-.Inf', 'NaN' => '.NaN' }
-
-  def encode_with(coder)
-    string = to_s
-    coder.represent_scalar(nil, YAML_MAPPING[string] || string)
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class.rb
index c750a10bb2..ef903d59b5 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/class/subclasses'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/attribute.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/attribute.rb
index f2a221c396..802d988af2 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/attribute.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/attribute.rb
@@ -75,11 +75,15 @@ class Class
     instance_predicate = options.fetch(:instance_predicate, true)
 
     attrs.each do |name|
+      remove_possible_singleton_method(name)
       define_singleton_method(name) { nil }
+
+      remove_possible_singleton_method("#{name}?")
       define_singleton_method("#{name}?") { !!public_send(name) } if instance_predicate
 
       ivar = "@#{name}"
 
+      remove_possible_singleton_method("#{name}=")
       define_singleton_method("#{name}=") do |val|
         singleton_class.class_eval do
           remove_possible_method(name)
@@ -110,18 +114,15 @@ class Class
             self.class.public_send name
           end
         end
+
+        remove_possible_method "#{name}?"
         define_method("#{name}?") { !!public_send(name) } if instance_predicate
       end
 
-      attr_writer name if instance_writer
-    end
-  end
-
-  private
-
-    unless respond_to?(:singleton_class?)
-      def singleton_class?
-        ancestors.first != self
+      if instance_writer
+        remove_possible_method "#{name}="
+        attr_writer name
       end
     end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors.rb
index 083b165dce..84d5e95e7a 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-require 'active_support/deprecation'
+# cattr_* became mattr_* aliases in 7dfbd91b0780fbd6a1dd9bfbc176e10894871d2d,
+# but we keep this around for libraries that directly require it knowing they
+# want cattr_*. No need to deprecate.
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
-
-ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(
-  "The cattr_* method definitions have been moved into active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors. Please require that instead."
-)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index c2219beb5a..0000000000
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/singleton_class'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method'
-
-class Class
-  def superclass_delegating_accessor(name, options = {})
-    # Create private _name and _name= methods that can still be used if the public
-    # methods are overridden.
-    _superclass_delegating_accessor("_#{name}", options)
-
-    # Generate the public methods name, name=, and name?.
-    # These methods dispatch to the private _name, and _name= methods, making them
-    # overridable.
-    singleton_class.send(:define_method, name) { send("_#{name}") }
-    singleton_class.send(:define_method, "#{name}?") { !!send("_#{name}") }
-    singleton_class.send(:define_method, "#{name}=") { |value| send("_#{name}=", value) }
-
-    # If an instance_reader is needed, generate public instance methods name and name?.
-    if options[:instance_reader] != false
-      define_method(name) { send("_#{name}") }
-      define_method("#{name}?") { !!send("#{name}") }
-    end
-  end
-
-  private
-    # Take the object being set and store it in a method. This gives us automatic
-    # inheritance behavior, without having to store the object in an instance
-    # variable and look up the superclass chain manually.
-    def _stash_object_in_method(object, method, instance_reader = true)
-      singleton_class.remove_possible_method(method)
-      singleton_class.send(:define_method, method) { object }
-      remove_possible_method(method)
-      define_method(method) { object } if instance_reader
-    end
-
-    def _superclass_delegating_accessor(name, options = {})
-      singleton_class.send(:define_method, "#{name}=") do |value|
-        _stash_object_in_method(value, name, options[:instance_reader] != false)
-      end
-      send("#{name}=", nil)
-    end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/subclasses.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/subclasses.rb
index 3c4bfc5f1e..b0f9a8be34 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/subclasses.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/subclasses.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/module/reachable'
 
 class Class
   begin
-    ObjectSpace.each_object(Class.new) {}
+    # Test if this Ruby supports each_object against singleton_class
+    ObjectSpace.each_object(Numeric.singleton_class) {}
 
     def descendants # :nodoc:
       descendants = []
@@ -12,7 +13,7 @@ class Class
       end
       descendants
     end
-  rescue StandardError # JRuby
+  rescue StandardError # JRuby 9.0.4.0 and earlier
     def descendants # :nodoc:
       descendants = []
       ObjectSpace.each_object(Class) do |k|
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date.rb
index 465fedda80..7f0f4639a2 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/date/acts_like'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/date/blank'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/date/calculations'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/date/conversions'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/date/zones'
-
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date/blank.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date/blank.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..71627b6a6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date/blank.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+require 'date'
+
+class Date #:nodoc:
+  # No Date is blank:
+  #
+  #   Date.today.blank? # => false
+  #
+  # @return [false]
+  def blank?
+    false
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date/calculations.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date/calculations.rb
index c60e833441..d589b67bf7 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date/calculations.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date/calculations.rb
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class Date
       Thread.current[:beginning_of_week] = find_beginning_of_week!(week_start)
     end
 
-    # Returns week start day symbol (e.g. :monday), or raises an ArgumentError for invalid day symbol.
+    # Returns week start day symbol (e.g. :monday), or raises an +ArgumentError+ for invalid day symbol.
     def find_beginning_of_week!(week_start)
       raise ArgumentError, "Invalid beginning of week: #{week_start}" unless ::Date::DAYS_INTO_WEEK.key?(week_start)
       week_start
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date/conversions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date/conversions.rb
index df419a6e63..ed8bca77ac 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date/conversions.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date/conversions.rb
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ class Date
   #   date.to_s(:db)                      # => "2007-11-10"
   #
   #   date.to_formatted_s(:short)         # => "10 Nov"
+  #   date.to_formatted_s(:number)        # => "20071110"
   #   date.to_formatted_s(:long)          # => "November 10, 2007"
   #   date.to_formatted_s(:long_ordinal)  # => "November 10th, 2007"
   #   date.to_formatted_s(:rfc822)        # => "10 Nov 2007"
@@ -74,14 +75,19 @@ class Date
   #
   #   date = Date.new(2007, 11, 10)  # => Sat, 10 Nov 2007
   #
-  #   date.to_time                   # => Sat Nov 10 00:00:00 0800 2007
-  #   date.to_time(:local)           # => Sat Nov 10 00:00:00 0800 2007
+  #   date.to_time                   # => 2007-11-10 00:00:00 0800
+  #   date.to_time(:local)           # => 2007-11-10 00:00:00 0800
   #
-  #   date.to_time(:utc)             # => Sat Nov 10 00:00:00 UTC 2007
+  #   date.to_time(:utc)             # => 2007-11-10 00:00:00 UTC
   def to_time(form = :local)
     ::Time.send(form, year, month, day)
   end
 
+  # Returns a string which represents the time in used time zone as DateTime
+  # defined by XML Schema:
+  #
+  #   date = Date.new(2015, 05, 23)  # => Sat, 23 May 2015
+  #   date.xmlschema                 # => "2015-05-23T00:00:00+04:00"
   def xmlschema
     in_time_zone.xmlschema
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_and_time/calculations.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_and_time/calculations.rb
index b85e49aca5..e079af594d 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_and_time/calculations.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_and_time/calculations.rb
@@ -9,15 +9,26 @@ module DateAndTime
       :saturday  => 5,
       :sunday    => 6
     }
+    WEEKEND_DAYS = [ 6, 0 ]
 
     # Returns a new date/time representing yesterday.
     def yesterday
-      advance(:days => -1)
+      advance(days: -1)
+    end
+
+    # Returns a new date/time representing the previous day.
+    def prev_day
+      advance(days: -1)
     end
 
     # Returns a new date/time representing tomorrow.
     def tomorrow
-      advance(:days => 1)
+      advance(days: 1)
+    end
+
+    # Returns a new date/time representing the next day.
+    def next_day
+      advance(days: 1)
     end
 
     # Returns true if the date/time is today.
@@ -35,6 +46,11 @@ module DateAndTime
       self > self.class.current
     end
 
+    # Returns true if the date/time falls on a Saturday or Sunday.
+    def on_weekend?
+      WEEKEND_DAYS.include?(wday)
+    end
+
     # Returns a new date/time the specified number of days ago.
     def days_ago(days)
       advance(:days => -days)
@@ -76,15 +92,28 @@ module DateAndTime
     end
 
     # Returns a new date/time at the start of the month.
-    # DateTime objects will have a time set to 0:00.
+    #
+    #   today = Date.today # => Thu, 18 Jun 2015
+    #   today.beginning_of_month # => Mon, 01 Jun 2015
+    #
+    # +DateTime+ objects will have a time set to 0:00.
+    #
+    #   now = DateTime.current # => Thu, 18 Jun 2015 15:23:13 +0000
+    #   now.beginning_of_month # => Mon, 01 Jun 2015 00:00:00 +0000
     def beginning_of_month
       first_hour(change(:day => 1))
     end
     alias :at_beginning_of_month :beginning_of_month
 
     # Returns a new date/time at the start of the quarter.
-    # Example: 1st January, 1st July, 1st October.
-    # DateTime objects will have a time set to 0:00.
+    #
+    #   today = Date.today # => Fri, 10 Jul 2015
+    #   today.beginning_of_quarter # => Wed, 01 Jul 2015
+    #
+    # +DateTime+ objects will have a time set to 0:00.
+    #
+    #   now = DateTime.current # => Fri, 10 Jul 2015 18:41:29 +0000
+    #   now.beginning_of_quarter # => Wed, 01 Jul 2015 00:00:00 +0000
     def beginning_of_quarter
       first_quarter_month = [10, 7, 4, 1].detect { |m| m <= month }
       beginning_of_month.change(:month => first_quarter_month)
@@ -92,28 +121,62 @@ module DateAndTime
     alias :at_beginning_of_quarter :beginning_of_quarter
 
     # Returns a new date/time at the end of the quarter.
-    # Example: 31st March, 30th June, 30th September.
-    # DateTime objects will have a time set to 23:59:59.
+    #
+    #   today = Date.today # => Fri, 10 Jul 2015
+    #   today.end_of_quarter # => Wed, 30 Sep 2015
+    #
+    # +DateTime+ objects will have a time set to 23:59:59.
+    #
+    #   now = DateTime.current # => Fri, 10 Jul 2015 18:41:29 +0000
+    #   now.end_of_quarter # => Wed, 30 Sep 2015 23:59:59 +0000
     def end_of_quarter
       last_quarter_month = [3, 6, 9, 12].detect { |m| m >= month }
       beginning_of_month.change(:month => last_quarter_month).end_of_month
     end
     alias :at_end_of_quarter :end_of_quarter
 
-    # Return a new date/time at the beginning of the year.
-    # Example: 1st January.
-    # DateTime objects will have a time set to 0:00.
+    # Returns a new date/time at the beginning of the year.
+    #
+    #   today = Date.today # => Fri, 10 Jul 2015
+    #   today.beginning_of_year # => Thu, 01 Jan 2015
+    #
+    # +DateTime+ objects will have a time set to 0:00.
+    #
+    #   now = DateTime.current # => Fri, 10 Jul 2015 18:41:29 +0000
+    #   now.beginning_of_year # => Thu, 01 Jan 2015 00:00:00 +0000
     def beginning_of_year
       change(:month => 1).beginning_of_month
     end
     alias :at_beginning_of_year :beginning_of_year
 
     # Returns a new date/time representing the given day in the next week.
+    #
+    #   today = Date.today # => Thu, 07 May 2015
+    #   today.next_week    # => Mon, 11 May 2015
+    #
     # The +given_day_in_next_week+ defaults to the beginning of the week
     # which is determined by +Date.beginning_of_week+ or +config.beginning_of_week+
-    # when set. +DateTime+ objects have their time set to 0:00.
-    def next_week(given_day_in_next_week = Date.beginning_of_week)
-      first_hour(weeks_since(1).beginning_of_week.days_since(days_span(given_day_in_next_week)))
+    # when set.
+    #
+    #   today = Date.today       # => Thu, 07 May 2015
+    #   today.next_week(:friday) # => Fri, 15 May 2015
+    #
+    # +DateTime+ objects have their time set to 0:00 unless +same_time+ is true.
+    #
+    #   now = DateTime.current # => Thu, 07 May 2015 13:31:16 +0000
+    #   now.next_week      # => Mon, 11 May 2015 00:00:00 +0000
+    def next_week(given_day_in_next_week = Date.beginning_of_week, same_time: false)
+      result = first_hour(weeks_since(1).beginning_of_week.days_since(days_span(given_day_in_next_week)))
+      same_time ? copy_time_to(result) : result
+    end
+
+    # Returns a new date/time representing the next weekday.
+    def next_weekday
+      if next_day.on_weekend?
+        next_week(:monday, same_time: true)
+      else
+        next_day
+      end
     end
 
     # Short-hand for months_since(1).
@@ -134,12 +197,23 @@ module DateAndTime
     # Returns a new date/time representing the given day in the previous week.
     # Week is assumed to start on +start_day+, default is
     # +Date.beginning_of_week+ or +config.beginning_of_week+ when set.
-    # DateTime objects have their time set to 0:00.
-    def prev_week(start_day = Date.beginning_of_week)
-      first_hour(weeks_ago(1).beginning_of_week.days_since(days_span(start_day)))
+    # DateTime objects have their time set to 0:00 unless +same_time+ is true.
+    def prev_week(start_day = Date.beginning_of_week, same_time: false)
+      result = first_hour(weeks_ago(1).beginning_of_week.days_since(days_span(start_day)))
+      same_time ? copy_time_to(result) : result
     end
     alias_method :last_week, :prev_week
 
+    # Returns a new date/time representing the previous weekday.
+    def prev_weekday
+      if prev_day.on_weekend?
+        copy_time_to(beginning_of_week(:friday))
+      else
+        prev_day
+      end
+    end
+    alias_method :last_weekday, :prev_weekday
+
     # Short-hand for months_ago(1).
     def prev_month
       months_ago(1)
@@ -235,17 +309,20 @@ module DateAndTime
     end
 
     private
+      def first_hour(date_or_time)
+        date_or_time.acts_like?(:time) ? date_or_time.beginning_of_day : date_or_time
+      end
 
-    def first_hour(date_or_time)
-      date_or_time.acts_like?(:time) ? date_or_time.beginning_of_day : date_or_time
-    end
+      def last_hour(date_or_time)
+        date_or_time.acts_like?(:time) ? date_or_time.end_of_day : date_or_time
+      end
 
-    def last_hour(date_or_time)
-      date_or_time.acts_like?(:time) ? date_or_time.end_of_day : date_or_time
-    end
+      def days_span(day)
+        (DAYS_INTO_WEEK[day] - DAYS_INTO_WEEK[Date.beginning_of_week]) % 7
+      end
 
-    def days_span(day)
-      (DAYS_INTO_WEEK[day] - DAYS_INTO_WEEK[Date.beginning_of_week]) % 7
-    end
+      def copy_time_to(other)
+        other.change(hour: hour, min: min, sec: sec, usec: try(:usec))
+      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_and_time/zones.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_and_time/zones.rb
index 96c6df9407..d29a8db5cf 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_and_time/zones.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_and_time/zones.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ module DateAndTime
     # if Time.zone_default is set. Otherwise, it returns the current time.
     #
     #   Time.zone = 'Hawaii'        # => 'Hawaii'
-    #   DateTime.utc(2000).in_time_zone # => Fri, 31 Dec 1999 14:00:00 HST -10:00
+    #   Time.utc(2000).in_time_zone # => Fri, 31 Dec 1999 14:00:00 HST -10:00
     #   Date.new(2000).in_time_zone  # => Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 HST -10:00
     #
     # This method is similar to Time#localtime, except that it uses <tt>Time.zone</tt> as the local zone
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ module DateAndTime
     # and the conversion will be based on that zone instead of <tt>Time.zone</tt>.
     #
     #   Time.utc(2000).in_time_zone('Alaska') # => Fri, 31 Dec 1999 15:00:00 AKST -09:00
-    #   DateTime.utc(2000).in_time_zone('Alaska') # => Fri, 31 Dec 1999 15:00:00 AKST -09:00
     #   Date.new(2000).in_time_zone('Alaska')  # => Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 AKST -09:00
     def in_time_zone(zone = ::Time.zone)
       time_zone = ::Time.find_zone! zone
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time.rb
index e8a27b9f38..bcb228b09a 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/date_time/acts_like'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/date_time/blank'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/date_time/calculations'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/date_time/conversions'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/date_time/zones'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/blank.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/blank.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..56981b75fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/blank.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+require 'date'
+
+class DateTime #:nodoc:
+  # No DateTime is ever blank:
+  #
+  #   DateTime.now.blank? # => false
+  #
+  # @return [false]
+  def blank?
+    false
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/calculations.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/calculations.rb
index 73ad0aa097..95617fb8c2 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/calculations.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/calculations.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,11 @@ class DateTime
     end
   end
 
-  # Seconds since midnight: DateTime.now.seconds_since_midnight.
+  # Returns the number of seconds since 00:00:00.
+  #
+  #   DateTime.new(2012, 8, 29,  0,  0,  0).seconds_since_midnight # => 0
+  #   DateTime.new(2012, 8, 29, 12, 34, 56).seconds_since_midnight # => 45296
+  #   DateTime.new(2012, 8, 29, 23, 59, 59).seconds_since_midnight # => 86399
   def seconds_since_midnight
     sec + (min * 60) + (hour * 3600)
   end
@@ -53,6 +57,16 @@ class DateTime
   # <tt>:months</tt>, <tt>:weeks</tt>, <tt>:days</tt>, <tt>:hours</tt>,
   # <tt>:minutes</tt>, <tt>:seconds</tt>.
   def advance(options)
+    unless options[:weeks].nil?
+      options[:weeks], partial_weeks = options[:weeks].divmod(1)
+      options[:days] = options.fetch(:days, 0) + 7 * partial_weeks
+    end
+
+    unless options[:days].nil?
+      options[:days], partial_days = options[:days].divmod(1)
+      options[:hours] = options.fetch(:hours, 0) + 24 * partial_days
+    end
+
     d = to_date.advance(options)
     datetime_advanced_by_date = change(:year => d.year, :month => d.month, :day => d.day)
     seconds_to_advance = \
@@ -63,7 +77,7 @@ class DateTime
     if seconds_to_advance.zero?
       datetime_advanced_by_date
     else
-      datetime_advanced_by_date.since seconds_to_advance
+      datetime_advanced_by_date.since(seconds_to_advance)
     end
   end
 
@@ -151,8 +165,10 @@ class DateTime
   # Layers additional behavior on DateTime#<=> so that Time and
   # ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone instances can be compared with a DateTime.
   def <=>(other)
-    if other.respond_to? :to_datetime
-      super other.to_datetime
+    if other.kind_of?(Infinity)
+      super
+    elsif other.respond_to? :to_datetime
+      super other.to_datetime rescue nil
     else
       nil
     end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/conversions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/conversions.rb
index 6ddfb72a0d..f59d05b214 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/conversions.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/conversions.rb
@@ -40,6 +40,8 @@ class DateTime
   alias_method :to_default_s, :to_s if instance_methods(false).include?(:to_s)
   alias_method :to_s, :to_formatted_s
 
+  # Returns a formatted string of the offset from UTC, or an alternative
+  # string if the time zone is already UTC.
   #
   #   datetime = DateTime.civil(2000, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, Rational(-6, 24))
   #   datetime.formatted_offset         # => "-06:00"
@@ -71,9 +73,9 @@ class DateTime
     civil(year, month, day, hour, min, sec, offset)
   end
 
-  # Converts +self+ to a floating-point number of seconds since the Unix epoch.
+  # Converts +self+ to a floating-point number of seconds, including fractional microseconds, since the Unix epoch.
   def to_f
-    seconds_since_unix_epoch.to_f
+    seconds_since_unix_epoch.to_f + sec_fraction
   end
 
   # Converts +self+ to an integer number of seconds since the Unix epoch.
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/digest/uuid.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/digest/uuid.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..593c51bba2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/digest/uuid.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+require 'securerandom'
+
+module Digest
+  module UUID
+    DNS_NAMESPACE  = "k\xA7\xB8\x10\x9D\xAD\x11\xD1\x80\xB4\x00\xC0O\xD40\xC8" #:nodoc:
+    URL_NAMESPACE  = "k\xA7\xB8\x11\x9D\xAD\x11\xD1\x80\xB4\x00\xC0O\xD40\xC8" #:nodoc:
+    OID_NAMESPACE  = "k\xA7\xB8\x12\x9D\xAD\x11\xD1\x80\xB4\x00\xC0O\xD40\xC8" #:nodoc:
+    X500_NAMESPACE = "k\xA7\xB8\x14\x9D\xAD\x11\xD1\x80\xB4\x00\xC0O\xD40\xC8" #:nodoc:
+
+    # Generates a v5 non-random UUID (Universally Unique IDentifier).
+    #
+    # Using Digest::MD5 generates version 3 UUIDs; Digest::SHA1 generates version 5 UUIDs.
+    # uuid_from_hash always generates the same UUID for a given name and namespace combination.
+    #
+    # See RFC 4122 for details of UUID at: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4122.txt
+    def self.uuid_from_hash(hash_class, uuid_namespace, name)
+      if hash_class == Digest::MD5
+        version = 3
+      elsif hash_class == Digest::SHA1
+        version = 5
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "Expected Digest::SHA1 or Digest::MD5, got #{hash_class.name}."
+      end
+
+      hash = hash_class.new
+      hash.update(uuid_namespace)
+      hash.update(name)
+
+      ary = hash.digest.unpack('NnnnnN')
+      ary[2] = (ary[2] & 0x0FFF) | (version << 12)
+      ary[3] = (ary[3] & 0x3FFF) | 0x8000
+
+      "%08x-%04x-%04x-%04x-%04x%08x" % ary
+    end
+
+    # Convenience method for uuid_from_hash using Digest::MD5.
+    def self.uuid_v3(uuid_namespace, name)
+      self.uuid_from_hash(Digest::MD5, uuid_namespace, name)
+    end
+
+    # Convenience method for uuid_from_hash using Digest::SHA1.
+    def self.uuid_v5(uuid_namespace, name)
+      self.uuid_from_hash(Digest::SHA1, uuid_namespace, name)
+    end
+
+    # Convenience method for SecureRandom.uuid.
+    def self.uuid_v4
+      SecureRandom.uuid
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/enumerable.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/enumerable.rb
index 1343beb87a..8a74ad4d66 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/enumerable.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/enumerable.rb
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ module Enumerable
     if block_given?
       map(&block).sum(identity)
     else
-      inject { |sum, element| sum + element } || identity
+      inject(:+) || identity
     end
   end
 
@@ -60,6 +60,32 @@ module Enumerable
   def exclude?(object)
     !include?(object)
   end
+
+  # Returns a copy of the enumerable without the specified elements.
+  #
+  #   ["David", "Rafael", "Aaron", "Todd"].without "Aaron", "Todd"
+  #     => ["David", "Rafael"]
+  #
+  #   {foo: 1, bar: 2, baz: 3}.without :bar
+  #     => {foo: 1, baz: 3}
+  def without(*elements)
+    reject { |element| elements.include?(element) }
+  end
+
+  # Convert an enumerable to an array based on the given key.
+  #
+  #   [{ name: "David" }, { name: "Rafael" }, { name: "Aaron" }].pluck(:name)
+  #     => ["David", "Rafael", "Aaron"]
+  #
+  #   [{ id: 1, name: "David" }, { id: 2, name: "Rafael" }].pluck(:id, :name)
+  #     => [[1, "David"], [2, "Rafael"]]
+  def pluck(*keys)
+    if keys.many?
+      map { |element| keys.map { |key| element[key] } }
+    else
+      map { |element| element[keys.first] }
+    end
+  end
 end
 
 class Range #:nodoc:
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/file/atomic.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/file/atomic.rb
index 0e7e3ba378..463fd78412 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/file/atomic.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/file/atomic.rb
@@ -8,40 +8,45 @@ class File
   #     file.write('hello')
   #   end
   #
-  # If your temp directory is not on the same filesystem as the file you're
-  # trying to write, you can provide a different temporary directory.
+  # This method needs to create a temporary file. By default it will create it
+  # in the same directory as the destination file. If you don't like this
+  # behavior you can provide a different directory but it must be on the
+  # same physical filesystem as the file you're trying to write.
   #
   #   File.atomic_write('/data/something.important', '/data/tmp') do |file|
   #     file.write('hello')
   #   end
-  def self.atomic_write(file_name, temp_dir = Dir.tmpdir)
+  def self.atomic_write(file_name, temp_dir = dirname(file_name))
     require 'tempfile' unless defined?(Tempfile)
-    require 'fileutils' unless defined?(FileUtils)
 
-    temp_file = Tempfile.new(basename(file_name), temp_dir)
-    temp_file.binmode
-    yield temp_file
-    temp_file.close
+    Tempfile.open(".#{basename(file_name)}", temp_dir) do |temp_file|
+      temp_file.binmode
+      return_val = yield temp_file
+      temp_file.close
 
-    if File.exist?(file_name)
-      # Get original file permissions
-      old_stat = stat(file_name)
-    else
-      # If not possible, probe which are the default permissions in the
-      # destination directory.
-      old_stat = probe_stat_in(dirname(file_name))
-    end
+      old_stat = if exist?(file_name)
+        # Get original file permissions
+        stat(file_name)
+      elsif temp_dir != dirname(file_name)
+        # If not possible, probe which are the default permissions in the
+        # destination directory.
+        probe_stat_in(dirname(file_name))
+      end
 
-    # Overwrite original file with temp file
-    FileUtils.mv(temp_file.path, file_name)
+      if old_stat
+        # Set correct permissions on new file
+        begin
+          chown(old_stat.uid, old_stat.gid, temp_file.path)
+          # This operation will affect filesystem ACL's
+          chmod(old_stat.mode, temp_file.path)
+        rescue Errno::EPERM, Errno::EACCES
+          # Changing file ownership failed, moving on.
+        end
+      end
 
-    # Set correct permissions on new file
-    begin
-      chown(old_stat.uid, old_stat.gid, file_name)
-      # This operation will affect filesystem ACL's
-      chmod(old_stat.mode, file_name)
-    rescue Errno::EPERM
-      # Changing file ownership failed, moving on.
+      # Overwrite original file with temp file
+      rename(temp_file.path, file_name)
+      return_val
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash.rb
index f68e1662f9..af4d1da0eb 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash.rb
@@ -6,3 +6,4 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/reverse_merge'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/transform_values'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/compact.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/compact.rb
index 6566215a4d..5dc9a05ec7 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/compact.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/compact.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 class Hash
   # Returns a hash with non +nil+ values.
-  # 
+  #
   #   hash = { a: true, b: false, c: nil}
   #   hash.compact # => { a: true, b: false}
   #   hash # => { a: true, b: false, c: nil}
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ class Hash
   def compact
     self.select { |_, value| !value.nil? }
   end
-  
+
   # Replaces current hash with non +nil+ values.
-  # 
+  #
   #   hash = { a: true, b: false, c: nil}
   #   hash.compact! # => { a: true, b: false}
   #   hash # => { a: true, b: false}
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions.rb
index 7bea461c77..8594d9bf2e 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions.rb
@@ -105,8 +105,26 @@ class Hash
     #   hash = Hash.from_xml(xml)
     #   # => {"hash"=>{"foo"=>1, "bar"=>2}}
     #
-    # DisallowedType is raised if the XML contains attributes with <tt>type="yaml"</tt> or
-    # <tt>type="symbol"</tt>. Use <tt>Hash.from_trusted_xml</tt> to parse this XML.
+    # +DisallowedType+ is raised if the XML contains attributes with <tt>type="yaml"</tt> or
+    # <tt>type="symbol"</tt>. Use <tt>Hash.from_trusted_xml</tt> to
+    # parse this XML.
+    #
+    # Custom +disallowed_types+ can also be passed in the form of an
+    # array.
+    #
+    #   xml = <<-XML
+    #     <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+    #       <hash>
+    #         <foo type="integer">1</foo>
+    #         <bar type="string">"David"</bar>
+    #       </hash>
+    #   XML
+    #
+    #   hash = Hash.from_xml(xml, ['integer'])
+    #   # => ActiveSupport::XMLConverter::DisallowedType: Disallowed type attribute: "integer"
+    #
+    # Note that passing custom disallowed types will override the default types,
+    # which are Symbol and YAML.
     def from_xml(xml, disallowed_types = nil)
       ActiveSupport::XMLConverter.new(xml, disallowed_types).to_h
     end
@@ -221,7 +239,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       def garbage?(value)
         # If the type is the only element which makes it then
         # this still makes the value nil, except if type is
-        # a XML node(where type['value'] is a Hash)
+        # an XML node(where type['value'] is a Hash)
         value['type'] && !value['type'].is_a?(::Hash) && value.size == 1
       end
 
@@ -241,4 +259,3 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
   end
 end
-
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge.rb
index dc86c92003..9c9faf67ea 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge.rb
@@ -1,27 +1,38 @@
 class Hash
   # Returns a new hash with +self+ and +other_hash+ merged recursively.
   #
-  #   h1 = { x: { y: [4, 5, 6] }, z: [7, 8, 9] }
-  #   h2 = { x: { y: [7, 8, 9] }, z: 'xyz' }
+  #   h1 = { a: true, b: { c: [1, 2, 3] } }
+  #   h2 = { a: false, b: { x: [3, 4, 5] } }
   #
-  #   h1.deep_merge(h2) # => {x: {y: [7, 8, 9]}, z: "xyz"}
-  #   h2.deep_merge(h1) # => {x: {y: [4, 5, 6]}, z: [7, 8, 9]}
-  #   h1.deep_merge(h2) { |key, old, new| Array.wrap(old) + Array.wrap(new) }
-  #   # => {:x=>{:y=>[4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]}, :z=>[7, 8, 9, "xyz"]}
+  #   h1.deep_merge(h2) # => { a: false, b: { c: [1, 2, 3], x: [3, 4, 5] } }
+  #
+  # Like with Hash#merge in the standard library, a block can be provided
+  # to merge values:
+  #
+  #   h1 = { a: 100, b: 200, c: { c1: 100 } }
+  #   h2 = { b: 250, c: { c1: 200 } }
+  #   h1.deep_merge(h2) { |key, this_val, other_val| this_val + other_val }
+  #   # => { a: 100, b: 450, c: { c1: 300 } }
   def deep_merge(other_hash, &block)
     dup.deep_merge!(other_hash, &block)
   end
 
   # Same as +deep_merge+, but modifies +self+.
   def deep_merge!(other_hash, &block)
-    other_hash.each_pair do |k,v|
-      tv = self[k]
-      if tv.is_a?(Hash) && v.is_a?(Hash)
-        self[k] = tv.deep_merge(v, &block)
+    other_hash.each_pair do |current_key, other_value|
+      this_value = self[current_key]
+
+      self[current_key] = if this_value.is_a?(Hash) && other_value.is_a?(Hash)
+        this_value.deep_merge(other_value, &block)
       else
-        self[k] = block && tv ? block.call(k, tv, v) : v
+        if block_given? && key?(current_key)
+          block.call(current_key, this_value, other_value)
+        else
+          other_value
+        end
       end
     end
+
     self
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/except.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/except.rb
index 682d089881..2f6d38c1f6 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/except.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/except.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,20 @@
 class Hash
-  # Returns a hash that includes everything but the given keys. This is useful for
-  # limiting a set of parameters to everything but a few known toggles:
+  # Returns a hash that includes everything except given keys.
+  #   hash = { a: true, b: false, c: nil }
+  #   hash.except(:c)     # => { a: true, b: false }
+  #   hash.except(:a, :b) # => { c: nil }
+  #   hash                # => { a: true, b: false, c: nil }
   #
+  # This is useful for limiting a set of parameters to everything but a few known toggles:
   #   @person.update(params[:person].except(:admin))
   def except(*keys)
     dup.except!(*keys)
   end
 
-  # Replaces the hash without the given keys.
+  # Removes the given keys from hash and returns it.
+  #   hash = { a: true, b: false, c: nil }
+  #   hash.except!(:c) # => { a: true, b: false }
+  #   hash             # => { a: true, b: false }
   def except!(*keys)
     keys.each { |key| delete(key) }
     self
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access.rb
index 970d6faa1d..6df7b4121b 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ class Hash
   #
   #   { a: 1 }.with_indifferent_access['a'] # => 1
   def with_indifferent_access
-    ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new_from_hash_copying_default(self)
+    ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new(self)
   end
 
   # Called when object is nested under an object that receives
@@ -18,6 +18,6 @@ class Hash
   #
   #   b = { b: 1 }
   #   { a: b }.with_indifferent_access['a'] # calls b.nested_under_indifferent_access
-  #   # => {"b"=>32}
+  #   # => {"b"=>1}
   alias nested_under_indifferent_access with_indifferent_access
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/keys.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/keys.rb
index 3d41aa8572..8b2366c4b3 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/keys.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/keys.rb
@@ -1,21 +1,27 @@
 class Hash
-  # Returns a new hash with all keys converted using the block operation.
+  # Returns a new hash with all keys converted using the +block+ operation.
   #
   #  hash = { name: 'Rob', age: '28' }
   #
-  #  hash.transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
-  #  # => {"NAME"=>"Rob", "AGE"=>"28"}
+  #  hash.transform_keys { |key| key.to_s.upcase } # => {"NAME"=>"Rob", "AGE"=>"28"}
+  #
+  # If you do not provide a +block+, it will return an Enumerator
+  # for chaining with other methods:
+  #
+  #  hash.transform_keys.with_index { |k, i| [k, i].join } # => {"name0"=>"Rob", "age1"=>"28"}
   def transform_keys
-    result = {}
+    return enum_for(:transform_keys) { size } unless block_given?
+    result = self.class.new
     each_key do |key|
       result[yield(key)] = self[key]
     end
     result
   end
 
-  # Destructively convert all keys using the block operations.
-  # Same as transform_keys but modifies +self+.
+  # Destructively converts all keys using the +block+ operations.
+  # Same as +transform_keys+ but modifies +self+.
   def transform_keys!
+    return enum_for(:transform_keys!) { size } unless block_given?
     keys.each do |key|
       self[yield(key)] = delete(key)
     end
@@ -27,15 +33,15 @@ class Hash
   #   hash = { name: 'Rob', age: '28' }
   #
   #   hash.stringify_keys
-  #   # => { "name" => "Rob", "age" => "28" }
+  #   # => {"name"=>"Rob", "age"=>"28"}
   def stringify_keys
-    transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s }
+    transform_keys(&:to_s)
   end
 
-  # Destructively convert all keys to strings. Same as
+  # Destructively converts all keys to strings. Same as
   # +stringify_keys+, but modifies +self+.
   def stringify_keys!
-    transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_s }
+    transform_keys!(&:to_s)
   end
 
   # Returns a new hash with all keys converted to symbols, as long as
@@ -44,22 +50,24 @@ class Hash
   #   hash = { 'name' => 'Rob', 'age' => '28' }
   #
   #   hash.symbolize_keys
-  #   # => { name: "Rob", age: "28" }
+  #   # => {:name=>"Rob", :age=>"28"}
   def symbolize_keys
     transform_keys{ |key| key.to_sym rescue key }
   end
   alias_method :to_options,  :symbolize_keys
 
-  # Destructively convert all keys to symbols, as long as they respond
+  # Destructively converts all keys to symbols, as long as they respond
   # to +to_sym+. Same as +symbolize_keys+, but modifies +self+.
   def symbolize_keys!
     transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_sym rescue key }
   end
   alias_method :to_options!, :symbolize_keys!
 
-  # Validate all keys in a hash match <tt>*valid_keys</tt>, raising ArgumentError
-  # on a mismatch. Note that keys are NOT treated indifferently, meaning if you
-  # use strings for keys but assert symbols as keys, this will fail.
+  # Validates all keys in a hash match <tt>*valid_keys</tt>, raising
+  # +ArgumentError+ on a mismatch.
+  #
+  # Note that keys are treated differently than HashWithIndifferentAccess,
+  # meaning that string and symbol keys will not match.
   #
   #   { name: 'Rob', years: '28' }.assert_valid_keys(:name, :age) # => raises "ArgumentError: Unknown key: :years. Valid keys are: :name, :age"
   #   { name: 'Rob', age: '28' }.assert_valid_keys('name', 'age') # => raises "ArgumentError: Unknown key: :name. Valid keys are: 'name', 'age'"
@@ -75,53 +83,45 @@ class Hash
 
   # Returns a new hash with all keys converted by the block operation.
   # This includes the keys from the root hash and from all
-  # nested hashes.
+  # nested hashes and arrays.
   #
   #  hash = { person: { name: 'Rob', age: '28' } }
   #
   #  hash.deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
   #  # => {"PERSON"=>{"NAME"=>"Rob", "AGE"=>"28"}}
   def deep_transform_keys(&block)
-    result = {}
-    each do |key, value|
-      result[yield(key)] = value.is_a?(Hash) ? value.deep_transform_keys(&block) : value
-    end
-    result
+    _deep_transform_keys_in_object(self, &block)
   end
 
-  # Destructively convert all keys by using the block operation.
+  # Destructively converts all keys by using the block operation.
   # This includes the keys from the root hash and from all
-  # nested hashes.
+  # nested hashes and arrays.
   def deep_transform_keys!(&block)
-    keys.each do |key|
-      value = delete(key)
-      self[yield(key)] = value.is_a?(Hash) ? value.deep_transform_keys!(&block) : value
-    end
-    self
+    _deep_transform_keys_in_object!(self, &block)
   end
 
   # Returns a new hash with all keys converted to strings.
   # This includes the keys from the root hash and from all
-  # nested hashes.
+  # nested hashes and arrays.
   #
   #   hash = { person: { name: 'Rob', age: '28' } }
   #
   #   hash.deep_stringify_keys
   #   # => {"person"=>{"name"=>"Rob", "age"=>"28"}}
   def deep_stringify_keys
-    deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s }
+    deep_transform_keys(&:to_s)
   end
 
-  # Destructively convert all keys to strings.
+  # Destructively converts all keys to strings.
   # This includes the keys from the root hash and from all
-  # nested hashes.
+  # nested hashes and arrays.
   def deep_stringify_keys!
-    deep_transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_s }
+    deep_transform_keys!(&:to_s)
   end
 
   # Returns a new hash with all keys converted to symbols, as long as
   # they respond to +to_sym+. This includes the keys from the root hash
-  # and from all nested hashes.
+  # and from all nested hashes and arrays.
   #
   #   hash = { 'person' => { 'name' => 'Rob', 'age' => '28' } }
   #
@@ -131,10 +131,40 @@ class Hash
     deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_sym rescue key }
   end
 
-  # Destructively convert all keys to symbols, as long as they respond
+  # Destructively converts all keys to symbols, as long as they respond
   # to +to_sym+. This includes the keys from the root hash and from all
-  # nested hashes.
+  # nested hashes and arrays.
   def deep_symbolize_keys!
     deep_transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_sym rescue key }
   end
+
+  private
+    # support methods for deep transforming nested hashes and arrays
+    def _deep_transform_keys_in_object(object, &block)
+      case object
+      when Hash
+        object.each_with_object({}) do |(key, value), result|
+          result[yield(key)] = _deep_transform_keys_in_object(value, &block)
+        end
+      when Array
+        object.map {|e| _deep_transform_keys_in_object(e, &block) }
+      else
+        object
+      end
+    end
+
+    def _deep_transform_keys_in_object!(object, &block)
+      case object
+      when Hash
+        object.keys.each do |key|
+          value = object.delete(key)
+          object[yield(key)] = _deep_transform_keys_in_object!(value, &block)
+        end
+        object
+      when Array
+        object.map! {|e| _deep_transform_keys_in_object!(e, &block)}
+      else
+        object
+      end
+    end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/slice.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/slice.rb
index 8ad600b171..1d5f38231a 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/slice.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/slice.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,12 @@
 class Hash
-  # Slice a hash to include only the given keys. This is useful for
-  # limiting an options hash to valid keys before passing to a method:
+  # Slices a hash to include only the given keys. Returns a hash containing 
+  # the given keys.
+  # 
+  #   { a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4 }.slice(:a, :b)
+  #   # => {:a=>1, :b=>2}
+  # 
+  # This is useful for limiting an options hash to valid keys before 
+  # passing to a method:
   #
   #   def search(criteria = {})
   #     criteria.assert_valid_keys(:mass, :velocity, :time)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/transform_values.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/transform_values.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7d507ac998
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/transform_values.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+class Hash
+  # Returns a new hash with the results of running +block+ once for every value.
+  # The keys are unchanged.
+  #
+  #   { a: 1, b: 2, c: 3 }.transform_values { |x| x * 2 } # => { a: 2, b: 4, c: 6 }
+  #
+  # If you do not provide a +block+, it will return an Enumerator
+  # for chaining with other methods:
+  #
+  #   { a: 1, b: 2 }.transform_values.with_index { |v, i| [v, i].join.to_i } # => { a: 10, b: 21 }
+  def transform_values
+    return enum_for(:transform_values) { size } unless block_given?
+    return {} if empty?
+    result = self.class.new
+    each do |key, value|
+      result[key] = yield(value)
+    end
+    result
+  end
+
+  # Destructively converts all values using the +block+ operations.
+  # Same as +transform_values+ but modifies +self+.
+  def transform_values!
+    return enum_for(:transform_values!) { size } unless block_given?
+    each do |key, value|
+      self[key] = yield(value)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/integer/time.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/integer/time.rb
index 82080ffe51..87185b024f 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/integer/time.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/integer/time.rb
@@ -17,28 +17,13 @@ class Integer
   #
   #   # equivalent to Time.now.advance(months: 4, years: 5)
   #   (4.months + 5.years).from_now
-  #
-  # While these methods provide precise calculation when used as in the examples
-  # above, care should be taken to note that this is not true if the result of
-  # +months+, +years+, etc is converted before use:
-  #
-  #   # equivalent to 30.days.to_i.from_now
-  #   1.month.to_i.from_now
-  #
-  #   # equivalent to 365.25.days.to_f.from_now
-  #   1.year.to_f.from_now
-  #
-  # In such cases, Ruby's core
-  # Date[http://ruby-doc.org/stdlib/libdoc/date/rdoc/Date.html] and
-  # Time[http://ruby-doc.org/stdlib/libdoc/time/rdoc/Time.html] should be used for precision
-  # date and time arithmetic.
   def months
     ActiveSupport::Duration.new(self * 30.days, [[:months, self]])
   end
   alias :month :months
 
   def years
-    ActiveSupport::Duration.new(self * 365.25.days, [[:years, self]])
+    ActiveSupport::Duration.new(self * 365.25.days.to_i, [[:years, self]])
   end
   alias :year :years
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel.rb
index aa19aed43b..364ed9d65f 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/agnostics'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/concern'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/debugger'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/singleton_class'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/concern.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/concern.rb
index c200a78d36..bf72caa058 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/concern.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/concern.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/module/concerning'
 module Kernel
   # A shortcut to define a toplevel concern, not within a module.
   #
-  # See ActiveSupport::CoreExt::Module::Concerning for more.
+  # See Module::Concerning for more.
   def concern(topic, &module_definition)
     Object.concern topic, &module_definition
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/debugger.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/debugger.rb
index 2073cac98d..1fde3db070 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/debugger.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/debugger.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,3 @@
-module Kernel
-  unless respond_to?(:debugger)
-    # Starts a debugging session if the +debugger+ gem has been loaded (call rails server --debugger to do load it).
-    def debugger
-      message = "\n***** Debugger requested, but was not available (ensure the debugger gem is listed in Gemfile/installed as gem): Start server with --debugger to enable *****\n"
-      defined?(Rails) ? Rails.logger.info(message) : $stderr.puts(message)
-    end
-    alias breakpoint debugger unless respond_to?(:breakpoint)
-  end
-end
+require 'active_support/deprecation'
+
+ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("This file is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.1 with no replacement.")
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting.rb
index f3f8416905..8afc258df8 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-require 'rbconfig'
-require 'tempfile'
-
 module Kernel
   # Sets $VERBOSE to nil for the duration of the block and back to its original
   # value afterwards.
@@ -29,30 +26,6 @@ module Kernel
     $VERBOSE = old_verbose
   end
 
-  # For compatibility
-  def silence_stderr #:nodoc:
-    silence_stream(STDERR) { yield }
-  end
-
-  # Silences any stream for the duration of the block.
-  #
-  #   silence_stream(STDOUT) do
-  #     puts 'This will never be seen'
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   puts 'But this will'
-  #
-  # This method is not thread-safe.
-  def silence_stream(stream)
-    old_stream = stream.dup
-    stream.reopen(RbConfig::CONFIG['host_os'] =~ /mswin|mingw/ ? 'NUL:' : '/dev/null')
-    stream.sync = true
-    yield
-  ensure
-    stream.reopen(old_stream)
-    old_stream.close
-  end
-
   # Blocks and ignores any exception passed as argument if raised within the block.
   #
   #   suppress(ZeroDivisionError) do
@@ -65,50 +38,4 @@ module Kernel
     yield
   rescue *exception_classes
   end
-
-  # Captures the given stream and returns it:
-  #
-  #   stream = capture(:stdout) { puts 'notice' }
-  #   stream # => "notice\n"
-  #
-  #   stream = capture(:stderr) { warn 'error' }
-  #   stream # => "error\n"
-  #
-  # even for subprocesses:
-  #
-  #   stream = capture(:stdout) { system('echo notice') }
-  #   stream # => "notice\n"
-  #
-  #   stream = capture(:stderr) { system('echo error 1>&2') }
-  #   stream # => "error\n"
-  def capture(stream)
-    stream = stream.to_s
-    captured_stream = Tempfile.new(stream)
-    stream_io = eval("$#{stream}")
-    origin_stream = stream_io.dup
-    stream_io.reopen(captured_stream)
-
-    yield
-
-    stream_io.rewind
-    return captured_stream.read
-  ensure
-    captured_stream.close
-    captured_stream.unlink
-    stream_io.reopen(origin_stream)
-  end
-  alias :silence :capture
-
-  # Silences both STDOUT and STDERR, even for subprocesses.
-  #
-  #   quietly { system 'bundle install' }
-  #
-  # This method is not thread-safe.
-  def quietly
-    silence_stream(STDOUT) do
-      silence_stream(STDERR) do
-        yield
-      end
-    end
-  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/load_error.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/load_error.rb
index fe24f3716d..60732eb41a 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/load_error.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/load_error.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'active_support/deprecation/proxy_wrappers'
+
 class LoadError
   REGEXPS = [
     /^no such file to load -- (.+)$/i,
@@ -7,6 +9,7 @@ class LoadError
   ]
 
   unless method_defined?(:path)
+    # Returns the path which was unable to be loaded.
     def path
       @path ||= begin
         REGEXPS.find do |regex|
@@ -17,9 +20,11 @@ class LoadError
     end
   end
 
+  # Returns true if the given path name (except perhaps for the ".rb"
+  # extension) is the missing file which caused the exception to be raised.
   def is_missing?(location)
-    location.sub(/\.rb$/, '') == path.sub(/\.rb$/, '')
+    location.sub(/\.rb$/, ''.freeze) == path.sub(/\.rb$/, ''.freeze)
   end
 end
 
-MissingSourceFile = LoadError
\ No newline at end of file
+MissingSourceFile = ActiveSupport::Deprecation::DeprecatedConstantProxy.new('MissingSourceFile', 'LoadError')
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/marshal.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/marshal.rb
index 56c79c04bd..e333b26133 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/marshal.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/marshal.rb
@@ -1,21 +1,19 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/module/aliasing'
-
-module Marshal
-  class << self
-    def load_with_autoloading(source)
-      load_without_autoloading(source)
+module ActiveSupport
+  module MarshalWithAutoloading # :nodoc:
+    def load(source)
+      super(source)
     rescue ArgumentError, NameError => exc
       if exc.message.match(%r|undefined class/module (.+)|)
         # try loading the class/module
         $1.constantize
-        # if it is a IO we need to go back to read the object
+        # if it is an IO we need to go back to read the object
         source.rewind if source.respond_to?(:rewind)
         retry
       else
         raise exc
       end
     end
-
-    alias_method_chain :load, :autoloading
   end
 end
+
+Marshal.singleton_class.prepend(ActiveSupport::MarshalWithAutoloading)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/aliasing.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/aliasing.rb
index 580cb80413..b6934b9c54 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/aliasing.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/aliasing.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
 class Module
+  # NOTE: This method is deprecated. Please use <tt>Module#prepend</tt> that
+  # comes with Ruby 2.0 or newer instead.
+  #
   # Encapsulates the common pattern of:
   #
   #   alias_method :foo_without_feature, :foo
@@ -19,9 +22,11 @@ class Module
   #   alias_method :foo_without_feature?, :foo?
   #   alias_method :foo?, :foo_with_feature?
   #
-  # so you can safely chain foo, foo?, and foo! with the same feature.
+  # so you can safely chain foo, foo?, foo! and/or foo= with the same feature.
   def alias_method_chain(target, feature)
-    # Strip out punctuation on predicates or bang methods since
+    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("alias_method_chain is deprecated. Please, use Module#prepend instead. From module, you can access the original method using super.")
+
+    # Strip out punctuation on predicates, bang or writer methods since
     # e.g. target?_without_feature is not a valid method name.
     aliased_target, punctuation = target.to_s.sub(/([?!=])$/, ''), $1
     yield(aliased_target, punctuation) if block_given?
@@ -43,7 +48,7 @@ class Module
   end
 
   # Allows you to make aliases for attributes, which includes
-  # getter, setter, and query methods.
+  # getter, setter, and a predicate.
   #
   #   class Content < ActiveRecord::Base
   #     # has a title attribute
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/anonymous.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/anonymous.rb
index b0c7b021db..510c9a5430 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/anonymous.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/anonymous.rb
@@ -7,12 +7,21 @@ class Module
   #   m = Module.new
   #   m.name # => nil
   #
+  # +anonymous?+ method returns true if module does not have a name, false otherwise:
+  #
+  #   Module.new.anonymous? # => true
+  #
+  #   module M; end
+  #   M.anonymous?          # => false
+  #
   # A module gets a name when it is first assigned to a constant. Either
   # via the +module+ or +class+ keyword or by an explicit assignment:
   #
   #   m = Module.new # creates an anonymous module
-  #   M = m          # => m gets a name here as a side-effect
+  #   m.anonymous?   # => true
+  #   M = m          # m gets a name here as a side-effect
   #   m.name         # => "M"
+  #   m.anonymous?   # => false
   def anonymous?
     name.nil?
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attr_internal.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attr_internal.rb
index 67f0e0335d..93fb598650 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attr_internal.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attr_internal.rb
@@ -27,11 +27,8 @@ class Module
 
     def attr_internal_define(attr_name, type)
       internal_name = attr_internal_ivar_name(attr_name).sub(/\A@/, '')
-      # class_eval is necessary on 1.9 or else the methods are made private
-      class_eval do
-        # use native attr_* methods as they are faster on some Ruby implementations
-        send("attr_#{type}", internal_name)
-      end
+      # use native attr_* methods as they are faster on some Ruby implementations
+      send("attr_#{type}", internal_name)
       attr_name, internal_name = "#{attr_name}=", "#{internal_name}=" if type == :writer
       alias_method attr_name, internal_name
       remove_method internal_name
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors.rb
index d317df5079..124f90dc0f 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
 # attributes.
 class Module
   # Defines a class attribute and creates a class and instance reader methods.
-  # The underlying the class variable is set to +nil+, if it is not previously
+  # The underlying class variable is set to +nil+, if it is not previously
   # defined.
   #
   #   module HairColors
@@ -19,9 +19,9 @@ class Module
   # The attribute name must be a valid method name in Ruby.
   #
   #   module Foo
-  #     mattr_reader :"1_Badname "
+  #     mattr_reader :"1_Badname"
   #   end
-  #   # => NameError: invalid attribute name
+  #   # => NameError: invalid attribute name: 1_Badname
   #
   # If you want to opt out the creation on the instance reader method, pass
   # <tt>instance_reader: false</tt> or <tt>instance_accessor: false</tt>.
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class Module
   def mattr_reader(*syms)
     options = syms.extract_options!
     syms.each do |sym|
-      raise NameError.new("invalid attribute name: #{sym}") unless sym =~ /^[_A-Za-z]\w*$/
+      raise NameError.new("invalid attribute name: #{sym}") unless sym =~ /\A[_A-Za-z]\w*\z/
       class_eval(<<-EOS, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
         @@#{sym} = nil unless defined? @@#{sym}
 
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ class Module
   def mattr_writer(*syms)
     options = syms.extract_options!
     syms.each do |sym|
-      raise NameError.new("invalid attribute name: #{sym}") unless sym =~ /^[_A-Za-z]\w*$/
+      raise NameError.new("invalid attribute name: #{sym}") unless sym =~ /\A[_A-Za-z]\w*\z/
       class_eval(<<-EOS, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
         @@#{sym} = nil unless defined? @@#{sym}
 
@@ -203,10 +203,10 @@ class Module
   #     include HairColors
   #   end
   #
-  #   Person.class_variable_get("@@hair_colors") #=> [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
+  #   Person.class_variable_get("@@hair_colors") # => [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
   def mattr_accessor(*syms, &blk)
     mattr_reader(*syms, &blk)
-    mattr_writer(*syms, &blk)
+    mattr_writer(*syms)
   end
   alias :cattr_accessor :mattr_accessor
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/concerning.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/concerning.rb
index 07a392404e..65b88b9bbd 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/concerning.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/concerning.rb
@@ -63,10 +63,10 @@ class Module
   #
   # == Mix-in noise exiled to its own file:
   #
-  # Once our chunk of behavior starts pushing the scroll-to-understand it's
+  # Once our chunk of behavior starts pushing the scroll-to-understand-it
   # boundary, we give in and move it to a separate file. At this size, the
-  # overhead feels in good proportion to the size of our extraction, despite
-  # diluting our at-a-glance sense of how things really work.
+  # increased overhead can be a reasonable tradeoff even if it reduces our
+  # at-a-glance perception of how things work.
   #
   #   class Todo
   #     # Other todo implementation
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ class Module
   #   end
   #
   #   Todo.ancestors
-  #   # => Todo, Todo::EventTracking, Object
+  #   # => [Todo, Todo::EventTracking, Object]
   #
   # This small step has some wonderful ripple effects. We can
   # * grok the behavior of our class in one glance,
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/delegation.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/delegation.rb
index f855833a24..0d46248582 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/delegation.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/delegation.rb
@@ -1,15 +1,24 @@
+require 'set'
+
 class Module
   # Error generated by +delegate+ when a method is called on +nil+ and +allow_nil+
   # option is not used.
   class DelegationError < NoMethodError; end
 
+  DELEGATION_RESERVED_METHOD_NAMES = Set.new(
+    %w(_ arg args alias and BEGIN begin block break case class def defined? do
+       else elsif END end ensure false for if in module next nil not or redo
+       rescue retry return self super then true undef unless until when while
+       yield)
+  ).freeze
+
   # Provides a +delegate+ class method to easily expose contained objects'
   # public methods as your own.
   #
   # ==== Options
   # * <tt>:to</tt> - Specifies the target object
   # * <tt>:prefix</tt> - Prefixes the new method with the target name or a custom prefix
-  # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - if set to true, prevents a +NoMethodError+ to be raised
+  # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - if set to true, prevents a +NoMethodError+ from being raised
   #
   # The macro receives one or more method names (specified as symbols or
   # strings) and the name of the target object via the <tt>:to</tt> option
@@ -159,18 +168,18 @@ class Module
         ''
       end
 
-    file, line = caller.first.split(':', 2)
+    file, line = caller(1, 1).first.split(':'.freeze, 2)
     line = line.to_i
 
     to = to.to_s
-    to = 'self.class' if to == 'class'
+    to = "self.#{to}" if DELEGATION_RESERVED_METHOD_NAMES.include?(to)
 
     methods.each do |method|
       # Attribute writer methods only accept one argument. Makes sure []=
       # methods still accept two arguments.
       definition = (method =~ /[^\]]=$/) ? 'arg' : '*args, &block'
 
-      # The following generated methods call the target exactly once, storing
+      # The following generated method calls the target exactly once, storing
       # the returned value in a dummy variable.
       #
       # Reason is twofold: On one hand doing less calls is in general better.
@@ -179,27 +188,27 @@ class Module
       # be doing one call.
       if allow_nil
         method_def = [
-          "def #{method_prefix}#{method}(#{definition})",  # def customer_name(*args, &block)
-          "_ = #{to}",                                     #   _ = client
-          "if !_.nil? || nil.respond_to?(:#{method})",     #   if !_.nil? || nil.respond_to?(:name)
-          "  _.#{method}(#{definition})",                  #     _.name(*args, &block)
-          "end",                                           #   end
-        "end"                                              # end
+          "def #{method_prefix}#{method}(#{definition})",
+          "_ = #{to}",
+          "if !_.nil? || nil.respond_to?(:#{method})",
+          "  _.#{method}(#{definition})",
+          "end",
+        "end"
         ].join ';'
       else
         exception = %(raise DelegationError, "#{self}##{method_prefix}#{method} delegated to #{to}.#{method}, but #{to} is nil: \#{self.inspect}")
 
         method_def = [
-          "def #{method_prefix}#{method}(#{definition})",  # def customer_name(*args, &block)
-          " _ = #{to}",                                    #   _ = client
-          "  _.#{method}(#{definition})",                  #   _.name(*args, &block)
-          "rescue NoMethodError => e",                     # rescue NoMethodError => e
-          "  if _.nil? && e.name == :#{method}",           #   if _.nil? && e.name == :name
-          "    #{exception}",                              #     # add helpful message to the exception
-          "  else",                                        #   else
-          "    raise",                                     #     raise
-          "  end",                                         #   end
-          "end"                                            # end
+          "def #{method_prefix}#{method}(#{definition})",
+          " _ = #{to}",
+          "  _.#{method}(#{definition})",
+          "rescue NoMethodError => e",
+          "  if _.nil? && e.name == :#{method}",
+          "    #{exception}",
+          "  else",
+          "    raise",
+          "  end",
+          "end"
         ].join ';'
       end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/method_transplanting.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/method_transplanting.rb
index b1097cc83b..1fde3db070 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/method_transplanting.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/method_transplanting.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,3 @@
-class Module
-  ###
-  # TODO: remove this after 1.9 support is dropped
-  def methods_transplantable? # :nodoc:
-    x = Module.new { def foo; end }
-    Module.new { define_method :bar, x.instance_method(:foo) }
-    true
-  rescue TypeError
-    false
-  end
-end
+require 'active_support/deprecation'
+
+ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("This file is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.1 with no replacement.")
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method.rb
index 719071d1c2..d5ec16d68a 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,35 @@
 class Module
+  # Removes the named method, if it exists.
   def remove_possible_method(method)
     if method_defined?(method) || private_method_defined?(method)
       undef_method(method)
     end
   end
 
+  # Removes the named singleton method, if it exists.
+  def remove_possible_singleton_method(method)
+    singleton_class.instance_eval do
+      remove_possible_method(method)
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Replaces the existing method definition, if there is one, with the passed
+  # block as its body.
   def redefine_method(method, &block)
+    visibility = method_visibility(method)
     remove_possible_method(method)
     define_method(method, &block)
+    send(visibility, method)
+  end
+
+  def method_visibility(method) # :nodoc:
+    case
+    when private_method_defined?(method)
+      :private
+    when protected_method_defined?(method)
+      :protected
+    else
+      :public
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/name_error.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/name_error.rb
index e1ebd4f91c..6b447d772b 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/name_error.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/name_error.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,12 @@
 class NameError
   # Extract the name of the missing constant from the exception message.
+  #
+  #   begin
+  #     HelloWorld
+  #   rescue NameError => e
+  #     e.missing_name
+  #   end
+  #   # => "HelloWorld"
   def missing_name
     if /undefined local variable or method/ !~ message
       $1 if /((::)?([A-Z]\w*)(::[A-Z]\w*)*)$/ =~ message
@@ -7,10 +14,16 @@ class NameError
   end
 
   # Was this exception raised because the given name was missing?
+  #
+  #   begin
+  #     HelloWorld
+  #   rescue NameError => e
+  #     e.missing_name?("HelloWorld")
+  #   end
+  #   # => true
   def missing_name?(name)
     if name.is_a? Symbol
-      last_name = (missing_name || '').split('::').last
-      last_name == name.to_s
+      self.name == name
     else
       missing_name == name.to_s
     end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric.rb
index a6bc0624be..bcdc3eace2 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/numeric/bytes'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/numeric/time'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/numeric/inquiry'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/numeric/conversions'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/bytes.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/bytes.rb
index deea8e9358..dfbca32474 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/bytes.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/bytes.rb
@@ -7,36 +7,56 @@ class Numeric
   EXABYTE  = PETABYTE * 1024
 
   # Enables the use of byte calculations and declarations, like 45.bytes + 2.6.megabytes
+  #
+  #   2.bytes # => 2
   def bytes
     self
   end
   alias :byte :bytes
 
+  # Returns the number of bytes equivalent to the kilobytes provided.
+  #
+  #   2.kilobytes # => 2048
   def kilobytes
     self * KILOBYTE
   end
   alias :kilobyte :kilobytes
 
+  # Returns the number of bytes equivalent to the megabytes provided.
+  #
+  #   2.megabytes # => 2_097_152
   def megabytes
     self * MEGABYTE
   end
   alias :megabyte :megabytes
 
+  # Returns the number of bytes equivalent to the gigabytes provided.
+  #
+  #   2.gigabytes # => 2_147_483_648
   def gigabytes
     self * GIGABYTE
   end
   alias :gigabyte :gigabytes
 
+  # Returns the number of bytes equivalent to the terabytes provided.
+  #
+  #   2.terabytes # => 2_199_023_255_552
   def terabytes
     self * TERABYTE
   end
   alias :terabyte :terabytes
 
+  # Returns the number of bytes equivalent to the petabytes provided.
+  #
+  #   2.petabytes # => 2_251_799_813_685_248
   def petabytes
     self * PETABYTE
   end
   alias :petabyte :petabytes
 
+  # Returns the number of bytes equivalent to the exabytes provided.
+  #
+  #   2.exabytes # => 2_305_843_009_213_693_952
   def exabytes
     self * EXABYTE
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/conversions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/conversions.rb
index 6d3635c69a..9a3651f29a 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/conversions.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/conversions.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/big_decimal/conversions'
 require 'active_support/number_helper'
 
-class Numeric
+module ActiveSupport::NumericWithFormat
 
   # Provides options for converting numbers into formatted strings.
   # Options are provided for phone numbers, currency, percentage,
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class Numeric
   #  1000.to_s(:percentage, delimiter: '.', separator: ',') # => 1.000,000%
   #  302.24398923423.to_s(:percentage, precision: 5)        # => 302.24399%
   #  1000.to_s(:percentage, locale: :fr)                    # => 1 000,000%
-  #  100.to_s(:percentage, format: '%n  %')                 # => 100  %
+  #  100.to_s(:percentage, format: '%n  %')                 # => 100.000  %
   #
   #  Delimited:
   #  12345678.to_s(:delimited)                     # => 12,345,678
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ class Numeric
   #  1234567.to_s(:human_size, precision: 2)                 # => 1.2 MB
   #  483989.to_s(:human_size, precision: 2)                  # => 470 KB
   #  1234567.to_s(:human_size, precision: 2, separator: ',') # => 1,2 MB
-  #  1234567890123.to_s(:human_size, precision: 5)           # => "1.1229 TB"
+  #  1234567890123.to_s(:human_size, precision: 5)           # => "1.1228 TB"
   #  524288000.to_s(:human_size, precision: 5)               # => "500 MB"
   #
   #  Human-friendly format:
@@ -97,7 +97,10 @@ class Numeric
   #  1234567.to_s(:human, precision: 1,
   #                   separator: ',',
   #                   significant: false)                   # => "1,2 Million"
-  def to_formatted_s(format = :default, options = {})
+  def to_s(*args)
+    format, options = args
+    options ||= {}
+
     case format
     when :phone
       return ActiveSupport::NumberHelper.number_to_phone(self, options)
@@ -114,22 +117,16 @@ class Numeric
     when :human_size
       return ActiveSupport::NumberHelper.number_to_human_size(self, options)
     else
-      self.to_default_s
+      super
     end
   end
 
-  [Float, Fixnum, Bignum, BigDecimal].each do |klass|
-    klass.send(:alias_method, :to_default_s, :to_s)
-
-    klass.send(:define_method, :to_s) do |*args|
-      if args[0].is_a?(Symbol)
-        format = args[0]
-        options = args[1] || {}
-
-        self.to_formatted_s(format, options)
-      else
-        to_default_s(*args)
-      end
-    end
+  def to_formatted_s(*args)
+    to_s(*args)
   end
+  deprecate to_formatted_s: :to_s
+end
+
+[Fixnum, Bignum, Float, BigDecimal].each do |klass|
+  klass.prepend(ActiveSupport::NumericWithFormat)
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/inquiry.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/inquiry.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7e7ac1b0b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/inquiry.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+unless 1.respond_to?(:positive?) # TODO: Remove this file when we drop support to ruby < 2.3
+class Numeric
+  # Returns true if the number is positive.
+  #
+  #   1.positive?  # => true
+  #   0.positive?  # => false
+  #   -1.positive? # => false
+  def positive?
+    self > 0
+  end
+
+  # Returns true if the number is negative.
+  #
+  #   -1.negative? # => true
+  #   0.negative?  # => false
+  #   1.negative?  # => false
+  def negative?
+    self < 0
+  end
+end
+
+class Complex
+  undef :positive?
+  undef :negative?
+end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/time.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/time.rb
index 704c4248d9..6c4a975495 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/time.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/time.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 require 'active_support/duration'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/time/calculations'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/time/acts_like'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/date/calculations'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/date/acts_like'
 
 class Numeric
   # Enables the use of time calculations and declarations, like 45.minutes + 2.hours + 4.years.
@@ -16,71 +18,56 @@ class Numeric
   #
   #   # equivalent to Time.current.advance(months: 4, years: 5)
   #   (4.months + 5.years).from_now
-  #
-  # While these methods provide precise calculation when used as in the examples above, care
-  # should be taken to note that this is not true if the result of `months', `years', etc is
-  # converted before use:
-  #
-  #   # equivalent to 30.days.to_i.from_now
-  #   1.month.to_i.from_now
-  #
-  #   # equivalent to 365.25.days.to_f.from_now
-  #   1.year.to_f.from_now
-  #
-  # In such cases, Ruby's core
-  # Date[http://ruby-doc.org/stdlib/libdoc/date/rdoc/Date.html] and
-  # Time[http://ruby-doc.org/stdlib/libdoc/time/rdoc/Time.html] should be used for precision
-  # date and time arithmetic.
   def seconds
     ActiveSupport::Duration.new(self, [[:seconds, self]])
   end
   alias :second :seconds
 
+  # Returns a Duration instance matching the number of minutes provided.
+  #
+  #   2.minutes # => 120 seconds
   def minutes
     ActiveSupport::Duration.new(self * 60, [[:seconds, self * 60]])
   end
   alias :minute :minutes
 
+  # Returns a Duration instance matching the number of hours provided.
+  #
+  #   2.hours # => 7_200 seconds
   def hours
     ActiveSupport::Duration.new(self * 3600, [[:seconds, self * 3600]])
   end
   alias :hour :hours
 
+  # Returns a Duration instance matching the number of days provided.
+  #
+  #   2.days # => 2 days
   def days
     ActiveSupport::Duration.new(self * 24.hours, [[:days, self]])
   end
   alias :day :days
 
+  # Returns a Duration instance matching the number of weeks provided.
+  #
+  #   2.weeks # => 14 days
   def weeks
     ActiveSupport::Duration.new(self * 7.days, [[:days, self * 7]])
   end
   alias :week :weeks
 
+  # Returns a Duration instance matching the number of fortnights provided.
+  #
+  #   2.fortnights # => 28 days
   def fortnights
     ActiveSupport::Duration.new(self * 2.weeks, [[:days, self * 14]])
   end
   alias :fortnight :fortnights
 
-  # Reads best without arguments:  10.minutes.ago
-  def ago(time = ::Time.current)
-    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "Calling #ago or #until on a number (e.g. 5.ago) is deprecated and will be removed in the future, use 5.seconds.ago instead"
-    time - self
-  end
-
-  # Reads best with argument:  10.minutes.until(time)
-  alias :until :ago
-
-  # Reads best with argument:  10.minutes.since(time)
-  def since(time = ::Time.current)
-    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "Calling #since or #from_now on a number (e.g. 5.since) is deprecated and will be removed in the future, use 5.seconds.since instead"
-    time + self
-  end
-
-  # Reads best without arguments:  10.minutes.from_now
-  alias :from_now :since
-
-  # Used with the standard time durations, like 1.hour.in_milliseconds -- 
+  # Returns the number of milliseconds equivalent to the seconds provided.
+  # Used with the standard time durations, like 1.hour.in_milliseconds --
   # so we can feed them to JavaScript functions like getTime().
+  #
+  #   2.in_milliseconds # => 2_000
   def in_milliseconds
     self * 1000
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/blank.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/blank.rb
index 38e43478df..039c50a4a2 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/blank.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/blank.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
-
 class Object
   # An object is blank if it's false, empty, or a whitespace string.
-  # For example, '', '   ', +nil+, [], and {} are all blank.
+  # For example, +false+, '', '   ', +nil+, [], and {} are all blank.
   #
   # This simplifies
   #
-  #   address.nil? || address.empty?
+  #   !address || address.empty?
   #
   # to
   #
@@ -129,3 +127,14 @@ class Numeric #:nodoc:
     false
   end
 end
+
+class Time #:nodoc:
+  # No Time is blank:
+  #
+  #   Time.now.blank? # => false
+  #
+  # @return [false]
+  def blank?
+    false
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/deep_dup.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/deep_dup.rb
index 2e99f4a1b8..8dfeed0066 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/deep_dup.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/deep_dup.rb
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class Array
   #   array[1][2] # => nil
   #   dup[1][2]   # => 4
   def deep_dup
-    map { |it| it.deep_dup }
+    map(&:deep_dup)
   end
 end
 
@@ -39,8 +39,15 @@ class Hash
   #   hash[:a][:c] # => nil
   #   dup[:a][:c]  # => "c"
   def deep_dup
-    each_with_object(dup) do |(key, value), hash|
-      hash[key.deep_dup] = value.deep_dup
+    hash = dup
+    each_pair do |key, value|
+      if key.frozen? && ::String === key
+        hash[key] = value.deep_dup
+      else
+        hash.delete(key)
+        hash[key.deep_dup] = value.deep_dup
+      end
     end
+    hash
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable.rb
index 9cd7485e2e..befa5aee21 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable.rb
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 class Object
   # Can you safely dup this object?
   #
-  # False for +nil+, +false+, +true+, symbol, and number objects;
+  # False for +nil+, +false+, +true+, symbol, number, method objects;
   # true otherwise.
   def duplicable?
     true
@@ -78,13 +78,21 @@ end
 
 require 'bigdecimal'
 class BigDecimal
-  begin
-    BigDecimal.new('4.56').dup
+  # BigDecimals are duplicable:
+  #
+  # BigDecimal.new("1.2").duplicable? # => true
+  # BigDecimal.new("1.2").dup         # => #<BigDecimal:...,'0.12E1',18(18)>
+  def duplicable?
+    true
+  end
+end
 
-    def duplicable?
-      true
-    end
-  rescue TypeError
-    # can't dup, so use superclass implementation
+class Method
+  # Methods are not duplicable:
+  #
+  #  method(:puts).duplicable? # => false
+  #  method(:puts).dup         # => TypeError: allocator undefined for Method
+  def duplicable?
+    false
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion.rb
index 55f281b213..d4c17dfb07 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ class Object
   #   characters = ["Konata", "Kagami", "Tsukasa"]
   #   "Konata".in?(characters) # => true
   #
-  # This will throw an ArgumentError if the argument doesn't respond
+  # This will throw an +ArgumentError+ if the argument doesn't respond
   # to +#include?+.
   def in?(another_object)
     another_object.include?(self)
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class Object
   #
   #   params[:bucket_type].presence_in %w( project calendar )
   #
-  # This will throw an ArgumentError if the argument doesn't respond to +#include?+.
+  # This will throw an +ArgumentError+ if the argument doesn't respond to +#include?+.
   #
   # @return [Object]
   def presence_in(another_object)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/instance_variables.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/instance_variables.rb
index 755e1c6b16..593a7a4940 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/instance_variables.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/instance_variables.rb
@@ -23,6 +23,6 @@ class Object
   #
   #   C.new(0, 1).instance_variable_names # => ["@y", "@x"]
   def instance_variable_names
-    instance_variables.map { |var| var.to_s }
+    instance_variables.map(&:to_s)
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/json.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/json.rb
index 8e08cfbf26..0db787010c 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/json.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/json.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ require 'time'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/time/conversions'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/date_time/conversions'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/date/conversions'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/module/aliasing'
 
 # The JSON gem adds a few modules to Ruby core classes containing :to_json definition, overwriting
 # their default behavior. That said, we need to define the basic to_json method in all of them,
@@ -26,22 +25,25 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/module/aliasing'
 # bypassed completely. This means that as_json won't be invoked and the JSON gem will simply
 # ignore any options it does not natively understand. This also means that ::JSON.{generate,dump}
 # should give exactly the same results with or without active support.
-[Object, Array, FalseClass, Float, Hash, Integer, NilClass, String, TrueClass].each do |klass|
-  klass.class_eval do
-    def to_json_with_active_support_encoder(options = nil)
+
+module ActiveSupport
+  module ToJsonWithActiveSupportEncoder # :nodoc:
+    def to_json(options = nil)
       if options.is_a?(::JSON::State)
         # Called from JSON.{generate,dump}, forward it to JSON gem's to_json
-        self.to_json_without_active_support_encoder(options)
+        super(options)
       else
         # to_json is being invoked directly, use ActiveSupport's encoder
         ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(self, options)
       end
     end
-
-    alias_method_chain :to_json, :active_support_encoder
   end
 end
 
+[Object, Array, FalseClass, Float, Hash, Integer, NilClass, String, TrueClass, Enumerable].reverse_each do |klass|
+  klass.prepend(ActiveSupport::ToJsonWithActiveSupportEncoder)
+end
+
 class Object
   def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
     if respond_to?(:to_hash)
@@ -162,7 +164,7 @@ end
 
 class Time
   def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
-    if ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format
+    if ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.use_standard_json_time_format
       xmlschema(ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision)
     else
       %(#{strftime("%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S")} #{formatted_offset(false)})
@@ -172,7 +174,7 @@ end
 
 class Date
   def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
-    if ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format
+    if ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.use_standard_json_time_format
       strftime("%Y-%m-%d")
     else
       strftime("%Y/%m/%d")
@@ -182,7 +184,7 @@ end
 
 class DateTime
   def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
-    if ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format
+    if ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.use_standard_json_time_format
       xmlschema(ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision)
     else
       strftime('%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S %z')
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_json.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_json.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3dcae6fc7f..0000000000
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_json.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn 'You have required `active_support/core_ext/object/to_json`. ' \
-  'This file will be removed in Rails 4.2. You should require `active_support/core_ext/object/json` ' \
-  'instead.'
-
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/json'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_param.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_param.rb
index 13be0038c2..684d4ef57e 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_param.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_param.rb
@@ -1,62 +1 @@
-class Object
-  # Alias of <tt>to_s</tt>.
-  def to_param
-    to_s
-  end
-end
-
-class NilClass
-  # Returns +self+.
-  def to_param
-    self
-  end
-end
-
-class TrueClass
-  # Returns +self+.
-  def to_param
-    self
-  end
-end
-
-class FalseClass
-  # Returns +self+.
-  def to_param
-    self
-  end
-end
-
-class Array
-  # Calls <tt>to_param</tt> on all its elements and joins the result with
-  # slashes. This is used by <tt>url_for</tt> in Action Pack.
-  def to_param
-    collect { |e| e.to_param }.join '/'
-  end
-end
-
-class Hash
-  # Returns a string representation of the receiver suitable for use as a URL
-  # query string:
-  #
-  #   {name: 'David', nationality: 'Danish'}.to_param
-  #   # => "name=David&nationality=Danish"
-  #
-  # An optional namespace can be passed to enclose the param names:
-  #
-  #   {name: 'David', nationality: 'Danish'}.to_param('user')
-  #   # => "user[name]=David&user[nationality]=Danish"
-  #
-  # The string pairs "key=value" that conform the query string
-  # are sorted lexicographically in ascending order.
-  #
-  # This method is also aliased as +to_query+.
-  def to_param(namespace = nil)
-    if empty?
-      namespace ? nil.to_query(namespace) : ''
-    else
-      collect do |key, value|
-        value.to_query(namespace ? "#{namespace}[#{key}]" : key)
-      end.sort! * '&'
-    end
-  end
-end
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/to_query'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_query.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_query.rb
index 37352fa608..ec5ace4e16 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_query.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_query.rb
@@ -1,17 +1,46 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/to_param'
+require 'cgi'
 
 class Object
-  # Converts an object into a string suitable for use as a URL query string, using the given <tt>key</tt> as the
-  # param name.
-  #
-  # Note: This method is defined as a default implementation for all Objects for Hash#to_query to work.
+  # Alias of <tt>to_s</tt>.
+  def to_param
+    to_s
+  end
+
+  # Converts an object into a string suitable for use as a URL query string,
+  # using the given <tt>key</tt> as the param name.
   def to_query(key)
-    require 'cgi' unless defined?(CGI) && defined?(CGI::escape)
     "#{CGI.escape(key.to_param)}=#{CGI.escape(to_param.to_s)}"
   end
 end
 
+class NilClass
+  # Returns +self+.
+  def to_param
+    self
+  end
+end
+
+class TrueClass
+  # Returns +self+.
+  def to_param
+    self
+  end
+end
+
+class FalseClass
+  # Returns +self+.
+  def to_param
+    self
+  end
+end
+
 class Array
+  # Calls <tt>to_param</tt> on all its elements and joins the result with
+  # slashes. This is used by <tt>url_for</tt> in Action Pack.
+  def to_param
+    collect(&:to_param).join '/'
+  end
+
   # Converts an array into a string suitable for use as a URL query string,
   # using the given +key+ as the param name.
   #
@@ -28,5 +57,28 @@ class Array
 end
 
 class Hash
-  alias_method :to_query, :to_param
+  # Returns a string representation of the receiver suitable for use as a URL
+  # query string:
+  #
+  #   {name: 'David', nationality: 'Danish'}.to_query
+  #   # => "name=David&nationality=Danish"
+  #
+  # An optional namespace can be passed to enclose key names:
+  #
+  #   {name: 'David', nationality: 'Danish'}.to_query('user')
+  #   # => "user%5Bname%5D=David&user%5Bnationality%5D=Danish"
+  #
+  # The string pairs "key=value" that conform the query string
+  # are sorted lexicographically in ascending order.
+  #
+  # This method is also aliased as +to_param+.
+  def to_query(namespace = nil)
+    collect do |key, value|
+      unless (value.is_a?(Hash) || value.is_a?(Array)) && value.empty?
+        value.to_query(namespace ? "#{namespace}[#{key}]" : key)
+      end
+    end.compact.sort! * '&'
+  end
+
+  alias_method :to_param, :to_query
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/try.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/try.rb
index 48190e1e66..8c16d95b62 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/try.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/try.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,34 @@
+require 'delegate'
+
+module ActiveSupport
+  module Tryable #:nodoc:
+    def try(*a, &b)
+      try!(*a, &b) if a.empty? || respond_to?(a.first)
+    end
+
+    def try!(*a, &b)
+      if a.empty? && block_given?
+        if b.arity == 0
+          instance_eval(&b)
+        else
+          yield self
+        end
+      else
+        public_send(*a, &b)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
 class Object
+  include ActiveSupport::Tryable
+
+  ##
+  # :method: try
+  #
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   try(*a, &b)
+  #
   # Invokes the public method whose name goes as first argument just like
   # +public_send+ does, except that if the receiver does not respond to it the
   # call returns +nil+ rather than raising an exception.
@@ -9,7 +39,23 @@ class Object
   #
   # instead of
   #
-  #   @person ? @person.name : nil
+  #   @person.name if @person
+  #
+  # +try+ calls can be chained:
+  #
+  #   @person.try(:spouse).try(:name)
+  #
+  # instead of
+  #
+  #   @person.spouse.name if @person && @person.spouse
+  #
+  # +try+ will also return +nil+ if the receiver does not respond to the method:
+  #
+  #   @person.try(:non_existing_method) # => nil
+  #
+  # instead of
+  #
+  #   @person.non_existing_method if @person.respond_to?(:non_existing_method) # => nil
   #
   # +try+ returns +nil+ when called on +nil+ regardless of whether it responds
   # to the method:
@@ -24,7 +70,7 @@ class Object
   #
   # The number of arguments in the signature must match. If the object responds
   # to the method the call is attempted and +ArgumentError+ is still raised
-  # otherwise.
+  # in case of argument mismatch.
   #
   # If +try+ is called without arguments it yields the receiver to a given
   # block unless it is +nil+:
@@ -33,38 +79,57 @@ class Object
   #     ...
   #   end
   #
-  # Please also note that +try+ is defined on +Object+, therefore it won't work
+  # You can also call try with a block without accepting an argument, and the block
+  # will be instance_eval'ed instead:
+  #
+  #   @person.try { upcase.truncate(50) }
+  #
+  # Please also note that +try+ is defined on +Object+. Therefore, it won't work
   # with instances of classes that do not have +Object+ among their ancestors,
-  # like direct subclasses of +BasicObject+. For example, using +try+ with
-  # +SimpleDelegator+ will delegate +try+ to the target instead of calling it on
-  # delegator itself.
-  def try(*a, &b)
-    if a.empty? && block_given?
-      yield self
-    else
-      public_send(*a, &b) if respond_to?(a.first)
-    end
-  end
+  # like direct subclasses of +BasicObject+.
 
-  # Same as #try, but will raise a NoMethodError exception if the receiving is not nil and
-  # does not implement the tried method.
-  def try!(*a, &b)
-    if a.empty? && block_given?
-      yield self
-    else
-      public_send(*a, &b)
-    end
-  end
+  ##
+  # :method: try!
+  #
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   try!(*a, &b)
+  #
+  # Same as #try, but raises a +NoMethodError+ exception if the receiver is
+  # not +nil+ and does not implement the tried method.
+  #
+  #   "a".try!(:upcase) # => "A"
+  #   nil.try!(:upcase) # => nil
+  #   123.try!(:upcase) # => NoMethodError: undefined method `upcase' for 123:Fixnum
+end
+
+class Delegator
+  include ActiveSupport::Tryable
+
+  ##
+  # :method: try
+  #
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   try(a*, &b)
+  #
+  # See Object#try
+
+  ##
+  # :method: try!
+  #
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   try!(a*, &b)
+  #
+  # See Object#try!
 end
 
 class NilClass
   # Calling +try+ on +nil+ always returns +nil+.
-  # It becomes specially helpful when navigating through associations that may return +nil+.
+  # It becomes especially helpful when navigating through associations that may return +nil+.
   #
   #   nil.try(:name) # => nil
   #
   # Without +try+
-  #   @person && !@person.children.blank? && @person.children.first.name
+  #   @person && @person.children.any? && @person.children.first.name
   #
   # With +try+
   #   @person.try(:children).try(:first).try(:name)
@@ -72,6 +137,9 @@ class NilClass
     nil
   end
 
+  # Calling +try!+ on +nil+ always returns +nil+.
+  #
+  #   nil.try!(:name) # => nil
   def try!(*args)
     nil
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/with_options.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/with_options.rb
index 42e388b065..513c8b1d55 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/with_options.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/with_options.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ class Object
   # provided. Each method called on the block variable must take an options
   # hash as its final argument.
   #
-  # Without <tt>with_options></tt>, this code contains duplication:
+  # Without <tt>with_options</tt>, this code contains duplication:
   #
   #   class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
   #     has_many :customers, dependent: :destroy
@@ -34,9 +34,36 @@ class Object
   #     body    i18n.t :body, user_name: user.name
   #   end
   #
+  # When you don't pass an explicit receiver, it executes the whole block
+  # in merging options context:
+  #
+  #   class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
+  #     with_options dependent: :destroy do
+  #       has_many :customers
+  #       has_many :products
+  #       has_many :invoices
+  #       has_many :expenses
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
   # <tt>with_options</tt> can also be nested since the call is forwarded to its receiver.
-  # Each nesting level will merge inherited defaults in addition to their own.
-  def with_options(options)
-    yield ActiveSupport::OptionMerger.new(self, options)
+  #
+  # NOTE: Each nesting level will merge inherited defaults in addition to their own.
+  #
+  #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+  #     with_options if: :persisted?, length: { minimum: 50 } do
+  #       validates :content, if: -> { content.present? }
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  # The code is equivalent to:
+  #
+  #   validates :content, length: { minimum: 50 }, if: -> { content.present? }
+  #
+  # Hence the inherited default for `if` key is ignored.
+  #
+  def with_options(options, &block)
+    option_merger = ActiveSupport::OptionMerger.new(self, options)
+    block.arity.zero? ? option_merger.instance_eval(&block) : block.call(option_merger)
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range/conversions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range/conversions.rb
index b1a12781f3..83eced50bf 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range/conversions.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range/conversions.rb
@@ -3,9 +3,24 @@ class Range
     :db => Proc.new { |start, stop| "BETWEEN '#{start.to_s(:db)}' AND '#{stop.to_s(:db)}'" }
   }
 
-  # Gives a human readable format of the range.
+  # Convert range to a formatted string. See RANGE_FORMATS for predefined formats.
   #
-  #   (1..100).to_formatted_s # => "1..100"
+  # This method is aliased to <tt>to_s</tt>.
+  #
+  #   range = (1..100)           # => 1..100
+  #
+  #   range.to_formatted_s       # => "1..100"
+  #   range.to_s                 # => "1..100"
+  #
+  #   range.to_formatted_s(:db)  # => "BETWEEN '1' AND '100'"
+  #   range.to_s(:db)            # => "BETWEEN '1' AND '100'"
+  #
+  # == Adding your own range formats to to_formatted_s
+  # You can add your own formats to the Range::RANGE_FORMATS hash.
+  # Use the format name as the hash key and a Proc instance.
+  #
+  #   # config/initializers/range_formats.rb
+  #   Range::RANGE_FORMATS[:short] = ->(start, stop) { "Between #{start.to_s(:db)} and #{stop.to_s(:db)}" }
   def to_formatted_s(format = :default)
     if formatter = RANGE_FORMATS[format]
       formatter.call(first, last)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range/each.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range/each.rb
index ecef78f55f..dc6dad5ced 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range/each.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range/each.rb
@@ -1,23 +1,21 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/module/aliasing'
+module ActiveSupport
+  module EachTimeWithZone #:nodoc:
+    def each(&block)
+      ensure_iteration_allowed
+      super
+    end
 
-class Range #:nodoc:
+    def step(n = 1, &block)
+      ensure_iteration_allowed
+      super
+    end
 
-  def each_with_time_with_zone(&block)
-    ensure_iteration_allowed
-    each_without_time_with_zone(&block)
-  end
-  alias_method_chain :each, :time_with_zone
+    private
 
-  def step_with_time_with_zone(n = 1, &block)
-    ensure_iteration_allowed
-    step_without_time_with_zone(n, &block)
-  end
-  alias_method_chain :step, :time_with_zone
-
-  private
-  def ensure_iteration_allowed
-    if first.is_a?(Time)
-      raise TypeError, "can't iterate from #{first.class}"
-    end
+      def ensure_iteration_allowed
+        raise TypeError, "can't iterate from #{first.class}" if first.is_a?(Time)
+      end
   end
 end
+
+Range.prepend(ActiveSupport::EachTimeWithZone)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range/include_range.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range/include_range.rb
index 3a07401c8a..c69e1e3fb9 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range/include_range.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range/include_range.rb
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/module/aliasing'
-
-class Range
-  # Extends the default Range#include? to support range comparisons.
-  #  (1..5).include?(1..5) # => true
-  #  (1..5).include?(2..3) # => true
-  #  (1..5).include?(2..6) # => false
-  #
-  # The native Range#include? behavior is untouched.
-  #  ('a'..'f').include?('c') # => true
-  #  (5..9).include?(11) # => false
-  def include_with_range?(value)
-    if value.is_a?(::Range)
-      # 1...10 includes 1..9 but it does not include 1..10.
-      operator = exclude_end? && !value.exclude_end? ? :< : :<=
-      include_without_range?(value.first) && value.last.send(operator, last)
-    else
-      include_without_range?(value)
+module ActiveSupport
+  module IncludeWithRange #:nodoc:
+    # Extends the default Range#include? to support range comparisons.
+    #  (1..5).include?(1..5) # => true
+    #  (1..5).include?(2..3) # => true
+    #  (1..5).include?(2..6) # => false
+    #
+    # The native Range#include? behavior is untouched.
+    #  ('a'..'f').include?('c') # => true
+    #  (5..9).include?(11) # => false
+    def include?(value)
+      if value.is_a?(::Range)
+        # 1...10 includes 1..9 but it does not include 1..10.
+        operator = exclude_end? && !value.exclude_end? ? :< : :<=
+        super(value.first) && value.last.send(operator, last)
+      else
+        super
+      end
     end
   end
-
-  alias_method_chain :include?, :range
 end
+
+Range.prepend(ActiveSupport::IncludeWithRange)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/securerandom.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/securerandom.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..98cf7430f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/securerandom.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+require 'securerandom'
+
+module SecureRandom
+  BASE58_ALPHABET = ('0'..'9').to_a  + ('A'..'Z').to_a + ('a'..'z').to_a - ['0', 'O', 'I', 'l']
+  # SecureRandom.base58 generates a random base58 string.
+  #
+  # The argument _n_ specifies the length, of the random string to be generated.
+  #
+  # If _n_ is not specified or is nil, 16 is assumed. It may be larger in the future.
+  #
+  # The result may contain alphanumeric characters except 0, O, I and l
+  #
+  #   p SecureRandom.base58 # => "4kUgL2pdQMSCQtjE"
+  #   p SecureRandom.base58(24) # => "77TMHrHJFvFDwodq8w7Ev2m7"
+  #
+  def self.base58(n = 16)
+    SecureRandom.random_bytes(n).unpack("C*").map do |byte|
+      idx = byte % 64
+      idx = SecureRandom.random_number(58) if idx >= 58
+      BASE58_ALPHABET[idx]
+    end.join
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/access.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/access.rb
index 6018fd9641..ebd0dd3fc7 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/access.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/access.rb
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ class String
 
   # Returns the first character. If a limit is supplied, returns a substring
   # from the beginning of the string until it reaches the limit value. If the
-  # given limit is greater than or equal to the string length, returns self.
+  # given limit is greater than or equal to the string length, returns a copy of self.
   #
   #   str = "hello"
   #   str.first    # => "h"
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class String
     if limit == 0
       ''
     elsif limit >= size
-      self
+      self.dup
     else
       to(limit - 1)
     end
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ class String
 
   # Returns the last character of the string. If a limit is supplied, returns a substring
   # from the end of the string until it reaches the limit value (counting backwards). If
-  # the given limit is greater than or equal to the string length, returns self.
+  # the given limit is greater than or equal to the string length, returns a copy of self.
   #
   #   str = "hello"
   #   str.last    # => "o"
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ class String
     if limit == 0
       ''
     elsif limit >= size
-      self
+      self.dup
     else
       from(-limit)
     end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/behavior.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/behavior.rb
index 4aa960039b..710f1f4670 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/behavior.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/behavior.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class String
-  # Enable more predictable duck-typing on String-like classes. See <tt>Object#acts_like?</tt>.
+  # Enables more predictable duck-typing on String-like classes. See <tt>Object#acts_like?</tt>.
   def acts_like_string?
     true
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/conversions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/conversions.rb
index 3e0cb8a7ac..fd79a40e31 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/conversions.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/conversions.rb
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class String
   #   "06:12".to_time                    # => 2012-12-13 06:12:00 +0100
   #   "2012-12-13 06:12".to_time         # => 2012-12-13 06:12:00 +0100
   #   "2012-12-13T06:12".to_time         # => 2012-12-13 06:12:00 +0100
-  #   "2012-12-13T06:12".to_time(:utc)   # => 2012-12-13 05:12:00 UTC
+  #   "2012-12-13T06:12".to_time(:utc)   # => 2012-12-13 06:12:00 UTC
   #   "12/13/2012".to_time               # => ArgumentError: argument out of range
   def to_time(form = :local)
     parts = Date._parse(self, false)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/filters.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/filters.rb
index 49c0df6026..375ec1aef8 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/filters.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/filters.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ class String
   # the string, and then changing remaining consecutive whitespace
   # groups into one space each.
   #
-  # Note that it handles both ASCII and Unicode whitespace like mongolian vowel separator (U+180E).
+  # Note that it handles both ASCII and Unicode whitespace.
   #
   #   %{ Multi-line
   #      string }.squish                   # => "Multi-line string"
@@ -13,21 +13,34 @@ class String
   end
 
   # Performs a destructive squish. See String#squish.
+  #   str = " foo   bar    \n   \t   boo"
+  #   str.squish!                         # => "foo bar boo"
+  #   str                                 # => "foo bar boo"
   def squish!
-    gsub!(/\A[[:space:]]+/, '')
-    gsub!(/[[:space:]]+\z/, '')
     gsub!(/[[:space:]]+/, ' ')
+    strip!
     self
   end
 
-  # Returns a new string with all occurrences of the pattern removed. Short-hand for String#gsub(pattern, '').
-  def remove(pattern)
-    gsub pattern, ''
+  # Returns a new string with all occurrences of the patterns removed.
+  #   str = "foo bar test"
+  #   str.remove(" test")                 # => "foo bar"
+  #   str.remove(" test", /bar/)          # => "foo "
+  #   str                                 # => "foo bar test"
+  def remove(*patterns)
+    dup.remove!(*patterns)
   end
 
-  # Alters the string by removing all occurrences of the pattern. Short-hand for String#gsub!(pattern, '').
-  def remove!(pattern)
-    gsub! pattern, ''
+  # Alters the string by removing all occurrences of the patterns.
+  #   str = "foo bar test"
+  #   str.remove!(" test", /bar/)         # => "foo "
+  #   str                                 # => "foo "
+  def remove!(*patterns)
+    patterns.each do |pattern|
+      gsub! pattern, ""
+    end
+
+    self
   end
 
   # Truncates a given +text+ after a given <tt>length</tt> if +text+ is longer than <tt>length</tt>:
@@ -62,4 +75,28 @@ class String
 
     "#{self[0, stop]}#{omission}"
   end
+
+  # Truncates a given +text+ after a given number of words (<tt>words_count</tt>):
+  #
+  #   'Once upon a time in a world far far away'.truncate_words(4)
+  #   # => "Once upon a time..."
+  #
+  # Pass a string or regexp <tt>:separator</tt> to specify a different separator of words:
+  #
+  #   'Once<br>upon<br>a<br>time<br>in<br>a<br>world'.truncate_words(5, separator: '<br>')
+  #   # => "Once<br>upon<br>a<br>time<br>in..."
+  #
+  # The last characters will be replaced with the <tt>:omission</tt> string (defaults to "..."):
+  #
+  #   'And they found that many people were sleeping better.'.truncate_words(5, omission: '... (continued)')
+  #   # => "And they found that many... (continued)"
+  def truncate_words(words_count, options = {})
+    sep = options[:separator] || /\s+/
+    sep = Regexp.escape(sep.to_s) unless Regexp === sep
+    if self =~ /\A((?>.+?#{sep}){#{words_count - 1}}.+?)#{sep}.*/m
+      $1 + (options[:omission] || '...')
+    else
+      dup
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/inflections.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/inflections.rb
index cf9b1a4ec0..cc71b8155d 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/inflections.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/inflections.rb
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class String
   def pluralize(count = nil, locale = :en)
     locale = count if count.is_a?(Symbol)
     if count == 1
-      self
+      self.dup
     else
       ActiveSupport::Inflector.pluralize(self, locale)
     end
@@ -130,6 +130,8 @@ class String
   #
   #   'ActiveRecord::CoreExtensions::String::Inflections'.demodulize # => "Inflections"
   #   'Inflections'.demodulize                                       # => "Inflections"
+  #   '::Inflections'.demodulize                                     # => "Inflections"
+  #   ''.demodulize                                                  # => ''
   #
   # See also +deconstantize+.
   def demodulize
@@ -162,25 +164,43 @@ class String
   #
   #   <%= link_to(@person.name, person_path) %>
   #   # => <a href="/person/1-donald-e-knuth">Donald E. Knuth</a>
-  def parameterize(sep = '-')
-    ActiveSupport::Inflector.parameterize(self, sep)
+  #   
+  # To preserve the case of the characters in a string, use the `preserve_case` argument.
+  #
+  #   class Person
+  #     def to_param
+  #       "#{id}-#{name.parameterize(preserve_case: true)}"
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   @person = Person.find(1)
+  #   # => #<Person id: 1, name: "Donald E. Knuth">
+  #
+  #   <%= link_to(@person.name, person_path) %>
+  #   # => <a href="/person/1-Donald-E-Knuth">Donald E. Knuth</a>
+  def parameterize(sep = :unused, separator: '-', preserve_case: false)
+    unless sep == :unused
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("Passing the separator argument as a positional parameter is deprecated and will soon be removed. Use `separator: '#{sep}'` instead.")
+      separator = sep
+    end
+    ActiveSupport::Inflector.parameterize(self, separator: separator, preserve_case: preserve_case)
   end
 
   # Creates the name of a table like Rails does for models to table names. This method
   # uses the +pluralize+ method on the last word in the string.
   #
   #   'RawScaledScorer'.tableize # => "raw_scaled_scorers"
-  #   'egg_and_ham'.tableize     # => "egg_and_hams"
+  #   'ham_and_egg'.tableize     # => "ham_and_eggs"
   #   'fancyCategory'.tableize   # => "fancy_categories"
   def tableize
     ActiveSupport::Inflector.tableize(self)
   end
 
-  # Create a class name from a plural table name like Rails does for table names to models.
+  # Creates a class name from a plural table name like Rails does for table names to models.
   # Note that this returns a string and not a class. (To convert to an actual class
   # follow +classify+ with +constantize+.)
   #
-  #   'egg_and_hams'.classify # => "EggAndHam"
+  #   'ham_and_eggs'.classify # => "HamAndEgg"
   #   'posts'.classify        # => "Post"
   def classify
     ActiveSupport::Inflector.classify(self)
@@ -197,6 +217,7 @@ class String
   #   'employee_salary'.humanize              # => "Employee salary"
   #   'author_id'.humanize                    # => "Author"
   #   'author_id'.humanize(capitalize: false) # => "author"
+  #   '_id'.humanize                          # => "Id"
   def humanize(options = {})
     ActiveSupport::Inflector.humanize(self, options)
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/multibyte.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/multibyte.rb
index a124202936..cc6f2158e7 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/multibyte.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/multibyte.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'active_support/multibyte'
 
 class String
@@ -10,12 +9,10 @@ class String
   # encapsulates the original string. A Unicode safe version of all the String methods are defined on this proxy
   # class. If the proxy class doesn't respond to a certain method, it's forwarded to the encapsulated string.
   #
-  #   name = 'Claus Müller'
-  #   name.reverse # => "rell??M sualC"
-  #   name.length  # => 13
-  #
-  #   name.mb_chars.reverse.to_s # => "rellüM sualC"
-  #   name.mb_chars.length       # => 12
+  #   >> "lj".upcase
+  #   => "lj"
+  #   >> "lj".mb_chars.upcase.to_s
+  #   => "LJ"
   #
   # == Method chaining
   #
@@ -36,6 +33,13 @@ class String
     ActiveSupport::Multibyte.proxy_class.new(self)
   end
 
+  # Returns +true+ if string has utf_8 encoding.
+  #
+  #   utf_8_str = "some string".encode "UTF-8"
+  #   iso_str = "some string".encode "ISO-8859-1"
+  #
+  #   utf_8_str.is_utf8? # => true
+  #   iso_str.is_utf8?   # => false
   def is_utf8?
     case encoding
     when Encoding::UTF_8
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety.rb
index eb02b6a442..510fa48189 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety.rb
@@ -6,24 +6,19 @@ class ERB
     HTML_ESCAPE = { '&' => '&amp;',  '>' => '&gt;',   '<' => '&lt;', '"' => '&quot;', "'" => '&#39;' }
     JSON_ESCAPE = { '&' => '\u0026', '>' => '\u003e', '<' => '\u003c', "\u2028" => '\u2028', "\u2029" => '\u2029' }
     HTML_ESCAPE_REGEXP = /[&"'><]/
-    HTML_ESCAPE_ONCE_REGEXP = /["><']|&(?!([a-zA-Z]+|(#\d+));)/
+    HTML_ESCAPE_ONCE_REGEXP = /["><']|&(?!([a-zA-Z]+|(#\d+)|(#[xX][\dA-Fa-f]+));)/
     JSON_ESCAPE_REGEXP = /[\u2028\u2029&><]/u
 
     # A utility method for escaping HTML tag characters.
     # This method is also aliased as <tt>h</tt>.
     #
     # In your ERB templates, use this method to escape any unsafe content. For example:
-    #   <%=h @person.name %>
+    #   <%= h @person.name %>
     #
     #   puts html_escape('is a > 0 & a < 10?')
     #   # => is a &gt; 0 &amp; a &lt; 10?
     def html_escape(s)
-      s = s.to_s
-      if s.html_safe?
-        s
-      else
-        s.gsub(HTML_ESCAPE_REGEXP, HTML_ESCAPE).html_safe
-      end
+      unwrapped_html_escape(s).html_safe
     end
 
     # Aliasing twice issues a warning "discarding old...". Remove first to avoid it.
@@ -35,6 +30,18 @@ class ERB
     singleton_class.send(:remove_method, :html_escape)
     module_function :html_escape
 
+    # HTML escapes strings but doesn't wrap them with an ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.
+    # This method is not for public consumption! Seriously!
+    def unwrapped_html_escape(s) # :nodoc:
+      s = s.to_s
+      if s.html_safe?
+        s
+      else
+        ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Unicode.tidy_bytes(s).gsub(HTML_ESCAPE_REGEXP, HTML_ESCAPE)
+      end
+    end
+    module_function :unwrapped_html_escape
+
     # A utility method for escaping HTML without affecting existing escaped entities.
     #
     #   html_escape_once('1 < 2 &amp; 3')
@@ -43,7 +50,7 @@ class ERB
     #   html_escape_once('&lt;&lt; Accept & Checkout')
     #   # => "&lt;&lt; Accept &amp; Checkout"
     def html_escape_once(s)
-      result = s.to_s.gsub(HTML_ESCAPE_ONCE_REGEXP, HTML_ESCAPE)
+      result = ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Unicode.tidy_bytes(s.to_s).gsub(HTML_ESCAPE_ONCE_REGEXP, HTML_ESCAPE)
       s.html_safe? ? result.html_safe : result
     end
 
@@ -78,6 +85,11 @@ class ERB
     # automatically flag the result as HTML safe, since the raw value is unsafe to
     # use inside HTML attributes.
     #
+    # If your JSON is being used downstream for insertion into the DOM, be aware of
+    # whether or not it is being inserted via +html()+. Most jQuery plugins do this.
+    # If that is the case, be sure to +html_escape+ or +sanitize+ any user-generated
+    # content returned by your JSON.
+    #
     # If you need to output JSON elsewhere in your HTML, you can just do something
     # like this, as any unsafe characters (including quotation marks) will be
     # automatically escaped for you:
@@ -124,7 +136,7 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
   class SafeBuffer < String
     UNSAFE_STRING_METHODS = %w(
       capitalize chomp chop delete downcase gsub lstrip next reverse rstrip
-      slice squeeze strip sub succ swapcase tr tr_s upcase prepend
+      slice squeeze strip sub succ swapcase tr tr_s upcase
     )
 
     alias_method :original_concat, :concat
@@ -142,7 +154,11 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
       else
         if html_safe?
           new_safe_buffer = super
-          new_safe_buffer.instance_eval { @html_safe = true }
+
+          if new_safe_buffer
+            new_safe_buffer.instance_variable_set :@html_safe, true
+          end
+
           new_safe_buffer
         else
           to_str[*args]
@@ -170,14 +186,14 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
     end
 
     def concat(value)
-      if !html_safe? || value.html_safe?
-        super(value)
-      else
-        super(ERB::Util.h(value))
-      end
+      super(html_escape_interpolated_argument(value))
     end
     alias << concat
 
+    def prepend(value)
+      super(html_escape_interpolated_argument(value))
+    end
+
     def +(other)
       dup.concat(other)
     end
@@ -206,7 +222,7 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
     end
 
     def encode_with(coder)
-      coder.represent_scalar nil, to_str
+      coder.represent_object nil, to_str
     end
 
     UNSAFE_STRING_METHODS.each do |unsafe_method|
@@ -227,12 +243,18 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
     private
 
     def html_escape_interpolated_argument(arg)
-      (!html_safe? || arg.html_safe?) ? arg : ERB::Util.h(arg)
+      (!html_safe? || arg.html_safe?) ? arg :
+        arg.to_s.gsub(ERB::Util::HTML_ESCAPE_REGEXP, ERB::Util::HTML_ESCAPE)
     end
   end
 end
 
 class String
+  # Marks a string as trusted safe. It will be inserted into HTML with no
+  # additional escaping performed. It is your responsibilty to ensure that the
+  # string contains no malicious content. This method is equivalent to the
+  # `raw` helper in views. It is recommended that you use `sanitize` instead of
+  # this method. It should never be called on user input.
   def html_safe
     ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new(self)
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/strip.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/strip.rb
index 086c610976..55b9b87352 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/strip.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/strip.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/try'
-
 class String
   # Strips indentation in heredocs.
   #
@@ -17,10 +15,9 @@ class String
   #
   # the user would see the usage message aligned against the left margin.
   #
-  # Technically, it looks for the least indented line in the whole string, and removes
-  # that amount of leading whitespace.
+  # Technically, it looks for the least indented non-empty line
+  # in the whole string, and removes that amount of leading whitespace.
   def strip_heredoc
-    indent = scan(/^[ \t]*(?=\S)/).min.try(:size) || 0
-    gsub(/^[ \t]{#{indent}}/, '')
+    gsub(/^#{scan(/^[ \t]*(?=\S)/).min}/, ''.freeze)
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/struct.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/struct.rb
index c2c30044f2..1fde3db070 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/struct.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/struct.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-#  Backport of Struct#to_h from Ruby 2.0
-class Struct # :nodoc:
-  def to_h
-    Hash[members.zip(values)]
-  end
-end unless Struct.instance_methods.include?(:to_h)
+require 'active_support/deprecation'
+
+ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("This file is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.1 with no replacement.")
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/thread.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/thread.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index ac1ffa4128..0000000000
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/thread.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
-class Thread
-  LOCK = Mutex.new # :nodoc:
-
-  # Returns the value of a thread local variable that has been set. Note that
-  # these are different than fiber local values.
-  #
-  # Thread local values are carried along with threads, and do not respect
-  # fibers. For example:
-  #
-  #   Thread.new {
-  #     Thread.current.thread_variable_set("foo", "bar") # set a thread local
-  #     Thread.current["foo"] = "bar"                    # set a fiber local
-  #
-  #     Fiber.new {
-  #       Fiber.yield [
-  #         Thread.current.thread_variable_get("foo"), # get the thread local
-  #         Thread.current["foo"],                     # get the fiber local
-  #       ]
-  #     }.resume
-  #   }.join.value # => ['bar', nil]
-  #
-  # The value <tt>"bar"</tt> is returned for the thread local, where +nil+ is returned
-  # for the fiber local. The fiber is executed in the same thread, so the
-  # thread local values are available.
-  def thread_variable_get(key)
-    _locals[key.to_sym]
-  end
-
-  # Sets a thread local with +key+ to +value+. Note that these are local to
-  # threads, and not to fibers. Please see Thread#thread_variable_get for
-  # more information.
-  def thread_variable_set(key, value)
-    _locals[key.to_sym] = value
-  end
-
-  # Returns an array of the names of the thread-local variables (as Symbols).
-  #
-  #    thr = Thread.new do
-  #      Thread.current.thread_variable_set(:cat, 'meow')
-  #      Thread.current.thread_variable_set("dog", 'woof')
-  #    end
-  #    thr.join               # => #<Thread:0x401b3f10 dead>
-  #    thr.thread_variables   # => [:dog, :cat]
-  #
-  # Note that these are not fiber local variables. Please see Thread#thread_variable_get
-  # for more details.
-  def thread_variables
-    _locals.keys
-  end
-
-  # Returns <tt>true</tt> if the given string (or symbol) exists as a
-  # thread-local variable.
-  #
-  #    me = Thread.current
-  #    me.thread_variable_set(:oliver, "a")
-  #    me.thread_variable?(:oliver)    # => true
-  #    me.thread_variable?(:stanley)   # => false
-  #
-  # Note that these are not fiber local variables. Please see Thread#thread_variable_get
-  # for more details.
-  def thread_variable?(key)
-    _locals.has_key?(key.to_sym)
-  end
-
-  def freeze
-    _locals.freeze
-    super
-  end
-
-  private
-
-  def _locals
-    if defined?(@_locals)
-      @_locals
-    else
-      LOCK.synchronize { @_locals ||= {} }
-    end
-  end
-end unless Thread.instance_methods.include?(:thread_variable_set)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time.rb
index 32cffe237d..72c3234630 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/time/acts_like'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/time/calculations'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/time/conversions'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/time/marshal'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/time/zones'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb
index 89cd7516cd..675db8a36b 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/time/conversions'
 require 'active_support/time_with_zone'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/time/zones'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/date_and_time/calculations'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/date/calculations'
 
 class Time
   include DateAndTime::Calculations
@@ -15,9 +16,9 @@ class Time
       super || (self == Time && other.is_a?(ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone))
     end
 
-    # Return the number of days in the given month.
+    # Returns the number of days in the given month.
     # If no year is specified, it will use the current year.
-    def days_in_month(month, year = now.year)
+    def days_in_month(month, year = current.year)
       if month == 2 && ::Date.gregorian_leap?(year)
         29
       else
@@ -25,6 +26,12 @@ class Time
       end
     end
 
+    # Returns the number of days in the given year.
+    # If no year is specified, it will use the current year.
+    def days_in_year(year = current.year)
+      days_in_month(2, year) + 337
+    end
+
     # Returns <tt>Time.zone.now</tt> when <tt>Time.zone</tt> or <tt>config.time_zone</tt> are set, otherwise just returns <tt>Time.now</tt>.
     def current
       ::Time.zone ? ::Time.zone.now : ::Time.now
@@ -48,7 +55,11 @@ class Time
     alias_method :at, :at_with_coercion
   end
 
-  # Seconds since midnight: Time.now.seconds_since_midnight
+  # Returns the number of seconds since 00:00:00.
+  #
+  #   Time.new(2012, 8, 29,  0,  0,  0).seconds_since_midnight # => 0.0
+  #   Time.new(2012, 8, 29, 12, 34, 56).seconds_since_midnight # => 45296.0
+  #   Time.new(2012, 8, 29, 23, 59, 59).seconds_since_midnight # => 86399.0
   def seconds_since_midnight
     to_i - change(:hour => 0).to_i + (usec / 1.0e+6)
   end
@@ -64,11 +75,12 @@ class Time
 
   # Returns a new Time where one or more of the elements have been changed according
   # to the +options+ parameter. The time options (<tt>:hour</tt>, <tt>:min</tt>,
-  # <tt>:sec</tt>, <tt>:usec</tt>) reset cascadingly, so if only the hour is passed,
-  # then minute, sec, and usec is set to 0. If the hour and minute is passed, then
-  # sec and usec is set to 0.  The +options+ parameter takes a hash with any of these
-  # keys: <tt>:year</tt>, <tt>:month</tt>, <tt>:day</tt>, <tt>:hour</tt>, <tt>:min</tt>,
-  # <tt>:sec</tt>, <tt>:usec</tt>.
+  # <tt>:sec</tt>, <tt>:usec</tt>, <tt>:nsec</tt>) reset cascadingly, so if only
+  # the hour is passed, then minute, sec, usec and nsec is set to 0. If the hour
+  # and minute is passed, then sec, usec and nsec is set to 0. The +options+
+  # parameter takes a hash with any of these keys: <tt>:year</tt>, <tt>:month</tt>,
+  # <tt>:day</tt>, <tt>:hour</tt>, <tt>:min</tt>, <tt>:sec</tt>, <tt>:usec</tt>
+  # <tt>:nsec</tt>. Pass either <tt>:usec</tt> or <tt>:nsec</tt>, not both.
   #
   #   Time.new(2012, 8, 29, 22, 35, 0).change(day: 1)              # => Time.new(2012, 8, 1, 22, 35, 0)
   #   Time.new(2012, 8, 29, 22, 35, 0).change(year: 1981, day: 1)  # => Time.new(1981, 8, 1, 22, 35, 0)
@@ -80,13 +92,20 @@ class Time
     new_hour  = options.fetch(:hour, hour)
     new_min   = options.fetch(:min, options[:hour] ? 0 : min)
     new_sec   = options.fetch(:sec, (options[:hour] || options[:min]) ? 0 : sec)
-    new_usec  = options.fetch(:usec, (options[:hour] || options[:min] || options[:sec]) ? 0 : Rational(nsec, 1000))
+
+    if new_nsec = options[:nsec]
+      raise ArgumentError, "Can't change both :nsec and :usec at the same time: #{options.inspect}" if options[:usec]
+      new_usec = Rational(new_nsec, 1000)
+    else
+      new_usec  = options.fetch(:usec, (options[:hour] || options[:min] || options[:sec]) ? 0 : Rational(nsec, 1000))
+    end
 
     if utc?
       ::Time.utc(new_year, new_month, new_day, new_hour, new_min, new_sec, new_usec)
     elsif zone
       ::Time.local(new_year, new_month, new_day, new_hour, new_min, new_sec, new_usec)
     else
+      raise ArgumentError, 'argument out of range' if new_usec >= 1000000
       ::Time.new(new_year, new_month, new_day, new_hour, new_min, new_sec + (new_usec.to_r / 1000000), utc_offset)
     end
   end
@@ -96,6 +115,12 @@ class Time
   # takes a hash with any of these keys: <tt>:years</tt>, <tt>:months</tt>,
   # <tt>:weeks</tt>, <tt>:days</tt>, <tt>:hours</tt>, <tt>:minutes</tt>,
   # <tt>:seconds</tt>.
+  #
+  #   Time.new(2015, 8, 1, 14, 35, 0).advance(seconds: 1) # => 2015-08-01 14:35:01 -0700
+  #   Time.new(2015, 8, 1, 14, 35, 0).advance(minutes: 1) # => 2015-08-01 14:36:00 -0700
+  #   Time.new(2015, 8, 1, 14, 35, 0).advance(hours: 1)   # => 2015-08-01 15:35:00 -0700
+  #   Time.new(2015, 8, 1, 14, 35, 0).advance(days: 1)    # => 2015-08-02 14:35:00 -0700
+  #   Time.new(2015, 8, 1, 14, 35, 0).advance(weeks: 1)   # => 2015-08-08 14:35:00 -0700
   def advance(options)
     unless options[:weeks].nil?
       options[:weeks], partial_weeks = options[:weeks].divmod(1)
@@ -154,7 +179,7 @@ class Time
   alias :at_noon :middle_of_day
   alias :at_middle_of_day :middle_of_day
 
-  # Returns a new Time representing the end of the day, 23:59:59.999999 (.999999999 in ruby1.9)
+  # Returns a new Time representing the end of the day, 23:59:59.999999
   def end_of_day
     change(
       :hour => 23,
@@ -171,7 +196,7 @@ class Time
   end
   alias :at_beginning_of_hour :beginning_of_hour
 
-  # Returns a new Time representing the end of the hour, x:59:59.999999 (.999999999 in ruby1.9)
+  # Returns a new Time representing the end of the hour, x:59:59.999999
   def end_of_hour
     change(
       :min => 59,
@@ -187,7 +212,7 @@ class Time
   end
   alias :at_beginning_of_minute :beginning_of_minute
 
-  # Returns a new Time representing the end of the minute, x:xx:59.999999 (.999999999 in ruby1.9)
+  # Returns a new Time representing the end of the minute, x:xx:59.999999
   def end_of_minute
     change(
       :sec => 59,
@@ -234,8 +259,10 @@ class Time
   # Layers additional behavior on Time#<=> so that DateTime and ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone instances
   # can be chronologically compared with a Time
   def compare_with_coercion(other)
-    # we're avoiding Time#to_datetime cause it's expensive
-    if other.is_a?(Time)
+    # we're avoiding Time#to_datetime and Time#to_time because they're expensive
+    if other.class == Time
+      compare_without_coercion(other)
+    elsif other.is_a?(Time)
       compare_without_coercion(other.to_time)
     else
       to_datetime <=> other
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/conversions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/conversions.rb
index 9fd26156c7..536c4bf525 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/conversions.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/conversions.rb
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ class Time
     :db           => '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S',
     :number       => '%Y%m%d%H%M%S',
     :nsec         => '%Y%m%d%H%M%S%9N',
+    :usec         => '%Y%m%d%H%M%S%6N',
     :time         => '%H:%M',
     :short        => '%d %b %H:%M',
     :long         => '%B %d, %Y %H:%M',
@@ -20,11 +21,11 @@ class Time
     :iso8601      => lambda { |time| time.iso8601 }
   }
 
-  # Converts to a formatted string. See DATE_FORMATS for builtin formats.
+  # Converts to a formatted string. See DATE_FORMATS for built-in formats.
   #
   # This method is aliased to <tt>to_s</tt>.
   #
-  #   time = Time.now                    # => Thu Jan 18 06:10:17 CST 2007
+  #   time = Time.now                    # => 2007-01-18 06:10:17 -06:00
   #
   #   time.to_formatted_s(:time)         # => "06:10"
   #   time.to_s(:time)                   # => "06:10"
@@ -55,7 +56,8 @@ class Time
   alias_method :to_default_s, :to_s
   alias_method :to_s, :to_formatted_s
 
-  # Returns the UTC offset as an +HH:MM formatted string.
+  # Returns a formatted string of the offset from UTC, or an alternative
+  # string if the time zone is already UTC.
   #
   #   Time.local(2000).formatted_offset        # => "-06:00"
   #   Time.local(2000).formatted_offset(false) # => "-0600"
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/marshal.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/marshal.rb
index 497c4c3fb8..467bad1726 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/marshal.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/marshal.rb
@@ -1,30 +1,3 @@
-# Ruby 1.9.2 adds utc_offset and zone to Time, but marshaling only
-# preserves utc_offset. Preserve zone also, even though it may not
-# work in some edge cases.
-if Time.local(2010).zone != Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(Time.local(2010))).zone
-  class Time
-    class << self
-      alias_method :_load_without_zone, :_load
-      def _load(marshaled_time)
-        time = _load_without_zone(marshaled_time)
-        time.instance_eval do
-          if zone = defined?(@_zone) && remove_instance_variable('@_zone')
-            ary = to_a
-            ary[0] += subsec if ary[0] == sec
-            ary[-1] = zone
-            utc? ? Time.utc(*ary) : Time.local(*ary)
-          else
-            self
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
+require 'active_support/deprecation'
 
-    alias_method :_dump_without_zone, :_dump
-    def _dump(*args)
-      obj = dup
-      obj.instance_variable_set('@_zone', zone)
-      obj.send :_dump_without_zone, *args
-    end
-  end
-end
+ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("This is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.1 with no replacement.")
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/zones.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/zones.rb
index bbda04d60c..877dc84ec8 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/zones.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/zones.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'active_support/time_with_zone'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/time/acts_like'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/date_and_time/zones'
 
 class Time
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ class Time
     # <tt>current_user.time_zone</tt> just needs to return a string identifying the user's preferred time zone:
     #
     #   class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
-    #     around_filter :set_time_zone
+    #     around_action :set_time_zone
     #
     #     def set_time_zone
     #       if logged_in?
@@ -50,12 +51,22 @@ class Time
       end
     end
 
-    # Returns a TimeZone instance or nil, or raises an ArgumentError for invalid timezones.
+    # Returns a TimeZone instance matching the time zone provided.
+    # Accepts the time zone in any format supported by <tt>Time.zone=</tt>.
+    # Raises an +ArgumentError+ for invalid time zones.
+    #
+    #   Time.find_zone! "America/New_York" # => #<ActiveSupport::TimeZone @name="America/New_York" ...>
+    #   Time.find_zone! "EST"              # => #<ActiveSupport::TimeZone @name="EST" ...>
+    #   Time.find_zone! -5.hours           # => #<ActiveSupport::TimeZone @name="Bogota" ...>
+    #   Time.find_zone! nil                # => nil
+    #   Time.find_zone! false              # => false
+    #   Time.find_zone! "NOT-A-TIMEZONE"   # => ArgumentError: Invalid Timezone: NOT-A-TIMEZONE
     def find_zone!(time_zone)
       if !time_zone || time_zone.is_a?(ActiveSupport::TimeZone)
         time_zone
       else
-        # lookup timezone based on identifier (unless we've been passed a TZInfo::Timezone)
+        # Look up the timezone based on the identifier (unless we've been
+        # passed a TZInfo::Timezone)
         unless time_zone.respond_to?(:period_for_local)
           time_zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone[time_zone] || TZInfo::Timezone.get(time_zone)
         end
@@ -71,6 +82,12 @@ class Time
       raise ArgumentError, "Invalid Timezone: #{time_zone}"
     end
 
+    # Returns a TimeZone instance matching the time zone provided.
+    # Accepts the time zone in any format supported by <tt>Time.zone=</tt>.
+    # Returns +nil+ for invalid time zones.
+    #
+    #   Time.find_zone "America/New_York" # => #<ActiveSupport::TimeZone @name="America/New_York" ...>
+    #   Time.find_zone "NOT-A-TIMEZONE"   # => nil
     def find_zone(time_zone)
       find_zone!(time_zone) rescue nil
     end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/uri.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/uri.rb
index bfe0832b37..c6c183edd9 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/uri.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/uri.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
-
 require 'uri'
 str = "\xE6\x97\xA5\xE6\x9C\xAC\xE8\xAA\x9E" # Ni-ho-nn-go in UTF-8, means Japanese.
 parser = URI::Parser.new
@@ -12,7 +10,7 @@ unless str == parser.unescape(parser.escape(str))
       # YK: My initial experiments say yes, but let's be sure please
       enc = str.encoding
       enc = Encoding::UTF_8 if enc == Encoding::US_ASCII
-      str.gsub(escaped) { [$&[1, 2].hex].pack('C') }.force_encoding(enc)
+      str.gsub(escaped) { |match| [match[1, 2].hex].pack('C') }.force_encoding(enc)
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb
index 59675d744e..af18ff746f 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 require 'set'
 require 'thread'
-require 'thread_safe'
+require 'concurrent/map'
 require 'pathname'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/aliasing'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
@@ -12,12 +12,40 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/load_error'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/name_error'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/starts_ends_with'
+require "active_support/dependencies/interlock"
 require 'active_support/inflector'
 
 module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
   module Dependencies #:nodoc:
     extend self
 
+    mattr_accessor :interlock
+    self.interlock = Interlock.new
+
+    # :doc:
+
+    # Execute the supplied block without interference from any
+    # concurrent loads.
+    def self.run_interlock
+      Dependencies.interlock.running { yield }
+    end
+
+    # Execute the supplied block while holding an exclusive lock,
+    # preventing any other thread from being inside a #run_interlock
+    # block at the same time.
+    def self.load_interlock
+      Dependencies.interlock.loading { yield }
+    end
+
+    # Execute the supplied block while holding an exclusive lock,
+    # preventing any other thread from being inside a #run_interlock
+    # block at the same time.
+    def self.unload_interlock
+      Dependencies.interlock.unloading { yield }
+    end
+
+    # :nodoc:
+
     # Should we turn on Ruby warnings on the first load of dependent files?
     mattr_accessor :warnings_on_first_load
     self.warnings_on_first_load = false
@@ -30,6 +58,10 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
     mattr_accessor :loaded
     self.loaded = Set.new
 
+    # Stack of files being loaded.
+    mattr_accessor :loading
+    self.loading = []
+
     # Should we load files or require them?
     mattr_accessor :mechanism
     self.mechanism = ENV['NO_RELOAD'] ? :require : :load
@@ -124,7 +156,7 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
 
           # Normalize the list of new constants, and add them to the list we will return
           new_constants.each do |suffix|
-            constants << ([namespace, suffix] - ["Object"]).join("::")
+            constants << ([namespace, suffix] - ["Object"]).join("::".freeze)
           end
         end
         constants
@@ -180,13 +212,14 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
         Dependencies.load_missing_constant(from_mod, const_name)
       end
 
-      # Dependencies assumes the name of the module reflects the nesting (unless
-      # it can be proven that is not the case), and the path to the file that
-      # defines the constant. Anonymous modules cannot follow these conventions
-      # and we assume therefore the user wants to refer to a top-level constant.
+      # We assume that the name of the module reflects the nesting
+      # (unless it can be proven that is not the case) and the path to the file
+      # that defines the constant. Anonymous modules cannot follow these
+      # conventions and therefore we assume that the user wants to refer to a
+      # top-level constant.
       def guess_for_anonymous(const_name)
         if Object.const_defined?(const_name)
-          raise NameError, "#{const_name} cannot be autoloaded from an anonymous class or module"
+          raise NameError.new "#{const_name} cannot be autoloaded from an anonymous class or module", const_name
         else
           Object
         end
@@ -200,7 +233,10 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
     # Object includes this module.
     module Loadable #:nodoc:
       def self.exclude_from(base)
-        base.class_eval { define_method(:load, Kernel.instance_method(:load)) }
+        base.class_eval do
+          define_method(:load, Kernel.instance_method(:load))
+          private :load
+        end
       end
 
       def require_or_load(file_name)
@@ -236,18 +272,6 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
         raise
       end
 
-      def load(file, wrap = false)
-        result = false
-        load_dependency(file) { result = super }
-        result
-      end
-
-      def require(file)
-        result = false
-        load_dependency(file) { result = super }
-        result
-      end
-
       # Mark the given constant as unloadable. Unloadable constants are removed
       # each time dependencies are cleared.
       #
@@ -264,6 +288,20 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
       def unloadable(const_desc)
         Dependencies.mark_for_unload const_desc
       end
+
+      private
+
+      def load(file, wrap = false)
+        result = false
+        load_dependency(file) { result = super }
+        result
+      end
+
+      def require(file)
+        result = false
+        load_dependency(file) { result = super }
+        result
+      end
     end
 
     # Exception file-blaming.
@@ -315,8 +353,11 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
 
     def clear
       log_call
-      loaded.clear
-      remove_unloadable_constants!
+      Dependencies.unload_interlock do
+        loaded.clear
+        loading.clear
+        remove_unloadable_constants!
+      end
     end
 
     def require_or_load(file_name, const_path = nil)
@@ -325,41 +366,49 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
       expanded = File.expand_path(file_name)
       return if loaded.include?(expanded)
 
-      # Record that we've seen this file *before* loading it to avoid an
-      # infinite loop with mutual dependencies.
-      loaded << expanded
-
-      begin
-        if load?
-          log "loading #{file_name}"
+      Dependencies.load_interlock do
+        # Maybe it got loaded while we were waiting for our lock:
+        return if loaded.include?(expanded)
 
-          # Enable warnings if this file has not been loaded before and
-          # warnings_on_first_load is set.
-          load_args = ["#{file_name}.rb"]
-          load_args << const_path unless const_path.nil?
+        # Record that we've seen this file *before* loading it to avoid an
+        # infinite loop with mutual dependencies.
+        loaded << expanded
+        loading << expanded
 
-          if !warnings_on_first_load or history.include?(expanded)
-            result = load_file(*load_args)
+        begin
+          if load?
+            log "loading #{file_name}"
+
+            # Enable warnings if this file has not been loaded before and
+            # warnings_on_first_load is set.
+            load_args = ["#{file_name}.rb"]
+            load_args << const_path unless const_path.nil?
+
+            if !warnings_on_first_load or history.include?(expanded)
+              result = load_file(*load_args)
+            else
+              enable_warnings { result = load_file(*load_args) }
+            end
           else
-            enable_warnings { result = load_file(*load_args) }
+            log "requiring #{file_name}"
+            result = require file_name
           end
-        else
-          log "requiring #{file_name}"
-          result = require file_name
+        rescue Exception
+          loaded.delete expanded
+          raise
+        ensure
+          loading.pop
         end
-      rescue Exception
-        loaded.delete expanded
-        raise
-      end
 
-      # Record history *after* loading so first load gets warnings.
-      history << expanded
-      result
+        # Record history *after* loading so first load gets warnings.
+        history << expanded
+        result
+      end
     end
 
     # Is the provided constant path defined?
     def qualified_const_defined?(path)
-      Object.qualified_const_defined?(path.sub(/^::/, ''), false)
+      Object.const_defined?(path, false)
     end
 
     # Given +path+, a filesystem path to a ruby file, return an array of
@@ -372,13 +421,13 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
 
       bases.each do |root|
         expanded_root = File.expand_path(root)
-        next unless %r{\A#{Regexp.escape(expanded_root)}(/|\\)} =~ expanded_path
+        next unless expanded_path.start_with?(expanded_root)
 
-        nesting = expanded_path[(expanded_root.size)..-1]
-        nesting = nesting[1..-1] if nesting && nesting[0] == ?/
-        next if nesting.blank?
+        root_size = expanded_root.size
+        next if expanded_path[root_size] != ?/.freeze
 
-        paths << nesting.camelize
+        nesting = expanded_path[(root_size + 1)..-1]
+        paths << nesting.camelize unless nesting.blank?
       end
 
       paths.uniq!
@@ -387,7 +436,7 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
 
     # Search for a file in autoload_paths matching the provided suffix.
     def search_for_file(path_suffix)
-      path_suffix = path_suffix.sub(/(\.rb)?$/, ".rb")
+      path_suffix = path_suffix.sub(/(\.rb)?$/, ".rb".freeze)
 
       autoload_paths.each do |root|
         path = File.join(root, path_suffix)
@@ -407,7 +456,7 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
     end
 
     def load_once_path?(path)
-      # to_s works around a ruby1.9 issue where String#starts_with?(Pathname)
+      # to_s works around a ruby issue where String#starts_with?(Pathname)
       # will raise a TypeError: no implicit conversion of Pathname into String
       autoload_once_paths.any? { |base| path.starts_with? base.to_s }
     end
@@ -472,9 +521,9 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
 
       if file_path
         expanded = File.expand_path(file_path)
-        expanded.sub!(/\.rb\z/, '')
+        expanded.sub!(/\.rb\z/, ''.freeze)
 
-        if loaded.include?(expanded)
+        if loading.include?(expanded)
           raise "Circular dependency detected while autoloading constant #{qualified_name}"
         else
           require_or_load(expanded, qualified_name)
@@ -515,9 +564,9 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
         end
       end
 
-      raise NameError,
-            "uninitialized constant #{qualified_name}",
-            caller.reject { |l| l.starts_with? __FILE__ }
+      name_error = NameError.new("uninitialized constant #{qualified_name}", const_name)
+      name_error.set_backtrace(caller.reject {|l| l.starts_with? __FILE__ })
+      raise name_error
     end
 
     # Remove the constants that have been autoloaded, and those that have been
@@ -536,7 +585,7 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
 
     class ClassCache
       def initialize
-        @store = ThreadSafe::Cache.new
+        @store = Concurrent::Map.new
       end
 
       def empty?
@@ -593,7 +642,7 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
     def autoloaded?(desc)
       return false if desc.is_a?(Module) && desc.anonymous?
       name = to_constant_name desc
-      return false unless qualified_const_defined? name
+      return false unless qualified_const_defined?(name)
       return autoloaded_constants.include?(name)
     end
 
@@ -728,7 +777,7 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
     protected
       def log_call(*args)
         if log_activity?
-          arg_str = args.collect { |arg| arg.inspect } * ', '
+          arg_str = args.collect(&:inspect) * ', '
           /in `([a-z_\?\!]+)'/ =~ caller(1).first
           selector = $1 || '<unknown>'
           log "called #{selector}(#{arg_str})"
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies/autoload.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies/autoload.rb
index c0dba5f7fd..13036d521d 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies/autoload.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies/autoload.rb
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     def eager_load!
-      @_autoloads.values.each { |file| require file }
+      @_autoloads.each_value { |file| require file }
     end
 
     def autoloads
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies/interlock.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies/interlock.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fbeb904684
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies/interlock.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+require 'active_support/concurrency/share_lock'
+
+module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
+  module Dependencies #:nodoc:
+    class Interlock
+      def initialize # :nodoc:
+        @lock = ActiveSupport::Concurrency::ShareLock.new
+      end
+
+      def loading
+        @lock.exclusive(purpose: :load, compatible: [:load]) do
+          yield
+        end
+      end
+
+      def unloading
+        @lock.exclusive(purpose: :unload, compatible: [:load, :unload]) do
+          yield
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Attempt to obtain an "unloading" (exclusive) lock. If possible,
+      # execute the supplied block while holding the lock. If there is
+      # concurrent activity, return immediately (without executing the
+      # block) instead of waiting.
+      def attempt_unloading
+        @lock.exclusive(purpose: :unload, compatible: [:load, :unload], no_wait: true) do
+          yield
+        end
+      end
+
+      def start_running
+        @lock.start_sharing
+      end
+
+      def done_running
+        @lock.stop_sharing
+      end
+
+      def running
+        @lock.sharing do
+          yield
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation.rb
index ab16977bda..46e9996d59 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation.rb
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # and the second is a library name
     #
     #   ActiveSupport::Deprecation.new('2.0', 'MyLibrary')
-    def initialize(deprecation_horizon = '4.2', gem_name = 'Rails')
+    def initialize(deprecation_horizon = '5.0', gem_name = 'Rails')
       self.gem_name = gem_name
       self.deprecation_horizon = deprecation_horizon
       # By default, warnings are not silenced and debugging is off.
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/behaviors.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/behaviors.rb
index 328b8c320a..28d2d78643 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/behaviors.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/behaviors.rb
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
       log: ->(message, callstack) {
         logger =
-            if defined?(Rails) && Rails.logger
+            if defined?(Rails.logger) && Rails.logger
               Rails.logger
             else
               require 'active_support/logger'
@@ -38,6 +38,18 @@ module ActiveSupport
       silence: ->(message, callstack) {},
     }
 
+    # Behavior module allows to determine how to display deprecation messages.
+    # You can create a custom behavior or set any from the +DEFAULT_BEHAVIORS+
+    # constant. Available behaviors are:
+    #
+    # [+raise+]   Raise <tt>ActiveSupport::DeprecationException</tt>.
+    # [+stderr+]  Log all deprecation warnings to +$stderr+.
+    # [+log+]     Log all deprecation warnings to +Rails.logger+.
+    # [+notify+]  Use +ActiveSupport::Notifications+ to notify +deprecation.rails+.
+    # [+silence+] Do nothing.
+    #
+    # Setting behaviors only affects deprecations that happen after boot time.
+    # For more information you can read the documentation of the +behavior=+ method.
     module Behavior
       # Whether to print a backtrace along with the warning.
       attr_accessor :debug
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/method_wrappers.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/method_wrappers.rb
index cab8a1b14d..32fe8025fe 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/method_wrappers.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/method_wrappers.rb
@@ -9,35 +9,61 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #   module Fred
       #     extend self
       #
-      #     def foo; end
-      #     def bar; end
-      #     def baz; end
+      #     def aaa; end
+      #     def bbb; end
+      #     def ccc; end
+      #     def ddd; end
+      #     def eee; end
       #   end
       #
-      #   ActiveSupport::Deprecation.deprecate_methods(Fred, :foo, bar: :qux, baz: 'use Bar#baz instead')
-      #   # => [:foo, :bar, :baz]
+      # Using the default deprecator:
+      #   ActiveSupport::Deprecation.deprecate_methods(Fred, :aaa, bbb: :zzz, ccc: 'use Bar#ccc instead')
+      #   # => [:aaa, :bbb, :ccc]
       #
-      #   Fred.foo
-      #   # => "DEPRECATION WARNING: foo is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1."
+      #   Fred.aaa
+      #   # DEPRECATION WARNING: aaa is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 5.0. (called from irb_binding at (irb):10)
+      #   # => nil
       #
-      #   Fred.bar
-      #   # => "DEPRECATION WARNING: bar is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1 (use qux instead)."
+      #   Fred.bbb
+      #   # DEPRECATION WARNING: bbb is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 5.0 (use zzz instead). (called from irb_binding at (irb):11)
+      #   # => nil
       #
-      #   Fred.baz
-      #   # => "DEPRECATION WARNING: baz is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1 (use Bar#baz instead)."
+      #   Fred.ccc
+      #   # DEPRECATION WARNING: ccc is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 5.0 (use Bar#ccc instead). (called from irb_binding at (irb):12)
+      #   # => nil
+      #
+      # Passing in a custom deprecator:
+      #   custom_deprecator = ActiveSupport::Deprecation.new('next-release', 'MyGem')
+      #   ActiveSupport::Deprecation.deprecate_methods(Fred, ddd: :zzz, deprecator: custom_deprecator)
+      #   # => [:ddd]
+      #
+      #   Fred.ddd
+      #   DEPRECATION WARNING: ddd is deprecated and will be removed from MyGem next-release (use zzz instead). (called from irb_binding at (irb):15)
+      #   # => nil
+      #
+      # Using a custom deprecator directly:
+      #   custom_deprecator = ActiveSupport::Deprecation.new('next-release', 'MyGem')
+      #   custom_deprecator.deprecate_methods(Fred, eee: :zzz)
+      #   # => [:eee]
+      #
+      #   Fred.eee
+      #   DEPRECATION WARNING: eee is deprecated and will be removed from MyGem next-release (use zzz instead). (called from irb_binding at (irb):18)
+      #   # => nil
       def deprecate_methods(target_module, *method_names)
         options = method_names.extract_options!
-        deprecator = options.delete(:deprecator) || ActiveSupport::Deprecation.instance
+        deprecator = options.delete(:deprecator) || self
         method_names += options.keys
 
-        method_names.each do |method_name|
-          target_module.alias_method_chain(method_name, :deprecation) do |target, punctuation|
-            target_module.send(:define_method, "#{target}_with_deprecation#{punctuation}") do |*args, &block|
+        mod = Module.new do
+          method_names.each do |method_name|
+            define_method(method_name) do |*args, &block|
               deprecator.deprecation_warning(method_name, options[method_name])
-              send(:"#{target}_without_deprecation#{punctuation}", *args, &block)
+              super(*args, &block)
             end
           end
         end
+
+        target_module.prepend(mod)
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/proxy_wrappers.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/proxy_wrappers.rb
index a03a66b96b..6f0ad445fc 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/proxy_wrappers.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/proxy_wrappers.rb
@@ -20,20 +20,22 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
       private
         def method_missing(called, *args, &block)
-          warn caller, called, args
+          warn caller_locations, called, args
           target.__send__(called, *args, &block)
         end
     end
 
-    # This DeprecatedObjectProxy transforms object to deprecated object.
+    # DeprecatedObjectProxy transforms an object into a deprecated one. It
+    # takes an object, a deprecation message and optionally a deprecator. The
+    # deprecator defaults to +ActiveSupport::Deprecator+ if none is specified.
     #
-    #   @old_object = DeprecatedObjectProxy.new(Object.new, "Don't use this object anymore!")
-    #   @old_object = DeprecatedObjectProxy.new(Object.new, "Don't use this object anymore!", deprecator_instance)
+    #   deprecated_object = ActiveSupport::Deprecation::DeprecatedObjectProxy.new(Object.new, "This object is now deprecated")
+    #   # => #<Object:0x007fb9b34c34b0>
     #
-    # When someone executes any method except +inspect+ on proxy object this will
-    # trigger +warn+ method on +deprecator_instance+.
-    #
-    # Default deprecator is <tt>ActiveSupport::Deprecation</tt>
+    #   deprecated_object.to_s
+    #   DEPRECATION WARNING: This object is now deprecated.
+    #   (Backtrace)
+    #   # => "#<Object:0x007fb9b34c34b0>"
     class DeprecatedObjectProxy < DeprecationProxy
       def initialize(object, message, deprecator = ActiveSupport::Deprecation.instance)
         @object = object
@@ -51,13 +53,16 @@ module ActiveSupport
         end
     end
 
-    # This DeprecatedInstanceVariableProxy transforms instance variable to
-    # deprecated instance variable.
+    # DeprecatedInstanceVariableProxy transforms an instance variable into a
+    # deprecated one. It takes an instance of a class, a method on that class
+    # and an instance variable. It optionally takes a deprecator as the last
+    # argument. The deprecator defaults to +ActiveSupport::Deprecator+ if none
+    # is specified.
     #
     #   class Example
-    #     def initialize(deprecator)
-    #       @request = ActiveSupport::Deprecation::DeprecatedInstanceVariableProxy.new(self, :request, :@request, deprecator)
-    #       @_request = :a_request
+    #     def initialize
+    #       @request = ActiveSupport::Deprecation::DeprecatedInstanceVariableProxy.new(self, :request, :@request)
+    #       @_request = :special_request
     #     end
     #
     #     def request
@@ -69,12 +74,17 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #     end
     #   end
     #
-    # When someone execute any method on @request variable this will trigger
-    # +warn+ method on +deprecator_instance+ and will fetch <tt>@_request</tt>
-    # variable via +request+ method and execute the same method on non-proxy
-    # instance variable.
+    #   example = Example.new
+    #   # => #<Example:0x007fb9b31090b8 @_request=:special_request, @request=:special_request>
+    #
+    #   example.old_request.to_s
+    #   # => DEPRECATION WARNING: @request is deprecated! Call request.to_s instead of
+    #      @request.to_s
+    #      (Bactrace information…)
+    #      "special_request"
     #
-    # Default deprecator is <tt>ActiveSupport::Deprecation</tt>.
+    #   example.request.to_s
+    #   # => "special_request"
     class DeprecatedInstanceVariableProxy < DeprecationProxy
       def initialize(instance, method, var = "@#{method}", deprecator = ActiveSupport::Deprecation.instance)
         @instance = instance
@@ -93,15 +103,23 @@ module ActiveSupport
         end
     end
 
-    # This DeprecatedConstantProxy transforms constant to deprecated constant.
+    # DeprecatedConstantProxy transforms a constant into a deprecated one. It
+    # takes the names of an old (deprecated) constant and of a new constant
+    # (both in string form) and optionally a deprecator. The deprecator defaults
+    # to +ActiveSupport::Deprecator+ if none is specified. The deprecated constant
+    # now returns the value of the new one.
+    #
+    #   PLANETS = %w(mercury venus earth mars jupiter saturn uranus neptune pluto)
     #
-    #   OLD_CONST = ActiveSupport::Deprecation::DeprecatedConstantProxy.new('OLD_CONST', 'NEW_CONST')
-    #   OLD_CONST = ActiveSupport::Deprecation::DeprecatedConstantProxy.new('OLD_CONST', 'NEW_CONST', deprecator_instance)
+    #   (In a later update, the original implementation of `PLANETS` has been removed.)
     #
-    # When someone use old constant this will trigger +warn+ method on
-    # +deprecator_instance+.
+    #   PLANETS_POST_2006 = %w(mercury venus earth mars jupiter saturn uranus neptune)
+    #   PLANETS = ActiveSupport::Deprecation::DeprecatedConstantProxy.new('PLANETS', 'PLANETS_POST_2006')
     #
-    # Default deprecator is <tt>ActiveSupport::Deprecation</tt>.
+    #   PLANETS.map { |planet| planet.capitalize }
+    #   # => DEPRECATION WARNING: PLANETS is deprecated! Use PLANETS_POST_2006 instead.
+    #        (Bactrace information…)
+    #        ["Mercury", "Venus", "Earth", "Mars", "Jupiter", "Saturn", "Uranus", "Neptune"]
     class DeprecatedConstantProxy < DeprecationProxy
       def initialize(old_const, new_const, deprecator = ActiveSupport::Deprecation.instance)
         @old_const = old_const
@@ -109,6 +127,11 @@ module ActiveSupport
         @deprecator = deprecator
       end
 
+      # Returns the class of the new constant.
+      #
+      #   PLANETS_POST_2006 = %w(mercury venus earth mars jupiter saturn uranus neptune)
+      #   PLANETS = ActiveSupport::Deprecation::DeprecatedConstantProxy.new('PLANETS', 'PLANETS_POST_2006')
+      #   PLANETS.class # => Array
       def class
         target.class
       end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/reporting.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/reporting.rb
index a7d265d732..f89fc0fe14 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/reporting.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/reporting.rb
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       def warn(message = nil, callstack = nil)
         return if silenced
 
-        callstack ||= caller(2)
+        callstack ||= caller_locations(2)
         deprecation_message(callstack, message).tap do |m|
           behavior.each { |b| b.call(m, callstack) }
         end
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       def deprecation_warning(deprecated_method_name, message = nil, caller_backtrace = nil)
-        caller_backtrace ||= caller(2)
+        caller_backtrace ||= caller_locations(2)
         deprecated_method_warning(deprecated_method_name, message).tap do |msg|
           warn(msg, caller_backtrace)
         end
@@ -79,6 +79,17 @@ module ActiveSupport
         end
 
         def extract_callstack(callstack)
+          return _extract_callstack(callstack) if callstack.first.is_a? String
+
+          rails_gem_root = File.expand_path("../../../../..", __FILE__) + "/"
+          offending_line = callstack.find { |frame|
+            frame.absolute_path && !frame.absolute_path.start_with?(rails_gem_root)
+          } || callstack.first
+          [offending_line.path, offending_line.lineno, offending_line.label]
+        end
+
+        def _extract_callstack(callstack)
+          warn "Please pass `caller_locations` to the deprecation API" if $VERBOSE
           rails_gem_root = File.expand_path("../../../../..", __FILE__) + "/"
           offending_line = callstack.find { |line| !line.start_with?(rails_gem_root) } || callstack.first
           if offending_line
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/duration.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/duration.rb
index 7df4857c25..c63b61e97a 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/duration.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/duration.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-require 'active_support/proxy_object'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/conversions'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/acts_like'
 
@@ -7,7 +6,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
   # Time#advance, respectively. It mainly supports the methods on Numeric.
   #
   #   1.month.ago       # equivalent to Time.now.advance(months: -1)
-  class Duration < ProxyObject
+  class Duration
     attr_accessor :value, :parts
 
     def initialize(value, parts) #:nodoc:
@@ -39,6 +38,10 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
     alias :kind_of? :is_a?
 
+    def instance_of?(klass) # :nodoc:
+      Duration == klass || value.instance_of?(klass)
+    end
+
     # Returns +true+ if +other+ is also a Duration instance with the
     # same +value+, or if <tt>other == value</tt>.
     def ==(other)
@@ -49,6 +52,48 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
     end
 
+    # Returns the amount of seconds a duration covers as a string.
+    # For more information check to_i method.
+    #
+    #   1.day.to_s # => "86400"
+    def to_s
+      @value.to_s
+    end
+
+    # Returns the number of seconds that this Duration represents.
+    #
+    #   1.minute.to_i   # => 60
+    #   1.hour.to_i     # => 3600
+    #   1.day.to_i      # => 86400
+    #
+    # Note that this conversion makes some assumptions about the
+    # duration of some periods, e.g. months are always 30 days
+    # and years are 365.25 days:
+    #
+    #   # equivalent to 30.days.to_i
+    #   1.month.to_i    # => 2592000
+    #
+    #   # equivalent to 365.25.days.to_i
+    #   1.year.to_i     # => 31557600
+    #
+    # In such cases, Ruby's core
+    # Date[http://ruby-doc.org/stdlib/libdoc/date/rdoc/Date.html] and
+    # Time[http://ruby-doc.org/stdlib/libdoc/time/rdoc/Time.html] should be used for precision
+    # date and time arithmetic.
+    def to_i
+      @value.to_i
+    end
+
+    # Returns +true+ if +other+ is also a Duration instance, which has the
+    # same parts as this one.
+    def eql?(other)
+      Duration === other && other.value.eql?(value)
+    end
+
+    def hash
+      @value.hash
+    end
+
     def self.===(other) #:nodoc:
       other.is_a?(Duration)
     rescue ::NoMethodError
@@ -74,13 +119,19 @@ module ActiveSupport
         reduce(::Hash.new(0)) { |h,(l,r)| h[l] += r; h }.
         sort_by {|unit,  _ | [:years, :months, :days, :minutes, :seconds].index(unit)}.
         map     {|unit, val| "#{val} #{val == 1 ? unit.to_s.chop : unit.to_s}"}.
-        to_sentence(:locale => :en)
+        to_sentence(locale: ::I18n.default_locale)
     end
 
     def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
       to_i
     end
 
+    def respond_to_missing?(method, include_private=false) #:nodoc:
+      @value.respond_to?(method, include_private)
+    end
+
+    delegate :<=>, to: :value
+
     protected
 
       def sum(sign, time = ::Time.current) #:nodoc:
@@ -99,14 +150,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
     private
 
-      # We define it as a workaround to Ruby 2.0.0-p353 bug.
-      # For more information, check rails/rails#13055.
-      # It should be dropped once a new Ruby patch-level
-      # release after 2.0.0-p353 happens.
-      def ===(other) #:nodoc:
-        value === other
-      end
-
       def method_missing(method, *args, &block) #:nodoc:
         value.send(method, *args, &block)
       end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/evented_file_update_checker.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/evented_file_update_checker.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..315be85fb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/evented_file_update_checker.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+require 'set'
+require 'pathname'
+require 'concurrent/atomic/atomic_boolean'
+
+module ActiveSupport
+  class EventedFileUpdateChecker #:nodoc: all
+    def initialize(files, dirs = {}, &block)
+      @ph    = PathHelper.new
+      @files = files.map { |f| @ph.xpath(f) }.to_set
+
+      @dirs = {}
+      dirs.each do |dir, exts|
+        @dirs[@ph.xpath(dir)] = Array(exts).map { |ext| @ph.normalize_extension(ext) }
+      end
+
+      @block   = block
+      @updated = Concurrent::AtomicBoolean.new(false)
+      @lcsp    = @ph.longest_common_subpath(@dirs.keys)
+
+      if (dtw = directories_to_watch).any?
+        # Loading listen triggers warnings. These are originated by a legit
+        # usage of attr_* macros for private attributes, but adds a lot of noise
+        # to our test suite. Thus, we lazy load it and disable warnings locally.
+        silence_warnings { require 'listen' }
+        Listen.to(*dtw, &method(:changed)).start
+      end
+    end
+
+    def updated?
+      @updated.true?
+    end
+
+    def execute
+      @updated.make_false
+      @block.call
+    end
+
+    def execute_if_updated
+      if updated?
+        execute
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+
+      def changed(modified, added, removed)
+        unless updated?
+          @updated.make_true if (modified + added + removed).any? { |f| watching?(f) }
+        end
+      end
+
+      def watching?(file)
+        file = @ph.xpath(file)
+
+        if @files.member?(file)
+          true
+        elsif file.directory?
+          false
+        else
+          ext = @ph.normalize_extension(file.extname)
+
+          file.dirname.ascend do |dir|
+            if @dirs.fetch(dir, []).include?(ext)
+              break true
+            elsif dir == @lcsp || dir.root?
+              break false
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def directories_to_watch
+        dtw = (@files + @dirs.keys).map { |f| @ph.existing_parent(f) }
+        dtw.compact!
+        dtw.uniq!
+
+        @ph.filter_out_descendants(dtw)
+      end
+
+    class PathHelper
+      using Module.new {
+        refine Pathname do
+          def ascendant_of?(other)
+            self != other && other.ascend do |ascendant|
+              break true if self == ascendant
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      }
+
+      def xpath(path)
+        Pathname.new(path).expand_path
+      end
+
+      def normalize_extension(ext)
+        ext.to_s.sub(/\A\./, '')
+      end
+
+      # Given a collection of Pathname objects returns the longest subpath
+      # common to all of them, or +nil+ if there is none.
+      def longest_common_subpath(paths)
+        return if paths.empty?
+
+        lcsp = Pathname.new(paths[0])
+
+        paths[1..-1].each do |path|
+          until lcsp.ascendant_of?(path)
+            if lcsp.root?
+              # If we get here a root directory is not an ascendant of path.
+              # This may happen if there are paths in different drives on
+              # Windows.
+              return
+            else
+              lcsp = lcsp.parent
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        lcsp
+      end
+
+      # Returns the deepest existing ascendant, which could be the argument itself.
+      def existing_parent(dir)
+        dir.ascend do |ascendant|
+          break ascendant if ascendant.directory?
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Filters out directories which are descendants of others in the collection (stable).
+      def filter_out_descendants(dirs)
+        return dirs if dirs.length < 2
+
+        dirs_sorted_by_nparts = dirs.sort_by { |dir| dir.each_filename.to_a.length }
+        descendants = []
+
+        until dirs_sorted_by_nparts.empty?
+          dir = dirs_sorted_by_nparts.shift
+
+          dirs_sorted_by_nparts.reject! do |possible_descendant|
+            dir.ascendant_of?(possible_descendant) && descendants << possible_descendant
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Array#- preserves order.
+        dirs - descendants
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/file_update_checker.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/file_update_checker.rb
index 78b627c286..1fa9335080 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/file_update_checker.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/file_update_checker.rb
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # This method must also receive a block that will be called once a path
     # changes. The array of files and list of directories cannot be changed
     # after FileUpdateChecker has been initialized.
-    def initialize(files, dirs={}, &block)
+    def initialize(files, dirs = {}, &block)
       @files = files.freeze
       @glob  = compile_glob(dirs)
       @block = block
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/file_watcher.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/file_watcher.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 81e63e76a7..0000000000
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/file_watcher.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-module ActiveSupport
-  class FileWatcher
-    class Backend
-      def initialize(path, watcher)
-        @watcher = watcher
-        @path    = path
-      end
-
-      def trigger(files)
-        @watcher.trigger(files)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def initialize
-      @regex_matchers = {}
-    end
-
-    def watch(pattern, &block)
-      @regex_matchers[pattern] = block
-    end
-
-    def trigger(files)
-      trigger_files = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = Hash.new { |h2,k2| h2[k2] = [] } }
-
-      files.each do |file, state|
-        @regex_matchers.each do |pattern, block|
-          trigger_files[block][state] << file if pattern === file
-        end
-      end
-
-      trigger_files.each do |block, payload|
-        block.call payload
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/gem_version.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/gem_version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ece68bbcb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/gem_version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module ActiveSupport
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded Active Support as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>.
+  def self.gem_version
+    Gem::Version.new VERSION::STRING
+  end
+
+  module VERSION
+    MAJOR = 5
+    MINOR = 0
+    TINY  = 0
+    PRE   = "alpha"
+
+    STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE].compact.join(".")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/hash_with_indifferent_access.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/hash_with_indifferent_access.rb
index 594a4ca938..4ff35a45a1 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/hash_with_indifferent_access.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/hash_with_indifferent_access.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/reverse_merge'
 
 module ActiveSupport
   # Implements a hash where keys <tt>:foo</tt> and <tt>"foo"</tt> are considered
@@ -55,9 +56,13 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     def initialize(constructor = {})
-      if constructor.is_a?(Hash)
+      if constructor.respond_to?(:to_hash)
         super()
         update(constructor)
+
+        hash = constructor.to_hash
+        self.default = hash.default if hash.default
+        self.default_proc = hash.default_proc if hash.default_proc
       else
         super(constructor)
       end
@@ -72,9 +77,12 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     def self.new_from_hash_copying_default(hash)
-      new(hash).tap do |new_hash|
-        new_hash.default = hash.default
-      end
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
+        `ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new_from_hash_copying_default`
+        has been deprecated, and will be removed in Rails 5.1. The behavior of
+        this method is now identical to the behavior of `.new`.
+      MSG
+      new(hash)
     end
 
     def self.[](*args)
@@ -89,7 +97,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #   hash = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
     #   hash[:key] = 'value'
     #
-    # This value can be later fetched using either +:key+ or +'key'+.
+    # This value can be later fetched using either +:key+ or <tt>'key'</tt>.
     def []=(key, value)
       regular_writer(convert_key(key), convert_value(value, for: :assignment))
     end
@@ -125,7 +133,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       if other_hash.is_a? HashWithIndifferentAccess
         super(other_hash)
       else
-        other_hash.each_pair do |key, value|
+        other_hash.to_hash.each_pair do |key, value|
           if block_given? && key?(key)
             value = yield(convert_key(key), self[key], value)
           end
@@ -175,10 +183,17 @@ module ActiveSupport
       indices.collect { |key| self[convert_key(key)] }
     end
 
-    # Returns an exact copy of the hash.
+    # Returns a shallow copy of the hash.
+    #
+    #   hash = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new({ a: { b: 'b' } })
+    #   dup  = hash.dup
+    #   dup[:a][:c] = 'c'
+    #
+    #   hash[:a][:c] # => nil
+    #   dup[:a][:c]  # => "c"
     def dup
       self.class.new(self).tap do |new_hash|
-        new_hash.default = default
+        set_defaults(new_hash)
       end
     end
 
@@ -196,7 +211,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #   hash['a'] = nil
     #   hash.reverse_merge(a: 0, b: 1) # => {"a"=>nil, "b"=>1}
     def reverse_merge(other_hash)
-      super(self.class.new_from_hash_copying_default(other_hash))
+      super(self.class.new(other_hash))
     end
 
     # Same semantics as +reverse_merge+ but modifies the receiver in-place.
@@ -209,7 +224,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #   h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
     #   h.replace({ "c" => 300, "d" => 400 }) # => {"c"=>300, "d"=>400}
     def replace(other_hash)
-      super(self.class.new_from_hash_copying_default(other_hash))
+      super(self.class.new(other_hash))
     end
 
     # Removes the specified key from the hash.
@@ -228,20 +243,24 @@ module ActiveSupport
     def to_options!; self end
 
     def select(*args, &block)
+      return to_enum(:select) unless block_given?
       dup.tap { |hash| hash.select!(*args, &block) }
     end
 
     def reject(*args, &block)
+      return to_enum(:reject) unless block_given?
       dup.tap { |hash| hash.reject!(*args, &block) }
     end
 
     # Convert to a regular hash with string keys.
     def to_hash
-      _new_hash= {}
+      _new_hash = Hash.new
+      set_defaults(_new_hash)
+
       each do |key, value|
-        _new_hash[convert_key(key)] = convert_value(value, for: :to_hash)
+        _new_hash[key] = convert_value(value, for: :to_hash)
       end
-      Hash.new(default).merge!(_new_hash)
+      _new_hash
     end
 
     protected
@@ -257,7 +276,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
             value.nested_under_indifferent_access
           end
         elsif value.is_a?(Array)
-          unless options[:for] == :assignment
+          if options[:for] != :assignment || value.frozen?
             value = value.dup
           end
           value.map! { |e| convert_value(e, options) }
@@ -265,6 +284,14 @@ module ActiveSupport
           value
         end
       end
+
+      def set_defaults(target)
+        if default_proc
+          target.default_proc = default_proc.dup
+        else
+          target.default = default
+        end
+      end
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/i18n_railtie.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/i18n_railtie.rb
index 23cd6716e3..82aacf3b24 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/i18n_railtie.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/i18n_railtie.rb
@@ -8,8 +8,6 @@ module I18n
     config.i18n.railties_load_path = []
     config.i18n.load_path = []
     config.i18n.fallbacks = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
-    # Enforce I18n to check the available locales when setting a locale.
-    config.i18n.enforce_available_locales = true
 
     # Set the i18n configuration after initialization since a lot of
     # configuration is still usually done in application initializers.
@@ -36,13 +34,15 @@ module I18n
       # Avoid issues with setting the default_locale by disabling available locales
       # check while configuring.
       enforce_available_locales = app.config.i18n.delete(:enforce_available_locales)
-      enforce_available_locales = I18n.enforce_available_locales unless I18n.enforce_available_locales.nil?
+      enforce_available_locales = I18n.enforce_available_locales if enforce_available_locales.nil?
       I18n.enforce_available_locales = false
 
+      reloadable_paths = []
       app.config.i18n.each do |setting, value|
         case setting
         when :railties_load_path
-          app.config.i18n.load_path.unshift(*value)
+          reloadable_paths = value
+          app.config.i18n.load_path.unshift(*value.map(&:existent).flatten)
         when :load_path
           I18n.load_path += value
         else
@@ -55,16 +55,29 @@ module I18n
       # Restore available locales check so it will take place from now on.
       I18n.enforce_available_locales = enforce_available_locales
 
-      reloader = ActiveSupport::FileUpdateChecker.new(I18n.load_path.dup){ I18n.reload! }
+      directories = watched_dirs_with_extensions(reloadable_paths)
+      reloader = app.config.file_watcher.new(I18n.load_path.dup, directories) do
+        I18n.load_path.keep_if { |p| File.exist?(p) }
+        I18n.load_path |= reloadable_paths.map(&:existent).flatten
+
+        I18n.reload!
+      end
+
       app.reloaders << reloader
-      ActionDispatch::Reloader.to_prepare { reloader.execute_if_updated }
+      ActionDispatch::Reloader.to_prepare do
+        reloader.execute_if_updated
+        # TODO: remove the following line as soon as the return value of
+        # callbacks is ignored, that is, returning `false` does not
+        # display a deprecation warning or halts the callback chain.
+        true
+      end
       reloader.execute
 
       @i18n_inited = true
     end
 
     def self.include_fallbacks_module
-      I18n.backend.class.send(:include, I18n::Backend::Fallbacks)
+      I18n.backend.class.include(I18n::Backend::Fallbacks)
     end
 
     def self.init_fallbacks(fallbacks)
@@ -92,5 +105,11 @@ module I18n
         raise "Unexpected fallback type #{fallbacks.inspect}"
       end
     end
+
+    def self.watched_dirs_with_extensions(paths)
+      paths.each_with_object({}) do |path, result|
+        result[path.absolute_current] = path.extensions
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/inflections.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/inflections.rb
index eda0edff28..f3e52b48ac 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/inflections.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/inflections.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-require 'thread_safe'
+require 'concurrent/map'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/prepend_and_append'
 require 'active_support/i18n'
 
@@ -25,7 +25,38 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # singularization rules that is runs. This guarantees that your rules run
     # before any of the rules that may already have been loaded.
     class Inflections
-      @__instance__ = ThreadSafe::Cache.new
+      @__instance__ = Concurrent::Map.new
+
+      class Uncountables < Array
+        def initialize
+          @regex_array = []
+          super
+        end
+
+        def delete(entry)
+          super entry
+          @regex_array.delete(to_regex(entry))
+        end
+
+        def <<(*word)
+          add(word)
+        end
+
+        def add(words)
+          self.concat(words.flatten.map(&:downcase))
+          @regex_array += self.map {|word|  to_regex(word) }
+          self
+        end
+
+        def uncountable?(str)
+          @regex_array.any? { |regex| regex === str }
+        end
+
+        private
+          def to_regex(string)
+            /\b#{::Regexp.escape(string)}\Z/i
+          end
+      end
 
       def self.instance(locale = :en)
         @__instance__[locale] ||= new
@@ -34,7 +65,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       attr_reader :plurals, :singulars, :uncountables, :humans, :acronyms, :acronym_regex
 
       def initialize
-        @plurals, @singulars, @uncountables, @humans, @acronyms, @acronym_regex = [], [], [], [], {}, /(?=a)b/
+        @plurals, @singulars, @uncountables, @humans, @acronyms, @acronym_regex = [], [], Uncountables.new, [], {}, /(?=a)b/
       end
 
       # Private, for the test suite.
@@ -154,13 +185,13 @@ module ActiveSupport
         end
       end
 
-      # Add uncountable words that shouldn't be attempted inflected.
+      # Specifies words that are uncountable and should not be inflected.
       #
       #   uncountable 'money'
       #   uncountable 'money', 'information'
       #   uncountable %w( money information rice )
       def uncountable(*words)
-        (@uncountables << words).flatten!
+        @uncountables.add(words)
       end
 
       # Specifies a humanized form of a string by a regular expression rule or
@@ -185,7 +216,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       def clear(scope = :all)
         case scope
           when :all
-            @plurals, @singulars, @uncountables, @humans = [], [], [], []
+            @plurals, @singulars, @uncountables, @humans = [], [], Uncountables.new, []
           else
             instance_variable_set "@#{scope}", []
         end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb
index b642d87d76..595b0339cc 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
-
 require 'active_support/inflections'
 
 module ActiveSupport
@@ -22,58 +20,58 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # pluralized using rules defined for that language. By default,
     # this parameter is set to <tt>:en</tt>.
     #
-    #   'post'.pluralize             # => "posts"
-    #   'octopus'.pluralize          # => "octopi"
-    #   'sheep'.pluralize            # => "sheep"
-    #   'words'.pluralize            # => "words"
-    #   'CamelOctopus'.pluralize     # => "CamelOctopi"
-    #   'ley'.pluralize(:es)         # => "leyes"
+    #   pluralize('post')             # => "posts"
+    #   pluralize('octopus')          # => "octopi"
+    #   pluralize('sheep')            # => "sheep"
+    #   pluralize('words')            # => "words"
+    #   pluralize('CamelOctopus')     # => "CamelOctopi"
+    #   pluralize('ley', :es)         # => "leyes"
     def pluralize(word, locale = :en)
       apply_inflections(word, inflections(locale).plurals)
     end
 
-    # The reverse of +pluralize+, returns the singular form of a word in a
+    # The reverse of #pluralize, returns the singular form of a word in a
     # string.
     #
     # If passed an optional +locale+ parameter, the word will be
     # singularized using rules defined for that language. By default,
     # this parameter is set to <tt>:en</tt>.
     #
-    #   'posts'.singularize            # => "post"
-    #   'octopi'.singularize           # => "octopus"
-    #   'sheep'.singularize            # => "sheep"
-    #   'word'.singularize             # => "word"
-    #   'CamelOctopi'.singularize      # => "CamelOctopus"
-    #   'leyes'.singularize(:es)       # => "ley"
+    #   singularize('posts')            # => "post"
+    #   singularize('octopi')           # => "octopus"
+    #   singularize('sheep')            # => "sheep"
+    #   singularize('word')             # => "word"
+    #   singularize('CamelOctopi')      # => "CamelOctopus"
+    #   singularize('leyes', :es)       # => "ley"
     def singularize(word, locale = :en)
       apply_inflections(word, inflections(locale).singulars)
     end
 
-    # By default, +camelize+ converts strings to UpperCamelCase. If the argument
-    # to +camelize+ is set to <tt>:lower</tt> then +camelize+ produces
+    # Converts strings to UpperCamelCase.
+    # If the +uppercase_first_letter+ parameter is set to false, then produces
     # lowerCamelCase.
     #
-    # +camelize+ will also convert '/' to '::' which is useful for converting
+    # Also converts '/' to '::' which is useful for converting
     # paths to namespaces.
     #
-    #   'active_model'.camelize                # => "ActiveModel"
-    #   'active_model'.camelize(:lower)        # => "activeModel"
-    #   'active_model/errors'.camelize         # => "ActiveModel::Errors"
-    #   'active_model/errors'.camelize(:lower) # => "activeModel::Errors"
+    #   camelize('active_model')                # => "ActiveModel"
+    #   camelize('active_model', false)         # => "activeModel"
+    #   camelize('active_model/errors')         # => "ActiveModel::Errors"
+    #   camelize('active_model/errors', false)  # => "activeModel::Errors"
     #
     # As a rule of thumb you can think of +camelize+ as the inverse of
-    # +underscore+, though there are cases where that does not hold:
+    # #underscore, though there are cases where that does not hold:
     #
-    #   'SSLError'.underscore.camelize # => "SslError"
+    #   camelize(underscore('SSLError'))        # => "SslError"
     def camelize(term, uppercase_first_letter = true)
       string = term.to_s
       if uppercase_first_letter
-        string = string.sub(/^[a-z\d]*/) { inflections.acronyms[$&] || $&.capitalize }
+        string = string.sub(/^[a-z\d]*/) { |match| inflections.acronyms[match] || match.capitalize }
       else
-        string = string.sub(/^(?:#{inflections.acronym_regex}(?=\b|[A-Z_])|\w)/) { $&.downcase }
+        string = string.sub(/^(?:#{inflections.acronym_regex}(?=\b|[A-Z_])|\w)/) { |match| match.downcase }
       end
       string.gsub!(/(?:_|(\/))([a-z\d]*)/i) { "#{$1}#{inflections.acronyms[$2] || $2.capitalize}" }
-      string.gsub!('/', '::')
+      string.gsub!('/'.freeze, '::'.freeze)
       string
     end
 
@@ -81,43 +79,64 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #
     # Changes '::' to '/' to convert namespaces to paths.
     #
-    #   'ActiveModel'.underscore         # => "active_model"
-    #   'ActiveModel::Errors'.underscore # => "active_model/errors"
+    #   underscore('ActiveModel')         # => "active_model"
+    #   underscore('ActiveModel::Errors') # => "active_model/errors"
     #
     # As a rule of thumb you can think of +underscore+ as the inverse of
-    # +camelize+, though there are cases where that does not hold:
+    # #camelize, though there are cases where that does not hold:
     #
-    #   'SSLError'.underscore.camelize # => "SslError"
+    #   camelize(underscore('SSLError'))  # => "SslError"
     def underscore(camel_cased_word)
-      word = camel_cased_word.to_s.gsub('::', '/')
-      word.gsub!(/(?:([A-Za-z\d])|^)(#{inflections.acronym_regex})(?=\b|[^a-z])/) { "#{$1}#{$1 && '_'}#{$2.downcase}" }
-      word.gsub!(/([A-Z\d]+)([A-Z][a-z])/,'\1_\2')
-      word.gsub!(/([a-z\d])([A-Z])/,'\1_\2')
-      word.tr!("-", "_")
+      return camel_cased_word unless camel_cased_word =~ /[A-Z-]|::/
+      word = camel_cased_word.to_s.gsub('::'.freeze, '/'.freeze)
+      word.gsub!(/(?:(?<=([A-Za-z\d]))|\b)(#{inflections.acronym_regex})(?=\b|[^a-z])/) { "#{$1 && '_'.freeze }#{$2.downcase}" }
+      word.gsub!(/([A-Z\d]+)([A-Z][a-z])/, '\1_\2'.freeze)
+      word.gsub!(/([a-z\d])([A-Z])/, '\1_\2'.freeze)
+      word.tr!("-".freeze, "_".freeze)
       word.downcase!
       word
     end
 
-    # Capitalizes the first word, turns underscores into spaces, and strips a
-    # trailing '_id' if present.
-    # Like +titleize+, this is meant for creating pretty output.
+    # Tweaks an attribute name for display to end users.
+    #
+    # Specifically, performs these transformations:
+    #
+    # * Applies human inflection rules to the argument.
+    # * Deletes leading underscores, if any.
+    # * Removes a "_id" suffix if present.
+    # * Replaces underscores with spaces, if any.
+    # * Downcases all words except acronyms.
+    # * Capitalizes the first word.
     #
     # The capitalization of the first word can be turned off by setting the
-    # optional parameter +capitalize+ to false.
-    # By default, this parameter is true.
+    # +:capitalize+ option to false (default is true).
     #
     #   humanize('employee_salary')              # => "Employee salary"
     #   humanize('author_id')                    # => "Author"
     #   humanize('author_id', capitalize: false) # => "author"
+    #   humanize('_id')                          # => "Id"
+    #
+    # If "SSL" was defined to be an acronym:
+    #
+    #   humanize('ssl_error') # => "SSL error"
+    #
     def humanize(lower_case_and_underscored_word, options = {})
       result = lower_case_and_underscored_word.to_s.dup
+
       inflections.humans.each { |(rule, replacement)| break if result.sub!(rule, replacement) }
-      result.gsub!(/_id$/, "")
-      result.tr!('_', ' ')
-      result.gsub!(/([a-z\d]*)/i) { |match|
+
+      result.sub!(/\A_+/, ''.freeze)
+      result.sub!(/_id\z/, ''.freeze)
+      result.tr!('_'.freeze, ' '.freeze)
+
+      result.gsub!(/([a-z\d]*)/i) do |match|
         "#{inflections.acronyms[match] || match.downcase}"
-      }
-      result.gsub!(/^\w/) { |match| match.upcase } if options.fetch(:capitalize, true)
+      end
+
+      if options.fetch(:capitalize, true)
+        result.sub!(/\A\w/) { |match| match.upcase }
+      end
+
       result
     end
 
@@ -127,52 +146,54 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #
     # +titleize+ is also aliased as +titlecase+.
     #
-    #   'man from the boondocks'.titleize   # => "Man From The Boondocks"
-    #   'x-men: the last stand'.titleize    # => "X Men: The Last Stand"
-    #   'TheManWithoutAPast'.titleize       # => "The Man Without A Past"
-    #   'raiders_of_the_lost_ark'.titleize  # => "Raiders Of The Lost Ark"
+    #   titleize('man from the boondocks')   # => "Man From The Boondocks"
+    #   titleize('x-men: the last stand')    # => "X Men: The Last Stand"
+    #   titleize('TheManWithoutAPast')       # => "The Man Without A Past"
+    #   titleize('raiders_of_the_lost_ark')  # => "Raiders Of The Lost Ark"
     def titleize(word)
-      humanize(underscore(word)).gsub(/\b(?<!['’`])[a-z]/) { $&.capitalize }
+      humanize(underscore(word)).gsub(/\b(?<!['’`])[a-z]/) { |match| match.capitalize }
     end
 
-    # Create the name of a table like Rails does for models to table names. This
-    # method uses the +pluralize+ method on the last word in the string.
+    # Creates the name of a table like Rails does for models to table names.
+    # This method uses the #pluralize method on the last word in the string.
     #
-    #   'RawScaledScorer'.tableize # => "raw_scaled_scorers"
-    #   'egg_and_ham'.tableize     # => "egg_and_hams"
-    #   'fancyCategory'.tableize   # => "fancy_categories"
+    #   tableize('RawScaledScorer') # => "raw_scaled_scorers"
+    #   tableize('ham_and_egg')     # => "ham_and_eggs"
+    #   tableize('fancyCategory')   # => "fancy_categories"
     def tableize(class_name)
       pluralize(underscore(class_name))
     end
 
-    # Create a class name from a plural table name like Rails does for table
+    # Creates a class name from a plural table name like Rails does for table
     # names to models. Note that this returns a string and not a Class (To
-    # convert to an actual class follow +classify+ with +constantize+).
+    # convert to an actual class follow +classify+ with #constantize).
     #
-    #   'egg_and_hams'.classify # => "EggAndHam"
-    #   'posts'.classify        # => "Post"
+    #   classify('ham_and_eggs') # => "HamAndEgg"
+    #   classify('posts')        # => "Post"
     #
     # Singular names are not handled correctly:
     #
-    #   'business'.classify     # => "Busines"
+    #   classify('calculus')     # => "Calculu"
     def classify(table_name)
       # strip out any leading schema name
-      camelize(singularize(table_name.to_s.sub(/.*\./, '')))
+      camelize(singularize(table_name.to_s.sub(/.*\./, ''.freeze)))
     end
 
     # Replaces underscores with dashes in the string.
     #
-    #   'puni_puni'.dasherize # => "puni-puni"
+    #   dasherize('puni_puni') # => "puni-puni"
     def dasherize(underscored_word)
-      underscored_word.tr('_', '-')
+      underscored_word.tr('_'.freeze, '-'.freeze)
     end
 
     # Removes the module part from the expression in the string.
     #
-    #   'ActiveRecord::CoreExtensions::String::Inflections'.demodulize # => "Inflections"
-    #   'Inflections'.demodulize                                       # => "Inflections"
+    #   demodulize('ActiveRecord::CoreExtensions::String::Inflections') # => "Inflections"
+    #   demodulize('Inflections')                                       # => "Inflections"
+    #   demodulize('::Inflections')                                     # => "Inflections"
+    #   demodulize('')                                                  # => ""
     #
-    # See also +deconstantize+.
+    # See also #deconstantize.
     def demodulize(path)
       path = path.to_s
       if i = path.rindex('::')
@@ -184,13 +205,13 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
     # Removes the rightmost segment from the constant expression in the string.
     #
-    #   'Net::HTTP'.deconstantize   # => "Net"
-    #   '::Net::HTTP'.deconstantize # => "::Net"
-    #   'String'.deconstantize      # => ""
-    #   '::String'.deconstantize    # => ""
-    #   ''.deconstantize            # => ""
+    #   deconstantize('Net::HTTP')   # => "Net"
+    #   deconstantize('::Net::HTTP') # => "::Net"
+    #   deconstantize('String')      # => ""
+    #   deconstantize('::String')    # => ""
+    #   deconstantize('')            # => ""
     #
-    # See also +demodulize+.
+    # See also #demodulize.
     def deconstantize(path)
       path.to_s[0, path.rindex('::') || 0] # implementation based on the one in facets' Module#spacename
     end
@@ -199,17 +220,17 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # +separate_class_name_and_id_with_underscore+ sets whether
     # the method should put '_' between the name and 'id'.
     #
-    #   'Message'.foreign_key        # => "message_id"
-    #   'Message'.foreign_key(false) # => "messageid"
-    #   'Admin::Post'.foreign_key    # => "post_id"
+    #   foreign_key('Message')        # => "message_id"
+    #   foreign_key('Message', false) # => "messageid"
+    #   foreign_key('Admin::Post')    # => "post_id"
     def foreign_key(class_name, separate_class_name_and_id_with_underscore = true)
       underscore(demodulize(class_name)) + (separate_class_name_and_id_with_underscore ? "_id" : "id")
     end
 
     # Tries to find a constant with the name specified in the argument string.
     #
-    #   'Module'.constantize     # => Module
-    #   'Test::Unit'.constantize # => Test::Unit
+    #   'Module'.constantize   # => Module
+    #   'Foo::Bar'.constantize # => Foo::Bar
     #
     # The name is assumed to be the one of a top-level constant, no matter
     # whether it starts with "::" or not. No lexical context is taken into
@@ -225,9 +246,9 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # NameError is raised when the name is not in CamelCase or the constant is
     # unknown.
     def constantize(camel_cased_word)
-      names = camel_cased_word.split('::')
+      names = camel_cased_word.split('::'.freeze)
 
-      # Trigger a builtin NameError exception including the ill-formed constant in the message.
+      # Trigger a built-in NameError exception including the ill-formed constant in the message.
       Object.const_get(camel_cased_word) if names.empty?
 
       # Remove the first blank element in case of '::ClassName' notation.
@@ -241,8 +262,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
           next candidate if constant.const_defined?(name, false)
           next candidate unless Object.const_defined?(name)
 
-          # Go down the ancestors to check it it's owned
-          # directly before we reach Object or the end of ancestors.
+          # Go down the ancestors to check if it is owned directly. The check
+          # stops when we reach Object or the end of ancestors tree.
           constant = constant.ancestors.inject do |const, ancestor|
             break const    if ancestor == Object
             break ancestor if ancestor.const_defined?(name, false)
@@ -257,8 +278,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
     # Tries to find a constant with the name specified in the argument string.
     #
-    #   'Module'.safe_constantize     # => Module
-    #   'Test::Unit'.safe_constantize # => Test::Unit
+    #   safe_constantize('Module')   # => Module
+    #   safe_constantize('Foo::Bar') # => Foo::Bar
     #
     # The name is assumed to be the one of a top-level constant, no matter
     # whether it starts with "::" or not. No lexical context is taken into
@@ -267,21 +288,21 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #   C = 'outside'
     #   module M
     #     C = 'inside'
-    #     C                    # => 'inside'
-    #     'C'.safe_constantize # => 'outside', same as ::C
+    #     C                     # => 'inside'
+    #     safe_constantize('C') # => 'outside', same as ::C
     #   end
     #
     # +nil+ is returned when the name is not in CamelCase or the constant (or
     # part of it) is unknown.
     #
-    #   'blargle'.safe_constantize  # => nil
-    #   'UnknownModule'.safe_constantize  # => nil
-    #   'UnknownModule::Foo::Bar'.safe_constantize  # => nil
+    #   safe_constantize('blargle')                  # => nil
+    #   safe_constantize('UnknownModule')            # => nil
+    #   safe_constantize('UnknownModule::Foo::Bar')  # => nil
     def safe_constantize(camel_cased_word)
       constantize(camel_cased_word)
     rescue NameError => e
-      raise unless e.message =~ /(uninitialized constant|wrong constant name) #{const_regexp(camel_cased_word)}$/ ||
-        e.name.to_s == camel_cased_word.to_s
+      raise if e.name && !(camel_cased_word.to_s.split("::").include?(e.name.to_s) ||
+        e.name.to_s == camel_cased_word.to_s)
     rescue ArgumentError => e
       raise unless e.message =~ /not missing constant #{const_regexp(camel_cased_word)}\!$/
     end
@@ -325,12 +346,13 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
     private
 
-    # Mount a regular expression that will match part by part of the constant.
+    # Mounts a regular expression, returned as a string to ease interpolation,
+    # that will match part by part the given constant.
     #
-    #   const_regexp("Foo::Bar::Baz") # => /Foo(::Bar(::Baz)?)?/
-    #   const_regexp("::")            # => /::/
+    #   const_regexp("Foo::Bar::Baz") # => "Foo(::Bar(::Baz)?)?"
+    #   const_regexp("::")            # => "::"
     def const_regexp(camel_cased_word) #:nodoc:
-      parts = camel_cased_word.split("::")
+      parts = camel_cased_word.split("::".freeze)
 
       return Regexp.escape(camel_cased_word) if parts.blank?
 
@@ -348,7 +370,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     def apply_inflections(word, rules)
       result = word.to_s.dup
 
-      if word.empty? || inflections.uncountables.include?(result.downcase[/\b\w+\Z/])
+      if word.empty? || inflections.uncountables.uncountable?(result)
         result
       else
         rules.each { |(rule, replacement)| break if result.sub!(rule, replacement) }
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/transliterate.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/transliterate.rb
index 1cde417fc5..871cfb8a72 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/transliterate.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/transliterate.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/multibyte'
 require 'active_support/i18n'
 
@@ -58,7 +57,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #   I18n.locale = :de
     #   transliterate('Jürgen')
     #   # => "Juergen"
-    def transliterate(string, replacement = "?")
+    def transliterate(string, replacement = "?".freeze)
       I18n.transliterate(ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Unicode.normalize(
         ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Unicode.tidy_bytes(string), :c),
           :replacement => replacement)
@@ -67,31 +66,47 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # Replaces special characters in a string so that it may be used as part of
     # a 'pretty' URL.
     #
-    #   class Person
-    #     def to_param
-    #       "#{id}-#{name.parameterize}"
-    #     end
-    #   end
+    #   parameterize("Donald E. Knuth") # => "donald-e-knuth"
+    #   parameterize("^trés|Jolie-- ")  # => "tres-jolie"
     #
-    #   @person = Person.find(1)
-    #   # => #<Person id: 1, name: "Donald E. Knuth">
+    # To use a custom separator, override the `separator` argument.
     #
-    #   <%= link_to(@person.name, person_path(@person)) %>
-    #   # => <a href="/person/1-donald-e-knuth">Donald E. Knuth</a>
-    def parameterize(string, sep = '-')
-      # replace accented chars with their ascii equivalents
+    #  parameterize("Donald E. Knuth", separator: '_') # => "donald_e_knuth"
+    #  parameterize("^trés|Jolie-- ", separator: '_')  # => "tres_jolie"
+    #
+    # To preserve the case of the characters in a string, use the `preserve_case` argument.
+    #
+    #   parameterize("Donald E. Knuth", preserve_case: true) # => "Donald-E-Knuth"
+    #   parameterize("^trés|Jolie-- ", preserve_case: true) # => "tres-Jolie"
+    #
+    def parameterize(string, sep = :unused, separator: '-', preserve_case: false)
+      unless sep == :unused
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("Passing the separator argument as a positional parameter is deprecated and will soon be removed. Use `separator: '#{sep}'` instead.")
+        separator = sep
+      end
+      # Replace accented chars with their ASCII equivalents.
       parameterized_string = transliterate(string)
-      # Turn unwanted chars into the separator
-      parameterized_string.gsub!(/[^a-z0-9\-_]+/i, sep)
-      unless sep.nil? || sep.empty?
-        re_sep = Regexp.escape(sep)
+
+      # Turn unwanted chars into the separator.
+      parameterized_string.gsub!(/[^a-z0-9\-_]+/i, separator)
+
+      unless separator.nil? || separator.empty?
+        if separator == "-".freeze
+          re_duplicate_separator        = /-{2,}/
+          re_leading_trailing_separator = /^-|-$/i
+        else
+          re_sep = Regexp.escape(separator)
+          re_duplicate_separator        = /#{re_sep}{2,}/
+          re_leading_trailing_separator = /^#{re_sep}|#{re_sep}$/i
+        end
         # No more than one of the separator in a row.
-        parameterized_string.gsub!(/#{re_sep}{2,}/, sep)
+        parameterized_string.gsub!(re_duplicate_separator, separator)
         # Remove leading/trailing separator.
-        parameterized_string.gsub!(/^#{re_sep}|#{re_sep}$/i, '')
+        parameterized_string.gsub!(re_leading_trailing_separator, ''.freeze)
       end
-      parameterized_string.downcase
+      
+      parameterized_string.downcase! unless preserve_case
+      parameterized_string
     end
-
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/json/decoding.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/json/decoding.rb
index 8b5fc70dee..2932954f03 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/json/decoding.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/json/decoding.rb
@@ -9,20 +9,14 @@ module ActiveSupport
   module JSON
     # matches YAML-formatted dates
     DATE_REGEX = /^(?:\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}|\d{4}-\d{1,2}-\d{1,2}[T \t]+\d{1,2}:\d{2}:\d{2}(\.[0-9]*)?(([ \t]*)Z|[-+]\d{2}?(:\d{2})?))$/
-    
+
     class << self
       # Parses a JSON string (JavaScript Object Notation) into a hash.
-      # See www.json.org for more info.
+      # See http://www.json.org for more info.
       #
       #   ActiveSupport::JSON.decode("{\"team\":\"rails\",\"players\":\"36\"}")
       #   => {"team" => "rails", "players" => "36"}
-      def decode(json, options = {})
-        if options.present?
-          raise ArgumentError, "In Rails 4.1, ActiveSupport::JSON.decode no longer " \
-            "accepts an options hash for MultiJSON. MultiJSON reached its end of life " \
-            "and has been removed."
-        end
-
+      def decode(json)
         data = ::JSON.parse(json, quirks_mode: true)
 
         if ActiveSupport.parse_json_times
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/json/encoding.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/json/encoding.rb
index f29d42276d..031c5e9339 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/json/encoding.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/json/encoding.rb
@@ -6,14 +6,13 @@ module ActiveSupport
     delegate :use_standard_json_time_format, :use_standard_json_time_format=,
       :time_precision, :time_precision=,
       :escape_html_entities_in_json, :escape_html_entities_in_json=,
-      :encode_big_decimal_as_string, :encode_big_decimal_as_string=,
       :json_encoder, :json_encoder=,
       :to => :'ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding'
   end
 
   module JSON
     # Dumps objects in JSON (JavaScript Object Notation).
-    # See www.json.org for more info.
+    # See http://www.json.org for more info.
     #
     #   ActiveSupport::JSON.encode({ team: 'rails', players: '36' })
     #   # => "{\"team\":\"rails\",\"players\":\"36\"}"
@@ -58,6 +57,10 @@ module ActiveSupport
                 super.gsub ESCAPE_REGEX_WITHOUT_HTML_ENTITIES, ESCAPED_CHARS
               end
             end
+
+            def to_s
+              self
+            end
           end
 
           # Mark these as private so we don't leak encoding-specific constructs
@@ -113,54 +116,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
         # Sets the encoder used by Rails to encode Ruby objects into JSON strings
         # in +Object#to_json+ and +ActiveSupport::JSON.encode+.
         attr_accessor :json_encoder
-
-        def encode_big_decimal_as_string=(as_string)
-          message = \
-            "The JSON encoder in Rails 4.1 no longer supports encoding BigDecimals as JSON numbers. Instead, " \
-            "the new encoder will always encode them as strings.\n\n" \
-            "You are seeing this error because you have 'active_support.encode_big_decimal_as_string' in " \
-            "your configuration file. If you have been setting this to true, you can safely remove it from " \
-            "your configuration. Otherwise, you should add the 'activesupport-json_encoder' gem to your " \
-            "Gemfile in order to restore this functionality."
-
-          raise NotImplementedError, message
-        end
-
-        def encode_big_decimal_as_string
-          message = \
-            "The JSON encoder in Rails 4.1 no longer supports encoding BigDecimals as JSON numbers. Instead, " \
-            "the new encoder will always encode them as strings.\n\n" \
-            "You are seeing this error because you are trying to check the value of the related configuration, " \
-            "'active_support.encode_big_decimal_as_string'. If your application depends on this option, you should " \
-            "add the 'activesupport-json_encoder' gem to your Gemfile. For now, this option will always be true. " \
-            "In the future, it will be removed from Rails, so you should stop checking its value."
-
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn message
-
-          true
-        end
-
-        # Deprecate CircularReferenceError
-        def const_missing(name)
-          if name == :CircularReferenceError
-            message = "The JSON encoder in Rails 4.1 no longer offers protection from circular references. " \
-                      "You are seeing this warning because you are rescuing from (or otherwise referencing) " \
-                      "ActiveSupport::Encoding::CircularReferenceError. In the future, this error will be " \
-                      "removed from Rails. You should remove these rescue blocks from your code and ensure " \
-                      "that your data structures are free of circular references so they can be properly " \
-                      "serialized into JSON.\n\n" \
-                      "For example, the following Hash contains a circular reference to itself:\n" \
-                      "   h = {}\n" \
-                      "   h['circular'] = h\n" \
-                      "In this case, calling h.to_json would not work properly."
-
-            ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn message
-
-            SystemStackError
-          else
-            super
-          end
-        end
       end
 
       self.use_standard_json_time_format = true
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/key_generator.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/key_generator.rb
index 51d2da3a79..7f73f9ddfc 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/key_generator.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/key_generator.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-require 'thread_safe'
+require 'concurrent/map'
 require 'openssl'
 
 module ActiveSupport
-  # KeyGenerator is a simple wrapper around OpenSSL's implementation of PBKDF2
+  # KeyGenerator is a simple wrapper around OpenSSL's implementation of PBKDF2.
   # It can be used to derive a number of keys for various purposes from a given secret.
   # This lets Rails applications have a single secure secret, but avoid reusing that
   # key in multiple incompatible contexts.
@@ -24,11 +24,11 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
   # CachingKeyGenerator is a wrapper around KeyGenerator which allows users to avoid
   # re-executing the key generation process when it's called using the same salt and
-  # key_size
+  # key_size.
   class CachingKeyGenerator
     def initialize(key_generator)
       @key_generator = key_generator
-      @cache_keys = ThreadSafe::Cache.new
+      @cache_keys = Concurrent::Map.new
     end
 
     # Returns a derived key suitable for use.  The default key_size is chosen
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/log_subscriber.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/log_subscriber.rb
index e95dc5a866..e782cd2d4b 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/log_subscriber.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/log_subscriber.rb
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       METHOD
     end
 
-    # Set color by using a string or one of the defined constants. If a third
+    # Set color by using a symbol or one of the defined constants. If a third
     # option is set to +true+, it also adds bold to the string. This is based
     # on the Highline implementation and will automatically append CLEAR to the
     # end of the returned String.
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/log_subscriber/test_helper.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/log_subscriber/test_helper.rb
index 75f353f62c..588ed67c81 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/log_subscriber/test_helper.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/log_subscriber/test_helper.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #   class SyncLogSubscriberTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     #     include ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber::TestHelper
     #
-    #     def setup
+    #     setup do
     #       ActiveRecord::LogSubscriber.attach_to(:active_record)
     #     end
     #
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # you can collect them doing @logger.logged(level), where level is the level
     # used in logging, like info, debug, warn and so on.
     module TestHelper
-      def setup
+      def setup # :nodoc:
         @logger   = MockLogger.new
         @notifier = ActiveSupport::Notifications::Fanout.new
 
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         ActiveSupport::Notifications.notifier = @notifier
       end
 
-      def teardown
+      def teardown # :nodoc:
         set_logger(nil)
         ActiveSupport::Notifications.notifier = @old_notifier
       end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/message_encryptor.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/message_encryptor.rb
index b019ad0dec..2dde01c844 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/message_encryptor.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/message_encryptor.rb
@@ -34,12 +34,13 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # Initialize a new MessageEncryptor. +secret+ must be at least as long as
     # the cipher key size. For the default 'aes-256-cbc' cipher, this is 256
     # bits. If you are using a user-entered secret, you can generate a suitable
-    # key with <tt>OpenSSL::Digest::SHA256.new(user_secret).digest</tt> or
-    # similar.
+    # key by using <tt>ActiveSupport::KeyGenerator</tt> or a similar key
+    # derivation function.
     #
     # Options:
     # * <tt>:cipher</tt>     - Cipher to use. Can be any cipher returned by
     #   <tt>OpenSSL::Cipher.ciphers</tt>. Default is 'aes-256-cbc'.
+    # * <tt>:digest</tt> - String of digest to use for signing. Default is +SHA1+.
     # * <tt>:serializer</tt> - Object serializer to use. Default is +Marshal+.
     def initialize(secret, *signature_key_or_options)
       options = signature_key_or_options.extract_options!
@@ -47,7 +48,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       @secret = secret
       @sign_secret = sign_secret
       @cipher = options[:cipher] || 'aes-256-cbc'
-      @verifier = MessageVerifier.new(@sign_secret || @secret, :serializer => NullSerializer)
+      @verifier = MessageVerifier.new(@sign_secret || @secret, digest: options[:digest] || 'SHA1', serializer: NullSerializer)
       @serializer = options[:serializer] || Marshal
     end
 
@@ -81,7 +82,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
     def _decrypt(encrypted_message)
       cipher = new_cipher
-      encrypted_data, iv = encrypted_message.split("--").map {|v| ::Base64.strict_decode64(v)}
+      encrypted_data, iv = encrypted_message.split("--".freeze).map {|v| ::Base64.strict_decode64(v)}
 
       cipher.decrypt
       cipher.key = @secret
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/message_verifier.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/message_verifier.rb
index 8e6e1dcfeb..854029bf83 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/message_verifier.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/message_verifier.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'base64'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
+require 'active_support/security_utils'
 
 module ActiveSupport
   # +MessageVerifier+ makes it easy to generate and verify messages which are
@@ -14,7 +15,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
   # In the authentication filter:
   #
   #   id, time = @verifier.verify(cookies[:remember_me])
-  #   if time < Time.now
+  #   if Time.now < time
   #     self.current_user = User.find(id)
   #   end
   #
@@ -27,42 +28,96 @@ module ActiveSupport
     class InvalidSignature < StandardError; end
 
     def initialize(secret, options = {})
+      raise ArgumentError, 'Secret should not be nil.' unless secret
       @secret = secret
       @digest = options[:digest] || 'SHA1'
       @serializer = options[:serializer] || Marshal
     end
 
-    def verify(signed_message)
-      raise InvalidSignature if signed_message.blank?
+    # Checks if a signed message could have been generated by signing an object
+    # with the +MessageVerifier+'s secret.
+    #
+    #   verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new 's3Krit'
+    #   signed_message = verifier.generate 'a private message'
+    #   verifier.valid_message?(signed_message) # => true
+    #
+    #   tampered_message = signed_message.chop # editing the message invalidates the signature
+    #   verifier.valid_message?(tampered_message) # => false
+    def valid_message?(signed_message)
+      return if signed_message.nil? || !signed_message.valid_encoding? || signed_message.blank?
+
+      data, digest = signed_message.split("--".freeze)
+      data.present? && digest.present? && ActiveSupport::SecurityUtils.secure_compare(digest, generate_digest(data))
+    end
 
-      data, digest = signed_message.split("--")
-      if data.present? && digest.present? && secure_compare(digest, generate_digest(data))
+    # Decodes the signed message using the +MessageVerifier+'s secret.
+    #
+    #   verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new 's3Krit'
+    #
+    #   signed_message = verifier.generate 'a private message'
+    #   verifier.verified(signed_message) # => 'a private message'
+    #
+    # Returns +nil+ if the message was not signed with the same secret.
+    #
+    #   other_verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new 'd1ff3r3nt-s3Krit'
+    #   other_verifier.verified(signed_message) # => nil
+    #
+    # Returns +nil+ if the message is not Base64-encoded.
+    #
+    #   invalid_message = "f--46a0120593880c733a53b6dad75b42ddc1c8996d"
+    #   verifier.verified(invalid_message) # => nil
+    #
+    # Raises any error raised while decoding the signed message.
+    #
+    #   incompatible_message = "test--dad7b06c94abba8d46a15fafaef56c327665d5ff"
+    #   verifier.verified(incompatible_message) # => TypeError: incompatible marshal file format
+    def verified(signed_message)
+      if valid_message?(signed_message)
         begin
-          @serializer.load(::Base64.strict_decode64(data))
+          data = signed_message.split("--".freeze)[0]
+          @serializer.load(decode(data))
         rescue ArgumentError => argument_error
-          raise InvalidSignature if argument_error.message =~ %r{invalid base64}
+          return if argument_error.message =~ %r{invalid base64}
           raise
         end
-      else
-        raise InvalidSignature
       end
     end
 
+    # Decodes the signed message using the +MessageVerifier+'s secret.
+    #
+    #   verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new 's3Krit'
+    #   signed_message = verifier.generate 'a private message'
+    #
+    #   verifier.verify(signed_message) # => 'a private message'
+    #
+    # Raises +InvalidSignature+ if the message was not signed with the same
+    # secret or was not Base64-encoded.
+    #
+    #   other_verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new 'd1ff3r3nt-s3Krit'
+    #   other_verifier.verify(signed_message) # => ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier::InvalidSignature
+    def verify(signed_message)
+      verified(signed_message) || raise(InvalidSignature)
+    end
+
+    # Generates a signed message for the provided value.
+    #
+    # The message is signed with the +MessageVerifier+'s secret. Without knowing
+    # the secret, the original value cannot be extracted from the message.
+    #
+    #   verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new 's3Krit'
+    #   verifier.generate 'a private message' # => "BAhJIhRwcml2YXRlLW1lc3NhZ2UGOgZFVA==--e2d724331ebdee96a10fb99b089508d1c72bd772"
     def generate(value)
-      data = ::Base64.strict_encode64(@serializer.dump(value))
+      data = encode(@serializer.dump(value))
       "#{data}--#{generate_digest(data)}"
     end
 
     private
-      # constant-time comparison algorithm to prevent timing attacks
-      def secure_compare(a, b)
-        return false unless a.bytesize == b.bytesize
-
-        l = a.unpack "C#{a.bytesize}"
+      def encode(data)
+        ::Base64.strict_encode64(data)
+      end
 
-        res = 0
-        b.each_byte { |byte| res |= byte ^ l.shift }
-        res == 0
+      def decode(data)
+        ::Base64.strict_decode64(data)
       end
 
       def generate_digest(data)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/chars.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/chars.rb
index 3c0cf9f137..707cf200b5 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/chars.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/chars.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'active_support/json'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/access'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/behavior'
@@ -86,10 +85,20 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
         @wrapped_string.split(*args).map { |i| self.class.new(i) }
       end
 
-      # Works like like <tt>String#slice!</tt>, but returns an instance of
-      # Chars, or nil if the string was not modified.
+      # Works like <tt>String#slice!</tt>, but returns an instance of
+      # Chars, or nil if the string was not modified. The string will not be
+      # modified if the range given is out of bounds
+      #
+      #   string = 'Welcome'
+      #   string.mb_chars.slice!(3)    # => #<ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars:0x000000038109b8 @wrapped_string="c">
+      #   string # => 'Welome'
+      #   string.mb_chars.slice!(0..3) # => #<ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars:0x00000002eb80a0 @wrapped_string="Welo">
+      #   string # => 'me'
       def slice!(*args)
-        chars(@wrapped_string.slice!(*args))
+        string_sliced = @wrapped_string.slice!(*args)
+        if string_sliced
+          chars(string_sliced)
+        end
       end
 
       # Reverses all characters in the string.
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/unicode.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/unicode.rb
index ea3cdcd024..586002b03b 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/unicode.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/unicode.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 module ActiveSupport
   module Multibyte
     module Unicode
@@ -11,7 +10,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       NORMALIZATION_FORMS = [:c, :kc, :d, :kd]
 
       # The Unicode version that is supported by the implementation
-      UNICODE_VERSION = '6.3.0'
+      UNICODE_VERSION = '8.0.0'
 
       # The default normalization used for operations that require
       # normalization. It can be set to any of the normalizations
@@ -42,7 +41,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
         0x0085,                # White_Space # Cc       <control-0085>
         0x00A0,                # White_Space # Zs       NO-BREAK SPACE
         0x1680,                # White_Space # Zs       OGHAM SPACE MARK
-        0x180E,                # White_Space # Zs       MONGOLIAN VOWEL SEPARATOR
         (0x2000..0x200A).to_a, # White_Space # Zs  [11] EN QUAD..HAIR SPACE
         0x2028,                # White_Space # Zl       LINE SEPARATOR
         0x2029,                # White_Space # Zp       PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR
@@ -59,7 +57,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # Returns a regular expression pattern that matches the passed Unicode
       # codepoints.
       def self.codepoints_to_pattern(array_of_codepoints) #:nodoc:
-        array_of_codepoints.collect{ |e| [e].pack 'U*' }.join('|')
+        array_of_codepoints.collect{ |e| [e].pack 'U*'.freeze }.join('|'.freeze)
       end
       TRAILERS_PAT = /(#{codepoints_to_pattern(LEADERS_AND_TRAILERS)})+\Z/u
       LEADERS_PAT = /\A(#{codepoints_to_pattern(LEADERS_AND_TRAILERS)})+/u
@@ -212,8 +210,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
         codepoints
       end
 
-      # Ruby >= 2.1 has String#scrub, which is faster than the workaround used for < 2.1.
-      if '<3'.respond_to?(:scrub)
+      # Rubinius' String#scrub, however, doesn't support ASCII-incompatible chars.
+      if !defined?(Rubinius)
         # Replaces all ISO-8859-1 or CP1252 characters by their UTF-8 equivalent
         # resulting in a valid UTF-8 string.
         #
@@ -258,7 +256,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # * <tt>string</tt> - The string to perform normalization on.
       # * <tt>form</tt> - The form you want to normalize in. Should be one of
       #   the following: <tt>:c</tt>, <tt>:kc</tt>, <tt>:d</tt>, or <tt>:kd</tt>.
-      #   Default is ActiveSupport::Multibyte.default_normalization_form.
+      #   Default is ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Unicode.default_normalization_form.
       def normalize(string, form=nil)
         form ||= @default_normalization_form
         # See http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr15, Table 1
@@ -274,7 +272,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
             compose(reorder_characters(decompose(:compatibility, codepoints)))
           else
             raise ArgumentError, "#{form} is not a valid normalization variant", caller
-        end.pack('U*')
+        end.pack('U*'.freeze)
       end
 
       def downcase(string)
@@ -335,11 +333,11 @@ module ActiveSupport
           begin
             @codepoints, @composition_exclusion, @composition_map, @boundary, @cp1252 = File.open(self.class.filename, 'rb') { |f| Marshal.load f.read }
           rescue => e
-              raise IOError.new("Couldn't load the Unicode tables for UTF8Handler (#{e.message}), ActiveSupport::Multibyte is unusable")
+            raise IOError.new("Couldn't load the Unicode tables for UTF8Handler (#{e.message}), ActiveSupport::Multibyte is unusable")
           end
 
           # Redefine the === method so we can write shorter rules for grapheme cluster breaks
-          @boundary.each do |k,_|
+          @boundary.each_key do |k|
             @boundary[k].instance_eval do
               def ===(other)
                 detect { |i| i === other } ? true : false
@@ -367,6 +365,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       private
 
       def apply_mapping(string, mapping) #:nodoc:
+        database.codepoints
         string.each_codepoint.map do |codepoint|
           cp = database.codepoints[codepoint]
           if cp and (ncp = cp.send(mapping)) and ncp > 0
@@ -384,7 +383,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
       def database
         @database ||= UnicodeDatabase.new
       end
-
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications.rb
index 7a96c66626..823d68e507 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications.rb
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
   #     render text: 'Foo'
   #   end
   #
-  # That executes the block first and notifies all subscribers once done.
+  # That first executes the block and then notifies all subscribers once done.
   #
   # In the example above +render+ is the name of the event, and the rest is called
   # the _payload_. The payload is a mechanism that allows instrumenters to pass
@@ -69,8 +69,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
   # is able to take the arguments as they come and provide an object-oriented
   # interface to that data.
   #
-  # It is also possible to pass an object as the second parameter passed to the
-  # <tt>subscribe</tt> method instead of a block:
+  # It is also possible to pass an object which responds to <tt>call</tt> method
+  # as the second parameter to the <tt>subscribe</tt> method instead of a block:
   #
   #   module ActionController
   #     class PageRequest
@@ -141,6 +141,11 @@ module ActiveSupport
   #
   #   ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe(subscriber)
   #
+  # You can also unsubscribe by passing the name of the subscriber object. Note
+  # that this will unsubscribe all subscriptions with the given name:
+  #
+  #   ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe("render")
+  #
   # == Default Queue
   #
   # Notifications ships with a queue implementation that consumes and publishes events
@@ -173,8 +178,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
         unsubscribe(subscriber)
       end
 
-      def unsubscribe(args)
-        notifier.unsubscribe(args)
+      def unsubscribe(subscriber_or_name)
+        notifier.unsubscribe(subscriber_or_name)
       end
 
       def instrumenter
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/fanout.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/fanout.rb
index 8f5fa646e8..c53f9c1039 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/fanout.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/fanout.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 require 'mutex_m'
-require 'thread_safe'
+require 'concurrent/map'
 
 module ActiveSupport
   module Notifications
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
       def initialize
         @subscribers = []
-        @listeners_for = ThreadSafe::Cache.new
+        @listeners_for = Concurrent::Map.new
         super
       end
 
@@ -25,9 +25,15 @@ module ActiveSupport
         subscriber
       end
 
-      def unsubscribe(subscriber)
+      def unsubscribe(subscriber_or_name)
         synchronize do
-          @subscribers.reject! { |s| s.matches?(subscriber) }
+          case subscriber_or_name
+          when String
+            @subscribers.reject! { |s| s.matches?(subscriber_or_name) }
+          else
+            @subscribers.delete(subscriber_or_name)
+          end
+
           @listeners_for.clear
         end
       end
@@ -36,8 +42,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
         listeners_for(name).each { |s| s.start(name, id, payload) }
       end
 
-      def finish(name, id, payload)
-        listeners_for(name).each { |s| s.finish(name, id, payload) }
+      def finish(name, id, payload, listeners = listeners_for(name))
+        listeners.each { |s| s.finish(name, id, payload) }
       end
 
       def publish(name, *args)
@@ -45,7 +51,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       def listeners_for(name)
-        # this is correctly done double-checked locking (ThreadSafe::Cache's lookups have volatile semantics)
+        # this is correctly done double-checked locking (Concurrent::Map's lookups have volatile semantics)
         @listeners_for[name] || synchronize do
           # use synchronisation when accessing @subscribers
           @listeners_for[name] ||= @subscribers.select { |s| s.subscribed_to?(name) }
@@ -97,16 +103,15 @@ module ActiveSupport
           end
 
           def subscribed_to?(name)
-            @pattern === name.to_s
+            @pattern === name
           end
 
-          def matches?(subscriber_or_name)
-            self === subscriber_or_name ||
-              @pattern && @pattern === subscriber_or_name
+          def matches?(name)
+            @pattern && @pattern === name
           end
         end
 
-        class Timed < Evented
+        class Timed < Evented # :nodoc:
           def publish(name, *args)
             @delegate.call name, *args
           end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/instrumenter.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/instrumenter.rb
index 3a244b34b5..67f2ee1a7f 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/instrumenter.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/instrumenter.rb
@@ -15,14 +15,15 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # and publish it. Notice that events get sent even if an error occurs
       # in the passed-in block.
       def instrument(name, payload={})
-        start name, payload
+        # some of the listeners might have state
+        listeners_state = start name, payload
         begin
           yield payload
         rescue Exception => e
           payload[:exception] = [e.class.name, e.message]
           raise e
         ensure
-          finish name, payload
+          finish_with_state listeners_state, name, payload
         end
       end
 
@@ -36,6 +37,10 @@ module ActiveSupport
         @notifier.finish name, @id, payload
       end
 
+      def finish_with_state(listeners_state, name, payload)
+        @notifier.finish name, @id, payload, listeners_state
+      end
+
       private
 
       def unique_id
@@ -57,6 +62,18 @@ module ActiveSupport
         @duration       = nil
       end
 
+      # Returns the difference in milliseconds between when the execution of the
+      # event started and when it ended.
+      #
+      #   ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe('wait') do |*args|
+      #     @event = ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event.new(*args)
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument('wait') do
+      #     sleep 1
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   @event.duration # => 1000.138
       def duration
         @duration ||= 1000.0 * (self.end - time)
       end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper.rb
index b169e3af01..248521e677 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper.rb
@@ -94,9 +94,9 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # * <tt>:locale</tt> - Sets the locale to be used for formatting
     #   (defaults to current locale).
     # * <tt>:precision</tt> - Sets the precision of the number
-    #   (defaults to 3).
-    # * <tt>:significant</tt> - If +true+, precision will be the #
-    #   of significant_digits. If +false+, the # of fractional
+    #   (defaults to 3). Keeps the number's precision if nil.
+    # * <tt>:significant</tt> - If +true+, precision will be the number
+    #   of significant_digits. If +false+, the number of fractional
     #   digits (defaults to +false+).
     # * <tt>:separator</tt> - Sets the separator between the
     #   fractional and integer digits (defaults to ".").
@@ -115,9 +115,10 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #   number_to_percentage(100, precision: 0)                    # => 100%
     #   number_to_percentage(1000, delimiter: '.', separator: ',') # => 1.000,000%
     #   number_to_percentage(302.24398923423, precision: 5)        # => 302.24399%
-    #   number_to_percentage(1000, locale: :fr)                    # => 1 000,000%
+    #   number_to_percentage(1000, locale: :fr)                    # => 1000,000%
+    #   number_to_percentage(1000, precision: nil)                 # => 1000%
     #   number_to_percentage('98a')                                # => 98a%
-    #   number_to_percentage(100, format: '%n  %')                 # => 100  %
+    #   number_to_percentage(100, format: '%n  %')                 # => 100.000  %
     def number_to_percentage(number, options = {})
       NumberToPercentageConverter.convert(number, options)
     end
@@ -134,6 +135,9 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #   to ",").
     # * <tt>:separator</tt> - Sets the separator between the
     #   fractional and integer digits (defaults to ".").
+    # * <tt>:delimiter_pattern</tt> - Sets a custom regular expression used for
+    #   deriving the placement of delimiter. Helpful when using currency formats
+    #   like INR.
     #
     # ==== Examples
     #
@@ -146,7 +150,10 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #   number_to_delimited(12345678.05, locale: :fr)    # => 12 345 678,05
     #   number_to_delimited('112a')                      # => 112a
     #   number_to_delimited(98765432.98, delimiter: ' ', separator: ',')
-    #   # => 98 765 432,98
+    #                                                    # => 98 765 432,98
+    #   number_to_delimited("123456.78",
+    #     delimiter_pattern: /(\d+?)(?=(\d\d)+(\d)(?!\d))/)
+    #                                                    # => 1,23,456.78
     def number_to_delimited(number, options = {})
       NumberToDelimitedConverter.convert(number, options)
     end
@@ -161,9 +168,9 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # * <tt>:locale</tt> - Sets the locale to be used for formatting
     #   (defaults to current locale).
     # * <tt>:precision</tt> - Sets the precision of the number
-    #   (defaults to 3).
-    # * <tt>:significant</tt> - If +true+, precision will be the #
-    #   of significant_digits. If +false+, the # of fractional
+    #   (defaults to 3). Keeps the number's precision if nil.
+    # * <tt>:significant</tt> - If +true+, precision will be the number
+    #   of significant_digits. If +false+, the number of fractional
     #   digits (defaults to +false+).
     # * <tt>:separator</tt> - Sets the separator between the
     #   fractional and integer digits (defaults to ".").
@@ -182,6 +189,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #   number_to_rounded(111.2345, significant: true)               # => 111
     #   number_to_rounded(111.2345, precision: 1, significant: true) # => 100
     #   number_to_rounded(13, precision: 5, significant: true)       # => 13.000
+    #   number_to_rounded(13, precision: nil)                        # => 13
     #   number_to_rounded(111.234, locale: :fr)                      # => 111,234
     #
     #   number_to_rounded(13, precision: 5, significant: true, strip_insignificant_zeros: true)
@@ -208,8 +216,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #   (defaults to current locale).
     # * <tt>:precision</tt> - Sets the precision of the number
     #   (defaults to 3).
-    # * <tt>:significant</tt> - If +true+, precision will be the #
-    #   of significant_digits. If +false+, the # of fractional
+    # * <tt>:significant</tt> - If +true+, precision will be the number
+    #   of significant_digits. If +false+, the number of fractional
     #   digits (defaults to +true+)
     # * <tt>:separator</tt> - Sets the separator between the
     #   fractional and integer digits (defaults to ".").
@@ -218,8 +226,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # * <tt>:strip_insignificant_zeros</tt> - If +true+ removes
     #   insignificant zeros after the decimal separator (defaults to
     #   +true+)
-    # * <tt>:prefix</tt> - If +:si+ formats the number using the SI
-    #   prefix (defaults to :binary)
     #
     # ==== Examples
     #
@@ -232,12 +238,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #   number_to_human_size(1234567, precision: 2)                  # => 1.2 MB
     #   number_to_human_size(483989, precision: 2)                   # => 470 KB
     #   number_to_human_size(1234567, precision: 2, separator: ',')  # => 1,2 MB
-    #
-    # Non-significant zeros after the fractional separator are stripped out by
-    # default (set <tt>:strip_insignificant_zeros</tt> to +false+ to change that):
-    #
-    #   number_to_human_size(1234567890123, precision: 5) # => "1.1229 TB"
-    #   number_to_human_size(524288000, precision: 5)     # => "500 MB"
+    #   number_to_human_size(1234567890123, precision: 5)            # => "1.1228 TB"
+    #   number_to_human_size(524288000, precision: 5)                # => "500 MB"
     def number_to_human_size(number, options = {})
       NumberToHumanSizeConverter.convert(number, options)
     end
@@ -262,8 +264,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #   (defaults to current locale).
     # * <tt>:precision</tt> - Sets the precision of the number
     #   (defaults to 3).
-    # * <tt>:significant</tt> - If +true+, precision will be the #
-    #   of significant_digits. If +false+, the # of fractional
+    # * <tt>:significant</tt> - If +true+, precision will be the number
+    #   of significant_digits. If +false+, the number of fractional
     #   digits (defaults to +true+)
     # * <tt>:separator</tt> - Sets the separator between the
     #   fractional and integer digits (defaults to ".").
@@ -276,12 +278,12 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #   string containing an i18n scope where to find this hash. It
     #   might have the following keys:
     #   * *integers*: <tt>:unit</tt>, <tt>:ten</tt>,
-    #     *<tt>:hundred</tt>, <tt>:thousand</tt>, <tt>:million</tt>,
-    #     *<tt>:billion</tt>, <tt>:trillion</tt>,
-    #     *<tt>:quadrillion</tt>
+    #     <tt>:hundred</tt>, <tt>:thousand</tt>, <tt>:million</tt>,
+    #     <tt>:billion</tt>, <tt>:trillion</tt>,
+    #     <tt>:quadrillion</tt>
     #   * *fractionals*: <tt>:deci</tt>, <tt>:centi</tt>,
-    #     *<tt>:mili</tt>, <tt>:micro</tt>, <tt>:nano</tt>,
-    #     *<tt>:pico</tt>, <tt>:femto</tt>
+    #     <tt>:mili</tt>, <tt>:micro</tt>, <tt>:nano</tt>,
+    #     <tt>:pico</tt>, <tt>:femto</tt>
     # * <tt>:format</tt> - Sets the format of the output string
     #   (defaults to "%n %u"). The field types are:
     #   * %u - The quantifier (ex.: 'thousand')
@@ -305,12 +307,15 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #                            separator: ',',
     #                            significant: false) # => "1,2 Million"
     #
+    #   number_to_human(500000000, precision: 5)           # => "500 Million"
+    #   number_to_human(12345012345, significant: false)   # => "12.345 Billion"
+    #
     # Non-significant zeros after the decimal separator are stripped
     # out by default (set <tt>:strip_insignificant_zeros</tt> to
     # +false+ to change that):
     #
-    #   number_to_human(12345012345, significant_digits: 6) # => "12.345 Billion"
-    #   number_to_human(500000000, precision: 5)            # => "500 Million"
+    # number_to_human(12.00001)                                       # => "12"
+    # number_to_human(12.00001, strip_insignificant_zeros: false)     # => "12.0"
     #
     # ==== Custom Unit Quantifiers
     #
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_currency_converter.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_currency_converter.rb
index 9ae27a896a..7986eb50f0 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_currency_converter.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_currency_converter.rb
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         end
 
         rounded_number = NumberToRoundedConverter.convert(number, options)
-        format.gsub('%n', rounded_number).gsub('%u', options[:unit])
+        format.gsub('%n'.freeze, rounded_number).gsub('%u'.freeze, options[:unit])
       end
 
       private
@@ -23,20 +23,20 @@ module ActiveSupport
         end
 
         def absolute_value(number)
-          number.respond_to?("abs") ? number.abs : number.sub(/\A-/, '')
+          number.respond_to?(:abs) ? number.abs : number.sub(/\A-/, '')
         end
 
         def options
           @options ||= begin
             defaults = default_format_options.merge(i18n_opts)
-            # Override negative format if format options is given
+            # Override negative format if format options are given
             defaults[:negative_format] = "-#{opts[:format]}" if opts[:format]
             defaults.merge!(opts)
           end
         end
 
         def i18n_opts
-          # Set International negative format if not exists
+          # Set International negative format if it does not exist
           i18n = i18n_format_options
           i18n[:negative_format] ||= "-#{i18n[:format]}" if i18n[:format]
           i18n
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_delimited_converter.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_delimited_converter.rb
index 6405afc9a6..45ae8f1a93 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_delimited_converter.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_delimited_converter.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     class NumberToDelimitedConverter < NumberConverter #:nodoc:
       self.validate_float = true
 
-      DELIMITED_REGEX = /(\d)(?=(\d\d\d)+(?!\d))/
+      DEFAULT_DELIMITER_REGEX = /(\d)(?=(\d\d\d)+(?!\d))/
 
       def convert
         parts.join(options[:separator])
@@ -13,9 +13,16 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
         def parts
           left, right = number.to_s.split('.')
-          left.gsub!(DELIMITED_REGEX) { "#{$1}#{options[:delimiter]}" }
+          left.gsub!(delimiter_pattern) do |digit_to_delimit|
+            "#{digit_to_delimit}#{options[:delimiter]}"
+          end
           [left, right].compact
         end
+
+        def delimiter_pattern
+          options.fetch(:delimiter_pattern, DEFAULT_DELIMITER_REGEX)
+        end
+
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_human_converter.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_human_converter.rb
index 9a3dc526ae..7a1f8171c0 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_human_converter.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_human_converter.rb
@@ -20,10 +20,12 @@ module ActiveSupport
         exponent = calculate_exponent(units)
         @number = number / (10 ** exponent)
 
+        until (rounded_number = NumberToRoundedConverter.convert(number, options)) != NumberToRoundedConverter.convert(1000, options)
+          @number = number / 1000.0
+          exponent += 3
+        end
         unit = determine_unit(units, exponent)
-
-        rounded_number = NumberToRoundedConverter.convert(number, options)
-        format.gsub(/%n/, rounded_number).gsub(/%u/, unit).strip
+        format.gsub('%n'.freeze, rounded_number).gsub('%u'.freeze, unit).strip
       end
 
       private
@@ -59,7 +61,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
             translate_in_locale("human.decimal_units.units", raise: true)
           else
             raise ArgumentError, ":units must be a Hash or String translation scope."
-          end.keys.map { |e_name| INVERTED_DECIMAL_UNITS[e_name] }.sort_by { |e| -e }
+          end.keys.map { |e_name| INVERTED_DECIMAL_UNITS[e_name] }.sort_by(&:-@)
         end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_human_size_converter.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_human_size_converter.rb
index 78d2c9ae6e..a4a8690bcd 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_human_size_converter.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_human_size_converter.rb
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ module ActiveSupport
       self.validate_float = true
 
       def convert
+        if opts.key?(:prefix)
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn('The :prefix option of `number_to_human_size` is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.1 with no replacement.')
+        end
+
         @number = Float(number)
 
         # for backwards compatibility with those that didn't add strip_insignificant_zeros to their locale files
@@ -20,7 +24,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
           human_size = number / (base ** exponent)
           number_to_format = NumberToRoundedConverter.convert(human_size, options)
         end
-        conversion_format.gsub(/%n/, number_to_format).gsub(/%u/, unit)
+        conversion_format.gsub('%n'.freeze, number_to_format).gsub('%u'.freeze, unit)
       end
 
       private
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_percentage_converter.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_percentage_converter.rb
index eafe2844f7..4c04d40c19 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_percentage_converter.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_percentage_converter.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
       def convert
         rounded_number = NumberToRoundedConverter.convert(number, options)
-        options[:format].gsub('%n', rounded_number)
+        options[:format].gsub('%n'.freeze, rounded_number)
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_rounded_converter.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_rounded_converter.rb
index c42354fc83..981c562551 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_rounded_converter.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_rounded_converter.rb
@@ -6,41 +6,39 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
       def convert
         precision = options.delete :precision
-        significant = options.delete :significant
 
-        case number
-        when Float, String
-          @number = BigDecimal(number.to_s)
-        when Rational
-          if significant
+        if precision
+          case number
+          when Float, String
+            @number = BigDecimal(number.to_s)
+          when Rational
             @number = BigDecimal(number, digit_count(number.to_i) + precision)
           else
-            @number = BigDecimal(number, precision)
+            @number = number.to_d
           end
-        else
-          @number = number.to_d
-        end
-
-        if significant && precision > 0
-          digits, rounded_number = digits_and_rounded_number(precision)
-          precision -= digits
-          precision = 0 if precision < 0 # don't let it be negative
-        else
-          rounded_number = number.round(precision)
-          rounded_number = rounded_number.to_i if precision == 0
-          rounded_number = rounded_number.abs if rounded_number.zero? # prevent showing negative zeros
-        end
 
-        formatted_string =
-          case rounded_number
-          when BigDecimal
-            s = rounded_number.to_s('F') + '0'*precision
-            a, b = s.split('.', 2)
-            a + '.' + b[0, precision]
+          if options.delete(:significant) && precision > 0
+            digits, rounded_number = digits_and_rounded_number(precision)
+            precision -= digits
+            precision = 0 if precision < 0 # don't let it be negative
           else
-            "%01.#{precision}f" % rounded_number
+            rounded_number = number.round(precision)
+            rounded_number = rounded_number.to_i if precision == 0 && rounded_number.finite?
+            rounded_number = rounded_number.abs if rounded_number.zero? # prevent showing negative zeros
           end
 
+          formatted_string =
+            if BigDecimal === rounded_number && rounded_number.finite?
+              s = rounded_number.to_s('F') + '0'*precision
+              a, b = s.split('.', 2)
+              a + '.' + b[0, precision]
+            else
+              "%00.#{precision}f" % rounded_number
+            end
+        else
+          formatted_string = number
+        end
+
         delimited_number = NumberToDelimitedConverter.convert(formatted_string, options)
         format_number(delimited_number)
       end
@@ -64,7 +62,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         end
 
         def digit_count(number)
-          (Math.log10(absolute_number(number)) + 1).floor
+          number.zero? ? 1 : (Math.log10(absolute_number(number)) + 1).floor
         end
 
         def strip_insignificant_zeros
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/option_merger.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/option_merger.rb
index e55ffd12c3..dea84e437f 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/option_merger.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/option_merger.rb
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
     private
       def method_missing(method, *arguments, &block)
-        if arguments.last.is_a?(Proc)
+        if arguments.first.is_a?(Proc)
           proc = arguments.pop
           arguments << lambda { |*args| @options.deep_merge(proc.call(*args)) }
         else
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/ordered_hash.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/ordered_hash.rb
index 58a2ce2105..4680d5acb7 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/ordered_hash.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/ordered_hash.rb
@@ -28,6 +28,10 @@ module ActiveSupport
       coder.represent_seq '!omap', map { |k,v| { k => v } }
     end
 
+    def select(*args, &block)
+      dup.tap { |hash| hash.select!(*args, &block) }
+    end
+
     def reject(*args, &block)
       dup.tap { |hash| hash.reject!(*args, &block) }
     end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/ordered_options.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/ordered_options.rb
index a33e2c58a9..53a55bd986 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/ordered_options.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/ordered_options.rb
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
   #   h[:girl] = 'Mary'
   #   h[:boy]  # => 'John'
   #   h[:girl] # => 'Mary'
+  #   h[:dog]  # => nil
   #
   # Using +OrderedOptions+, the above code could be reduced to:
   #
@@ -14,6 +15,13 @@ module ActiveSupport
   #   h.girl = 'Mary'
   #   h.boy  # => 'John'
   #   h.girl # => 'Mary'
+  #   h.dog  # => nil
+  #
+  # To raise an exception when the value is blank, append a
+  # bang to the key name, like:
+  #
+  #   h.dog! # => raises KeyError: key not found: :dog
+  #
   class OrderedOptions < Hash
     alias_method :_get, :[] # preserve the original #[] method
     protected :_get # make it protected
@@ -31,7 +39,13 @@ module ActiveSupport
       if name_string.chomp!('=')
         self[name_string] = args.first
       else
-        self[name]
+        bangs = name_string.chomp!('!')
+
+        if bangs
+          fetch(name_string.to_sym).presence || raise(KeyError.new("#{name_string} is blank."))
+        else
+          self[name_string]
+        end
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/per_thread_registry.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/per_thread_registry.rb
index ca2e4d5625..a909a65bb6 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/per_thread_registry.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/per_thread_registry.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/delegation'
+
 module ActiveSupport
   # This module is used to encapsulate access to thread local variables.
   #
@@ -43,9 +45,9 @@ module ActiveSupport
     protected
       def method_missing(name, *args, &block) # :nodoc:
         # Caches the method definition as a singleton method of the receiver.
-        define_singleton_method(name) do |*a, &b|
-          instance.public_send(name, *a, &b)
-        end
+        #
+        # By letting #delegate handle it, we avoid an enclosure that'll capture args.
+        singleton_class.delegate name, to: :instance
 
         send(name, *args, &block)
       end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/rails.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/rails.rb
index b05c3ff126..c8e3a4bf53 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/rails.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/rails.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # This is private interface.
 #
 # Rails components cherry pick from Active Support as needed, but there are a
-# few features that are used for sure some way or another and it is not worth
-# to put individual requires absolutely everywhere. Think blank? for example.
+# few features that are used for sure in some way or another and it is not worth
+# putting individual requires absolutely everywhere. Think blank? for example.
 #
 # This file is loaded by every Rails component except Active Support itself,
 # but it does not belong to the Rails public interface. It is internal to
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/railtie.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/railtie.rb
index 133aa6a054..845788b669 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/railtie.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/railtie.rb
@@ -16,12 +16,17 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # Sets the default value for Time.zone
     # If assigned value cannot be matched to a TimeZone, an exception will be raised.
     initializer "active_support.initialize_time_zone" do |app|
+      begin
+        TZInfo::DataSource.get
+      rescue TZInfo::DataSourceNotFound => e
+        raise e.exception "tzinfo-data is not present. Please add gem 'tzinfo-data' to your Gemfile and run bundle install"
+      end
       require 'active_support/core_ext/time/zones'
       zone_default = Time.find_zone!(app.config.time_zone)
 
       unless zone_default
         raise 'Value assigned to config.time_zone not recognized. ' \
-          'Run "rake -D time" for a list of tasks for finding appropriate time zone names.'
+          'Run "rake time:zones:all" for a time zone names list.'
       end
 
       Time.zone_default = zone_default
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/rescuable.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/rescuable.rb
index a7eba91ac5..fcf5553061 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/rescuable.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/rescuable.rb
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         end
 
         klasses.each do |klass|
-          key = if klass.is_a?(Class) && klass <= Exception
+          key = if klass.is_a?(Module) && klass.respond_to?(:===)
             klass.name
           elsif klass.is_a?(String)
             klass
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
             raise ArgumentError, "#{klass} is neither an Exception nor a String"
           end
 
-          # put the new handler at the end because the list is read in reverse
+          # Put the new handler at the end because the list is read in reverse.
           self.rescue_handlers += [[key, options[:with]]]
         end
       end
@@ -100,8 +100,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
         # a string, otherwise a NameError will be raised by the interpreter
         # itself when rescue_from CONSTANT is executed.
         klass = self.class.const_get(klass_name) rescue nil
-        klass ||= klass_name.constantize rescue nil
-        exception.is_a?(klass) if klass
+        klass ||= (klass_name.constantize rescue nil)
+        klass === exception if klass
       end
 
       case rescuer
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/security_utils.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/security_utils.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..64c4801179
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/security_utils.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+module ActiveSupport
+  module SecurityUtils
+    # Constant time string comparison.
+    #
+    # The values compared should be of fixed length, such as strings
+    # that have already been processed by HMAC. This should not be used
+    # on variable length plaintext strings because it could leak length info
+    # via timing attacks.
+    def secure_compare(a, b)
+      return false unless a.bytesize == b.bytesize
+
+      l = a.unpack "C#{a.bytesize}"
+
+      res = 0
+      b.each_byte { |byte| res |= byte ^ l.shift }
+      res == 0
+    end
+    module_function :secure_compare
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/string_inquirer.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/string_inquirer.rb
index 45271c9163..bc673150d0 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/string_inquirer.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/string_inquirer.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 module ActiveSupport
   # Wrapping a string in this class gives you a prettier way to test
   # for equality. The value returned by <tt>Rails.env</tt> is wrapped
-  # in a StringInquirer object so instead of calling this:
+  # in a StringInquirer object, so instead of calling this:
   #
   #   Rails.env == 'production'
   #
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/subscriber.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/subscriber.rb
index 4b9b48539f..1cd4b807ad 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/subscriber.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/subscriber.rb
@@ -5,24 +5,19 @@ module ActiveSupport
   # ActiveSupport::Notifications. The subscriber dispatches notifications to
   # a registered object based on its given namespace.
   #
-  # An example would be Active Record subscriber responsible for collecting
+  # An example would be an Active Record subscriber responsible for collecting
   # statistics about queries:
   #
   #   module ActiveRecord
   #     class StatsSubscriber < ActiveSupport::Subscriber
+  #       attach_to :active_record
+  #
   #       def sql(event)
   #         Statsd.timing("sql.#{event.payload[:name]}", event.duration)
   #       end
   #     end
   #   end
   #
-  # And it's finally registered as:
-  #
-  #   ActiveRecord::StatsSubscriber.attach_to :active_record
-  #
-  # Since we need to know all instance methods before attaching the log
-  # subscriber, the line above should be called after your subscriber definition.
-  #
   # After configured, whenever a "sql.active_record" notification is published,
   # it will properly dispatch the event (ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event) to
   # the +sql+ method.
@@ -64,12 +59,21 @@ module ActiveSupport
       def add_event_subscriber(event)
         return if %w{ start finish }.include?(event.to_s)
 
-        notifier.subscribe("#{event}.#{namespace}", subscriber)
+        pattern = "#{event}.#{namespace}"
+
+        # Don't add multiple subscribers (eg. if methods are redefined).
+        return if subscriber.patterns.include?(pattern)
+
+        subscriber.patterns << pattern
+        notifier.subscribe(pattern, subscriber)
       end
     end
 
+    attr_reader :patterns # :nodoc:
+
     def initialize
       @queue_key = [self.class.name, object_id].join "-"
+      @patterns  = []
       super
     end
 
@@ -87,7 +91,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       event.end = finished
       event.payload.merge!(payload)
 
-      method = name.split('.').first
+      method = name.split('.'.freeze).first
       send(method, event)
     end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/tagged_logging.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/tagged_logging.rb
index d5c2222d2e..bcd7bf74c0 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/tagged_logging.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/tagged_logging.rb
@@ -43,7 +43,9 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       def current_tags
-        Thread.current[:activesupport_tagged_logging_tags] ||= []
+        # We use our object ID here to avoid conflicting with other instances
+        thread_key = @thread_key ||= "activesupport_tagged_logging_tags:#{object_id}".freeze
+        Thread.current[thread_key] ||= []
       end
 
       private
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/test_case.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/test_case.rb
index 2fb5c04316..ae6f00b861 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/test_case.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/test_case.rb
@@ -8,34 +8,56 @@ require 'active_support/testing/declarative'
 require 'active_support/testing/isolation'
 require 'active_support/testing/constant_lookup'
 require 'active_support/testing/time_helpers'
+require 'active_support/testing/file_fixtures'
+require 'active_support/testing/composite_filter'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting'
-require 'active_support/deprecation'
-
-begin
-  silence_warnings { require 'mocha/setup' }
-rescue LoadError
-end
 
 module ActiveSupport
   class TestCase < ::Minitest::Test
     Assertion = Minitest::Assertion
 
-    alias_method :method_name, :name
+    class << self
+      # Sets the order in which test cases are run.
+      #
+      #   ActiveSupport::TestCase.test_order = :random # => :random
+      #
+      # Valid values are:
+      # * +:random+   (to run tests in random order)
+      # * +:parallel+ (to run tests in parallel)
+      # * +:sorted+   (to run tests alphabetically by method name)
+      # * +:alpha+    (equivalent to +:sorted+)
+      def test_order=(new_order)
+        ActiveSupport.test_order = new_order
+      end
 
-    $tags = {}
-    def self.for_tag(tag)
-      yield if $tags[tag]
+      # Returns the order in which test cases are run.
+      #
+      #   ActiveSupport::TestCase.test_order # => :random
+      #
+      # Possible values are +:random+, +:parallel+, +:alpha+, +:sorted+.
+      # Defaults to +:random+.
+      def test_order
+        ActiveSupport.test_order ||= :random
+      end
+
+      def run(reporter, options = {})
+        if options[:patterns] && options[:patterns].any? { |p| p =~ /:\d+/ }
+          options[:filter] = \
+            Testing::CompositeFilter.new(self, options[:filter], options[:patterns])
+        end
+
+        super
+      end
     end
 
-    # FIXME: we have tests that depend on run order, we should fix that and
-    # remove this method call.
-    self.i_suck_and_my_tests_are_order_dependent!
+    alias_method :method_name, :name
 
     include ActiveSupport::Testing::TaggedLogging
     include ActiveSupport::Testing::SetupAndTeardown
     include ActiveSupport::Testing::Assertions
     include ActiveSupport::Testing::Deprecation
     include ActiveSupport::Testing::TimeHelpers
+    include ActiveSupport::Testing::FileFixtures
     extend ActiveSupport::Testing::Declarative
 
     # test/unit backwards compatibility methods
@@ -54,7 +76,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     alias :assert_not_respond_to :refute_respond_to
     alias :assert_not_same :refute_same
 
-    # Fails if the block raises an exception.
+    # Reveals the intention that the block should not raise any exception.
     #
     #   assert_nothing_raised do
     #     ...
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/assertions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/assertions.rb
index 76a591bc3b..29305e0082 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/assertions.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/assertions.rb
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
 module ActiveSupport
   module Testing
     module Assertions
-      # Assert that an expression is not truthy. Passes if <tt>object</tt> is
+      # Asserts that an expression is not truthy. Passes if <tt>object</tt> is
       # +nil+ or +false+. "Truthy" means "considered true in a conditional"
       # like <tt>if foo</tt>.
       #
       #   assert_not nil    # => true
       #   assert_not false  # => true
-      #   assert_not 'foo'  # => 'foo' is not nil or false
+      #   assert_not 'foo'  # => Expected "foo" to be nil or false
       #
       # An error message can be specified.
       #
@@ -23,42 +23,42 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # result of what is evaluated in the yielded block.
       #
       #   assert_difference 'Article.count' do
-      #     post :create, article: {...}
+      #     post :create, params: { article: {...} }
       #   end
       #
       # An arbitrary expression is passed in and evaluated.
       #
-      #   assert_difference 'assigns(:article).comments(:reload).size' do
-      #     post :create, comment: {...}
+      #   assert_difference 'Article.last.comments(:reload).size' do
+      #     post :create, params: { comment: {...} }
       #   end
       #
       # An arbitrary positive or negative difference can be specified.
       # The default is <tt>1</tt>.
       #
       #   assert_difference 'Article.count', -1 do
-      #     post :delete, id: ...
+      #     post :delete, params: { id: ... }
       #   end
       #
       # An array of expressions can also be passed in and evaluated.
       #
       #   assert_difference [ 'Article.count', 'Post.count' ], 2 do
-      #     post :create, article: {...}
+      #     post :create, params: { article: {...} }
       #   end
       #
       # A lambda or a list of lambdas can be passed in and evaluated:
       #
       #   assert_difference ->{ Article.count }, 2 do
-      #     post :create, article: {...}
+      #     post :create, params: { article: {...} }
       #   end
       #
       #   assert_difference [->{ Article.count }, ->{ Post.count }], 2 do
-      #     post :create, article: {...}
+      #     post :create, params: { article: {...} }
       #   end
       #
       # An error message can be specified.
       #
       #   assert_difference 'Article.count', -1, 'An Article should be destroyed' do
-      #     post :delete, id: ...
+      #     post :delete, params: { id: ... }
       #   end
       def assert_difference(expression, difference = 1, message = nil, &block)
         expressions = Array(expression)
@@ -66,28 +66,30 @@ module ActiveSupport
         exps = expressions.map { |e|
           e.respond_to?(:call) ? e : lambda { eval(e, block.binding) }
         }
-        before = exps.map { |e| e.call }
+        before = exps.map(&:call)
 
-        yield
+        retval = yield
 
         expressions.zip(exps).each_with_index do |(code, e), i|
           error  = "#{code.inspect} didn't change by #{difference}"
           error  = "#{message}.\n#{error}" if message
           assert_equal(before[i] + difference, e.call, error)
         end
+
+        retval
       end
 
       # Assertion that the numeric result of evaluating an expression is not
       # changed before and after invoking the passed in block.
       #
       #   assert_no_difference 'Article.count' do
-      #     post :create, article: invalid_attributes
+      #     post :create, params: { article: invalid_attributes }
       #   end
       #
       # An error message can be specified.
       #
       #   assert_no_difference 'Article.count', 'An Article should not be created' do
-      #     post :create, article: invalid_attributes
+      #     post :create, params: { article: invalid_attributes }
       #   end
       def assert_no_difference(expression, message = nil, &block)
         assert_difference expression, 0, message, &block
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/autorun.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/autorun.rb
index 5aa5f46310..84c6b89340 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/autorun.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/autorun.rb
@@ -2,4 +2,11 @@ gem 'minitest'
 
 require 'minitest'
 
-Minitest.autorun
+if Minitest.respond_to?(:run_with_rails_extension)
+  unless Minitest.run_with_rails_extension
+    Minitest.run_with_autorun = true
+    Minitest.autorun
+  end
+else
+  Minitest.autorun
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/composite_filter.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/composite_filter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bde723e30b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/composite_filter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+require 'method_source'
+
+module ActiveSupport
+  module Testing
+    class CompositeFilter # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(runnable, filter, patterns)
+        @runnable = runnable
+        @filters = [ derive_regexp(filter), *derive_line_filters(patterns) ].compact
+      end
+
+      def ===(method)
+        @filters.any? { |filter| filter === method }
+      end
+
+      private
+        def derive_regexp(filter)
+          filter =~ %r%/(.*)/% ? Regexp.new($1) : filter
+        end
+
+        def derive_line_filters(patterns)
+          patterns.map do |file_and_line|
+            file, line = file_and_line.split(':')
+            Filter.new(@runnable, file, line) if file
+          end
+        end
+
+        class Filter # :nodoc:
+          def initialize(runnable, file, line)
+            @runnable, @file = runnable, File.expand_path(file)
+            @line = line.to_i if line
+          end
+
+          def ===(method)
+            return unless @runnable.method_defined?(method)
+
+            if @line
+              test_file, test_range = definition_for(@runnable.instance_method(method))
+              test_file == @file && test_range.include?(@line)
+            else
+              @runnable.instance_method(method).source_location.first == @file
+            end
+          end
+
+          private
+            def definition_for(method)
+              file, start_line = method.source_location
+              end_line = method.source.count("\n") + start_line - 1
+
+              return file, start_line..end_line
+            end
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/constant_lookup.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/constant_lookup.rb
index 1b2a75c35d..07d477c0db 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/constant_lookup.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/constant_lookup.rb
@@ -36,12 +36,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
           while names.size > 0 do
             names.last.sub!(/Test$/, "")
             begin
-              constant = names.join("::").constantize
+              constant = names.join("::").safe_constantize
               break(constant) if yield(constant)
-            rescue NoMethodError # subclass of NameError
-              raise
-            rescue NameError
-              # Constant wasn't found, move on
             ensure
               names.pop
             end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/declarative.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/declarative.rb
index c349bb5fb1..0bf3643a56 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/declarative.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/declarative.rb
@@ -1,30 +1,6 @@
 module ActiveSupport
   module Testing
     module Declarative
-
-      def self.extended(klass) #:nodoc:
-        klass.class_eval do
-
-          unless method_defined?(:describe)
-            def self.describe(text)
-              if block_given?
-                super
-              else
-                message = "`describe` without a block is deprecated, please switch to: `def self.name; #{text.inspect}; end`\n"
-                ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn message
-
-                class_eval <<-RUBY_EVAL, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-                  def self.name
-                    "#{text}"
-                  end
-                RUBY_EVAL
-              end
-            end
-          end
-
-        end
-      end
-
       unless defined?(Spec)
         # Helper to define a test method using a String. Under the hood, it replaces
         # spaces with underscores and defines the test method.
@@ -34,7 +10,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         #   end
         def test(name, &block)
           test_name = "test_#{name.gsub(/\s+/,'_')}".to_sym
-          defined = instance_method(test_name) rescue false
+          defined = method_defined? test_name
           raise "#{test_name} is already defined in #{self}" if defined
           if block_given?
             define_method(test_name, &block)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/deprecation.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/deprecation.rb
index 6c94c611b6..5dfa14eeba 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/deprecation.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/deprecation.rb
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ require 'active_support/deprecation'
 module ActiveSupport
   module Testing
     module Deprecation #:nodoc:
-      def assert_deprecated(match = nil, &block)
-        result, warnings = collect_deprecations(&block)
+      def assert_deprecated(match = nil, deprecator = nil, &block)
+        result, warnings = collect_deprecations(deprecator, &block)
         assert !warnings.empty?, "Expected a deprecation warning within the block but received none"
         if match
           match = Regexp.new(Regexp.escape(match)) unless match.is_a?(Regexp)
@@ -13,22 +13,23 @@ module ActiveSupport
         result
       end
 
-      def assert_not_deprecated(&block)
-        result, deprecations = collect_deprecations(&block)
+      def assert_not_deprecated(deprecator = nil, &block)
+        result, deprecations = collect_deprecations(deprecator, &block)
         assert deprecations.empty?, "Expected no deprecation warning within the block but received #{deprecations.size}: \n  #{deprecations * "\n  "}"
         result
       end
 
-      def collect_deprecations
-        old_behavior = ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior
+      def collect_deprecations(deprecator = nil)
+        deprecator ||= ActiveSupport::Deprecation
+        old_behavior = deprecator.behavior
         deprecations = []
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior = Proc.new do |message, callstack|
+        deprecator.behavior = Proc.new do |message, callstack|
           deprecations << message
         end
         result = yield
         [result, deprecations]
       ensure
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior = old_behavior
+        deprecator.behavior = old_behavior
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/file_fixtures.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/file_fixtures.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..affb84cda5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/file_fixtures.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+module ActiveSupport
+  module Testing
+    # Adds simple access to sample files called file fixtures.
+    # File fixtures are normal files stored in
+    # <tt>ActiveSupport::TestCase.file_fixture_path</tt>.
+    #
+    # File fixtures are represented as +Pathname+ objects.
+    # This makes it easy to extract specific information:
+    #
+    #   file_fixture("example.txt").read # get the file's content
+    #   file_fixture("example.mp3").size # get the file size
+    module FileFixtures
+      extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+      included do
+        class_attribute :file_fixture_path, instance_writer: false
+      end
+
+      # Returns a +Pathname+ to the fixture file named +fixture_name+.
+      #
+      # Raises +ArgumentError+ if +fixture_name+ can't be found.
+      def file_fixture(fixture_name)
+        path = Pathname.new(File.join(file_fixture_path, fixture_name))
+
+        if path.exist?
+          path
+        else
+          msg = "the directory '%s' does not contain a file named '%s'"
+          raise ArgumentError, msg % [file_fixture_path, fixture_name]
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/isolation.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/isolation.rb
index 908af176be..edf8b30a0a 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/isolation.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/isolation.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-require 'rbconfig'
-
 module ActiveSupport
   module Testing
     module Isolation
@@ -12,7 +10,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       def self.forking_env?
-        !ENV["NO_FORK"] && ((RbConfig::CONFIG['host_os'] !~ /mswin|mingw/) && (RUBY_PLATFORM !~ /java/))
+        !ENV["NO_FORK"] && Process.respond_to?(:fork)
       end
 
       @@class_setup_mutex = Mutex.new
@@ -43,7 +41,23 @@ module ActiveSupport
           pid = fork do
             read.close
             yield
-            write.puts [Marshal.dump(self.dup)].pack("m")
+            begin
+              if error?
+                failures.map! { |e|
+                  begin
+                    Marshal.dump e
+                    e
+                  rescue TypeError
+                    ex = Exception.new e.message
+                    ex.set_backtrace e.backtrace
+                    Minitest::UnexpectedError.new ex
+                  end
+                }
+              end
+              result = Marshal.dump(self.dup)
+            end
+
+            write.puts [result].pack("m")
             exit!
           end
 
@@ -70,14 +84,24 @@ module ActiveSupport
             exit!
           else
             Tempfile.open("isolation") do |tmpfile|
-              ENV["ISOLATION_TEST"]   = self.class.name
-              ENV["ISOLATION_OUTPUT"] = tmpfile.path
+              env = {
+                'ISOLATION_TEST' => self.class.name,
+                'ISOLATION_OUTPUT' => tmpfile.path
+              }
 
               load_paths = $-I.map {|p| "-I\"#{File.expand_path(p)}\"" }.join(" ")
-              `#{Gem.ruby} #{load_paths} #{$0} #{ORIG_ARGV.join(" ")}`
-
-              ENV.delete("ISOLATION_TEST")
-              ENV.delete("ISOLATION_OUTPUT")
+              orig_args = ORIG_ARGV.join(" ")
+              test_opts = "-n#{self.class.name}##{self.name}"
+              command = "#{Gem.ruby} #{load_paths} #{$0} '#{orig_args}' #{test_opts}"
+
+              # IO.popen lets us pass env in a cross-platform way
+              child = IO.popen(env, command)
+
+              begin
+                Process.wait(child.pid)
+              rescue Errno::ECHILD # The child process may exit before we wait
+                nil
+              end
 
               return tmpfile.read.unpack("m")[0]
             end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/method_call_assertions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/method_call_assertions.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fccaa54f40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/method_call_assertions.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+require 'minitest/mock'
+
+module ActiveSupport
+  module Testing
+    module MethodCallAssertions # :nodoc:
+      private
+        def assert_called(object, method_name, message = nil, times: 1, returns: nil)
+          times_called = 0
+
+          object.stub(method_name, proc { times_called += 1; returns }) { yield }
+
+          error = "Expected #{method_name} to be called #{times} times, " \
+            "but was called #{times_called} times"
+          error = "#{message}.\n#{error}" if message
+          assert_equal times, times_called, error
+        end
+
+        def assert_called_with(object, method_name, args = [], returns: nil)
+          mock = Minitest::Mock.new
+
+          if args.all? { |arg| arg.is_a?(Array) }
+            args.each { |arg| mock.expect(:call, returns, arg) }
+          else
+            mock.expect(:call, returns, args)
+          end
+
+          object.stub(method_name, mock) { yield }
+
+          mock.verify
+        end
+
+        def assert_not_called(object, method_name, message = nil, &block)
+          assert_called(object, method_name, message, times: 0, &block)
+        end
+
+        def stub_any_instance(klass, instance: klass.new)
+          klass.stub(:new, instance) { yield instance }
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/stream.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/stream.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..895192ad05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/stream.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+module ActiveSupport
+  module Testing
+    module Stream #:nodoc:
+      private
+
+      def silence_stream(stream)
+        old_stream = stream.dup
+        stream.reopen(IO::NULL)
+        stream.sync = true
+        yield
+      ensure
+        stream.reopen(old_stream)
+        old_stream.close
+      end
+
+      def quietly
+        silence_stream(STDOUT) do
+          silence_stream(STDERR) do
+            yield
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def capture(stream)
+        stream = stream.to_s
+        captured_stream = Tempfile.new(stream)
+        stream_io = eval("$#{stream}")
+        origin_stream = stream_io.dup
+        stream_io.reopen(captured_stream)
+
+        yield
+
+        stream_io.rewind
+        return captured_stream.read
+      ensure
+        captured_stream.close
+        captured_stream.unlink
+        stream_io.reopen(origin_stream)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/tagged_logging.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/tagged_logging.rb
index f4cee64091..843ce4a867 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/tagged_logging.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/tagged_logging.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       attr_writer :tagged_logger
 
       def before_setup
-        if tagged_logger
+        if tagged_logger && tagged_logger.info?
           heading = "#{self.class}: #{name}"
           divider = '-' * heading.size
           tagged_logger.info divider
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/time_helpers.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/time_helpers.rb
index eefa84262e..fca0947c5b 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/time_helpers.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/time_helpers.rb
@@ -39,15 +39,16 @@ module ActiveSupport
         end
     end
 
-    # Containing helpers that helps you test passage of time.
+    # Contains helpers that help you test passage of time.
     module TimeHelpers
       # Changes current time to the time in the future or in the past by a given time difference by
-      # stubbing +Time.now+ and +Date.today+.
+      # stubbing +Time.now+, +Date.today+, and +DateTime.now+.
       #
-      #   Time.current # => Sat, 09 Nov 2013 15:34:49 EST -05:00
+      #   Time.current     # => Sat, 09 Nov 2013 15:34:49 EST -05:00
       #   travel 1.day
-      #   Time.current # => Sun, 10 Nov 2013 15:34:49 EST -05:00
-      #   Date.current # => Sun, 10 Nov 2013
+      #   Time.current     # => Sun, 10 Nov 2013 15:34:49 EST -05:00
+      #   Date.current     # => Sun, 10 Nov 2013
+      #   DateTime.current # => Sun, 10 Nov 2013 15:34:49 -0500
       #
       # This method also accepts a block, which will return the current time back to its original
       # state at the end of the block:
@@ -61,13 +62,14 @@ module ActiveSupport
         travel_to Time.now + duration, &block
       end
 
-      # Changes current time to the given time by stubbing +Time.now+ and
-      # +Date.today+ to return the time or date passed into this method.
+      # Changes current time to the given time by stubbing +Time.now+,
+      # +Date.today+, and +DateTime.now+ to return the time or date passed into this method.
       #
-      #   Time.current # => Sat, 09 Nov 2013 15:34:49 EST -05:00
+      #   Time.current     # => Sat, 09 Nov 2013 15:34:49 EST -05:00
       #   travel_to Time.new(2004, 11, 24, 01, 04, 44)
-      #   Time.current # => Wed, 24 Nov 2004 01:04:44 EST -05:00
-      #   Date.current # => Wed, 24 Nov 2004
+      #   Time.current     # => Wed, 24 Nov 2004 01:04:44 EST -05:00
+      #   Date.current     # => Wed, 24 Nov 2004
+      #   DateTime.current # => Wed, 24 Nov 2004 01:04:44 -0500
       #
       # Dates are taken as their timestamp at the beginning of the day in the
       # application time zone. <tt>Time.current</tt> returns said timestamp,
@@ -78,6 +80,10 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # or <tt>Date.today</tt>, in order to honor the application time zone
       # please always use <tt>Time.current</tt> and <tt>Date.current</tt>.)
       #
+      # Note that the usec for the time passed will be set to 0 to prevent rounding
+      # errors with external services, like MySQL (which will round instead of floor,
+      # leading to off-by-one-second errors).
+      #
       # This method also accepts a block, which will return the current time back to its original
       # state at the end of the block:
       #
@@ -86,19 +92,20 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #     Time.current # => Wed, 24 Nov 2004 01:04:44 EST -05:00
       #   end
       #   Time.current # => Sat, 09 Nov 2013 15:34:49 EST -05:00
-      def travel_to(date_or_time, &block)
+      def travel_to(date_or_time)
         if date_or_time.is_a?(Date) && !date_or_time.is_a?(DateTime)
           now = date_or_time.midnight.to_time
         else
-          now = date_or_time.to_time
+          now = date_or_time.to_time.change(usec: 0)
         end
 
         simple_stubs.stub_object(Time, :now, now)
         simple_stubs.stub_object(Date, :today, now.to_date)
+        simple_stubs.stub_object(DateTime, :now, now.to_datetime)
 
         if block_given?
           begin
-            block.call
+            yield
           ensure
             travel_back
           end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/time.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/time.rb
index 92a593965e..ea2d3391bd 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/time.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/time.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-require 'active_support'
-
 module ActiveSupport
   autoload :Duration, 'active_support/duration'
   autoload :TimeWithZone, 'active_support/time_with_zone'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/time_with_zone.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/time_with_zone.rb
index c25c97cfa8..79cc748cf5 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/time_with_zone.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/time_with_zone.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+require 'active_support/duration'
 require 'active_support/values/time_zone'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/acts_like'
 
@@ -13,7 +14,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
   #   Time.zone = 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)'        # => 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)'
   #   Time.zone.local(2007, 2, 10, 15, 30, 45)        # => Sat, 10 Feb 2007 15:30:45 EST -05:00
   #   Time.zone.parse('2007-02-10 15:30:45')          # => Sat, 10 Feb 2007 15:30:45 EST -05:00
-  #   Time.zone.at(1170361845)                        # => Sat, 10 Feb 2007 15:30:45 EST -05:00
+  #   Time.zone.at(1171139445)                        # => Sat, 10 Feb 2007 15:30:45 EST -05:00
   #   Time.zone.now                                   # => Sun, 18 May 2008 13:07:55 EDT -04:00
   #   Time.utc(2007, 2, 10, 20, 30, 45).in_time_zone  # => Sat, 10 Feb 2007 15:30:45 EST -05:00
   #
@@ -40,6 +41,9 @@ module ActiveSupport
       'Time'
     end
 
+    PRECISIONS = Hash.new { |h, n| h[n] = "%FT%T.%#{n}N".freeze }
+    PRECISIONS[0] = '%FT%T'.freeze
+
     include Comparable
     attr_reader :time_zone
 
@@ -75,8 +79,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
     # Returns a <tt>Time.local()</tt> instance of the simultaneous time in your
     # system's <tt>ENV['TZ']</tt> zone.
-    def localtime
-      utc.respond_to?(:getlocal) ? utc.getlocal : utc.to_time.getlocal
+    def localtime(utc_offset = nil)
+      utc.respond_to?(:getlocal) ? utc.getlocal(utc_offset) : utc.to_time.getlocal(utc_offset)
     end
     alias_method :getlocal, :localtime
 
@@ -98,7 +102,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #   Time.zone = 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)'    # => 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)'
     #   Time.zone.now.utc?                          # => false
     def utc?
-      time_zone.name == 'UTC'
+      period.offset.abbreviation == :UTC || period.offset.abbreviation == :UCT
     end
     alias_method :gmt?, :utc?
 
@@ -121,22 +125,27 @@ module ActiveSupport
       utc? && alternate_utc_string || TimeZone.seconds_to_utc_offset(utc_offset, colon)
     end
 
-    # Time uses +zone+ to display the time zone abbreviation, so we're
-    # duck-typing it.
+    # Returns the time zone abbreviation.
+    #
+    #   Time.zone = 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)'   # => "Eastern Time (US & Canada)"
+    #   Time.zone.now.zone # => "EST"
     def zone
       period.zone_identifier.to_s
     end
 
+    # Returns a string of the object's date, time, zone and offset from UTC.
+    #
+    #   Time.zone.now.inspect # => "Thu, 04 Dec 2014 11:00:25 EST -05:00"
     def inspect
       "#{time.strftime('%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S')} #{zone} #{formatted_offset}"
     end
 
+    # Returns a string of the object's date and time in the ISO 8601 standard
+    # format.
+    #
+    #   Time.zone.now.xmlschema  # => "2014-12-04T11:02:37-05:00"
     def xmlschema(fraction_digits = 0)
-      fraction = if fraction_digits.to_i > 0
-        (".%06i" % time.usec)[0, fraction_digits.to_i + 1]
-      end
-
-      "#{time.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S")}#{fraction}#{formatted_offset(true, 'Z')}"
+      "#{time.strftime(PRECISIONS[fraction_digits.to_i])}#{formatted_offset(true, 'Z'.freeze)}"
     end
     alias_method :iso8601, :xmlschema
 
@@ -160,12 +169,13 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
     end
 
-    def encode_with(coder)
-      if coder.respond_to?(:represent_object)
-        coder.represent_object(nil, utc)
-      else
-        coder.represent_scalar(nil, utc.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%9NZ"))
-      end
+    def init_with(coder) #:nodoc:
+      initialize(coder['utc'], coder['zone'], coder['time'])
+    end
+
+    def encode_with(coder) #:nodoc:
+      coder.tag = '!ruby/object:ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone'
+      coder.map = { 'utc' => utc, 'zone' => time_zone, 'time' => time }
     end
 
     # Returns a string of the object's date and time in the format used by
@@ -185,28 +195,27 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
     alias_method :rfc822, :rfc2822
 
-    # <tt>:db</tt> format outputs time in UTC; all others output time in local.
-    # Uses TimeWithZone's +strftime+, so <tt>%Z</tt> and <tt>%z</tt> work correctly.
+    # Returns a string of the object's date and time.
+    # Accepts an optional <tt>format</tt>:
+    # * <tt>:default</tt> - default value, mimics Ruby Time#to_s format.
+    # * <tt>:db</tt> - format outputs time in UTC :db time. See Time#to_formatted_s(:db).
+    # * Any key in <tt>Time::DATE_FORMATS</tt> can be used. See active_support/core_ext/time/conversions.rb.
     def to_s(format = :default)
       if format == :db
         utc.to_s(format)
       elsif formatter = ::Time::DATE_FORMATS[format]
         formatter.respond_to?(:call) ? formatter.call(self).to_s : strftime(formatter)
       else
-        "#{time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")} #{formatted_offset(false, 'UTC')}" # mimicking Ruby 1.9 Time#to_s format
+        "#{time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")} #{formatted_offset(false, 'UTC')}" # mimicking Ruby Time#to_s format
       end
     end
     alias_method :to_formatted_s, :to_s
 
-    # Replaces <tt>%Z</tt> and <tt>%z</tt> directives with +zone+ and
-    # +formatted_offset+, respectively, before passing to Time#strftime, so
-    # that zone information is correct
+    # Replaces <tt>%Z</tt> directive with +zone before passing to Time#strftime,
+    # so that zone information is correct.
     def strftime(format)
-      format = format.gsub('%Z', zone)
-                     .gsub('%z',   formatted_offset(false))
-                     .gsub('%:z',  formatted_offset(true))
-                     .gsub('%::z', formatted_offset(true) + ":00")
-      time.strftime(format)
+      format = format.gsub(/((?:\A|[^%])(?:%%)*)%Z/, "\\1#{zone}")
+      getlocal(utc_offset).strftime(format)
     end
 
     # Use the time in UTC for comparisons.
@@ -236,17 +245,32 @@ module ActiveSupport
       utc.future?
     end
 
+    # Returns +true+ if +other+ is equal to current object.
     def eql?(other)
-      utc.eql?(other)
+      other.eql?(utc)
     end
 
     def hash
       utc.hash
     end
 
+    # Adds an interval of time to the current object's time and returns that
+    # value as a new TimeWithZone object.
+    #
+    #   Time.zone = 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)' # => 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)'
+    #   now = Time.zone.now # => Sun, 02 Nov 2014 01:26:28 EDT -04:00
+    #   now + 1000          # => Sun, 02 Nov 2014 01:43:08 EDT -04:00
+    #
+    # If we're adding a Duration of variable length (i.e., years, months, days),
+    # move forward from #time, otherwise move forward from #utc, for accuracy
+    # when moving across DST boundaries.
+    #
+    # For instance, a time + 24.hours will advance exactly 24 hours, while a
+    # time + 1.day will advance 23-25 hours, depending on the day.
+    #
+    #   now + 24.hours      # => Mon, 03 Nov 2014 00:26:28 EST -05:00
+    #   now + 1.day         # => Mon, 03 Nov 2014 01:26:28 EST -05:00
     def +(other)
-      # If we're adding a Duration of variable length (i.e., years, months, days), move forward from #time,
-      # otherwise move forward from #utc, for accuracy when moving across DST boundaries
       if duration_of_variable_length?(other)
         method_missing(:+, other)
       else
@@ -254,12 +278,27 @@ module ActiveSupport
         result.in_time_zone(time_zone)
       end
     end
+    alias_method :since, :+
 
+    # Returns a new TimeWithZone object that represents the difference between
+    # the current object's time and the +other+ time.
+    #
+    #   Time.zone = 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)' # => 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)'
+    #   now = Time.zone.now # => Mon, 03 Nov 2014 00:26:28 EST -05:00
+    #   now - 1000          # => Mon, 03 Nov 2014 00:09:48 EST -05:00
+    #
+    # If subtracting a Duration of variable length (i.e., years, months, days),
+    # move backward from #time, otherwise move backward from #utc, for accuracy
+    # when moving across DST boundaries.
+    #
+    # For instance, a time - 24.hours will go subtract exactly 24 hours, while a
+    # time - 1.day will subtract 23-25 hours, depending on the day.
+    #
+    #   now - 24.hours      # => Sun, 02 Nov 2014 01:26:28 EDT -04:00
+    #   now - 1.day         # => Sun, 02 Nov 2014 00:26:28 EDT -04:00
     def -(other)
-      # If we're subtracting a Duration of variable length (i.e., years, months, days), move backwards from #time,
-      # otherwise move backwards #utc, for accuracy when moving across DST boundaries
       if other.acts_like?(:time)
-        utc.to_f - other.to_f
+        to_time - other.to_time
       elsif duration_of_variable_length?(other)
         method_missing(:-, other)
       else
@@ -268,20 +307,48 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
     end
 
-    def since(other)
-      # If we're adding a Duration of variable length (i.e., years, months, days), move forward from #time,
-      # otherwise move forward from #utc, for accuracy when moving across DST boundaries
-      if duration_of_variable_length?(other)
-        method_missing(:since, other)
-      else
-        utc.since(other).in_time_zone(time_zone)
-      end
-    end
-
+    # Subtracts an interval of time from the current object's time and returns
+    # the result as a new TimeWithZone object.
+    #
+    #   Time.zone = 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)' # => 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)'
+    #   now = Time.zone.now # => Mon, 03 Nov 2014 00:26:28 EST -05:00
+    #   now.ago(1000)       # => Mon, 03 Nov 2014 00:09:48 EST -05:00
+    #
+    # If we're subtracting a Duration of variable length (i.e., years, months,
+    # days), move backward from #time, otherwise move backward from #utc, for
+    # accuracy when moving across DST boundaries.
+    #
+    # For instance, <tt>time.ago(24.hours)</tt> will move back exactly 24 hours,
+    # while <tt>time.ago(1.day)</tt> will move back 23-25 hours, depending on
+    # the day.
+    #
+    #   now.ago(24.hours)   # => Sun, 02 Nov 2014 01:26:28 EDT -04:00
+    #   now.ago(1.day)      # => Sun, 02 Nov 2014 00:26:28 EDT -04:00
     def ago(other)
       since(-other)
     end
 
+    # Uses Date to provide precise Time calculations for years, months, and days
+    # according to the proleptic Gregorian calendar. The result is returned as a
+    # new TimeWithZone object.
+    #
+    # The +options+ parameter takes a hash with any of these keys:
+    # <tt>:years</tt>, <tt>:months</tt>, <tt>:weeks</tt>, <tt>:days</tt>,
+    # <tt>:hours</tt>, <tt>:minutes</tt>, <tt>:seconds</tt>.
+    #
+    # If advancing by a value of variable length (i.e., years, weeks, months,
+    # days), move forward from #time, otherwise move forward from #utc, for
+    # accuracy when moving across DST boundaries.
+    #
+    #   Time.zone = 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)' # => 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)'
+    #   now = Time.zone.now # => Sun, 02 Nov 2014 01:26:28 EDT -04:00
+    #   now.advance(seconds: 1) # => Sun, 02 Nov 2014 01:26:29 EDT -04:00
+    #   now.advance(minutes: 1) # => Sun, 02 Nov 2014 01:27:28 EDT -04:00
+    #   now.advance(hours: 1)   # => Sun, 02 Nov 2014 01:26:28 EST -05:00
+    #   now.advance(days: 1)    # => Mon, 03 Nov 2014 01:26:28 EST -05:00
+    #   now.advance(weeks: 1)   # => Sun, 09 Nov 2014 01:26:28 EST -05:00
+    #   now.advance(months: 1)  # => Tue, 02 Dec 2014 01:26:28 EST -05:00
+    #   now.advance(years: 1)   # => Mon, 02 Nov 2015 01:26:28 EST -05:00
     def advance(options)
       # If we're advancing a value of variable length (i.e., years, weeks, months, days), advance from #time,
       # otherwise advance from #utc, for accuracy when moving across DST boundaries
@@ -300,28 +367,49 @@ module ActiveSupport
       EOV
     end
 
+    # Returns Array of parts of Time in sequence of
+    # [seconds, minutes, hours, day, month, year, weekday, yearday, dst?, zone].
+    #
+    #   now = Time.zone.now     # => Tue, 18 Aug 2015 02:29:27 UTC +00:00
+    #   now.to_a                # => [27, 29, 2, 18, 8, 2015, 2, 230, false, "UTC"]
     def to_a
       [time.sec, time.min, time.hour, time.day, time.mon, time.year, time.wday, time.yday, dst?, zone]
     end
 
+    # Returns the object's date and time as a floating point number of seconds
+    # since the Epoch (January 1, 1970 00:00 UTC).
+    #
+    #   Time.zone.now.to_f # => 1417709320.285418
     def to_f
       utc.to_f
     end
 
+    # Returns the object's date and time as an integer number of seconds
+    # since the Epoch (January 1, 1970 00:00 UTC).
+    #
+    #   Time.zone.now.to_i # => 1417709320
     def to_i
       utc.to_i
     end
     alias_method :tv_sec, :to_i
 
+    # Returns the object's date and time as a rational number of seconds
+    # since the Epoch (January 1, 1970 00:00 UTC).
+    #
+    #   Time.zone.now.to_r # => (708854548642709/500000)
     def to_r
       utc.to_r
     end
 
-    # Return an instance of Time in the system timezone.
+    # Returns an instance of Time in the system timezone.
     def to_time
       utc.to_time
     end
 
+    # Returns an instance of DateTime with the timezone's UTC offset
+    #
+    #   Time.zone.now.to_datetime                         # => Tue, 18 Aug 2015 02:32:20 +0000
+    #   Time.current.in_time_zone('Hawaii').to_datetime   # => Mon, 17 Aug 2015 16:32:20 -1000
     def to_datetime
       utc.to_datetime.new_offset(Rational(utc_offset, 86_400))
     end
@@ -337,6 +425,11 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
     alias_method :kind_of?, :is_a?
 
+    # An instance of ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone is never blank
+    def blank?
+      false
+    end
+
     def freeze
       period; utc; time # preload instance variables before freezing
       super
@@ -350,6 +443,14 @@ module ActiveSupport
       initialize(variables[0].utc, ::Time.find_zone(variables[1]), variables[2].utc)
     end
 
+    # respond_to_missing? is not called in some cases, such as when type conversion is
+    # performed with Kernel#String
+    def respond_to?(sym, include_priv = false)
+      # ensure that we're not going to throw and rescue from NoMethodError in method_missing which is slow
+      return false if sym.to_sym == :to_str
+      super
+    end
+
     # Ensure proxy class responds to all methods that underlying time instance
     # responds to.
     def respond_to_missing?(sym, include_priv)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/values/time_zone.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/values/time_zone.rb
index eb785d46ce..7ca3592520 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/values/time_zone.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/values/time_zone.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 require 'tzinfo'
-require 'thread_safe'
+require 'concurrent/map'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/try'
 
@@ -23,15 +23,9 @@ module ActiveSupport
   #     config.time_zone = 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)'
   #   end
   #
-  #   Time.zone      # => #<TimeZone:0x514834...>
+  #   Time.zone      # => #<ActiveSupport::TimeZone:0x514834...>
   #   Time.zone.name # => "Eastern Time (US & Canada)"
   #   Time.zone.now  # => Sun, 18 May 2008 14:30:44 EDT -04:00
-  #
-  # The version of TZInfo bundled with Active Support only includes the
-  # definitions necessary to support the zones defined by the TimeZone class.
-  # If you need to use zones that aren't defined by TimeZone, you'll need to
-  # install the TZInfo gem (if a recent version of the gem is installed locally,
-  # this will be used instead of the bundled version.)
   class TimeZone
     # Keys are Rails TimeZone names, values are TZInfo identifiers.
     MAPPING = {
@@ -92,7 +86,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
       "Paris"                        => "Europe/Paris",
       "Amsterdam"                    => "Europe/Amsterdam",
       "Berlin"                       => "Europe/Berlin",
-      "Bern"                         => "Europe/Berlin",
+      "Bern"                         => "Europe/Zurich",
+      "Zurich"                       => "Europe/Zurich",
       "Rome"                         => "Europe/Rome",
       "Stockholm"                    => "Europe/Stockholm",
       "Vienna"                       => "Europe/Vienna",
@@ -111,9 +106,11 @@ module ActiveSupport
       "Jerusalem"                    => "Asia/Jerusalem",
       "Harare"                       => "Africa/Harare",
       "Pretoria"                     => "Africa/Johannesburg",
+      "Kaliningrad"                  => "Europe/Kaliningrad",
       "Moscow"                       => "Europe/Moscow",
       "St. Petersburg"               => "Europe/Moscow",
-      "Volgograd"                    => "Europe/Moscow",
+      "Volgograd"                    => "Europe/Volgograd",
+      "Samara"                       => "Europe/Samara",
       "Kuwait"                       => "Asia/Kuwait",
       "Riyadh"                       => "Asia/Riyadh",
       "Nairobi"                      => "Africa/Nairobi",
@@ -170,6 +167,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       "Guam"                         => "Pacific/Guam",
       "Port Moresby"                 => "Pacific/Port_Moresby",
       "Magadan"                      => "Asia/Magadan",
+      "Srednekolymsk"                => "Asia/Srednekolymsk",
       "Solomon Is."                  => "Pacific/Guadalcanal",
       "New Caledonia"                => "Pacific/Noumea",
       "Fiji"                         => "Pacific/Fiji",
@@ -184,20 +182,77 @@ module ActiveSupport
     }
 
     UTC_OFFSET_WITH_COLON = '%s%02d:%02d'
-    UTC_OFFSET_WITHOUT_COLON = UTC_OFFSET_WITH_COLON.sub(':', '')
+    UTC_OFFSET_WITHOUT_COLON = UTC_OFFSET_WITH_COLON.tr(':', '')
 
-    @lazy_zones_map = ThreadSafe::Cache.new
+    @lazy_zones_map = Concurrent::Map.new
 
-    # Assumes self represents an offset from UTC in seconds (as returned from
-    # Time#utc_offset) and turns this into an +HH:MM formatted string.
-    #
-    #   TimeZone.seconds_to_utc_offset(-21_600) # => "-06:00"
-    def self.seconds_to_utc_offset(seconds, colon = true)
-      format = colon ? UTC_OFFSET_WITH_COLON : UTC_OFFSET_WITHOUT_COLON
-      sign = (seconds < 0 ? '-' : '+')
-      hours = seconds.abs / 3600
-      minutes = (seconds.abs % 3600) / 60
-      format % [sign, hours, minutes]
+    class << self
+      # Assumes self represents an offset from UTC in seconds (as returned from
+      # Time#utc_offset) and turns this into an +HH:MM formatted string.
+      #
+      #   ActiveSupport::TimeZone.seconds_to_utc_offset(-21_600) # => "-06:00"
+      def seconds_to_utc_offset(seconds, colon = true)
+        format = colon ? UTC_OFFSET_WITH_COLON : UTC_OFFSET_WITHOUT_COLON
+        sign = (seconds < 0 ? '-' : '+')
+        hours = seconds.abs / 3600
+        minutes = (seconds.abs % 3600) / 60
+        format % [sign, hours, minutes]
+      end
+
+      def find_tzinfo(name)
+        TZInfo::Timezone.new(MAPPING[name] || name)
+      end
+
+      alias_method :create, :new
+
+      # Returns a TimeZone instance with the given name, or +nil+ if no
+      # such TimeZone instance exists. (This exists to support the use of
+      # this class with the +composed_of+ macro.)
+      def new(name)
+        self[name]
+      end
+
+      # Returns an array of all TimeZone objects. There are multiple
+      # TimeZone objects per time zone, in many cases, to make it easier
+      # for users to find their own time zone.
+      def all
+        @zones ||= zones_map.values.sort
+      end
+
+      # Locate a specific time zone object. If the argument is a string, it
+      # is interpreted to mean the name of the timezone to locate. If it is a
+      # numeric value it is either the hour offset, or the second offset, of the
+      # timezone to find. (The first one with that offset will be returned.)
+      # Returns +nil+ if no such time zone is known to the system.
+      def [](arg)
+        case arg
+          when String
+          begin
+            @lazy_zones_map[arg] ||= create(arg)
+          rescue TZInfo::InvalidTimezoneIdentifier
+            nil
+          end
+          when Numeric, ActiveSupport::Duration
+            arg *= 3600 if arg.abs <= 13
+            all.find { |z| z.utc_offset == arg.to_i }
+          else
+            raise ArgumentError, "invalid argument to TimeZone[]: #{arg.inspect}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      # A convenience method for returning a collection of TimeZone objects
+      # for time zones in the USA.
+      def us_zones
+        @us_zones ||= all.find_all { |z| z.name =~ /US|Arizona|Indiana|Hawaii|Alaska/ }
+      end
+
+      private
+        def zones_map
+          @zones_map ||= begin
+            MAPPING.each_key {|place| self[place]} # load all the zones
+            @lazy_zones_map
+          end
+        end
     end
 
     include Comparable
@@ -220,13 +275,17 @@ module ActiveSupport
       if @utc_offset
         @utc_offset
       else
-        @current_period ||= tzinfo.try(:current_period)
-        @current_period.try(:utc_offset)
+        @current_period ||= tzinfo.current_period if tzinfo
+        @current_period.utc_offset if @current_period
       end
     end
 
-    # Returns the offset of this time zone as a formatted string, of the
-    # format "+HH:MM".
+    # Returns a formatted string of the offset from UTC, or an alternative
+    # string if the time zone is already UTC.
+    #
+    #   zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Central Time (US & Canada)']
+    #   zone.formatted_offset        # => "-06:00"
+    #   zone.formatted_offset(false) # => "-0600"
     def formatted_offset(colon=true, alternate_utc_string = nil)
       utc_offset == 0 && alternate_utc_string || self.class.seconds_to_utc_offset(utc_offset, colon)
     end
@@ -282,25 +341,37 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #
     #   Time.zone.now               # => Fri, 31 Dec 1999 14:00:00 HST -10:00
     #   Time.zone.parse('22:30:00') # => Fri, 31 Dec 1999 22:30:00 HST -10:00
-    def parse(str, now=now)
-      parts = Date._parse(str, false)
-      return if parts.empty?
-
-      time = Time.new(
-        parts.fetch(:year, now.year),
-        parts.fetch(:mon, now.month),
-        parts.fetch(:mday, now.day),
-        parts.fetch(:hour, 0),
-        parts.fetch(:min, 0),
-        parts.fetch(:sec, 0) + parts.fetch(:sec_fraction, 0),
-        parts.fetch(:offset, 0)
-      )
-
-      if parts[:offset]
-        TimeWithZone.new(time.utc, self)
-      else
-        TimeWithZone.new(nil, self, time)
-      end
+    #
+    # However, if the date component is not provided, but any other upper
+    # components are supplied, then the day of the month defaults to 1:
+    #
+    #   Time.zone.parse('Mar 2000') # => Wed, 01 Mar 2000 00:00:00 HST -10:00
+    def parse(str, now=now())
+      parts_to_time(Date._parse(str, false), now)
+    end
+
+    # Parses +str+ according to +format+ and returns an ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.
+    #
+    # Assumes that +str+ is a time in the time zone +self+,
+    # unless +format+ includes an explicit time zone.
+    # (This is the same behavior as +parse+.)
+    # In either case, the returned TimeWithZone has the timezone of +self+.
+    #
+    #   Time.zone = 'Hawaii'                   # => "Hawaii"
+    #   Time.zone.strptime('1999-12-31 14:00:00', '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S') # => Fri, 31 Dec 1999 14:00:00 HST -10:00
+    #
+    # If upper components are missing from the string, they are supplied from
+    # TimeZone#now:
+    #
+    #   Time.zone.now                              # => Fri, 31 Dec 1999 14:00:00 HST -10:00
+    #   Time.zone.strptime('22:30:00', '%H:%M:%S') # => Fri, 31 Dec 1999 22:30:00 HST -10:00
+    #
+    # However, if the date component is not provided, but any other upper
+    # components are supplied, then the day of the month defaults to 1:
+    #
+    #   Time.zone.strptime('Mar 2000', '%b %Y') # => Wed, 01 Mar 2000 00:00:00 HST -10:00
+    def strptime(str, format, now=now())
+      parts_to_time(DateTime._strptime(str, format), now)
     end
 
     # Returns an ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone instance representing the current
@@ -312,7 +383,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       time_now.utc.in_time_zone(self)
     end
 
-    # Return the current date in this time zone.
+    # Returns the current date in this time zone.
     def today
       tzinfo.now.to_date
     end
@@ -356,66 +427,38 @@ module ActiveSupport
       tzinfo.periods_for_local(time)
     end
 
-    def self.find_tzinfo(name)
-      TZInfo::TimezoneProxy.new(MAPPING[name] || name)
+    def init_with(coder) #:nodoc:
+      initialize(coder['name'])
     end
 
-    class << self
-      alias_method :create, :new
-
-      # Returns a TimeZone instance with the given name, or +nil+ if no
-      # such TimeZone instance exists. (This exists to support the use of
-      # this class with the +composed_of+ macro.)
-      def new(name)
-        self[name]
-      end
-
-      # Returns an array of all TimeZone objects. There are multiple
-      # TimeZone objects per time zone, in many cases, to make it easier
-      # for users to find their own time zone.
-      def all
-        @zones ||= zones_map.values.sort
-      end
-
-      def zones_map
-        @zones_map ||= begin
-          MAPPING.each_key {|place| self[place]} # load all the zones
-          @lazy_zones_map
-        end
-      end
+    def encode_with(coder) #:nodoc:
+      coder.tag ="!ruby/object:#{self.class}"
+      coder.map = { 'name' => tzinfo.name }
+    end
 
-      # Locate a specific time zone object. If the argument is a string, it
-      # is interpreted to mean the name of the timezone to locate. If it is a
-      # numeric value it is either the hour offset, or the second offset, of the
-      # timezone to find. (The first one with that offset will be returned.)
-      # Returns +nil+ if no such time zone is known to the system.
-      def [](arg)
-        case arg
-          when String
-          begin
-            @lazy_zones_map[arg] ||= create(arg).tap { |tz| tz.utc_offset }
-          rescue TZInfo::InvalidTimezoneIdentifier
-            nil
-          end
-          when Numeric, ActiveSupport::Duration
-            arg *= 3600 if arg.abs <= 13
-            all.find { |z| z.utc_offset == arg.to_i }
-          else
-            raise ArgumentError, "invalid argument to TimeZone[]: #{arg.inspect}"
+    private
+      def parts_to_time(parts, now)
+        return if parts.empty?
+
+        time = Time.new(
+          parts.fetch(:year, now.year),
+          parts.fetch(:mon, now.month),
+          parts.fetch(:mday, parts[:year] || parts[:mon] ? 1 : now.day),
+          parts.fetch(:hour, 0),
+          parts.fetch(:min, 0),
+          parts.fetch(:sec, 0) + parts.fetch(:sec_fraction, 0),
+          parts.fetch(:offset, 0)
+        )
+
+        if parts[:offset]
+          TimeWithZone.new(time.utc, self)
+        else
+          TimeWithZone.new(nil, self, time)
         end
       end
 
-      # A convenience method for returning a collection of TimeZone objects
-      # for time zones in the USA.
-      def us_zones
-        @us_zones ||= all.find_all { |z| z.name =~ /US|Arizona|Indiana|Hawaii|Alaska/ }
+      def time_now
+        Time.now
       end
-    end
-
-    private
-
-    def time_now
-      Time.now
-    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/values/unicode_tables.dat b/activesupport/lib/active_support/values/unicode_tables.dat
index 394ee95f4b..dd2c178fb6 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/values/unicode_tables.dat
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/values/unicode_tables.dat
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/version.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/version.rb
index 38f726ea34..fe03984546 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/version.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/version.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
+require_relative 'gem_version'
+
 module ActiveSupport
-  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActiveSupport as a Gem::Version
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActiveSupport as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
   def self.version
-    Gem::Version.new "4.2.0.alpha"
-  end
-
-  module VERSION #:nodoc:
-    MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE = ActiveSupport.version.segments
-    STRING = ActiveSupport.version.to_s
+    gem_version
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini.rb
index 009ee4db90..df7b081993 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini.rb
@@ -78,6 +78,9 @@ module ActiveSupport
       )
     end
 
+    attr_accessor :depth
+    self.depth = 100
+
     delegate :parse, :to => :backend
 
     def backend
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini/jdom.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini/jdom.rb
index 27c64c4dca..94751bbc04 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini/jdom.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini/jdom.rb
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         xml_string_reader = StringReader.new(data)
         xml_input_source = InputSource.new(xml_string_reader)
         doc = @dbf.new_document_builder.parse(xml_input_source)
-        merge_element!({CONTENT_KEY => ''}, doc.document_element)
+        merge_element!({CONTENT_KEY => ''}, doc.document_element, XmlMini.depth)
       end
     end
 
@@ -58,9 +58,10 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #   Hash to merge the converted element into.
     # element::
     #   XML element to merge into hash
-    def merge_element!(hash, element)
+    def merge_element!(hash, element, depth)
+      raise 'Document too deep!' if depth == 0
       delete_empty(hash)
-      merge!(hash, element.tag_name, collapse(element))
+      merge!(hash, element.tag_name, collapse(element, depth))
     end
 
     def delete_empty(hash)
@@ -71,14 +72,14 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #
     # element::
     #   The document element to be collapsed.
-    def collapse(element)
+    def collapse(element, depth)
       hash = get_attributes(element)
 
       child_nodes = element.child_nodes
       if child_nodes.length > 0
         (0...child_nodes.length).each do |i|
           child = child_nodes.item(i)
-          merge_element!(hash, child) unless child.node_type == Node.TEXT_NODE
+          merge_element!(hash, child, depth - 1) unless child.node_type == Node.TEXT_NODE
         end
         merge_texts!(hash, element) unless empty_content?(element)
         hash
@@ -141,7 +142,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       (0...attributes.length).each do |i|
          attribute_hash[CONTENT_KEY] ||= ''
          attribute_hash[attributes.item(i).name] =  attributes.item(i).value
-       end
+      end
       attribute_hash
     end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini/libxml.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini/libxml.rb
index 47a2824186..bb0ea9c582 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini/libxml.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini/libxml.rb
@@ -75,5 +75,5 @@ module LibXML #:nodoc:
   end
 end
 
-LibXML::XML::Document.send(:include, LibXML::Conversions::Document)
-LibXML::XML::Node.send(:include, LibXML::Conversions::Node)
+LibXML::XML::Document.include(LibXML::Conversions::Document)
+LibXML::XML::Node.include(LibXML::Conversions::Node)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini/nokogiri.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini/nokogiri.rb
index 7398d4fa82..619cc7522d 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini/nokogiri.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini/nokogiri.rb
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
     end
 
-    Nokogiri::XML::Document.send(:include, Conversions::Document)
-    Nokogiri::XML::Node.send(:include, Conversions::Node)
+    Nokogiri::XML::Document.include(Conversions::Document)
+    Nokogiri::XML::Node.include(Conversions::Node)
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini/rexml.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini/rexml.rb
index 5c7c78bf70..924ed72345 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini/rexml.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini/rexml.rb
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         doc = REXML::Document.new(data)
 
         if doc.root
-          merge_element!({}, doc.root)
+          merge_element!({}, doc.root, XmlMini.depth)
         else
           raise REXML::ParseException,
             "The document #{doc.to_s.inspect} does not have a valid root"
@@ -44,19 +44,20 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #   Hash to merge the converted element into.
       # element::
       #   XML element to merge into hash
-      def merge_element!(hash, element)
-        merge!(hash, element.name, collapse(element))
+      def merge_element!(hash, element, depth)
+        raise REXML::ParseException, "The document is too deep" if depth == 0
+        merge!(hash, element.name, collapse(element, depth))
       end
 
       # Actually converts an XML document element into a data structure.
       #
       # element::
       #   The document element to be collapsed.
-      def collapse(element)
+      def collapse(element, depth)
         hash = get_attributes(element)
 
         if element.has_elements?
-          element.each_element {|child| merge_element!(hash, child) }
+          element.each_element {|child| merge_element!(hash, child, depth - 1) }
           merge_texts!(hash, element) unless empty_content?(element)
           hash
         else
diff --git a/activesupport/test/abstract_unit.rb b/activesupport/test/abstract_unit.rb
index 0b393e0c7a..c0e23e89f7 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/abstract_unit.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/abstract_unit.rb
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ silence_warnings do
 end
 
 require 'active_support/testing/autorun'
+require 'active_support/testing/method_call_assertions'
 
 ENV['NO_RELOAD'] = '1'
 require 'active_support'
@@ -36,3 +37,7 @@ end
 def jruby_skip(message = '')
   skip message if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
 end
+
+class ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include ActiveSupport::Testing::MethodCallAssertions
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/array_inquirer_test.rb b/activesupport/test/array_inquirer_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..263ab3802b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/array_inquirer_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/array'
+
+class ArrayInquirerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @array_inquirer = ActiveSupport::ArrayInquirer.new([:mobile, :tablet, 'api'])
+  end
+
+  def test_individual
+    assert @array_inquirer.mobile?
+    assert @array_inquirer.tablet?
+    assert_not @array_inquirer.desktop?
+  end
+
+  def test_any
+    assert @array_inquirer.any?(:mobile, :desktop)
+    assert @array_inquirer.any?(:watch, :tablet)
+    assert_not @array_inquirer.any?(:desktop, :watch)
+  end
+
+  def test_any_string_symbol_mismatch
+    assert @array_inquirer.any?('mobile')
+    assert @array_inquirer.any?(:api)
+  end
+
+  def test_any_with_block
+    assert @array_inquirer.any? { |v| v == :mobile }
+    assert_not @array_inquirer.any? { |v| v == :desktop }
+  end
+
+  def test_respond_to
+    assert_respond_to @array_inquirer, :development?
+  end
+
+  def test_inquiry
+    result = [:mobile, :tablet, 'api'].inquiry
+
+    assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::ArrayInquirer, result
+    assert_equal @array_inquirer, result
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/autoload_test.rb b/activesupport/test/autoload_test.rb
index 7d02d835a8..c18b007612 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/autoload_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/autoload_test.rb
@@ -11,6 +11,11 @@ class TestAutoloadModule < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def setup
+    @some_class_path = File.expand_path("test/fixtures/autoload/some_class.rb")
+    @another_class_path = File.expand_path("test/fixtures/autoload/another_class.rb")
+  end
+
   test "the autoload module works like normal autoload" do
     module ::Fixtures::Autoload
       autoload :SomeClass, "fixtures/autoload/some_class"
@@ -21,10 +26,12 @@ class TestAutoloadModule < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   test "when specifying an :eager constant it still works like normal autoload by default" do
     module ::Fixtures::Autoload
-      autoload :SomeClass, "fixtures/autoload/some_class"
+      eager_autoload do
+        autoload :SomeClass, "fixtures/autoload/some_class"
+      end
     end
 
-    assert !$LOADED_FEATURES.include?("fixtures/autoload/some_class.rb")
+    assert !$LOADED_FEATURES.include?(@some_class_path)
     assert_nothing_raised { ::Fixtures::Autoload::SomeClass }
   end
 
@@ -33,16 +40,20 @@ class TestAutoloadModule < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       autoload :SomeClass
     end
 
-    assert !$LOADED_FEATURES.include?("fixtures/autoload/some_class.rb")
+    assert !$LOADED_FEATURES.include?(@some_class_path)
     assert_nothing_raised { ::Fixtures::Autoload::SomeClass }
   end
 
   test "the location of :eager autoloaded constants defaults to :name.underscore" do
     module ::Fixtures::Autoload
-      autoload :SomeClass
+      eager_autoload do
+        autoload :SomeClass
+      end
     end
 
+    assert !$LOADED_FEATURES.include?(@some_class_path)
     ::Fixtures::Autoload.eager_load!
+    assert $LOADED_FEATURES.include?(@some_class_path)
     assert_nothing_raised { ::Fixtures::Autoload::SomeClass }
   end
 
@@ -53,7 +64,7 @@ class TestAutoloadModule < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       end
     end
 
-    assert !$LOADED_FEATURES.include?("fixtures/autoload/another_class.rb")
+    assert !$LOADED_FEATURES.include?(@another_class_path)
     assert_nothing_raised { ::Fixtures::AnotherClass }
   end
 
@@ -64,7 +75,7 @@ class TestAutoloadModule < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       end
     end
 
-    assert !$LOADED_FEATURES.include?("fixtures/autoload/another_class.rb")
+    assert !$LOADED_FEATURES.include?(@another_class_path)
     assert_nothing_raised { ::Fixtures::AnotherClass }
   end
 end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activesupport/test/autoloading_fixtures/a/c/e/f.rb b/activesupport/test/autoloading_fixtures/a/c/e/f.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 57dba5a307..0000000000
--- a/activesupport/test/autoloading_fixtures/a/c/e/f.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-class A::C::E::F
-end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activesupport/test/autoloading_fixtures/a/c/em/f.rb b/activesupport/test/autoloading_fixtures/a/c/em/f.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8b28e19148
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/autoloading_fixtures/a/c/em/f.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+class A::C::EM::F
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activesupport/test/autoloading_fixtures/d.rb b/activesupport/test/autoloading_fixtures/d.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..45c794d4ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/autoloading_fixtures/d.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+class D
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activesupport/test/autoloading_fixtures/e.rb b/activesupport/test/autoloading_fixtures/e.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 2f59e4fb75..0000000000
--- a/activesupport/test/autoloading_fixtures/e.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-class E
-end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activesupport/test/autoloading_fixtures/em.rb b/activesupport/test/autoloading_fixtures/em.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..16a1838667
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/autoloading_fixtures/em.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+class EM
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activesupport/test/autoloading_fixtures/typo.rb b/activesupport/test/autoloading_fixtures/typo.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8e047f5fd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/autoloading_fixtures/typo.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+TypO = 1
+
diff --git a/activesupport/test/caching_test.rb b/activesupport/test/caching_test.rb
index c3c65cf805..a1bd2d5356 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/caching_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/caching_test.rb
@@ -60,36 +60,25 @@ class CacheKeyTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_expand_cache_key_with_rails_cache_id
-    begin
-      ENV['RAILS_CACHE_ID'] = 'c99'
+    with_env('RAILS_CACHE_ID' => 'c99') do
       assert_equal 'c99/foo', ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key(:foo)
       assert_equal 'c99/foo', ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key([:foo])
       assert_equal 'c99/foo/bar', ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key([:foo, :bar])
       assert_equal 'nm/c99/foo', ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key(:foo, :nm)
       assert_equal 'nm/c99/foo', ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key([:foo], :nm)
       assert_equal 'nm/c99/foo/bar', ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key([:foo, :bar], :nm)
-    ensure
-      ENV['RAILS_CACHE_ID'] = nil
     end
   end
 
   def test_expand_cache_key_with_rails_app_version
-    begin
-      ENV['RAILS_APP_VERSION'] = 'rails3'
+    with_env('RAILS_APP_VERSION' => 'rails3') do
       assert_equal 'rails3/foo', ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key(:foo)
-    ensure
-      ENV['RAILS_APP_VERSION'] = nil
     end
   end
 
   def test_expand_cache_key_rails_cache_id_should_win_over_rails_app_version
-    begin
-      ENV['RAILS_CACHE_ID'] = 'c99'
-      ENV['RAILS_APP_VERSION'] = 'rails3'
+    with_env('RAILS_CACHE_ID' => 'c99', 'RAILS_APP_VERSION' => 'rails3') do
       assert_equal 'c99/foo', ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key(:foo)
-    ensure
-      ENV['RAILS_CACHE_ID'] = nil
-      ENV['RAILS_APP_VERSION'] = nil
     end
   end
 
@@ -124,6 +113,16 @@ class CacheKeyTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_expand_cache_key_of_array_like_object
     assert_equal 'foo/bar/baz', ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key(%w{foo bar baz}.to_enum)
   end
+
+  private
+
+  def with_env(kv)
+    old_values = {}
+    kv.each { |key, value| old_values[key], ENV[key] = ENV[key], value }
+    yield
+  ensure
+    old_values.each { |key, value| ENV[key] = value}
+  end
 end
 
 class CacheStoreSettingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
@@ -134,37 +133,42 @@ class CacheStoreSettingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_mem_cache_fragment_cache_store
-    Dalli::Client.expects(:new).with(%w[localhost], {})
-    store = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store :mem_cache_store, "localhost"
-    assert_kind_of(ActiveSupport::Cache::MemCacheStore, store)
+    assert_called_with(Dalli::Client, :new, [%w[localhost], {}]) do
+      store = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store :mem_cache_store, "localhost"
+      assert_kind_of(ActiveSupport::Cache::MemCacheStore, store)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_mem_cache_fragment_cache_store_with_given_mem_cache
     mem_cache = Dalli::Client.new
-    Dalli::Client.expects(:new).never
-    store = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store :mem_cache_store, mem_cache
-    assert_kind_of(ActiveSupport::Cache::MemCacheStore, store)
+    assert_not_called(Dalli::Client, :new) do
+      store = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store :mem_cache_store, mem_cache
+      assert_kind_of(ActiveSupport::Cache::MemCacheStore, store)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_mem_cache_fragment_cache_store_with_not_dalli_client
-    Dalli::Client.expects(:new).never
-    memcache = Object.new
-    assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
-      ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store :mem_cache_store, memcache
+    assert_not_called(Dalli::Client, :new) do
+      memcache = Object.new
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+        ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store :mem_cache_store, memcache
+      end
     end
   end
 
   def test_mem_cache_fragment_cache_store_with_multiple_servers
-    Dalli::Client.expects(:new).with(%w[localhost 192.168.1.1], {})
-    store = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store :mem_cache_store, "localhost", '192.168.1.1'
-    assert_kind_of(ActiveSupport::Cache::MemCacheStore, store)
+    assert_called_with(Dalli::Client, :new, [%w[localhost 192.168.1.1], {}]) do
+      store = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store :mem_cache_store, "localhost", '192.168.1.1'
+      assert_kind_of(ActiveSupport::Cache::MemCacheStore, store)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_mem_cache_fragment_cache_store_with_options
-    Dalli::Client.expects(:new).with(%w[localhost 192.168.1.1], { :timeout => 10 })
-    store = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store :mem_cache_store, "localhost", '192.168.1.1', :namespace => 'foo', :timeout => 10
-    assert_kind_of(ActiveSupport::Cache::MemCacheStore, store)
-    assert_equal 'foo', store.options[:namespace]
+    assert_called_with(Dalli::Client, :new, [%w[localhost 192.168.1.1], { :timeout => 10 }]) do
+      store = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store :mem_cache_store, "localhost", '192.168.1.1', :namespace => 'foo', :timeout => 10
+      assert_kind_of(ActiveSupport::Cache::MemCacheStore, store)
+      assert_equal 'foo', store.options[:namespace]
+    end
   end
 
   def test_object_assigned_fragment_cache_store
@@ -225,13 +229,15 @@ module CacheStoreBehavior
 
   def test_fetch_without_cache_miss
     @cache.write('foo', 'bar')
-    @cache.expects(:write).never
-    assert_equal 'bar', @cache.fetch('foo') { 'baz' }
+    assert_not_called(@cache, :write) do
+      assert_equal 'bar', @cache.fetch('foo') { 'baz' }
+    end
   end
 
   def test_fetch_with_cache_miss
-    @cache.expects(:write).with('foo', 'baz', @cache.options)
-    assert_equal 'baz', @cache.fetch('foo') { 'baz' }
+    assert_called_with(@cache, :write, ['foo', 'baz', @cache.options]) do
+      assert_equal 'baz', @cache.fetch('foo') { 'baz' }
+    end
   end
 
   def test_fetch_with_cache_miss_passes_key_to_block
@@ -246,15 +252,18 @@ module CacheStoreBehavior
 
   def test_fetch_with_forced_cache_miss
     @cache.write('foo', 'bar')
-    @cache.expects(:read).never
-    @cache.expects(:write).with('foo', 'bar', @cache.options.merge(:force => true))
-    @cache.fetch('foo', :force => true) { 'bar' }
+    assert_not_called(@cache, :read) do
+      assert_called_with(@cache, :write, ['foo', 'bar', @cache.options.merge(:force => true)]) do
+        @cache.fetch('foo', :force => true) { 'bar' }
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   def test_fetch_with_cached_nil
     @cache.write('foo', nil)
-    @cache.expects(:write).never
-    assert_nil @cache.fetch('foo') { 'baz' }
+    assert_not_called(@cache, :write) do
+      assert_nil @cache.fetch('foo') { 'baz' }
+    end
   end
 
   def test_should_read_and_write_hash
@@ -289,28 +298,31 @@ module CacheStoreBehavior
     @cache.write('foo', 'bar', :expires_in => 10)
     @cache.write('fu', 'baz')
     @cache.write('fud', 'biz')
-    Time.stubs(:now).returns(time + 11)
-    assert_equal({"fu" => "baz"}, @cache.read_multi('foo', 'fu'))
+    Time.stub(:now, time + 11) do
+      assert_equal({"fu" => "baz"}, @cache.read_multi('foo', 'fu'))
+    end
   end
 
   def test_fetch_multi
     @cache.write('foo', 'bar')
     @cache.write('fud', 'biz')
 
-    values = @cache.fetch_multi('foo', 'fu', 'fud') {|value| value * 2 }
+    values = @cache.fetch_multi('foo', 'fu', 'fud') { |value| value * 2 }
 
-    assert_equal(["bar", "fufu", "biz"], values)
-    assert_equal("fufu", @cache.read('fu'))
+    assert_equal({ 'foo' => 'bar', 'fu' => 'fufu', 'fud' => 'biz' }, values)
+    assert_equal('fufu', @cache.read('fu'))
   end
 
   def test_multi_with_objects
-    foo = stub(:title => "FOO!", :cache_key => "foo")
-    bar = stub(:cache_key => "bar")
+    cache_struct = Struct.new(:cache_key, :title)
+    foo = cache_struct.new('foo', 'FOO!')
+    bar = cache_struct.new('bar')
 
-    @cache.write('bar', "BAM!")
+    @cache.write('bar', 'BAM!')
 
-    values = @cache.fetch_multi(foo, bar) {|object| object.title }
-    assert_equal(["FOO!", "BAM!"], values)
+    values = @cache.fetch_multi(foo, bar) { |object| object.title }
+
+    assert_equal({ foo => 'FOO!', bar => 'BAM!' }, values)
   end
 
   def test_read_and_write_compressed_small_data
@@ -387,54 +399,74 @@ module CacheStoreBehavior
 
   def test_expires_in
     time = Time.local(2008, 4, 24)
-    Time.stubs(:now).returns(time)
 
-    @cache.write('foo', 'bar')
-    assert_equal 'bar', @cache.read('foo')
+    Time.stub(:now, time) do
+      @cache.write('foo', 'bar')
+      assert_equal 'bar', @cache.read('foo')
+    end
 
-    Time.stubs(:now).returns(time + 30)
-    assert_equal 'bar', @cache.read('foo')
+    Time.stub(:now, time + 30) do
+      assert_equal 'bar', @cache.read('foo')
+    end
 
-    Time.stubs(:now).returns(time + 61)
-    assert_nil @cache.read('foo')
+    Time.stub(:now, time + 61) do
+      assert_nil @cache.read('foo')
+    end
   end
 
-  def test_race_condition_protection
-    time = Time.now
-    @cache.write('foo', 'bar', :expires_in => 60)
-    Time.stubs(:now).returns(time + 61)
-    result = @cache.fetch('foo', :race_condition_ttl => 10) do
-      assert_equal 'bar', @cache.read('foo')
-      "baz"
+  def test_race_condition_protection_skipped_if_not_defined
+    @cache.write('foo', 'bar')
+    time = @cache.send(:read_entry, @cache.send(:normalize_key, 'foo', {}), {}).expires_at
+
+    Time.stub(:now, Time.at(time)) do
+      result = @cache.fetch('foo') do
+        assert_equal nil, @cache.read('foo')
+        'baz'
+      end
+      assert_equal 'baz', result
     end
-    assert_equal "baz", result
   end
 
   def test_race_condition_protection_is_limited
     time = Time.now
     @cache.write('foo', 'bar', :expires_in => 60)
-    Time.stubs(:now).returns(time + 71)
-    result = @cache.fetch('foo', :race_condition_ttl => 10) do
-      assert_equal nil, @cache.read('foo')
-      "baz"
+    Time.stub(:now, time + 71) do
+      result = @cache.fetch('foo', :race_condition_ttl => 10) do
+        assert_equal nil, @cache.read('foo')
+        "baz"
+      end
+      assert_equal "baz", result
     end
-    assert_equal "baz", result
   end
 
   def test_race_condition_protection_is_safe
     time = Time.now
     @cache.write('foo', 'bar', :expires_in => 60)
-    Time.stubs(:now).returns(time + 61)
-    begin
-      @cache.fetch('foo', :race_condition_ttl => 10) do
+    Time.stub(:now, time + 61) do
+      begin
+        @cache.fetch('foo', :race_condition_ttl => 10) do
+          assert_equal 'bar', @cache.read('foo')
+          raise ArgumentError.new
+        end
+      rescue ArgumentError
+      end
+      assert_equal "bar", @cache.read('foo')
+    end
+    Time.stub(:now, time + 91) do
+      assert_nil @cache.read('foo')
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_race_condition_protection
+    time = Time.now
+    @cache.write('foo', 'bar', :expires_in => 60)
+    Time.stub(:now, time + 61) do
+      result = @cache.fetch('foo', :race_condition_ttl => 10) do
         assert_equal 'bar', @cache.read('foo')
-        raise ArgumentError.new
+        "baz"
       end
-    rescue ArgumentError
+      assert_equal "baz", result
     end
-    assert_equal "bar", @cache.read('foo')
-    Time.stubs(:now).returns(time + 91)
-    assert_nil @cache.read('foo')
   end
 
   def test_crazy_key_characters
@@ -458,6 +490,40 @@ module CacheStoreBehavior
     assert_equal({key => "bar"}, @cache.read_multi(key))
     assert @cache.delete(key)
   end
+
+  def test_cache_hit_instrumentation
+    key = "test_key"
+    subscribe_executed = false
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe "cache_read.active_support" do |name, start, finish, id, payload|
+      subscribe_executed = true
+      assert_equal :fetch, payload[:super_operation]
+      assert payload[:hit]
+    end
+    assert @cache.write(key, "1", :raw => true)
+    assert @cache.fetch(key) {}
+    assert subscribe_executed
+  ensure
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe "cache_read.active_support"
+  end
+
+  def test_cache_miss_instrumentation
+    subscribe_executed = false
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe "cache_read.active_support" do |name, start, finish, id, payload|
+      subscribe_executed = true
+      assert_equal :fetch, payload[:super_operation]
+      assert_not payload[:hit]
+    end
+    assert_not @cache.fetch("bad_key") {}
+    assert subscribe_executed
+  ensure
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe "cache_read.active_support"
+  end
+
+  def test_can_call_deprecated_namesaced_key
+    assert_deprecated "`namespaced_key` is deprecated" do
+      @cache.send(:namespaced_key, 111, {})
+    end
+  end
 end
 
 # https://rails.lighthouseapp.com/projects/8994/tickets/6225-memcachestore-cant-deal-with-umlauts-and-special-characters
@@ -565,6 +631,21 @@ module LocalCacheBehavior
     end
   end
 
+  def test_local_cache_of_read_nil
+    @cache.with_local_cache do
+      assert_equal nil, @cache.read('foo')
+      @cache.send(:bypass_local_cache) { @cache.write 'foo', 'bar' }
+      assert_equal nil, @cache.read('foo')
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_local_cache_fetch
+    @cache.with_local_cache do
+      @cache.send(:local_cache).write 'foo', 'bar'
+      assert_equal 'bar', @cache.send(:local_cache).fetch('foo')
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_local_cache_of_write_nil
     @cache.with_local_cache do
       assert @cache.write('foo', nil)
@@ -574,6 +655,14 @@ module LocalCacheBehavior
     end
   end
 
+  def test_local_cache_of_read_nil
+    @cache.with_local_cache do
+      assert_equal nil, @cache.read('foo')
+      @cache.send(:bypass_local_cache) { @cache.write 'foo', 'bar' }
+      assert_equal nil, @cache.read('foo')
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_local_cache_of_delete
     @cache.with_local_cache do
       @cache.write('foo', 'bar')
@@ -618,43 +707,52 @@ module LocalCacheBehavior
     app = @cache.middleware.new(app)
     app.call({})
   end
+
+  def test_can_call_deprecated_set_cache_value
+    @cache.with_local_cache do
+      assert_deprecated "`set_cache_value` is deprecated" do
+        @cache.send(:set_cache_value, 1, 'foo', :ignored, {})
+      end
+      assert_equal 1, @cache.read('foo')
+    end
+  end
 end
 
 module AutoloadingCacheBehavior
   include DependenciesTestHelpers
   def test_simple_autoloading
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
-      @cache.write('foo', E.new)
+      @cache.write('foo', EM.new)
     end
 
-    remove_constants(:E)
+    remove_constants(:EM)
     ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
 
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
-      assert_kind_of E, @cache.read('foo')
+      assert_kind_of EM, @cache.read('foo')
     end
 
-    remove_constants(:E)
+    remove_constants(:EM)
     ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
   end
 
   def test_two_classes_autoloading
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
-      @cache.write('foo', [E.new, ClassFolder.new])
+      @cache.write('foo', [EM.new, ClassFolder.new])
     end
 
-    remove_constants(:E, :ClassFolder)
+    remove_constants(:EM, :ClassFolder)
     ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
 
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
       loaded = @cache.read('foo')
       assert_kind_of Array, loaded
       assert_equal 2, loaded.size
-      assert_kind_of E, loaded[0]
+      assert_kind_of EM, loaded[0]
       assert_kind_of ClassFolder, loaded[1]
     end
 
-    remove_constants(:E, :ClassFolder)
+    remove_constants(:EM, :ClassFolder)
     ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
   end
 end
@@ -672,6 +770,7 @@ class FileStoreTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def teardown
     FileUtils.rm_r(cache_dir)
+  rescue Errno::ENOENT
   end
 
   def cache_dir
@@ -691,14 +790,29 @@ class FileStoreTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert File.exist?(filepath)
   end
 
+  def test_clear_without_cache_dir
+    FileUtils.rm_r(cache_dir)
+    @cache.clear
+  end
+
+  def test_long_keys
+    @cache.write("a"*10000, 1)
+    assert_equal 1, @cache.read("a"*10000)
+  end
+
+  def test_long_uri_encoded_keys
+    @cache.write("%"*870, 1)
+    assert_equal 1, @cache.read("%"*870)
+  end
+
   def test_key_transformation
-    key = @cache.send(:key_file_path, "views/index?id=1")
+    key = @cache.send(:normalize_key, "views/index?id=1", {})
     assert_equal "views/index?id=1", @cache.send(:file_path_key, key)
   end
 
   def test_key_transformation_with_pathname
     FileUtils.touch(File.join(cache_dir, "foo"))
-    key = @cache_with_pathname.send(:key_file_path, "views/index?id=1")
+    key = @cache_with_pathname.send(:normalize_key, "views/index?id=1", {})
     assert_equal "views/index?id=1", @cache_with_pathname.send(:file_path_key, key)
   end
 
@@ -706,7 +820,7 @@ class FileStoreTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   # remain valid
   def test_filename_max_size
     key = "#{'A' * ActiveSupport::Cache::FileStore::FILENAME_MAX_SIZE}"
-    path = @cache.send(:key_file_path, key)
+    path = @cache.send(:normalize_key, key, {})
     Dir::Tmpname.create(path) do |tmpname, n, opts|
       assert File.basename(tmpname+'.lock').length <= 255, "Temp filename too long: #{File.basename(tmpname+'.lock').length}"
     end
@@ -716,7 +830,7 @@ class FileStoreTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   # If filename is 'AAAAB', where max size is 4, the returned path should be AAAA/B
   def test_key_transformation_max_filename_size
     key = "#{'A' * ActiveSupport::Cache::FileStore::FILENAME_MAX_SIZE}B"
-    path = @cache.send(:key_file_path, key)
+    path = @cache.send(:normalize_key, key, {})
     assert path.split('/').all? { |dir_name| dir_name.size <= ActiveSupport::Cache::FileStore::FILENAME_MAX_SIZE}
     assert_equal 'B', File.basename(path)
   end
@@ -742,9 +856,10 @@ class FileStoreTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_log_exception_when_cache_read_fails
-    File.expects(:exist?).raises(StandardError, "failed")
-    @cache.send(:read_entry, "winston", {})
-    assert @buffer.string.present?
+    File.stub(:exist?, -> { raise StandardError.new("failed") }) do
+      @cache.send(:read_entry, "winston", {})
+      assert @buffer.string.present?
+    end
   end
 
   def test_cleanup_removes_all_expired_entries
@@ -752,11 +867,12 @@ class FileStoreTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     @cache.write('foo', 'bar', expires_in: 10)
     @cache.write('baz', 'qux')
     @cache.write('quux', 'corge', expires_in: 20)
-    Time.stubs(:now).returns(time + 15)
-    @cache.cleanup
-    assert_not @cache.exist?('foo')
-    assert @cache.exist?('baz')
-    assert @cache.exist?('quux')
+    Time.stub(:now, time + 15) do
+      @cache.cleanup
+      assert_not @cache.exist?('foo')
+      assert @cache.exist?('baz')
+      assert @cache.exist?('quux')
+    end
   end
 
   def test_write_with_unless_exist
@@ -765,6 +881,12 @@ class FileStoreTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     @cache.write(1, nil)
     assert_equal false, @cache.write(1, "aaaaaaaaaa", unless_exist: true)
   end
+
+  def test_can_call_deprecated_key_file_path
+    assert_deprecated "`key_file_path` is deprecated" do
+      assert_equal 111, @cache.send(:key_file_path, 111)
+    end
+  end
 end
 
 class MemoryStoreTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
@@ -934,11 +1056,17 @@ class MemCacheStoreTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_read_should_return_a_different_object_id_each_time_it_is_called
     @cache.write('foo', 'bar')
-    assert_not_equal @cache.read('foo').object_id, @cache.read('foo').object_id
     value = @cache.read('foo')
+    assert_not_equal value.object_id, @cache.read('foo').object_id
     value << 'bingo'
     assert_not_equal value, @cache.read('foo')
   end
+
+  def test_can_call_deprecated_escape_key
+    assert_deprecated "`escape_key` is deprecated" do
+      assert_equal 111, @cache.send(:escape_key, 111)
+    end
+  end
 end
 
 class NullStoreTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
@@ -993,10 +1121,6 @@ class NullStoreTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
     assert_nil @cache.read("name")
   end
-
-  def test_setting_nil_cache_store
-    assert ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store.class.name, ActiveSupport::Cache::NullStore.name
-  end
 end
 
 class CacheStoreLoggerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
@@ -1012,10 +1136,32 @@ class CacheStoreLoggerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert @buffer.string.present?
   end
 
+  def test_log_with_string_namespace
+    @cache.fetch('foo', {namespace: 'string_namespace'}) { 'bar' }
+    assert_match %r{string_namespace:foo}, @buffer.string
+  end
+
+  def test_log_with_proc_namespace
+    proc = Proc.new do
+      "proc_namespace"
+    end
+    @cache.fetch('foo', {:namespace => proc}) { 'bar' }
+    assert_match %r{proc_namespace:foo}, @buffer.string
+  end
+
   def test_mute_logging
     @cache.mute { @cache.fetch('foo') { 'bar' } }
     assert @buffer.string.blank?
   end
+
+  def test_multi_read_loggin
+    @cache.write 'hello', 'goodbye'
+    @cache.write 'world', 'earth'
+
+    @cache.read_multi('hello', 'world')
+
+    assert_match "Caches multi read:\n- hello\n- world", @buffer.string
+  end
 end
 
 class CacheEntryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
@@ -1024,9 +1170,9 @@ class CacheEntryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert !entry.expired?, 'entry not expired'
     entry = ActiveSupport::Cache::Entry.new("value", :expires_in => 60)
     assert !entry.expired?, 'entry not expired'
-    time = Time.now + 61
-    Time.stubs(:now).returns(time)
-    assert entry.expired?, 'entry is expired'
+    Time.stub(:now, Time.now + 61) do
+      assert entry.expired?, 'entry is expired'
+    end
   end
 
   def test_compress_values
@@ -1042,30 +1188,4 @@ class CacheEntryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal value, entry.value
     assert_equal value.bytesize, entry.size
   end
-
-  def test_restoring_version_4beta1_entries
-    version_4beta1_entry = ActiveSupport::Cache::Entry.allocate
-    version_4beta1_entry.instance_variable_set(:@v, "hello")
-    version_4beta1_entry.instance_variable_set(:@x, Time.now.to_i + 60)
-    entry = Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(version_4beta1_entry))
-    assert_equal "hello", entry.value
-    assert_equal false, entry.expired?
-  end
-
-  def test_restoring_compressed_version_4beta1_entries
-    version_4beta1_entry = ActiveSupport::Cache::Entry.allocate
-    version_4beta1_entry.instance_variable_set(:@v, Zlib::Deflate.deflate(Marshal.dump("hello")))
-    version_4beta1_entry.instance_variable_set(:@c, true)
-    entry = Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(version_4beta1_entry))
-    assert_equal "hello", entry.value
-  end
-
-  def test_restoring_expired_version_4beta1_entries
-    version_4beta1_entry = ActiveSupport::Cache::Entry.allocate
-    version_4beta1_entry.instance_variable_set(:@v, "hello")
-    version_4beta1_entry.instance_variable_set(:@x, Time.now.to_i - 1)
-    entry = Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(version_4beta1_entry))
-    assert_equal "hello", entry.value
-    assert_equal true, entry.expired?
-  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/callbacks_test.rb b/activesupport/test/callbacks_test.rb
index 32c2dfdfc0..3b00ff87a0 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/callbacks_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/callbacks_test.rb
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ module CallbacksTest
     def self.before(model)
       model.history << [:before_save, :class]
     end
-    
+
     def self.after(model)
       model.history << [:after_save, :class]
     end
@@ -73,8 +73,8 @@ module CallbacksTest
 
   class PersonSkipper < Person
     skip_callback :save, :before, :before_save_method, :if => :yes
-    skip_callback :save, :after, :before_save_method, :unless => :yes
-    skip_callback :save, :after, :before_save_method, :if => :no
+    skip_callback :save, :after,  :after_save_method, :unless => :yes
+    skip_callback :save, :after,  :after_save_method, :if => :no
     skip_callback :save, :before, :before_save_method, :unless => :no
     skip_callback :save, :before, CallbackClass , :if => :yes
     def yes; true; end
@@ -501,21 +501,18 @@ module CallbacksTest
     end
   end
 
-  class CallbackTerminator
+  class AbstractCallbackTerminator
     include ActiveSupport::Callbacks
 
-    define_callbacks :save, :terminator => ->(_,result) { result == :halt }
-
-    set_callback :save, :before, :first
-    set_callback :save, :before, :second
-    set_callback :save, :around, :around_it
-    set_callback :save, :before, :third
-    set_callback :save, :after, :first
-    set_callback :save, :around, :around_it
-    set_callback :save, :after, :second
-    set_callback :save, :around, :around_it
-    set_callback :save, :after, :third
-
+    def self.set_save_callbacks
+      set_callback :save, :before, :first
+      set_callback :save, :before, :second
+      set_callback :save, :around, :around_it
+      set_callback :save, :before, :third
+      set_callback :save, :after, :first
+      set_callback :save, :around, :around_it
+      set_callback :save, :after, :third
+    end
 
     attr_reader :history, :saved, :halted
     def initialize
@@ -552,6 +549,39 @@ module CallbacksTest
     end
   end
 
+  class CallbackTerminator < AbstractCallbackTerminator
+    define_callbacks :save, terminator: ->(_, result_lambda) { result_lambda.call == :halt }
+    set_save_callbacks
+  end
+
+  class CallbackTerminatorSkippingAfterCallbacks < AbstractCallbackTerminator
+    define_callbacks :save, terminator: ->(_, result_lambda) { result_lambda.call == :halt },
+                            skip_after_callbacks_if_terminated: true
+    set_save_callbacks
+  end
+
+  class CallbackDefaultTerminator < AbstractCallbackTerminator
+    define_callbacks :save
+
+    def second
+      @history << "second"
+      throw(:abort)
+    end
+
+    set_save_callbacks
+  end
+
+  class CallbackFalseTerminator < AbstractCallbackTerminator
+    define_callbacks :save
+
+    def second
+      @history << "second"
+      false
+    end
+
+    set_save_callbacks
+  end
+
   class CallbackObject
     def before(caller)
       caller.record << "before"
@@ -688,10 +718,10 @@ module CallbacksTest
   end
 
   class CallbackTerminatorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-    def test_termination
+    def test_termination_skips_following_before_and_around_callbacks
       terminator = CallbackTerminator.new
       terminator.save
-      assert_equal ["first", "second", "third", "second", "first"], terminator.history
+      assert_equal ["first", "second", "third", "first"], terminator.history
     end
 
     def test_termination_invokes_hook
@@ -707,6 +737,69 @@ module CallbacksTest
     end
   end
 
+  class CallbackTerminatorSkippingAfterCallbacksTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+    def test_termination_skips_after_callbacks
+      terminator = CallbackTerminatorSkippingAfterCallbacks.new
+      terminator.save
+      assert_equal ["first", "second"], terminator.history
+    end
+  end
+
+  class CallbackDefaultTerminatorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+    def test_default_termination
+      terminator = CallbackDefaultTerminator.new
+      terminator.save
+      assert_equal ["first", "second", "third", "first"], terminator.history
+    end
+
+    def test_default_termination_invokes_hook
+      terminator = CallbackDefaultTerminator.new
+      terminator.save
+      assert_equal :second, terminator.halted
+    end
+
+    def test_block_never_called_if_abort_is_thrown
+      obj = CallbackDefaultTerminator.new
+      obj.save
+      assert !obj.saved
+    end
+  end
+
+  class CallbackFalseTerminatorWithoutConfigTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+    def test_returning_false_does_not_halt_callback_if_config_variable_is_not_set
+      obj = CallbackFalseTerminator.new
+      obj.save
+      assert_equal nil, obj.halted
+      assert obj.saved
+    end
+  end
+
+  class CallbackFalseTerminatorWithConfigTrueTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+    def setup
+      ActiveSupport::Callbacks.halt_and_display_warning_on_return_false = true
+    end
+
+    def test_returning_false_does_not_halt_callback_if_config_variable_is_true
+      obj = CallbackFalseTerminator.new
+      obj.save
+      assert_equal nil, obj.halted
+      assert obj.saved
+    end
+  end
+
+  class CallbackFalseTerminatorWithConfigFalseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+    def setup
+      ActiveSupport::Callbacks.halt_and_display_warning_on_return_false = false
+    end
+
+    def test_returning_false_does_not_halt_callback_if_config_variable_is_false
+      obj = CallbackFalseTerminator.new
+      obj.save
+      assert_equal nil, obj.halted
+      assert obj.saved
+    end
+  end
+
   class HyphenatedKeyTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     def test_save
       obj = HyphenatedCallbacks.new
@@ -924,7 +1017,7 @@ module CallbacksTest
         define_callbacks :foo
         n.times { set_callback :foo, :before, callback }
         def run; run_callbacks :foo; end
-        def self.skip(thing); skip_callback :foo, :before, thing; end
+        def self.skip(*things); skip_callback :foo, :before, *things; end
       }
     end
 
@@ -973,11 +1066,11 @@ module CallbacksTest
       }
     end
 
-    def test_skip_lambda # removes nothing
+    def test_skip_lambda # raises error
       calls = []
       callback = ->(o) { calls << o }
       klass = build_class(callback)
-      10.times { klass.skip callback }
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError) { klass.skip callback }
       klass.new.run
       assert_equal 10, calls.length
     end
@@ -991,11 +1084,29 @@ module CallbacksTest
       assert_equal 0, calls.length
     end
 
-    def test_skip_eval # removes nothing
+    def test_skip_string # raises error
       calls = []
       klass = build_class("bar")
       klass.class_eval { define_method(:bar) { calls << klass } }
-      klass.skip "bar"
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError) { klass.skip "bar" }
+      klass.new.run
+      assert_equal 1, calls.length
+    end
+
+    def test_skip_undefined_callback # raises error
+      calls = []
+      klass = build_class(:bar)
+      klass.class_eval { define_method(:bar) { calls << klass } }
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError) { klass.skip :qux }
+      klass.new.run
+      assert_equal 1, calls.length
+    end
+
+    def test_skip_without_raise # removes nothing
+      calls = []
+      klass = build_class(:bar)
+      klass.class_eval { define_method(:bar) { calls << klass } }
+      klass.skip :qux, raise: false
       klass.new.run
       assert_equal 1, calls.length
     end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/clean_backtrace_test.rb b/activesupport/test/clean_backtrace_test.rb
index dd67a45cf6..05580352a9 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/clean_backtrace_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/clean_backtrace_test.rb
@@ -34,6 +34,11 @@ class BacktraceCleanerSilencerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       [ "/other/class.rb" ],
       @bc.clean([ "/mongrel/class.rb", "/other/class.rb", "/mongrel/stuff.rb" ])
   end
+
+  test "backtrace cleaner should allow removing silencer" do
+    @bc.remove_silencers!
+    assert_equal ["/mongrel/stuff.rb"], @bc.clean(["/mongrel/stuff.rb"])
+  end
 end
 
 class BacktraceCleanerMultipleSilencersTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
diff --git a/activesupport/test/concern_test.rb b/activesupport/test/concern_test.rb
index 60bd8a06aa..8ea701cfb7 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/concern_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/concern_test.rb
@@ -54,29 +54,54 @@ class ConcernTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     include Bar, Baz
   end
 
+  module Qux
+    module ClassMethods
+    end
+  end
+
   def setup
     @klass = Class.new
   end
 
   def test_module_is_included_normally
-    @klass.send(:include, Baz)
+    @klass.include(Baz)
     assert_equal "baz", @klass.new.baz
     assert @klass.included_modules.include?(ConcernTest::Baz)
   end
 
   def test_class_methods_are_extended
-    @klass.send(:include, Baz)
+    @klass.include(Baz)
     assert_equal "baz", @klass.baz
     assert_equal ConcernTest::Baz::ClassMethods, (class << @klass; self.included_modules; end)[0]
   end
 
+  def test_class_methods_are_extended_only_on_expected_objects
+    ::Object.__send__(:include, Qux)
+    Object.extend(Qux::ClassMethods)
+    # module needs to be created after Qux is included in Object or bug won't
+    # be triggered
+    test_module = Module.new do
+      extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+      class_methods do
+        def test
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    @klass.include test_module
+    assert_equal false, Object.respond_to?(:test)
+    Qux.class_eval do
+      remove_const :ClassMethods
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_included_block_is_ran
-    @klass.send(:include, Baz)
+    @klass.include(Baz)
     assert_equal true, @klass.included_ran
   end
 
   def test_modules_dependencies_are_met
-    @klass.send(:include, Bar)
+    @klass.include(Bar)
     assert_equal "bar", @klass.new.bar
     assert_equal "bar+baz", @klass.new.baz
     assert_equal "bar's baz + baz", @klass.baz
@@ -84,7 +109,7 @@ class ConcernTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_dependencies_with_multiple_modules
-    @klass.send(:include, Foo)
+    @klass.include(Foo)
     assert_equal [ConcernTest::Foo, ConcernTest::Bar, ConcernTest::Baz], @klass.included_modules[0..2]
   end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/test/configurable_test.rb b/activesupport/test/configurable_test.rb
index ef847fc557..5d22ded2de 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/configurable_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/configurable_test.rb
@@ -111,6 +111,14 @@ class ConfigurableActiveSupport < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  test 'the config_accessor method should not be publicly callable' do
+    assert_raises NoMethodError do
+      Class.new {
+        include ActiveSupport::Configurable
+      }.config_accessor :foo
+    end
+  end
+
   def assert_method_defined(object, method)
     methods = object.public_methods.map(&:to_s)
     assert methods.include?(method.to_s), "Expected #{methods.inspect} to include #{method.to_s.inspect}"
diff --git a/activesupport/test/constantize_test_cases.rb b/activesupport/test/constantize_test_cases.rb
index bbeb710a0c..1115bc0fd8 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/constantize_test_cases.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/constantize_test_cases.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'dependencies_test_helpers'
+
 module Ace
   module Base
     class Case
@@ -23,17 +25,30 @@ class Object
 end
 
 module ConstantizeTestCases
+  include DependenciesTestHelpers
+
   def run_constantize_tests_on
     assert_equal Ace::Base::Case, yield("Ace::Base::Case")
     assert_equal Ace::Base::Case, yield("::Ace::Base::Case")
     assert_equal Ace::Base::Case::Dice, yield("Ace::Base::Case::Dice")
+    assert_equal Ace::Base::Case::Dice, yield("Ace::Base::Fase::Dice")
     assert_equal Ace::Base::Fase::Dice, yield("Ace::Base::Fase::Dice")
+
     assert_equal Ace::Gas::Case, yield("Ace::Gas::Case")
     assert_equal Ace::Gas::Case::Dice, yield("Ace::Gas::Case::Dice")
+    assert_equal Ace::Base::Case::Dice, yield("Ace::Gas::Case::Dice")
+
     assert_equal Case::Dice, yield("Case::Dice")
+    assert_equal AddtlGlobalConstants::Case::Dice, yield("Case::Dice")
+    assert_equal Object::AddtlGlobalConstants::Case::Dice, yield("Case::Dice")
+
     assert_equal Case::Dice, yield("Object::Case::Dice")
+    assert_equal AddtlGlobalConstants::Case::Dice, yield("Object::Case::Dice")
+    assert_equal Object::AddtlGlobalConstants::Case::Dice, yield("Case::Dice")
+
     assert_equal ConstantizeTestCases, yield("ConstantizeTestCases")
     assert_equal ConstantizeTestCases, yield("::ConstantizeTestCases")
+
     assert_raises(NameError) { yield("UnknownClass") }
     assert_raises(NameError) { yield("UnknownClass::Ace") }
     assert_raises(NameError) { yield("UnknownClass::Ace::Base") }
@@ -45,6 +60,19 @@ module ConstantizeTestCases
     assert_raises(NameError) { yield("Ace::Gas::ConstantizeTestCases") }
     assert_raises(NameError) { yield("") }
     assert_raises(NameError) { yield("::") }
+    assert_raises(NameError) { yield("Ace::gas") }
+
+    assert_raises(NameError) do
+      with_autoloading_fixtures do
+        yield("RaisesNameError")
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_raises(NoMethodError) do
+      with_autoloading_fixtures do
+        yield("RaisesNoMethodError")
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   def run_safe_constantize_tests_on
@@ -71,5 +99,22 @@ module ConstantizeTestCases
     assert_nil yield("Ace::Gas::Base")
     assert_nil yield("Ace::Gas::ConstantizeTestCases")
     assert_nil yield("#<Class:0x7b8b718b>::Nested_1")
+    assert_nil yield("Ace::gas")
+    assert_nil yield('Object::ABC')
+    assert_nil yield('Object::Object::Object::ABC')
+    assert_nil yield('A::Object::B')
+    assert_nil yield('A::Object::Object::Object::B')
+
+    assert_raises(NameError) do
+      with_autoloading_fixtures do
+        yield("RaisesNameError")
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_raises(NoMethodError) do
+      with_autoloading_fixtures do
+        yield("RaisesNoMethodError")
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/access_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/access_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3f1e0c4cb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/access_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/array'
+
+class AccessTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def test_from
+    assert_equal %w( a b c d ), %w( a b c d ).from(0)
+    assert_equal %w( c d ), %w( a b c d ).from(2)
+    assert_equal %w(), %w( a b c d ).from(10)
+    assert_equal %w( d e ), %w( a b c d e ).from(-2)
+    assert_equal %w(), %w( a b c d e ).from(-10)
+  end
+
+  def test_to
+    assert_equal %w( a ), %w( a b c d ).to(0)
+    assert_equal %w( a b c ), %w( a b c d ).to(2)
+    assert_equal %w( a b c d ), %w( a b c d ).to(10)
+    assert_equal %w( a b c ), %w( a b c d ).to(-2)
+    assert_equal %w(), %w( a b c ).to(-10)
+  end
+
+  def test_specific_accessor
+    array = (1..42).to_a
+
+    assert_equal array[1], array.second
+    assert_equal array[2], array.third
+    assert_equal array[3], array.fourth
+    assert_equal array[4], array.fifth
+    assert_equal array[41], array.forty_two
+  end
+
+  def test_without
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 4], [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].without(3, 5)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/conversions_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/conversions_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..507e13f968
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/conversions_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/array'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/big_decimal'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string'
+
+class ToSentenceTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def test_plain_array_to_sentence
+    assert_equal "", [].to_sentence
+    assert_equal "one", ['one'].to_sentence
+    assert_equal "one and two", ['one', 'two'].to_sentence
+    assert_equal "one, two, and three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence
+  end
+
+  def test_to_sentence_with_words_connector
+    assert_equal "one two, and three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(words_connector: ' ')
+    assert_equal "one & two, and three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(words_connector: ' & ')
+    assert_equal "onetwo, and three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(words_connector: nil)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_sentence_with_last_word_connector
+    assert_equal "one, two, and also three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(last_word_connector: ', and also ')
+    assert_equal "one, twothree", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(last_word_connector: nil)
+    assert_equal "one, two three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(last_word_connector: ' ')
+    assert_equal "one, two and three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(last_word_connector: ' and ')
+  end
+
+  def test_two_elements
+    assert_equal "one and two", ['one', 'two'].to_sentence
+    assert_equal "one two", ['one', 'two'].to_sentence(two_words_connector: ' ')
+  end
+
+  def test_one_element
+    assert_equal "one", ['one'].to_sentence
+  end
+
+  def test_one_element_not_same_object
+    elements = ["one"]
+    assert_not_equal elements[0].object_id, elements.to_sentence.object_id
+  end
+
+  def test_one_non_string_element
+    assert_equal '1', [1].to_sentence
+  end
+
+  def test_does_not_modify_given_hash
+    options = { words_connector: ' ' }
+    assert_equal "one two, and three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(options)
+    assert_equal({ words_connector: ' ' }, options)
+  end
+
+  def test_with_blank_elements
+    assert_equal ", one, , two, and three", [nil, 'one', '', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence
+  end
+
+  def test_with_invalid_options
+    exception = assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      ['one', 'two'].to_sentence(passing: 'invalid option')
+    end
+
+    assert_equal exception.message, "Unknown key: :passing. Valid keys are: :words_connector, :two_words_connector, :last_word_connector, :locale"
+  end
+
+  def test_always_returns_string
+    assert_instance_of String, [ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new('one')].to_sentence
+    assert_instance_of String, [ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new('one'), 'two'].to_sentence
+    assert_instance_of String, [ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new('one'), 'two', 'three'].to_sentence
+  end
+end
+
+class ToSTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  class TestDB
+    @@counter = 0
+    def id
+      @@counter += 1
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_to_s_db
+    collection = [TestDB.new, TestDB.new, TestDB.new]
+
+    assert_equal "null", [].to_s(:db)
+    assert_equal "1,2,3", collection.to_s(:db)
+  end
+end
+
+class ToXmlTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def test_to_xml_with_hash_elements
+    xml = [
+      { name: "David", age: 26, age_in_millis: 820497600000 },
+      { name: "Jason", age: 31, age_in_millis: BigDecimal.new('1.0') }
+    ].to_xml(skip_instruct: true, indent: 0)
+
+    assert_equal '<objects type="array"><object>', xml.first(30)
+    assert xml.include?(%(<age type="integer">26</age>)), xml
+    assert xml.include?(%(<age-in-millis type="integer">820497600000</age-in-millis>)), xml
+    assert xml.include?(%(<name>David</name>)), xml
+    assert xml.include?(%(<age type="integer">31</age>)), xml
+    assert xml.include?(%(<age-in-millis type="decimal">1.0</age-in-millis>)), xml
+    assert xml.include?(%(<name>Jason</name>)), xml
+  end
+
+  def test_to_xml_with_non_hash_elements
+    xml = [1, 2, 3].to_xml(skip_instruct: true, indent: 0)
+
+    assert_equal '<fixnums type="array"><fixnum', xml.first(29)
+    assert xml.include?(%(<fixnum type="integer">2</fixnum>)), xml
+  end
+
+  def test_to_xml_with_non_hash_different_type_elements
+    xml = [1, 2.0, '3'].to_xml(skip_instruct: true, indent: 0)
+
+    assert_equal '<objects type="array"><object', xml.first(29)
+    assert xml.include?(%(<object type="integer">1</object>)), xml
+    assert xml.include?(%(<object type="float">2.0</object>)), xml
+    assert xml.include?(%(object>3</object>)), xml
+  end
+
+  def test_to_xml_with_dedicated_name
+    xml = [
+      { name: "David", age: 26, age_in_millis: 820497600000 }, { name: "Jason", age: 31 }
+    ].to_xml(skip_instruct: true, indent: 0, root: "people")
+
+    assert_equal '<people type="array"><person>', xml.first(29)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_xml_with_options
+    xml = [
+      { name: "David", street_address: "Paulina" }, { name: "Jason", street_address: "Evergreen" }
+    ].to_xml(skip_instruct: true, skip_types: true, indent: 0)
+
+    assert_equal "<objects><object>", xml.first(17)
+    assert xml.include?(%(<street-address>Paulina</street-address>))
+    assert xml.include?(%(<name>David</name>))
+    assert xml.include?(%(<street-address>Evergreen</street-address>))
+    assert xml.include?(%(<name>Jason</name>))
+  end
+
+  def test_to_xml_with_indent_set
+    xml = [
+      { name: "David", street_address: "Paulina" }, { name: "Jason", street_address: "Evergreen" }
+    ].to_xml(skip_instruct: true, skip_types: true, indent: 4)
+
+    assert_equal "<objects>\n    <object>", xml.first(22)
+    assert xml.include?(%(\n        <street-address>Paulina</street-address>))
+    assert xml.include?(%(\n        <name>David</name>))
+    assert xml.include?(%(\n        <street-address>Evergreen</street-address>))
+    assert xml.include?(%(\n        <name>Jason</name>))
+  end
+
+  def test_to_xml_with_dasherize_false
+    xml = [
+      { name: "David", street_address: "Paulina" }, { name: "Jason", street_address: "Evergreen" }
+    ].to_xml(skip_instruct: true, skip_types: true, indent: 0, dasherize: false)
+
+    assert_equal "<objects><object>", xml.first(17)
+    assert xml.include?(%(<street_address>Paulina</street_address>))
+    assert xml.include?(%(<street_address>Evergreen</street_address>))
+  end
+
+  def test_to_xml_with_dasherize_true
+    xml = [
+      { name: "David", street_address: "Paulina" }, { name: "Jason", street_address: "Evergreen" }
+    ].to_xml(skip_instruct: true, skip_types: true, indent: 0, dasherize: true)
+
+    assert_equal "<objects><object>", xml.first(17)
+    assert xml.include?(%(<street-address>Paulina</street-address>))
+    assert xml.include?(%(<street-address>Evergreen</street-address>))
+  end
+
+  def test_to_xml_with_instruct
+    xml = [
+      { name: "David", age: 26, age_in_millis: 820497600000 },
+      { name: "Jason", age: 31, age_in_millis: BigDecimal.new('1.0') }
+    ].to_xml(skip_instruct: false, indent: 0)
+
+    assert_match(/^<\?xml [^>]*/, xml)
+    assert_equal 0, xml.rindex(/<\?xml /)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_xml_with_block
+    xml = [
+      { name: "David", age: 26, age_in_millis: 820497600000 },
+      { name: "Jason", age: 31, age_in_millis: BigDecimal.new('1.0') }
+    ].to_xml(skip_instruct: true, indent: 0) do |builder|
+      builder.count 2
+    end
+
+    assert xml.include?(%(<count>2</count>)), xml
+  end
+
+  def test_to_xml_with_empty
+    xml = [].to_xml
+    assert_match(/type="array"\/>/, xml)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_xml_dups_options
+    options = { skip_instruct: true }
+    [].to_xml(options)
+    # :builder, etc, shouldn't be added to options
+    assert_equal({ skip_instruct: true }, options)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/extract_options_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/extract_options_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0481a507cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/extract_options_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/array'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash'
+
+class ExtractOptionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  class HashSubclass < Hash
+  end
+
+  class ExtractableHashSubclass < Hash
+    def extractable_options?
+      true
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_extract_options
+    assert_equal({}, [].extract_options!)
+    assert_equal({}, [1].extract_options!)
+    assert_equal({ a: :b }, [{ a: :b }].extract_options!)
+    assert_equal({ a: :b }, [1, { a: :b }].extract_options!)
+  end
+
+  def test_extract_options_doesnt_extract_hash_subclasses
+    hash = HashSubclass.new
+    hash[:foo] = 1
+    array = [hash]
+    options = array.extract_options!
+    assert_equal({}, options)
+    assert_equal([hash], array)
+  end
+
+  def test_extract_options_extracts_extractable_subclass
+    hash = ExtractableHashSubclass.new
+    hash[:foo] = 1
+    array = [hash]
+    options = array.extract_options!
+    assert_equal({ foo: 1 }, options)
+    assert_equal([], array)
+  end
+
+  def test_extract_options_extracts_hash_with_indifferent_access
+    array = [{ foo: 1 }.with_indifferent_access]
+    options = array.extract_options!
+    assert_equal(1, options[:foo])
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/grouping_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/grouping_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2eb0f05141
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/grouping_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/array'
+
+class GroupingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def setup
+    Fixnum.send :private, :/  # test we avoid Integer#/ (redefined by mathn)
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    Fixnum.send :public, :/
+  end
+
+  def test_in_groups_of_with_perfect_fit
+    groups = []
+    ('a'..'i').to_a.in_groups_of(3) do |group|
+      groups << group
+    end
+
+    assert_equal [%w(a b c), %w(d e f), %w(g h i)], groups
+    assert_equal [%w(a b c), %w(d e f), %w(g h i)], ('a'..'i').to_a.in_groups_of(3)
+  end
+
+  def test_in_groups_of_with_padding
+    groups = []
+    ('a'..'g').to_a.in_groups_of(3) do |group|
+      groups << group
+    end
+
+    assert_equal [%w(a b c), %w(d e f), ['g', nil, nil]], groups
+  end
+
+  def test_in_groups_of_pads_with_specified_values
+    groups = []
+
+    ('a'..'g').to_a.in_groups_of(3, 'foo') do |group|
+      groups << group
+    end
+
+    assert_equal [%w(a b c), %w(d e f), %w(g foo foo)], groups
+  end
+
+  def test_in_groups_of_without_padding
+    groups = []
+
+    ('a'..'g').to_a.in_groups_of(3, false) do |group|
+      groups << group
+    end
+
+    assert_equal [%w(a b c), %w(d e f), %w(g)], groups
+  end
+
+  def test_in_groups_returned_array_size
+    array = (1..7).to_a
+
+    1.upto(array.size + 1) do |number|
+      assert_equal number, array.in_groups(number).size
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_in_groups_with_empty_array
+    assert_equal [[], [], []], [].in_groups(3)
+  end
+
+  def test_in_groups_with_block
+    array = (1..9).to_a
+    groups = []
+
+    array.in_groups(3) do |group|
+      groups << group
+    end
+
+    assert_equal array.in_groups(3), groups
+  end
+
+  def test_in_groups_with_perfect_fit
+    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]],
+      (1..9).to_a.in_groups(3)
+  end
+
+  def test_in_groups_with_padding
+    array = (1..7).to_a
+
+    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, nil], [6, 7, nil]],
+      array.in_groups(3)
+    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 'foo'], [6, 7, 'foo']],
+      array.in_groups(3, 'foo')
+  end
+
+  def test_in_groups_without_padding
+    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5], [6, 7]],
+      (1..7).to_a.in_groups(3, false)
+  end
+
+  def test_in_groups_invalid_argument
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { [].in_groups_of(0) }
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { [].in_groups_of(-1) }
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { [].in_groups_of(nil) }
+  end
+end
+
+class SplitTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def test_split_with_empty_array
+    assert_equal [[]], [].split(0)
+  end
+
+  def test_split_with_argument
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    assert_equal [[1, 2], [4, 5]],  a.split(3)
+    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]], a.split(0)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], a
+  end
+
+  def test_split_with_block
+    a = (1..10).to_a
+    assert_equal [[1, 2], [4, 5], [7, 8], [10]], a.split { |i| i % 3 == 0 }
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ,10], a
+  end
+
+  def test_split_with_edge_values
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    assert_equal [[], [2, 3, 4, 5]],  a.split(1)
+    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3, 4], []],  a.split(5)
+    assert_equal [[], [2, 3, 4], []], a.split { |i| i == 1 || i == 5 }
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], a
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/prepend_append_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/prepend_append_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..762aa69b2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/prepend_append_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/array'
+
+class PrependAppendTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def test_append
+    assert_equal [1, 2], [1].append(2)
+  end
+
+  def test_prepend
+    assert_equal [2, 1], [1].prepend(2)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/wrap_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/wrap_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..baf426506f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/wrap_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/array'
+
+class WrapTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  class FakeCollection
+    def to_ary
+      ["foo", "bar"]
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Proxy
+    def initialize(target) @target = target end
+    def method_missing(*a) @target.send(*a) end
+  end
+
+  class DoubtfulToAry
+    def to_ary
+      :not_an_array
+    end
+  end
+
+  class NilToAry
+    def to_ary
+      nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_array
+    ary = %w(foo bar)
+    assert_same ary, Array.wrap(ary)
+  end
+
+  def test_nil
+    assert_equal [], Array.wrap(nil)
+  end
+
+  def test_object
+    o = Object.new
+    assert_equal [o], Array.wrap(o)
+  end
+
+  def test_string
+    assert_equal ["foo"], Array.wrap("foo")
+  end
+
+  def test_string_with_newline
+    assert_equal ["foo\nbar"], Array.wrap("foo\nbar")
+  end
+
+  def test_object_with_to_ary
+    assert_equal ["foo", "bar"], Array.wrap(FakeCollection.new)
+  end
+
+  def test_proxy_object
+    p = Proxy.new(Object.new)
+    assert_equal [p], Array.wrap(p)
+  end
+
+  def test_proxy_to_object_with_to_ary
+    p = Proxy.new(FakeCollection.new)
+    assert_equal [p], Array.wrap(p)
+  end
+
+  def test_struct
+    o = Struct.new(:foo).new(123)
+    assert_equal [o], Array.wrap(o)
+  end
+
+  def test_wrap_returns_wrapped_if_to_ary_returns_nil
+    o = NilToAry.new
+    assert_equal [o], Array.wrap(o)
+  end
+
+  def test_wrap_does_not_complain_if_to_ary_does_not_return_an_array
+    assert_equal DoubtfulToAry.new.to_ary, Array.wrap(DoubtfulToAry.new)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/array_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array_ext_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 57722fd52a..0000000000
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/array_ext_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,451 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/array'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/big_decimal'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/conversions'
-
-require 'active_support/core_ext' # FIXME: pulling in all to_xml extensions
-require 'active_support/hash_with_indifferent_access'
-
-class ArrayExtAccessTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_from
-    assert_equal %w( a b c d ), %w( a b c d ).from(0)
-    assert_equal %w( c d ), %w( a b c d ).from(2)
-    assert_equal %w(), %w( a b c d ).from(10)
-  end
-
-  def test_to
-    assert_equal %w( a ), %w( a b c d ).to(0)
-    assert_equal %w( a b c ), %w( a b c d ).to(2)
-    assert_equal %w( a b c d ), %w( a b c d ).to(10)
-  end
-
-  def test_second_through_tenth
-    array = (1..42).to_a
-
-    assert_equal array[1], array.second
-    assert_equal array[2], array.third
-    assert_equal array[3], array.fourth
-    assert_equal array[4], array.fifth
-    assert_equal array[41], array.forty_two
-  end
-end
-
-class ArrayExtToParamTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  class ToParam < String
-    def to_param
-      "#{self}1"
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_string_array
-    assert_equal '', %w().to_param
-    assert_equal 'hello/world', %w(hello world).to_param
-    assert_equal 'hello/10', %w(hello 10).to_param
-  end
-
-  def test_number_array
-    assert_equal '10/20', [10, 20].to_param
-  end
-
-  def test_to_param_array
-    assert_equal 'custom1/param1', [ToParam.new('custom'), ToParam.new('param')].to_param
-  end
-end
-
-class ArrayExtToSentenceTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_plain_array_to_sentence
-    assert_equal "", [].to_sentence
-    assert_equal "one", ['one'].to_sentence
-    assert_equal "one and two", ['one', 'two'].to_sentence
-    assert_equal "one, two, and three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence
-  end
-
-  def test_to_sentence_with_words_connector
-    assert_equal "one two, and three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(:words_connector => ' ')
-    assert_equal "one & two, and three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(:words_connector => ' & ')
-    assert_equal "onetwo, and three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(:words_connector => nil)
-  end
-
-  def test_to_sentence_with_last_word_connector
-    assert_equal "one, two, and also three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(:last_word_connector => ', and also ')
-    assert_equal "one, twothree", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(:last_word_connector => nil)
-    assert_equal "one, two three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(:last_word_connector => ' ')
-    assert_equal "one, two and three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(:last_word_connector => ' and ')
-  end
-
-  def test_two_elements
-    assert_equal "one and two", ['one', 'two'].to_sentence
-    assert_equal "one two", ['one', 'two'].to_sentence(:two_words_connector => ' ')
-  end
-
-  def test_one_element
-    assert_equal "one", ['one'].to_sentence
-  end
-
-  def test_one_element_not_same_object
-    elements = ["one"]
-    assert_not_equal elements[0].object_id, elements.to_sentence.object_id
-  end
-
-  def test_one_non_string_element
-    assert_equal '1', [1].to_sentence
-  end
-
-  def test_does_not_modify_given_hash
-    options = { words_connector: ' ' }
-    assert_equal "one two, and three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(options)
-    assert_equal({ words_connector: ' ' }, options)
-  end
-
-  def test_with_blank_elements
-    assert_equal ", one, , two, and three", [nil, 'one', '', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence
-  end
-end
-
-class ArrayExtToSTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_to_s_db
-    collection = [
-      Class.new { def id() 1 end }.new,
-      Class.new { def id() 2 end }.new,
-      Class.new { def id() 3 end }.new
-    ]
-
-    assert_equal "null", [].to_s(:db)
-    assert_equal "1,2,3", collection.to_s(:db)
-  end
-end
-
-class ArrayExtGroupingTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def setup
-    Fixnum.send :private, :/  # test we avoid Integer#/ (redefined by mathn)
-  end
-
-  def teardown
-    Fixnum.send :public, :/
-  end
-
-  def test_in_groups_of_with_perfect_fit
-    groups = []
-    ('a'..'i').to_a.in_groups_of(3) do |group|
-      groups << group
-    end
-
-    assert_equal [%w(a b c), %w(d e f), %w(g h i)], groups
-    assert_equal [%w(a b c), %w(d e f), %w(g h i)], ('a'..'i').to_a.in_groups_of(3)
-  end
-
-  def test_in_groups_of_with_padding
-    groups = []
-    ('a'..'g').to_a.in_groups_of(3) do |group|
-      groups << group
-    end
-
-    assert_equal [%w(a b c), %w(d e f), ['g', nil, nil]], groups
-  end
-
-  def test_in_groups_of_pads_with_specified_values
-    groups = []
-
-    ('a'..'g').to_a.in_groups_of(3, 'foo') do |group|
-      groups << group
-    end
-
-    assert_equal [%w(a b c), %w(d e f), ['g', 'foo', 'foo']], groups
-  end
-
-  def test_in_groups_of_without_padding
-    groups = []
-
-    ('a'..'g').to_a.in_groups_of(3, false) do |group|
-      groups << group
-    end
-
-    assert_equal [%w(a b c), %w(d e f), ['g']], groups
-  end
-
-  def test_in_groups_returned_array_size
-    array = (1..7).to_a
-
-    1.upto(array.size + 1) do |number|
-      assert_equal number, array.in_groups(number).size
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_in_groups_with_empty_array
-    assert_equal [[], [], []], [].in_groups(3)
-  end
-
-  def test_in_groups_with_block
-    array = (1..9).to_a
-    groups = []
-
-    array.in_groups(3) do |group|
-      groups << group
-    end
-
-    assert_equal array.in_groups(3), groups
-  end
-
-  def test_in_groups_with_perfect_fit
-    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]],
-      (1..9).to_a.in_groups(3)
-  end
-
-  def test_in_groups_with_padding
-    array = (1..7).to_a
-
-    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, nil], [6, 7, nil]],
-      array.in_groups(3)
-    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 'foo'], [6, 7, 'foo']],
-      array.in_groups(3, 'foo')
-  end
-
-  def test_in_groups_without_padding
-    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5], [6, 7]],
-      (1..7).to_a.in_groups(3, false)
-  end
-end
-
-class ArraySplitTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_split_with_empty_array
-    assert_equal [[]], [].split(0)
-  end
-
-  def test_split_with_argument
-    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
-    assert_equal [[1, 2], [4, 5]],  a.split(3)
-    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]], a.split(0)
-    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], a
-  end
-
-  def test_split_with_block
-    a = (1..10).to_a
-    assert_equal [[1, 2], [4, 5], [7, 8], [10]], a.split { |i| i % 3 == 0 }
-    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ,10], a
-  end
-
-  def test_split_with_edge_values
-    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
-    assert_equal [[], [2, 3, 4, 5]],  a.split(1)
-    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3, 4], []],  a.split(5)
-    assert_equal [[], [2, 3, 4], []], a.split { |i| i == 1 || i == 5 }
-    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], a
-  end
-end
-
-class ArrayToXmlTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_to_xml
-    xml = [
-      { :name => "David", :age => 26, :age_in_millis => 820497600000 },
-      { :name => "Jason", :age => 31, :age_in_millis => BigDecimal.new('1.0') }
-    ].to_xml(:skip_instruct => true, :indent => 0)
-
-    assert_equal '<objects type="array"><object>', xml.first(30)
-    assert xml.include?(%(<age type="integer">26</age>)), xml
-    assert xml.include?(%(<age-in-millis type="integer">820497600000</age-in-millis>)), xml
-    assert xml.include?(%(<name>David</name>)), xml
-    assert xml.include?(%(<age type="integer">31</age>)), xml
-    assert xml.include?(%(<age-in-millis type="decimal">1.0</age-in-millis>)), xml
-    assert xml.include?(%(<name>Jason</name>)), xml
-  end
-
-  def test_to_xml_with_dedicated_name
-    xml = [
-      { :name => "David", :age => 26, :age_in_millis => 820497600000 }, { :name => "Jason", :age => 31 }
-    ].to_xml(:skip_instruct => true, :indent => 0, :root => "people")
-
-    assert_equal '<people type="array"><person>', xml.first(29)
-  end
-
-  def test_to_xml_with_options
-    xml = [
-      { :name => "David", :street_address => "Paulina" }, { :name => "Jason", :street_address => "Evergreen" }
-    ].to_xml(:skip_instruct => true, :skip_types => true, :indent => 0)
-
-    assert_equal "<objects><object>", xml.first(17)
-    assert xml.include?(%(<street-address>Paulina</street-address>))
-    assert xml.include?(%(<name>David</name>))
-    assert xml.include?(%(<street-address>Evergreen</street-address>))
-    assert xml.include?(%(<name>Jason</name>))
-  end
-
-  def test_to_xml_with_dasherize_false
-    xml = [
-      { :name => "David", :street_address => "Paulina" }, { :name => "Jason", :street_address => "Evergreen" }
-    ].to_xml(:skip_instruct => true, :skip_types => true, :indent => 0, :dasherize => false)
-
-    assert_equal "<objects><object>", xml.first(17)
-    assert xml.include?(%(<street_address>Paulina</street_address>))
-    assert xml.include?(%(<street_address>Evergreen</street_address>))
-  end
-
-  def test_to_xml_with_dasherize_true
-    xml = [
-      { :name => "David", :street_address => "Paulina" }, { :name => "Jason", :street_address => "Evergreen" }
-    ].to_xml(:skip_instruct => true, :skip_types => true, :indent => 0, :dasherize => true)
-
-    assert_equal "<objects><object>", xml.first(17)
-    assert xml.include?(%(<street-address>Paulina</street-address>))
-    assert xml.include?(%(<street-address>Evergreen</street-address>))
-  end
-
-  def test_to_with_instruct
-    xml = [
-      { :name => "David", :age => 26, :age_in_millis => 820497600000 },
-      { :name => "Jason", :age => 31, :age_in_millis => BigDecimal.new('1.0') }
-    ].to_xml(:skip_instruct => false, :indent => 0)
-
-    assert_match(/^<\?xml [^>]*/, xml)
-    assert_equal 0, xml.rindex(/<\?xml /)
-  end
-
-  def test_to_xml_with_block
-    xml = [
-      { :name => "David", :age => 26, :age_in_millis => 820497600000 },
-      { :name => "Jason", :age => 31, :age_in_millis => BigDecimal.new('1.0') }
-    ].to_xml(:skip_instruct => true, :indent => 0) do |builder|
-      builder.count 2
-    end
-
-    assert xml.include?(%(<count>2</count>)), xml
-  end
-
-  def test_to_xml_with_empty
-    xml = [].to_xml
-    assert_match(/type="array"\/>/, xml)
-  end
-
-  def test_to_xml_dups_options
-    options = {:skip_instruct => true}
-    [].to_xml(options)
-    # :builder, etc, shouldn't be added to options
-    assert_equal({:skip_instruct => true}, options)
-  end
-end
-
-class ArrayExtractOptionsTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  class HashSubclass < Hash
-  end
-
-  class ExtractableHashSubclass < Hash
-    def extractable_options?
-      true
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_extract_options
-    assert_equal({}, [].extract_options!)
-    assert_equal({}, [1].extract_options!)
-    assert_equal({:a=>:b}, [{:a=>:b}].extract_options!)
-    assert_equal({:a=>:b}, [1, {:a=>:b}].extract_options!)
-  end
-
-  def test_extract_options_doesnt_extract_hash_subclasses
-    hash = HashSubclass.new
-    hash[:foo] = 1
-    array = [hash]
-    options = array.extract_options!
-    assert_equal({}, options)
-    assert_equal [hash], array
-  end
-
-  def test_extract_options_extracts_extractable_subclass
-    hash = ExtractableHashSubclass.new
-    hash[:foo] = 1
-    array = [hash]
-    options = array.extract_options!
-    assert_equal({:foo => 1}, options)
-    assert_equal [], array
-  end
-
-  def test_extract_options_extracts_hwia
-    hash = [{:foo => 1}.with_indifferent_access]
-    options = hash.extract_options!
-    assert_equal 1, options[:foo]
-  end
-end
-
-class ArrayWrapperTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  class FakeCollection
-    def to_ary
-      ["foo", "bar"]
-    end
-  end
-
-  class Proxy
-    def initialize(target) @target = target end
-    def method_missing(*a) @target.send(*a) end
-  end
-
-  class DoubtfulToAry
-    def to_ary
-      :not_an_array
-    end
-  end
-
-  class NilToAry
-    def to_ary
-      nil
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_array
-    ary = %w(foo bar)
-    assert_same ary, Array.wrap(ary)
-  end
-
-  def test_nil
-    assert_equal [], Array.wrap(nil)
-  end
-
-  def test_object
-    o = Object.new
-    assert_equal [o], Array.wrap(o)
-  end
-
-  def test_string
-    assert_equal ["foo"], Array.wrap("foo")
-  end
-
-  def test_string_with_newline
-    assert_equal ["foo\nbar"], Array.wrap("foo\nbar")
-  end
-
-  def test_object_with_to_ary
-    assert_equal ["foo", "bar"], Array.wrap(FakeCollection.new)
-  end
-
-  def test_proxy_object
-    p = Proxy.new(Object.new)
-    assert_equal [p], Array.wrap(p)
-  end
-
-  def test_proxy_to_object_with_to_ary
-    p = Proxy.new(FakeCollection.new)
-    assert_equal [p], Array.wrap(p)
-  end
-
-  def test_struct
-    o = Struct.new(:foo).new(123)
-    assert_equal [o], Array.wrap(o)
-  end
-
-  def test_wrap_returns_wrapped_if_to_ary_returns_nil
-    o = NilToAry.new
-    assert_equal [o], Array.wrap(o)
-  end
-
-  def test_wrap_does_not_complain_if_to_ary_does_not_return_an_array
-    assert_equal DoubtfulToAry.new.to_ary, Array.wrap(DoubtfulToAry.new)
-  end
-end
-
-class ArrayPrependAppendTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_append
-    assert_equal [1, 2], [1].append(2)
-  end
-
-  def test_prepend
-    assert_equal [2, 1], [1].prepend(2)
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/big_decimal/yaml_conversions_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/big_decimal/yaml_conversions_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index e634679d20..0000000000
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/big_decimal/yaml_conversions_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-class BigDecimalYamlConversionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_to_yaml
-    assert_deprecated { require 'active_support/core_ext/big_decimal/yaml_conversions' }
-    assert_match("--- 100000.30020320320000000000000000000000000000001\n", BigDecimal.new('100000.30020320320000000000000000000000000000001').to_yaml)
-    assert_match("--- .Inf\n",  BigDecimal.new('Infinity').to_yaml)
-    assert_match("--- .NaN\n",  BigDecimal.new('NaN').to_yaml)
-    assert_match("--- -.Inf\n", BigDecimal.new('-Infinity').to_yaml)
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 0e0742d147..0000000000
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,100 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes'
-
-module DelegatingFixtures
-  class Parent
-  end
-
-  class Child < Parent
-    superclass_delegating_accessor :some_attribute
-  end
-
-  class Mokopuna < Child
-  end
-
-  class PercysMom
-    superclass_delegating_accessor :superpower
-  end
-
-  class Percy < PercysMom
-  end
-end
-
-class DelegatingAttributesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  include DelegatingFixtures
-  attr_reader :single_class
-
-  def setup
-    @single_class = Class.new(Object)
-  end
-
-  def test_simple_accessor_declaration
-    single_class.superclass_delegating_accessor :both
-    # Class should have accessor and mutator
-    # the instance should have an accessor only
-    assert_respond_to single_class, :both
-    assert_respond_to single_class, :both=
-    assert single_class.public_instance_methods.map(&:to_s).include?("both")
-    assert !single_class.public_instance_methods.map(&:to_s).include?("both=")
-  end
-
-  def test_simple_accessor_declaration_with_instance_reader_false
-    _instance_methods = single_class.public_instance_methods
-    single_class.superclass_delegating_accessor :no_instance_reader, :instance_reader => false
-    assert_respond_to single_class, :no_instance_reader
-    assert_respond_to single_class, :no_instance_reader=
-    assert !_instance_methods.include?(:no_instance_reader)
-    assert !_instance_methods.include?(:no_instance_reader?)
-    assert !_instance_methods.include?(:_no_instance_reader)
-  end
-
-  def test_working_with_simple_attributes
-    single_class.superclass_delegating_accessor :both
-
-    single_class.both = "HMMM"
-
-    assert_equal "HMMM", single_class.both
-    assert_equal true, single_class.both?
-
-    assert_equal "HMMM", single_class.new.both
-    assert_equal true, single_class.new.both?
-
-    single_class.both = false
-    assert_equal false, single_class.both?
-  end
-
-  def test_child_class_delegates_to_parent_but_can_be_overridden
-    parent = Class.new
-    parent.superclass_delegating_accessor :both
-    child = Class.new(parent)
-    parent.both = "1"
-    assert_equal "1", child.both
-
-    child.both = "2"
-    assert_equal "1", parent.both
-    assert_equal "2", child.both
-
-    parent.both = "3"
-    assert_equal "3", parent.both
-    assert_equal "2", child.both
-  end
-
-  def test_delegation_stops_at_the_right_level
-    assert_nil Percy.superpower
-    assert_nil PercysMom.superpower
-
-    PercysMom.superpower = :heatvision
-    assert_equal :heatvision, Percy.superpower
-  end
-
-  def test_delegation_stops_for_nil
-    Mokopuna.some_attribute = nil
-    Child.some_attribute="1"
-
-    assert_equal "1", Child.some_attribute
-    assert_nil Mokopuna.some_attribute
-  ensure
-    Child.some_attribute=nil
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_and_time_behavior.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_and_time_behavior.rb
index b4ef5a0597..784547bdf8 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_and_time_behavior.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_and_time_behavior.rb
@@ -6,11 +6,21 @@ module DateAndTimeBehavior
     assert_equal date_time_init(2005,2,28,10,10,10), date_time_init(2005,3,2,10,10,10).yesterday.yesterday
   end
 
+  def test_prev_day
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005,2,21,10,10,10), date_time_init(2005,2,22,10,10,10).prev_day
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005,2,28,10,10,10), date_time_init(2005,3,2,10,10,10).prev_day.prev_day
+  end
+
   def test_tomorrow
     assert_equal date_time_init(2005,2,23,10,10,10), date_time_init(2005,2,22,10,10,10).tomorrow
     assert_equal date_time_init(2005,3,2,10,10,10),  date_time_init(2005,2,28,10,10,10).tomorrow.tomorrow
   end
 
+  def test_next_day
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005,2,23,10,10,10), date_time_init(2005,2,22,10,10,10).next_day
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005,3,2,10,10,10),  date_time_init(2005,2,28,10,10,10).next_day.next_day
+  end
+
   def test_days_ago
     assert_equal date_time_init(2005,6,4,10,10,10),  date_time_init(2005,6,5,10,10,10).days_ago(1)
     assert_equal date_time_init(2005,5,31,10,10,10),   date_time_init(2005,6,5,10,10,10).days_ago(5)
@@ -115,6 +125,28 @@ module DateAndTimeBehavior
     end
   end
 
+  def test_next_week_at_same_time
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005,2,28,15,15,10),  date_time_init(2005,2,22,15,15,10).next_week(:monday, same_time: true)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005,3,4,15,15,10),   date_time_init(2005,2,22,15,15,10).next_week(:friday, same_time: true)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2006,10,30,0,0,0), date_time_init(2006,10,23,0,0,0).next_week(:monday, same_time: true)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2006,11,1,0,0,0),  date_time_init(2006,10,23,0,0,0).next_week(:wednesday, same_time: true)
+  end
+
+  def test_next_weekday_on_wednesday
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2015,1,8,0,0,0), date_time_init(2015,1,7,0,0,0).next_weekday
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2015,1,8,15,15,10), date_time_init(2015,1,7,15,15,10).next_weekday
+  end
+
+  def test_next_weekday_on_friday
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2015,1,5,0,0,0), date_time_init(2015,1,2,0,0,0).next_weekday
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2015,1,5,15,15,10), date_time_init(2015,1,2,15,15,10).next_weekday
+  end
+
+  def test_next_weekday_on_saturday
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2015,1,5,0,0,0), date_time_init(2015,1,3,0,0,0).next_weekday
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2015,1,5,15,15,10), date_time_init(2015,1,3,15,15,10).next_weekday
+  end
+
   def test_next_month_on_31st
     assert_equal date_time_init(2005,9,30,15,15,10), date_time_init(2005,8,31,15,15,10).next_month
   end
@@ -144,6 +176,29 @@ module DateAndTimeBehavior
     end
   end
 
+  def test_prev_week_at_same_time
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005,2,21,15,15,10),  date_time_init(2005,3,1,15,15,10).prev_week(:monday, same_time: true)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005,2,22,15,15,10),  date_time_init(2005,3,1,15,15,10).prev_week(:tuesday, same_time: true)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005,2,25,15,15,10),  date_time_init(2005,3,1,15,15,10).prev_week(:friday, same_time: true)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2006,10,30,0,0,0), date_time_init(2006,11,6,0,0,0).prev_week(:monday, same_time: true)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2006,11,15,0,0,0), date_time_init(2006,11,23,0,0,0).prev_week(:wednesday, same_time: true)
+  end
+
+  def test_prev_weekday_on_wednesday
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2015,1,6,0,0,0), date_time_init(2015,1,7,0,0,0).prev_weekday
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2015,1,6,15,15,10), date_time_init(2015,1,7,15,15,10).prev_weekday
+  end
+
+  def test_prev_weekday_on_monday
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2015,1,2,0,0,0), date_time_init(2015,1,5,0,0,0).prev_weekday
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2015,1,2,15,15,10), date_time_init(2015,1,5,15,15,10).prev_weekday
+  end
+
+  def test_prev_weekday_on_sunday
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2015,1,2,0,0,0), date_time_init(2015,1,4,0,0,0).prev_weekday
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2015,1,2,15,15,10), date_time_init(2015,1,4,15,15,10).prev_weekday
+  end
+
   def test_prev_month_on_31st
     assert_equal date_time_init(2004,2,29,10,10,10), date_time_init(2004,3,31,10,10,10).prev_month
   end
@@ -231,6 +286,21 @@ module DateAndTimeBehavior
     end
   end
 
+  def test_on_weekend_on_saturday
+    assert date_time_init(2015,1,3,0,0,0).on_weekend?
+    assert date_time_init(2015,1,3,15,15,10).on_weekend?
+  end
+
+  def test_on_weekend_on_sunday
+    assert date_time_init(2015,1,4,0,0,0).on_weekend?
+    assert date_time_init(2015,1,4,15,15,10).on_weekend?
+  end
+
+  def test_on_weekend_on_monday
+    assert_not date_time_init(2015,1,5,0,0,0).on_weekend?
+    assert_not date_time_init(2015,1,5,15,15,10).on_weekend?
+  end
+
   def with_bw_default(bw = :monday)
     old_bw = Date.beginning_of_week
     Date.beginning_of_week = bw
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_ext_test.rb
index 5d0af035cc..0fc3f765f5 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_ext_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/time'
 require 'core_ext/date_and_time_behavior'
+require 'time_zone_test_helpers'
 
 class DateExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def date_time_init(year,month,day,*args)
@@ -8,6 +9,7 @@ class DateExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   include DateAndTimeBehavior
+  include TimeZoneTestHelpers
 
   def test_yesterday_in_calendar_reform
     assert_equal Date.new(1582,10,4), Date.new(1582,10,15).yesterday
@@ -189,8 +191,9 @@ class DateExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_yesterday_constructor_when_zone_is_set
     with_env_tz 'UTC' do
       with_tz_default ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)'] do # UTC -5
-        Time.stubs(:now).returns Time.local(2000, 1, 1)
-        assert_equal Date.new(1999, 12, 30), Date.yesterday
+        Time.stub(:now, Time.local(2000, 1, 1)) do
+          assert_equal Date.new(1999, 12, 30), Date.yesterday
+        end
       end
     end
   end
@@ -210,8 +213,9 @@ class DateExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_tomorrow_constructor_when_zone_is_set
     with_env_tz 'UTC' do
       with_tz_default ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Europe/Paris'] do # UTC +1
-        Time.stubs(:now).returns Time.local(1999, 12, 31, 23)
-        assert_equal Date.new(2000, 1, 2), Date.tomorrow
+        Time.stub(:now, Time.local(1999, 12, 31, 23)) do
+          assert_equal Date.new(2000, 1, 2), Date.tomorrow
+        end
       end
     end
   end
@@ -315,23 +319,26 @@ class DateExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_past
-    Date.stubs(:current).returns(Date.new(2000, 1, 1))
-    assert_equal true, Date.new(1999, 12, 31).past?
-    assert_equal false, Date.new(2000,1,1).past?
-    assert_equal false, Date.new(2000,1,2).past?
+    Date.stub(:current, Date.new(2000, 1, 1)) do
+      assert_equal true, Date.new(1999, 12, 31).past?
+      assert_equal false, Date.new(2000,1,1).past?
+      assert_equal false, Date.new(2000,1,2).past?
+    end
   end
 
   def test_future
-    Date.stubs(:current).returns(Date.new(2000, 1, 1))
-    assert_equal false, Date.new(1999, 12, 31).future?
-    assert_equal false, Date.new(2000,1,1).future?
-    assert_equal true, Date.new(2000,1,2).future?
+    Date.stub(:current, Date.new(2000, 1, 1)) do
+      assert_equal false, Date.new(1999, 12, 31).future?
+      assert_equal false, Date.new(2000,1,1).future?
+      assert_equal true, Date.new(2000,1,2).future?
+    end
   end
 
   def test_current_returns_date_today_when_zone_not_set
     with_env_tz 'US/Central' do
-      Time.stubs(:now).returns Time.local(1999, 12, 31, 23)
-      assert_equal Date.today, Date.current
+      Time.stub(:now, Time.local(1999, 12, 31, 23)) do
+        assert_equal Date.today, Date.current
+      end
     end
   end
 
@@ -349,22 +356,6 @@ class DateExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     Date.new(2005,2,28).advance(options)
     assert_equal({ :years => 3, :months => 11, :days => 2 }, options)
   end
-
-  protected
-    def with_env_tz(new_tz = 'US/Eastern')
-      old_tz, ENV['TZ'] = ENV['TZ'], new_tz
-      yield
-    ensure
-      old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
-    end
-
-    def with_tz_default(tz = nil)
-      old_tz = Time.zone
-      Time.zone = tz
-      yield
-    ensure
-      Time.zone = old_tz
-    end
 end
 
 class DateExtBehaviorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_time_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_time_ext_test.rb
index 0a40aeb96c..6fe38c45ec 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_time_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_time_ext_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/time'
 require 'core_ext/date_and_time_behavior'
+require 'time_zone_test_helpers'
 
 class DateTimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def date_time_init(year,month,day,hour,minute,second,*args)
@@ -8,6 +9,7 @@ class DateTimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   include DateAndTimeBehavior
+  include TimeZoneTestHelpers
 
   def test_to_s
     datetime = DateTime.new(2005, 2, 21, 14, 30, 0, 0)
@@ -162,6 +164,12 @@ class DateTimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal DateTime.civil(2013,10,17,20,22,19), DateTime.civil(2005,2,28,15,15,10).advance(:years => 7, :months => 19, :weeks => 2, :days => 5, :hours => 5, :minutes => 7, :seconds => 9)
   end
 
+  def test_advance_partial_days
+    assert_equal DateTime.civil(2012,9,29,13,15,10),  DateTime.civil(2012,9,28,1,15,10).advance(:days => 1.5)
+    assert_equal DateTime.civil(2012,9,28,13,15,10),  DateTime.civil(2012,9,28,1,15,10).advance(:days => 0.5)
+    assert_equal DateTime.civil(2012,10,29,13,15,10), DateTime.civil(2012,9,28,1,15,10).advance(:days => 1.5, :months => 1)
+  end
+
   def test_advanced_processes_first_the_date_deltas_and_then_the_time_deltas
     # If the time deltas were processed first, the following datetimes would be advanced to 2010/04/01 instead.
     assert_equal DateTime.civil(2010, 3, 29), DateTime.civil(2010, 2, 28, 23, 59, 59).advance(:months => 1, :seconds => 1)
@@ -196,61 +204,69 @@ class DateTimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_today_with_offset
-    Date.stubs(:current).returns(Date.new(2000, 1, 1))
-    assert_equal false, DateTime.civil(1999,12,31,23,59,59, Rational(-18000, 86400)).today?
-    assert_equal true,  DateTime.civil(2000,1,1,0,0,0, Rational(-18000, 86400)).today?
-    assert_equal true,  DateTime.civil(2000,1,1,23,59,59, Rational(-18000, 86400)).today?
-    assert_equal false, DateTime.civil(2000,1,2,0,0,0, Rational(-18000, 86400)).today?
+    Date.stub(:current, Date.new(2000, 1, 1)) do
+      assert_equal false, DateTime.civil(1999,12,31,23,59,59, Rational(-18000, 86400)).today?
+      assert_equal true,  DateTime.civil(2000,1,1,0,0,0, Rational(-18000, 86400)).today?
+      assert_equal true,  DateTime.civil(2000,1,1,23,59,59, Rational(-18000, 86400)).today?
+      assert_equal false, DateTime.civil(2000,1,2,0,0,0, Rational(-18000, 86400)).today?
+    end
   end
 
   def test_today_without_offset
-    Date.stubs(:current).returns(Date.new(2000, 1, 1))
-    assert_equal false, DateTime.civil(1999,12,31,23,59,59).today?
-    assert_equal true,  DateTime.civil(2000,1,1,0).today?
-    assert_equal true,  DateTime.civil(2000,1,1,23,59,59).today?
-    assert_equal false, DateTime.civil(2000,1,2,0).today?
+    Date.stub(:current, Date.new(2000, 1, 1)) do
+      assert_equal false, DateTime.civil(1999,12,31,23,59,59).today?
+      assert_equal true,  DateTime.civil(2000,1,1,0).today?
+      assert_equal true,  DateTime.civil(2000,1,1,23,59,59).today?
+      assert_equal false, DateTime.civil(2000,1,2,0).today?
+    end
   end
 
   def test_past_with_offset
-    DateTime.stubs(:current).returns(DateTime.civil(2005,2,10,15,30,45, Rational(-18000, 86400)))
-    assert_equal true,  DateTime.civil(2005,2,10,15,30,44, Rational(-18000, 86400)).past?
-    assert_equal false,  DateTime.civil(2005,2,10,15,30,45, Rational(-18000, 86400)).past?
-    assert_equal false,  DateTime.civil(2005,2,10,15,30,46, Rational(-18000, 86400)).past?
+    DateTime.stub(:current, DateTime.civil(2005,2,10,15,30,45, Rational(-18000, 86400))) do
+      assert_equal true,  DateTime.civil(2005,2,10,15,30,44, Rational(-18000, 86400)).past?
+      assert_equal false,  DateTime.civil(2005,2,10,15,30,45, Rational(-18000, 86400)).past?
+      assert_equal false,  DateTime.civil(2005,2,10,15,30,46, Rational(-18000, 86400)).past?
+    end
   end
 
   def test_past_without_offset
-    DateTime.stubs(:current).returns(DateTime.civil(2005,2,10,15,30,45, Rational(-18000, 86400)))
-    assert_equal true,  DateTime.civil(2005,2,10,20,30,44).past?
-    assert_equal false,  DateTime.civil(2005,2,10,20,30,45).past?
-    assert_equal false,  DateTime.civil(2005,2,10,20,30,46).past?
+    DateTime.stub(:current, DateTime.civil(2005,2,10,15,30,45, Rational(-18000, 86400))) do
+      assert_equal true,  DateTime.civil(2005,2,10,20,30,44).past?
+      assert_equal false,  DateTime.civil(2005,2,10,20,30,45).past?
+      assert_equal false,  DateTime.civil(2005,2,10,20,30,46).past?
+    end
   end
 
   def test_future_with_offset
-    DateTime.stubs(:current).returns(DateTime.civil(2005,2,10,15,30,45, Rational(-18000, 86400)))
-    assert_equal false,  DateTime.civil(2005,2,10,15,30,44, Rational(-18000, 86400)).future?
-    assert_equal false,  DateTime.civil(2005,2,10,15,30,45, Rational(-18000, 86400)).future?
-    assert_equal true,  DateTime.civil(2005,2,10,15,30,46, Rational(-18000, 86400)).future?
+    DateTime.stub(:current, DateTime.civil(2005,2,10,15,30,45, Rational(-18000, 86400))) do
+      assert_equal false,  DateTime.civil(2005,2,10,15,30,44, Rational(-18000, 86400)).future?
+      assert_equal false,  DateTime.civil(2005,2,10,15,30,45, Rational(-18000, 86400)).future?
+      assert_equal true,  DateTime.civil(2005,2,10,15,30,46, Rational(-18000, 86400)).future?
+    end
   end
 
   def test_future_without_offset
-    DateTime.stubs(:current).returns(DateTime.civil(2005,2,10,15,30,45, Rational(-18000, 86400)))
-    assert_equal false,  DateTime.civil(2005,2,10,20,30,44).future?
-    assert_equal false,  DateTime.civil(2005,2,10,20,30,45).future?
-    assert_equal true,  DateTime.civil(2005,2,10,20,30,46).future?
+    DateTime.stub(:current, DateTime.civil(2005,2,10,15,30,45, Rational(-18000, 86400))) do
+      assert_equal false,  DateTime.civil(2005,2,10,20,30,44).future?
+      assert_equal false,  DateTime.civil(2005,2,10,20,30,45).future?
+      assert_equal true,  DateTime.civil(2005,2,10,20,30,46).future?
+    end
   end
 
   def test_current_returns_date_today_when_zone_is_not_set
     with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
-      Time.stubs(:now).returns Time.local(1999, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59)
-      assert_equal DateTime.new(1999, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59, Rational(-18000, 86400)), DateTime.current
+      Time.stub(:now, Time.local(1999, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59)) do
+        assert_equal DateTime.new(1999, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59, Rational(-18000, 86400)), DateTime.current
+      end
     end
   end
 
   def test_current_returns_time_zone_today_when_zone_is_set
     Time.zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)']
     with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
-      Time.stubs(:now).returns Time.local(1999, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59)
-      assert_equal DateTime.new(1999, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59, Rational(-18000, 86400)), DateTime.current
+      Time.stub(:now, Time.local(1999, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59)) do
+        assert_equal DateTime.new(1999, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59, Rational(-18000, 86400)), DateTime.current
+      end
     end
   ensure
     Time.zone = nil
@@ -327,9 +343,17 @@ class DateTimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal(-1, DateTime.civil(2000) <=> ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['UTC'] ))
   end
 
+  def test_compare_with_string
+    assert_equal   1, DateTime.civil(2000) <=> Time.utc(1999, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59).to_s
+    assert_equal   0, DateTime.civil(2000) <=> Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0).to_s
+    assert_equal( -1, DateTime.civil(2000) <=> Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1).to_s)
+    assert_equal nil, DateTime.civil(2000) <=> "Invalid as Time"
+  end
+
   def test_to_f
     assert_equal 946684800.0, DateTime.civil(2000).to_f
     assert_equal 946684800.0, DateTime.civil(1999,12,31,19,0,0,Rational(-5,24)).to_f
+    assert_equal 946684800.5, DateTime.civil(1999,12,31,19,0,0.5,Rational(-5,24)).to_f
   end
 
   def test_to_i
@@ -346,12 +370,4 @@ class DateTimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 0, DateTime.civil(2000).nsec
     assert_equal 500000000, DateTime.civil(2000, 1, 1, 0, 0, Rational(1,2)).nsec
   end
-
-  protected
-    def with_env_tz(new_tz = 'US/Eastern')
-      old_tz, ENV['TZ'] = ENV['TZ'], new_tz
-      yield
-    ensure
-      old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
-    end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/digest/uuid_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/digest/uuid_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..08e0a1d6e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/digest/uuid_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/digest/uuid'
+
+class DigestUUIDExt < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def test_v3_uuids
+    assert_equal "3d813cbb-47fb-32ba-91df-831e1593ac29", Digest::UUID.uuid_v3(Digest::UUID::DNS_NAMESPACE, "www.widgets.com")
+    assert_equal "86df55fb-428e-3843-8583-ba3c05f290bc", Digest::UUID.uuid_v3(Digest::UUID::URL_NAMESPACE, "http://www.widgets.com")
+    assert_equal "8c29ab0e-a2dc-3482-b5eb-20cb2e2387a1", Digest::UUID.uuid_v3(Digest::UUID::OID_NAMESPACE, "1.2.3")
+    assert_equal "ee49149d-53a4-304a-890b-468229f6afc3", Digest::UUID.uuid_v3(Digest::UUID::X500_NAMESPACE, "cn=John Doe, ou=People, o=Acme, Inc., c=US")
+  end
+
+  def test_v5_uuids
+    assert_equal "21f7f8de-8051-5b89-8680-0195ef798b6a", Digest::UUID.uuid_v5(Digest::UUID::DNS_NAMESPACE, "www.widgets.com")
+    assert_equal "4e570fd8-186d-5a74-90f0-4d28e34673a1", Digest::UUID.uuid_v5(Digest::UUID::URL_NAMESPACE, "http://www.widgets.com")
+    assert_equal "42d5e23b-3a02-5135-85c6-52d1102f1f00", Digest::UUID.uuid_v5(Digest::UUID::OID_NAMESPACE, "1.2.3")
+    assert_equal "fd5b2ddf-bcfe-58b6-90d6-db50f74db527", Digest::UUID.uuid_v5(Digest::UUID::X500_NAMESPACE, "cn=John Doe, ou=People, o=Acme, Inc., c=US")
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_hash_class
+    assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      Digest::UUID.uuid_from_hash(Digest::SHA2, Digest::UUID::OID_NAMESPACE, '1.2.3')
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/duplicable_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/duplicable_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index e0566e012c..0000000000
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/duplicable_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'bigdecimal'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/numeric/time'
-
-class DuplicableTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  RAISE_DUP  = [nil, false, true, :symbol, 1, 2.3, 5.seconds]
-  YES = ['1', Object.new, /foo/, [], {}, Time.now, Class.new, Module.new]
-  NO = []
-
-  begin
-    bd = BigDecimal.new('4.56')
-    YES << bd.dup
-  rescue TypeError
-    RAISE_DUP << bd
-  end
-
-
-  def test_duplicable
-    (RAISE_DUP + NO).each do |v|
-      assert !v.duplicable?
-    end
-
-    YES.each do |v|
-      assert v.duplicable?, "#{v.class} should be duplicable"
-    end
-
-    (YES + NO).each do |v|
-      assert_nothing_raised { v.dup }
-    end
-
-    RAISE_DUP.each do |v|
-      assert_raises(TypeError, v.class.name) do
-        v.dup
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/duration_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/duration_test.rb
index 28ba33331e..9e97acaffb 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/duration_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/duration_test.rb
@@ -2,8 +2,11 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/inflector'
 require 'active_support/time'
 require 'active_support/json'
+require 'time_zone_test_helpers'
 
 class DurationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include TimeZoneTestHelpers
+
   def test_is_a
     d = 1.day
     assert d.is_a?(ActiveSupport::Duration)
@@ -17,11 +20,16 @@ class DurationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert !d.is_a?(k)
   end
 
+  def test_instance_of
+    assert 1.minute.instance_of?(Fixnum)
+    assert 2.days.instance_of?(ActiveSupport::Duration)
+    assert !3.second.instance_of?(Numeric)
+  end
+
   def test_threequals
     assert ActiveSupport::Duration === 1.day
     assert !(ActiveSupport::Duration === 1.day.to_i)
     assert !(ActiveSupport::Duration === 'foo')
-    assert !(ActiveSupport::Duration === ActiveSupport::ProxyObject.new)
   end
 
   def test_equals
@@ -31,6 +39,24 @@ class DurationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert !(1.day == 'foo')
   end
 
+  def test_to_s
+    assert_equal "1", 1.second.to_s
+  end
+
+  def test_eql
+    rubinius_skip "Rubinius' #eql? definition relies on #instance_of? " \
+                  "which behaves oddly for the sake of backward-compatibility."
+
+    assert 1.minute.eql?(1.minute)
+    assert 1.minute.eql?(60.seconds)
+    assert 2.days.eql?(48.hours)
+    assert !1.second.eql?(1)
+    assert !1.eql?(1.second)
+    assert 1.minute.eql?(180.seconds - 2.minutes)
+    assert !1.minute.eql?(60)
+    assert !1.minute.eql?('foo')
+  end
+
   def test_inspect
     assert_equal '0 seconds',                       0.seconds.inspect
     assert_equal '1 month',                         1.month.inspect
@@ -44,6 +70,15 @@ class DurationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal '14 days',                         1.fortnight.inspect
   end
 
+  def test_inspect_locale
+    current_locale = I18n.default_locale
+    I18n.default_locale = :de
+    I18n.backend.store_translations(:de, { support: { array: { last_word_connector: ' und ' } } })
+    assert_equal '10 years, 1 month und 1 day', (10.years + 1.month  + 1.day).inspect
+  ensure
+    I18n.default_locale = current_locale
+  end
+
   def test_minus_with_duration_does_not_break_subtraction_of_date_from_date
     assert_nothing_raised { Date.today - Date.today }
   end
@@ -71,8 +106,8 @@ class DurationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_since_and_ago
     t = Time.local(2000)
-    assert t + 1, 1.second.since(t)
-    assert t - 1, 1.second.ago(t)
+    assert_equal t + 1, 1.second.since(t)
+    assert_equal t - 1, 1.second.ago(t)
   end
 
   def test_since_and_ago_without_argument
@@ -105,28 +140,30 @@ class DurationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_since_and_ago_anchored_to_time_now_when_time_zone_is_not_set
     Time.zone = nil
     with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
-      Time.stubs(:now).returns Time.local(2000)
-      # since
-      assert_not_instance_of ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone, 5.seconds.since
-      assert_equal Time.local(2000,1,1,0,0,5), 5.seconds.since
-      # ago
-      assert_not_instance_of ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone, 5.seconds.ago
-      assert_equal Time.local(1999,12,31,23,59,55), 5.seconds.ago
+      Time.stub(:now, Time.local(2000)) do
+        # since
+        assert_not_instance_of ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone, 5.seconds.since
+        assert_equal Time.local(2000,1,1,0,0,5), 5.seconds.since
+        # ago
+        assert_not_instance_of ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone, 5.seconds.ago
+        assert_equal Time.local(1999,12,31,23,59,55), 5.seconds.ago
+      end
     end
   end
 
   def test_since_and_ago_anchored_to_time_zone_now_when_time_zone_is_set
     Time.zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)']
     with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
-      Time.stubs(:now).returns Time.local(2000)
-      # since
-      assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone, 5.seconds.since
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2000,1,1,0,0,5), 5.seconds.since.time
-      assert_equal 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)', 5.seconds.since.time_zone.name
-      # ago
-      assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone, 5.seconds.ago
-      assert_equal Time.utc(1999,12,31,23,59,55), 5.seconds.ago.time
-      assert_equal 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)', 5.seconds.ago.time_zone.name
+      Time.stub(:now, Time.local(2000)) do
+        # since
+        assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone, 5.seconds.since
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2000,1,1,0,0,5), 5.seconds.since.time
+        assert_equal 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)', 5.seconds.since.time_zone.name
+        # ago
+        assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone, 5.seconds.ago
+        assert_equal Time.utc(1999,12,31,23,59,55), 5.seconds.ago.time
+        assert_equal 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)', 5.seconds.ago.time_zone.name
+      end
     end
   ensure
     Time.zone = nil
@@ -152,6 +189,10 @@ class DurationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal counter, 60
   end
 
+  def test_as_json
+    assert_equal 172800, 2.days.as_json
+  end
+
   def test_to_json
     assert_equal '172800', 2.days.to_json
   end
@@ -161,11 +202,24 @@ class DurationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal cased, "ok"
   end
 
-  protected
-    def with_env_tz(new_tz = 'US/Eastern')
-      old_tz, ENV['TZ'] = ENV['TZ'], new_tz
-      yield
-    ensure
-      old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
-    end
+  def test_respond_to
+    assert_respond_to 1.day, :since
+    assert_respond_to 1.day, :zero?
+  end
+
+  def test_hash
+    assert_equal 1.minute.hash, 60.seconds.hash
+  end
+
+  def test_comparable
+    assert_equal(-1, (0.seconds <=> 1.second))
+    assert_equal(-1, (1.second <=> 1.minute))
+    assert_equal(-1, (1 <=> 1.minute))
+    assert_equal(0, (0.seconds <=> 0.seconds))
+    assert_equal(0, (0.seconds <=> 0.minutes))
+    assert_equal(0, (1.second <=> 1.second))
+    assert_equal(1, (1.second <=> 0.second))
+    assert_equal(1, (1.minute <=> 1.second))
+    assert_equal(1, (61 <=> 1.minute))
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/enumerable_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/enumerable_test.rb
index 6fcf6e8743..f09b7d8850 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/enumerable_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/enumerable_test.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/array'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/enumerable'
 
 Payment = Struct.new(:price)
+ExpandedPayment = Struct.new(:dollars, :cents)
+
 class SummablePayment < Payment
   def +(p) self.class.new(price + p.price) end
 end
@@ -71,14 +73,14 @@ class EnumerableTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_index_by
     payments = GenericEnumerable.new([ Payment.new(5), Payment.new(15), Payment.new(10) ])
     assert_equal({ 5 => Payment.new(5), 15 => Payment.new(15), 10 => Payment.new(10) },
-                 payments.index_by { |p| p.price })
+                 payments.index_by(&:price))
     assert_equal Enumerator, payments.index_by.class
     if Enumerator.method_defined? :size
       assert_equal nil, payments.index_by.size
       assert_equal 42, (1..42).index_by.size
     end
     assert_equal({ 5 => Payment.new(5), 15 => Payment.new(15), 10 => Payment.new(10) },
-                 payments.index_by.each { |p| p.price })
+                 payments.index_by.each(&:price))
   end
 
   def test_many
@@ -103,4 +105,23 @@ class EnumerableTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal true,  GenericEnumerable.new([ 1 ]).exclude?(2)
     assert_equal false, GenericEnumerable.new([ 1 ]).exclude?(1)
   end
+
+  def test_without
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 4], GenericEnumerable.new((1..5).to_a).without(3, 5)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 4], (1..5).to_a.without(3, 5)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 4], (1..5).to_set.without(3, 5)
+    assert_equal({foo: 1, baz: 3}, {foo: 1, bar: 2, baz: 3}.without(:bar))
+  end
+
+  def test_pluck
+    payments = GenericEnumerable.new([ Payment.new(5), Payment.new(15), Payment.new(10) ])
+    assert_equal [5, 15, 10], payments.pluck(:price)
+
+    payments = GenericEnumerable.new([
+      ExpandedPayment.new(5, 99),
+      ExpandedPayment.new(15, 0),
+      ExpandedPayment.new(10, 50)
+    ])
+    assert_equal [[5, 99], [15, 0], [10, 50]], payments.pluck(:dollars, :cents)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/file_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/file_test.rb
index 2c04e9687c..cde0132b97 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/file_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/file_test.rb
@@ -57,6 +57,16 @@ class AtomicWriteTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     File.unlink(file_name) rescue nil
   end
 
+  def test_atomic_write_returns_result_from_yielded_block
+    block_return_value = File.atomic_write(file_name, Dir.pwd) do |file|
+      "Hello world!"
+    end
+
+    assert_equal "Hello world!", block_return_value
+  ensure
+    File.unlink(file_name) rescue nil
+  end
+
   private
     def file_name
       "atomic.file"
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash/transform_keys_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash/transform_keys_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..99af274614
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash/transform_keys_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
+
+class TransformKeysTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test "transform_keys returns a new hash with the keys computed from the block" do
+    original = { a: 'a', b: 'b' }
+    mapped = original.transform_keys { |k| "#{k}!".to_sym }
+
+    assert_equal({ a: 'a', b: 'b' }, original)
+    assert_equal({ a!: 'a', b!: 'b' }, mapped)
+  end
+
+  test "transform_keys! modifies the keys of the original" do
+    original = { a: 'a', b: 'b' }
+    mapped = original.transform_keys! { |k| "#{k}!".to_sym }
+
+    assert_equal({ a!: 'a', b!: 'b' }, original)
+    assert_same original, mapped
+  end
+
+  test "transform_keys returns a sized Enumerator if no block is given" do
+    original = { a: 'a', b: 'b' }
+    enumerator = original.transform_keys
+    assert_equal original.size, enumerator.size
+    assert_equal Enumerator, enumerator.class
+  end
+
+  test "transform_keys! returns a sized Enumerator if no block is given" do
+    original = { a: 'a', b: 'b' }
+    enumerator = original.transform_keys!
+    assert_equal original.size, enumerator.size
+    assert_equal Enumerator, enumerator.class
+  end
+
+  test "transform_keys is chainable with Enumerable methods" do
+    original = { a: 'a', b: 'b' }
+    mapped = original.transform_keys.with_index { |k, i| [k, i].join.to_sym }
+    assert_equal({ a0: 'a', b1: 'b' }, mapped)
+  end
+
+  test "transform_keys! is chainable with Enumerable methods" do
+    original = { a: 'a', b: 'b' }
+    original.transform_keys!.with_index { |k, i| [k, i].join.to_sym }
+    assert_equal({ a0: 'a', b1: 'b' }, original)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash/transform_values_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash/transform_values_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..114022fbaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash/transform_values_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/transform_values'
+
+class TransformValuesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test "transform_values returns a new hash with the values computed from the block" do
+    original = { a: 'a', b: 'b' }
+    mapped = original.transform_values { |v| v + '!' }
+
+    assert_equal({ a: 'a', b: 'b' }, original)
+    assert_equal({ a: 'a!', b: 'b!' }, mapped)
+  end
+
+  test "transform_values! modifies the values of the original" do
+    original = { a: 'a', b: 'b' }
+    mapped = original.transform_values! { |v| v + '!' }
+
+    assert_equal({ a: 'a!', b: 'b!' }, original)
+    assert_same original, mapped
+  end
+
+  test "indifferent access is still indifferent after mapping values" do
+    original = { a: 'a', b: 'b' }.with_indifferent_access
+    mapped = original.transform_values { |v| v + '!' }
+
+    assert_equal 'a!', mapped[:a]
+    assert_equal 'a!', mapped['a']
+  end
+
+  # This is to be consistent with the behavior of Ruby's built in methods
+  # (e.g. #select, #reject) as of 2.2
+  test "default values do not persist during mapping" do
+    original = Hash.new('foo')
+    original[:a] = 'a'
+    mapped = original.transform_values { |v| v + '!' }
+
+    assert_equal 'a!', mapped[:a]
+    assert_nil mapped[:b]
+  end
+
+  test "default procs do not persist after mapping" do
+    original = Hash.new { 'foo' }
+    original[:a] = 'a'
+    mapped = original.transform_values { |v| v + '!' }
+
+    assert_equal 'a!', mapped[:a]
+    assert_nil mapped[:b]
+  end
+
+  test "transform_values returns a sized Enumerator if no block is given" do
+    original = { a: 'a', b: 'b' }
+    enumerator = original.transform_values
+    assert_equal original.size, enumerator.size
+    assert_equal Enumerator, enumerator.class
+  end
+
+  test "transform_values! returns a sized Enumerator if no block is given" do
+    original = { a: 'a', b: 'b' }
+    enumerator = original.transform_values!
+    assert_equal original.size, enumerator.size
+    assert_equal Enumerator, enumerator.class
+  end
+
+  test "transform_values is chainable with Enumerable methods" do
+    original = { a: 'a', b: 'b' }
+    mapped = original.transform_values.with_index { |v, i| [v, i].join }
+    assert_equal({ a: 'a0', b: 'b1' }, mapped)
+  end
+
+  test "transform_values! is chainable with Enumerable methods" do
+    original = { a: 'a', b: 'b' }
+    original.transform_values!.with_index { |v, i| [v, i].join }
+    assert_equal({ a: 'a0', b: 'b1' }, original)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash_ext_test.rb
index 40c8f03374..2119352df0 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash_ext_test.rb
@@ -23,6 +23,16 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  class HashByConversion
+    def initialize(hash)
+      @hash = hash
+    end
+
+    def to_hash
+      @hash
+    end
+  end
+
   def setup
     @strings = { 'a' => 1, 'b' => 2 }
     @nested_strings = { 'a' => { 'b' => { 'c' => 3 } } }
@@ -36,6 +46,10 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     @nested_illegal_symbols = { [] => { [] => 3} }
     @upcase_strings = { 'A' => 1, 'B' => 2 }
     @nested_upcase_strings = { 'A' => { 'B' => { 'C' => 3 } } }
+    @string_array_of_hashes = { 'a' => [ { 'b' => 2 }, { 'c' => 3 }, 4 ] }
+    @symbol_array_of_hashes = { :a => [ { :b => 2 }, { :c => 3 }, 4 ] }
+    @mixed_array_of_hashes = { :a => [ { :b => 2 }, { 'c' => 3 }, 4 ] }
+    @upcase_array_of_hashes = { 'A' => [ { 'B' => 2 }, { 'C' => 3 }, 4 ] }
   end
 
   def test_methods
@@ -56,6 +70,8 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_respond_to h, :to_options!
     assert_respond_to h, :compact
     assert_respond_to h, :compact!
+    assert_respond_to h, :except
+    assert_respond_to h, :except!
   end
 
   def test_transform_keys
@@ -74,6 +90,9 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal @nested_upcase_strings, @nested_symbols.deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
     assert_equal @nested_upcase_strings, @nested_strings.deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
     assert_equal @nested_upcase_strings, @nested_mixed.deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+    assert_equal @upcase_array_of_hashes, @string_array_of_hashes.deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+    assert_equal @upcase_array_of_hashes, @symbol_array_of_hashes.deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+    assert_equal @upcase_array_of_hashes, @mixed_array_of_hashes.deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
   end
 
   def test_deep_transform_keys_not_mutates
@@ -99,6 +118,9 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal @nested_upcase_strings, @nested_symbols.deep_dup.deep_transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
     assert_equal @nested_upcase_strings, @nested_strings.deep_dup.deep_transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
     assert_equal @nested_upcase_strings, @nested_mixed.deep_dup.deep_transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+    assert_equal @upcase_array_of_hashes, @string_array_of_hashes.deep_dup.deep_transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+    assert_equal @upcase_array_of_hashes, @symbol_array_of_hashes.deep_dup.deep_transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+    assert_equal @upcase_array_of_hashes, @mixed_array_of_hashes.deep_dup.deep_transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
   end
 
   def test_deep_transform_keys_with_bang_mutates
@@ -124,6 +146,9 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal @nested_symbols, @nested_symbols.deep_symbolize_keys
     assert_equal @nested_symbols, @nested_strings.deep_symbolize_keys
     assert_equal @nested_symbols, @nested_mixed.deep_symbolize_keys
+    assert_equal @symbol_array_of_hashes, @string_array_of_hashes.deep_symbolize_keys
+    assert_equal @symbol_array_of_hashes, @symbol_array_of_hashes.deep_symbolize_keys
+    assert_equal @symbol_array_of_hashes, @mixed_array_of_hashes.deep_symbolize_keys
   end
 
   def test_deep_symbolize_keys_not_mutates
@@ -149,6 +174,9 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal @nested_symbols, @nested_symbols.deep_dup.deep_symbolize_keys!
     assert_equal @nested_symbols, @nested_strings.deep_dup.deep_symbolize_keys!
     assert_equal @nested_symbols, @nested_mixed.deep_dup.deep_symbolize_keys!
+    assert_equal @symbol_array_of_hashes, @string_array_of_hashes.deep_dup.deep_symbolize_keys!
+    assert_equal @symbol_array_of_hashes, @symbol_array_of_hashes.deep_dup.deep_symbolize_keys!
+    assert_equal @symbol_array_of_hashes, @mixed_array_of_hashes.deep_dup.deep_symbolize_keys!
   end
 
   def test_deep_symbolize_keys_with_bang_mutates
@@ -194,6 +222,9 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal @nested_strings, @nested_symbols.deep_stringify_keys
     assert_equal @nested_strings, @nested_strings.deep_stringify_keys
     assert_equal @nested_strings, @nested_mixed.deep_stringify_keys
+    assert_equal @string_array_of_hashes, @string_array_of_hashes.deep_stringify_keys
+    assert_equal @string_array_of_hashes, @symbol_array_of_hashes.deep_stringify_keys
+    assert_equal @string_array_of_hashes, @mixed_array_of_hashes.deep_stringify_keys
   end
 
   def test_deep_stringify_keys_not_mutates
@@ -219,6 +250,9 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal @nested_strings, @nested_symbols.deep_dup.deep_stringify_keys!
     assert_equal @nested_strings, @nested_strings.deep_dup.deep_stringify_keys!
     assert_equal @nested_strings, @nested_mixed.deep_dup.deep_stringify_keys!
+    assert_equal @string_array_of_hashes, @string_array_of_hashes.deep_dup.deep_stringify_keys!
+    assert_equal @string_array_of_hashes, @symbol_array_of_hashes.deep_dup.deep_stringify_keys!
+    assert_equal @string_array_of_hashes, @mixed_array_of_hashes.deep_dup.deep_stringify_keys!
   end
 
   def test_deep_stringify_keys_with_bang_mutates
@@ -331,7 +365,7 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       :member? => true }
 
     hashes.each do |name, hash|
-      method_map.sort_by { |m| m.to_s }.each do |meth, expected|
+      method_map.sort_by(&:to_s).each do |meth, expected|
         assert_equal(expected, hash.__send__(meth, 'a'),
                      "Calling #{name}.#{meth} 'a'")
         assert_equal(expected, hash.__send__(meth, :a),
@@ -411,6 +445,12 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert [updated_with_strings, updated_with_symbols, updated_with_mixed].all? { |h| h.keys.size == 2 }
   end
 
+  def test_update_with_to_hash_conversion
+    hash = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
+    hash.update HashByConversion.new({ :a => 1 })
+    assert_equal hash['a'], 1
+  end
+
   def test_indifferent_merging
     hash = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
     hash[:a] = 'failure'
@@ -430,6 +470,12 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 2, hash['b']
   end
 
+  def test_merge_with_to_hash_conversion
+    hash = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
+    merged = hash.merge HashByConversion.new({ :a => 1 })
+    assert_equal merged['a'], 1
+  end
+
   def test_indifferent_replace
     hash = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
     hash[:a] = 42
@@ -442,6 +488,18 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_same hash, replaced
   end
 
+  def test_replace_with_to_hash_conversion
+    hash = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
+    hash[:a] = 42
+
+    replaced = hash.replace(HashByConversion.new(b: 12))
+
+    assert hash.key?('b')
+    assert !hash.key?(:a)
+    assert_equal 12, hash[:b]
+    assert_same hash, replaced
+  end
+
   def test_indifferent_merging_with_block
     hash = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
     hash[:a] = 1
@@ -466,6 +524,10 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_indifferent_reverse_merging
+    hash = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new key: :old_value
+    hash.reverse_merge! key: :new_value
+    assert_equal :old_value, hash[:key]
+
     hash = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new('some' => 'value', 'other' => 'value')
     hash.reverse_merge!(:some => 'noclobber', :another => 'clobber')
     assert_equal 'value', hash[:some]
@@ -489,6 +551,11 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess, hash
   end
 
+  def test_indifferent_select_returns_enumerator
+    enum = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new(@strings).select
+    assert_instance_of Enumerator, enum
+  end
+
   def test_indifferent_select_returns_a_hash_when_unchanged
     hash = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new(@strings).select {|k,v| true}
 
@@ -510,6 +577,11 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess, hash
   end
 
+  def test_indifferent_reject_returns_enumerator
+    enum = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new(@strings).reject
+    assert_instance_of Enumerator, enum
+  end
+
   def test_indifferent_reject_bang
     indifferent_strings = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new(@strings)
     indifferent_strings.reject! {|k,v| v != 1}
@@ -528,6 +600,8 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     roundtrip = mixed_with_default.with_indifferent_access.to_hash
     assert_equal @strings, roundtrip
     assert_equal '1234', roundtrip.default
+
+    # Ensure nested hashes are not HashWithIndiffereneAccess
     new_to_hash = @nested_mixed.with_indifferent_access.to_hash
     assert_not new_to_hash.instance_of?(HashWithIndifferentAccess)
     assert_not new_to_hash["a"].instance_of?(HashWithIndifferentAccess)
@@ -601,7 +675,15 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 1, h['first']
   end
 
-  def test_indifferent_subhashes
+  def test_to_options_on_indifferent_preserves_works_as_hash_with_dup
+    h = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new({ a: { b: 'b' } })
+    dup = h.dup
+
+    dup[:a][:c] = 'c'
+    assert_equal 'c', h[:a][:c]
+  end
+
+  def test_indifferent_sub_hashes
     h = {'user' => {'id' => 5}}.with_indifferent_access
     ['user', :user].each {|user| [:id, 'id'].each {|id| assert_equal 5, h[user][id], "h[#{user.inspect}][#{id.inspect}] should be 5"}}
 
@@ -625,6 +707,11 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       { :failure => "stuff", :funny => "business" }.assert_valid_keys([ :failure, :funny ])
       { :failure => "stuff", :funny => "business" }.assert_valid_keys(:failure, :funny)
     end
+    # not all valid keys are required to be present
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      { :failure => "stuff", :funny => "business" }.assert_valid_keys([ :failure, :funny, :sunny ])
+      { :failure => "stuff", :funny => "business" }.assert_valid_keys(:failure, :funny, :sunny)
+    end
 
     exception = assert_raise ArgumentError do
       { :failore => "stuff", :funny => "business" }.assert_valid_keys([ :failure, :funny ])
@@ -635,6 +722,16 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       { :failore => "stuff", :funny => "business" }.assert_valid_keys(:failure, :funny)
     end
     assert_equal "Unknown key: :failore. Valid keys are: :failure, :funny", exception.message
+
+    exception = assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      { :failore => "stuff", :funny => "business" }.assert_valid_keys([ :failure ])
+    end
+    assert_equal "Unknown key: :failore. Valid keys are: :failure", exception.message
+
+    exception = assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      { :failore => "stuff", :funny => "business" }.assert_valid_keys(:failure)
+    end
+    assert_equal "Unknown key: :failore. Valid keys are: :failure", exception.message
   end
 
   def test_assorted_keys_not_stringified
@@ -663,6 +760,16 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal expected, hash_1
   end
 
+  def test_deep_merge_with_falsey_values
+    hash_1 = { e: false }
+    hash_2 = { e: 'e' }
+    expected = { e: [:e, false, 'e'] }
+    assert_equal(expected, hash_1.deep_merge(hash_2) { |k, o, n| [k, o, n] })
+
+    hash_1.deep_merge!(hash_2) { |k, o, n| [k, o, n] }
+    assert_equal expected, hash_1
+  end
+
   def test_deep_merge_on_indifferent_access
     hash_1 = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new({ :a => "a", :b => "b", :c => { :c1 => "c1", :c2 => "c2", :c3 => { :d1 => "d1" } } })
     hash_2 = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new({ :a => 1, :c => { :c1 => 2, :c3 => { :d2 => "d2" } } })
@@ -853,29 +960,36 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_except_with_more_than_one_argument
     original = { :a => 'x', :b => 'y', :c => 10 }
     expected = { :a => 'x' }
+
     assert_equal expected, original.except(:b, :c)
+
+    assert_equal expected, original.except!(:b, :c)
+    assert_equal expected, original
   end
 
   def test_except_with_original_frozen
     original = { :a => 'x', :b => 'y' }
     original.freeze
     assert_nothing_raised { original.except(:a) }
+
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { original.except!(:a) }
   end
 
-  def test_except_with_mocha_expectation_on_original
+  def test_except_does_not_delete_values_in_original
     original = { :a => 'x', :b => 'y' }
-    original.expects(:delete).never
-    original.except(:a)
+    assert_not_called(original, :delete) do
+      original.except(:a)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_compact
     hash_contain_nil_value = @symbols.merge(z: nil)
     hash_with_only_nil_values = { a: nil, b: nil }
-    
+
     h = hash_contain_nil_value.dup
     assert_equal(@symbols, h.compact)
     assert_equal(hash_contain_nil_value, h)
-    
+
     h = hash_with_only_nil_values.dup
     assert_equal({}, h.compact)
     assert_equal(hash_with_only_nil_values, h)
@@ -884,15 +998,70 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_compact!
     hash_contain_nil_value = @symbols.merge(z: nil)
     hash_with_only_nil_values = { a: nil, b: nil }
-    
+
     h = hash_contain_nil_value.dup
     assert_equal(@symbols, h.compact!)
     assert_equal(@symbols, h)
-    
+
     h = hash_with_only_nil_values.dup
     assert_equal({}, h.compact!)
     assert_equal({}, h)
   end
+
+  def test_new_with_to_hash_conversion
+    hash = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new(HashByConversion.new(a: 1))
+    assert hash.key?('a')
+    assert_equal 1, hash[:a]
+  end
+
+  def test_dup_with_default_proc
+    hash = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
+    hash.default_proc = proc { |h, v| raise "walrus" }
+    assert_nothing_raised { hash.dup }
+  end
+
+  def test_dup_with_default_proc_sets_proc
+    hash = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
+    hash.default_proc = proc { |h, k| k + 1 }
+    new_hash = hash.dup
+
+    assert_equal 3, new_hash[2]
+
+    new_hash.default = 2
+    assert_equal 2, new_hash[:non_existant]
+  end
+
+  def test_to_hash_with_raising_default_proc
+    hash = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
+    hash.default_proc = proc { |h, k| raise "walrus" }
+
+    assert_nothing_raised { hash.to_hash }
+  end
+
+  def test_new_from_hash_copying_default_should_not_raise_when_default_proc_does
+    hash = Hash.new
+    hash.default_proc = proc { |h, k| raise "walrus" }
+
+    assert_deprecated { HashWithIndifferentAccess.new_from_hash_copying_default(hash) }
+  end
+
+  def test_new_with_to_hash_conversion_copies_default
+    normal_hash = Hash.new(3)
+    normal_hash[:a] = 1
+
+    hash = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new(HashByConversion.new(normal_hash))
+    assert_equal 1, hash[:a]
+    assert_equal 3, hash[:b]
+  end
+
+  def test_new_with_to_hash_conversion_copies_default_proc
+    normal_hash = Hash.new { 1 + 2 }
+    normal_hash[:a] = 1
+
+    hash = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new(HashByConversion.new(normal_hash))
+    assert_equal 1, hash[:a]
+    assert_equal 3, hash[:b]
+  end
 end
 
 class IWriteMyOwnXML
@@ -1397,12 +1566,32 @@ class HashToXmlTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_from_xml_array_one
+    expected = { 'numbers' => { 'type' => 'Array', 'value' => '1' }}
+    assert_equal expected, Hash.from_xml('<numbers type="Array"><value>1</value></numbers>')
+  end
+
+  def test_from_xml_array_many
+    expected = { 'numbers' => { 'type' => 'Array', 'value' => [ '1', '2' ] }}
+    assert_equal expected, Hash.from_xml('<numbers type="Array"><value>1</value><value>2</value></numbers>')
+  end
+
   def test_from_trusted_xml_allows_symbol_and_yaml_types
     expected = { 'product' => { 'name' => :value }}
     assert_equal expected, Hash.from_trusted_xml('<product><name type="symbol">value</name></product>')
     assert_equal expected, Hash.from_trusted_xml('<product><name type="yaml">:value</name></product>')
   end
 
+  def test_should_use_default_proc_for_unknown_key
+    hash_wia = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new { 1 +  2 }
+    assert_equal 3, hash_wia[:new_key]
+  end
+
+  def test_should_use_default_proc_if_no_key_is_supplied
+    hash_wia = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new { 1 +  2 }
+    assert_equal 3, hash_wia.default
+  end
+
   def test_should_use_default_value_for_unknown_key
     hash_wia = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new(3)
     assert_equal 3, hash_wia[:new_key]
@@ -1424,12 +1613,30 @@ class HashToXmlTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_not_same hash_wia, hash_wia.with_indifferent_access
   end
 
+  def test_allows_setting_frozen_array_values_with_indifferent_access
+    value = [1, 2, 3].freeze
+    hash = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
+    hash[:key] = value
+    assert_equal hash[:key], value
+  end
+
   def test_should_copy_the_default_value_when_converting_to_hash_with_indifferent_access
     hash = Hash.new(3)
     hash_wia = hash.with_indifferent_access
     assert_equal 3, hash_wia.default
   end
 
+  def test_should_copy_the_default_proc_when_converting_to_hash_with_indifferent_access
+    hash = Hash.new do
+      2 + 1
+    end
+    assert_equal 3, hash[:foo]
+
+    hash_wia = hash.with_indifferent_access
+    assert_equal 3, hash_wia[:foo]
+    assert_equal 3, hash_wia[:bar]
+  end
+
   # The XML builder seems to fail miserably when trying to tag something
   # with the same name as a Kernel method (throw, test, loop, select ...)
   def test_kernel_method_names_to_xml
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/kernel/concern_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/kernel/concern_test.rb
index 9b1fdda3b0..478a00d2d2 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/kernel/concern_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/kernel/concern_test.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ class KernelConcernTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     mod = ::TOPLEVEL_BINDING.eval 'concern(:ToplevelConcern) { }'
     assert_equal mod, ::ToplevelConcern
     assert_kind_of ActiveSupport::Concern, ::ToplevelConcern
-    assert !Object.ancestors.include?(::ToplevelConcern), mod.ancestors.inspect
+    assert_not Object.ancestors.include?(::ToplevelConcern), mod.ancestors.inspect
+  ensure
     Object.send :remove_const, :ToplevelConcern
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/kernel_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/kernel_test.rb
index 18b251173f..503e6595cb 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/kernel_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/kernel_test.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ class KernelTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal old_verbose, $VERBOSE
   end
 
-
   def test_enable_warnings
     enable_warnings { assert_equal true, $VERBOSE }
     assert_equal 1234, enable_warnings { 1234 }
@@ -29,59 +28,11 @@ class KernelTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal old_verbose, $VERBOSE
   end
 
-
-  def test_silence_stderr
-    old_stderr_position = STDERR.tell
-    silence_stderr { STDERR.puts 'hello world' }
-    assert_equal old_stderr_position, STDERR.tell
-  rescue Errno::ESPIPE
-    # Skip if we can't STDERR.tell
-  end
-
-  def test_silence_stream
-    old_stream_position = STDOUT.tell
-    silence_stream(STDOUT) { STDOUT.puts 'hello world' }
-    assert_equal old_stream_position, STDOUT.tell
-  rescue Errno::ESPIPE
-    # Skip if we can't stream.tell
-  end
-
-  def test_silence_stream_closes_file_descriptors
-    stream     = StringIO.new
-    dup_stream = StringIO.new
-    stream.stubs(:dup).returns(dup_stream)
-    dup_stream.expects(:close)
-    silence_stream(stream) { stream.puts 'hello world' }
-  end
-
-  def test_quietly
-    old_stdout_position, old_stderr_position = STDOUT.tell, STDERR.tell
-    quietly do
-      puts 'see me, feel me'
-      STDERR.puts 'touch me, heal me'
-    end
-    assert_equal old_stdout_position, STDOUT.tell
-    assert_equal old_stderr_position, STDERR.tell
-  rescue Errno::ESPIPE
-    # Skip if we can't STDERR.tell
-  end
-
-  def test_silence_stderr_with_return_value
-    assert_equal 1, silence_stderr { 1 }
-  end
-
   def test_class_eval
     o = Object.new
     class << o; @x = 1; end
     assert_equal 1, o.class_eval { @x }
   end
-
-  def test_capture
-    assert_equal 'STDERR', capture(:stderr) { $stderr.print 'STDERR' }
-    assert_equal 'STDOUT', capture(:stdout) { print 'STDOUT' }
-    assert_equal "STDERR\n", capture(:stderr) { system('echo STDERR 1>&2') }
-    assert_equal "STDOUT\n", capture(:stdout) { system('echo STDOUT') }
-  end
 end
 
 class KernelSuppressTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
@@ -114,27 +65,3 @@ class MockStdErr
     puts(message)
   end
 end
-
-class KernelDebuggerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_debugger_not_available_message_to_stderr
-    old_stderr = $stderr
-    $stderr = MockStdErr.new
-    debugger
-    assert_match(/Debugger requested/, $stderr.output.first)
-  ensure
-    $stderr = old_stderr
-  end
-
-  def test_debugger_not_available_message_to_rails_logger
-    rails = Class.new do
-      def self.logger
-        @logger ||= MockStdErr.new
-      end
-    end
-    Object.const_set(:Rails, rails)
-    debugger
-    assert_match(/Debugger requested/, rails.logger.output.first)
-  ensure
-    Object.send(:remove_const, :Rails)
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/load_error_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/load_error_test.rb
index 31863d0aca..b2a75a2bcc 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/load_error_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/load_error_test.rb
@@ -1,17 +1,11 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/load_error'
 
+
 class TestMissingSourceFile < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_with_require
-    assert_raise(MissingSourceFile) { require 'no_this_file_don\'t_exist' }
-  end
-  def test_with_load
-    assert_raise(MissingSourceFile) { load 'nor_does_this_one' }
-  end
-  def test_path
-    begin load 'nor/this/one.rb'
-    rescue MissingSourceFile => e
-      assert_equal 'nor/this/one.rb', e.path
+  def test_it_is_deprecated
+    assert_deprecated do
+      MissingSourceFile.new
     end
   end
 end
@@ -29,4 +23,4 @@ class TestLoadError < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       assert_equal 'nor/this/one.rb', e.path
     end
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/marshal_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/marshal_test.rb
index 8f3f710dfd..825df439a5 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/marshal_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/marshal_test.rb
@@ -8,28 +8,28 @@ class MarshalTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def teardown
     ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
-    remove_constants(:E, :ClassFolder)
+    remove_constants(:EM, :ClassFolder)
   end
 
   test "that Marshal#load still works" do
     sanity_data = ["test", [1, 2, 3], {a: [1, 2, 3]}, ActiveSupport::TestCase]
     sanity_data.each do |obj|
       dumped = Marshal.dump(obj)
-      assert_equal Marshal.load_without_autoloading(dumped), Marshal.load(dumped)
+      assert_equal Marshal.method(:load).super_method.call(dumped), Marshal.load(dumped)
     end
   end
 
   test "that a missing class is autoloaded from string" do
     dumped = nil
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
-      dumped = Marshal.dump(E.new)
+      dumped = Marshal.dump(EM.new)
     end
 
-    remove_constants(:E)
+    remove_constants(:EM)
     ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
 
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
-      assert_kind_of E, Marshal.load(dumped)
+      assert_kind_of EM, Marshal.load(dumped)
     end
   end
 
@@ -50,16 +50,16 @@ class MarshalTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "that more than one missing class is autoloaded" do
     dumped = nil
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
-      dumped = Marshal.dump([E.new, ClassFolder.new])
+      dumped = Marshal.dump([EM.new, ClassFolder.new])
     end
 
-    remove_constants(:E, :ClassFolder)
+    remove_constants(:EM, :ClassFolder)
     ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
 
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
       loaded = Marshal.load(dumped)
       assert_equal 2, loaded.size
-      assert_kind_of E, loaded[0]
+      assert_kind_of EM, loaded[0]
       assert_kind_of ClassFolder, loaded[1]
     end
   end
@@ -67,10 +67,10 @@ class MarshalTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "that a real missing class is causing an exception" do
     dumped = nil
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
-      dumped = Marshal.dump(E.new)
+      dumped = Marshal.dump(EM.new)
     end
 
-    remove_constants(:E)
+    remove_constants(:EM)
     ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
 
     assert_raise(NameError) do
@@ -84,10 +84,10 @@ class MarshalTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
 
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
-      dumped = Marshal.dump([E.new, SomeClass.new])
+      dumped = Marshal.dump([EM.new, SomeClass.new])
     end
 
-    remove_constants(:E)
+    remove_constants(:EM)
     self.class.send(:remove_const, :SomeClass)
     ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
 
@@ -96,8 +96,8 @@ class MarshalTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
         Marshal.load(dumped)
       end
 
-      assert_nothing_raised("E failed to load while we expect only SomeClass to fail loading") do
-        E.new
+      assert_nothing_raised("EM failed to load while we expect only SomeClass to fail loading") do
+        EM.new
       end
 
       assert_raise(NameError, "We expected SomeClass to not be loaded but it is!") do
@@ -109,16 +109,16 @@ class MarshalTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "loading classes from files trigger autoloading" do
     Tempfile.open("object_serializer_test") do |f|
       with_autoloading_fixtures do
-        Marshal.dump(E.new, f)
+        Marshal.dump(EM.new, f)
       end
 
       f.rewind
-      remove_constants(:E)
+      remove_constants(:EM)
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
 
       with_autoloading_fixtures do
-        assert_kind_of E, Marshal.load(f)
+        assert_kind_of EM, Marshal.load(f)
       end
     end
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/module/attribute_accessor_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/module/attribute_accessor_test.rb
index 48f3cc579f..0b0f3a2808 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/module/attribute_accessor_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/module/attribute_accessor_test.rb
@@ -69,6 +69,20 @@ class ModuleAttributeAccessorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       end
     end
     assert_equal "invalid attribute name: 1nvalid", exception.message
+
+    exception = assert_raises NameError do
+      Class.new do
+        mattr_reader "valid_part\ninvalid_part"
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal "invalid attribute name: valid_part\ninvalid_part", exception.message
+
+    exception = assert_raises NameError do
+      Class.new do
+        mattr_writer "valid_part\ninvalid_part"
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal "invalid attribute name: valid_part\ninvalid_part", exception.message
   end
 
   def test_should_use_default_value_if_block_passed
@@ -76,4 +90,10 @@ class ModuleAttributeAccessorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 'default_reader_value', @module.defr
     assert_equal 'default_writer_value', @module.class_variable_get('@@defw')
   end
+
+  def test_should_not_invoke_default_value_block_multiple_times
+    count = 0
+    @module.cattr_accessor(:defcount){ count += 1 }
+    assert_equal 1, count
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/module/remove_method_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/module/remove_method_test.rb
index 4657f0c175..0d684dc70e 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/module/remove_method_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/module/remove_method_test.rb
@@ -6,24 +6,54 @@ module RemoveMethodTests
     def do_something
       return 1
     end
-    
+
+    def do_something_protected
+      return 1
+    end
+    protected :do_something_protected
+
+    def do_something_private
+      return 1
+    end
+    private :do_something_private
+
+    class << self
+      def do_something_else
+        return 2
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
 
 class RemoveMethodTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  
+
   def test_remove_method_from_an_object
     RemoveMethodTests::A.class_eval{
       self.remove_possible_method(:do_something)
     }
     assert !RemoveMethodTests::A.new.respond_to?(:do_something)
   end
-  
+
+  def test_remove_singleton_method_from_an_object
+    RemoveMethodTests::A.class_eval{
+      self.remove_possible_singleton_method(:do_something_else)
+    }
+    assert !RemoveMethodTests::A.respond_to?(:do_something_else)
+  end
+
   def test_redefine_method_in_an_object
     RemoveMethodTests::A.class_eval{
       self.redefine_method(:do_something) { return 100 }
+      self.redefine_method(:do_something_protected) { return 100 }
+      self.redefine_method(:do_something_private) { return 100 }
     }
     assert_equal 100, RemoveMethodTests::A.new.do_something
+    assert_equal 100, RemoveMethodTests::A.new.send(:do_something_protected)
+    assert_equal 100, RemoveMethodTests::A.new.send(:do_something_private)
+
+    assert RemoveMethodTests::A.public_method_defined? :do_something
+    assert RemoveMethodTests::A.protected_method_defined? :do_something_protected
+    assert RemoveMethodTests::A.private_method_defined? :do_something_private
   end
 
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/module_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/module_test.rb
index ff6e21854e..0ed66f8c37 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/module_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/module_test.rb
@@ -56,8 +56,14 @@ Developer = Struct.new(:client) do
   delegate :name, :to => :client, :prefix => nil
 end
 
+Event = Struct.new(:case) do
+  delegate :foo, :to => :case
+end
+
 Tester = Struct.new(:client) do
   delegate :name, :to => :client, :prefix => false
+
+  def foo; 1; end
 end
 
 Product = Struct.new(:name) do
@@ -77,6 +83,16 @@ Product = Struct.new(:name) do
   end
 end
 
+class Block
+  def hello?
+    true
+  end
+end
+
+HasBlock = Struct.new(:block) do
+  delegate :hello?, to: :block
+end
+
 class ParameterSet
   delegate :[], :[]=, :to => :@params
 
@@ -295,6 +311,11 @@ class ModuleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_raise(NoMethodError) { product.type_name }
   end
 
+  def test_delegation_with_method_arguments
+    has_block = HasBlock.new(Block.new)
+    assert has_block.hello?
+  end
+
   def test_parent
     assert_equal Yz::Zy, Yz::Zy::Cd.parent
     assert_equal Yz, Yz::Zy.parent
@@ -352,147 +373,182 @@ class MethodAliasingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     Object.instance_eval { remove_const :FooClassWithBarMethod }
   end
 
-  def test_alias_method_chain
-    assert @instance.respond_to?(:bar)
-    feature_aliases = [:bar_with_baz, :bar_without_baz]
+  def test_alias_method_chain_deprecated
+    assert_deprecated(/alias_method_chain/) do
+      Module.new do
+        def base
+        end
+
+        def base_with_deprecated
+        end
 
-    feature_aliases.each do |method|
-      assert !@instance.respond_to?(method)
+        alias_method_chain :base, :deprecated
+      end
     end
+  end
 
-    assert_equal 'bar', @instance.bar
+  def test_alias_method_chain
+    assert_deprecated(/alias_method_chain/) do
+      assert @instance.respond_to?(:bar)
+      feature_aliases = [:bar_with_baz, :bar_without_baz]
 
-    FooClassWithBarMethod.class_eval { include BarMethodAliaser }
+      feature_aliases.each do |method|
+        assert !@instance.respond_to?(method)
+      end
 
-    feature_aliases.each do |method|
-      assert_respond_to @instance, method
-    end
+      assert_equal 'bar', @instance.bar
+
+      FooClassWithBarMethod.class_eval { include BarMethodAliaser }
 
-    assert_equal 'bar_with_baz', @instance.bar
-    assert_equal 'bar', @instance.bar_without_baz
+      feature_aliases.each do |method|
+        assert_respond_to @instance, method
+      end
+
+      assert_equal 'bar_with_baz', @instance.bar
+      assert_equal 'bar', @instance.bar_without_baz
+    end
   end
 
   def test_alias_method_chain_with_punctuation_method
-    FooClassWithBarMethod.class_eval do
-      def quux!; 'quux' end
-    end
+    assert_deprecated(/alias_method_chain/) do
+      FooClassWithBarMethod.class_eval do
+        def quux!; 'quux' end
+      end
 
-    assert !@instance.respond_to?(:quux_with_baz!)
-    FooClassWithBarMethod.class_eval do
-      include BarMethodAliaser
-      alias_method_chain :quux!, :baz
-    end
-    assert_respond_to @instance, :quux_with_baz!
+      assert !@instance.respond_to?(:quux_with_baz!)
+      FooClassWithBarMethod.class_eval do
+        include BarMethodAliaser
+        alias_method_chain :quux!, :baz
+      end
+      assert_respond_to @instance, :quux_with_baz!
 
-    assert_equal 'quux_with_baz', @instance.quux!
-    assert_equal 'quux', @instance.quux_without_baz!
+      assert_equal 'quux_with_baz', @instance.quux!
+      assert_equal 'quux', @instance.quux_without_baz!
+    end
   end
 
   def test_alias_method_chain_with_same_names_between_predicates_and_bang_methods
-    FooClassWithBarMethod.class_eval do
-      def quux!; 'quux!' end
-      def quux?; true end
-      def quux=(v); 'quux=' end
-    end
+    assert_deprecated(/alias_method_chain/) do
+      FooClassWithBarMethod.class_eval do
+        def quux!; 'quux!' end
+        def quux?; true end
+        def quux=(v); 'quux=' end
+      end
 
-    assert !@instance.respond_to?(:quux_with_baz!)
-    assert !@instance.respond_to?(:quux_with_baz?)
-    assert !@instance.respond_to?(:quux_with_baz=)
+      assert !@instance.respond_to?(:quux_with_baz!)
+      assert !@instance.respond_to?(:quux_with_baz?)
+      assert !@instance.respond_to?(:quux_with_baz=)
 
-    FooClassWithBarMethod.class_eval { include BarMethodAliaser }
-    assert_respond_to @instance, :quux_with_baz!
-    assert_respond_to @instance, :quux_with_baz?
-    assert_respond_to @instance, :quux_with_baz=
+      FooClassWithBarMethod.class_eval { include BarMethodAliaser }
+      assert_respond_to @instance, :quux_with_baz!
+      assert_respond_to @instance, :quux_with_baz?
+      assert_respond_to @instance, :quux_with_baz=
 
 
-    FooClassWithBarMethod.alias_method_chain :quux!, :baz
-    assert_equal 'quux!_with_baz', @instance.quux!
-    assert_equal 'quux!', @instance.quux_without_baz!
+      FooClassWithBarMethod.alias_method_chain :quux!, :baz
+      assert_equal 'quux!_with_baz', @instance.quux!
+      assert_equal 'quux!', @instance.quux_without_baz!
 
-    FooClassWithBarMethod.alias_method_chain :quux?, :baz
-    assert_equal false, @instance.quux?
-    assert_equal true,  @instance.quux_without_baz?
+      FooClassWithBarMethod.alias_method_chain :quux?, :baz
+      assert_equal false, @instance.quux?
+      assert_equal true,  @instance.quux_without_baz?
 
-    FooClassWithBarMethod.alias_method_chain :quux=, :baz
-    assert_equal 'quux=_with_baz', @instance.send(:quux=, 1234)
-    assert_equal 'quux=', @instance.send(:quux_without_baz=, 1234)
+      FooClassWithBarMethod.alias_method_chain :quux=, :baz
+      assert_equal 'quux=_with_baz', @instance.send(:quux=, 1234)
+      assert_equal 'quux=', @instance.send(:quux_without_baz=, 1234)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_alias_method_chain_with_feature_punctuation
-    FooClassWithBarMethod.class_eval do
-      def quux; 'quux' end
-      def quux?; 'quux?' end
-      include BarMethodAliaser
-      alias_method_chain :quux, :baz!
-    end
+    assert_deprecated(/alias_method_chain/) do
+      FooClassWithBarMethod.class_eval do
+        def quux; 'quux' end
+        def quux?; 'quux?' end
+        include BarMethodAliaser
+        alias_method_chain :quux, :baz!
+      end
 
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      assert_equal 'quux_with_baz', @instance.quux_with_baz!
-    end
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        assert_equal 'quux_with_baz', @instance.quux_with_baz!
+      end
 
-    assert_raise(NameError) do
-      FooClassWithBarMethod.alias_method_chain :quux?, :baz!
+      assert_raise(NameError) do
+        FooClassWithBarMethod.alias_method_chain :quux?, :baz!
+      end
     end
   end
 
   def test_alias_method_chain_yields_target_and_punctuation
-    args = nil
+    assert_deprecated(/alias_method_chain/) do
+      args = nil
 
-    FooClassWithBarMethod.class_eval do
-      def quux?; end
-      include BarMethods
+      FooClassWithBarMethod.class_eval do
+        def quux?; end
+        include BarMethods
 
-      FooClassWithBarMethod.alias_method_chain :quux?, :baz do |target, punctuation|
-        args = [target, punctuation]
+        FooClassWithBarMethod.alias_method_chain :quux?, :baz do |target, punctuation|
+          args = [target, punctuation]
+        end
       end
-    end
 
-    assert_not_nil args
-    assert_equal 'quux', args[0]
-    assert_equal '?', args[1]
+      assert_not_nil args
+      assert_equal 'quux', args[0]
+      assert_equal '?', args[1]
+    end
   end
 
   def test_alias_method_chain_preserves_private_method_status
-    FooClassWithBarMethod.class_eval do
-      def duck; 'duck' end
-      include BarMethodAliaser
-      private :duck
-      alias_method_chain :duck, :orange
-    end
+    assert_deprecated(/alias_method_chain/) do
+      FooClassWithBarMethod.class_eval do
+        def duck; 'duck' end
+        include BarMethodAliaser
+        private :duck
+        alias_method_chain :duck, :orange
+      end
 
-    assert_raise NoMethodError do
-      @instance.duck
-    end
+      assert_raise NoMethodError do
+        @instance.duck
+      end
 
-    assert_equal 'duck_with_orange', @instance.instance_eval { duck }
-    assert FooClassWithBarMethod.private_method_defined?(:duck)
+      assert_equal 'duck_with_orange', @instance.instance_eval { duck }
+      assert FooClassWithBarMethod.private_method_defined?(:duck)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_alias_method_chain_preserves_protected_method_status
-    FooClassWithBarMethod.class_eval do
-      def duck; 'duck' end
-      include BarMethodAliaser
-      protected :duck
-      alias_method_chain :duck, :orange
-    end
+    assert_deprecated(/alias_method_chain/) do
+      FooClassWithBarMethod.class_eval do
+        def duck; 'duck' end
+        include BarMethodAliaser
+        protected :duck
+        alias_method_chain :duck, :orange
+      end
 
-    assert_raise NoMethodError do
-      @instance.duck
-    end
+      assert_raise NoMethodError do
+        @instance.duck
+      end
 
-    assert_equal 'duck_with_orange', @instance.instance_eval { duck }
-    assert FooClassWithBarMethod.protected_method_defined?(:duck)
+      assert_equal 'duck_with_orange', @instance.instance_eval { duck }
+      assert FooClassWithBarMethod.protected_method_defined?(:duck)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_alias_method_chain_preserves_public_method_status
-    FooClassWithBarMethod.class_eval do
-      def duck; 'duck' end
-      include BarMethodAliaser
-      public :duck
-      alias_method_chain :duck, :orange
+    assert_deprecated(/alias_method_chain/) do
+      FooClassWithBarMethod.class_eval do
+        def duck; 'duck' end
+        include BarMethodAliaser
+        public :duck
+        alias_method_chain :duck, :orange
+      end
+
+      assert_equal 'duck_with_orange', @instance.duck
+      assert FooClassWithBarMethod.public_method_defined?(:duck)
     end
+  end
 
-    assert_equal 'duck_with_orange', @instance.duck
-    assert FooClassWithBarMethod.public_method_defined?(:duck)
+  def test_delegate_with_case
+    event = Event.new(Tester.new)
+    assert_equal 1, event.foo
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/numeric_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/numeric_ext_test.rb
index 3b1dabea8d..0ff8f0f89b 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/numeric_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/numeric_ext_test.rb
@@ -22,18 +22,6 @@ class NumericExtTimeAndDateTimeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_deprecated_since_and_ago
-    assert_equal @now + 1, assert_deprecated { 1.since(@now) }
-    assert_equal @now - 1, assert_deprecated { 1.ago(@now) }
-  end
-
-  def test_deprecated_since_and_ago_without_argument
-    now = Time.now
-    assert assert_deprecated { 1.since } >= now + 1
-    now = Time.now
-    assert assert_deprecated { 1.ago } >= now - 1
-  end
-
   def test_irregular_durations
     assert_equal @now.advance(:days => 3000), 3000.days.since(@now)
     assert_equal @now.advance(:months => 1), 1.month.since(@now)
@@ -83,44 +71,6 @@ class NumericExtTimeAndDateTimeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal Time.utc(2005,2,28,15,15,10), Time.utc(2004,2,29,15,15,10) + 1.year
     assert_equal DateTime.civil(2005,2,28,15,15,10), DateTime.civil(2004,2,29,15,15,10) + 1.year
   end
-
-  def test_since_and_ago_anchored_to_time_now_when_time_zone_is_not_set
-    Time.zone = nil
-    with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
-      Time.stubs(:now).returns Time.local(2000)
-      # since
-      assert_not_instance_of ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone, assert_deprecated { 5.since }
-      assert_equal Time.local(2000,1,1,0,0,5), assert_deprecated { 5.since }
-      # ago
-      assert_not_instance_of ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone, assert_deprecated { 5.ago }
-      assert_equal Time.local(1999,12,31,23,59,55), assert_deprecated { 5.ago }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_since_and_ago_anchored_to_time_zone_now_when_time_zone_is_set
-    Time.zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)']
-    with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
-      Time.stubs(:now).returns Time.local(2000)
-      # since
-      assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone, assert_deprecated { 5.since }
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2000,1,1,0,0,5), assert_deprecated { 5.since.time }
-      assert_equal 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)',  assert_deprecated { 5.since.time_zone.name }
-      # ago
-      assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone, assert_deprecated { 5.ago }
-      assert_equal Time.utc(1999,12,31,23,59,55), assert_deprecated { 5.ago.time }
-      assert_equal 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)', assert_deprecated { 5.ago.time_zone.name }
-    end
-  ensure
-    Time.zone = nil
-  end
-
-  protected
-    def with_env_tz(new_tz = 'US/Eastern')
-      old_tz, ENV['TZ'] = ENV['TZ'], new_tz
-      yield
-    ensure
-      old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
-    end
 end
 
 class NumericExtDateTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
@@ -330,14 +280,16 @@ class NumericExtFormattingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_to_s__human_size_with_si_prefix
-    assert_equal '3 Bytes',    3.14159265.to_s(:human_size, :prefix => :si)
-    assert_equal '123 Bytes',  123.0.to_s(:human_size, :prefix => :si)
-    assert_equal '123 Bytes',  123.to_s(:human_size, :prefix => :si)
-    assert_equal '1.23 KB',    1234.to_s(:human_size, :prefix => :si)
-    assert_equal '12.3 KB',    12345.to_s(:human_size, :prefix => :si)
-    assert_equal '1.23 MB',    1234567.to_s(:human_size, :prefix => :si)
-    assert_equal '1.23 GB',    1234567890.to_s(:human_size, :prefix => :si)
-    assert_equal '1.23 TB',    1234567890123.to_s(:human_size, :prefix => :si)
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_equal '3 Bytes',    3.14159265.to_s(:human_size, :prefix => :si)
+      assert_equal '123 Bytes',  123.0.to_s(:human_size, :prefix => :si)
+      assert_equal '123 Bytes',  123.to_s(:human_size, :prefix => :si)
+      assert_equal '1.23 KB',    1234.to_s(:human_size, :prefix => :si)
+      assert_equal '12.3 KB',    12345.to_s(:human_size, :prefix => :si)
+      assert_equal '1.23 MB',    1234567.to_s(:human_size, :prefix => :si)
+      assert_equal '1.23 GB',    1234567890.to_s(:human_size, :prefix => :si)
+      assert_equal '1.23 TB',    1234567890123.to_s(:human_size, :prefix => :si)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_to_s__human_size_with_options_hash
@@ -435,8 +387,92 @@ class NumericExtFormattingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal BigDecimal, BigDecimal("1000010").class
     assert_equal '1 Million', BigDecimal("1000010").to_s(:human)
   end
-  
+
   def test_in_milliseconds
     assert_equal 10_000, 10.seconds.in_milliseconds
   end
+
+  # TODO: Remove positive and negative tests when we drop support to ruby < 2.3
+  b = 2**64
+  b *= b until Bignum === b
+
+  T_ZERO = b.coerce(0).first
+  T_ONE  = b.coerce(1).first
+  T_MONE = b.coerce(-1).first
+
+  def test_positive
+    assert_predicate(1, :positive?)
+    assert_not_predicate(0, :positive?)
+    assert_not_predicate(-1, :positive?)
+    assert_predicate(+1.0, :positive?)
+    assert_not_predicate(+0.0, :positive?)
+    assert_not_predicate(-0.0, :positive?)
+    assert_not_predicate(-1.0, :positive?)
+    assert_predicate(+(0.0.next_float), :positive?)
+    assert_not_predicate(-(0.0.next_float), :positive?)
+    assert_predicate(Float::INFINITY, :positive?)
+    assert_not_predicate(-Float::INFINITY, :positive?)
+    assert_not_predicate(Float::NAN, :positive?)
+
+    a = Class.new(Numeric) do
+      def >(x); true; end
+    end.new
+    assert_predicate(a, :positive?)
+
+    a = Class.new(Numeric) do
+      def >(x); false; end
+    end.new
+    assert_not_predicate(a, :positive?)
+
+    assert_predicate(1/2r, :positive?)
+    assert_not_predicate(-1/2r, :positive?)
+
+    assert_predicate(T_ONE, :positive?)
+    assert_not_predicate(T_MONE, :positive?)
+    assert_not_predicate(T_ZERO, :positive?)
+
+    e = assert_raises(NoMethodError) do
+      Complex(1).positive?
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/positive\?/, e.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_negative
+    assert_predicate(-1, :negative?)
+    assert_not_predicate(0, :negative?)
+    assert_not_predicate(1, :negative?)
+    assert_predicate(-1.0, :negative?)
+    assert_not_predicate(-0.0, :negative?)
+    assert_not_predicate(+0.0, :negative?)
+    assert_not_predicate(+1.0, :negative?)
+    assert_predicate(-(0.0.next_float), :negative?)
+    assert_not_predicate(+(0.0.next_float), :negative?)
+    assert_predicate(-Float::INFINITY, :negative?)
+    assert_not_predicate(Float::INFINITY, :negative?)
+    assert_not_predicate(Float::NAN, :negative?)
+
+    a = Class.new(Numeric) do
+      def <(x); true; end
+    end.new
+    assert_predicate(a, :negative?)
+
+    a = Class.new(Numeric) do
+      def <(x); false; end
+    end.new
+    assert_not_predicate(a, :negative?)
+
+    assert_predicate(-1/2r, :negative?)
+    assert_not_predicate(1/2r, :negative?)
+
+    assert_not_predicate(T_ONE, :negative?)
+    assert_predicate(T_MONE, :negative?)
+    assert_not_predicate(T_ZERO, :negative?)
+
+    e = assert_raises(NoMethodError) do
+      Complex(1).negative?
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/negative\?/, e.message)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/acts_like_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/acts_like_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e68b1d23cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/acts_like_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object'
+
+class ObjectTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  class DuckTime
+    def acts_like_time?
+      true
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_duck_typing
+    object = Object.new
+    time   = Time.now
+    date   = Date.today
+    dt     = DateTime.new
+    duck   = DuckTime.new
+
+    assert !object.acts_like?(:time)
+    assert !object.acts_like?(:date)
+
+    assert time.acts_like?(:time)
+    assert !time.acts_like?(:date)
+
+    assert !date.acts_like?(:time)
+    assert date.acts_like?(:date)
+
+    assert dt.acts_like?(:time)
+    assert dt.acts_like?(:date)
+
+    assert duck.acts_like?(:time)
+    assert !duck.acts_like?(:date)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/blank_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/blank_test.rb
index 246bc7fa61..a142096993 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/blank_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/blank_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
-
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
 
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/deep_dup_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/deep_dup_test.rb
index 91d558dbb5..791b5e7172 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/deep_dup_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/deep_dup_test.rb
@@ -50,4 +50,10 @@ class DeepDupTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert dup.instance_variable_defined?(:@a)
   end
 
+  def test_deep_dup_with_hash_class_key
+    hash = { Fixnum => 1 }
+    dup = hash.deep_dup
+    assert_equal 1, dup.keys.length
+  end
+
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/duplicable_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/duplicable_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..042f5cfb34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/duplicable_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'bigdecimal'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/numeric/time'
+
+class DuplicableTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  RAISE_DUP  = [nil, false, true, :symbol, 1, 2.3, method(:puts)]
+  ALLOW_DUP = ['1', Object.new, /foo/, [], {}, Time.now, Class.new, Module.new]
+  ALLOW_DUP << BigDecimal.new('4.56')
+
+  def test_duplicable
+    rubinius_skip "* Method#dup is allowed at the moment on Rubinius\n" \
+                  "* https://github.com/rubinius/rubinius/issues/3089"
+
+    RAISE_DUP.each do |v|
+      assert !v.duplicable?
+      assert_raises(TypeError, v.class.name) { v.dup }
+    end
+
+    ALLOW_DUP.each do |v|
+      assert v.duplicable?, "#{ v.class } should be duplicable"
+      assert_nothing_raised { v.dup }
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/inclusion_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/inclusion_test.rb
index b054a8dd31..32d512eca3 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/inclusion_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/inclusion_test.rb
@@ -37,11 +37,14 @@ class InTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
   class C < B
   end
+  class D
+  end
 
   def test_in_module
     assert A.in?(B)
     assert A.in?(C)
     assert !A.in?(A)
+    assert !A.in?(D)
   end
   
   def test_no_method_catching
@@ -51,5 +54,6 @@ class InTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_presence_in
     assert_equal "stuff", "stuff".presence_in(%w( lots of stuff ))
     assert_nil "stuff".presence_in(%w( lots of crap ))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { 1.presence_in(1) }
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/instance_variables_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/instance_variables_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9f4c5dc4f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/instance_variables_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object'
+
+class ObjectInstanceVariableTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @source, @dest = Object.new, Object.new
+    @source.instance_variable_set(:@bar, 'bar')
+    @source.instance_variable_set(:@baz, 'baz')
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_variable_names
+    assert_equal %w(@bar @baz), @source.instance_variable_names.sort
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_values
+    assert_equal({'bar' => 'bar', 'baz' => 'baz'}, @source.instance_values)
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_exec_passes_arguments_to_block
+    assert_equal %w(hello goodbye), 'hello'.instance_exec('goodbye') { |v| [self, v] }
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_exec_with_frozen_obj
+    assert_equal %w(olleh goodbye), 'hello'.freeze.instance_exec('goodbye') { |v| [reverse, v] }
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_exec_nested
+    assert_equal %w(goodbye olleh bar), 'hello'.instance_exec('goodbye') { |arg|
+      [arg] + instance_exec('bar') { |v| [reverse, v] } }
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/json_cherry_pick_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/json_cherry_pick_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2f7ea3a497
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/json_cherry_pick_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+# These test cases were added to test that cherry-picking the json extensions
+# works correctly, primarily for dependencies problems reported in #16131. They
+# need to be executed in isolation to reproduce the scenario correctly, because
+# other test cases might have already loaded additional dependencies.
+
+class JsonCherryPickTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include ActiveSupport::Testing::Isolation
+
+  def test_time_as_json
+    require_or_skip 'active_support/core_ext/object/json'
+
+    expected = Time.new(2004, 7, 25)
+    actual   = Time.parse(expected.as_json)
+
+    assert_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_date_as_json
+    require_or_skip 'active_support/core_ext/object/json'
+
+    expected = Date.new(2004, 7, 25)
+    actual   = Date.parse(expected.as_json)
+
+    assert_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_as_json
+    require_or_skip 'active_support/core_ext/object/json'
+
+    expected = DateTime.new(2004, 7, 25)
+    actual   = DateTime.parse(expected.as_json)
+
+    assert_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  private
+    def require_or_skip(file)
+      require(file) || skip("'#{file}' was already loaded")
+    end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/json_gem_encoding_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/json_gem_encoding_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..02ab17fb64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/json_gem_encoding_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'json'
+require 'json/encoding_test_cases'
+
+# These test cases were added to test that we do not interfere with json gem's
+# output when the AS encoder is loaded, primarily for problems reported in
+# #20775. They need to be executed in isolation to reproduce the scenario
+# correctly, because other test cases might have already loaded additional
+# dependencies.
+
+# The AS::JSON encoder requires the BigDecimal core_ext, which, unfortunately,
+# changes the BigDecimal#to_s output, and consequently the JSON gem output. So
+# we need to require this unfront to ensure we don't get a false failure, but
+# ideally we should just fix the BigDecimal core_ext to not change to_s without
+# arguments.
+require 'active_support/core_ext/big_decimal'
+
+class JsonGemEncodingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include ActiveSupport::Testing::Isolation
+
+  JSONTest::EncodingTestCases.constants.each_with_index do |name|
+    JSONTest::EncodingTestCases.const_get(name).each_with_index do |(subject, _), i|
+      test("#{name[0..-6].underscore} #{i}") do
+        assert_same_with_or_without_active_support(subject)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class CustomToJson
+    def to_json(*)
+      '"custom"'
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "custom to_json" do
+    assert_same_with_or_without_active_support(CustomToJson.new)
+  end
+
+  private
+    def require_or_skip(file)
+      require(file) || skip("'#{file}' was already loaded")
+    end
+
+    def assert_same_with_or_without_active_support(subject)
+      begin
+        expected = JSON.generate(subject, quirks_mode: true)
+      rescue JSON::GeneratorError => e
+        exception = e
+      end
+
+      require_or_skip 'active_support/core_ext/object/json'
+
+      if exception
+        assert_raises_with_message JSON::GeneratorError, e.message do
+          JSON.generate(subject, quirks_mode: true)
+        end
+      else
+        assert_equal expected, JSON.generate(subject, quirks_mode: true)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def assert_raises_with_message(exception_class, message, &block)
+      err = assert_raises(exception_class) { block.call }
+      assert_match message, err.message
+    end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/json_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/json_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d3d31530df..0000000000
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/json_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-class JsonTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  # See activesupport/test/json/encoding_test.rb for JSON encoding tests
-
-  def test_deprecated_require_to_json_rb
-    assert_deprecated { require 'active_support/core_ext/object/to_json' }
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/to_param_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/to_param_test.rb
index bd7c6c422a..30a7557dc2 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/to_param_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/to_param_test.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,12 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/to_param'
 
 class ToParamTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  class CustomString < String
+    def to_param
+      "custom-#{ self }"
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_object
     foo = Object.new
     def foo.to_s; 'foo' end
@@ -16,4 +22,16 @@ class ToParamTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal true, true.to_param
     assert_equal false, false.to_param
   end
+
+  def test_array
+    # Empty Array
+    assert_equal '', [].to_param
+
+    array = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+    assert_equal "1/2/3/4", array.to_param
+
+    # Array of different objects
+    array = [1, '3', { a: 1, b: 2 }, nil, true, false, CustomString.new('object')]
+    assert_equal "1/3/a=1&b=2//true/false/custom-object", array.to_param
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/to_query_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/to_query_test.rb
index f887a9e613..09cab3ed35 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/to_query_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/to_query_test.rb
@@ -46,19 +46,35 @@ class ToQueryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       :person => {:id => [20, 10]}
   end
 
+  def test_empty_array
+    assert_equal "person%5B%5D=", [].to_query('person')
+  end
+
   def test_nested_empty_hash
     assert_equal '',
       {}.to_query
-    assert_query_equal 'a=1&b%5Bc%5D=3&b%5Bd%5D=',
+    assert_query_equal 'a=1&b%5Bc%5D=3',
       { a: 1, b: { c: 3, d: {} } }
+    assert_query_equal '',
+      { a: {b: {c: {}}} }
     assert_query_equal 'b%5Bc%5D=false&b%5Be%5D=&b%5Bf%5D=&p=12',
       { p: 12, b: { c: false, e: nil, f: '' } }
-    assert_query_equal 'b%5Bc%5D=3&b%5Bf%5D=&b%5Bk%5D=',
+    assert_query_equal 'b%5Bc%5D=3&b%5Bf%5D=',
       { b: { c: 3, k: {}, f: '' } }
-    assert_query_equal 'a%5B%5D=&b=3',
+    assert_query_equal 'b=3',
       {a: [], b: 3}
   end
 
+  def test_hash_with_namespace
+    hash = { name: 'Nakshay', nationality: 'Indian' }
+    assert_equal "user%5Bname%5D=Nakshay&user%5Bnationality%5D=Indian", hash.to_query('user')
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_sorted_lexicographically
+    hash = { type: 'human', name: 'Nakshay' }
+    assert_equal "name=Nakshay&type=human", hash.to_query
+  end
+
   private
     def assert_query_equal(expected, actual)
       assert_equal expected.split('&'), actual.to_query.split('&')
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/try_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/try_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..25bf0207b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/try_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object'
+
+class ObjectTryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @string = "Hello"
+  end
+
+  def test_nonexisting_method
+    method = :undefined_method
+    assert !@string.respond_to?(method)
+    assert_nil @string.try(method)
+  end
+
+  def test_nonexisting_method_with_arguments
+    method = :undefined_method
+    assert !@string.respond_to?(method)
+    assert_nil @string.try(method, 'llo', 'y')
+  end
+
+  def test_nonexisting_method_bang
+    method = :undefined_method
+    assert !@string.respond_to?(method)
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { @string.try!(method) }
+  end
+
+  def test_nonexisting_method_with_arguments_bang
+    method = :undefined_method
+    assert !@string.respond_to?(method)
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { @string.try!(method, 'llo', 'y') }
+  end
+
+  def test_valid_method
+    assert_equal 5, @string.try(:size)
+  end
+
+  def test_argument_forwarding
+    assert_equal 'Hey', @string.try(:sub, 'llo', 'y')
+  end
+
+  def test_block_forwarding
+    assert_equal 'Hey', @string.try(:sub, 'llo') { |match| 'y' }
+  end
+
+  def test_nil_to_type
+    assert_nil nil.try(:to_s)
+    assert_nil nil.try(:to_i)
+  end
+
+  def test_false_try
+    assert_equal 'false', false.try(:to_s)
+  end
+
+  def test_try_only_block
+    assert_equal @string.reverse, @string.try(&:reverse)
+  end
+
+  def test_try_only_block_bang
+    assert_equal @string.reverse, @string.try!(&:reverse)
+  end
+
+  def test_try_only_block_nil
+    ran = false
+    nil.try { ran = true }
+    assert_equal false, ran
+  end
+
+  def test_try_with_instance_eval_block
+    assert_equal @string.reverse, @string.try { reverse }
+  end
+
+  def test_try_with_instance_eval_block_bang
+    assert_equal @string.reverse, @string.try! { reverse }
+  end
+
+  def test_try_with_private_method_bang
+    klass = Class.new do
+      private
+
+        def private_method
+          'private method'
+        end
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { klass.new.try!(:private_method) }
+  end
+
+  def test_try_with_private_method
+    klass = Class.new do
+      private
+
+        def private_method
+          'private method'
+        end
+    end
+
+    assert_nil klass.new.try(:private_method)
+  end
+
+  class Decorator < SimpleDelegator
+    def delegator_method
+      'delegator method'
+    end
+
+    def reverse
+      'overridden reverse'
+    end
+
+    private
+
+      def private_delegator_method
+        'private delegator method'
+      end
+  end
+
+  def test_try_with_method_on_delegator
+    assert_equal 'delegator method', Decorator.new(@string).try(:delegator_method)
+  end
+
+  def test_try_with_method_on_delegator_target
+    assert_equal 5, Decorator.new(@string).size
+  end
+
+  def test_try_with_overridden_method_on_delegator
+    assert_equal 'overridden reverse', Decorator.new(@string).reverse
+  end
+
+  def test_try_with_private_method_on_delegator
+    assert_nil Decorator.new(@string).try(:private_delegator_method)
+  end
+
+  def test_try_with_private_method_on_delegator_bang
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) do
+      Decorator.new(@string).try!(:private_delegator_method)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_try_with_private_method_on_delegator_target
+    klass = Class.new do
+      private
+
+        def private_method
+          'private method'
+        end
+    end
+
+    assert_nil Decorator.new(klass.new).try(:private_method)
+  end
+
+  def test_try_with_private_method_on_delegator_target_bang
+    klass = Class.new do
+      private
+
+        def private_method
+          'private method'
+        end
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) do
+      Decorator.new(klass.new).try!(:private_method)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object_and_class_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object_and_class_ext_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 0f454fdd95..0000000000
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object_and_class_ext_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,156 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'active_support/time'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/subclasses'
-
-class ObjectTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  class DuckTime
-    def acts_like_time?
-      true
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_duck_typing
-    object = Object.new
-    time   = Time.now
-    date   = Date.today
-    dt     = DateTime.new
-    duck   = DuckTime.new
-
-    assert !object.acts_like?(:time)
-    assert !object.acts_like?(:date)
-
-    assert time.acts_like?(:time)
-    assert !time.acts_like?(:date)
-
-    assert !date.acts_like?(:time)
-    assert date.acts_like?(:date)
-
-    assert dt.acts_like?(:time)
-    assert dt.acts_like?(:date)
-
-    assert duck.acts_like?(:time)
-    assert !duck.acts_like?(:date)
-  end
-end
-
-class ObjectInstanceVariableTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def setup
-    @source, @dest = Object.new, Object.new
-    @source.instance_variable_set(:@bar, 'bar')
-    @source.instance_variable_set(:@baz, 'baz')
-  end
-
-  def test_instance_variable_names
-    assert_equal %w(@bar @baz), @source.instance_variable_names.sort
-  end
-
-  def test_instance_values
-    object = Object.new
-    object.instance_variable_set :@a, 1
-    object.instance_variable_set :@b, 2
-    assert_equal({'a' => 1, 'b' => 2}, object.instance_values)
-  end
-
-  def test_instance_exec_passes_arguments_to_block
-    assert_equal %w(hello goodbye), 'hello'.instance_exec('goodbye') { |v| [self, v] }
-  end
-
-  def test_instance_exec_with_frozen_obj
-    assert_equal %w(olleh goodbye), 'hello'.freeze.instance_exec('goodbye') { |v| [reverse, v] }
-  end
-
-  def test_instance_exec_nested
-    assert_equal %w(goodbye olleh bar), 'hello'.instance_exec('goodbye') { |arg|
-      [arg] + instance_exec('bar') { |v| [reverse, v] } }
-  end
-end
-
-class ObjectTryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def setup
-    @string = "Hello"
-  end
-
-  def test_nonexisting_method
-    method = :undefined_method
-    assert !@string.respond_to?(method)
-    assert_nil @string.try(method)
-  end
-
-  def test_nonexisting_method_with_arguments
-    method = :undefined_method
-    assert !@string.respond_to?(method)
-    assert_nil @string.try(method, 'llo', 'y')
-  end
-
-  def test_nonexisting_method_bang
-    method = :undefined_method
-    assert !@string.respond_to?(method)
-    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { @string.try!(method) }
-  end
-
-  def test_nonexisting_method_with_arguments_bang
-    method = :undefined_method
-    assert !@string.respond_to?(method)
-    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { @string.try!(method, 'llo', 'y') }
-  end
-
-  def test_try_only_block_bang
-    assert_equal @string.reverse, @string.try! { |s| s.reverse }
-  end
-
-  def test_valid_method
-    assert_equal 5, @string.try(:size)
-  end
-
-  def test_argument_forwarding
-    assert_equal 'Hey', @string.try(:sub, 'llo', 'y')
-  end
-
-  def test_block_forwarding
-    assert_equal 'Hey', @string.try(:sub, 'llo') { |match| 'y' }
-  end
-
-  def test_nil_to_type
-    assert_nil nil.try(:to_s)
-    assert_nil nil.try(:to_i)
-  end
-
-  def test_false_try
-    assert_equal 'false', false.try(:to_s)
-  end
-
-  def test_try_only_block
-    assert_equal @string.reverse, @string.try { |s| s.reverse }
-  end
-
-  def test_try_only_block_nil
-    ran = false
-    nil.try { ran = true }
-    assert_equal false, ran
-  end
-
-  def test_try_with_private_method_bang
-    klass = Class.new do
-      private
-
-      def private_method
-        'private method'
-      end
-    end
-
-    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { klass.new.try!(:private_method) }
-  end
-  
-  def test_try_with_private_method
-    klass = Class.new do
-      private
-
-      def private_method
-        'private method'
-      end
-    end
-
-    assert_nil klass.new.try(:private_method)
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/range_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/range_ext_test.rb
index 150e6b65fb..f096328cee 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/range_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/range_ext_test.rb
@@ -12,10 +12,11 @@ class RangeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     date_range = Time.utc(2005, 12, 10, 15, 30)..Time.utc(2005, 12, 10, 17, 30)
     assert_equal "BETWEEN '2005-12-10 15:30:00' AND '2005-12-10 17:30:00'", date_range.to_s(:db)
   end
-  
+
   def test_date_range
     assert_instance_of Range, DateTime.new..DateTime.new
     assert_instance_of Range, DateTime::Infinity.new..DateTime::Infinity.new
+    assert_instance_of Range, DateTime.new..DateTime::Infinity.new
   end
 
   def test_overlaps_last_inclusive
@@ -114,6 +115,11 @@ class RangeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_date_time_with_each
     datetime = DateTime.now
-    assert ((datetime - 1.hour)..datetime).each {}
+    assert(((datetime - 1.hour)..datetime).each {})
+  end
+
+  def test_date_time_with_step
+    datetime = DateTime.now
+    assert(((datetime - 1.hour)..datetime).step(1) {})
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/secure_random_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/secure_random_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dfacb7fe9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/secure_random_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/securerandom'
+
+class SecureRandomTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def test_base58
+    s1 = SecureRandom.base58
+    s2 = SecureRandom.base58
+
+    assert_not_equal s1, s2
+    assert_equal 16, s1.length
+  end
+
+  def test_base58_with_length
+    s1 = SecureRandom.base58(24)
+    s2 = SecureRandom.base58(24)
+
+    assert_not_equal s1, s2
+    assert_equal 24, s1.length
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/string_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/string_ext_test.rb
index 072b970a2d..2e69816364 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/string_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/string_ext_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'date'
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'inflector_test_cases'
@@ -10,10 +9,12 @@ require 'active_support/time'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/strip'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/indent'
+require 'time_zone_test_helpers'
 
 class StringInflectionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   include InflectorTestCases
   include ConstantizeTestCases
+  include TimeZoneTestHelpers
 
   def test_strip_heredoc_on_an_empty_string
     assert_equal '', ''.strip_heredoc
@@ -58,6 +59,11 @@ class StringInflectionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal("blargles", "blargle".pluralize(2))
   end
 
+  test 'pluralize with count = 1 still returns new string' do
+    name = "Kuldeep"
+    assert_not_same name.pluralize(1), name
+  end
+
   def test_singularize
     SingularToPlural.each do |singular, plural|
       assert_equal(singular, plural.singularize)
@@ -137,15 +143,49 @@ class StringInflectionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_string_parameterized_normal_preserve_case
+    StringToParameterizedPreserveCase.each do |normal, slugged|
+      assert_equal(normal.parameterize(preserve_case: true), slugged)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_string_parameterized_no_separator
     StringToParameterizeWithNoSeparator.each do |normal, slugged|
-      assert_equal(normal.parameterize(''), slugged)
+      assert_equal(normal.parameterize(separator: ''), slugged)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_string_parameterized_no_separator_deprecated
+    StringToParameterizeWithNoSeparator.each do |normal, slugged|
+      assert_deprecated(/Passing the separator argument as a positional parameter is deprecated and will soon be removed. Use `separator: ''` instead./i) do
+        assert_equal(normal.parameterize(''), slugged)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_string_parameterized_no_separator_preserve_case
+    StringToParameterizePreserveCaseWithNoSeparator.each do |normal, slugged|
+      assert_equal(normal.parameterize(separator: '', preserve_case: true), slugged)
     end
   end
 
   def test_string_parameterized_underscore
     StringToParameterizeWithUnderscore.each do |normal, slugged|
-      assert_equal(normal.parameterize('_'), slugged)
+      assert_equal(normal.parameterize(separator: '_'), slugged)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_string_parameterized_underscore_deprecated
+    StringToParameterizeWithUnderscore.each do |normal, slugged|
+      assert_deprecated(/Passing the separator argument as a positional parameter is deprecated and will soon be removed. Use `separator: '_'` instead./i) do
+        assert_equal(normal.parameterize('_'), slugged)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_string_parameterized_underscore_preserve_case
+    StringToParameterizePreserceCaseWithUnderscore.each do |normal, slugged|
+      assert_equal(normal.parameterize(separator: '_', preserve_case: true), slugged)
     end
   end
 
@@ -182,21 +222,21 @@ class StringInflectionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_string_squish
-    original = %{\u180E\u180E A string surrounded by unicode mongolian vowel separators,
-      with tabs(\t\t), newlines(\n\n), unicode nextlines(\u0085\u0085) and many spaces(  ). \u180E\u180E}
+    original = %{\u205f\u3000 A string surrounded by various unicode spaces,
+      with tabs(\t\t), newlines(\n\n), unicode nextlines(\u0085\u0085) and many spaces(  ). \u00a0\u2007}
 
-    expected = "A string surrounded by unicode mongolian vowel separators, " +
+    expected = "A string surrounded by various unicode spaces, " +
       "with tabs( ), newlines( ), unicode nextlines( ) and many spaces( )."
 
     # Make sure squish returns what we expect:
-    assert_equal original.squish,  expected
+    assert_equal expected, original.squish
     # But doesn't modify the original string:
-    assert_not_equal original, expected
+    assert_not_equal expected, original
 
     # Make sure squish! returns what we expect:
-    assert_equal original.squish!, expected
+    assert_equal expected, original.squish!
     # And changes the original string:
-    assert_equal original, expected
+    assert_equal expected, original
   end
 
   def test_string_inquiry
@@ -209,19 +249,49 @@ class StringInflectionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "Hello Wor...", "Hello World!!".truncate(12)
   end
 
-  def test_truncate_with_omission_and_seperator
+  def test_truncate_with_omission_and_separator
     assert_equal "Hello[...]", "Hello World!".truncate(10, :omission => "[...]")
     assert_equal "Hello[...]", "Hello Big World!".truncate(13, :omission => "[...]", :separator => ' ')
     assert_equal "Hello Big[...]", "Hello Big World!".truncate(14, :omission => "[...]", :separator => ' ')
     assert_equal "Hello Big[...]", "Hello Big World!".truncate(15, :omission => "[...]", :separator => ' ')
   end
 
-  def test_truncate_with_omission_and_regexp_seperator
+  def test_truncate_with_omission_and_regexp_separator
     assert_equal "Hello[...]", "Hello Big World!".truncate(13, :omission => "[...]", :separator => /\s/)
     assert_equal "Hello Big[...]", "Hello Big World!".truncate(14, :omission => "[...]", :separator => /\s/)
     assert_equal "Hello Big[...]", "Hello Big World!".truncate(15, :omission => "[...]", :separator => /\s/)
   end
 
+  def test_truncate_words
+    assert_equal "Hello Big World!", "Hello Big World!".truncate_words(3)
+    assert_equal "Hello Big...", "Hello Big World!".truncate_words(2)
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate_words_with_omission
+    assert_equal "Hello Big World!", "Hello Big World!".truncate_words(3, :omission => "[...]")
+    assert_equal "Hello Big[...]", "Hello Big World!".truncate_words(2, :omission => "[...]")
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate_words_with_separator
+    assert_equal "Hello<br>Big<br>World!...", "Hello<br>Big<br>World!<br>".truncate_words(3, :separator => '<br>')
+    assert_equal "Hello<br>Big<br>World!", "Hello<br>Big<br>World!".truncate_words(3, :separator => '<br>')
+    assert_equal "Hello\n<br>Big...", "Hello\n<br>Big<br>Wide<br>World!".truncate_words(2, :separator => '<br>')
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate_words_with_separator_and_omission
+    assert_equal "Hello<br>Big<br>World![...]", "Hello<br>Big<br>World!<br>".truncate_words(3, :omission => "[...]", :separator => '<br>')
+    assert_equal "Hello<br>Big<br>World!", "Hello<br>Big<br>World!".truncate_words(3, :omission => "[...]", :separator => '<br>')
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate_words_with_complex_string
+    Timeout.timeout(10) do
+      complex_string = "aa aa aaa aa aaa aaa aaa aa aaa aaa aaa aaa aaa aaa aaa aaa aaa aaa aaaa aaaaa aaaaa aaaaaa aa aa aa aaa aa  aaa aa aa aa aa a aaa aaa \n a aaa <<s"
+      assert_equal complex_string.truncate_words(80), complex_string
+    end
+  rescue Timeout::Error
+    assert false
+  end
+
   def test_truncate_multibyte
     assert_equal "\354\225\204\353\246\254\353\236\221 \354\225\204\353\246\254 ...".force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8),
       "\354\225\204\353\246\254\353\236\221 \354\225\204\353\246\254 \354\225\204\353\235\274\353\246\254\354\230\244".force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8).truncate(10)
@@ -232,20 +302,32 @@ class StringInflectionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_remove
-    assert_equal "Summer", "Fast Summer".remove(/Fast /)
-    assert_equal "Summer", "Fast Summer".remove!(/Fast /)
+    original = "This is a good day to die"
+    assert_equal "This is a good day", original.remove(" to die")
+    assert_equal "This is a good day", original.remove(" to ", /die/)
+    assert_equal "This is a good day to die", original
+  end
+
+  def test_remove_for_multiple_occurrences
+    original = "This is a good day to die to die"
+    assert_equal "This is a good day", original.remove(" to die")
+    assert_equal "This is a good day to die to die", original
+  end
+
+  def test_remove!
+    original = "This is a very good day to die"
+    assert_equal "This is a good day to die", original.remove!(" very")
+    assert_equal "This is a good day to die", original
+    assert_equal "This is a good day", original.remove!(" to ", /die/)
+    assert_equal "This is a good day", original
   end
 
   def test_constantize
-    run_constantize_tests_on do |string|
-      string.constantize
-    end
+    run_constantize_tests_on(&:constantize)
   end
 
   def test_safe_constantize
-    run_safe_constantize_tests_on do |string|
-      string.safe_constantize
-    end
+    run_safe_constantize_tests_on(&:safe_constantize)
   end
 end
 
@@ -296,6 +378,12 @@ class StringAccessTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 'x', 'x'.first(4)
   end
 
+  test "#first with Fixnum >= string length still returns a new string" do
+    string = "hello"
+    different_string = string.first(5)
+    assert_not_same different_string, string
+  end
+
   test "#last returns the last character" do
     assert_equal "o", "hello".last
     assert_equal 'x', 'x'.last
@@ -308,6 +396,12 @@ class StringAccessTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 'x', 'x'.last(4)
   end
 
+  test "#last with Fixnum >= string length still returns a new string" do
+    string = "hello"
+    different_string = string.last(5)
+    assert_not_same different_string, string
+  end
+
   test "access returns a real string" do
     hash = {}
     hash["h"] = true
@@ -337,6 +431,8 @@ class StringAccessTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 end
 
 class StringConversionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include TimeZoneTestHelpers
+
   def test_string_to_time
     with_env_tz "Europe/Moscow" do
       assert_equal Time.utc(2005, 2, 27, 23, 50), "2005-02-27 23:50".to_time(:utc)
@@ -362,128 +458,134 @@ class StringConversionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_partial_string_to_time
-    with_env_tz "Europe/Moscow" do
+    with_env_tz "Europe/Moscow" do # use timezone which does not observe DST.
       now = Time.now
       assert_equal Time.local(now.year, now.month, now.day, 23, 50), "23:50".to_time
       assert_equal Time.utc(now.year, now.month, now.day, 23, 50), "23:50".to_time(:utc)
-      assert_equal Time.local(now.year, now.month, now.day, 18, 50), "13:50 -0100".to_time
+      assert_equal Time.local(now.year, now.month, now.day, 17, 50), "13:50 -0100".to_time
       assert_equal Time.utc(now.year, now.month, now.day, 23, 50), "22:50 -0100".to_time(:utc)
     end
   end
 
   def test_standard_time_string_to_time_when_current_time_is_standard_time
     with_env_tz "US/Eastern" do
-      Time.stubs(:now).returns(Time.local(2012, 1, 1))
-      assert_equal Time.local(2012, 1, 1, 10, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00".to_time
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 1, 1, 10, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00".to_time(:utc)
-      assert_equal Time.local(2012, 1, 1, 13, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00 -0800".to_time
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 1, 1, 18, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00 -0800".to_time(:utc)
-      assert_equal Time.local(2012, 1, 1, 10, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00 -0500".to_time
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 1, 1, 15, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00 -0500".to_time(:utc)
-      assert_equal Time.local(2012, 1, 1, 5, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00 UTC".to_time
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 1, 1, 10, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00 UTC".to_time(:utc)
-      assert_equal Time.local(2012, 1, 1, 13, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00 PST".to_time
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 1, 1, 18, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00 PST".to_time(:utc)
-      assert_equal Time.local(2012, 1, 1, 10, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00 EST".to_time
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 1, 1, 15, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00 EST".to_time(:utc)
+      Time.stub(:now, Time.local(2012, 1, 1)) do
+        assert_equal Time.local(2012, 1, 1, 10, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00".to_time
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 1, 1, 10, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00".to_time(:utc)
+        assert_equal Time.local(2012, 1, 1, 13, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00 -0800".to_time
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 1, 1, 18, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00 -0800".to_time(:utc)
+        assert_equal Time.local(2012, 1, 1, 10, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00 -0500".to_time
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 1, 1, 15, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00 -0500".to_time(:utc)
+        assert_equal Time.local(2012, 1, 1, 5, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00 UTC".to_time
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 1, 1, 10, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00 UTC".to_time(:utc)
+        assert_equal Time.local(2012, 1, 1, 13, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00 PST".to_time
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 1, 1, 18, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00 PST".to_time(:utc)
+        assert_equal Time.local(2012, 1, 1, 10, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00 EST".to_time
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 1, 1, 15, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00 EST".to_time(:utc)
+      end
     end
   end
 
   def test_standard_time_string_to_time_when_current_time_is_daylight_savings
     with_env_tz "US/Eastern" do
-      Time.stubs(:now).returns(Time.local(2012, 7, 1))
-      assert_equal Time.local(2012, 1, 1, 10, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00".to_time
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 1, 1, 10, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00".to_time(:utc)
-      assert_equal Time.local(2012, 1, 1, 13, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00 -0800".to_time
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 1, 1, 18, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00 -0800".to_time(:utc)
-      assert_equal Time.local(2012, 1, 1, 10, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00 -0500".to_time
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 1, 1, 15, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00 -0500".to_time(:utc)
-      assert_equal Time.local(2012, 1, 1, 5, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00 UTC".to_time
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 1, 1, 10, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00 UTC".to_time(:utc)
-      assert_equal Time.local(2012, 1, 1, 13, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00 PST".to_time
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 1, 1, 18, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00 PST".to_time(:utc)
-      assert_equal Time.local(2012, 1, 1, 10, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00 EST".to_time
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 1, 1, 15, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00 EST".to_time(:utc)
+      Time.stub(:now, Time.local(2012, 7, 1)) do
+        assert_equal Time.local(2012, 1, 1, 10, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00".to_time
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 1, 1, 10, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00".to_time(:utc)
+        assert_equal Time.local(2012, 1, 1, 13, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00 -0800".to_time
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 1, 1, 18, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00 -0800".to_time(:utc)
+        assert_equal Time.local(2012, 1, 1, 10, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00 -0500".to_time
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 1, 1, 15, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00 -0500".to_time(:utc)
+        assert_equal Time.local(2012, 1, 1, 5, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00 UTC".to_time
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 1, 1, 10, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00 UTC".to_time(:utc)
+        assert_equal Time.local(2012, 1, 1, 13, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00 PST".to_time
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 1, 1, 18, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00 PST".to_time(:utc)
+        assert_equal Time.local(2012, 1, 1, 10, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00 EST".to_time
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 1, 1, 15, 0), "2012-01-01 10:00 EST".to_time(:utc)
+      end
     end
   end
 
   def test_daylight_savings_string_to_time_when_current_time_is_standard_time
     with_env_tz "US/Eastern" do
-      Time.stubs(:now).returns(Time.local(2012, 1, 1))
-      assert_equal Time.local(2012, 7, 1, 10, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00".to_time
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 7, 1, 10, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00".to_time(:utc)
-      assert_equal Time.local(2012, 7, 1, 13, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00 -0700".to_time
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 7, 1, 17, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00 -0700".to_time(:utc)
-      assert_equal Time.local(2012, 7, 1, 10, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00 -0400".to_time
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 7, 1, 14, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00 -0400".to_time(:utc)
-      assert_equal Time.local(2012, 7, 1, 6, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00 UTC".to_time
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 7, 1, 10, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00 UTC".to_time(:utc)
-      assert_equal Time.local(2012, 7, 1, 13, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00 PDT".to_time
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 7, 1, 17, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00 PDT".to_time(:utc)
-      assert_equal Time.local(2012, 7, 1, 10, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00 EDT".to_time
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 7, 1, 14, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00 EDT".to_time(:utc)
+      Time.stub(:now, Time.local(2012, 1, 1)) do
+        assert_equal Time.local(2012, 7, 1, 10, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00".to_time
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 7, 1, 10, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00".to_time(:utc)
+        assert_equal Time.local(2012, 7, 1, 13, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00 -0700".to_time
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 7, 1, 17, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00 -0700".to_time(:utc)
+        assert_equal Time.local(2012, 7, 1, 10, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00 -0400".to_time
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 7, 1, 14, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00 -0400".to_time(:utc)
+        assert_equal Time.local(2012, 7, 1, 6, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00 UTC".to_time
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 7, 1, 10, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00 UTC".to_time(:utc)
+        assert_equal Time.local(2012, 7, 1, 13, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00 PDT".to_time
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 7, 1, 17, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00 PDT".to_time(:utc)
+        assert_equal Time.local(2012, 7, 1, 10, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00 EDT".to_time
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 7, 1, 14, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00 EDT".to_time(:utc)
+      end
     end
   end
 
   def test_daylight_savings_string_to_time_when_current_time_is_daylight_savings
     with_env_tz "US/Eastern" do
-      Time.stubs(:now).returns(Time.local(2012, 7, 1))
-      assert_equal Time.local(2012, 7, 1, 10, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00".to_time
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 7, 1, 10, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00".to_time(:utc)
-      assert_equal Time.local(2012, 7, 1, 13, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00 -0700".to_time
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 7, 1, 17, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00 -0700".to_time(:utc)
-      assert_equal Time.local(2012, 7, 1, 10, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00 -0400".to_time
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 7, 1, 14, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00 -0400".to_time(:utc)
-      assert_equal Time.local(2012, 7, 1, 6, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00 UTC".to_time
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 7, 1, 10, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00 UTC".to_time(:utc)
-      assert_equal Time.local(2012, 7, 1, 13, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00 PDT".to_time
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 7, 1, 17, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00 PDT".to_time(:utc)
-      assert_equal Time.local(2012, 7, 1, 10, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00 EDT".to_time
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 7, 1, 14, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00 EDT".to_time(:utc)
+      Time.stub(:now, Time.local(2012, 7, 1)) do
+        assert_equal Time.local(2012, 7, 1, 10, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00".to_time
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 7, 1, 10, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00".to_time(:utc)
+        assert_equal Time.local(2012, 7, 1, 13, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00 -0700".to_time
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 7, 1, 17, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00 -0700".to_time(:utc)
+        assert_equal Time.local(2012, 7, 1, 10, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00 -0400".to_time
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 7, 1, 14, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00 -0400".to_time(:utc)
+        assert_equal Time.local(2012, 7, 1, 6, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00 UTC".to_time
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 7, 1, 10, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00 UTC".to_time(:utc)
+        assert_equal Time.local(2012, 7, 1, 13, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00 PDT".to_time
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 7, 1, 17, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00 PDT".to_time(:utc)
+        assert_equal Time.local(2012, 7, 1, 10, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00 EDT".to_time
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 7, 1, 14, 0), "2012-07-01 10:00 EDT".to_time(:utc)
+      end
     end
   end
 
   def test_partial_string_to_time_when_current_time_is_standard_time
     with_env_tz "US/Eastern" do
-      Time.stubs(:now).returns(Time.local(2012, 1, 1))
-      assert_equal Time.local(2012, 1, 1, 10, 0), "10:00".to_time
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 1, 1, 10, 0),  "10:00".to_time(:utc)
-      assert_equal Time.local(2012, 1, 1, 6, 0), "10:00 -0100".to_time
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 1, 1, 11, 0), "10:00 -0100".to_time(:utc)
-      assert_equal Time.local(2012, 1, 1, 10, 0), "10:00 -0500".to_time
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 1, 1, 15, 0), "10:00 -0500".to_time(:utc)
-      assert_equal Time.local(2012, 1, 1, 5, 0), "10:00 UTC".to_time
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 1, 1, 10, 0), "10:00 UTC".to_time(:utc)
-      assert_equal Time.local(2012, 1, 1, 13, 0), "10:00 PST".to_time
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 1, 1, 18, 0), "10:00 PST".to_time(:utc)
-      assert_equal Time.local(2012, 1, 1, 12, 0), "10:00 PDT".to_time
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 1, 1, 17, 0), "10:00 PDT".to_time(:utc)
-      assert_equal Time.local(2012, 1, 1, 10, 0), "10:00 EST".to_time
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 1, 1, 15, 0), "10:00 EST".to_time(:utc)
-      assert_equal Time.local(2012, 1, 1, 9, 0), "10:00 EDT".to_time
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 1, 1, 14, 0), "10:00 EDT".to_time(:utc)
+      Time.stub(:now, Time.local(2012, 1, 1)) do
+        assert_equal Time.local(2012, 1, 1, 10, 0), "10:00".to_time
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 1, 1, 10, 0),  "10:00".to_time(:utc)
+        assert_equal Time.local(2012, 1, 1, 6, 0), "10:00 -0100".to_time
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 1, 1, 11, 0), "10:00 -0100".to_time(:utc)
+        assert_equal Time.local(2012, 1, 1, 10, 0), "10:00 -0500".to_time
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 1, 1, 15, 0), "10:00 -0500".to_time(:utc)
+        assert_equal Time.local(2012, 1, 1, 5, 0), "10:00 UTC".to_time
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 1, 1, 10, 0), "10:00 UTC".to_time(:utc)
+        assert_equal Time.local(2012, 1, 1, 13, 0), "10:00 PST".to_time
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 1, 1, 18, 0), "10:00 PST".to_time(:utc)
+        assert_equal Time.local(2012, 1, 1, 12, 0), "10:00 PDT".to_time
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 1, 1, 17, 0), "10:00 PDT".to_time(:utc)
+        assert_equal Time.local(2012, 1, 1, 10, 0), "10:00 EST".to_time
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 1, 1, 15, 0), "10:00 EST".to_time(:utc)
+        assert_equal Time.local(2012, 1, 1, 9, 0), "10:00 EDT".to_time
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 1, 1, 14, 0), "10:00 EDT".to_time(:utc)
+      end
     end
   end
 
   def test_partial_string_to_time_when_current_time_is_daylight_savings
     with_env_tz "US/Eastern" do
-      Time.stubs(:now).returns(Time.local(2012, 7, 1))
-      assert_equal Time.local(2012, 7, 1, 10, 0), "10:00".to_time
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 7, 1, 10, 0), "10:00".to_time(:utc)
-      assert_equal Time.local(2012, 7, 1, 7, 0), "10:00 -0100".to_time
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 7, 1, 11, 0), "10:00 -0100".to_time(:utc)
-      assert_equal Time.local(2012, 7, 1, 11, 0), "10:00 -0500".to_time
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 7, 1, 15, 0), "10:00 -0500".to_time(:utc)
-      assert_equal Time.local(2012, 7, 1, 6, 0), "10:00 UTC".to_time
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 7, 1, 10, 0), "10:00 UTC".to_time(:utc)
-      assert_equal Time.local(2012, 7, 1, 14, 0), "10:00 PST".to_time
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 7, 1, 18, 0), "10:00 PST".to_time(:utc)
-      assert_equal Time.local(2012, 7, 1, 13, 0), "10:00 PDT".to_time
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 7, 1, 17, 0), "10:00 PDT".to_time(:utc)
-      assert_equal Time.local(2012, 7, 1, 11, 0), "10:00 EST".to_time
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 7, 1, 15, 0), "10:00 EST".to_time(:utc)
-      assert_equal Time.local(2012, 7, 1, 10, 0), "10:00 EDT".to_time
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 7, 1, 14, 0), "10:00 EDT".to_time(:utc)
+      Time.stub(:now, Time.local(2012, 7, 1)) do
+        assert_equal Time.local(2012, 7, 1, 10, 0), "10:00".to_time
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 7, 1, 10, 0), "10:00".to_time(:utc)
+        assert_equal Time.local(2012, 7, 1, 7, 0), "10:00 -0100".to_time
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 7, 1, 11, 0), "10:00 -0100".to_time(:utc)
+        assert_equal Time.local(2012, 7, 1, 11, 0), "10:00 -0500".to_time
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 7, 1, 15, 0), "10:00 -0500".to_time(:utc)
+        assert_equal Time.local(2012, 7, 1, 6, 0), "10:00 UTC".to_time
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 7, 1, 10, 0), "10:00 UTC".to_time(:utc)
+        assert_equal Time.local(2012, 7, 1, 14, 0), "10:00 PST".to_time
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 7, 1, 18, 0), "10:00 PST".to_time(:utc)
+        assert_equal Time.local(2012, 7, 1, 13, 0), "10:00 PDT".to_time
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 7, 1, 17, 0), "10:00 PDT".to_time(:utc)
+        assert_equal Time.local(2012, 7, 1, 11, 0), "10:00 EST".to_time
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 7, 1, 15, 0), "10:00 EST".to_time(:utc)
+        assert_equal Time.local(2012, 7, 1, 10, 0), "10:00 EDT".to_time
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 7, 1, 14, 0), "10:00 EDT".to_time(:utc)
+      end
     end
   end
 
@@ -506,14 +608,6 @@ class StringConversionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_nil "".to_date
     assert_equal Date.new(Date.today.year, 2, 3), "Feb 3rd".to_date
   end
-
-  protected
-    def with_env_tz(new_tz = 'US/Eastern')
-      old_tz, ENV['TZ'] = ENV['TZ'], new_tz
-      yield
-    ensure
-      old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
-    end
 end
 
 class StringBehaviourTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
@@ -608,6 +702,19 @@ class OutputSafetyTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert !@other_combination.html_safe?
   end
 
+  test "Prepending safe onto unsafe yields unsafe" do
+    @string.prepend "other".html_safe
+    assert !@string.html_safe?
+    assert_equal @string, "otherhello"
+  end
+
+  test "Prepending unsafe onto safe yields escaped safe" do
+    other = "other".html_safe
+    other.prepend "<foo>"
+    assert other.html_safe?
+    assert_equal other, "&lt;foo&gt;other"
+  end
+
   test "Concatting safe onto unsafe yields unsafe" do
     @other_string = "other"
 
@@ -709,8 +816,8 @@ class OutputSafetyTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "ERB::Util.html_escape should correctly handle invalid UTF-8 strings" do
-    string = [192, 60].pack('CC')
-    expected = 192.chr + "&lt;"
+    string = "\251 <"
+    expected = "© &lt;"
     assert_equal expected, ERB::Util.html_escape(string)
   end
 
@@ -718,6 +825,20 @@ class OutputSafetyTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     string = "<b>hello</b>".html_safe
     assert_equal string, ERB::Util.html_escape(string)
   end
+
+  test "ERB::Util.html_escape_once only escapes once" do
+    string = '1 < 2 &amp; 3'
+    escaped_string = "1 &lt; 2 &amp; 3"
+
+    assert_equal escaped_string, ERB::Util.html_escape_once(string)
+    assert_equal escaped_string, ERB::Util.html_escape_once(escaped_string)
+  end
+
+  test "ERB::Util.html_escape_once should correctly handle invalid UTF-8 strings" do
+    string = "\251 <"
+    expected = "© &lt;"
+    assert_equal expected, ERB::Util.html_escape_once(string)
+  end
 end
 
 class StringExcludeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/struct_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/struct_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 0dff7b32d2..0000000000
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/struct_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/struct'
-
-class StructExt < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_to_h
-    x = Struct.new(:foo, :bar)
-    z = x.new(1, 2)
-    assert_equal({ foo: 1, bar: 2 }, z.to_h)
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/thread_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/thread_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6a7c6e0604..0000000000
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/thread_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,75 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/thread'
-
-class ThreadExt < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_main_thread_variable_in_enumerator
-    assert_equal Thread.main, Thread.current
-
-    Thread.current.thread_variable_set :foo, "bar"
-
-    thread, value = Fiber.new {
-      Fiber.yield [Thread.current, Thread.current.thread_variable_get(:foo)]
-    }.resume
-
-    assert_equal Thread.current, thread
-    assert_equal Thread.current.thread_variable_get(:foo), value
-  end
-
-  def test_thread_variable_in_enumerator
-    Thread.new {
-      Thread.current.thread_variable_set :foo, "bar"
-
-      thread, value = Fiber.new {
-        Fiber.yield [Thread.current, Thread.current.thread_variable_get(:foo)]
-      }.resume
-
-      assert_equal Thread.current, thread
-      assert_equal Thread.current.thread_variable_get(:foo), value
-    }.join
-  end
-
-  def test_thread_variables
-    assert_equal [], Thread.new { Thread.current.thread_variables }.join.value
-
-    t = Thread.new {
-      Thread.current.thread_variable_set(:foo, "bar")
-      Thread.current.thread_variables
-    }
-    assert_equal [:foo], t.join.value
-  end
-
-  def test_thread_variable?
-    assert_not Thread.new { Thread.current.thread_variable?("foo") }.join.value
-    t = Thread.new {
-      Thread.current.thread_variable_set("foo", "bar")
-    }.join
-
-    assert t.thread_variable?("foo")
-    assert t.thread_variable?(:foo)
-    assert_not t.thread_variable?(:bar)
-  end
-
-  def test_thread_variable_strings_and_symbols_are_the_same_key
-    t = Thread.new {}.join
-    t.thread_variable_set("foo", "bar")
-    assert_equal "bar", t.thread_variable_get(:foo)
-  end
-
-  def test_thread_variable_frozen
-    t = Thread.new { }.join
-    t.freeze
-    assert_raises(RuntimeError) do
-      t.thread_variable_set(:foo, "bar")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_thread_variable_frozen_after_set
-    t = Thread.new { }.join
-    t.thread_variable_set :foo, "bar"
-    t.freeze
-    assert_raises(RuntimeError) do
-      t.thread_variable_set(:baz, "qux")
-    end
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_ext_test.rb
index e0a4b1be3e..e45df63fd5 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_ext_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/time'
 require 'core_ext/date_and_time_behavior'
+require 'time_zone_test_helpers'
 
 class TimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def date_time_init(year,month,day,hour,minute,second,usec=0)
@@ -8,6 +9,7 @@ class TimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   include DateAndTimeBehavior
+  include TimeZoneTestHelpers
 
   def test_seconds_since_midnight
     assert_equal 1,Time.local(2005,1,1,0,0,1).seconds_since_midnight
@@ -147,6 +149,9 @@ class TimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       assert_equal Time.local(2006,3,19,23,59,59,Rational(999999999, 1000)), Time.local(2006,3,19,10,10,10).end_of_day, 'ends DST'
       assert_equal Time.local(2006,10,1,23,59,59,Rational(999999999, 1000)), Time.local(2006,10,1,10,10,10).end_of_day, 'start DST'
     end
+    with_env_tz 'Asia/Yekaterinburg' do
+      assert_equal Time.local(2015, 2, 8, 23, 59, 59, Rational(999999999, 1000)), Time.new(2015, 2, 8, 8, 0, 0, '+05:00').end_of_day
+    end
   end
 
   def test_end_of_hour
@@ -385,6 +390,9 @@ class TimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal Time.local(2005,1,2,11, 6, 0, 0), Time.local(2005,1,2,11,22,33,44).change(:min  => 6)
     assert_equal Time.local(2005,1,2,11,22, 7, 0), Time.local(2005,1,2,11,22,33,44).change(:sec  => 7)
     assert_equal Time.local(2005,1,2,11,22,33, 8), Time.local(2005,1,2,11,22,33,44).change(:usec => 8)
+    assert_equal Time.local(2005,1,2,11,22,33, 8), Time.local(2005,1,2,11,22,33,2).change(:nsec => 8000)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Time.local(2005,1,2,11,22,33, 8).change(:usec => 1, :nsec => 1) }
+    assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError) { Time.new(2015, 5, 9, 10, 00, 00, '+03:00').change(nsec: 999999999) }
   end
 
   def test_utc_change
@@ -394,6 +402,7 @@ class TimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal Time.utc(2005,2,22,16),       Time.utc(2005,2,22,15,15,10).change(:hour => 16)
     assert_equal Time.utc(2005,2,22,16,45),    Time.utc(2005,2,22,15,15,10).change(:hour => 16, :min => 45)
     assert_equal Time.utc(2005,2,22,15,45),    Time.utc(2005,2,22,15,15,10).change(:min => 45)
+    assert_equal Time.utc(2005,1,2,11,22,33,8), Time.utc(2005,1,2,11,22,33,2).change(:nsec => 8000)
   end
 
   def test_offset_change
@@ -403,6 +412,11 @@ class TimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal Time.new(2005,2,22,16,0,0,"-08:00"),   Time.new(2005,2,22,15,15,10,"-08:00").change(:hour => 16)
     assert_equal Time.new(2005,2,22,16,45,0,"-08:00"),  Time.new(2005,2,22,15,15,10,"-08:00").change(:hour => 16, :min => 45)
     assert_equal Time.new(2005,2,22,15,45,0,"-08:00"),  Time.new(2005,2,22,15,15,10,"-08:00").change(:min => 45)
+    assert_equal Time.new(2005,2,22,15,15,10,"-08:00"),  Time.new(2005,2,22,15,15,0,"-08:00").change(:sec => 10)
+    assert_equal 10, Time.new(2005,2,22,15,15,0,"-08:00").change(:usec => 10).usec
+    assert_equal 10, Time.new(2005,2,22,15,15,0,"-08:00").change(:nsec => 10).nsec
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Time.new(2005, 2, 22, 15, 15, 45, "-08:00").change(:usec => 1000000) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Time.new(2005, 2, 22, 15, 15, 45, "-08:00").change(:nsec => 1000000000) }
   end
 
   def test_advance
@@ -520,6 +534,7 @@ class TimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "17:44",                           time.to_s(:time)
     assert_equal "20050221174430",                  time.to_s(:number)
     assert_equal "20050221174430123456789",         time.to_s(:nsec)
+    assert_equal "20050221174430123456",            time.to_s(:usec)
     assert_equal "February 21, 2005 17:44",         time.to_s(:long)
     assert_equal "February 21st, 2005 17:44",       time.to_s(:long_ordinal)
     with_env_tz "UTC" do
@@ -591,13 +606,34 @@ class TimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_days_in_month_feb_in_common_year_without_year_arg
-    Time.stubs(:now).returns(Time.utc(2007))
-    assert_equal 28, Time.days_in_month(2)
+    Time.stub(:now, Time.utc(2007)) do
+      assert_equal 28, Time.days_in_month(2)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_days_in_month_feb_in_leap_year_without_year_arg
-    Time.stubs(:now).returns(Time.utc(2008))
-    assert_equal 29, Time.days_in_month(2)
+    Time.stub(:now, Time.utc(2008)) do
+      assert_equal 29, Time.days_in_month(2)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_days_in_year_with_year
+    assert_equal 365, Time.days_in_year(2005)
+    assert_equal 366, Time.days_in_year(2004)
+    assert_equal 366, Time.days_in_year(2000)
+    assert_equal 365, Time.days_in_year(1900)
+  end
+
+  def test_days_in_year_in_common_year_without_year_arg
+    Time.stub(:now, Time.utc(2007)) do
+      assert_equal 365, Time.days_in_year
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_days_in_year_in_leap_year_without_year_arg
+    Time.stub(:now, Time.utc(2008)) do
+      assert_equal 366, Time.days_in_year
+    end
   end
 
   def test_last_month_on_31st
@@ -609,68 +645,74 @@ class TimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_today_with_time_local
-    Date.stubs(:current).returns(Date.new(2000, 1, 1))
-    assert_equal false, Time.local(1999,12,31,23,59,59).today?
-    assert_equal true,  Time.local(2000,1,1,0).today?
-    assert_equal true,  Time.local(2000,1,1,23,59,59).today?
-    assert_equal false, Time.local(2000,1,2,0).today?
+    Date.stub(:current, Date.new(2000, 1, 1)) do
+      assert_equal false, Time.local(1999,12,31,23,59,59).today?
+      assert_equal true,  Time.local(2000,1,1,0).today?
+      assert_equal true,  Time.local(2000,1,1,23,59,59).today?
+      assert_equal false, Time.local(2000,1,2,0).today?
+    end
   end
 
   def test_today_with_time_utc
-    Date.stubs(:current).returns(Date.new(2000, 1, 1))
-    assert_equal false, Time.utc(1999,12,31,23,59,59).today?
-    assert_equal true,  Time.utc(2000,1,1,0).today?
-    assert_equal true,  Time.utc(2000,1,1,23,59,59).today?
-    assert_equal false, Time.utc(2000,1,2,0).today?
+    Date.stub(:current, Date.new(2000, 1, 1)) do
+      assert_equal false, Time.utc(1999,12,31,23,59,59).today?
+      assert_equal true,  Time.utc(2000,1,1,0).today?
+      assert_equal true,  Time.utc(2000,1,1,23,59,59).today?
+      assert_equal false, Time.utc(2000,1,2,0).today?
+    end
   end
 
   def test_past_with_time_current_as_time_local
     with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
-      Time.stubs(:current).returns(Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,45))
-      assert_equal true,  Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,44).past?
-      assert_equal false,  Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,45).past?
-      assert_equal false,  Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,46).past?
-      assert_equal true,  Time.utc(2005,2,10,20,30,44).past?
-      assert_equal false,  Time.utc(2005,2,10,20,30,45).past?
-      assert_equal false,  Time.utc(2005,2,10,20,30,46).past?
+      Time.stub(:current, Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,45)) do
+        assert_equal true,  Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,44).past?
+        assert_equal false,  Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,45).past?
+        assert_equal false,  Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,46).past?
+        assert_equal true,  Time.utc(2005,2,10,20,30,44).past?
+        assert_equal false,  Time.utc(2005,2,10,20,30,45).past?
+        assert_equal false,  Time.utc(2005,2,10,20,30,46).past?
+      end
     end
   end
 
   def test_past_with_time_current_as_time_with_zone
     with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
       twz = Time.utc(2005,2,10,15,30,45).in_time_zone('Central Time (US & Canada)')
-      Time.stubs(:current).returns(twz)
-      assert_equal true,  Time.local(2005,2,10,10,30,44).past?
-      assert_equal false,  Time.local(2005,2,10,10,30,45).past?
-      assert_equal false,  Time.local(2005,2,10,10,30,46).past?
-      assert_equal true,  Time.utc(2005,2,10,15,30,44).past?
-      assert_equal false,  Time.utc(2005,2,10,15,30,45).past?
-      assert_equal false,  Time.utc(2005,2,10,15,30,46).past?
+      Time.stub(:current, twz) do
+        assert_equal true,  Time.local(2005,2,10,10,30,44).past?
+        assert_equal false,  Time.local(2005,2,10,10,30,45).past?
+        assert_equal false,  Time.local(2005,2,10,10,30,46).past?
+        assert_equal true,  Time.utc(2005,2,10,15,30,44).past?
+        assert_equal false,  Time.utc(2005,2,10,15,30,45).past?
+        assert_equal false,  Time.utc(2005,2,10,15,30,46).past?
+      end
     end
   end
 
   def test_future_with_time_current_as_time_local
     with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
-      Time.stubs(:current).returns(Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,45))
-      assert_equal false,  Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,44).future?
-      assert_equal false,  Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,45).future?
-      assert_equal true,  Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,46).future?
-      assert_equal false,  Time.utc(2005,2,10,20,30,44).future?
-      assert_equal false,  Time.utc(2005,2,10,20,30,45).future?
-      assert_equal true,  Time.utc(2005,2,10,20,30,46).future?
+      Time.stub(:current, Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,45)) do
+        assert_equal false,  Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,44).future?
+        assert_equal false,  Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,45).future?
+        assert_equal true,  Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,46).future?
+        assert_equal false,  Time.utc(2005,2,10,20,30,44).future?
+        assert_equal false,  Time.utc(2005,2,10,20,30,45).future?
+        assert_equal true,  Time.utc(2005,2,10,20,30,46).future?
+      end
     end
   end
 
   def test_future_with_time_current_as_time_with_zone
     with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
       twz = Time.utc(2005,2,10,15,30,45).in_time_zone('Central Time (US & Canada)')
-      Time.stubs(:current).returns(twz)
-      assert_equal false,  Time.local(2005,2,10,10,30,44).future?
-      assert_equal false,  Time.local(2005,2,10,10,30,45).future?
-      assert_equal true,  Time.local(2005,2,10,10,30,46).future?
-      assert_equal false,  Time.utc(2005,2,10,15,30,44).future?
-      assert_equal false,  Time.utc(2005,2,10,15,30,45).future?
-      assert_equal true,  Time.utc(2005,2,10,15,30,46).future?
+      Time.stub(:current, twz) do
+        assert_equal false,  Time.local(2005,2,10,10,30,44).future?
+        assert_equal false,  Time.local(2005,2,10,10,30,45).future?
+        assert_equal true,  Time.local(2005,2,10,10,30,46).future?
+        assert_equal false,  Time.utc(2005,2,10,15,30,44).future?
+        assert_equal false,  Time.utc(2005,2,10,15,30,45).future?
+        assert_equal true,  Time.utc(2005,2,10,15,30,46).future?
+      end
     end
   end
 
@@ -711,6 +753,13 @@ class TimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal(-1, Time.utc(2000) <=> ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['UTC'] ))
   end
 
+  def test_compare_with_string
+    assert_equal   1, Time.utc(2000) <=> Time.utc(1999, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59, 999).to_s
+    assert_equal   0, Time.utc(2000) <=> Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0).to_s
+    assert_equal( -1, Time.utc(2000) <=> Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0).to_s)
+    assert_equal nil, Time.utc(2000) <=> 'Invalid as Time'
+  end
+
   def test_at_with_datetime
     assert_equal Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0), Time.at(DateTime.civil(2000, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0))
 
@@ -847,15 +896,6 @@ class TimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_all_year
     assert_equal Time.local(2011,1,1,0,0,0)..Time.local(2011,12,31,23,59,59,Rational(999999999, 1000)), Time.local(2011,6,7,10,10,10).all_year
   end
-
-  protected
-    def with_env_tz(new_tz = 'US/Eastern')
-      old_tz, ENV['TZ'] = ENV['TZ'], new_tz
-      yield
-    ensure
-      old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
-    end
-
 end
 
 class TimeExtMarshalingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_with_zone_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_with_zone_test.rb
index 7fe4d4a6b2..7acada011d 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_with_zone_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_with_zone_test.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/time'
+require 'time_zone_test_helpers'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/strip'
+require 'yaml'
 
 class TimeWithZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include TimeZoneTestHelpers
 
   def setup
     @utc = Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 0)
@@ -47,7 +51,22 @@ class TimeWithZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_utc?
     assert_equal false, @twz.utc?
+
     assert_equal true, ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(Time.utc(2000), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['UTC']).utc?
+    assert_equal true, ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(Time.utc(2000), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Etc/UTC']).utc?
+    assert_equal true, ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(Time.utc(2000), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Universal']).utc?
+    assert_equal true, ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(Time.utc(2000), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['UCT']).utc?
+    assert_equal true, ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(Time.utc(2000), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Etc/UCT']).utc?
+    assert_equal true, ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(Time.utc(2000), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Etc/Universal']).utc?
+
+    assert_equal false, ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(Time.utc(2000), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Africa/Abidjan']).utc?
+    assert_equal false, ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(Time.utc(2000), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Africa/Banjul']).utc?
+    assert_equal false, ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(Time.utc(2000), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Africa/Freetown']).utc?
+    assert_equal false, ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(Time.utc(2000), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['GMT']).utc?
+    assert_equal false, ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(Time.utc(2000), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['GMT0']).utc?
+    assert_equal false, ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(Time.utc(2000), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Greenwich']).utc?
+    assert_equal false, ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(Time.utc(2000), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Iceland']).utc?
+    assert_equal false, ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(Time.utc(2000), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Africa/Monrovia']).utc?
   end
 
   def test_formatted_offset
@@ -77,6 +96,11 @@ class TimeWithZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal '1999-12-31 19:00:00 EST -0500', @twz.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %Z %z')
   end
 
+  def test_strftime_with_escaping
+    assert_equal '%Z %z', @twz.strftime('%%Z %%z')
+    assert_equal '%EST %-0500', @twz.strftime('%%%Z %%%z')
+  end
+
   def test_inspect
     assert_equal 'Fri, 31 Dec 1999 19:00:00 EST -05:00', @twz.inspect
   end
@@ -101,14 +125,14 @@ class TimeWithZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     @twz += 0.1234560001 # advance the time by a fraction of a second
     assert_equal "1999-12-31T19:00:00.123-05:00", @twz.xmlschema(3)
     assert_equal "1999-12-31T19:00:00.123456-05:00", @twz.xmlschema(6)
-    assert_equal "1999-12-31T19:00:00.123456-05:00", @twz.xmlschema(12)
+    assert_equal "1999-12-31T19:00:00.123456000100-05:00", @twz.xmlschema(12)
   end
 
   def test_xmlschema_with_fractional_seconds_lower_than_hundred_thousand
     @twz += 0.001234 # advance the time by a fraction
     assert_equal "1999-12-31T19:00:00.001-05:00", @twz.xmlschema(3)
     assert_equal "1999-12-31T19:00:00.001234-05:00", @twz.xmlschema(6)
-    assert_equal "1999-12-31T19:00:00.001234-05:00", @twz.xmlschema(12)
+    assert_equal "1999-12-31T19:00:00.001234000000-05:00", @twz.xmlschema(12)
   end
 
   def test_xmlschema_with_nil_fractional_seconds
@@ -116,11 +140,53 @@ class TimeWithZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_to_yaml
-    assert_match(/^--- 2000-01-01 00:00:00(\.0+)?\s*Z\n/, @twz.to_yaml)
+    yaml = <<-EOF.strip_heredoc
+      --- !ruby/object:ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone
+      utc: 2000-01-01 00:00:00.000000000 Z
+      zone: !ruby/object:ActiveSupport::TimeZone
+        name: America/New_York
+      time: 1999-12-31 19:00:00.000000000 Z
+    EOF
+
+    assert_equal(yaml, @twz.to_yaml)
   end
 
   def test_ruby_to_yaml
-    assert_match(/---\s*\n:twz: 2000-01-01 00:00:00(\.0+)?\s*Z\n/, {:twz => @twz}.to_yaml)
+    yaml = <<-EOF.strip_heredoc
+      ---
+      twz: !ruby/object:ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone
+        utc: 2000-01-01 00:00:00.000000000 Z
+        zone: !ruby/object:ActiveSupport::TimeZone
+          name: America/New_York
+        time: 1999-12-31 19:00:00.000000000 Z
+    EOF
+
+    assert_equal(yaml, { 'twz' => @twz }.to_yaml)
+  end
+
+  def test_yaml_load
+    yaml = <<-EOF.strip_heredoc
+      --- !ruby/object:ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone
+      utc: 2000-01-01 00:00:00.000000000 Z
+      zone: !ruby/object:ActiveSupport::TimeZone
+        name: America/New_York
+      time: 1999-12-31 19:00:00.000000000 Z
+    EOF
+
+    assert_equal(@twz, YAML.load(yaml))
+  end
+
+  def test_ruby_yaml_load
+    yaml = <<-EOF.strip_heredoc
+      ---
+      twz: !ruby/object:ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone
+        utc: 2000-01-01 00:00:00.000000000 Z
+        zone: !ruby/object:ActiveSupport::TimeZone
+          name: America/New_York
+        time: 1999-12-31 19:00:00.000000000 Z
+    EOF
+
+    assert_equal({ 'twz' => @twz }, YAML.load(yaml))
   end
 
   def test_httpdate
@@ -155,52 +221,61 @@ class TimeWithZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_today
-    Date.stubs(:current).returns(Date.new(2000, 1, 1))
-    assert_equal false, ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( nil, @time_zone, Time.utc(1999,12,31,23,59,59) ).today?
-    assert_equal true,  ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( nil, @time_zone, Time.utc(2000,1,1,0) ).today?
-    assert_equal true,  ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( nil, @time_zone, Time.utc(2000,1,1,23,59,59) ).today?
-    assert_equal false, ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( nil, @time_zone, Time.utc(2000,1,2,0) ).today?
+    Date.stub(:current, Date.new(2000, 1, 1)) do
+      assert_equal false, ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( nil, @time_zone, Time.utc(1999,12,31,23,59,59) ).today?
+      assert_equal true, ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( nil, @time_zone, Time.utc(2000,1,1,0) ).today?
+      assert_equal true, ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( nil, @time_zone, Time.utc(2000,1,1,23,59,59) ).today?
+      assert_equal false, ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( nil, @time_zone, Time.utc(2000,1,2,0) ).today?
+    end
   end
 
   def test_past_with_time_current_as_time_local
     with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
-      Time.stubs(:current).returns(Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,45))
-      assert_equal true,  ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( nil, @time_zone, Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,44)).past?
-      assert_equal false,  ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( nil, @time_zone, Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,45)).past?
-      assert_equal false,  ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( nil, @time_zone, Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,46)).past?
+      Time.stub(:current, Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,45)) do
+        assert_equal true, ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( nil, @time_zone, Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,44)).past?
+        assert_equal false, ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( nil, @time_zone, Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,45)).past?
+        assert_equal false, ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( nil, @time_zone, Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,46)).past?
+      end
     end
   end
 
   def test_past_with_time_current_as_time_with_zone
     twz = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( nil, @time_zone, Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,45) )
-    Time.stubs(:current).returns(twz)
-    assert_equal true,  ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( nil, @time_zone, Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,44)).past?
-    assert_equal false,  ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( nil, @time_zone, Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,45)).past?
-    assert_equal false,  ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( nil, @time_zone, Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,46)).past?
+    Time.stub(:current, twz) do
+      assert_equal true, ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( nil, @time_zone, Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,44)).past?
+      assert_equal false, ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( nil, @time_zone, Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,45)).past?
+      assert_equal false, ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( nil, @time_zone, Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,46)).past?
+    end
   end
 
   def test_future_with_time_current_as_time_local
     with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
-      Time.stubs(:current).returns(Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,45))
-      assert_equal false,  ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( nil, @time_zone, Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,44)).future?
-      assert_equal false,  ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( nil, @time_zone, Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,45)).future?
-      assert_equal true,  ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( nil, @time_zone, Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,46)).future?
+      Time.stub(:current, Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,45)) do
+        assert_equal false, ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( nil, @time_zone, Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,44)).future?
+        assert_equal false, ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( nil, @time_zone, Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,45)).future?
+        assert_equal true, ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( nil, @time_zone, Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,46)).future?
+      end
     end
   end
 
   def test_future_with_time_current_as_time_with_zone
     twz = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( nil, @time_zone, Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,45) )
-    Time.stubs(:current).returns(twz)
-    assert_equal false,  ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( nil, @time_zone, Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,44)).future?
-    assert_equal false,  ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( nil, @time_zone, Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,45)).future?
-    assert_equal true,  ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( nil, @time_zone, Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,46)).future?
+    Time.stub(:current, twz) do
+      assert_equal false, ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( nil, @time_zone, Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,44)).future?
+      assert_equal false, ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( nil, @time_zone, Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,45)).future?
+      assert_equal true, ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( nil, @time_zone, Time.local(2005,2,10,15,30,46)).future?
+    end
   end
 
   def test_eql?
+    assert_equal true, @twz.eql?(@twz.dup)
     assert_equal true, @twz.eql?(Time.utc(2000))
     assert_equal true, @twz.eql?( ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(Time.utc(2000), ActiveSupport::TimeZone["Hawaii"]) )
     assert_equal false, @twz.eql?( Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1) )
     assert_equal false, @twz.eql?( DateTime.civil(1999, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59) )
+
+    other_twz = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(DateTime.now.utc, @time_zone)
+    assert_equal true, other_twz.eql?(other_twz.dup)
   end
 
   def test_hash
@@ -246,16 +321,31 @@ class TimeWithZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal  86_400.0,  ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( Time.utc(2000, 1, 2), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Hawaii'] ) - Time.utc(2000, 1, 1)
   end
 
+  def test_minus_with_time_precision
+    assert_equal  86_399.999999998,  ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( Time.utc(2000, 1, 2, 23, 59, 59, Rational(999999999, 1000)), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['UTC'] ) - Time.utc(2000, 1, 2, 0, 0, 0, Rational(1, 1000))
+    assert_equal  86_399.999999998,  ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( Time.utc(2000, 1, 2, 23, 59, 59, Rational(999999999, 1000)), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Hawaii'] ) - Time.utc(2000, 1, 2, 0, 0, 0, Rational(1, 1000))
+  end
+
   def test_minus_with_time_with_zone
     twz1 = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( Time.utc(2000, 1, 1), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['UTC'] )
     twz2 = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( Time.utc(2000, 1, 2), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['UTC'] )
     assert_equal  86_400.0,  twz2 - twz1
   end
 
+  def test_minus_with_time_with_zone_precision
+    twz1 = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, Rational(1, 1000)), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['UTC'] )
+    twz2 = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 23, 59, 59, Rational(999999999, 1000)), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['UTC'] )
+    assert_equal  86_399.999999998,  twz2 - twz1
+  end
+
   def test_minus_with_datetime
     assert_equal  86_400.0,  ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( Time.utc(2000, 1, 2), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['UTC'] ) - DateTime.civil(2000, 1, 1)
   end
 
+  def test_minus_with_datetime_precision
+    assert_equal  86_399.999999999,  ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 23, 59, 59, Rational(999999999, 1000)), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['UTC'] ) - DateTime.civil(2000, 1, 1)
+  end
+
   def test_minus_with_wrapped_datetime
     assert_equal  86_400.0,  ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( DateTime.civil(2000, 1, 2), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['UTC'] ) - Time.utc(2000, 1, 1)
     assert_equal  86_400.0,  ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( DateTime.civil(2000, 1, 2), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['UTC'] ) - DateTime.civil(2000, 1, 1)
@@ -350,6 +440,7 @@ class TimeWithZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_acts_like_time
+    assert @twz.acts_like_time?
     assert @twz.acts_like?(:time)
     assert ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(DateTime.civil(2000), @time_zone).acts_like?(:time)
   end
@@ -411,22 +502,24 @@ class TimeWithZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_method_missing_with_non_time_return_value
-    @twz.time.expects(:foo).returns('bar')
+    time = @twz.time
+    def time.foo; 'bar'; end
     assert_equal 'bar', @twz.foo
   end
 
   def test_date_part_value_methods
     twz = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(Time.utc(1999,12,31,19,18,17,500), @time_zone)
-    twz.expects(:method_missing).never
-    assert_equal 1999, twz.year
-    assert_equal 12, twz.month
-    assert_equal 31, twz.day
-    assert_equal 14, twz.hour
-    assert_equal 18, twz.min
-    assert_equal 17, twz.sec
-    assert_equal 500, twz.usec
-    assert_equal 5, twz.wday
-    assert_equal 365, twz.yday
+    assert_not_called(twz, :method_missing) do
+      assert_equal 1999, twz.year
+      assert_equal 12, twz.month
+      assert_equal 31, twz.day
+      assert_equal 14, twz.hour
+      assert_equal 18, twz.min
+      assert_equal 17, twz.sec
+      assert_equal 500, twz.usec
+      assert_equal 5, twz.wday
+      assert_equal 365, twz.yday
+    end
   end
 
   def test_usec_returns_0_when_datetime_is_wrapped
@@ -789,29 +882,25 @@ class TimeWithZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_no_method_error_has_proper_context
+    rubinius_skip "Error message inconsistency"
+
     e = assert_raises(NoMethodError) {
       @twz.this_method_does_not_exist
     }
     assert_equal "undefined method `this_method_does_not_exist' for Fri, 31 Dec 1999 19:00:00 EST -05:00:Time", e.message
     assert_no_match "rescue", e.backtrace.first
   end
-
-  protected
-    def with_env_tz(new_tz = 'US/Eastern')
-      old_tz, ENV['TZ'] = ENV['TZ'], new_tz
-      yield
-    ensure
-      old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
-    end
 end
 
 class TimeWithZoneMethodsForTimeAndDateTimeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include TimeZoneTestHelpers
+
   def setup
-    @t, @dt = Time.utc(2000), DateTime.civil(2000)
+    @t, @dt, @zone = Time.utc(2000), DateTime.civil(2000), Time.zone
   end
 
   def teardown
-    Time.zone = nil
+    Time.zone = @zone
   end
 
   def test_in_time_zone
@@ -867,8 +956,6 @@ class TimeWithZoneMethodsForTimeAndDateTimeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_localtime
     Time.zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)']
     assert_equal @dt.in_time_zone.localtime, @dt.in_time_zone.utc.to_time.getlocal
-  ensure
-    Time.zone = nil
   end
 
   def test_use_zone
@@ -907,6 +994,7 @@ class TimeWithZoneMethodsForTimeAndDateTimeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_time_zone_getter_and_setter_with_zone_default_set
+    old_zone_default = Time.zone_default
     Time.zone_default = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Alaska']
     assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Alaska'], Time.zone
     Time.zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Hawaii']
@@ -914,8 +1002,7 @@ class TimeWithZoneMethodsForTimeAndDateTimeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     Time.zone = nil
     assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Alaska'], Time.zone
   ensure
-    Time.zone = nil
-    Time.zone_default = nil
+    Time.zone_default = old_zone_default
   end
 
   def test_time_zone_setter_is_thread_safe
@@ -973,22 +1060,22 @@ class TimeWithZoneMethodsForTimeAndDateTimeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_current_returns_time_now_when_zone_not_set
     with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
-      Time.stubs(:now).returns Time.local(2000)
-      assert_equal false, Time.current.is_a?(ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone)
-      assert_equal Time.local(2000), Time.current
+      Time.stub(:now, Time.local(2000)) do
+        assert_equal false, Time.current.is_a?(ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone)
+        assert_equal Time.local(2000), Time.current
+      end
     end
   end
 
   def test_current_returns_time_zone_now_when_zone_set
     Time.zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)']
     with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
-      Time.stubs(:now).returns Time.local(2000)
-      assert_equal true, Time.current.is_a?(ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone)
-      assert_equal 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)', Time.current.time_zone.name
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2000), Time.current.time
+      Time.stub(:now, Time.local(2000)) do
+        assert_equal true, Time.current.is_a?(ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone)
+        assert_equal 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)', Time.current.time_zone.name
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2000), Time.current.time
+      end
     end
-  ensure
-    Time.zone = nil
   end
 
   def test_time_in_time_zone_doesnt_affect_receiver
@@ -999,25 +1086,15 @@ class TimeWithZoneMethodsForTimeAndDateTimeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       assert_not time.utc?, 'time expected to be local, but is UTC'
     end
   end
-
-  protected
-    def with_env_tz(new_tz = 'US/Eastern')
-      old_tz, ENV['TZ'] = ENV['TZ'], new_tz
-      yield
-    ensure
-      old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
-    end
 end
 
 class TimeWithZoneMethodsForDate < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include TimeZoneTestHelpers
+
   def setup
     @d = Date.civil(2000)
   end
 
-  def teardown
-    Time.zone = nil
-  end
-
   def test_in_time_zone
     with_tz_default 'Alaska' do
       assert_equal 'Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 AKST -09:00', @d.in_time_zone.inspect
@@ -1050,28 +1127,17 @@ class TimeWithZoneMethodsForDate < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @d.in_time_zone(-15.hours) }
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @d.in_time_zone(Object.new) }
   end
-
-  protected
-    def with_tz_default(tz = nil)
-      old_tz = Time.zone
-      Time.zone = tz
-      yield
-    ensure
-      Time.zone = old_tz
-    end
 end
 
 class TimeWithZoneMethodsForString < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include TimeZoneTestHelpers
+
   def setup
     @s = "Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00"
     @u = "Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 UTC +00:00"
     @z = "Fri, 31 Dec 1999 19:00:00 EST -05:00"
   end
 
-  def teardown
-    Time.zone = nil
-  end
-
   def test_in_time_zone
     with_tz_default 'Alaska' do
       assert_equal 'Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 AKST -09:00', @s.in_time_zone.inspect
@@ -1126,13 +1192,4 @@ class TimeWithZoneMethodsForString < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @u.in_time_zone(Object.new) }
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @z.in_time_zone(Object.new) }
   end
-
-  protected
-    def with_tz_default(tz = nil)
-      old_tz = Time.zone
-      Time.zone = tz
-      yield
-    ensure
-      Time.zone = old_tz
-    end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/uri_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/uri_ext_test.rb
index 03e388dd7a..1694fe7e72 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/uri_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/uri_ext_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'uri'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/uri'
@@ -7,7 +6,7 @@ class URIExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_uri_decode_handle_multibyte
     str = "\xE6\x97\xA5\xE6\x9C\xAC\xE8\xAA\x9E" # Ni-ho-nn-go in UTF-8, means Japanese.
 
-    parser = URI::Parser.new
+    parser = URI.parser
     assert_equal str, parser.unescape(parser.escape(str))
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/dependencies_test.rb b/activesupport/test/dependencies_test.rb
index 4ca63b3417..757e600646 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/dependencies_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/dependencies_test.rb
@@ -16,15 +16,18 @@ module ModuleWithConstant
 end
 
 class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def teardown
-    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
+  include DependenciesTestHelpers
+
+  setup do
+    @loaded_features_copy = $LOADED_FEATURES.dup
   end
 
-  include DependenciesTestHelpers
+  teardown do
+    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
+    $LOADED_FEATURES.replace(@loaded_features_copy)
+  end
 
   def test_depend_on_path
-    skip "LoadError#path does not exist" if RUBY_VERSION < '2.0.0'
-
     expected = assert_raises(LoadError) do
       Kernel.require 'omgwtfbbq'
     end
@@ -47,24 +50,27 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_tracking_loaded_files
-    require_dependency 'dependencies/service_one'
-    require_dependency 'dependencies/service_two'
-    assert_equal 2, ActiveSupport::Dependencies.loaded.size
+    with_loading do
+      require_dependency 'dependencies/service_one'
+      require_dependency 'dependencies/service_two'
+      assert_equal 2, ActiveSupport::Dependencies.loaded.size
+    end
   ensure
-    Object.send(:remove_const, :ServiceOne) if Object.const_defined?(:ServiceOne)
-    Object.send(:remove_const, :ServiceTwo) if Object.const_defined?(:ServiceTwo)
+    remove_constants(:ServiceOne, :ServiceTwo)
   end
 
   def test_tracking_identical_loaded_files
-    require_dependency 'dependencies/service_one'
-    require_dependency 'dependencies/service_one'
-    assert_equal 1, ActiveSupport::Dependencies.loaded.size
+    with_loading do
+      require_dependency 'dependencies/service_one'
+      require_dependency 'dependencies/service_one'
+      assert_equal 1, ActiveSupport::Dependencies.loaded.size
+    end
   ensure
-    Object.send(:remove_const, :ServiceOne) if Object.const_defined?(:ServiceOne)
+    remove_constants(:ServiceOne)
   end
 
   def test_missing_dependency_raises_missing_source_file
-    assert_raise(MissingSourceFile) { require_dependency("missing_service") }
+    assert_raise(LoadError) { require_dependency("missing_service") }
   end
 
   def test_dependency_which_raises_exception_isnt_added_to_loaded_set
@@ -80,8 +86,8 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
         assert_equal 'Loading me failed, so do not add to loaded or history.', e.message
         assert_equal count + 1, $raises_exception_load_count
 
-        assert !ActiveSupport::Dependencies.loaded.include?(filename)
-        assert !ActiveSupport::Dependencies.history.include?(filename)
+        assert_not ActiveSupport::Dependencies.loaded.include?(filename)
+        assert_not ActiveSupport::Dependencies.history.include?(filename)
       end
     end
   end
@@ -89,7 +95,6 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_dependency_which_raises_doesnt_blindly_call_blame_file!
     with_loading do
       filename = 'dependencies/raises_exception_without_blame_file'
-
       assert_raises(Exception) { require_dependency filename }
     end
   end
@@ -97,13 +102,12 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_warnings_should_be_enabled_on_first_load
     with_loading 'dependencies' do
       old_warnings, ActiveSupport::Dependencies.warnings_on_first_load = ActiveSupport::Dependencies.warnings_on_first_load, true
-
       filename = "check_warnings"
       expanded = File.expand_path("#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/dependencies/#{filename}")
       $check_warnings_load_count = 0
 
-      assert !ActiveSupport::Dependencies.loaded.include?(expanded)
-      assert !ActiveSupport::Dependencies.history.include?(expanded)
+      assert_not ActiveSupport::Dependencies.loaded.include?(expanded)
+      assert_not ActiveSupport::Dependencies.history.include?(expanded)
 
       silence_warnings { require_dependency filename }
       assert_equal 1, $check_warnings_load_count
@@ -111,7 +115,7 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
       assert ActiveSupport::Dependencies.loaded.include?(expanded)
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
-      assert !ActiveSupport::Dependencies.loaded.include?(expanded)
+      assert_not ActiveSupport::Dependencies.loaded.include?(expanded)
       assert ActiveSupport::Dependencies.history.include?(expanded)
 
       silence_warnings { require_dependency filename }
@@ -120,7 +124,7 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
       assert ActiveSupport::Dependencies.loaded.include?(expanded)
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
-      assert !ActiveSupport::Dependencies.loaded.include?(expanded)
+      assert_not ActiveSupport::Dependencies.loaded.include?(expanded)
       assert ActiveSupport::Dependencies.history.include?(expanded)
 
       enable_warnings { require_dependency filename }
@@ -153,12 +157,37 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_ensures_the_expected_constant_is_defined
+    with_autoloading_fixtures do
+      e = assert_raise(LoadError) { Typo }
+      assert_match %r{Unable to autoload constant Typo, expected .*/test/autoloading_fixtures/typo.rb to define it}, e.message
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_require_dependency_does_not_assume_any_particular_constant_is_defined
+    with_autoloading_fixtures do
+      require_dependency 'typo'
+      assert_equal 1, TypO
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Regression, see https://github.com/rails/rails/issues/16468.
+  def test_require_dependency_interaction_with_autoloading
+    with_autoloading_fixtures do
+      require_dependency 'typo'
+      assert_equal 1, TypO
+
+      e = assert_raise(LoadError) { Typo }
+      assert_match %r{Unable to autoload constant Typo, expected .*/test/autoloading_fixtures/typo.rb to define it}, e.message
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_module_loading
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
       assert_kind_of Module, A
       assert_kind_of Class, A::B
       assert_kind_of Class, A::C::D
-      assert_kind_of Class, A::C::E::F
+      assert_kind_of Class, A::C::EM::F
     end
   end
 
@@ -174,43 +203,49 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_directories_manifest_as_modules_unless_const_defined
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
       assert_kind_of Module, ModuleFolder
-      Object.__send__ :remove_const, :ModuleFolder
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:ModuleFolder)
   end
 
   def test_module_with_nested_class
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
       assert_kind_of Class, ModuleFolder::NestedClass
-      Object.__send__ :remove_const, :ModuleFolder
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:ModuleFolder)
   end
 
   def test_module_with_nested_inline_class
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
       assert_kind_of Class, ModuleFolder::InlineClass
-      Object.__send__ :remove_const, :ModuleFolder
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:ModuleFolder)
   end
 
   def test_directories_may_manifest_as_nested_classes
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
       assert_kind_of Class, ClassFolder
-      Object.__send__ :remove_const, :ClassFolder
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:ClassFolder)
   end
 
   def test_class_with_nested_class
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
       assert_kind_of Class, ClassFolder::NestedClass
-      Object.__send__ :remove_const, :ClassFolder
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:ClassFolder)
   end
 
   def test_class_with_nested_inline_class
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
       assert_kind_of Class, ClassFolder::InlineClass
-      Object.__send__ :remove_const, :ClassFolder
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:ClassFolder)
   end
 
   def test_class_with_nested_inline_subclass_of_parent
@@ -218,8 +253,9 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       assert_kind_of Class, ClassFolder::ClassFolderSubclass
       assert_kind_of Class, ClassFolder
       assert_equal 'indeed', ClassFolder::ClassFolderSubclass::ConstantInClassFolder
-      Object.__send__ :remove_const, :ClassFolder
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:ClassFolder)
   end
 
   def test_nested_class_can_access_sibling
@@ -227,16 +263,15 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       sibling = ModuleFolder::NestedClass.class_eval "NestedSibling"
       assert defined?(ModuleFolder::NestedSibling)
       assert_equal ModuleFolder::NestedSibling, sibling
-      Object.__send__ :remove_const, :ModuleFolder
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:ModuleFolder)
   end
 
   def test_doesnt_break_normal_require
     path = File.expand_path("../autoloading_fixtures/load_path", __FILE__)
     original_path = $:.dup
-    original_features = $".dup
     $:.push(path)
-
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
       # The _ = assignments are to prevent warnings
       _ = RequiresConstant
@@ -248,15 +283,13 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       assert defined?(LoadedConstant)
     end
   ensure
-    remove_constants(:RequiresConstant, :LoadedConstant, :LoadsConstant)
-    $".replace(original_features)
+    remove_constants(:RequiresConstant, :LoadedConstant)
     $:.replace(original_path)
   end
 
   def test_doesnt_break_normal_require_nested
     path = File.expand_path("../autoloading_fixtures/load_path", __FILE__)
     original_path = $:.dup
-    original_features = $".dup
     $:.push(path)
 
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
@@ -271,14 +304,12 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   ensure
     remove_constants(:RequiresConstant, :LoadedConstant, :LoadsConstant)
-    $".replace(original_features)
     $:.replace(original_path)
   end
 
   def test_require_returns_true_when_file_not_yet_required
     path = File.expand_path("../autoloading_fixtures/load_path", __FILE__)
     original_path = $:.dup
-    original_features = $".dup
     $:.push(path)
 
     with_loading do
@@ -286,14 +317,12 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   ensure
     remove_constants(:LoadedConstant)
-    $".replace(original_features)
     $:.replace(original_path)
   end
 
   def test_require_returns_true_when_file_not_yet_required_even_when_no_new_constants_added
     path = File.expand_path("../autoloading_fixtures/load_path", __FILE__)
     original_path = $:.dup
-    original_features = $".dup
     $:.push(path)
 
     with_loading do
@@ -302,14 +331,12 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   ensure
     remove_constants(:LoadedConstant)
-    $".replace(original_features)
     $:.replace(original_path)
   end
 
   def test_require_returns_false_when_file_already_required
     path = File.expand_path("../autoloading_fixtures/load_path", __FILE__)
     original_path = $:.dup
-    original_features = $".dup
     $:.push(path)
 
     with_loading do
@@ -318,7 +345,6 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   ensure
     remove_constants(:LoadedConstant)
-    $".replace(original_features)
     $:.replace(original_path)
   end
 
@@ -326,14 +352,11 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     with_loading do
       assert_raise(LoadError) { require 'this_file_dont_exist_dude' }
     end
-  ensure
-    remove_constants(:LoadedConstant)
   end
 
   def test_load_returns_true_when_file_found
     path = File.expand_path("../autoloading_fixtures/load_path", __FILE__)
     original_path = $:.dup
-    original_features = $".dup
     $:.push(path)
 
     with_loading do
@@ -342,7 +365,6 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   ensure
     remove_constants(:LoadedConstant)
-    $".replace(original_features)
     $:.replace(original_path)
   end
 
@@ -350,27 +372,30 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     with_loading do
       assert_raise(LoadError) { load 'this_file_dont_exist_dude.rb' }
     end
-  ensure
-    remove_constants(:LoadedConstant)
   end
 
   def failing_test_access_thru_and_upwards_fails
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
-      assert ! defined?(ModuleFolder)
+      assert_not defined?(ModuleFolder)
       assert_raise(NameError) { ModuleFolder::Object }
       assert_raise(NameError) { ModuleFolder::NestedClass::Object }
-      Object.__send__ :remove_const, :ModuleFolder
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:ModuleFolder)
   end
 
   def test_non_existing_const_raises_name_error_with_fully_qualified_name
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
       e = assert_raise(NameError) { A::DoesNotExist.nil? }
       assert_equal "uninitialized constant A::DoesNotExist", e.message
+      assert_equal :DoesNotExist, e.name
 
       e = assert_raise(NameError) { A::B::DoesNotExist.nil? }
       assert_equal "uninitialized constant A::B::DoesNotExist", e.message
+      assert_equal :DoesNotExist, e.name
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:A)
   end
 
   def test_smart_name_error_strings
@@ -460,9 +485,9 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       nil_name = Module.new
       def nil_name.name() nil end
       assert !ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?(nil_name)
-
-      Object.class_eval { remove_const :ModuleFolder }
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:ModuleFolder)
   end
 
   def test_qualified_name_for
@@ -520,36 +545,45 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       assert_kind_of Module, ::ModuleWithCustomConstMissing::A
       assert_kind_of String, ::ModuleWithCustomConstMissing::A::B
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:ModuleWithCustomConstMissing)
   end
 
   def test_const_missing_in_anonymous_modules_loads_top_level_constants
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
       # class_eval STRING pushes the class to the nesting of the eval'ed code.
-      klass = Class.new.class_eval "E"
-      assert_equal E, klass
+      klass = Class.new.class_eval "EM"
+      assert_equal EM, klass
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:EM)
   end
 
   def test_const_missing_in_anonymous_modules_raises_if_the_constant_belongs_to_Object
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
-      require_dependency 'e'
+      require_dependency 'em'
 
       mod = Module.new
-      e = assert_raise(NameError) { mod::E }
-      assert_equal 'E cannot be autoloaded from an anonymous class or module', e.message
+      e = assert_raise(NameError) { mod::EM }
+      assert_equal 'EM cannot be autoloaded from an anonymous class or module', e.message
+      assert_equal :EM, e.name
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:EM)
   end
 
   def test_removal_from_tree_should_be_detected
     with_loading 'dependencies' do
       c = ServiceOne
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
-      assert ! defined?(ServiceOne)
+      assert_not defined?(ServiceOne)
       e = assert_raise ArgumentError do
         ActiveSupport::Dependencies.load_missing_constant(c, :FakeMissing)
       end
       assert_match %r{ServiceOne has been removed from the module tree}i, e.message
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:ServiceOne)
   end
 
   def test_references_should_work
@@ -558,42 +592,46 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       service_one_first = ServiceOne
       assert_equal service_one_first, c.get("ServiceOne")
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
-      assert ! defined?(ServiceOne)
-
+      assert_not defined?(ServiceOne)
       service_one_second = ServiceOne
       assert_not_equal service_one_first, c.get("ServiceOne")
       assert_equal service_one_second, c.get("ServiceOne")
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:ServiceOne)
   end
 
   def test_constantize_shortcut_for_cached_constant_lookups
     with_loading 'dependencies' do
       assert_equal ServiceOne, ActiveSupport::Dependencies.constantize("ServiceOne")
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:ServiceOne)
   end
 
   def test_nested_load_error_isnt_rescued
     with_loading 'dependencies' do
-      assert_raise(MissingSourceFile) do
+      assert_raise(LoadError) do
         RequiresNonexistent1
       end
     end
   end
 
   def test_autoload_once_paths_do_not_add_to_autoloaded_constants
+    old_path = ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_once_paths
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_once_paths = ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths.dup
 
-      assert ! ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?("ModuleFolder")
-      assert ! ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?("ModuleFolder::NestedClass")
-      assert ! ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?(ModuleFolder)
+      assert_not ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?("ModuleFolder")
+      assert_not ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?("ModuleFolder::NestedClass")
+      assert_not ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?(ModuleFolder)
 
       1 if ModuleFolder::NestedClass # 1 if to avoid warning
-      assert ! ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?(ModuleFolder::NestedClass)
+      assert_not ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?(ModuleFolder::NestedClass)
     end
   ensure
-    Object.class_eval { remove_const :ModuleFolder }
-    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_once_paths = []
+    remove_constants(:ModuleFolder)
+    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_once_paths = old_path
   end
 
   def test_autoload_once_pathnames_do_not_add_to_autoloaded_constants
@@ -602,15 +640,15 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths = pathnames
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_once_paths = pathnames
 
-      assert ! ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?("ModuleFolder")
-      assert ! ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?("ModuleFolder::NestedClass")
-      assert ! ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?(ModuleFolder)
+      assert_not ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?("ModuleFolder")
+      assert_not ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?("ModuleFolder::NestedClass")
+      assert_not ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?(ModuleFolder)
 
       1 if ModuleFolder::NestedClass # 1 if to avoid warning
-      assert ! ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?(ModuleFolder::NestedClass)
+      assert_not ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?(ModuleFolder::NestedClass)
     end
   ensure
-    Object.class_eval { remove_const :ModuleFolder }
+    remove_constants(:ModuleFolder)
     ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_once_paths = []
   end
 
@@ -620,24 +658,25 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       assert_equal 10, ApplicationController
       assert ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?(:ApplicationController)
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:ApplicationController)
   end
 
   def test_preexisting_constants_are_not_marked_as_autoloaded
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
-      require_dependency 'e'
-      assert ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?(:E)
+      require_dependency 'em'
+      assert ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?(:EM)
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
     end
 
-    Object.const_set :E, Class.new
+    Object.const_set :EM, Class.new
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
-      require_dependency 'e'
-      assert ! ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?(:E), "E shouldn't be marked autoloaded!"
+      require_dependency 'em'
+      assert ! ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?(:EM), "EM shouldn't be marked autoloaded!"
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
     end
-
   ensure
-    Object.class_eval { remove_const :E }
+    remove_constants(:EM)
   end
 
   def test_constants_in_capitalized_nesting_marked_as_autoloaded
@@ -646,6 +685,8 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
       assert ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?("HTML::SomeClass")
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:HTML)
   end
 
   def test_unloadable
@@ -676,18 +717,19 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       assert_equal false, M.unloadable
     end
   ensure
-    Object.class_eval { remove_const :M }
+    remove_constants(:M)
   end
 
   def test_unloadable_constants_should_receive_callback
-    Object.const_set :C, Class.new
+    Object.const_set :C, Class.new { def self.before_remove_const; end }
     C.unloadable
-    C.expects(:before_remove_const).once
-    assert C.respond_to?(:before_remove_const)
-    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
-    assert !defined?(C)
+    assert_called(C, :before_remove_const, times: 1) do
+      assert C.respond_to?(:before_remove_const)
+      ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
+      assert !defined?(C)
+    end
   ensure
-    Object.class_eval { remove_const :C } if defined?(C)
+    remove_constants(:C)
   end
 
   def test_new_contants_in_without_constants
@@ -701,7 +743,7 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
                             }.map(&:to_s)
     assert ActiveSupport::Dependencies.constant_watch_stack.all? {|k,v| v.empty? }
   ensure
-    Object.class_eval { remove_const :Hello }
+    remove_constants(:Hello)
   end
 
   def test_new_constants_in_with_nesting
@@ -718,9 +760,7 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal ["OuterAfter", "OuterBefore"], outer.sort.map(&:to_s)
     assert ActiveSupport::Dependencies.constant_watch_stack.all? {|k,v| v.empty? }
   ensure
-    %w(OuterBefore Inner OuterAfter).each do |name|
-      Object.class_eval { remove_const name if const_defined?(name) }
-    end
+    remove_constants(:OuterBefore, :Inner, :OuterAfter)
   end
 
   def test_new_constants_in_module
@@ -739,7 +779,7 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal ["M::OuterAfter", "M::OuterBefore"], outer.sort
     assert ActiveSupport::Dependencies.constant_watch_stack.all? {|k,v| v.empty? }
   ensure
-    Object.class_eval { remove_const :M }
+    remove_constants(:M)
   end
 
   def test_new_constants_in_module_using_name
@@ -757,7 +797,7 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal ["M::OuterAfter", "M::OuterBefore"], outer.sort
     assert ActiveSupport::Dependencies.constant_watch_stack.all? {|k,v| v.empty? }
   ensure
-    Object.class_eval { remove_const :M }
+    remove_constants(:M)
   end
 
   def test_new_constants_in_with_inherited_constants
@@ -775,26 +815,27 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_file_with_multiple_constants_and_require_dependency
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
-      assert ! defined?(MultipleConstantFile)
-      assert ! defined?(SiblingConstant)
+      assert_not defined?(MultipleConstantFile)
+      assert_not defined?(SiblingConstant)
 
       require_dependency 'multiple_constant_file'
       assert defined?(MultipleConstantFile)
       assert defined?(SiblingConstant)
       assert ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?(:MultipleConstantFile)
       assert ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?(:SiblingConstant)
-
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
 
-      assert ! defined?(MultipleConstantFile)
-      assert ! defined?(SiblingConstant)
+      assert_not defined?(MultipleConstantFile)
+      assert_not defined?(SiblingConstant)
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:MultipleConstantFile, :SiblingConstant)
   end
 
   def test_file_with_multiple_constants_and_auto_loading
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
-      assert ! defined?(MultipleConstantFile)
-      assert ! defined?(SiblingConstant)
+      assert_not defined?(MultipleConstantFile)
+      assert_not defined?(SiblingConstant)
 
       assert_equal 10, MultipleConstantFile
 
@@ -805,15 +846,17 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
 
-      assert ! defined?(MultipleConstantFile)
-      assert ! defined?(SiblingConstant)
+      assert_not defined?(MultipleConstantFile)
+      assert_not defined?(SiblingConstant)
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:MultipleConstantFile, :SiblingConstant)
   end
 
   def test_nested_file_with_multiple_constants_and_require_dependency
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
-      assert ! defined?(ClassFolder::NestedClass)
-      assert ! defined?(ClassFolder::SiblingClass)
+      assert_not defined?(ClassFolder::NestedClass)
+      assert_not defined?(ClassFolder::SiblingClass)
 
       require_dependency 'class_folder/nested_class'
 
@@ -824,15 +867,17 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
 
-      assert ! defined?(ClassFolder::NestedClass)
-      assert ! defined?(ClassFolder::SiblingClass)
+      assert_not defined?(ClassFolder::NestedClass)
+      assert_not defined?(ClassFolder::SiblingClass)
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:ClassFolder)
   end
 
   def test_nested_file_with_multiple_constants_and_auto_loading
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
-      assert ! defined?(ClassFolder::NestedClass)
-      assert ! defined?(ClassFolder::SiblingClass)
+      assert_not defined?(ClassFolder::NestedClass)
+      assert_not defined?(ClassFolder::SiblingClass)
 
       assert_kind_of Class, ClassFolder::NestedClass
 
@@ -843,9 +888,11 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
 
-      assert ! defined?(ClassFolder::NestedClass)
-      assert ! defined?(ClassFolder::SiblingClass)
+      assert_not defined?(ClassFolder::NestedClass)
+      assert_not defined?(ClassFolder::SiblingClass)
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:ClassFolder)
   end
 
   def test_autoload_doesnt_shadow_no_method_error_with_relative_constant
@@ -856,9 +903,8 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
         assert !defined?(::RaisesNoMethodError), "::RaisesNoMethodError is defined but it should have failed!"
       end
     end
-
   ensure
-    Object.class_eval { remove_const :RaisesNoMethodError if const_defined?(:RaisesNoMethodError) }
+    remove_constants(:RaisesNoMethodError)
   end
 
   def test_autoload_doesnt_shadow_no_method_error_with_absolute_constant
@@ -869,9 +915,8 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
         assert !defined?(::RaisesNoMethodError), "::RaisesNoMethodError is defined but it should have failed!"
       end
     end
-
   ensure
-    Object.class_eval { remove_const :RaisesNoMethodError if const_defined?(:RaisesNoMethodError) }
+    remove_constants(:RaisesNoMethodError)
   end
 
   def test_autoload_doesnt_shadow_error_when_mechanism_not_set_to_load
@@ -881,11 +926,12 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
         assert_raise(NameError) { assert_equal 123, ::RaisesNameError::FooBarBaz }
       end
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:RaisesNameError)
   end
 
   def test_autoload_doesnt_shadow_name_error
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
-      Object.send(:remove_const, :RaisesNameError) if defined?(::RaisesNameError)
       2.times do
         e = assert_raise NameError do
           ::RaisesNameError::FooBarBaz.object_id
@@ -900,19 +946,20 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
         assert !defined?(::RaisesNameError), "::RaisesNameError is defined but it should have failed!"
       end
     end
-
   ensure
-    Object.class_eval { remove_const :RaisesNoMethodError if const_defined?(:RaisesNoMethodError) }
+    remove_constants(:RaisesNameError)
   end
 
   def test_remove_constant_handles_double_colon_at_start
     Object.const_set 'DeleteMe', Module.new
     DeleteMe.const_set 'OrMe', Module.new
     ActiveSupport::Dependencies.remove_constant "::DeleteMe::OrMe"
-    assert ! defined?(DeleteMe::OrMe)
+    assert_not defined?(DeleteMe::OrMe)
     assert defined?(DeleteMe)
     ActiveSupport::Dependencies.remove_constant "::DeleteMe"
-    assert ! defined?(DeleteMe)
+    assert_not defined?(DeleteMe)
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:DeleteMe)
   end
 
   def test_remove_constant_does_not_trigger_loading_autoloads
@@ -922,7 +969,9 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
 
     assert_nil ActiveSupport::Dependencies.remove_constant(constant), "Kernel#autoload has been triggered by remove_constant"
-    assert !defined?(ShouldNotBeAutoloaded)
+    assert_not defined?(ShouldNotBeAutoloaded)
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(constant)
   end
 
   def test_remove_constant_does_not_autoload_already_removed_parents_as_a_side_effect
@@ -931,11 +980,14 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       _ = ::A::B # assignment to silence parse-time warning "possibly useless use of :: in void context"
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.remove_constant('A')
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.remove_constant('A::B')
-      assert !defined?(A)
+      assert_not defined?(A)
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:A)
   end
 
   def test_load_once_constants_should_not_be_unloaded
+    old_path = ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_once_paths
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_once_paths = ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths
       _ = ::A # assignment to silence parse-time warning "possibly useless use of :: in void context"
@@ -944,8 +996,8 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       assert defined?(A)
     end
   ensure
-    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_once_paths = []
-    Object.class_eval { remove_const :A if const_defined?(:A) }
+    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_once_paths = old_path
+    remove_constants(:A)
   end
 
   def test_access_unloaded_constants_for_reload
@@ -954,32 +1006,48 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       assert_kind_of Class, A::B # Necessary to load A::B for the test
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.mark_for_unload(A::B)
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.remove_unloadable_constants!
-       
+
       A::B # Make sure no circular dependency error
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:A)
   end
 
 
   def test_autoload_once_paths_should_behave_when_recursively_loading
+    old_path = ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_once_paths
     with_loading 'dependencies', 'autoloading_fixtures' do
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_once_paths = [ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths.last]
-      assert !defined?(CrossSiteDependency)
+      assert_not defined?(CrossSiteDependency)
       assert_nothing_raised { CrossSiteDepender.nil? }
       assert defined?(CrossSiteDependency)
-      assert !ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?(CrossSiteDependency),
+      assert_not ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?(CrossSiteDependency),
         "CrossSiteDependency shouldn't be marked as autoloaded!"
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
       assert defined?(CrossSiteDependency),
         "CrossSiteDependency shouldn't have been unloaded!"
     end
   ensure
-    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_once_paths = []
+    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_once_paths = old_path
+    remove_constants(:CrossSiteDependency)
   end
 
   def test_hook_called_multiple_times
     assert_nothing_raised { ActiveSupport::Dependencies.hook! }
   end
 
+  def test_load_and_require_stay_private
+    assert Object.private_methods.include?(:load)
+    assert Object.private_methods.include?(:require)
+
+    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.unhook!
+
+    assert Object.private_methods.include?(:load)
+    assert Object.private_methods.include?(:require)
+  ensure
+    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.hook!
+  end
+
   def test_unhook
     ActiveSupport::Dependencies.unhook!
     assert !Module.new.respond_to?(:const_missing_without_dependencies)
@@ -987,11 +1055,4 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   ensure
     ActiveSupport::Dependencies.hook!
   end
-
-private
-  def remove_constants(*constants)
-    constants.each do |constant|
-      Object.send(:remove_const, constant) if Object.const_defined?(constant)
-    end
-  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/dependencies_test_helpers.rb b/activesupport/test/dependencies_test_helpers.rb
index 9268512a97..e4d5197112 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/dependencies_test_helpers.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/dependencies_test_helpers.rb
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ module DependenciesTestHelpers
     ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths = prior_autoload_paths
     ActiveSupport::Dependencies.mechanism = old_mechanism
     ActiveSupport::Dependencies.explicitly_unloadable_constants = []
+    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
   end
 
   def with_autoloading_fixtures(&block)
diff --git a/activesupport/test/deprecation/method_wrappers_test.rb b/activesupport/test/deprecation/method_wrappers_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9a4ca2b217
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/deprecation/method_wrappers_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/deprecation'
+
+class MethodWrappersTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @klass = Class.new do
+      def new_method; "abc" end
+      alias_method :old_method, :new_method
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecate_methods_warning_default
+    warning = /old_method is deprecated and will be removed from Rails \d.\d \(use new_method instead\)/
+    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.deprecate_methods(@klass, :old_method => :new_method)
+
+    assert_deprecated(warning) { assert_equal "abc", @klass.new.old_method }
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecate_methods_warning_with_optional_deprecator
+    warning = /old_method is deprecated and will be removed from MyGem next-release \(use new_method instead\)/
+    deprecator = ActiveSupport::Deprecation.new("next-release", "MyGem")
+    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.deprecate_methods(@klass, :old_method => :new_method, :deprecator => deprecator)
+
+    assert_deprecated(warning, deprecator) { assert_equal "abc", @klass.new.old_method }
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecate_methods_warning_when_deprecated_with_custom_deprecator
+    warning = /old_method is deprecated and will be removed from MyGem next-release \(use new_method instead\)/
+    deprecator = ActiveSupport::Deprecation.new("next-release", "MyGem")
+    deprecator.deprecate_methods(@klass, :old_method => :new_method)
+
+    assert_deprecated(warning, deprecator) { assert_equal "abc", @klass.new.old_method }
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/deprecation_test.rb b/activesupport/test/deprecation_test.rb
index ee1c69502e..cd02ad3f3f 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/deprecation_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/deprecation_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/testing/stream'
 
 class Deprecatee
   def initialize
@@ -36,6 +37,8 @@ end
 
 
 class DeprecationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include ActiveSupport::Testing::Stream
+
   def setup
     # Track the last warning.
     @old_behavior = ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior
@@ -160,6 +163,14 @@ class DeprecationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_not_deprecated { assert_equal Deprecatee::B::C.class, Deprecatee::A.class }
   end
 
+  def test_assert_deprecated_raises_when_method_not_deprecated
+    assert_raises(Minitest::Assertion) { assert_deprecated { @dtc.not } }
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_not_deprecated
+    assert_raises(Minitest::Assertion) { assert_not_deprecated { @dtc.partially } }
+  end
+
   def test_assert_deprecation_without_match
     assert_deprecated do
       @dtc.partially
@@ -253,17 +264,17 @@ class DeprecationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_deprecate_with_custom_deprecator
-    custom_deprecator = mock('Deprecator') do
-      expects(:deprecation_warning)
-    end
+    custom_deprecator = Struct.new(:deprecation_warning).new
 
-    klass = Class.new do
-      def method
+    assert_called_with(custom_deprecator, :deprecation_warning, [:method, nil]) do
+      klass = Class.new do
+        def method
+        end
+        deprecate :method, deprecator: custom_deprecator
       end
-      deprecate :method, deprecator: custom_deprecator
-    end
 
-    klass.new.method
+      klass.new.method
+    end
   end
 
   def test_deprecated_constant_with_deprecator_given
@@ -355,4 +366,5 @@ class DeprecationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       end
       deprecator
     end
+
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/evented_file_update_checker_test.rb b/activesupport/test/evented_file_update_checker_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bc3f77bd54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/evented_file_update_checker_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'pathname'
+require 'file_update_checker_shared_tests'
+
+class EventedFileUpdateCheckerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include FileUpdateCheckerSharedTests
+
+  def setup
+    skip if ENV['LISTEN'] == '0'
+    super
+  end
+
+  def new_checker(files = [], dirs = {}, &block)
+    ActiveSupport::EventedFileUpdateChecker.new(files, dirs, &block).tap do
+      wait
+    end
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    super
+    Listen.stop
+  end
+
+  def wait
+    sleep 1
+  end
+
+  def touch(files)
+    super
+    wait # wait for the events to fire
+  end
+
+  def rm_f(files)
+    super
+    wait
+  end
+end
+
+class EventedFileUpdateCheckerPathHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def pn(path)
+    Pathname.new(path)
+  end
+
+  setup do
+    @ph = ActiveSupport::EventedFileUpdateChecker::PathHelper.new
+  end
+
+  test '#xpath returns the expanded path as a Pathname object' do
+    assert_equal pn(__FILE__).expand_path, @ph.xpath(__FILE__)
+  end
+
+  test '#normalize_extension returns a bare extension as is' do
+    assert_equal 'rb', @ph.normalize_extension('rb')
+  end
+
+  test '#normalize_extension removes a leading dot' do
+    assert_equal 'rb', @ph.normalize_extension('.rb')
+  end
+
+  test '#normalize_extension supports symbols' do
+    assert_equal 'rb', @ph.normalize_extension(:rb)
+  end
+
+  test '#longest_common_subpath finds the longest common subpath, if there is one' do
+    paths = %w(
+      /foo/bar
+      /foo/baz
+      /foo/bar/baz/woo/zoo
+    ).map { |path| pn(path) }
+
+    assert_equal pn('/foo'), @ph.longest_common_subpath(paths)
+  end
+
+  test '#longest_common_subpath returns the root directory as an edge case' do
+    paths = %w(
+      /foo/bar
+      /foo/baz
+      /foo/bar/baz/woo/zoo
+      /wadus
+    ).map { |path| pn(path) }
+
+    assert_equal pn('/'), @ph.longest_common_subpath(paths)
+  end
+
+  test '#longest_common_subpath returns nil for an empty collection' do
+    assert_nil @ph.longest_common_subpath([])
+  end
+
+  test '#existing_parent returns the most specific existing ascendant' do
+    wd = Pathname.getwd
+
+    assert_equal wd, @ph.existing_parent(wd)
+    assert_equal wd, @ph.existing_parent(wd.join('non-existing/directory'))
+    assert_equal pn('/'), @ph.existing_parent(pn('/non-existing/directory'))
+  end
+
+  test '#filter_out_descendants returns the same collection if there are no descendants (empty)' do
+    assert_equal [], @ph.filter_out_descendants([])
+  end
+
+  test '#filter_out_descendants returns the same collection if there are no descendants (one)' do
+    assert_equal ['/foo'], @ph.filter_out_descendants(['/foo'])
+  end
+
+  test '#filter_out_descendants returns the same collection if there are no descendants (several)' do
+    paths = %w(
+      /Rails.root/app/controllers
+      /Rails.root/app/models
+      /Rails.root/app/helpers
+    ).map { |path| pn(path) }
+
+    assert_equal paths, @ph.filter_out_descendants(paths)
+  end
+
+  test '#filter_out_descendants filters out descendants preserving order' do
+    paths = %w(
+      /Rails.root/app/controllers
+      /Rails.root/app/controllers/concerns
+      /Rails.root/app/models
+      /Rails.root/app/models/concerns
+      /Rails.root/app/helpers
+    ).map { |path| pn(path) }
+
+    assert_equal paths.values_at(0, 2, 4), @ph.filter_out_descendants(paths)
+  end
+
+  test '#filter_out_descendants works on path units' do
+    paths = %w(
+      /foo/bar
+      /foo/barrrr
+    ).map { |path| pn(path) }
+
+    assert_equal paths, @ph.filter_out_descendants(paths)
+  end
+
+  test '#filter_out_descendants deals correctly with the root directory' do
+    paths = %w(
+      /
+      /foo
+      /foo/bar
+    ).map { |path| pn(path) }
+
+    assert_equal paths.values_at(0), @ph.filter_out_descendants(paths)
+  end
+
+  test '#filter_out_descendants preserves duplicates' do
+    paths = %w(
+      /foo
+      /foo/bar
+      /foo
+    ).map { |path| pn(path) }
+
+    assert_equal paths.values_at(0, 2), @ph.filter_out_descendants(paths)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/file_fixtures/sample.txt b/activesupport/test/file_fixtures/sample.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0fa80e7383
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/file_fixtures/sample.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+sample file fixture
diff --git a/activesupport/test/file_update_checker_shared_tests.rb b/activesupport/test/file_update_checker_shared_tests.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..100cbc9756
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/file_update_checker_shared_tests.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+require 'fileutils'
+
+module FileUpdateCheckerSharedTests
+  extend ActiveSupport::Testing::Declarative
+  include FileUtils
+
+  def tmpdir
+    @tmpdir ||= Dir.mktmpdir(nil, __dir__)
+  end
+
+  def tmpfile(name)
+    "#{tmpdir}/#{name}"
+  end
+
+  def tmpfiles
+    @tmpfiles ||= %w(foo.rb bar.rb baz.rb).map { |f| tmpfile(f) }
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    FileUtils.rm_rf(@tmpdir) if defined? @tmpdir
+  end
+
+  test 'should not execute the block if no paths are given' do
+    i = 0
+
+    checker = new_checker { i += 1 }
+
+    assert !checker.execute_if_updated
+    assert_equal 0, i
+  end
+
+  test 'should not execute the block if no files change' do
+    i = 0
+
+    FileUtils.touch(tmpfiles)
+
+    checker = new_checker(tmpfiles) { i += 1 }
+
+    assert !checker.execute_if_updated
+    assert_equal 0, i
+  end
+
+  test 'should execute the block once when files are created' do
+    i = 0
+
+    checker = new_checker(tmpfiles) { i += 1 }
+
+    touch(tmpfiles)
+
+    assert checker.execute_if_updated
+    assert_equal 1, i
+  end
+
+  test 'should execute the block once when files are modified' do
+    i = 0
+
+    FileUtils.touch(tmpfiles)
+
+    checker = new_checker(tmpfiles) { i += 1 }
+
+    touch(tmpfiles)
+
+    assert checker.execute_if_updated
+    assert_equal 1, i
+  end
+
+  test 'should execute the block once when files are deleted' do
+    i = 0
+
+    FileUtils.touch(tmpfiles)
+
+    checker = new_checker(tmpfiles) { i += 1 }
+
+    rm_f(tmpfiles)
+
+    assert checker.execute_if_updated
+    assert_equal 1, i
+  end
+
+
+  test 'updated should become true when watched files are created' do
+    i = 0
+
+    checker = new_checker(tmpfiles) { i += 1 }
+    assert !checker.updated?
+
+    touch(tmpfiles)
+
+    assert checker.updated?
+  end
+
+
+  test 'updated should become true when watched files are modified' do
+    i = 0
+
+    FileUtils.touch(tmpfiles)
+
+    checker = new_checker(tmpfiles) { i += 1 }
+    assert !checker.updated?
+
+    touch(tmpfiles)
+
+    assert checker.updated?
+  end
+
+  test 'updated should become true when watched files are deleted' do
+    i = 0
+
+    FileUtils.touch(tmpfiles)
+
+    checker = new_checker(tmpfiles) { i += 1 }
+    assert !checker.updated?
+
+    rm_f(tmpfiles)
+
+    assert checker.updated?
+  end
+
+  test 'should be robust to handle files with wrong modified time' do
+    i = 0
+
+    FileUtils.touch(tmpfiles)
+
+    now  = Time.now
+    time = Time.mktime(now.year + 1, now.month, now.day) # wrong mtime from the future
+    File.utime(time, time, tmpfiles[0])
+
+    checker = new_checker(tmpfiles) { i += 1 }
+
+    touch(tmpfiles[1..-1])
+
+    assert checker.execute_if_updated
+    assert_equal 1, i
+  end
+
+  test 'should cache updated result until execute' do
+    i = 0
+
+    checker = new_checker(tmpfiles) { i += 1 }
+    assert !checker.updated?
+
+    touch(tmpfiles)
+
+    assert checker.updated?
+    checker.execute
+    assert !checker.updated?
+  end
+
+  test 'should execute the block if files change in a watched directory one extension' do
+    i = 0
+
+    checker = new_checker([], tmpdir => :rb) { i += 1 }
+
+    touch(tmpfile('foo.rb'))
+
+    assert checker.execute_if_updated
+    assert_equal 1, i
+  end
+
+  test 'should execute the block if files change in a watched directory several extensions' do
+    i = 0
+
+    checker = new_checker([], tmpdir => [:rb, :txt]) { i += 1 }
+
+    touch(tmpfile('foo.rb'))
+
+    assert checker.execute_if_updated
+    assert_equal 1, i
+
+    touch(tmpfile('foo.txt'))
+
+    assert checker.execute_if_updated
+    assert_equal 2, i
+  end
+
+  test 'should not execute the block if the file extension is not watched' do
+    i = 0
+
+    checker = new_checker([], tmpdir => :txt) { i += 1 }
+
+    touch(tmpfile('foo.rb'))
+
+    assert !checker.execute_if_updated
+    assert_equal 0, i
+  end
+
+  test 'does not assume files exist on instantiation' do
+    i = 0
+
+    non_existing = tmpfile('non_existing.rb')
+    checker = new_checker([non_existing]) { i += 1 }
+
+    touch(non_existing)
+
+    assert checker.execute_if_updated
+    assert_equal 1, i
+  end
+
+  test 'detects files in new subdirectories' do
+    i = 0
+
+    checker = new_checker([], tmpdir => :rb) { i += 1 }
+
+    subdir = tmpfile('subdir')
+    mkdir(subdir)
+    wait
+
+    assert !checker.execute_if_updated
+    assert_equal 0, i
+
+    touch("#{subdir}/nested.rb")
+
+    assert checker.execute_if_updated
+    assert_equal 1, i
+  end
+
+  test 'looked up extensions are inherited in subdirectories not listening to them' do
+    i = 0
+
+    subdir = tmpfile('subdir')
+    mkdir(subdir)
+
+    checker = new_checker([], tmpdir => :rb, subdir => :txt) { i += 1 }
+
+    touch(tmpfile('new.txt'))
+
+    assert !checker.execute_if_updated
+    assert_equal 0, i
+
+    # subdir does not look for Ruby files, but its parent tmpdir does.
+    touch("#{subdir}/nested.rb")
+
+    assert checker.execute_if_updated
+    assert_equal 1, i
+
+    touch("#{subdir}/nested.txt")
+
+    assert checker.execute_if_updated
+    assert_equal 2, i
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/file_update_checker_test.rb b/activesupport/test/file_update_checker_test.rb
index bd1df0f858..752f7836cd 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/file_update_checker_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/file_update_checker_test.rb
@@ -1,112 +1,19 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'fileutils'
-require 'thread'
+require 'file_update_checker_shared_tests'
 
-MTIME_FIXTURES_PATH = File.expand_path("../fixtures", __FILE__)
+class FileUpdateCheckerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include FileUpdateCheckerSharedTests
 
-class FileUpdateCheckerWithEnumerableTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  FILES = %w(1.txt 2.txt 3.txt)
-
-  def setup
-    FileUtils.mkdir_p("tmp_watcher")
-    FileUtils.touch(FILES)
-  end
-
-  def teardown
-    FileUtils.rm_rf("tmp_watcher")
-    FileUtils.rm_rf(FILES)
-  end
-
-  def test_should_not_execute_the_block_if_no_paths_are_given
-    i = 0
-    checker = ActiveSupport::FileUpdateChecker.new([]){ i += 1 }
-    checker.execute_if_updated
-    assert_equal 0, i
-  end
-
-  def test_should_not_invoke_the_block_if_no_file_has_changed
-    i = 0
-    checker = ActiveSupport::FileUpdateChecker.new(FILES){ i += 1 }
-    5.times { assert !checker.execute_if_updated }
-    assert_equal 0, i
-  end
-
-  def test_should_invoke_the_block_if_a_file_has_changed
-    i = 0
-    checker = ActiveSupport::FileUpdateChecker.new(FILES){ i += 1 }
-    sleep(1)
-    FileUtils.touch(FILES)
-    assert checker.execute_if_updated
-    assert_equal 1, i
-  end
-
-  def test_should_be_robust_enough_to_handle_deleted_files
-    i = 0
-    checker = ActiveSupport::FileUpdateChecker.new(FILES){ i += 1 }
-    FileUtils.rm(FILES)
-    assert checker.execute_if_updated
-    assert_equal 1, i
-  end
-
-  def test_should_be_robust_to_handle_files_with_wrong_modified_time
-    i = 0
-    now = Time.now
-    time = Time.mktime(now.year + 1, now.month, now.day) # wrong mtime from the future
-    File.utime time, time, FILES[2]
-
-    checker = ActiveSupport::FileUpdateChecker.new(FILES){ i += 1 }
-
-    sleep(1)
-    FileUtils.touch(FILES[0..1])
-
-    assert checker.execute_if_updated
-    assert_equal 1, i
-  end
-
-  def test_should_cache_updated_result_until_execute
-    i = 0
-    checker = ActiveSupport::FileUpdateChecker.new(FILES){ i += 1 }
-    assert !checker.updated?
-
-    sleep(1)
-    FileUtils.touch(FILES)
-
-    assert checker.updated?
-    checker.execute
-    assert !checker.updated?
-  end
-
-  def test_should_invoke_the_block_if_a_watched_dir_changed_its_glob
-    i = 0
-    checker = ActiveSupport::FileUpdateChecker.new([], "tmp_watcher" => [:txt]){ i += 1 }
-    FileUtils.cd "tmp_watcher" do
-      FileUtils.touch(FILES)
-    end
-    assert checker.execute_if_updated
-    assert_equal 1, i
+  def new_checker(files = [], dirs = {}, &block)
+    ActiveSupport::FileUpdateChecker.new(files, dirs, &block)
   end
 
-  def test_should_not_invoke_the_block_if_a_watched_dir_changed_its_glob
-    i = 0
-    checker = ActiveSupport::FileUpdateChecker.new([], "tmp_watcher" => :rb){ i += 1 }
-    FileUtils.cd "tmp_watcher" do
-      FileUtils.touch(FILES)
-    end
-    assert !checker.execute_if_updated
-    assert_equal 0, i
+  def wait
+    # noop
   end
 
-  def test_should_not_block_if_a_strange_filename_used
-    FileUtils.mkdir_p("tmp_watcher/valid,yetstrange,path,")
-    FileUtils.touch(FILES.map { |file_name| "tmp_watcher/valid,yetstrange,path,/#{file_name}" })
-
-    test = Thread.new do
-      ActiveSupport::FileUpdateChecker.new([],"tmp_watcher/valid,yetstrange,path," => :txt) { i += 1 }
-      Thread.exit
-    end
-    test.priority = -1
-    test.join(5)
-
-    assert !test.alive?
+  def touch(files)
+    sleep 1 # let's wait a bit to ensure there's a new mtime
+    super
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/i18n_test.rb b/activesupport/test/i18n_test.rb
index 5ef59b6e6b..3faa15e7fd 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/i18n_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/i18n_test.rb
@@ -99,7 +99,6 @@ class I18nTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_to_sentence_with_empty_i18n_store
-    I18n.backend.store_translations 'empty', {}
     assert_equal 'a, b, and c', %w[a b c].to_sentence(locale: 'empty')
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/inflector_test.rb b/activesupport/test/inflector_test.rb
index 35967ba656..06cd41c86d 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/inflector_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/inflector_test.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,20 @@ class InflectorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   include InflectorTestCases
   include ConstantizeTestCases
 
+  def setup
+    # Dups the singleton before each test, restoring the original inflections later.
+    #
+    # This helper is implemented by setting @__instance__ because in some tests
+    # there are module functions that access ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections,
+    # so we need to replace the singleton itself.
+    @original_inflections = ActiveSupport::Inflector::Inflections.instance_variable_get(:@__instance__)[:en]
+    ActiveSupport::Inflector::Inflections.instance_variable_set(:@__instance__, en: @original_inflections.dup)
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    ActiveSupport::Inflector::Inflections.instance_variable_set(:@__instance__, en: @original_inflections)
+  end
+
   def test_pluralize_plurals
     assert_equal "plurals", ActiveSupport::Inflector.pluralize("plurals")
     assert_equal "Plurals", ActiveSupport::Inflector.pluralize("Plurals")
@@ -26,20 +40,18 @@ class InflectorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_uncountable_word_is_not_greedy
-    with_dup do
-      uncountable_word = "ors"
-      countable_word = "sponsor"
+    uncountable_word = "ors"
+    countable_word = "sponsor"
 
-      ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections.uncountable << uncountable_word
+    ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections.uncountable << uncountable_word
 
-      assert_equal uncountable_word, ActiveSupport::Inflector.singularize(uncountable_word)
-      assert_equal uncountable_word, ActiveSupport::Inflector.pluralize(uncountable_word)
-      assert_equal ActiveSupport::Inflector.pluralize(uncountable_word), ActiveSupport::Inflector.singularize(uncountable_word)
+    assert_equal uncountable_word, ActiveSupport::Inflector.singularize(uncountable_word)
+    assert_equal uncountable_word, ActiveSupport::Inflector.pluralize(uncountable_word)
+    assert_equal ActiveSupport::Inflector.pluralize(uncountable_word), ActiveSupport::Inflector.singularize(uncountable_word)
 
-      assert_equal "sponsor", ActiveSupport::Inflector.singularize(countable_word)
-      assert_equal "sponsors", ActiveSupport::Inflector.pluralize(countable_word)
-      assert_equal "sponsor", ActiveSupport::Inflector.singularize(ActiveSupport::Inflector.pluralize(countable_word))
-    end
+    assert_equal "sponsor", ActiveSupport::Inflector.singularize(countable_word)
+    assert_equal "sponsors", ActiveSupport::Inflector.pluralize(countable_word)
+    assert_equal "sponsor", ActiveSupport::Inflector.singularize(ActiveSupport::Inflector.pluralize(countable_word))
   end
 
   SingularToPlural.each do |singular, plural|
@@ -70,11 +82,9 @@ class InflectorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
 
   def test_overwrite_previous_inflectors
-    with_dup do
-      assert_equal("series", ActiveSupport::Inflector.singularize("series"))
-      ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections.singular "series", "serie"
-      assert_equal("serie", ActiveSupport::Inflector.singularize("series"))
-    end
+    assert_equal("series", ActiveSupport::Inflector.singularize("series"))
+    ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections.singular "series", "serie"
+    assert_equal("serie", ActiveSupport::Inflector.singularize("series"))
   end
 
   MixtureToTitleCase.each_with_index do |(before, titleized), index|
@@ -120,10 +130,14 @@ class InflectorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       ["SSLError",          "ssl_error",          "SSL error",          "SSL Error"],
       ["RESTful",           "restful",            "RESTful",            "RESTful"],
       ["RESTfulController", "restful_controller", "RESTful controller", "RESTful Controller"],
+      ["Nested::RESTful",   "nested/restful",     "Nested/RESTful",     "Nested/RESTful"],
       ["IHeartW3C",         "i_heart_w3c",        "I heart W3C",        "I Heart W3C"],
       ["PhDRequired",       "phd_required",       "PhD required",       "PhD Required"],
       ["IRoRU",             "i_ror_u",            "I RoR u",            "I RoR U"],
       ["RESTfulHTTPAPI",    "restful_http_api",   "RESTful HTTP API",   "RESTful HTTP API"],
+      ["HTTP::RESTful",     "http/restful",       "HTTP/RESTful",       "HTTP/RESTful"],
+      ["HTTP::RESTfulAPI",  "http/restful_api",   "HTTP/RESTful API",   "HTTP/RESTful API"],
+      ["APIRESTful",        "api_restful",        "API RESTful",        "API RESTful"],
 
       # misdirection
       ["Capistrano",        "capistrano",         "Capistrano",       "Capistrano"],
@@ -200,6 +214,7 @@ class InflectorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_demodulize
     assert_equal "Account", ActiveSupport::Inflector.demodulize("MyApplication::Billing::Account")
     assert_equal "Account", ActiveSupport::Inflector.demodulize("Account")
+    assert_equal "Account", ActiveSupport::Inflector.demodulize("::Account")
     assert_equal "", ActiveSupport::Inflector.demodulize("")
   end
 
@@ -254,14 +269,32 @@ class InflectorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_parameterize_with_custom_separator
     jruby_skip "UTF-8 to UTF8-MAC Converter is unavailable"
     StringToParameterizeWithUnderscore.each do |some_string, parameterized_string|
-      assert_equal(parameterized_string, ActiveSupport::Inflector.parameterize(some_string, '_'))
+      assert_equal(parameterized_string, ActiveSupport::Inflector.parameterize(some_string, separator: '_'))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_parameterize_with_custom_separator_deprecated
+    jruby_skip "UTF-8 to UTF8-MAC Converter is unavailable"
+    StringToParameterizeWithUnderscore.each do |some_string, parameterized_string|
+      assert_deprecated(/Passing the separator argument as a positional parameter is deprecated and will soon be removed. Use `separator: '_'` instead./i) do
+        assert_equal(parameterized_string, ActiveSupport::Inflector.parameterize(some_string, '_'))
+      end
     end
   end
 
   def test_parameterize_with_multi_character_separator
     jruby_skip "UTF-8 to UTF8-MAC Converter is unavailable"
     StringToParameterized.each do |some_string, parameterized_string|
-      assert_equal(parameterized_string.gsub('-', '__sep__'), ActiveSupport::Inflector.parameterize(some_string, '__sep__'))
+      assert_equal(parameterized_string.gsub('-', '__sep__'), ActiveSupport::Inflector.parameterize(some_string, separator: '__sep__'))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_parameterize_with_multi_character_separator_deprecated
+    jruby_skip "UTF-8 to UTF8-MAC Converter is unavailable"
+    StringToParameterized.each do |some_string, parameterized_string|
+      assert_deprecated(/Passing the separator argument as a positional parameter is deprecated and will soon be removed. Use `separator: '__sep__'` instead./i) do
+        assert_equal(parameterized_string.gsub('-', '__sep__'), ActiveSupport::Inflector.parameterize(some_string, '__sep__'))
+      end
     end
   end
 
@@ -362,10 +395,8 @@ class InflectorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   %w{plurals singulars uncountables humans}.each do |inflection_type|
     class_eval <<-RUBY, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
       def test_clear_#{inflection_type}
-        with_dup do
-          ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections.clear :#{inflection_type}
-          assert ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections.#{inflection_type}.empty?, \"#{inflection_type} inflections should be empty after clear :#{inflection_type}\"
-        end
+        ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections.clear :#{inflection_type}
+        assert ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections.#{inflection_type}.empty?, \"#{inflection_type} inflections should be empty after clear :#{inflection_type}\"
       end
     RUBY
   end
@@ -400,73 +431,63 @@ class InflectorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_clear_all
-    with_dup do
-      ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
-        # ensure any data is present
-        inflect.plural(/(quiz)$/i, '\1zes')
-        inflect.singular(/(database)s$/i, '\1')
-        inflect.uncountable('series')
-        inflect.human("col_rpted_bugs", "Reported bugs")
-
-        inflect.clear :all
-
-        assert inflect.plurals.empty?
-        assert inflect.singulars.empty?
-        assert inflect.uncountables.empty?
-        assert inflect.humans.empty?
-      end
+    ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
+      # ensure any data is present
+      inflect.plural(/(quiz)$/i, '\1zes')
+      inflect.singular(/(database)s$/i, '\1')
+      inflect.uncountable('series')
+      inflect.human("col_rpted_bugs", "Reported bugs")
+
+      inflect.clear :all
+
+      assert inflect.plurals.empty?
+      assert inflect.singulars.empty?
+      assert inflect.uncountables.empty?
+      assert inflect.humans.empty?
     end
   end
 
   def test_clear_with_default
-    with_dup do
-      ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
-        # ensure any data is present
-        inflect.plural(/(quiz)$/i, '\1zes')
-        inflect.singular(/(database)s$/i, '\1')
-        inflect.uncountable('series')
-        inflect.human("col_rpted_bugs", "Reported bugs")
-
-        inflect.clear
-
-        assert inflect.plurals.empty?
-        assert inflect.singulars.empty?
-        assert inflect.uncountables.empty?
-        assert inflect.humans.empty?
-      end
+    ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
+      # ensure any data is present
+      inflect.plural(/(quiz)$/i, '\1zes')
+      inflect.singular(/(database)s$/i, '\1')
+      inflect.uncountable('series')
+      inflect.human("col_rpted_bugs", "Reported bugs")
+
+      inflect.clear
+
+      assert inflect.plurals.empty?
+      assert inflect.singulars.empty?
+      assert inflect.uncountables.empty?
+      assert inflect.humans.empty?
     end
   end
 
   Irregularities.each do |singular, plural|
     define_method("test_irregularity_between_#{singular}_and_#{plural}") do
-      with_dup do
-        ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
-          inflect.irregular(singular, plural)
-          assert_equal singular, ActiveSupport::Inflector.singularize(plural)
-          assert_equal plural, ActiveSupport::Inflector.pluralize(singular)
-        end
+      ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
+        inflect.irregular(singular, plural)
+        assert_equal singular, ActiveSupport::Inflector.singularize(plural)
+        assert_equal plural, ActiveSupport::Inflector.pluralize(singular)
       end
     end
   end
 
   Irregularities.each do |singular, plural|
     define_method("test_pluralize_of_irregularity_#{plural}_should_be_the_same") do
-      with_dup do
-        ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
-          inflect.irregular(singular, plural)
-          assert_equal plural, ActiveSupport::Inflector.pluralize(plural)
-        end
+      ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
+        inflect.irregular(singular, plural)
+        assert_equal plural, ActiveSupport::Inflector.pluralize(plural)
       end
     end
   end
 
   Irregularities.each do |singular, plural|
     define_method("test_singularize_of_irregularity_#{singular}_should_be_the_same") do
-      with_dup do
-        ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
-          inflect.irregular(singular, plural)
-          assert_equal singular, ActiveSupport::Inflector.singularize(singular)
-        end
+      ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
+        inflect.irregular(singular, plural)
+        assert_equal singular, ActiveSupport::Inflector.singularize(singular)
       end
     end
   end
@@ -485,8 +506,8 @@ class InflectorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
         assert_equal [], inflect.uncountables
 
         # restore all the inflections
-        singulars.reverse.each { |singular| inflect.singular(*singular) }
-        plurals.reverse.each   { |plural|   inflect.plural(*plural) }
+        singulars.reverse_each { |singular| inflect.singular(*singular) }
+        plurals.reverse_each   { |plural|   inflect.plural(*plural) }
         inflect.uncountable(uncountables)
 
         assert_equal singulars, inflect.singulars
@@ -497,27 +518,20 @@ class InflectorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   %w(plurals singulars uncountables humans acronyms).each do |scope|
-    ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
-      define_method("test_clear_inflections_with_#{scope}") do
-        with_dup do
-          # clear the inflections
-          inflect.clear(scope)
-          assert_equal [], inflect.send(scope)
-        end
+    define_method("test_clear_inflections_with_#{scope}") do
+      # clear the inflections
+      ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
+        inflect.clear(scope)
+        assert_equal [], inflect.send(scope)
       end
     end
   end
 
-  # Dups the singleton and yields, restoring the original inflections later.
-  # Use this in tests what modify the state of the singleton.
-  #
-  # This helper is implemented by setting @__instance__ because in some tests
-  # there are module functions that access ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections,
-  # so we need to replace the singleton itself.
-  def with_dup
-    original = ActiveSupport::Inflector::Inflections.instance_variable_get(:@__instance__)
-    ActiveSupport::Inflector::Inflections.instance_variable_set(:@__instance__, original.dup)
-  ensure
-    ActiveSupport::Inflector::Inflections.instance_variable_set(:@__instance__, original)
+  def test_inflections_with_uncountable_words
+    ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
+      inflect.uncountable "HTTP"
+    end
+
+    assert_equal "HTTP", ActiveSupport::Inflector.pluralize("HTTP")
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/inflector_test_cases.rb b/activesupport/test/inflector_test_cases.rb
index 4bd1b2e47c..14fe97a986 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/inflector_test_cases.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/inflector_test_cases.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
-
 module InflectorTestCases
   SingularToPlural = {
     "search"      => "searches",
@@ -141,6 +139,7 @@ module InflectorTestCases
     "HTMLTidyGenerator"     => "html_tidy_generator",
     "FreeBSD"               => "free_bsd",
     "HTML"                  => "html",
+    "ForceXMLController"    => "force_xml_controller",
   }
 
   CamelWithModuleToUnderscoreWithSlash = {
@@ -175,6 +174,17 @@ module InflectorTestCases
     "Test with malformed utf8 \251"       => "test-with-malformed-utf8"
   }
 
+  StringToParameterizedPreserveCase = {
+    "Donald E. Knuth"                     => "Donald-E-Knuth",
+    "Random text with *(bad)* characters" => "Random-text-with-bad-characters", 
+    "Allow_Under_Scores"                  => "Allow_Under_Scores", 
+    "Trailing bad characters!@#"          => "Trailing-bad-characters", 
+    "!@#Leading bad characters"           => "Leading-bad-characters", 
+    "Squeeze   separators"                => "Squeeze-separators", 
+    "Test with + sign"                    => "Test-with-sign", 
+    "Test with malformed utf8 \xA9"       => "Test-with-malformed-utf8"
+  }
+
   StringToParameterizeWithNoSeparator = {
     "Donald E. Knuth"                     => "donaldeknuth",
     "With-some-dashes"                    => "with-some-dashes",
@@ -186,6 +196,17 @@ module InflectorTestCases
     "Test with malformed utf8 \251"       => "testwithmalformedutf8"
   }
 
+  StringToParameterizePreserveCaseWithNoSeparator = {
+    "Donald E. Knuth"                     => "DonaldEKnuth",
+    "With-some-dashes"                    => "With-some-dashes",
+    "Random text with *(bad)* characters" => "Randomtextwithbadcharacters", 
+    "Trailing bad characters!@#"          => "Trailingbadcharacters", 
+    "!@#Leading bad characters"           => "Leadingbadcharacters", 
+    "Squeeze   separators"                => "Squeezeseparators", 
+    "Test with + sign"                    => "Testwithsign", 
+    "Test with malformed utf8 \xA9"       => "Testwithmalformedutf8"
+  }
+
   StringToParameterizeWithUnderscore = {
     "Donald E. Knuth"                     => "donald_e_knuth",
     "Random text with *(bad)* characters" => "random_text_with_bad_characters",
@@ -198,6 +219,18 @@ module InflectorTestCases
     "Test with malformed utf8 \251"       => "test_with_malformed_utf8"
   }
 
+  StringToParameterizePreserceCaseWithUnderscore = {
+    "Donald E. Knuth"                     => "Donald_E_Knuth", 
+    "Random text with *(bad)* characters" => "Random_text_with_bad_characters",
+    "With-some-dashes"                    => "With-some-dashes", 
+    "Allow_Under_Scores"                  => "Allow_Under_Scores", 
+    "Trailing bad characters!@#"          => "Trailing_bad_characters", 
+    "!@#Leading bad characters"           => "Leading_bad_characters", 
+    "Squeeze   separators"                => "Squeeze_separators", 
+    "Test with + sign"                    => "Test_with_sign", 
+    "Test with malformed utf8 \xA9"       => "Test_with_malformed_utf8"
+  }
+
   StringToParameterizedAndNormalized = {
     "Malmö"                               => "malmo",
     "Garçons"                             => "garcons",
@@ -208,9 +241,11 @@ module InflectorTestCases
   }
 
   UnderscoreToHuman = {
-    "employee_salary" => "Employee salary",
-    "employee_id"     => "Employee",
-    "underground"     => "Underground"
+    'employee_salary' => 'Employee salary',
+    'employee_id'     => 'Employee',
+    'underground'     => 'Underground',
+    '_id'             => 'Id',
+    '_external_id'    => 'External'
   }
 
   UnderscoreToHumanWithoutCapitalize = {
@@ -314,7 +349,7 @@ module InflectorTestCases
     'child'  => 'children',
     'sex'    => 'sexes',
     'move'   => 'moves',
-    'cow'    => 'kine',
+    'cow'    => 'kine', # Test inflections with different starting letters
     'zombie' => 'zombies',
     'genus'  => 'genera'
   }
diff --git a/activesupport/test/json/decoding_test.rb b/activesupport/test/json/decoding_test.rb
index 07d7e530ca..f2fc456f4b 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/json/decoding_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/json/decoding_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/json'
 require 'active_support/time'
@@ -73,22 +72,20 @@ class TestJSONDecoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   TESTS.each_with_index do |(json, expected), index|
     test "json decodes #{index}" do
-      prev = ActiveSupport.parse_json_times
-      ActiveSupport.parse_json_times = true
-      silence_warnings do
-        assert_equal expected, ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(json), "JSON decoding \
-        failed for #{json}"
+      with_parse_json_times(true) do
+        silence_warnings do
+          assert_equal expected, ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(json), "JSON decoding \
+          failed for #{json}"
+        end
       end
-      ActiveSupport.parse_json_times = prev
     end
   end
 
   test "json decodes time json with time parsing disabled" do
-    prev = ActiveSupport.parse_json_times
-    ActiveSupport.parse_json_times = false
-    expected = {"a" => "2007-01-01 01:12:34 Z"}
-    assert_equal expected, ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(%({"a": "2007-01-01 01:12:34 Z"}))
-    ActiveSupport.parse_json_times = prev
+    with_parse_json_times(false) do
+      expected = {"a" => "2007-01-01 01:12:34 Z"}
+      assert_equal expected, ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(%({"a": "2007-01-01 01:12:34 Z"}))
+    end
   end
 
   def test_failed_json_decoding
@@ -101,5 +98,15 @@ class TestJSONDecoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_cannot_pass_unsupported_options
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { ActiveSupport::JSON.decode("", create_additions: true) }
   end
+
+  private
+
+  def with_parse_json_times(value)
+    old_value = ActiveSupport.parse_json_times
+    ActiveSupport.parse_json_times = value
+    yield
+  ensure
+    ActiveSupport.parse_json_times = old_value
+  end
 end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/test/json/encoding_test.rb b/activesupport/test/json/encoding_test.rb
index c4283ee79a..9f4b62fd8b 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/json/encoding_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/json/encoding_test.rb
@@ -1,123 +1,27 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'securerandom'
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
 require 'active_support/json'
 require 'active_support/time'
+require 'time_zone_test_helpers'
+require 'json/encoding_test_cases'
 
 class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  class Foo
-    def initialize(a, b)
-      @a, @b = a, b
-    end
-  end
-
-  class Hashlike
-    def to_hash
-      { :foo => "hello", :bar => "world" }
-    end
-  end
-
-  class Custom
-    def initialize(serialized)
-      @serialized = serialized
-    end
-
-    def as_json(options = nil)
-      @serialized
-    end
-  end
-
-  class CustomWithOptions
-    attr_accessor :foo, :bar
-
-    def as_json(options={})
-      options[:only] = %w(foo bar)
-      super(options)
-    end
-  end
-
-  class OptionsTest
-    def as_json(options = :default)
-      options
-    end
-  end
-
-  class HashWithAsJson < Hash
-    attr_accessor :as_json_called
-
-    def initialize(*)
-      super
-    end
-
-    def as_json(options={})
-      @as_json_called = true
-      super
-    end
-  end
-
-  TrueTests     = [[ true,  %(true)  ]]
-  FalseTests    = [[ false, %(false) ]]
-  NilTests      = [[ nil,   %(null)  ]]
-  NumericTests  = [[ 1,     %(1)     ],
-                   [ 2.5,   %(2.5)   ],
-                   [ 0.0/0.0,   %(null) ],
-                   [ 1.0/0.0,   %(null) ],
-                   [ -1.0/0.0,  %(null) ],
-                   [ BigDecimal('0.0')/BigDecimal('0.0'),  %(null) ],
-                   [ BigDecimal('2.5'), %("#{BigDecimal('2.5').to_s}") ]]
-
-  StringTests   = [[ 'this is the <string>',     %("this is the \\u003cstring\\u003e")],
-                   [ 'a "string" with quotes & an ampersand', %("a \\"string\\" with quotes \\u0026 an ampersand") ],
-                   [ 'http://test.host/posts/1', %("http://test.host/posts/1")],
-                   [ "Control characters: \x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\x09\x0a\x0b\x0c\x0d\x0e\x0f\x10\x11\x12\x13\x14\x15\x16\x17\x18\x19\x1a\x1b\x1c\x1d\x1e\x1f\u2028\u2029",
-                     %("Control characters: \\u0000\\u0001\\u0002\\u0003\\u0004\\u0005\\u0006\\u0007\\b\\t\\n\\u000b\\f\\r\\u000e\\u000f\\u0010\\u0011\\u0012\\u0013\\u0014\\u0015\\u0016\\u0017\\u0018\\u0019\\u001a\\u001b\\u001c\\u001d\\u001e\\u001f\\u2028\\u2029") ]]
-
-  ArrayTests    = [[ ['a', 'b', 'c'],          %([\"a\",\"b\",\"c\"])          ],
-                   [ [1, 'a', :b, nil, false], %([1,\"a\",\"b\",null,false]) ]]
-
-  RangeTests    = [[ 1..2,     %("1..2")],
-                   [ 1...2,    %("1...2")],
-                   [ 1.5..2.5, %("1.5..2.5")]]
-
-  SymbolTests   = [[ :a,     %("a")    ],
-                   [ :this,  %("this") ],
-                   [ :"a b", %("a b")  ]]
-
-  ObjectTests   = [[ Foo.new(1, 2), %({\"a\":1,\"b\":2}) ]]
-  HashlikeTests = [[ Hashlike.new, %({\"bar\":\"world\",\"foo\":\"hello\"}) ]]
-  CustomTests   = [[ Custom.new("custom"), '"custom"' ],
-                   [ Custom.new(nil), 'null' ],
-                   [ Custom.new(:a), '"a"' ],
-                   [ Custom.new([ :foo, "bar" ]), '["foo","bar"]' ],
-                   [ Custom.new({ :foo => "hello", :bar => "world" }), '{"bar":"world","foo":"hello"}' ],
-                   [ Custom.new(Hashlike.new), '{"bar":"world","foo":"hello"}' ],
-                   [ Custom.new(Custom.new(Custom.new(:a))), '"a"' ]]
-
-  RegexpTests   = [[ /^a/, '"(?-mix:^a)"' ], [/^\w{1,2}[a-z]+/ix, '"(?ix-m:^\\\\w{1,2}[a-z]+)"']]
-
-  DateTests     = [[ Date.new(2005,2,1), %("2005/02/01") ]]
-  TimeTests     = [[ Time.utc(2005,2,1,15,15,10), %("2005/02/01 15:15:10 +0000") ]]
-  DateTimeTests = [[ DateTime.civil(2005,2,1,15,15,10), %("2005/02/01 15:15:10 +0000") ]]
-
-  StandardDateTests     = [[ Date.new(2005,2,1), %("2005-02-01") ]]
-  StandardTimeTests     = [[ Time.utc(2005,2,1,15,15,10), %("2005-02-01T15:15:10.000Z") ]]
-  StandardDateTimeTests = [[ DateTime.civil(2005,2,1,15,15,10), %("2005-02-01T15:15:10.000+00:00") ]]
-  StandardStringTests   = [[ 'this is the <string>', %("this is the <string>")]]
+  include TimeZoneTestHelpers
 
   def sorted_json(json)
     return json unless json =~ /^\{.*\}$/
     '{' + json[1..-2].split(',').sort.join(',') + '}'
   end
 
-  constants.grep(/Tests$/).each do |class_tests|
+  JSONTest::EncodingTestCases.constants.each do |class_tests|
     define_method("test_#{class_tests[0..-6].underscore}") do
       begin
         prev = ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format
 
         ActiveSupport.escape_html_entities_in_json  = class_tests !~ /^Standard/
         ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format = class_tests =~ /^Standard/
-        self.class.const_get(class_tests).each do |pair|
+        JSONTest::EncodingTestCases.const_get(class_tests).each do |pair|
           assert_equal pair.last, sorted_json(ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(pair.first))
         end
       ensure
@@ -128,6 +32,8 @@ class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_process_status
+    rubinius_skip "https://github.com/rubinius/rubinius/issues/3334"
+
     # There doesn't seem to be a good way to get a handle on a Process::Status object without actually
     # creating a child process, hence this to populate $?
     system("not_a_real_program_#{SecureRandom.hex}")
@@ -143,6 +49,13 @@ class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal %({\"a\":\"b\",\"c\":\"d\"}), sorted_json(ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(:a => :b, :c => :d))
   end
 
+  def test_hash_keys_encoding
+    ActiveSupport.escape_html_entities_in_json = true
+    assert_equal "{\"\\u003c\\u003e\":\"\\u003c\\u003e\"}", ActiveSupport::JSON.encode("<>" => "<>")
+  ensure
+    ActiveSupport.escape_html_entities_in_json = false
+  end
+
   def test_utf8_string_encoded_properly
     result = ActiveSupport::JSON.encode('€2.99')
     assert_equal '"€2.99"', result
@@ -173,46 +86,6 @@ class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "�", decoded_hash['string']
   end
 
-  def test_reading_encode_big_decimal_as_string_option
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert ActiveSupport.encode_big_decimal_as_string
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_setting_deprecated_encode_big_decimal_as_string_option
-    assert_raise(NotImplementedError) do
-      ActiveSupport.encode_big_decimal_as_string = true
-    end
-
-    assert_raise(NotImplementedError) do
-      ActiveSupport.encode_big_decimal_as_string = false
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_exception_raised_when_encoding_circular_reference_in_array
-    a = [1]
-    a << a
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_raise(ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding::CircularReferenceError) { ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(a) }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_exception_raised_when_encoding_circular_reference_in_hash
-    a = { :name => 'foo' }
-    a[:next] = a
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_raise(ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding::CircularReferenceError) { ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(a) }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_exception_raised_when_encoding_circular_reference_in_hash_inside_array
-    a = { :name => 'foo', :sub => [] }
-    a[:sub] << a
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_raise(ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding::CircularReferenceError) { ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(a) }
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_hash_key_identifiers_are_always_quoted
     values = {0 => 0, 1 => 1, :_ => :_, "$" => "$", "a" => "a", :A => :A, :A0 => :A0, "A0B" => "A0B"}
     assert_equal %w( "$" "A" "A0" "A0B" "_" "a" "0" "1" ).sort, object_keys(ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(values))
@@ -253,7 +126,7 @@ class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_hash_like_with_options
-    h = Hashlike.new
+    h = JSONTest::Hashlike.new
     json = h.to_json :only => [:foo]
 
     assert_equal({"foo"=>"hello"}, JSON.parse(json))
@@ -327,12 +200,39 @@ class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal(%([{"address":{"city":"London"}},{"address":{"city":"Paris"}}]), json)
   end
 
-  def test_enumerable_should_pass_encoding_options_to_children_in_as_json
-    people = [
-      { :name => 'John', :address => { :city => 'London', :country => 'UK' }},
-      { :name => 'Jean', :address => { :city => 'Paris' , :country => 'France' }}
+  People = Class.new(BasicObject) do
+    include Enumerable
+    def initialize()
+      @people = [
+        { :name => 'John', :address => { :city => 'London', :country => 'UK' }},
+        { :name => 'Jean', :address => { :city => 'Paris' , :country => 'France' }}
+      ]
+    end
+    def each(*, &blk)
+      @people.each do |p|
+        yield p if blk
+        p
+      end.each
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_enumerable_should_generate_json_with_as_json
+    json = People.new.as_json :only => [:address, :city]
+    expected = [
+      { 'address' => { 'city' => 'London' }},
+      { 'address' => { 'city' => 'Paris' }}
     ]
-    json = people.each.as_json :only => [:address, :city]
+
+    assert_equal(expected, json)
+  end
+
+  def test_enumerable_should_generate_json_with_to_json
+    json = People.new.to_json :only => [:address, :city]
+    assert_equal(%([{"address":{"city":"London"}},{"address":{"city":"Paris"}}]), json)
+  end
+
+  def test_enumerable_should_pass_encoding_options_to_children_in_as_json
+    json = People.new.each.as_json :only => [:address, :city]
     expected = [
       { 'address' => { 'city' => 'London' }},
       { 'address' => { 'city' => 'Paris' }}
@@ -342,15 +242,20 @@ class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_enumerable_should_pass_encoding_options_to_children_in_to_json
-    people = [
-      { :name => 'John', :address => { :city => 'London', :country => 'UK' }},
-      { :name => 'Jean', :address => { :city => 'Paris' , :country => 'France' }}
-    ]
-    json = people.each.to_json :only => [:address, :city]
+    json = People.new.each.to_json :only => [:address, :city]
 
     assert_equal(%([{"address":{"city":"London"}},{"address":{"city":"Paris"}}]), json)
   end
 
+  class CustomWithOptions
+    attr_accessor :foo, :bar
+
+    def as_json(options={})
+      options[:only] = %w(foo bar)
+      super(options)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_hash_to_json_should_not_keep_options_around
     f = CustomWithOptions.new
     f.foo = "hello"
@@ -371,6 +276,12 @@ class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
                   {"foo"=>"other_foo","test"=>"other_test"}], ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(array.to_json))
   end
 
+  class OptionsTest
+    def as_json(options = :default)
+      options
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_hash_as_json_without_options
     json = { foo: OptionsTest.new }.as_json
     assert_equal({"foo" => :default}, json)
@@ -418,6 +329,19 @@ class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal false, false.as_json
   end
 
+  class HashWithAsJson < Hash
+    attr_accessor :as_json_called
+
+    def initialize(*)
+      super
+    end
+
+    def as_json(options={})
+      @as_json_called = true
+      super
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_json_gem_dump_by_passing_active_support_encoder
     h = HashWithAsJson.new
     h[:foo] = "hello"
@@ -468,31 +392,28 @@ EXPECTED
 
   def test_twz_to_json_with_custom_time_precision
     with_standard_json_time_format(true) do
-      ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision = 0
-      zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)']
-      time = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(Time.utc(2000), zone)
-      assert_equal "\"1999-12-31T19:00:00-05:00\"", ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(time)
+      with_time_precision(0) do
+        zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)']
+        time = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(Time.utc(2000), zone)
+        assert_equal "\"1999-12-31T19:00:00-05:00\"", ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(time)
+      end
     end
-  ensure
-    ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision = 3
   end
 
   def test_time_to_json_with_custom_time_precision
     with_standard_json_time_format(true) do
-      ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision = 0
-      assert_equal "\"2000-01-01T00:00:00Z\"", ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(Time.utc(2000))
+      with_time_precision(0) do
+        assert_equal "\"2000-01-01T00:00:00Z\"", ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(Time.utc(2000))
+      end
     end
-  ensure
-    ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision = 3
   end
 
   def test_datetime_to_json_with_custom_time_precision
     with_standard_json_time_format(true) do
-      ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision = 0
-      assert_equal "\"2000-01-01T00:00:00+00:00\"", ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(DateTime.new(2000))
+      with_time_precision(0) do
+        assert_equal "\"2000-01-01T00:00:00+00:00\"", ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(DateTime.new(2000))
+      end
     end
-  ensure
-    ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision = 3
   end
 
   def test_twz_to_json_when_wrapping_a_date_time
@@ -507,17 +428,18 @@ EXPECTED
       json_object[1..-2].scan(/([^{}:,\s]+):/).flatten.sort
     end
 
-    def with_env_tz(new_tz = 'US/Eastern')
-      old_tz, ENV['TZ'] = ENV['TZ'], new_tz
+    def with_standard_json_time_format(boolean = true)
+      old, ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format = ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format, boolean
       yield
     ensure
-      old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
+      ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format = old
     end
 
-    def with_standard_json_time_format(boolean = true)
-      old, ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format = ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format, boolean
+    def with_time_precision(value)
+      old_value = ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision
+      ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision = value
       yield
     ensure
-      ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format = old
+      ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision = old_value
     end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/json/encoding_test_cases.rb b/activesupport/test/json/encoding_test_cases.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0159ba8606
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/json/encoding_test_cases.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+require 'bigdecimal'
+
+module JSONTest
+  class Foo
+    def initialize(a, b)
+      @a, @b = a, b
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Hashlike
+    def to_hash
+      { :foo => "hello", :bar => "world" }
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Custom
+    def initialize(serialized)
+      @serialized = serialized
+    end
+
+    def as_json(options = nil)
+      @serialized
+    end
+  end
+
+  class MyStruct < Struct.new(:name, :value)
+    def initialize(*)
+      @unused = "unused instance variable"
+      super
+    end
+  end
+
+  module EncodingTestCases
+    TrueTests     = [[ true,  %(true)  ]]
+    FalseTests    = [[ false, %(false) ]]
+    NilTests      = [[ nil,   %(null)  ]]
+    NumericTests  = [[ 1,     %(1)     ],
+                     [ 2.5,   %(2.5)   ],
+                     [ 0.0/0.0,   %(null) ],
+                     [ 1.0/0.0,   %(null) ],
+                     [ -1.0/0.0,  %(null) ],
+                     [ BigDecimal('0.0')/BigDecimal('0.0'),  %(null) ],
+                     [ BigDecimal('2.5'), %("#{BigDecimal('2.5')}") ]]
+
+    StringTests   = [[ 'this is the <string>',     %("this is the \\u003cstring\\u003e")],
+                     [ 'a "string" with quotes & an ampersand', %("a \\"string\\" with quotes \\u0026 an ampersand") ],
+                     [ 'http://test.host/posts/1', %("http://test.host/posts/1")],
+                     [ "Control characters: \x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\x09\x0a\x0b\x0c\x0d\x0e\x0f\x10\x11\x12\x13\x14\x15\x16\x17\x18\x19\x1a\x1b\x1c\x1d\x1e\x1f\u2028\u2029",
+                       %("Control characters: \\u0000\\u0001\\u0002\\u0003\\u0004\\u0005\\u0006\\u0007\\b\\t\\n\\u000b\\f\\r\\u000e\\u000f\\u0010\\u0011\\u0012\\u0013\\u0014\\u0015\\u0016\\u0017\\u0018\\u0019\\u001a\\u001b\\u001c\\u001d\\u001e\\u001f\\u2028\\u2029") ]]
+
+    ArrayTests    = [[ ['a', 'b', 'c'],          %([\"a\",\"b\",\"c\"])        ],
+                     [ [1, 'a', :b, nil, false], %([1,\"a\",\"b\",null,false]) ]]
+
+    HashTests     = [[ {foo: "bar"}, %({\"foo\":\"bar\"}) ],
+                     [ {1 => 1, 2 => 'a', 3 => :b, 4 => nil, 5 => false}, %({\"1\":1,\"2\":\"a\",\"3\":\"b\",\"4\":null,\"5\":false}) ]]
+
+    RangeTests    = [[ 1..2,     %("1..2")],
+                     [ 1...2,    %("1...2")],
+                     [ 1.5..2.5, %("1.5..2.5")]]
+
+    SymbolTests   = [[ :a,     %("a")    ],
+                     [ :this,  %("this") ],
+                     [ :"a b", %("a b")  ]]
+
+    ObjectTests   = [[ Foo.new(1, 2), %({\"a\":1,\"b\":2}) ]]
+    HashlikeTests = [[ Hashlike.new, %({\"bar\":\"world\",\"foo\":\"hello\"}) ]]
+    StructTests   = [[ MyStruct.new(:foo, "bar"), %({\"name\":\"foo\",\"value\":\"bar\"}) ],
+                     [ MyStruct.new(nil, nil), %({\"name\":null,\"value\":null}) ]]
+    CustomTests   = [[ Custom.new("custom"), '"custom"' ],
+                     [ Custom.new(nil), 'null' ],
+                     [ Custom.new(:a), '"a"' ],
+                     [ Custom.new([ :foo, "bar" ]), '["foo","bar"]' ],
+                     [ Custom.new({ :foo => "hello", :bar => "world" }), '{"bar":"world","foo":"hello"}' ],
+                     [ Custom.new(Hashlike.new), '{"bar":"world","foo":"hello"}' ],
+                     [ Custom.new(Custom.new(Custom.new(:a))), '"a"' ]]
+
+    RegexpTests   = [[ /^a/, '"(?-mix:^a)"' ], [/^\w{1,2}[a-z]+/ix, '"(?ix-m:^\\\\w{1,2}[a-z]+)"']]
+
+    DateTests     = [[ Date.new(2005,2,1), %("2005/02/01") ]]
+    TimeTests     = [[ Time.utc(2005,2,1,15,15,10), %("2005/02/01 15:15:10 +0000") ]]
+    DateTimeTests = [[ DateTime.civil(2005,2,1,15,15,10), %("2005/02/01 15:15:10 +0000") ]]
+
+    StandardDateTests     = [[ Date.new(2005,2,1), %("2005-02-01") ]]
+    StandardTimeTests     = [[ Time.utc(2005,2,1,15,15,10), %("2005-02-01T15:15:10.000Z") ]]
+    StandardDateTimeTests = [[ DateTime.civil(2005,2,1,15,15,10), %("2005-02-01T15:15:10.000+00:00") ]]
+    StandardStringTests   = [[ 'this is the <string>', %("this is the <string>")]]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/key_generator_test.rb b/activesupport/test/key_generator_test.rb
index 525082d313..f7e8e9a795 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/key_generator_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/key_generator_test.rb
@@ -29,4 +29,34 @@ class KeyGeneratorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 end
 
+class CachingKeyGeneratorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @secret    = SecureRandom.hex(64)
+    @generator = ActiveSupport::KeyGenerator.new(@secret, :iterations=>2)
+    @caching_generator = ActiveSupport::CachingKeyGenerator.new(@generator)
+  end
+
+  test "Generating a cached key for same salt and key size" do
+    derived_key = @caching_generator.generate_key("some_salt", 32)
+    cached_key = @caching_generator.generate_key("some_salt", 32)
+
+    assert_equal derived_key, cached_key
+    assert_equal derived_key.object_id, cached_key.object_id
+  end
+
+  test "Does not cache key for different salt" do
+    derived_key = @caching_generator.generate_key("some_salt", 32)
+    different_salt_key = @caching_generator.generate_key("other_salt", 32)
+
+    assert_not_equal derived_key, different_salt_key
+  end
+
+  test "Does not cache key for different length" do
+    derived_key = @caching_generator.generate_key("some_salt", 32)
+    different_length_key = @caching_generator.generate_key("some_salt", 64)
+
+    assert_not_equal derived_key, different_length_key
+  end
+end
+
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/log_subscriber_test.rb b/activesupport/test/log_subscriber_test.rb
index 2a0e8d20ed..998a6887c5 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/log_subscriber_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/log_subscriber_test.rb
@@ -82,10 +82,11 @@ class SyncLogSubscriberTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_does_not_send_the_event_if_logger_is_nil
     ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber.logger = nil
-    @log_subscriber.expects(:some_event).never
-    ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber.attach_to :my_log_subscriber, @log_subscriber
-    instrument "some_event.my_log_subscriber"
-    wait
+    assert_not_called(@log_subscriber, :some_event) do
+      ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber.attach_to :my_log_subscriber, @log_subscriber
+      instrument "some_event.my_log_subscriber"
+      wait
+    end
   end
 
   def test_does_not_fail_with_non_namespaced_events
diff --git a/activesupport/test/message_encryptor_test.rb b/activesupport/test/message_encryptor_test.rb
index b6c0a08b05..eb71369397 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/message_encryptor_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/message_encryptor_test.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,5 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
-
-begin
-  require 'openssl'
-  OpenSSL::Digest::SHA1
-rescue LoadError, NameError
-  $stderr.puts "Skipping MessageEncryptor test: broken OpenSSL install"
-else
-
+require 'openssl'
 require 'active_support/time'
 require 'active_support/json'
 
@@ -97,5 +90,3 @@ class MessageEncryptorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     ::Base64.strict_encode64(bits)
   end
 end
-
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/message_verifier_test.rb b/activesupport/test/message_verifier_test.rb
index a5748d28ba..668d78492e 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/message_verifier_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/message_verifier_test.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,5 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
-
-begin
-  require 'openssl'
-  OpenSSL::Digest::SHA1
-rescue LoadError, NameError
-  $stderr.puts "Skipping MessageVerifier test: broken OpenSSL install"
-else
-
+require 'openssl'
 require 'active_support/time'
 require 'active_support/json'
 
@@ -27,21 +20,30 @@ class MessageVerifierTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     @data = { :some => "data", :now => Time.local(2010) }
   end
 
+  def test_valid_message
+    data, hash = @verifier.generate(@data).split("--")
+    assert !@verifier.valid_message?(nil)
+    assert !@verifier.valid_message?("")
+    assert !@verifier.valid_message?("\xff") # invalid encoding
+    assert !@verifier.valid_message?("#{data.reverse}--#{hash}")
+    assert !@verifier.valid_message?("#{data}--#{hash.reverse}")
+    assert !@verifier.valid_message?("purejunk")
+  end
+
   def test_simple_round_tripping
     message = @verifier.generate(@data)
+    assert_equal @data, @verifier.verified(message)
     assert_equal @data, @verifier.verify(message)
   end
 
-  def test_missing_signature_raises
-    assert_not_verified(nil)
-    assert_not_verified("")
+  def test_verified_returns_false_on_invalid_message
+    assert !@verifier.verified("purejunk")
   end
 
-  def test_tampered_data_raises
-    data, hash = @verifier.generate(@data).split("--")
-    assert_not_verified("#{data.reverse}--#{hash}")
-    assert_not_verified("#{data}--#{hash.reverse}")
-    assert_not_verified("purejunk")
+  def test_verify_exception_on_invalid_message
+    assert_raise(ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier::InvalidSignature) do
+      @verifier.verify("purejunk")
+    end
   end
 
   def test_alternative_serialization_method
@@ -50,6 +52,7 @@ class MessageVerifierTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new("Hey, I'm a secret!", :serializer => JSONSerializer.new)
     message = verifier.generate({ :foo => 123, 'bar' => Time.utc(2010) })
     exp = { "foo" => 123, "bar" => "2010-01-01T00:00:00.000Z" }
+    assert_equal exp, verifier.verified(message)
     assert_equal exp, verifier.verify(message)
   ensure
     ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format = prev
@@ -63,17 +66,21 @@ class MessageVerifierTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     #
     valid_message = "BAh7BjoIZm9vbzonTWVzc2FnZVZlcmlmaWVyVGVzdDo6QXV0b2xvYWRDbGFzcwY6CUBmb29JIghmb28GOgZFVA==--f3ef39a5241c365083770566dc7a9eb5d6ace914"
     exception = assert_raise(ArgumentError, NameError) do
+      @verifier.verified(valid_message)
+    end
+    assert_includes ["uninitialized constant MessageVerifierTest::AutoloadClass",
+                    "undefined class/module MessageVerifierTest::AutoloadClass"], exception.message
+    exception = assert_raise(ArgumentError, NameError) do
       @verifier.verify(valid_message)
     end
     assert_includes ["uninitialized constant MessageVerifierTest::AutoloadClass",
                     "undefined class/module MessageVerifierTest::AutoloadClass"], exception.message
   end
 
-  def assert_not_verified(message)
-    assert_raise(ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier::InvalidSignature) do
-      @verifier.verify(message)
+  def test_raise_error_when_secret_is_nil
+    exception = assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(nil)
     end
+    assert_equal exception.message, 'Secret should not be nil.'
   end
 end
-
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/multibyte_chars_test.rb b/activesupport/test/multibyte_chars_test.rb
index 659fceb852..8d4d9d736c 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/multibyte_chars_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/multibyte_chars_test.rb
@@ -1,21 +1,13 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'multibyte_test_helpers'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/multibyte'
 
-class String
-  def __method_for_multibyte_testing_with_integer_result; 1; end
-  def __method_for_multibyte_testing; 'result'; end
-  def __method_for_multibyte_testing!; 'result'; end
-  def __method_for_multibyte_testing_that_returns_nil!; end
-end
-
 class MultibyteCharsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   include MultibyteTestHelpers
 
   def setup
     @proxy_class = ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars
-    @chars = @proxy_class.new UNICODE_STRING
+    @chars = @proxy_class.new UNICODE_STRING.dup
   end
 
   def test_wraps_the_original_string
@@ -24,6 +16,8 @@ class MultibyteCharsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_allow_method_calls_to_string
+    @chars.wrapped_string.singleton_class.class_eval { def __method_for_multibyte_testing; 'result'; end }
+
     assert_nothing_raised do
       @chars.__method_for_multibyte_testing
     end
@@ -33,28 +27,35 @@ class MultibyteCharsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_forwarded_method_calls_should_return_new_chars_instance
+    @chars.wrapped_string.singleton_class.class_eval { def __method_for_multibyte_testing; 'result'; end }
+
     assert_kind_of @proxy_class, @chars.__method_for_multibyte_testing
     assert_not_equal @chars.object_id, @chars.__method_for_multibyte_testing.object_id
   end
 
   def test_forwarded_bang_method_calls_should_return_the_original_chars_instance_when_result_is_not_nil
+    @chars.wrapped_string.singleton_class.class_eval { def __method_for_multibyte_testing!; 'result'; end }
+
     assert_kind_of @proxy_class, @chars.__method_for_multibyte_testing!
     assert_equal @chars.object_id, @chars.__method_for_multibyte_testing!.object_id
   end
 
   def test_forwarded_bang_method_calls_should_return_nil_when_result_is_nil
+    @chars.wrapped_string.singleton_class.class_eval { def __method_for_multibyte_testing_that_returns_nil!; end }
+
     assert_nil @chars.__method_for_multibyte_testing_that_returns_nil!
   end
 
   def test_methods_are_forwarded_to_wrapped_string_for_byte_strings
-    original_encoding = BYTE_STRING.encoding
     assert_equal BYTE_STRING.length, BYTE_STRING.mb_chars.length
-  ensure
-    BYTE_STRING.force_encoding(original_encoding)
   end
 
   def test_forwarded_method_with_non_string_result_should_be_returned_vertabim
-    assert_equal ''.__method_for_multibyte_testing_with_integer_result, @chars.__method_for_multibyte_testing_with_integer_result
+    str = ''
+    str.singleton_class.class_eval { def __method_for_multibyte_testing_with_integer_result; 1; end }
+    @chars.wrapped_string.singleton_class.class_eval { def __method_for_multibyte_testing_with_integer_result; 1; end }
+
+    assert_equal str.__method_for_multibyte_testing_with_integer_result, @chars.__method_for_multibyte_testing_with_integer_result
   end
 
   def test_should_concatenate
@@ -103,7 +104,6 @@ class MultibyteCharsUTF8BehaviourTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     @chars = UNICODE_STRING.dup.mb_chars
     # Ruby 1.9 only supports basic whitespace
     @whitespace = "\n\t "
-    @byte_order_mark = [65279].pack('U')
   end
 
   def test_split_should_return_an_array_of_chars_instances
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ class MultibyteCharsUTF8BehaviourTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_sortability
-    words = %w(builder armor zebra).sort_by { |s| s.mb_chars }
+    words = %w(builder armor zebra).sort_by(&:mb_chars)
     assert_equal %w(armor builder zebra), words
   end
 
@@ -413,12 +413,24 @@ class MultibyteCharsUTF8BehaviourTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal '��', @chars.slice!(1..2)
   end
 
+  def test_slice_bang_returns_nil_on_out_of_bound_arguments
+    assert_equal nil, @chars.mb_chars.slice!(9..10)
+  end
+
   def test_slice_bang_removes_the_slice_from_the_receiver
     chars = 'úüù'.mb_chars
     chars.slice!(0,2)
     assert_equal 'ù', chars
   end
 
+  def test_slice_bang_returns_nil_and_does_not_modify_receiver_if_out_of_bounds
+    string = 'úüù'
+    chars = string.mb_chars
+    assert_nil chars.slice!(4, 5)
+    assert_equal 'úüù', chars
+    assert_equal 'úüù', string
+  end
+
   def test_slice_should_throw_exceptions_on_invalid_arguments
     assert_raise(TypeError) { @chars.slice(2..3, 1) }
     assert_raise(TypeError) { @chars.slice(1, 2..3) }
diff --git a/activesupport/test/multibyte_conformance.rb b/activesupport/test/multibyte_conformance_test.rb
index 2baf724da4..d493a48fe4 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/multibyte_conformance.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/multibyte_conformance_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
-
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'multibyte_test_helpers'
 
@@ -10,7 +8,6 @@ require 'tmpdir'
 class Downloader
   def self.download(from, to)
     unless File.exist?(to)
-      $stderr.puts "Downloading #{from} to #{to}"
       unless File.exist?(File.dirname(to))
         system "mkdir -p #{File.dirname(to)}"
       end
@@ -20,8 +17,9 @@ class Downloader
             target.write l
           end
         end
-       end
-     end
+      end
+    end
+    true
   end
 end
 
@@ -31,11 +29,15 @@ class MultibyteConformanceTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   UNIDATA_URL = "http://www.unicode.org/Public/#{ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Unicode::UNICODE_VERSION}/ucd"
   UNIDATA_FILE = '/NormalizationTest.txt'
   CACHE_DIR = File.join(Dir.tmpdir, 'cache')
+  FileUtils.mkdir_p(CACHE_DIR)
+  RUN_P = begin
+            Downloader.download(UNIDATA_URL + UNIDATA_FILE, CACHE_DIR + UNIDATA_FILE)
+          rescue
+          end
 
   def setup
-    FileUtils.mkdir_p(CACHE_DIR)
-    Downloader.download(UNIDATA_URL + UNIDATA_FILE, CACHE_DIR + UNIDATA_FILE)
     @proxy = ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars
+    skip "Unable to download test data" unless RUN_P
   end
 
   def test_normalizations_C
@@ -102,16 +104,13 @@ class MultibyteConformanceTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   protected
     def each_line_of_norm_tests(&block)
-      lines = 0
-      max_test_lines = 0 # Don't limit below 38, because that's the header of the testfile
       File.open(File.join(CACHE_DIR, UNIDATA_FILE), 'r') do | f |
-        until f.eof? || (max_test_lines > 38 and lines > max_test_lines)
-          lines += 1
+        until f.eof?
           line = f.gets.chomp!
           next if (line.empty? || line =~ /^\#/)
 
           cols, comment = line.split("#")
-          cols = cols.split(";").map{|e| e.strip}.reject{|e| e.empty? }
+          cols = cols.split(";").map(&:strip).reject(&:empty?)
           next unless cols.length == 5
 
           # codepoints are in hex in the test suite, pack wants them as integers
@@ -126,4 +125,4 @@ class MultibyteConformanceTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     def inspect_codepoints(str)
       str.to_s.unpack("U*").map{|cp| cp.to_s(16) }.join(' ')
     end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/multibyte_proxy_test.rb b/activesupport/test/multibyte_proxy_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..360cf57302
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/multibyte_proxy_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class MultibyteProxyText < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  class AsciiOnlyEncoder
+    attr_reader :wrapped_string
+    alias to_s wrapped_string
+
+    def initialize(string)
+      @wrapped_string = string.gsub(/[^\u0000-\u007F]/, '?')
+    end
+  end
+
+  def with_custom_encoder(encoder)
+    original_proxy_class = ActiveSupport::Multibyte.proxy_class
+
+    begin
+      ActiveSupport::Multibyte.proxy_class = encoder
+
+      yield
+    ensure
+      ActiveSupport::Multibyte.proxy_class = original_proxy_class
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "custom multibyte encoder" do
+    with_custom_encoder(AsciiOnlyEncoder) do
+      assert_equal "s?me string 123", "søme string 123".mb_chars.to_s
+    end
+
+    assert_equal "søme string 123", "søme string 123".mb_chars.to_s
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/multibyte_test_helpers.rb b/activesupport/test/multibyte_test_helpers.rb
index fdbe2f4350..58cf5488cd 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/multibyte_test_helpers.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/multibyte_test_helpers.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
-
 module MultibyteTestHelpers
-  UNICODE_STRING = '����'
-  ASCII_STRING = 'ohayo'
-  BYTE_STRING = "\270\236\010\210\245".force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT")
+  UNICODE_STRING = '����'.freeze
+  ASCII_STRING = 'ohayo'.freeze
+  BYTE_STRING = "\270\236\010\210\245".force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT").freeze
 
   def chars(str)
     ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars.new(str)
diff --git a/activesupport/test/multibyte_unicode_database_test.rb b/activesupport/test/multibyte_unicode_database_test.rb
index bec65daf50..dd33641ec2 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/multibyte_unicode_database_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/multibyte_unicode_database_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'abstract_unit'
 
 
@@ -12,8 +11,9 @@ class MultibyteUnicodeDatabaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   UnicodeDatabase::ATTRIBUTES.each do |attribute|
     define_method "test_lazy_loading_on_attribute_access_of_#{attribute}" do
-      @ucd.expects(:load)
-      @ucd.send(attribute)
+      assert_called(@ucd, :load) do
+        @ucd.send(attribute)
+      end
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/test/notifications_test.rb b/activesupport/test/notifications_test.rb
index f729f0a95b..d9cc392ac9 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/notifications_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/notifications_test.rb
@@ -42,6 +42,21 @@ module Notifications
       ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(name)
       assert_equal expected, events
     end
+
+    def test_subsribing_to_instrumentation_while_inside_it
+      # the repro requires that there are no evented subscribers for the "foo" event,
+      # so we have to duplicate some of the setup code
+      old_notifier = ActiveSupport::Notifications.notifier
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.notifier = ActiveSupport::Notifications::Fanout.new
+
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe('foo', TestSubscriber.new)
+
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument('foo') do
+        ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe('foo') {}
+      end
+    ensure
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.notifier = old_notifier
+    end
   end
 
   class UnsubscribeTest < TestCase
diff --git a/activesupport/test/number_helper_i18n_test.rb b/activesupport/test/number_helper_i18n_test.rb
index 65aecece71..e6925e9083 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/number_helper_i18n_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/number_helper_i18n_test.rb
@@ -43,6 +43,10 @@ module ActiveSupport
       :custom_units_for_number_to_human => {:mili => "mm", :centi => "cm", :deci => "dm", :unit => "m", :ten => "dam", :hundred => "hm", :thousand => "km"}
     end
 
+    def teardown
+      I18n.backend.reload!
+    end
+
     def test_number_to_i18n_currency
       assert_equal("&$ - 10.00", number_to_currency(10, :locale => 'ts'))
       assert_equal("(&$ - 10.00)", number_to_currency(-10, :locale => 'ts'))
@@ -50,8 +54,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     def test_number_to_currency_with_empty_i18n_store
-      I18n.backend.store_translations 'empty', {}
-
       assert_equal("$10.00", number_to_currency(10, :locale => 'empty'))
       assert_equal("-$10.00", number_to_currency(-10, :locale => 'empty'))
     end
@@ -80,8 +82,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     def test_number_with_i18n_precision_and_empty_i18n_store
-      I18n.backend.store_translations 'empty', {}
-
       assert_equal("123456789.123", number_to_rounded(123456789.123456789, :locale => 'empty'))
       assert_equal("1.000", number_to_rounded(1.0000, :locale => 'empty'))
     end
@@ -92,8 +92,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     def test_number_with_i18n_delimiter_and_empty_i18n_store
-      I18n.backend.store_translations 'empty', {}
-
       assert_equal("1,000,000.234", number_to_delimited(1000000.234, :locale => 'empty'))
     end
 
@@ -107,8 +105,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     def test_number_to_i18n_percentage_and_empty_i18n_store
-      I18n.backend.store_translations 'empty', {}
-
       assert_equal("1.000%", number_to_percentage(1, :locale => 'empty'))
       assert_equal("1.243%", number_to_percentage(1.2434, :locale => 'empty'))
       assert_equal("12434.000%", number_to_percentage(12434, :locale => 'empty'))
@@ -121,8 +117,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     def test_number_to_i18n_human_size_with_empty_i18n_store
-      I18n.backend.store_translations 'empty', {}
-
       assert_equal("2 KB", number_to_human_size(2048, :locale => 'empty'))
       assert_equal("42 Bytes", number_to_human_size(42, :locale => 'empty'))
     end
@@ -142,8 +136,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     def test_number_to_human_with_empty_i18n_store
-      I18n.backend.store_translations 'empty', {}
-
       assert_equal "2 Thousand", number_to_human(2000, :locale => 'empty')
       assert_equal "1.23 Billion", number_to_human(1234567890, :locale => 'empty')
     end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/number_helper_test.rb b/activesupport/test/number_helper_test.rb
index 6d8d835de7..7f62d7c0b3 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/number_helper_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/number_helper_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/number_helper'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety'
 
 module ActiveSupport
   module NumberHelper
@@ -79,6 +80,17 @@ module ActiveSupport
           assert_equal("123.4%", number_helper.number_to_percentage(123.400, :precision => 3, :strip_insignificant_zeros => true))
           assert_equal("1.000,000%", number_helper.number_to_percentage(1000, :delimiter => '.', :separator => ','))
           assert_equal("1000.000  %", number_helper.number_to_percentage(1000, :format => "%n  %"))
+          assert_equal("98a%", number_helper.number_to_percentage("98a"))
+          assert_equal("NaN%", number_helper.number_to_percentage(Float::NAN))
+          assert_equal("Inf%", number_helper.number_to_percentage(Float::INFINITY))
+          assert_equal("NaN%", number_helper.number_to_percentage(Float::NAN, precision: 0))
+          assert_equal("Inf%", number_helper.number_to_percentage(Float::INFINITY, precision: 0))
+          assert_equal("NaN%", number_helper.number_to_percentage(Float::NAN, precision: 1))
+          assert_equal("Inf%", number_helper.number_to_percentage(Float::INFINITY, precision: 1))
+          assert_equal("1000%", number_helper.number_to_percentage(1000, precision: nil))
+          assert_equal("1000%", number_helper.number_to_percentage(1000, precision: nil))
+          assert_equal("1000.1%", number_helper.number_to_percentage(1000.1, precision: nil))
+          assert_equal("-0.13 %", number_helper.number_to_percentage("-0.13", precision: nil, format: "%n %"))
         end
       end
 
@@ -94,6 +106,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
           assert_equal("123,456,789.78901", number_helper.number_to_delimited(123456789.78901))
           assert_equal("0.78901", number_helper.number_to_delimited(0.78901))
           assert_equal("123,456.78", number_helper.number_to_delimited("123456.78"))
+          assert_equal("1,23,456.78", number_helper.number_to_delimited("123456.78", delimiter_pattern: /(\d+?)(?=(\d\d)+(\d)(?!\d))/))
+          assert_equal("123,456.78", number_helper.number_to_delimited("123456.78".html_safe))
         end
       end
 
@@ -129,6 +143,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
           assert_equal("111.23460000000000000000", number_helper.number_to_rounded('111.2346', :precision => 20))
           assert_equal("111.23460000000000000000", number_helper.number_to_rounded(BigDecimal(111.2346, Float::DIG), :precision => 20))
           assert_equal("111.2346" + "0"*96, number_helper.number_to_rounded('111.2346', :precision => 100))
+          assert_equal("111.2346", number_helper.number_to_rounded(Rational(1112346, 10000), :precision => 4))
+          assert_equal('0.00', number_helper.number_to_rounded(Rational(0, 1), :precision => 2))
         end
       end
 
@@ -169,6 +185,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
           assert_equal "9775.0000000000000000", number_helper.number_to_rounded(BigDecimal(9775), :precision => 20, :significant => true )
           assert_equal "9775.0000000000000000", number_helper.number_to_rounded("9775", :precision => 20, :significant => true )
           assert_equal "9775." + "0"*96, number_helper.number_to_rounded("9775", :precision => 100, :significant => true )
+          assert_equal("97.7", number_helper.number_to_rounded(Rational(9772, 100), :precision => 3, :significant => true))
         end
       end
 
@@ -218,15 +235,17 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       def test_number_to_human_size_with_si_prefix
-        [@instance_with_helpers, TestClassWithClassNumberHelpers, ActiveSupport::NumberHelper].each do |number_helper|
-          assert_equal '3 Bytes',    number_helper.number_to_human_size(3.14159265, :prefix => :si)
-          assert_equal '123 Bytes',  number_helper.number_to_human_size(123.0, :prefix => :si)
-          assert_equal '123 Bytes',  number_helper.number_to_human_size(123, :prefix => :si)
-          assert_equal '1.23 KB',    number_helper.number_to_human_size(1234, :prefix => :si)
-          assert_equal '12.3 KB',    number_helper.number_to_human_size(12345, :prefix => :si)
-          assert_equal '1.23 MB',    number_helper.number_to_human_size(1234567, :prefix => :si)
-          assert_equal '1.23 GB',    number_helper.number_to_human_size(1234567890, :prefix => :si)
-          assert_equal '1.23 TB',    number_helper.number_to_human_size(1234567890123, :prefix => :si)
+        assert_deprecated do
+          [@instance_with_helpers, TestClassWithClassNumberHelpers, ActiveSupport::NumberHelper].each do |number_helper|
+            assert_equal '3 Bytes',    number_helper.number_to_human_size(3.14159265, :prefix => :si)
+            assert_equal '123 Bytes',  number_helper.number_to_human_size(123.0, :prefix => :si)
+            assert_equal '123 Bytes',  number_helper.number_to_human_size(123, :prefix => :si)
+            assert_equal '1.23 KB',    number_helper.number_to_human_size(1234, :prefix => :si)
+            assert_equal '12.3 KB',    number_helper.number_to_human_size(12345, :prefix => :si)
+            assert_equal '1.23 MB',    number_helper.number_to_human_size(1234567, :prefix => :si)
+            assert_equal '1.23 GB',    number_helper.number_to_human_size(1234567890, :prefix => :si)
+            assert_equal '1.23 TB',    number_helper.number_to_human_size(1234567890123, :prefix => :si)
+          end
         end
       end
 
@@ -277,6 +296,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
           assert_equal '1.2346 Million', number_helper.number_to_human(1234567, :precision => 4, :significant => false)
           assert_equal '1,2 Million', number_helper.number_to_human(1234567, :precision => 1, :significant => false, :separator => ',')
           assert_equal '1 Million', number_helper.number_to_human(1234567, :precision => 0, :significant => true, :separator => ',') #significant forced to false
+          assert_equal '1 Million', number_helper.number_to_human(999999)
+          assert_equal '1 Billion', number_helper.number_to_human(999999999)
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/test/option_merger_test.rb b/activesupport/test/option_merger_test.rb
index 9d139b61b8..4c0364e68b 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/option_merger_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/option_merger_test.rb
@@ -79,6 +79,15 @@ class OptionMergerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal ActiveSupport::OptionMerger, ActiveSupport::OptionMerger.new('', '').class
   end
 
+  def test_option_merger_implicit_receiver
+    @options.with_options foo: "bar" do
+      merge! fizz: "buzz"
+    end
+
+    expected = { hello: "world", foo: "bar", fizz: "buzz" }
+    assert_equal expected, @options
+  end
+
   private
     def method_with_options(options = {})
       options
diff --git a/activesupport/test/ordered_hash_test.rb b/activesupport/test/ordered_hash_test.rb
index 0b54026c64..460a61613e 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/ordered_hash_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/ordered_hash_test.rb
@@ -120,7 +120,9 @@ class OrderedHashTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_select
-    assert_equal @keys, @ordered_hash.select { true }.map(&:first)
+    new_ordered_hash = @ordered_hash.select { true }
+    assert_equal @keys, new_ordered_hash.map(&:first)
+    assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::OrderedHash, new_ordered_hash
   end
 
   def test_delete_if
@@ -143,6 +145,7 @@ class OrderedHashTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal copy, @ordered_hash
     assert !new_ordered_hash.keys.include?('pink')
     assert @ordered_hash.keys.include?('pink')
+    assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::OrderedHash, new_ordered_hash
   end
 
   def test_clear
diff --git a/activesupport/test/ordered_options_test.rb b/activesupport/test/ordered_options_test.rb
index fdc745b23b..18767a3536 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/ordered_options_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/ordered_options_test.rb
@@ -85,4 +85,19 @@ class OrderedOptionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 42, a.method(:blah=).call(42)
     assert_equal 42, a.method(:blah).call
   end
+
+  def test_raises_with_bang
+    a = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
+    a[:foo] = :bar
+    assert a.respond_to?(:foo!)
+
+    assert_nothing_raised { a.foo! }
+    assert_equal a.foo, a.foo!
+
+    assert_raises(KeyError) do
+      a.foo = nil
+      a.foo!
+    end
+    assert_raises(KeyError) { a.non_existing_key! }
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/rescuable_test.rb b/activesupport/test/rescuable_test.rb
index ec9d231125..bd43ad0797 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/rescuable_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/rescuable_test.rb
@@ -12,6 +12,12 @@ end
 class CoolError < StandardError
 end
 
+module WeirdError
+  def self.===(other)
+    Exception === other && other.respond_to?(:weird?)
+  end
+end
+
 class Stargate
   attr_accessor :result
 
@@ -29,6 +35,10 @@ class Stargate
     @result = e.message
   end
 
+  rescue_from WeirdError do
+    @result = 'weird'
+  end
+
   def dispatch(method)
     send(method)
   rescue Exception => e
@@ -47,6 +57,16 @@ class Stargate
     raise MadRonon.new("dex")
   end
 
+  def weird
+    StandardError.new.tap do |exc|
+      def exc.weird?
+        true
+      end
+
+      raise exc
+    end
+  end
+
   def sos
     @result = 'killed'
   end
@@ -91,15 +111,20 @@ class RescuableTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 'dex', @stargate.result
   end
 
+  def test_rescue_from_error_dispatchers_with_case_operator
+    @stargate.dispatch :weird
+    assert_equal 'weird', @stargate.result
+  end
+
   def test_rescues_defined_later_are_added_at_end_of_the_rescue_handlers_array
-    expected = ["WraithAttack", "WraithAttack", "NuclearExplosion", "MadRonon"]
-    result = @stargate.send(:rescue_handlers).collect {|e| e.first}
+    expected = ["WraithAttack", "WraithAttack", "NuclearExplosion", "MadRonon", "WeirdError"]
+    result = @stargate.send(:rescue_handlers).collect(&:first)
     assert_equal expected, result
   end
 
   def test_children_should_inherit_rescue_definitions_from_parents_and_child_rescue_should_be_appended
-    expected = ["WraithAttack", "WraithAttack", "NuclearExplosion", "MadRonon", "CoolError"]
-    result = @cool_stargate.send(:rescue_handlers).collect {|e| e.first}
+    expected = ["WraithAttack", "WraithAttack", "NuclearExplosion", "MadRonon", "WeirdError", "CoolError"]
+    result = @cool_stargate.send(:rescue_handlers).collect(&:first)
     assert_equal expected, result
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/safe_buffer_test.rb b/activesupport/test/safe_buffer_test.rb
index efa9d5e61f..18fb6d2fbf 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/safe_buffer_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/safe_buffer_test.rb
@@ -61,6 +61,13 @@ class SafeBufferTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal({'str' => str}, YAML.load(yaml))
   end
 
+  test "Should work with primitive-like-strings in to_yaml conversion" do
+    assert_equal 'true',  YAML.load(ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new('true').to_yaml)
+    assert_equal 'false', YAML.load(ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new('false').to_yaml)
+    assert_equal '1',     YAML.load(ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new('1').to_yaml)
+    assert_equal '1.1',   YAML.load(ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new('1.1').to_yaml)
+  end
+
   test "Should work with underscore" do
     str = "MyTest".html_safe.underscore
     assert_equal "my_test", str
@@ -165,4 +172,9 @@ class SafeBufferTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     x = 'foo %{x} bar'.html_safe % { x: 'qux' }
     assert x.html_safe?, 'should be safe'
   end
+
+  test 'Should not affect frozen objects when accessing characters' do
+    x = 'Hello'.html_safe
+    assert_equal x[/a/, 1], nil
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/security_utils_test.rb b/activesupport/test/security_utils_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..08d2e3baa6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/security_utils_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/security_utils'
+
+class SecurityUtilsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def test_secure_compare_should_perform_string_comparison
+    assert ActiveSupport::SecurityUtils.secure_compare('a', 'a')
+    assert !ActiveSupport::SecurityUtils.secure_compare('a', 'b')
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/share_lock_test.rb b/activesupport/test/share_lock_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..465a657308
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/share_lock_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,333 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'concurrent/atomic/count_down_latch'
+require 'active_support/concurrency/share_lock'
+
+class ShareLockTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @lock = ActiveSupport::Concurrency::ShareLock.new
+  end
+
+  def test_reentrancy
+    thread = Thread.new do
+      @lock.sharing   { @lock.sharing   {} }
+      @lock.exclusive { @lock.exclusive {} }
+    end
+    assert_threads_not_stuck thread
+  end
+
+  def test_sharing_doesnt_block
+    with_thread_waiting_in_lock_section(:sharing) do |sharing_thread_latch|
+      assert_threads_not_stuck(Thread.new {@lock.sharing {} })
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_sharing_blocks_exclusive
+    with_thread_waiting_in_lock_section(:sharing) do |sharing_thread_release_latch|
+      @lock.exclusive(no_wait: true) { flunk } # polling should fail
+      exclusive_thread = Thread.new { @lock.exclusive {} }
+      assert_threads_stuck_but_releasable_by_latch exclusive_thread, sharing_thread_release_latch
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_exclusive_blocks_sharing
+    with_thread_waiting_in_lock_section(:exclusive) do |exclusive_thread_release_latch|
+      sharing_thread = Thread.new { @lock.sharing {} }
+      assert_threads_stuck_but_releasable_by_latch sharing_thread, exclusive_thread_release_latch
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_multiple_exlusives_are_able_to_progress
+    with_thread_waiting_in_lock_section(:sharing) do |sharing_thread_release_latch|
+      exclusive_threads = (1..2).map do
+        Thread.new do
+          @lock.exclusive {}
+        end
+      end
+
+      assert_threads_stuck_but_releasable_by_latch exclusive_threads, sharing_thread_release_latch
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_sharing_is_upgradeable_to_exclusive
+    upgrading_thread = Thread.new do
+      @lock.sharing do
+        @lock.exclusive {}
+      end
+    end
+    assert_threads_not_stuck upgrading_thread
+  end
+
+  def test_exclusive_upgrade_waits_for_other_sharers_to_leave
+    with_thread_waiting_in_lock_section(:sharing) do |sharing_thread_release_latch|
+      in_sharing = Concurrent::CountDownLatch.new
+
+      upgrading_thread = Thread.new do
+        @lock.sharing do
+          in_sharing.count_down
+          @lock.exclusive {}
+        end
+      end
+
+      in_sharing.wait
+      assert_threads_stuck_but_releasable_by_latch upgrading_thread, sharing_thread_release_latch
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_exclusive_matching_purpose
+    [true, false].each do |use_upgrading|
+      with_thread_waiting_in_lock_section(:sharing) do |sharing_thread_release_latch|
+        exclusive_threads = (1..2).map do
+          Thread.new do
+            @lock.send(use_upgrading ? :sharing : :tap) do
+              @lock.exclusive(purpose: :load, compatible: [:load, :unload]) {}
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        assert_threads_stuck_but_releasable_by_latch exclusive_threads, sharing_thread_release_latch
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_killed_thread_loses_lock
+    with_thread_waiting_in_lock_section(:sharing) do |sharing_thread_release_latch|
+      thread = Thread.new do
+        @lock.sharing do
+          @lock.exclusive {}
+        end
+      end
+
+      assert_threads_stuck thread
+      thread.kill
+
+      sharing_thread_release_latch.count_down
+
+      thread = Thread.new do
+        @lock.exclusive {}
+      end
+
+      assert_threads_not_stuck thread
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_exclusive_conflicting_purpose
+    [true, false].each do |use_upgrading|
+      with_thread_waiting_in_lock_section(:sharing) do |sharing_thread_release_latch|
+        begin
+          conflicting_exclusive_threads = [
+            Thread.new do
+              @lock.send(use_upgrading ? :sharing : :tap) do
+                @lock.exclusive(purpose: :red, compatible: [:green, :purple]) {}
+              end
+            end,
+            Thread.new do
+              @lock.send(use_upgrading ? :sharing : :tap) do
+                @lock.exclusive(purpose: :blue, compatible: [:green]) {}
+              end
+            end
+          ]
+
+          assert_threads_stuck conflicting_exclusive_threads # wait for threads to get into their respective `exclusive {}` blocks
+
+          # This thread will be stuck as long as any other thread is in
+          # a sharing block. While it's blocked, it holds no lock, so it
+          # doesn't interfere with any other attempts.
+          no_purpose_thread = Thread.new do
+            @lock.exclusive {}
+          end
+          assert_threads_stuck no_purpose_thread
+
+          # This thread is compatible with both of the "primary"
+          # attempts above. It's initially stuck on the outer share
+          # lock, but as soon as that's released, it can run --
+          # regardless of whether those threads hold share locks.
+          compatible_thread = Thread.new do
+            @lock.exclusive(purpose: :green, compatible: []) {}
+          end
+          assert_threads_stuck compatible_thread
+
+          assert_threads_stuck conflicting_exclusive_threads
+
+          sharing_thread_release_latch.count_down
+
+          assert_threads_not_stuck compatible_thread # compatible thread is now able to squeak through
+
+          if use_upgrading
+            # The "primary" threads both each hold a share lock, and are
+            # mutually incompatible; they're still stuck.
+            assert_threads_stuck conflicting_exclusive_threads
+
+            # The thread without a specified purpose is also stuck; it's
+            # not compatible with anything.
+            assert_threads_stuck no_purpose_thread
+          else
+            # As the primaries didn't hold a share lock, as soon as the
+            # outer one was released, all the exclusive locks are free
+            # to be acquired in turn.
+
+            assert_threads_not_stuck conflicting_exclusive_threads
+            assert_threads_not_stuck no_purpose_thread
+          end
+        ensure
+          conflicting_exclusive_threads.each(&:kill)
+          no_purpose_thread.kill
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_exclusive_ordering
+    scratch_pad       = []
+    scratch_pad_mutex = Mutex.new
+
+    load_params   = [:load,   [:load]]
+    unload_params = [:unload, [:unload, :load]]
+
+    [load_params, load_params, unload_params, unload_params].permutation do |thread_params|
+      with_thread_waiting_in_lock_section(:sharing) do |sharing_thread_release_latch|
+        threads = thread_params.map do |purpose, compatible|
+          Thread.new do
+            @lock.sharing do
+              @lock.exclusive(purpose: purpose, compatible: compatible) do
+                scratch_pad_mutex.synchronize { scratch_pad << purpose }
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        sleep(0.01)
+        scratch_pad_mutex.synchronize { assert_empty scratch_pad }
+
+        sharing_thread_release_latch.count_down
+
+        assert_threads_not_stuck threads
+        scratch_pad_mutex.synchronize do
+          assert_equal [:load, :load, :unload, :unload], scratch_pad
+          scratch_pad.clear
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_in_shared_section_incompatible_non_upgrading_threads_cannot_preempt_upgrading_threads
+    scratch_pad       = []
+    scratch_pad_mutex = Mutex.new
+
+    upgrading_load_params       = [:load,   [:load],          true]
+    non_upgrading_unload_params = [:unload, [:load, :unload], false]
+
+    [upgrading_load_params, non_upgrading_unload_params].permutation do |thread_params|
+      with_thread_waiting_in_lock_section(:sharing) do |sharing_thread_release_latch|
+        threads = thread_params.map do |purpose, compatible, use_upgrading|
+          Thread.new do
+            @lock.send(use_upgrading ? :sharing : :tap) do
+              @lock.exclusive(purpose: purpose, compatible: compatible) do
+                scratch_pad_mutex.synchronize { scratch_pad << purpose }
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        assert_threads_stuck threads
+        scratch_pad_mutex.synchronize { assert_empty scratch_pad }
+
+        sharing_thread_release_latch.count_down
+
+        assert_threads_not_stuck threads
+        scratch_pad_mutex.synchronize do
+          assert_equal [:load, :unload], scratch_pad
+          scratch_pad.clear
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  module CustomAssertions
+    SUFFICIENT_TIMEOUT = 0.2
+
+    private
+
+    def assert_threads_stuck_but_releasable_by_latch(threads, latch)
+      assert_threads_stuck threads
+      latch.count_down
+      assert_threads_not_stuck threads
+    end
+
+    def assert_threads_stuck(threads)
+      sleep(SUFFICIENT_TIMEOUT) # give threads time to do their business
+      assert(Array(threads).all? { |t| t.join(0.001).nil? })
+    end
+
+    def assert_threads_not_stuck(threads)
+      assert(Array(threads).all? { |t| t.join(SUFFICIENT_TIMEOUT) })
+    end
+  end
+
+  class CustomAssertionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+    include CustomAssertions
+
+    def setup
+      @latch = Concurrent::CountDownLatch.new
+      @thread = Thread.new { @latch.wait }
+    end
+
+    def teardown
+      @latch.count_down
+      @thread.join
+    end
+
+    def test_happy_path
+      assert_threads_stuck_but_releasable_by_latch @thread, @latch
+    end
+
+    def test_detects_stuck_thread
+      assert_raises(Minitest::Assertion) do
+        assert_threads_not_stuck @thread
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_detects_free_thread
+      @latch.count_down
+      assert_raises(Minitest::Assertion) do
+        assert_threads_stuck @thread
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_detects_already_released
+      @latch.count_down
+      assert_raises(Minitest::Assertion) do
+        assert_threads_stuck_but_releasable_by_latch @thread, @latch
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_detects_remains_latched
+      another_latch = Concurrent::CountDownLatch.new
+      assert_raises(Minitest::Assertion) do
+        assert_threads_stuck_but_releasable_by_latch @thread, another_latch
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  include CustomAssertions
+
+  def with_thread_waiting_in_lock_section(lock_section)
+    in_section      = Concurrent::CountDownLatch.new
+    section_release = Concurrent::CountDownLatch.new
+
+    stuck_thread = Thread.new do
+      @lock.send(lock_section) do
+        in_section.count_down
+        section_release.wait
+      end
+    end
+
+    in_section.wait
+
+    yield section_release
+  ensure
+    section_release.count_down
+    stuck_thread.join # clean up
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/subscriber_test.rb b/activesupport/test/subscriber_test.rb
index 253411aa3d..a88d8d9eba 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/subscriber_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/subscriber_test.rb
@@ -4,20 +4,28 @@ require 'active_support/subscriber'
 class TestSubscriber < ActiveSupport::Subscriber
   attach_to :doodle
 
-  cattr_reader :event
+  cattr_reader :events
 
   def self.clear
-    @@event = nil
+    @@events = []
   end
 
   def open_party(event)
-    @@event = event
+    events << event
   end
 
   private
 
   def private_party(event)
-    @@event = event
+    events << event
+  end
+end
+
+# Monkey patch subscriber to test that only one subscriber per method is added.
+class TestSubscriber
+  remove_method :open_party
+  def open_party(event)
+    events << event
   end
 end
 
@@ -29,12 +37,18 @@ class SubscriberTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_attaches_subscribers
     ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("open_party.doodle")
 
-    assert_equal "open_party.doodle", TestSubscriber.event.name
+    assert_equal "open_party.doodle", TestSubscriber.events.first.name
+  end
+
+  def test_attaches_only_one_subscriber
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("open_party.doodle")
+
+    assert_equal 1, TestSubscriber.events.size
   end
 
   def test_does_not_attach_private_methods
     ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("private_party.doodle")
 
-    assert_nil TestSubscriber.event
+    assert_equal [], TestSubscriber.events
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/tagged_logging_test.rb b/activesupport/test/tagged_logging_test.rb
index 27f629474e..917fa46c96 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/tagged_logging_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/tagged_logging_test.rb
@@ -72,11 +72,24 @@ class TaggedLoggingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "keeps each tag in their own thread" do
     @logger.tagged("BCX") do
       Thread.new do
-        @logger.tagged("OMG") { @logger.info "Cool story bro" }
+        @logger.tagged("OMG") { @logger.info "Cool story" }
       end.join
       @logger.info "Funky time"
     end
-    assert_equal "[OMG] Cool story bro\n[BCX] Funky time\n", @output.string
+    assert_equal "[OMG] Cool story\n[BCX] Funky time\n", @output.string
+  end
+
+  test "keeps each tag in their own instance" do
+    @other_output = StringIO.new
+    @other_logger = ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging.new(MyLogger.new(@other_output))
+    @logger.tagged("OMG") do
+      @other_logger.tagged("BCX") do
+        @logger.info "Cool story"
+        @other_logger.info "Funky time"
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal "[OMG] Cool story\n", @output.string
+    assert_equal "[BCX] Funky time\n", @other_output.string
   end
 
   test "cleans up the taggings on flush" do
@@ -84,11 +97,11 @@ class TaggedLoggingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       Thread.new do
         @logger.tagged("OMG") do
           @logger.flush
-          @logger.info "Cool story bro"
+          @logger.info "Cool story"
         end
       end.join
     end
-    assert_equal "[FLUSHED]\nCool story bro\n", @output.string
+    assert_equal "[FLUSHED]\nCool story\n", @output.string
   end
 
   test "mixed levels of tagging" do
diff --git a/activesupport/test/test_test.rb b/activesupport/test/test_case_test.rb
index 0fa08c0e3a..18228a2ac5 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/test_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/test_case_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/date'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/numeric/time'
 
 class AssertDifferenceTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def setup
@@ -28,18 +26,44 @@ class AssertDifferenceTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 'custom', e.message
   end
 
-  def test_assert_no_difference
+  def test_assert_no_difference_pass
     assert_no_difference '@object.num' do
       # ...
     end
   end
 
+  def test_assert_no_difference_fail
+    error = assert_raises(Minitest::Assertion) do
+      assert_no_difference '@object.num' do
+        @object.increment
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal "\"@object.num\" didn't change by 0.\nExpected: 0\n  Actual: 1", error.message
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_no_difference_with_message_fail
+    error = assert_raises(Minitest::Assertion) do
+      assert_no_difference '@object.num', 'Object Changed' do
+        @object.increment
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal "Object Changed.\n\"@object.num\" didn't change by 0.\nExpected: 0\n  Actual: 1", error.message
+  end
+
   def test_assert_difference
     assert_difference '@object.num', +1 do
       @object.increment
     end
   end
 
+  def test_assert_difference_retval
+    incremented = assert_difference '@object.num', +1 do
+      @object.increment
+    end
+
+    assert_equal incremented, 1
+  end
+
   def test_assert_difference_with_implicit_difference
     assert_difference '@object.num' do
       @object.increment
@@ -157,64 +181,36 @@ class TestCaseTaggedLoggingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 end
 
-class TimeHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  setup do
-    Time.stubs now: Time.now
-  end
-
-  teardown do
-    travel_back
+class TestOrderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @original_test_order = ActiveSupport::TestCase.test_order
   end
 
-  def test_time_helper_travel
-    expected_time = Time.now + 1.day
-    travel 1.day
-
-    assert_equal expected_time, Time.now
-    assert_equal expected_time.to_date, Date.today
+  def teardown
+    ActiveSupport::TestCase.test_order = @original_test_order
   end
 
-  def test_time_helper_travel_with_block
-    expected_time = Time.now + 1.day
-
-    travel 1.day do
-      assert_equal expected_time, Time.now
-      assert_equal expected_time.to_date, Date.today
-    end
-
-    assert_not_equal expected_time, Time.now
-    assert_not_equal expected_time.to_date, Date.today
-  end
+  def test_defaults_to_random
+    ActiveSupport::TestCase.test_order = nil
 
-  def test_time_helper_travel_to
-    expected_time = Time.new(2004, 11, 24, 01, 04, 44)
-    travel_to expected_time
+    assert_equal :random, ActiveSupport::TestCase.test_order
 
-    assert_equal expected_time, Time.now
-    assert_equal Date.new(2004, 11, 24), Date.today
+    assert_equal :random, ActiveSupport.test_order
   end
 
-  def test_time_helper_travel_to_with_block
-    expected_time = Time.new(2004, 11, 24, 01, 04, 44)
-
-    travel_to expected_time do
-      assert_equal expected_time, Time.now
-      assert_equal Date.new(2004, 11, 24), Date.today
-    end
-
-    assert_not_equal expected_time, Time.now
-    assert_not_equal Date.new(2004, 11, 24), Date.today
-  end
+  def test_test_order_is_global
+    ActiveSupport::TestCase.test_order = :sorted
 
-  def test_time_helper_travel_back
-    expected_time = Time.new(2004, 11, 24, 01, 04, 44)
+    assert_equal :sorted, ActiveSupport.test_order
+    assert_equal :sorted, ActiveSupport::TestCase.test_order
+    assert_equal :sorted, self.class.test_order
+    assert_equal :sorted, Class.new(ActiveSupport::TestCase).test_order
 
-    travel_to expected_time
-    assert_equal expected_time, Time.now
-    assert_equal Date.new(2004, 11, 24), Date.today
-    travel_back
+    ActiveSupport.test_order = :random
 
-    assert_not_equal expected_time, Time.now
-    assert_not_equal Date.new(2004, 11, 24), Date.today
+    assert_equal :random, ActiveSupport.test_order
+    assert_equal :random, ActiveSupport::TestCase.test_order
+    assert_equal :random, self.class.test_order
+    assert_equal :random, Class.new(ActiveSupport::TestCase).test_order
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/testing/constant_lookup_test.rb b/activesupport/test/testing/constant_lookup_test.rb
index 71a9561189..0f16419c8b 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/testing/constant_lookup_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/testing/constant_lookup_test.rb
@@ -65,4 +65,12 @@ class ConstantLookupTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       }
     }
   end
+
+  def test_does_not_swallow_exception_on_no_name_error_within_constant
+    assert_raises(NameError) do
+      with_autoloading_fixtures do
+        self.class.determine_constant_from_test_name('RaisesNameError')
+      end
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/testing/file_fixtures_test.rb b/activesupport/test/testing/file_fixtures_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..91b8a9071c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/testing/file_fixtures_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class FileFixturesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  self.file_fixture_path = File.expand_path("../../file_fixtures", __FILE__)
+
+  test "#file_fixture returns Pathname to file fixture" do
+    path = file_fixture("sample.txt")
+    assert_kind_of Pathname, path
+    assert_match %r{activesupport/test/file_fixtures/sample.txt$}, path.to_s
+  end
+
+  test "raises an exception when the fixture file does not exist" do
+    e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      file_fixture("nope")
+    end
+    assert_match(/^the directory '[^']+test\/file_fixtures' does not contain a file named 'nope'$/, e.message)
+  end
+end
+
+class FileFixturesPathnameDirectoryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  self.file_fixture_path = Pathname.new(File.expand_path("../../file_fixtures", __FILE__))
+
+  test "#file_fixture_path returns Pathname to file fixture" do
+    path = file_fixture("sample.txt")
+    assert_kind_of Pathname, path
+    assert_match %r{activesupport/test/file_fixtures/sample.txt$}, path.to_s
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/testing/method_call_assertions_test.rb b/activesupport/test/testing/method_call_assertions_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3e5ba7c079
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/testing/method_call_assertions_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/testing/method_call_assertions'
+
+class MethodCallAssertionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include ActiveSupport::Testing::MethodCallAssertions
+
+  class Level
+    def increment; 1; end
+    def decrement; end
+    def <<(arg); end
+  end
+
+  setup do
+    @object = Level.new
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_called_with_defaults_to_expect_once
+    assert_called @object, :increment do
+      @object.increment
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_called_more_than_once
+    assert_called(@object, :increment, times: 2) do
+      @object.increment
+      @object.increment
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_called_method_with_arguments
+    assert_called(@object, :<<) do
+      @object << 2
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_called_returns
+    assert_called(@object, :increment, returns: 10) do
+      assert_equal 10, @object.increment
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_called_failure
+    error = assert_raises(Minitest::Assertion) do
+      assert_called(@object, :increment) do
+        # Call nothing...
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal "Expected increment to be called 1 times, but was called 0 times.\nExpected: 1\n  Actual: 0", error.message
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_called_with_message
+    error = assert_raises(Minitest::Assertion) do
+      assert_called(@object, :increment, 'dang it') do
+        # Call nothing...
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/dang it.\nExpected increment/, error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_called_with
+    assert_called_with(@object, :increment) do
+      @object.increment
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_called_with_arguments
+    assert_called_with(@object, :<<, [ 2 ]) do
+      @object << 2
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_called_with_failure
+    assert_raises(MockExpectationError) do
+      assert_called_with(@object, :<<, [ 4567 ]) do
+        @object << 2
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_called_with_returns
+    assert_called_with(@object, :increment, returns: 1) do
+      @object.increment
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_called_with_multiple_expected_arguments
+    assert_called_with(@object, :<<, [ [ 1 ], [ 2 ] ]) do
+      @object << 1
+      @object << 2
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_not_called
+    assert_not_called(@object, :decrement) do
+      @object.increment
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_not_called_failure
+    error = assert_raises(Minitest::Assertion) do
+      assert_not_called(@object, :increment) do
+        @object.increment
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal "Expected increment to be called 0 times, but was called 1 times.\nExpected: 0\n  Actual: 1", error.message
+  end
+
+  def test_stub_any_instance
+    stub_any_instance(Level) do |instance|
+      assert_equal instance, Level.new
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_stub_any_instance_with_instance
+    stub_any_instance(Level, instance: @object) do |instance|
+      assert_equal @object, instance
+      assert_equal instance, Level.new
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/time_travel_test.rb b/activesupport/test/time_travel_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..59c3e52c2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/time_travel_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/date_time'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/numeric/time'
+
+class TimeTravelTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  teardown do
+    travel_back
+  end
+
+  def test_time_helper_travel
+    Time.stub(:now, Time.now) do
+      expected_time = Time.now + 1.day
+      travel 1.day
+
+      assert_equal expected_time.to_s(:db), Time.now.to_s(:db)
+      assert_equal expected_time.to_date, Date.today
+      assert_equal expected_time.to_datetime.to_s(:db), DateTime.now.to_s(:db)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_time_helper_travel_with_block
+    Time.stub(:now, Time.now) do
+      expected_time = Time.now + 1.day
+
+      travel 1.day do
+        assert_equal expected_time.to_s(:db), Time.now.to_s(:db)
+        assert_equal expected_time.to_date, Date.today
+        assert_equal expected_time.to_datetime.to_s(:db), DateTime.now.to_s(:db)
+      end
+
+      assert_not_equal expected_time.to_s(:db), Time.now.to_s(:db)
+      assert_not_equal expected_time.to_date, Date.today
+      assert_not_equal expected_time.to_datetime.to_s(:db), DateTime.now.to_s(:db)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_time_helper_travel_to
+    Time.stub(:now, Time.now) do
+      expected_time = Time.new(2004, 11, 24, 01, 04, 44)
+      travel_to expected_time
+
+      assert_equal expected_time, Time.now
+      assert_equal Date.new(2004, 11, 24), Date.today
+      assert_equal expected_time.to_datetime, DateTime.now
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_time_helper_travel_to_with_block
+    Time.stub(:now, Time.now) do
+      expected_time = Time.new(2004, 11, 24, 01, 04, 44)
+
+      travel_to expected_time do
+        assert_equal expected_time, Time.now
+        assert_equal Date.new(2004, 11, 24), Date.today
+        assert_equal expected_time.to_datetime, DateTime.now
+      end
+
+      assert_not_equal expected_time, Time.now
+      assert_not_equal Date.new(2004, 11, 24), Date.today
+      assert_not_equal expected_time.to_datetime, DateTime.now
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_time_helper_travel_back
+    Time.stub(:now, Time.now) do
+      expected_time = Time.new(2004, 11, 24, 01, 04, 44)
+
+      travel_to expected_time
+      assert_equal expected_time, Time.now
+      assert_equal Date.new(2004, 11, 24), Date.today
+      assert_equal expected_time.to_datetime, DateTime.now
+      travel_back
+
+      assert_not_equal expected_time, Time.now
+      assert_not_equal Date.new(2004, 11, 24), Date.today
+      assert_not_equal expected_time.to_datetime, DateTime.now
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_travel_to_will_reset_the_usec_to_avoid_mysql_rouding
+    Time.stub(:now, Time.now) do
+      travel_to Time.utc(2014, 10, 10, 10, 10, 50, 999999) do
+        assert_equal 50, Time.now.sec
+        assert_equal 0, Time.now.usec
+        assert_equal 50, DateTime.now.sec
+        assert_equal 0, DateTime.now.usec
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/time_zone_test.rb b/activesupport/test/time_zone_test.rb
index 79ec57af2b..00d40c4497 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/time_zone_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/time_zone_test.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/time'
+require 'time_zone_test_helpers'
+require 'yaml'
 
 class TimeZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include TimeZoneTestHelpers
+
   def test_utc_to_local
     zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)']
     assert_equal Time.utc(1999, 12, 31, 19), zone.utc_to_local(Time.utc(2000, 1)) # standard offset -0500
@@ -19,7 +23,7 @@ class TimeZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_instance_of TZInfo::TimezonePeriod, zone.period_for_local(Time.utc(2000))
   end
 
-  ActiveSupport::TimeZone::MAPPING.keys.each do |name|
+  ActiveSupport::TimeZone::MAPPING.each_key do |name|
     define_method("test_map_#{name.downcase.gsub(/[^a-z]/, '_')}_to_tzinfo") do
       zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone[name]
       assert_respond_to zone.tzinfo, :period_for_local
@@ -249,9 +253,19 @@ class TimeZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_parse_with_incomplete_date
     zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)']
-    zone.stubs(:now).returns zone.local(1999,12,31)
-    twz = zone.parse('19:00:00')
-    assert_equal Time.utc(1999,12,31,19), twz.time
+    zone.stub(:now, zone.local(1999,12,31)) do
+      twz = zone.parse('19:00:00')
+      assert_equal Time.utc(1999,12,31,19), twz.time
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_parse_with_day_omitted
+    with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
+      zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)']
+      assert_equal Time.local(2000, 2, 1), zone.parse('Feb', Time.local(2000, 1, 1))
+      assert_equal Time.local(2005, 2, 1), zone.parse('Feb 2005', Time.local(2000, 1, 1))
+      assert_equal Time.local(2005, 2, 2), zone.parse('2 Feb 2005', Time.local(2000, 1, 1))
+    end
   end
 
   def test_parse_should_not_black_out_system_timezone_dst_jump
@@ -272,9 +286,10 @@ class TimeZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_parse_with_missing_time_components
     zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)']
-    zone.stubs(:now).returns zone.local(1999, 12, 31, 12, 59, 59)
-    twz = zone.parse('2012-12-01')
-    assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 12, 1), twz.time
+    zone.stub(:now, zone.local(1999, 12, 31, 12, 59, 59)) do
+      twz = zone.parse('2012-12-01')
+      assert_equal Time.utc(2012, 12, 1), twz.time
+    end
   end
 
   def test_parse_with_javascript_date
@@ -299,6 +314,80 @@ class TimeZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_strptime
+    zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)']
+    twz = zone.strptime('1999-12-31 12:00:00', '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')
+    assert_equal Time.utc(1999,12,31,17), twz
+    assert_equal Time.utc(1999,12,31,12), twz.time
+    assert_equal Time.utc(1999,12,31,17), twz.utc
+    assert_equal zone, twz.time_zone
+  end
+
+  def test_strptime_with_nondefault_time_zone
+    with_tz_default ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Pacific Time (US & Canada)'] do
+      zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)']
+      twz = zone.strptime('1999-12-31 12:00:00', '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')
+      assert_equal Time.utc(1999,12,31,17), twz
+      assert_equal Time.utc(1999,12,31,12), twz.time
+      assert_equal Time.utc(1999,12,31,17), twz.utc
+      assert_equal zone, twz.time_zone
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_strptime_with_explicit_time_zone_as_abbrev
+    zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)']
+    twz = zone.strptime('1999-12-31 12:00:00 PST', '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %Z')
+    assert_equal Time.utc(1999,12,31,20), twz
+    assert_equal Time.utc(1999,12,31,15), twz.time
+    assert_equal Time.utc(1999,12,31,20), twz.utc
+    assert_equal zone, twz.time_zone
+  end
+
+  def test_strptime_with_explicit_time_zone_as_h_offset
+    zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)']
+    twz = zone.strptime('1999-12-31 12:00:00 -08', '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %:::z')
+    assert_equal Time.utc(1999,12,31,20), twz
+    assert_equal Time.utc(1999,12,31,15), twz.time
+    assert_equal Time.utc(1999,12,31,20), twz.utc
+    assert_equal zone, twz.time_zone
+  end
+
+  def test_strptime_with_explicit_time_zone_as_hm_offset
+    zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)']
+    twz = zone.strptime('1999-12-31 12:00:00 -08:00', '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %:z')
+    assert_equal Time.utc(1999,12,31,20), twz
+    assert_equal Time.utc(1999,12,31,15), twz.time
+    assert_equal Time.utc(1999,12,31,20), twz.utc
+    assert_equal zone, twz.time_zone
+  end
+
+  def test_strptime_with_explicit_time_zone_as_hms_offset
+    zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)']
+    twz = zone.strptime('1999-12-31 12:00:00 -08:00:00', '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %::z')
+    assert_equal Time.utc(1999,12,31,20), twz
+    assert_equal Time.utc(1999,12,31,15), twz.time
+    assert_equal Time.utc(1999,12,31,20), twz.utc
+    assert_equal zone, twz.time_zone
+  end
+
+  def test_strptime_with_almost_explicit_time_zone
+    zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)']
+    twz = zone.strptime('1999-12-31 12:00:00 %Z', '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %%Z')
+    assert_equal Time.utc(1999,12,31,17), twz
+    assert_equal Time.utc(1999,12,31,12), twz.time
+    assert_equal Time.utc(1999,12,31,17), twz.utc
+    assert_equal zone, twz.time_zone
+  end
+
+  def test_strptime_with_day_omitted
+    with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
+      zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)']
+      assert_equal Time.local(2000, 2, 1), zone.strptime('Feb', '%b', Time.local(2000, 1, 1))
+      assert_equal Time.local(2005, 2, 1), zone.strptime('Feb 2005', '%b %Y', Time.local(2000, 1, 1))
+      assert_equal Time.local(2005, 2, 2), zone.strptime('2 Feb 2005', '%e %b %Y', Time.local(2000, 1, 1))
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_utc_offset_lazy_loaded_from_tzinfo_when_not_passed_in_to_initialize
     tzinfo = TZInfo::Timezone.get('America/New_York')
     zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone.create(tzinfo.name, nil, tzinfo)
@@ -383,20 +472,14 @@ class TimeZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { ActiveSupport::TimeZone[false] }
   end
 
-  def test_unknown_zone_should_have_tzinfo_but_exception_on_utc_offset
-    zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone.create("bogus")
-    assert_instance_of TZInfo::TimezoneProxy, zone.tzinfo
-    assert_raise(TZInfo::InvalidTimezoneIdentifier) { zone.utc_offset }
-  end
-
-  def test_unknown_zone_with_utc_offset
-    zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone.create("bogus", -21_600)
-    assert_equal(-21_600, zone.utc_offset)
+  def test_unknown_zone_raises_exception
+    assert_raise TZInfo::InvalidTimezoneIdentifier do
+      ActiveSupport::TimeZone.create("bogus")
+    end
   end
 
   def test_unknown_zones_dont_store_mapping_keys
-    ActiveSupport::TimeZone["bogus"]
-    assert !ActiveSupport::TimeZone.zones_map.key?("bogus")
+    assert_nil ActiveSupport::TimeZone["bogus"]
   end
 
   def test_new
@@ -408,11 +491,12 @@ class TimeZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert !ActiveSupport::TimeZone.us_zones.include?(ActiveSupport::TimeZone["Kuala Lumpur"])
   end
 
-  protected
-    def with_env_tz(new_tz = 'US/Eastern')
-      old_tz, ENV['TZ'] = ENV['TZ'], new_tz
-      yield
-    ensure
-      old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
-    end
+  def test_to_yaml
+    assert_equal("--- !ruby/object:ActiveSupport::TimeZone\nname: Pacific/Honolulu\n", ActiveSupport::TimeZone["Hawaii"].to_yaml)
+    assert_equal("--- !ruby/object:ActiveSupport::TimeZone\nname: Europe/London\n", ActiveSupport::TimeZone["Europe/London"].to_yaml)
+  end
+
+  def test_yaml_load
+    assert_equal(ActiveSupport::TimeZone["Pacific/Honolulu"], YAML.load("--- !ruby/object:ActiveSupport::TimeZone\nname: Pacific/Honolulu\n"))
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/time_zone_test_helpers.rb b/activesupport/test/time_zone_test_helpers.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9632b89d09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/time_zone_test_helpers.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+module TimeZoneTestHelpers
+  def with_tz_default(tz = nil)
+    old_tz = Time.zone
+    Time.zone = tz
+    yield
+  ensure
+    Time.zone = old_tz
+  end
+
+  def with_env_tz(new_tz = 'US/Eastern')
+    old_tz, ENV['TZ'] = ENV['TZ'], new_tz
+    yield
+  ensure
+    old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/transliterate_test.rb b/activesupport/test/transliterate_test.rb
index e0f85f4e7c..378421fedd 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/transliterate_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/transliterate_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/inflector/transliterate'
 
@@ -11,7 +10,7 @@ class TransliterateTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_transliterate_should_approximate_ascii
-    # create string with range of Unicode"s western characters with
+    # create string with range of Unicode's western characters with
     # diacritics, excluding the division and multiplication signs which for
     # some reason or other are floating in the middle of all the letters.
     string = (0xC0..0x17E).to_a.reject {|c| [0xD7, 0xF7].include?(c)}.pack("U*")
diff --git a/activesupport/test/xml_mini/nokogiri_engine_test.rb b/activesupport/test/xml_mini/nokogiri_engine_test.rb
index 2e962576b5..1314c9065a 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/xml_mini/nokogiri_engine_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/xml_mini/nokogiri_engine_test.rb
@@ -8,15 +8,13 @@ require 'active_support/xml_mini'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions'
 
 class NokogiriEngineTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  include ActiveSupport
-
   def setup
-    @default_backend = XmlMini.backend
-    XmlMini.backend = 'Nokogiri'
+    @default_backend = ActiveSupport::XmlMini.backend
+    ActiveSupport::XmlMini.backend = 'Nokogiri'
   end
 
   def teardown
-    XmlMini.backend = @default_backend
+    ActiveSupport::XmlMini.backend = @default_backend
   end
 
   def test_file_from_xml
@@ -56,13 +54,13 @@ class NokogiriEngineTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_setting_nokogiri_as_backend
-    XmlMini.backend = 'Nokogiri'
-    assert_equal XmlMini_Nokogiri, XmlMini.backend
+    ActiveSupport::XmlMini.backend = 'Nokogiri'
+    assert_equal ActiveSupport::XmlMini_Nokogiri, ActiveSupport::XmlMini.backend
   end
 
   def test_blank_returns_empty_hash
-    assert_equal({}, XmlMini.parse(nil))
-    assert_equal({}, XmlMini.parse(''))
+    assert_equal({}, ActiveSupport::XmlMini.parse(nil))
+    assert_equal({}, ActiveSupport::XmlMini.parse(''))
   end
 
   def test_array_type_makes_an_array
@@ -207,9 +205,9 @@ class NokogiriEngineTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   private
     def assert_equal_rexml(xml)
-      parsed_xml = XmlMini.parse(xml)
+      parsed_xml = ActiveSupport::XmlMini.parse(xml)
       xml.rewind if xml.respond_to?(:rewind)
-      hash = XmlMini.with_backend('REXML') { XmlMini.parse(xml) }
+      hash = ActiveSupport::XmlMini.with_backend('REXML') { ActiveSupport::XmlMini.parse(xml) }
       assert_equal(hash, parsed_xml)
     end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/xml_mini/nokogirisax_engine_test.rb b/activesupport/test/xml_mini/nokogirisax_engine_test.rb
index 4f078f31e0..7978a50921 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/xml_mini/nokogirisax_engine_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/xml_mini/nokogirisax_engine_test.rb
@@ -8,15 +8,13 @@ require 'active_support/xml_mini'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions'
 
 class NokogiriSAXEngineTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  include ActiveSupport
-
   def setup
-    @default_backend = XmlMini.backend
-    XmlMini.backend = 'NokogiriSAX'
+    @default_backend = ActiveSupport::XmlMini.backend
+    ActiveSupport::XmlMini.backend = 'NokogiriSAX'
   end
 
   def teardown
-    XmlMini.backend = @default_backend
+    ActiveSupport::XmlMini.backend = @default_backend
   end
 
   def test_file_from_xml
@@ -57,13 +55,13 @@ class NokogiriSAXEngineTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_setting_nokogirisax_as_backend
-    XmlMini.backend = 'NokogiriSAX'
-    assert_equal XmlMini_NokogiriSAX, XmlMini.backend
+    ActiveSupport::XmlMini.backend = 'NokogiriSAX'
+    assert_equal ActiveSupport::XmlMini_NokogiriSAX, ActiveSupport::XmlMini.backend
   end
 
   def test_blank_returns_empty_hash
-    assert_equal({}, XmlMini.parse(nil))
-    assert_equal({}, XmlMini.parse(''))
+    assert_equal({}, ActiveSupport::XmlMini.parse(nil))
+    assert_equal({}, ActiveSupport::XmlMini.parse(''))
   end
 
   def test_array_type_makes_an_array
@@ -208,9 +206,9 @@ class NokogiriSAXEngineTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   private
     def assert_equal_rexml(xml)
-      parsed_xml = XmlMini.parse(xml)
+      parsed_xml = ActiveSupport::XmlMini.parse(xml)
       xml.rewind if xml.respond_to?(:rewind)
-      hash = XmlMini.with_backend('REXML') { XmlMini.parse(xml) }
+      hash = ActiveSupport::XmlMini.with_backend('REXML') { ActiveSupport::XmlMini.parse(xml) }
       assert_equal(hash, parsed_xml)
     end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/xml_mini/rexml_engine_test.rb b/activesupport/test/xml_mini/rexml_engine_test.rb
index 0c1f11803c..f0067ca656 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/xml_mini/rexml_engine_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/xml_mini/rexml_engine_test.rb
@@ -2,19 +2,17 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/xml_mini'
 
 class REXMLEngineTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  include ActiveSupport
-
   def test_default_is_rexml
-    assert_equal XmlMini_REXML, XmlMini.backend
+    assert_equal ActiveSupport::XmlMini_REXML, ActiveSupport::XmlMini.backend
   end
 
   def test_set_rexml_as_backend
-    XmlMini.backend = 'REXML'
-    assert_equal XmlMini_REXML, XmlMini.backend
+    ActiveSupport::XmlMini.backend = 'REXML'
+    assert_equal ActiveSupport::XmlMini_REXML, ActiveSupport::XmlMini.backend
   end
 
   def test_parse_from_io
-    XmlMini.backend = 'REXML'
+    ActiveSupport::XmlMini.backend = 'REXML'
     io = StringIO.new(<<-eoxml)
     <root>
       good
@@ -29,9 +27,9 @@ class REXMLEngineTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   private
     def assert_equal_rexml(xml)
-      parsed_xml = XmlMini.parse(xml)
+      parsed_xml = ActiveSupport::XmlMini.parse(xml)
       xml.rewind if xml.respond_to?(:rewind)
-      hash = XmlMini.with_backend('REXML') { XmlMini.parse(xml) }
+      hash = ActiveSupport::XmlMini.with_backend('REXML') { ActiveSupport::XmlMini.parse(xml) }
       assert_equal(hash, parsed_xml)
     end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/xml_mini_test.rb b/activesupport/test/xml_mini_test.rb
index 753effb54e..55e8181b54 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/xml_mini_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/xml_mini_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/xml_mini'
 require 'active_support/builder'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/big_decimal'
+require 'yaml'
 
 module XmlMiniTest
   class RenameKeyTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
@@ -8,7 +11,7 @@ module XmlMiniTest
       assert_equal "my-key", ActiveSupport::XmlMini.rename_key("my_key")
     end
 
-    def test_rename_key_does_nothing_with_dasherize_true
+    def test_rename_key_dasherizes_with_dasherize_true
       assert_equal "my-key", ActiveSupport::XmlMini.rename_key("my_key", :dasherize => true)
     end
 
@@ -88,6 +91,61 @@ module XmlMiniTest
       assert_xml "<b>Howdy</b>"
     end
 
+    test "#to_tag should use the type value in the options hash" do
+      @xml.to_tag(:b, "blue", @options.merge(type: 'color'))
+      assert_xml( "<b type=\"color\">blue</b>" )
+    end
+
+    test "#to_tag accepts symbol types" do
+      @xml.to_tag(:b, :name, @options)
+      assert_xml( "<b type=\"symbol\">name</b>" )
+    end
+
+    test "#to_tag accepts boolean types" do
+      @xml.to_tag(:b, true, @options)
+      assert_xml( "<b type=\"boolean\">true</b>")
+    end
+
+    test "#to_tag accepts float types" do
+      @xml.to_tag(:b, 3.14, @options)
+      assert_xml( "<b type=\"float\">3.14</b>")
+    end
+
+    test "#to_tag accepts decimal types" do
+      @xml.to_tag(:b, ::BigDecimal.new("1.2"), @options)
+      assert_xml( "<b type=\"decimal\">1.2</b>")
+    end
+
+    test "#to_tag accepts date types" do
+      @xml.to_tag(:b, Date.new(2001,2,3), @options)
+      assert_xml( "<b type=\"date\">2001-02-03</b>")
+    end
+
+    test "#to_tag accepts datetime types" do
+      @xml.to_tag(:b, DateTime.new(2001,2,3,4,5,6,'+7'), @options)
+      assert_xml( "<b type=\"dateTime\">2001-02-03T04:05:06+07:00</b>")
+    end
+
+    test "#to_tag accepts time types" do
+      @xml.to_tag(:b, Time.new(1993, 02, 24, 12, 0, 0, "+09:00"), @options)
+      assert_xml( "<b type=\"dateTime\">1993-02-24T12:00:00+09:00</b>")
+    end
+
+    test "#to_tag accepts array types" do
+      @xml.to_tag(:b, ["first_name", "last_name"], @options)
+      assert_xml( "<b type=\"array\"><b>first_name</b><b>last_name</b></b>" )
+    end
+
+    test "#to_tag accepts hash types" do
+      @xml.to_tag(:b, { first_name: "Bob", last_name: "Marley" }, @options)
+      assert_xml( "<b><first-name>Bob</first-name><last-name>Marley</last-name></b>" )
+    end
+
+    test "#to_tag should not add type when skip types option is set" do
+      @xml.to_tag(:b, "Bob", @options.merge(skip_types: 1))
+      assert_xml( "<b>Bob</b>" )
+    end
+
     test "#to_tag should dasherize the space when passed a string with spaces as a key" do
       @xml.to_tag("New   York", 33, @options)
       assert_xml "<New---York type=\"integer\">33</New---York>"
@@ -97,7 +155,6 @@ module XmlMiniTest
       @xml.to_tag(:"New   York", 33, @options)
       assert_xml "<New---York type=\"integer\">33</New---York>"
     end
-    # TODO: test the remaining functions hidden in #to_tag.
   end
 
   class WithBackendTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
diff --git a/ci/travis.rb b/ci/travis.rb
index 7e68993332..658d66c6b4 100755
--- a/ci/travis.rb
+++ b/ci/travis.rb
@@ -16,12 +16,14 @@ end
 class Build
   MAP = {
     'railties' => 'railties',
-    'ap'   => 'actionpack',
-    'am'   => 'actionmailer',
-    'amo'  => 'activemodel',
-    'as'   => 'activesupport',
-    'ar'   => 'activerecord',
-    'av'   => 'actionview'
+    'ap'       => 'actionpack',
+    'am'       => 'actionmailer',
+    'amo'      => 'activemodel',
+    'as'       => 'activesupport',
+    'ar'       => 'activerecord',
+    'av'       => 'actionview',
+    'aj'       => 'activejob',
+    'guides'   => 'guides'
   }
 
   attr_reader :component, :options
@@ -35,7 +37,11 @@ class Build
     self.options.update(options)
     Dir.chdir(dir) do
       announce(heading)
-      rake(*tasks)
+      if guides?
+        run_bug_report_templates
+      else
+        rake(*tasks)
+      end
     end
   end
 
@@ -47,14 +53,15 @@ class Build
     heading = [gem]
     heading << "with #{adapter}" if activerecord?
     heading << "in isolation" if isolated?
+    heading << "integration" if integration?
     heading.join(' ')
   end
 
   def tasks
     if activerecord?
-      ['mysql:rebuild_databases', "#{adapter}:#{'isolated_' if isolated?}test"]
+      ['db:mysql:rebuild', "#{adapter}:#{'isolated_' if isolated?}test"]
     else
-      ["test#{':isolated' if isolated?}"]
+      ["test", ('isolated' if isolated?), ('integration' if integration?)].compact.join(":")
     end
   end
 
@@ -65,14 +72,26 @@ class Build
     key.join(':')
   end
 
+  def activesupport?
+    gem == 'activesupport'
+  end
+
   def activerecord?
     gem == 'activerecord'
   end
 
+  def guides?
+    gem == 'guides'
+  end
+
   def isolated?
     options[:isolated]
   end
 
+  def integration?
+    component.split(':').last == 'integration'
+  end
+
   def gem
     MAP[component.split(':').first]
   end
@@ -86,17 +105,42 @@ class Build
     tasks.each do |task|
       cmd = "bundle exec rake #{task}"
       puts "Running command: #{cmd}"
-      return false unless system(cmd)
+      return false unless system(env, cmd)
     end
     true
   end
+
+  def env
+    if activesupport? && !isolated?
+      # There is a known issue with the listen tests that casuses files to be
+      # incorrectly GC'ed even when they are still in-use. The current is to
+      # only run them in isolation to avoid randomly failing our test suite.
+      { 'LISTEN' => '0' }
+    else
+      {}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def run_bug_report_templates
+    Dir.glob('bug_report_templates/*.rb').all? do |file|
+      system(Gem.ruby, '-w', file)
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+if ENV['GEM']=='aj:integration'
+   ENV['QC_DATABASE_URL']  = 'postgres://postgres@localhost/active_jobs_qc_int_test'
+   ENV['QUE_DATABASE_URL'] = 'postgres://postgres@localhost/active_jobs_que_int_test'
 end
 
 results = {}
 
 ENV['GEM'].split(',').each do |gem|
   [false, true].each do |isolated|
+    next if ENV['TRAVIS_PULL_REQUEST'] && ENV['TRAVIS_PULL_REQUEST'] != 'false' && isolated
     next if gem == 'railties' && isolated
+    next if gem == 'aj:integration' && isolated
+    next if gem == 'guides' && isolated
 
     build = Build.new(gem, :isolated => isolated)
     results[build.key] = build.run!
@@ -127,6 +171,6 @@ if failures.empty?
 else
   puts
   puts "Rails build FAILED"
-  puts "Failed components: #{failures.map { |component| component.first }.join(', ')}"
+  puts "Failed components: #{failures.map(&:first).join(', ')}"
   exit(false)
 end
diff --git a/guides/CHANGELOG.md b/guides/CHANGELOG.md
index a7c215c295..09fb7b1a0e 100644
--- a/guides/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/guides/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1 +1,21 @@
-Please check [4-1-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-1-stable/guides/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+*   Add code of conduct to contributing guide
+
+    *Jon Moss*
+
+*   New section in Configuring: Configuring Active Job
+
+    *Eliot Sykes*
+
+*   New section in Active Record Association Basics: Single Table Inheritance
+
+    *Andrey Nering*
+
+*   New section in Active Record Querying: Understanding The Method Chaining
+
+    *Andrey Nering*
+
+*   New section in Configuring: Search Engines Indexing
+
+    *Andrey Nering*
+
+Please check [4-2-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/guides/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/guides/Rakefile b/guides/Rakefile
index d6dd950d01..00577377d7 100644
--- a/guides/Rakefile
+++ b/guides/Rakefile
@@ -7,14 +7,14 @@ namespace :guides do
 
     desc "Generate HTML guides"
     task :html do
-      ENV["WARN_BROKEN_LINKS"] = "1" # authors can't disable this
+      ENV["WARNINGS"] = "1" # authors can't disable this
       ruby "rails_guides.rb"
     end
 
-    desc "Generate .mobi file. The kindlegen executable must be in your PATH. You can get it for free from http://www.amazon.com/kindlepublishing"
+    desc "Generate .mobi file. The kindlegen executable must be in your PATH. You can get it for free from http://www.amazon.com/gp/feature.html?docId=1000765211"
     task :kindle do
-      unless `kindlerb -v 2> /dev/null` =~ /kindlerb 0.1.1/  
-        abort "Please `gem install kindlerb`"
+      unless `kindlerb -v 2> /dev/null` =~ /kindlerb 0.1.1/
+        abort "Please `gem install kindlerb` and make sure you have `kindlegen` in your PATH"
       end
       unless `convert` =~ /convert/  
         abort "Please install ImageMagick`"
@@ -34,11 +34,13 @@ namespace :guides do
   task :help do
     puts <<-help
 
-Guides are taken from the source directory, and the resulting HTML goes into the
+Guides are taken from the source directory, and the result goes into the
 output directory. Assets are stored under files, and copied to output/files as
 part of the generation process.
 
-All this process is handled via rake tasks, here's a full list of them:
+You can generate HTML, Kindle or both formats using the `guides:generate` task.
+
+All of these processes are handled via rake tasks, here's a full list of them:
 
 #{%x[rake -T]}
 Some arguments may be passed via environment variables:
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/favicon.ico b/guides/assets/images/favicon.ico
index e0e80cf8f1..faa10b4580 100644
--- a/guides/assets/images/favicon.ico
+++ b/guides/assets/images/favicon.ico
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/article_with_comments.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/article_with_comments.png
index 117a78a39f..c489e4c00e 100644
--- a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/article_with_comments.png
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/article_with_comments.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/rails_welcome.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/rails_welcome.png
index 3e07c948a0..4d0cb417b7 100644
--- a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/rails_welcome.png
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/rails_welcome.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/javascripts/guides.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/guides.js
index e4d25dfb21..a9c7f0d016 100644
--- a/guides/assets/javascripts/guides.js
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/guides.js
@@ -51,3 +51,9 @@ var guidesIndex = {
     window.location = url;
   }
 };
+
+// Disable autolink inside example code blocks of guides.
+$(document).ready(function() {
+  SyntaxHighlighter.defaults['auto-links'] = false;
+  SyntaxHighlighter.all();
+});
diff --git a/guides/assets/stylesheets/main.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/main.css
index 898f9ff05b..ed558e4793 100644
--- a/guides/assets/stylesheets/main.css
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/main.css
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ pre, code {
   overflow: auto;
   color: #222;
 }
-pre,tt,code,.note>p {
+pre, tt, code {
  white-space: pre-wrap;       /* css-3 */
  white-space: -moz-pre-wrap !important;  /* Mozilla, since 1999 */
  white-space: -pre-wrap;      /* Opera 4-6 */
@@ -381,9 +381,12 @@ a, a:link, a:visited {
     font: inherit;
     padding-left: .75em;
     font-size: .95em;
-    background-position: 96% -65px;
+    background-position: 96% 16px;
     -webkit-appearance: none;
   }
+  .guides-index-small .guides-index-item:hover{
+    background-position: 96% -65px;
+  }
 }
 
 #guides {
diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_gem.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_gem.rb
index 9387e3dc1d..58ba708a39 100644
--- a/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_gem.rb
+++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_gem.rb
@@ -1,14 +1,24 @@
-# Activate the gem you are reporting the issue against.
-gem 'rails', '4.0.0'
+begin
+  require 'bundler/inline'
+rescue LoadError => e
+  $stderr.puts 'Bundler version 1.10 or later is required. Please update your Bundler'
+  raise e
+end
+
+gemfile(true) do
+  source 'https://rubygems.org'
+  # Activate the gem you are reporting the issue against.
+  gem 'rails', '4.2.0'
+end
 
-require 'rails'
+require 'rack/test'
 require 'action_controller/railtie'
 
 class TestApp < Rails::Application
   config.root = File.dirname(__FILE__)
   config.session_store :cookie_store, key: 'cookie_store_key'
-  config.secret_token    = 'secret_token'
-  config.secret_key_base = 'secret_key_base'
+  secrets.secret_token    = 'secret_token'
+  secrets.secret_key_base = 'secret_key_base'
 
   config.logger = Logger.new($stdout)
   Rails.logger  = config.logger
@@ -22,12 +32,11 @@ class TestController < ActionController::Base
   include Rails.application.routes.url_helpers
 
   def index
-    render text: 'Home'
+    render plain: 'Home'
   end
 end
 
 require 'minitest/autorun'
-require 'rack/test'
 
 # Ensure backward compatibility with Minitest 4
 Minitest::Test = MiniTest::Unit::TestCase unless defined?(Minitest::Test)
diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb
index d44fd9196a..3f24aa3b4d 100644
--- a/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb
+++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb
@@ -1,23 +1,27 @@
-unless File.exist?('Gemfile')
-  File.write('Gemfile', <<-GEMFILE)
-    source 'https://rubygems.org'
-    gem 'rails', github: 'rails/rails'
-  GEMFILE
-
-  system 'bundle'
+begin
+  require 'bundler/inline'
+rescue LoadError => e
+  $stderr.puts 'Bundler version 1.10 or later is required. Please update your Bundler'
+  raise e
 end
 
-require 'bundler'
-Bundler.setup(:default)
+gemfile(true) do
+  source 'https://rubygems.org'
+  gem 'rails', github: 'rails/rails'
+  gem 'arel', github: 'rails/arel'
+  gem 'rack', github: 'rack/rack'
+  gem 'sprockets', github: 'rails/sprockets'
+  gem 'sprockets-rails', github: 'rails/sprockets-rails'
+  gem 'sass-rails', github: 'rails/sass-rails'
+end
 
-require 'rails'
 require 'action_controller/railtie'
 
 class TestApp < Rails::Application
   config.root = File.dirname(__FILE__)
   config.session_store :cookie_store, key: 'cookie_store_key'
-  config.secret_token    = 'secret_token'
-  config.secret_key_base = 'secret_key_base'
+  secrets.secret_token    = 'secret_token'
+  secrets.secret_key_base = 'secret_key_base'
 
   config.logger = Logger.new($stdout)
   Rails.logger  = config.logger
@@ -31,7 +35,7 @@ class TestController < ActionController::Base
   include Rails.application.routes.url_helpers
 
   def index
-    render text: 'Home'
+    render plain: 'Home'
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_gem.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_gem.rb
index d72633d0b2..09d6e7b331 100644
--- a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_gem.rb
+++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_gem.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,17 @@
-# Activate the gem you are reporting the issue against.
-gem 'activerecord', '4.0.0'
+begin
+  require 'bundler/inline'
+rescue LoadError => e
+  $stderr.puts 'Bundler version 1.10 or later is required. Please update your Bundler'
+  raise e
+end
+
+gemfile(true) do
+  source 'https://rubygems.org'
+  # Activate the gem you are reporting the issue against.
+  gem 'activerecord', '4.2.0'
+  gem 'sqlite3'
+end
+
 require 'active_record'
 require 'minitest/autorun'
 require 'logger'
@@ -12,10 +24,10 @@ ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(adapter: 'sqlite3', database: ':memory:'
 ActiveRecord::Base.logger = Logger.new(STDOUT)
 
 ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
-  create_table :posts do |t|
+  create_table :posts, force: true do |t|
   end
 
-  create_table :comments do |t|
+  create_table :comments, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :post_id
   end
 end
diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_master.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_master.rb
index d95354e12d..5b742a9093 100644
--- a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_master.rb
+++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_master.rb
@@ -1,16 +1,20 @@
-unless File.exist?('Gemfile')
-  File.write('Gemfile', <<-GEMFILE)
-    source 'https://rubygems.org'
-    gem 'rails', github: 'rails/rails'
-    gem 'arel', github: 'rails/arel'
-    gem 'sqlite3'
-  GEMFILE
-
-  system 'bundle'
+begin
+  require 'bundler/inline'
+rescue LoadError => e
+  $stderr.puts 'Bundler version 1.10 or later is required. Please update your Bundler'
+  raise e
 end
 
-require 'bundler'
-Bundler.setup(:default)
+gemfile(true) do
+  source 'https://rubygems.org'
+  gem 'rails', github: 'rails/rails'
+  gem 'arel', github: 'rails/arel'
+  gem 'rack', github: 'rack/rack'
+  gem 'sprockets', github: 'rails/sprockets'
+  gem 'sprockets-rails', github: 'rails/sprockets-rails'
+  gem 'sass-rails', github: 'rails/sass-rails'
+  gem 'sqlite3'
+end
 
 require 'active_record'
 require 'minitest/autorun'
@@ -21,10 +25,10 @@ ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(adapter: 'sqlite3', database: ':memory:'
 ActiveRecord::Base.logger = Logger.new(STDOUT)
 
 ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
-  create_table :posts do |t|
+  create_table :posts, force: true  do |t|
   end
 
-  create_table :comments do |t|
+  create_table :comments, force: true  do |t|
     t.integer :post_id
   end
 end
diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/generic_gem.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/generic_gem.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a4fe51156d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/generic_gem.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+begin
+  require 'bundler/inline'
+rescue LoadError => e
+  $stderr.puts 'Bundler version 1.10 or later is required. Please update your Bundler'
+  raise e
+end
+
+gemfile(true) do
+  source 'https://rubygems.org'
+  # Activate the gem you are reporting the issue against.
+  gem 'activesupport', '4.2.0'
+end
+
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
+require 'minitest/autorun'
+
+# Ensure backward compatibility with Minitest 4
+Minitest::Test = MiniTest::Unit::TestCase unless defined?(Minitest::Test)
+
+class BugTest < Minitest::Test
+  def test_stuff
+    assert "zomg".present?
+    refute "".present?
+  end
+end
diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/generic_master.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/generic_master.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0a8048cc48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/generic_master.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+begin
+  require 'bundler/inline'
+rescue LoadError => e
+  $stderr.puts 'Bundler version 1.10 or later is required. Please update your Bundler'
+  raise e
+end
+
+gemfile(true) do
+  source 'https://rubygems.org'
+  gem 'rails', github: 'rails/rails'
+  gem 'arel', github: 'rails/arel'
+  gem 'rack', github: 'rack/rack'
+  gem 'sprockets', github: 'rails/sprockets'
+  gem 'sprockets-rails', github: 'rails/sprockets-rails'
+  gem 'sass-rails', github: 'rails/sass-rails'
+end
+
+require 'active_support'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
+require 'minitest/autorun'
+
+# Ensure backward compatibility with Minitest 4
+Minitest::Test = MiniTest::Unit::TestCase unless defined?(Minitest::Test)
+
+class BugTest < Minitest::Test
+  def test_stuff
+    assert "zomg".present?
+    refute "".present?
+  end
+end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/.gitignore b/guides/code/getting_started/.gitignore
deleted file mode 100644
index 6a502e997f..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/.gitignore
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-# See https://help.github.com/articles/ignoring-files for more about ignoring files.
-#
-# If you find yourself ignoring temporary files generated by your text editor
-# or operating system, you probably want to add a global ignore instead:
-#   git config --global core.excludesfile '~/.gitignore_global'
-
-# Ignore bundler config.
-/.bundle
-
-# Ignore the default SQLite database.
-/db/*.sqlite3
-/db/*.sqlite3-journal
-
-# Ignore all logfiles and tempfiles.
-/log/*.log
-/tmp
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/Gemfile b/guides/code/getting_started/Gemfile
deleted file mode 100644
index c3d7e96c4d..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/Gemfile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-source 'https://rubygems.org'
-
-
-# Bundle edge Rails instead: gem 'rails', github: 'rails/rails'
-gem 'rails', '4.1.0'
-# Use sqlite3 as the database for Active Record
-gem 'sqlite3'
-# Use SCSS for stylesheets
-gem 'sass-rails', '~> 4.0.1'
-# Use Uglifier as compressor for JavaScript assets
-gem 'uglifier', '>= 1.3.0'
-# Use CoffeeScript for .js.coffee assets and views
-gem 'coffee-rails', '~> 4.0.0'
-# See https://github.com/sstephenson/execjs#readme for more supported runtimes
-# gem 'therubyracer',  platforms: :ruby
-
-# Use jquery as the JavaScript library
-gem 'jquery-rails'
-# Turbolinks makes following links in your web application faster. Read more: https://github.com/rails/turbolinks
-gem 'turbolinks'
-# Build JSON APIs with ease. Read more: https://github.com/rails/jbuilder
-gem 'jbuilder', '~> 2.0'
-# bundle exec rake doc:rails generates the API under doc/api.
-gem 'sdoc', '~> 0.4.0',          group: :doc
-
-# Spring speeds up development by keeping your application running in the background. Read more: https://github.com/rails/spring
-gem 'spring',        group: :development
-
-# Use ActiveModel has_secure_password
-# gem 'bcrypt', '~> 3.1.7'
-
-# Use unicorn as the app server
-# gem 'unicorn'
-
-# Use Capistrano for deployment
-# gem 'capistrano-rails', group: :development
-
-# Use debugger
-# gem 'debugger', group: [:development, :test]
-
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/Gemfile.lock b/guides/code/getting_started/Gemfile.lock
deleted file mode 100644
index a2ab76c908..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/Gemfile.lock
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,126 +0,0 @@
-GEM
-  remote: https://rubygems.org/
-  specs:
-    actionmailer (4.1.0)
-      actionpack (= 4.1.0)
-      actionview (= 4.1.0)
-      mail (~> 2.5.4)
-    actionpack (4.1.0)
-      actionview (= 4.1.0)
-      activesupport (= 4.1.0)
-      rack (~> 1.5.2)
-      rack-test (~> 0.6.2)
-    actionview (4.1.0)
-      activesupport (= 4.1.0)
-      builder (~> 3.1)
-      erubis (~> 2.7.0)
-    activemodel (4.1.0)
-      activesupport (= 4.1.0)
-      builder (~> 3.1)
-    activerecord (4.1.0)
-      activemodel (= 4.1.0)
-      activesupport (= 4.1.0)
-      arel (~> 5.0.0)
-    activesupport (4.1.0)
-      i18n (~> 0.6, >= 0.6.9)
-      json (~> 1.7, >= 1.7.7)
-      minitest (~> 5.1)
-      thread_safe (~> 0.1)
-      tzinfo (~> 1.1)
-    arel (5.0.0)
-    atomic (1.1.14)
-    builder (3.2.2)
-    coffee-rails (4.0.1)
-      coffee-script (>= 2.2.0)
-      railties (>= 4.0.0, < 5.0)
-    coffee-script (2.2.0)
-      coffee-script-source
-      execjs
-    coffee-script-source (1.6.3)
-    erubis (2.7.0)
-    execjs (2.0.2)
-    hike (1.2.3)
-    i18n (0.6.9)
-    jbuilder (2.0.2)
-      activesupport (>= 3.0.0)
-      multi_json (>= 1.2.0)
-    jquery-rails (3.0.4)
-      railties (>= 3.0, < 5.0)
-      thor (>= 0.14, < 2.0)
-    json (1.8.1)
-    mail (2.5.4)
-      mime-types (~> 1.16)
-      treetop (~> 1.4.8)
-    mime-types (1.25.1)
-    minitest (5.2.1)
-    multi_json (1.8.4)
-    polyglot (0.3.3)
-    rack (1.5.2)
-    rack-test (0.6.2)
-      rack (>= 1.0)
-    rails (4.1.0)
-      actionmailer (= 4.1.0)
-      actionpack (= 4.1.0)
-      actionview (= 4.1.0)
-      activemodel (= 4.1.0)
-      activerecord (= 4.1.0)
-      activesupport (= 4.1.0)
-      bundler (>= 1.3.0, < 2.0)
-      railties (= 4.1.0)
-      sprockets-rails (~> 2.0.0)
-    railties (4.1.0)
-      actionpack (= 4.1.0)
-      activesupport (= 4.1.0)
-      rake (>= 0.8.7)
-      thor (>= 0.18.1, < 2.0)
-    rake (10.1.1)
-    rdoc (4.1.1)
-      json (~> 1.4)
-    sass (3.2.13)
-    sass-rails (4.0.1)
-      railties (>= 4.0.0, < 5.0)
-      sass (>= 3.1.10)
-      sprockets-rails (~> 2.0.0)
-    sdoc (0.4.0)
-      json (~> 1.8)
-      rdoc (~> 4.0, < 5.0)
-    spring (1.0.0)
-    sprockets (2.10.1)
-      hike (~> 1.2)
-      multi_json (~> 1.0)
-      rack (~> 1.0)
-      tilt (~> 1.1, != 1.3.0)
-    sprockets-rails (2.0.1)
-      actionpack (>= 3.0)
-      activesupport (>= 3.0)
-      sprockets (~> 2.8)
-    sqlite3 (1.3.8)
-    thor (0.18.1)
-    thread_safe (0.1.3)
-      atomic
-    tilt (1.4.1)
-    treetop (1.4.15)
-      polyglot
-      polyglot (>= 0.3.1)
-    turbolinks (2.2.0)
-      coffee-rails
-    tzinfo (1.1.0)
-      thread_safe (~> 0.1)
-    uglifier (2.4.0)
-      execjs (>= 0.3.0)
-      json (>= 1.8.0)
-
-PLATFORMS
-  ruby
-
-DEPENDENCIES
-  coffee-rails (~> 4.0.0)
-  jbuilder (~> 2.0)
-  jquery-rails
-  rails (= 4.1.0)
-  sass-rails (~> 4.0.1)
-  sdoc (~> 0.4.0)
-  spring
-  sqlite3
-  turbolinks
-  uglifier (>= 1.3.0)
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/README.rdoc b/guides/code/getting_started/README.rdoc
deleted file mode 100644
index dd4e97e22e..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/README.rdoc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-== README
-
-This README would normally document whatever steps are necessary to get the
-application up and running.
-
-Things you may want to cover:
-
-* Ruby version
-
-* System dependencies
-
-* Configuration
-
-* Database creation
-
-* Database initialization
-
-* How to run the test suite
-
-* Services (job queues, cache servers, search engines, etc.)
-
-* Deployment instructions
-
-* ...
-
-
-Please feel free to use a different markup language if you do not plan to run
-<tt>rake doc:app</tt>.
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/Rakefile b/guides/code/getting_started/Rakefile
deleted file mode 100644
index 05de8bb536..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/Rakefile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-# Add your own tasks in files placed in lib/tasks ending in .rake,
-# for example lib/tasks/capistrano.rake, and they will automatically be available to Rake.
-
-require File.expand_path('../config/application', __FILE__)
-
-Blog::Application.load_tasks
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/application.js b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/application.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 5a4fbaa370..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/application.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-// This is a manifest file that'll be compiled into application.js, which will include all the files
-// listed below.
-//
-// Any JavaScript/Coffee file within this directory, lib/assets/javascripts, vendor/assets/javascripts,
-// or vendor/assets/javascripts of plugins, if any, can be referenced here using a relative path.
-//
-// It's not advisable to add code directly here, but if you do, it'll appear at the bottom of the
-// compiled file.
-//
-// stub path allows dependency to be excluded from the asset bundle.
-//
-//= require jquery
-//= require jquery_ujs
-//= require turbolinks
-//= require_tree .
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/comments.js.coffee b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/comments.js.coffee
deleted file mode 100644
index 24f83d18bb..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/comments.js.coffee
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-# Place all the behaviors and hooks related to the matching controller here.
-# All this logic will automatically be available in application.js.
-# You can use CoffeeScript in this file: http://coffeescript.org/
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/posts.js.coffee b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/posts.js.coffee
deleted file mode 100644
index 24f83d18bb..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/posts.js.coffee
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-# Place all the behaviors and hooks related to the matching controller here.
-# All this logic will automatically be available in application.js.
-# You can use CoffeeScript in this file: http://coffeescript.org/
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/welcome.js.coffee b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/welcome.js.coffee
deleted file mode 100644
index 24f83d18bb..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/welcome.js.coffee
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-# Place all the behaviors and hooks related to the matching controller here.
-# All this logic will automatically be available in application.js.
-# You can use CoffeeScript in this file: http://coffeescript.org/
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css
deleted file mode 100644
index 3192ec897b..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * This is a manifest file that'll be compiled into application.css, which will include all the files
- * listed below.
- *
- * Any CSS and SCSS file within this directory, lib/assets/stylesheets, vendor/assets/stylesheets,
- * or vendor/assets/stylesheets of plugins, if any, can be referenced here using a relative path.
- *
- * You're free to add application-wide styles to this file and they'll appear at the top of the
- * compiled file, but it's generally better to create a new file per style scope.
- *
- *= require_self
- *= require_tree .
- */
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/comments.css.scss b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/comments.css.scss
deleted file mode 100644
index e730912783..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/comments.css.scss
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-// Place all the styles related to the Comments controller here.
-// They will automatically be included in application.css.
-// You can use Sass (SCSS) here: http://sass-lang.com/
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/posts.css.scss b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/posts.css.scss
deleted file mode 100644
index 1a7e15390c..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/posts.css.scss
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-// Place all the styles related to the posts controller here.
-// They will automatically be included in application.css.
-// You can use Sass (SCSS) here: http://sass-lang.com/
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/welcome.css.scss b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/welcome.css.scss
deleted file mode 100644
index 77ce11a740..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/welcome.css.scss
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-// Place all the styles related to the welcome controller here.
-// They will automatically be included in application.css.
-// You can use Sass (SCSS) here: http://sass-lang.com/
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/application_controller.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/application_controller.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d83690e1b9..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/application_controller.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
-  # Prevent CSRF attacks by raising an exception.
-  # For APIs, you may want to use :null_session instead.
-  protect_from_forgery with: :exception
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/comments_controller.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/comments_controller.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b2d9bcdf7f..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/comments_controller.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-class CommentsController < ApplicationController
-
-  http_basic_authenticate_with name: "dhh", password: "secret", only: :destroy
-
-  def create
-    @post = Post.find(params[:post_id])
-    @comment = @post.comments.create(comment_params)
-    redirect_to post_path(@post)
-  end
-
-  def destroy
-    @post = Post.find(params[:post_id])
-    @comment = @post.comments.find(params[:id])
-    @comment.destroy
-    redirect_to post_path(@post)
-  end
-
-  private
-
-    def comment_params
-      params.require(:comment).permit(:commenter, :body)
-    end
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/posts_controller.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/posts_controller.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 02689ad67b..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/posts_controller.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-class PostsController < ApplicationController
-
-  http_basic_authenticate_with name: "dhh", password: "secret", except: [:index, :show]
-
-  def index
-    @posts = Post.all
-  end
-
-  def show
-    @post = Post.find(params[:id])
-  end
-
-  def edit
-    @post = Post.find(params[:id])
-  end
-
-  def update
-    @post = Post.find(params[:id])
-
-    if @post.update(post_params)
-      redirect_to action: :show, id: @post.id
-    else
-      render 'edit'
-    end
-  end
-
-  def new
-    @post = Post.new
-  end
-
-  def create
-    @post = Post.new(post_params)
-
-    if @post.save
-      redirect_to action: :show, id: @post.id
-    else
-      render 'new'
-    end
-  end
-
-  def destroy
-    @post = Post.find(params[:id])
-    @post.destroy
-
-    redirect_to action: :index
-  end
-
-  private
-
-    def post_params
-      params.require(:post).permit(:title, :text)
-    end
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/welcome_controller.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/welcome_controller.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index f9b859b9c9..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/welcome_controller.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-class WelcomeController < ApplicationController
-  def index
-  end
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/application_helper.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/application_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index de6be7945c..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/application_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-module ApplicationHelper
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/comments_helper.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/comments_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 0ec9ca5f2d..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/comments_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-module CommentsHelper
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/posts_helper.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/posts_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index a7b8cec898..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/posts_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-module PostsHelper
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/welcome_helper.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/welcome_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index eeead45fc9..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/welcome_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-module WelcomeHelper
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/mailers/.keep b/guides/code/getting_started/app/mailers/.keep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/mailers/.keep
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/.keep b/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/.keep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/.keep
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/comment.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/comment.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 4e76c5b5b0..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/comment.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
-  belongs_to :post
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/concerns/.keep b/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/concerns/.keep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/concerns/.keep
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/post.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/post.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 64e0d721fd..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/post.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-  has_many :comments, dependent: :destroy
-  
-  validates :title,
-    presence: true,
-    length: { minimum: 5 }
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/comments/_comment.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/comments/_comment.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 593493339e..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/comments/_comment.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-<p>
-  <strong>Commenter:</strong>
-  <%= comment.commenter %>
-</p>
- 
-<p>
-  <strong>Comment:</strong>
-  <%= comment.body %>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-  <%= link_to 'Destroy Comment', [comment.post, comment],
-               method: :delete,
-               data: { confirm: 'Are you sure?' } %>
-</p>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/comments/_form.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/comments/_form.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 00cb3a08f0..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/comments/_form.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-<%= form_for([@post, @post.comments.build]) do |f| %>
-  <p>
-    <%= f.label :commenter %><br />
-    <%= f.text_field :commenter %>
-  </p>
-  <p>
-    <%= f.label :body %><br />
-    <%= f.text_area :body %>
-  </p>
-  <p>
-    <%= f.submit %>
-  </p>
-<% end %>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index d0ba8415e6..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html>
-<head>
-  <title>Blog</title>
-  <%= stylesheet_link_tag    'application', media: 'all', 'data-turbolinks-track' => true %>
-  <%= javascript_include_tag 'application', 'data-turbolinks-track' => true %>
-  <%= csrf_meta_tags %>
-</head>
-<body>
-
-<%= yield %>
-
-</body>
-</html>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/_form.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/_form.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index f2f83585e1..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/_form.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-<%= form_for @post do |f| %>
-  <% if @post.errors.any? %>
-  <div id="error_explanation">
-    <h2><%= pluralize(@post.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited
-      this post from being saved:</h2>
-    <ul>
-    <% @post.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
-      <li><%= msg %></li>
-    <% end %>
-    </ul>
-  </div>
-  <% end %>
-  <p>
-    <%= f.label :title %><br>
-    <%= f.text_field :title %>
-  </p>
-
-  <p>
-    <%= f.label :text %><br>
-    <%= f.text_area :text %>
-  </p>
-
-  <p>
-    <%= f.submit %>
-  </p>
-<% end %>
-
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/edit.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/edit.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 393e7430d0..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/edit.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-<h1>Edit post</h1>
- 
-<%= render 'form' %>
- 
-<%= link_to 'Back', action: :index %>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/index.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/index.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7369f0396f..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/index.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-<h1>Listing Posts</h1>
-<table>
-  <tr>
-    <th>Title</th>
-    <th>Text</th>
-    <th></th>
-    <th></th>
-    <th></th>
-  </tr>
- 
-<% @posts.each do |post| %>
-  <tr>
-    <td><%= post.title %></td>
-    <td><%= post.text %></td>
-    <td><%= link_to 'Show', action: :show, id: post.id %></td>
-    <td><%= link_to 'Edit', action: :edit, id: post.id %></td>
-    <td><%= link_to 'Destroy', { action: :destroy, id: post.id },
-                    method: :delete, data: { confirm: 'Are you sure?' } %></td>
-  </tr>
-<% end %>
-</table>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/new.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/new.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index efa81038ec..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/new.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-<h1>New post</h1>
- 
-<%= render 'form' %>
- 
-<%= link_to 'Back', action: :index %>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/show.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/show.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index e99e9edbb3..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/show.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-<p>
-  <strong>Title:</strong>
-  <%= @post.title %>
-</p>
- 
-<p>
-  <strong>Text:</strong>
-  <%= @post.text %>
-</p>
-
-<h2>Comments</h2>
-<%= render @post.comments %>
- 
-<h2>Add a comment:</h2>
-<%= render "comments/form" %>
- 
-<%= link_to 'Edit Post', edit_post_path(@post) %> |
-<%= link_to 'Back to Posts', posts_path %>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/welcome/index.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/welcome/index.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 56be8dd3cc..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/welcome/index.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-<h1>Hello, Rails!</h1>
-
-<%= link_to "My Blog", controller: "posts" %>
-<%= link_to "New Post", new_post_path %>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/bin/bundle b/guides/code/getting_started/bin/bundle
deleted file mode 100755
index 45cf37fba4..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/bin/bundle
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env ruby
-ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'] ||= File.expand_path('../../Gemfile', __FILE__)
-require 'rubygems'
-load Gem.bin_path('bundler', 'bundle')
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/bin/rails b/guides/code/getting_started/bin/rails
deleted file mode 100755
index 728cd85aa5..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/bin/rails
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env ruby
-APP_PATH = File.expand_path('../../config/application',  __FILE__)
-require_relative '../config/boot'
-require 'rails/commands'
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/bin/rake b/guides/code/getting_started/bin/rake
deleted file mode 100755
index 17240489f6..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/bin/rake
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env ruby
-require_relative '../config/boot'
-require 'rake'
-Rake.application.run
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config.ru b/guides/code/getting_started/config.ru
deleted file mode 100644
index ddf869e921..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config.ru
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-# This file is used by Rack-based servers to start the application.
-
-require ::File.expand_path('../config/environment',  __FILE__)
-run Blog::Application
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/application.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/application.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3d7604b659..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/application.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-require File.expand_path('../boot', __FILE__)
-
-require 'rails/all'
-
-# Require the gems listed in Gemfile, including any gems
-# you've limited to :test, :development, or :production.
-Bundler.require(:default, Rails.env)
-
-module Blog
-  class Application < Rails::Application
-    # Settings in config/environments/* take precedence over those specified here.
-    # Application configuration should go into files in config/initializers
-    # -- all .rb files in that directory are automatically loaded.
-
-    # Custom directories with classes and modules you want to be autoloadable.
-    # config.autoload_paths += %W(#{config.root}/extras)
-  end
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/boot.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/boot.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5e5f0c1fac..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/boot.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-# Set up gems listed in the Gemfile.
-ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'] ||= File.expand_path('../../Gemfile', __FILE__)
-
-require 'bundler/setup' if File.exist?(ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'])
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/database.yml b/guides/code/getting_started/config/database.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 51a4dd459d..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/database.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-# SQLite version 3.x
-#   gem install sqlite3
-#
-#   Ensure the SQLite 3 gem is defined in your Gemfile
-#   gem 'sqlite3'
-development:
-  adapter: sqlite3
-  database: db/development.sqlite3
-  pool: 5
-  timeout: 5000
-
-# Warning: The database defined as "test" will be erased and
-# re-generated from your development database when you run "rake".
-# Do not set this db to the same as development or production.
-test:
-  adapter: sqlite3
-  database: db/test.sqlite3
-  pool: 5
-  timeout: 5000
-
-production:
-  adapter: sqlite3
-  database: db/production.sqlite3
-  pool: 5
-  timeout: 5000
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/environment.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/environment.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index e7e341c960..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/environment.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-# Load the Rails application.
-require File.expand_path('../application', __FILE__)
-
-# Initialize the Rails application.
-Blog::Application.initialize!
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/development.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/development.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7e5692b08b..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/development.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-Blog::Application.configure do
-  # Settings specified here will take precedence over those in config/application.rb.
-
-  # In the development environment your application's code is reloaded on
-  # every request. This slows down response time but is perfect for development
-  # since you don't have to restart the web server when you make code changes.
-  config.cache_classes = false
-
-  # Do not eager load code on boot.
-  config.eager_load = false
-
-  # Show full error reports and disable caching.
-  config.consider_all_requests_local       = true
-  config.action_controller.perform_caching = false
-
-  # Don't care if the mailer can't send.
-  config.action_mailer.raise_delivery_errors = false
-
-  # Print deprecation notices to the Rails logger.
-  config.active_support.deprecation = :log
-
-  # Only use best-standards-support built into browsers.
-  config.action_dispatch.best_standards_support = :builtin
-
-  # Raise an error on page load if there are pending migrations.
-  config.active_record.migration_error = :page_load
-
-  # Debug mode disables concatenation and preprocessing of assets.
-  config.assets.debug = true
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/production.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/production.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 8c514e065e..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/production.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,80 +0,0 @@
-Blog::Application.configure do
-  # Settings specified here will take precedence over those in config/application.rb.
-
-  # Code is not reloaded between requests.
-  config.cache_classes = true
-
-  # Eager load code on boot. This eager loads most of Rails and
-  # your application in memory, allowing both threaded web servers
-  # and those relying on copy on write to perform better.
-  # Rake tasks automatically ignore this option for performance.
-  config.eager_load = true
-
-  # Full error reports are disabled and caching is turned on.
-  config.consider_all_requests_local       = false
-  config.action_controller.perform_caching = true
-
-  # Enable Rack::Cache to put a simple HTTP cache in front of your application
-  # Add `rack-cache` to your Gemfile before enabling this.
-  # For large-scale production use, consider using a caching reverse proxy like nginx, varnish or squid.
-  # config.action_dispatch.rack_cache = true
-
-  # Disable Rails's static asset server (Apache or nginx will already do this).
-  config.serve_static_assets = false
-
-  # Compress JavaScripts and CSS.
-  config.assets.js_compressor  = :uglifier
-  # config.assets.css_compressor = :sass
-
-  # Whether to fallback to assets pipeline if a precompiled asset is missed.
-  config.assets.compile = false
-
-  # Generate digests for assets URLs.
-  config.assets.digest = true
-
-  # Version of your assets, change this if you want to expire all your assets.
-  config.assets.version = '1.0'
-
-  # Specifies the header that your server uses for sending files.
-  # config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = "X-Sendfile" # for apache
-  # config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = 'X-Accel-Redirect' # for nginx
-
-  # Force all access to the app over SSL, use Strict-Transport-Security, and use secure cookies.
-  # config.force_ssl = true
-
-  # Set to :debug to see everything in the log.
-  config.log_level = :info
-
-  # Prepend all log lines with the following tags.
-  # config.log_tags = [ :subdomain, :uuid ]
-
-  # Use a different logger for distributed setups.
-  # config.logger = ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging.new(SyslogLogger.new)
-
-  # Use a different cache store in production.
-  # config.cache_store = :mem_cache_store
-
-  # Enable serving of images, stylesheets, and JavaScripts from an asset server.
-  # config.action_controller.asset_host = "http://assets.example.com"
-
-  # Precompile additional assets.
-  # application.js, application.css, and all non-JS/CSS in app/assets folder are already added.
-  # config.assets.precompile += %w( search.js )
-
-  # Ignore bad email addresses and do not raise email delivery errors.
-  # Set this to true and configure the email server for immediate delivery to raise delivery errors.
-  # config.action_mailer.raise_delivery_errors = false
-
-  # Enable locale fallbacks for I18n (makes lookups for any locale fall back to
-  # the I18n.default_locale when a translation cannot be found).
-  config.i18n.fallbacks = true
-
-  # Send deprecation notices to registered listeners.
-  config.active_support.deprecation = :notify
-
-  # Disable automatic flushing of the log to improve performance.
-  # config.autoflush_log = false
-
-  # Use default logging formatter so that PID and timestamp are not suppressed.
-  config.log_formatter = ::Logger::Formatter.new
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 34ab1530d1..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-Blog::Application.configure do
-  # Settings specified here will take precedence over those in config/application.rb.
-
-  # The test environment is used exclusively to run your application's
-  # test suite. You never need to work with it otherwise. Remember that
-  # your test database is "scratch space" for the test suite and is wiped
-  # and recreated between test runs. Don't rely on the data there!
-  config.cache_classes = true
-
-  # Do not eager load code on boot. This avoids loading your whole application
-  # just for the purpose of running a single test. If you are using a tool that
-  # preloads Rails for running tests, you may have to set it to true.
-  config.eager_load = false
-
-  # Configure static asset server for tests with Cache-Control for performance.
-  config.serve_static_assets = true
-  config.static_cache_control = 'public, max-age=3600'
-
-  # Show full error reports and disable caching.
-  config.consider_all_requests_local       = true
-  config.action_controller.perform_caching = false
-
-  # Raise exceptions instead of rendering exception templates.
-  config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions = false
-
-  # Disable request forgery protection in test environment.
-  config.action_controller.allow_forgery_protection = false
-
-  # Tell Action Mailer not to deliver emails to the real world.
-  # The :test delivery method accumulates sent emails in the
-  # ActionMailer::Base.deliveries array.
-  config.action_mailer.delivery_method = :test
-
-  # Print deprecation notices to the stderr.
-  config.active_support.deprecation = :stderr
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/backtrace_silencers.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/backtrace_silencers.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 59385cdf37..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/backtrace_silencers.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
-
-# You can add backtrace silencers for libraries that you're using but don't wish to see in your backtraces.
-# Rails.backtrace_cleaner.add_silencer { |line| line =~ /my_noisy_library/ }
-
-# You can also remove all the silencers if you're trying to debug a problem that might stem from framework code.
-# Rails.backtrace_cleaner.remove_silencers!
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/filter_parameter_logging.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/filter_parameter_logging.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 4a994e1e7b..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/filter_parameter_logging.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
-
-# Configure sensitive parameters which will be filtered from the log file.
-Rails.application.config.filter_parameters += [:password]
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/inflections.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/inflections.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index ac033bf9dc..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/inflections.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
-
-# Add new inflection rules using the following format. Inflections
-# are locale specific, and you may define rules for as many different
-# locales as you wish. All of these examples are active by default:
-# ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections(:en) do |inflect|
-#   inflect.plural /^(ox)$/i, '\1en'
-#   inflect.singular /^(ox)en/i, '\1'
-#   inflect.irregular 'person', 'people'
-#   inflect.uncountable %w( fish sheep )
-# end
-
-# These inflection rules are supported but not enabled by default:
-# ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections(:en) do |inflect|
-#   inflect.acronym 'RESTful'
-# end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/locale.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/locale.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d89dac7c6a..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/locale.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
-
-# Set Time.zone default to the specified zone and make Active Record auto-convert to this zone.
-# Run "rake -D time" for a list of tasks for finding time zone names. Default is UTC.
-# Rails.application.config.time_zone = 'Central Time (US & Canada)'
-
-# The default locale is :en and all translations from config/locales/*.rb,yml are auto loaded.
-# Rails.application.config.i18n.load_path += Dir[Rails.root.join('my', 'locales', '*.{rb,yml}').to_s]
-# Rails.application.config.i18n.default_locale = :de
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/mime_types.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/mime_types.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 72aca7e441..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/mime_types.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
-
-# Add new mime types for use in respond_to blocks:
-# Mime::Type.register "text/richtext", :rtf
-# Mime::Type.register_alias "text/html", :iphone
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/secret_token.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/secret_token.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index aaf57731be..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/secret_token.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
-
-# Your secret key for verifying the integrity of signed cookies.
-# If you change this key, all old signed cookies will become invalid!
-
-# Make sure the secret is at least 30 characters and all random,
-# no regular words or you'll be exposed to dictionary attacks.
-# You can use `rake secret` to generate a secure secret key.
-
-# Make sure your secret_key_base is kept private
-# if you're sharing your code publicly.
-Blog::Application.config.secret_key_base = 'e8aab50cec8a06a75694111a4cbaf6e22fc288ccbc6b268683aae7273043c69b15ca07d10c92a788dd6077a54762cbfcc55f19c3459f7531221b3169f8171a53'
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/session_store.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/session_store.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3b2ca93ab9..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/session_store.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
-
-Blog::Application.config.session_store :cookie_store, key: '_blog_session'
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 33725e95fd..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
-
-# This file contains settings for ActionController::ParamsWrapper which
-# is enabled by default.
-
-# Enable parameter wrapping for JSON. You can disable this by setting :format to an empty array.
-ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_controller) do
-  wrap_parameters format: [:json] if respond_to?(:wrap_parameters)
-end
-
-# To enable root element in JSON for ActiveRecord objects.
-# ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
-#  self.include_root_in_json = true
-# end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/locales/en.yml b/guides/code/getting_started/config/locales/en.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 0653957166..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/locales/en.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-# Files in the config/locales directory are used for internationalization
-# and are automatically loaded by Rails. If you want to use locales other
-# than English, add the necessary files in this directory.
-#
-# To use the locales, use `I18n.t`:
-#
-#     I18n.t 'hello'
-#
-# In views, this is aliased to just `t`:
-#
-#     <%= t('hello') %>
-#
-# To use a different locale, set it with `I18n.locale`:
-#
-#     I18n.locale = :es
-#
-# This would use the information in config/locales/es.yml.
-#
-# To learn more, please read the Rails Internationalization guide
-# available at http://guides.rubyonrails.org/i18n.html.
-
-en:
-  hello: "Hello world"
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/routes.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/routes.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 0155b613a3..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/routes.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-Blog::Application.routes.draw do
-  resources :posts do
-    resources :comments
-  end
-
-  root "welcome#index"
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/db/migrate/20130122042648_create_posts.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/db/migrate/20130122042648_create_posts.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 602bef31ab..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/db/migrate/20130122042648_create_posts.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-class CreatePosts < ActiveRecord::Migration
-  def change
-    create_table :posts do |t|
-      t.string :title
-      t.text :text
-
-      t.timestamps
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/db/migrate/20130122045842_create_comments.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/db/migrate/20130122045842_create_comments.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3e51f9c0f7..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/db/migrate/20130122045842_create_comments.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-class CreateComments < ActiveRecord::Migration
-  def change
-    create_table :comments do |t|
-      t.string :commenter
-      t.text :body
-      t.references :post, index: true
-
-      t.timestamps
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/db/schema.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/db/schema.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 101fe712a1..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/db/schema.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-# encoding: UTF-8
-# This file is auto-generated from the current state of the database. Instead
-# of editing this file, please use the migrations feature of Active Record to
-# incrementally modify your database, and then regenerate this schema definition.
-#
-# Note that this schema.rb definition is the authoritative source for your
-# database schema. If you need to create the application database on another
-# system, you should be using db:schema:load, not running all the migrations
-# from scratch. The latter is a flawed and unsustainable approach (the more migrations
-# you'll amass, the slower it'll run and the greater likelihood for issues).
-#
-# It's strongly recommended that you check this file into your version control system.
-
-ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: 20130122045842) do
-
-  create_table "comments", force: true do |t|
-    t.string   "commenter"
-    t.text     "body"
-    t.integer  "post_id"
-    t.datetime "created_at"
-    t.datetime "updated_at"
-  end
-
-  add_index "comments", ["post_id"], name: "index_comments_on_post_id"
-
-  create_table "posts", force: true do |t|
-    t.string   "title"
-    t.text     "text"
-    t.datetime "created_at"
-    t.datetime "updated_at"
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/db/seeds.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/db/seeds.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 4edb1e857e..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/db/seeds.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-# This file should contain all the record creation needed to seed the database with its default values.
-# The data can then be loaded with the rake db:seed (or created alongside the db with db:setup).
-#
-# Examples:
-#
-#   cities = City.create([{ name: 'Chicago' }, { name: 'Copenhagen' }])
-#   Mayor.create(name: 'Emanuel', city: cities.first)
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/lib/assets/.keep b/guides/code/getting_started/lib/assets/.keep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/lib/assets/.keep
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/lib/tasks/.keep b/guides/code/getting_started/lib/tasks/.keep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/lib/tasks/.keep
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/log/.keep b/guides/code/getting_started/log/.keep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/log/.keep
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/public/404.html b/guides/code/getting_started/public/404.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 3265cc8e33..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/public/404.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html>
-<head>
-  <title>The page you were looking for doesn't exist (404)</title>
-  <style>
-  body {
-    background-color: #EFEFEF;
-    color: #2E2F30;
-    text-align: center;
-    font-family: arial, sans-serif;
-  }
-
-  div.dialog {
-    width: 25em;
-    margin: 4em auto 0 auto;
-    border: 1px solid #CCC;
-    border-right-color: #999;
-    border-left-color: #999;
-    border-bottom-color: #BBB;
-    border-top: #B00100 solid 4px;
-    border-top-left-radius: 9px;
-    border-top-right-radius: 9px;
-    background-color: white;
-    padding: 7px 4em 0 4em;
-    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
-  }
-
-  h1 {
-    font-size: 100%;
-    color: #730E15;
-    line-height: 1.5em;
-  }
-
-  body > p {
-    width: 33em;
-    margin: 0 auto 1em;
-    padding: 1em 0;
-    background-color: #F7F7F7;
-    border: 1px solid #CCC;
-    border-right-color: #999;
-    border-left-color: #999;
-    border-bottom-color: #999;
-    border-bottom-left-radius: 4px;
-    border-bottom-right-radius: 4px;
-    border-top-color: #DADADA;
-    color: #666;
-    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
-  }
-  </style>
-</head>
-
-<body>
-  <!-- This file lives in public/404.html -->
-  <div class="dialog">
-    <h1>The page you were looking for doesn't exist.</h1>
-    <p>You may have mistyped the address or the page may have moved.</p>
-  </div>
-  <p>If you are the application owner check the logs for more information.</p>
-</body>
-</html>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/public/422.html b/guides/code/getting_started/public/422.html
deleted file mode 100644
index d823a8fc77..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/public/422.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html>
-<head>
-  <title>The change you wanted was rejected (422)</title>
-  <style>
-  body {
-    background-color: #EFEFEF;
-    color: #2E2F30;
-    text-align: center;
-    font-family: arial, sans-serif;
-  }
-
-  div.dialog {
-    width: 25em;
-    margin: 4em auto 0 auto;
-    border: 1px solid #CCC;
-    border-right-color: #999;
-    border-left-color: #999;
-    border-bottom-color: #BBB;
-    border-top: #B00100 solid 4px;
-    border-top-left-radius: 9px;
-    border-top-right-radius: 9px;
-    background-color: white;
-    padding: 7px 4em 0 4em;
-    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
-  }
-
-  h1 {
-    font-size: 100%;
-    color: #730E15;
-    line-height: 1.5em;
-  }
-
-  body > p {
-    width: 33em;
-    margin: 0 auto 1em;
-    padding: 1em 0;
-    background-color: #F7F7F7;
-    border: 1px solid #CCC;
-    border-right-color: #999;
-    border-left-color: #999;
-    border-bottom-color: #999;
-    border-bottom-left-radius: 4px;
-    border-bottom-right-radius: 4px;
-    border-top-color: #DADADA;
-    color: #666;
-    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
-  }
-  </style>
-</head>
-
-<body>
-  <!-- This file lives in public/422.html -->
-  <div class="dialog">
-    <h1>The change you wanted was rejected.</h1>
-    <p>Maybe you tried to change something you didn't have access to.</p>
-  </div>
-  <p>If you are the application owner check the logs for more information.</p>
-</body>
-</html>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/public/500.html b/guides/code/getting_started/public/500.html
deleted file mode 100644
index ebf6d4c00c..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/public/500.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html>
-<head>
-  <title>We're sorry, but something went wrong (500)</title>
-  <style>
-  body {
-    background-color: #EFEFEF;
-    color: #2E2F30;
-    text-align: center;
-    font-family: arial, sans-serif;
-  }
-
-  div.dialog {
-    width: 25em;
-    margin: 4em auto 0 auto;
-    border: 1px solid #CCC;
-    border-right-color: #999;
-    border-left-color: #999;
-    border-bottom-color: #BBB;
-    border-top: #B00100 solid 4px;
-    border-top-left-radius: 9px;
-    border-top-right-radius: 9px;
-    background-color: white;
-    padding: 7px 4em 0 4em;
-    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
-  }
-
-  h1 {
-    font-size: 100%;
-    color: #730E15;
-    line-height: 1.5em;
-  }
-
-  body > p {
-    width: 33em;
-    margin: 0 auto 1em;
-    padding: 1em 0;
-    background-color: #F7F7F7;
-    border: 1px solid #CCC;
-    border-right-color: #999;
-    border-left-color: #999;
-    border-bottom-color: #999;
-    border-bottom-left-radius: 4px;
-    border-bottom-right-radius: 4px;
-    border-top-color: #DADADA;
-    color: #666;
-    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
-  }
-  </style>
-</head>
-
-<body>
-  <!-- This file lives in public/500.html -->
-  <div class="dialog">
-    <h1>We're sorry, but something went wrong.</h1>
-  </div>
-  <p>If you are the application owner check the logs for more information.</p>
-</body>
-</html>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/public/favicon.ico b/guides/code/getting_started/public/favicon.ico
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/public/favicon.ico
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/public/robots.txt b/guides/code/getting_started/public/robots.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 3c9c7c01f3..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/public/robots.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-# See http://www.robotstxt.org/robotstxt.html for documentation on how to use the robots.txt file
-#
-# To ban all spiders from the entire site uncomment the next two lines:
-# User-agent: *
-# Disallow: /
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/.keep b/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/.keep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/.keep
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/comments_controller_test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/comments_controller_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 2ec71b4ec5..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/comments_controller_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-require 'test_helper'
-
-class CommentsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  # test "the truth" do
-  #   assert true
-  # end
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/posts_controller_test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/posts_controller_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7a6ee4f1db..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/posts_controller_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-require 'test_helper'
-
-class PostsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  # test "the truth" do
-  #   assert true
-  # end
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/welcome_controller_test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/welcome_controller_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index dff8e9d2c5..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/welcome_controller_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-require 'test_helper'
-
-class WelcomeControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  test "should get index" do
-    get :index
-    assert_response :success
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/.keep b/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/.keep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/.keep
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/comments.yml b/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/comments.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 9e409d8a61..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/comments.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-# Read about fixtures at http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/FixtureSet.html
-
-one:
-  commenter: MyString
-  body: MyText
-  post_id: 
-
-two:
-  commenter: MyString
-  body: MyText
-  post_id: 
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/posts.yml b/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/posts.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 46b01c3bb4..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/posts.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-# Read about fixtures at http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/FixtureSet.html
-
-one:
-  title: MyString
-  text: MyText
-
-two:
-  title: MyString
-  text: MyText
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/.keep b/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/.keep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/.keep
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/comments_helper_test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/comments_helper_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 2518c16bd5..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/comments_helper_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-require 'test_helper'
-
-class CommentsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/posts_helper_test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/posts_helper_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 48549c2ea1..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/posts_helper_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-require 'test_helper'
-
-class PostsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/welcome_helper_test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/welcome_helper_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d6ded5995f..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/welcome_helper_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-require 'test_helper'
-
-class WelcomeHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/integration/.keep b/guides/code/getting_started/test/integration/.keep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/integration/.keep
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/mailers/.keep b/guides/code/getting_started/test/mailers/.keep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/mailers/.keep
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/models/.keep b/guides/code/getting_started/test/models/.keep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/models/.keep
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/models/comment_test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/models/comment_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b6d6131a96..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/models/comment_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-require 'test_helper'
-
-class CommentTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  # test "the truth" do
-  #   assert true
-  # end
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/models/post_test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/models/post_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6d9d463a71..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/models/post_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-require 'test_helper'
-
-class PostTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  # test "the truth" do
-  #   assert true
-  # end
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/test_helper.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/test_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index f91a4375dc..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/test_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = "test"
-require File.expand_path('../../config/environment', __FILE__)
-require 'rails/test_help'
-
-class ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  ActiveRecord::Migration.check_pending!
-
-  # Setup all fixtures in test/fixtures/*.yml for all tests in alphabetical order.
-  #
-  # Note: You'll currently still have to declare fixtures explicitly in integration tests
-  # -- they do not yet inherit this setting
-  fixtures :all
-
-  # Add more helper methods to be used by all tests here...
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/vendor/assets/javascripts/.keep b/guides/code/getting_started/vendor/assets/javascripts/.keep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/vendor/assets/javascripts/.keep
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/vendor/assets/stylesheets/.keep b/guides/code/getting_started/vendor/assets/stylesheets/.keep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/vendor/assets/stylesheets/.keep
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/rails_guides.rb b/guides/rails_guides.rb
index 9d488a8a15..367ed0b12e 100644
--- a/guides/rails_guides.rb
+++ b/guides/rails_guides.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,6 @@
 pwd = File.dirname(__FILE__)
 $:.unshift pwd
 
-# This is a predicate useful for the doc:guides task of applications.
-def bundler?
-  # Note that rake sets the cwd to the one that contains the Rakefile
-  # being executed.
-  File.exist?('Gemfile')
-end
-
 begin
   # Guides generation in the Rails repo.
   as_lib = File.join(pwd, "../activesupport/lib")
@@ -20,44 +13,5 @@ rescue LoadError
   gem "actionpack", '>= 3.0'
 end
 
-begin
-  require 'redcarpet'
-rescue LoadError
-  # This can happen if doc:guides is executed in an application.
-  $stderr.puts('Generating guides requires Redcarpet 2.1.1+.')
-  $stderr.puts(<<ERROR) if bundler?
-Please add
-
-  gem 'redcarpet', '~> 2.1.1'
-
-to the Gemfile, run
-
-  bundle install
-
-and try again.
-ERROR
-  exit 1
-end
-
-begin
-  require 'nokogiri'
-rescue LoadError
-  # This can happen if doc:guides is executed in an application.
-  $stderr.puts('Generating guides requires Nokogiri.')
-  $stderr.puts(<<ERROR) if bundler?
-Please add
-
-  gem 'nokogiri'
-
-to the Gemfile, run
-
-  bundle install
-
-and try again.
-ERROR
-  exit 1
-end
-
-require 'rails_guides/markdown'
 require "rails_guides/generator"
 RailsGuides::Generator.new.generate
diff --git a/guides/rails_guides/generator.rb b/guides/rails_guides/generator.rb
index aa900454c8..7618fce2c8 100644
--- a/guides/rails_guides/generator.rb
+++ b/guides/rails_guides/generator.rb
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
 require 'action_controller'
 require 'action_view'
 
+require 'rails_guides/markdown'
 require 'rails_guides/indexer'
 require 'rails_guides/helpers'
 require 'rails_guides/levenshtein'
@@ -161,7 +162,7 @@ module RailsGuides
     def select_only(guides)
       prefixes = ENV['ONLY'].split(",").map(&:strip)
       guides.select do |guide|
-        prefixes.any? { |p| guide.start_with?(p) || guide.start_with?("kindle") }
+        guide.start_with?('kindle'.freeze, *prefixes)
       end
     end
 
@@ -193,7 +194,7 @@ module RailsGuides
       layout = kindle? ? 'kindle/layout' : 'layout'
 
       File.open(output_path, 'w') do |f|
-        view = ActionView::Base.new(source_dir, :edge => @edge, :version => @version, :mobi => "kindle/#{mobi}")
+        view = ActionView::Base.new(source_dir, :edge => @edge, :version => @version, :mobi => "kindle/#{mobi}", :lang => @lang)
         view.extend(Helpers)
 
         if guide =~ /\.(\w+)\.erb$/
diff --git a/guides/rails_guides/helpers.rb b/guides/rails_guides/helpers.rb
index 169453400f..5bf73da16c 100644
--- a/guides/rails_guides/helpers.rb
+++ b/guides/rails_guides/helpers.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ module RailsGuides
     end
 
     def documents_by_section
-      @documents_by_section ||= YAML.load_file(File.expand_path('../../source/documents.yaml', __FILE__))
+      @documents_by_section ||= YAML.load_file(File.expand_path("../../source/#{@lang ? @lang + '/' : ''}documents.yaml", __FILE__))
     end
 
     def documents_flat
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ module RailsGuides
     def author(name, nick, image = 'credits_pic_blank.gif', &block)
       image = "images/#{image}"
 
-      result = content_tag(:img, nil, :src => image, :class => 'left pic', :alt => name, :width => 91, :height => 91)
+      result = tag(:img, :src => image, :class => 'left pic', :alt => name, :width => 91, :height => 91)
       result << content_tag(:h3, name)
       result << content_tag(:p, capture(&block))
       content_tag(:div, result, :class => 'clearfix', :id => nick)
diff --git a/guides/rails_guides/kindle.rb b/guides/rails_guides/kindle.rb
index 09eecd5634..081afcb09f 100644
--- a/guides/rails_guides/kindle.rb
+++ b/guides/rails_guides/kindle.rb
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ module Kindle
 
       generate_document_metadata(mobi_outfile)
 
-      puts "Creating MOBI document with kindlegen. This make take a while."
+      puts "Creating MOBI document with kindlegen. This may take a while."
       cmd = "kindlerb . > #{File.absolute_path logfile} 2>&1"
       puts cmd
       system(cmd)
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ module Kindle
       File.open("sections/%03d/_section.txt" % section_idx, 'w') {|f| f.puts title}
       doc.xpath("//h3[@id]").each_with_index do |h3,item_idx|
         subsection = h3.inner_text
-        content = h3.xpath("./following-sibling::*").take_while {|x| x.name != "h3"}.map {|x| x.to_html}
+        content = h3.xpath("./following-sibling::*").take_while {|x| x.name != "h3"}.map(&:to_html)
         item = Nokogiri::HTML(h3.to_html + content.join("\n"))
         item_path = "sections/%03d/%03d.html" % [section_idx, item_idx] 
         add_head_section(item, subsection)
diff --git a/guides/rails_guides/levenshtein.rb b/guides/rails_guides/levenshtein.rb
index 489aa3ea7a..049f633258 100644
--- a/guides/rails_guides/levenshtein.rb
+++ b/guides/rails_guides/levenshtein.rb
@@ -1,31 +1,40 @@
 module RailsGuides
   module Levenshtein
-    # Based on the pseudocode in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levenshtein_distance
-    def self.distance(s1, s2)
-      s = s1.unpack('U*')
-      t = s2.unpack('U*')
-      m = s.length
-      n = t.length
+    # This code is based directly on the Text gem implementation
+    # Returns a value representing the "cost" of transforming str1 into str2
+    def self.distance str1, str2
+      s = str1
+      t = str2
+      n = s.length
+      m = t.length
 
-      # matrix initialization
-      d = []
-      0.upto(m) { |i| d << [i] }
-      0.upto(n) { |j| d[0][j] = j }
+      return m if (0 == n)
+      return n if (0 == m)
 
-      # distance computation
-      1.upto(m) do |i|
-        1.upto(n) do |j|
-          cost = s[i] == t[j] ? 0 : 1
-          d[i][j] = [
-            d[i-1][j] + 1,      # deletion
-            d[i][j-1] + 1,      # insertion
-            d[i-1][j-1] + cost, # substitution
-          ].min
+      d = (0..m).to_a
+      x = nil
+
+      # avoid duplicating an enumerable object in the loop
+      str2_codepoint_enumerable = str2.each_codepoint
+
+      str1.each_codepoint.with_index do |char1, i|
+        e = i+1
+
+        str2_codepoint_enumerable.with_index do |char2, j|
+          cost = (char1 == char2) ? 0 : 1
+          x = [
+               d[j+1] + 1, # insertion
+               e + 1,      # deletion
+               d[j] + cost # substitution
+              ].min
+          d[j] = e
+          e = x
         end
+
+        d[m] = x
       end
 
-      # all done
-      return d[m][n]
+      return x
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/guides/rails_guides/markdown.rb b/guides/rails_guides/markdown.rb
index 547c6d2c15..69c7cd5136 100644
--- a/guides/rails_guides/markdown.rb
+++ b/guides/rails_guides/markdown.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
-
 require 'redcarpet'
 require 'nokogiri'
 require 'rails_guides/markdown/renderer'
@@ -47,8 +45,12 @@ module RailsGuides
       end
 
       def dom_id_text(text)
-        text.downcase.gsub(/\?/, '-questionmark').gsub(/!/, '-bang').gsub(/[^a-z0-9]+/, ' ')
-          .strip.gsub(/\s+/, '-')
+        escaped_chars = Regexp.escape('\\/`*_{}[]()#+-.!:,;|&<>^~=\'"')
+
+        text.downcase.gsub(/\?/, '-questionmark')
+                     .gsub(/!/, '-bang')
+                     .gsub(/[#{escaped_chars}]+/, ' ').strip
+                     .gsub(/\s+/, '-')
       end
 
       def engine
@@ -79,10 +81,10 @@ module RailsGuides
       def generate_structure
         @headings_for_index = []
         if @body.present?
-          @body = Nokogiri::HTML(@body).tap do |doc|
+          @body = Nokogiri::HTML.fragment(@body).tap do |doc|
             hierarchy = []
 
-            doc.at('body').children.each do |node|
+            doc.children.each do |node|
               if node.name =~ /^h[3-6]$/
                 case node.name
                 when 'h3'
@@ -116,7 +118,7 @@ module RailsGuides
             end
           end
 
-          @index = Nokogiri::HTML(engine.render(raw_index)).tap do |doc|
+          @index = Nokogiri::HTML.fragment(engine.render(raw_index)).tap do |doc|
             doc.at('ol')[:class] = 'chapters'
           end.to_html
 
@@ -130,8 +132,8 @@ module RailsGuides
       end
 
       def generate_title
-        if heading = Nokogiri::HTML(@header).at(:h2)
-          @title = "#{heading.text} — Ruby on Rails Guides".html_safe
+        if heading = Nokogiri::HTML.fragment(@header).at(:h2)
+          @title = "#{heading.text} — Ruby on Rails Guides"
         else
           @title = "Ruby on Rails Guides"
         end
diff --git a/guides/rails_guides/markdown/renderer.rb b/guides/rails_guides/markdown/renderer.rb
index 2eb7ca17a3..554d94ad50 100644
--- a/guides/rails_guides/markdown/renderer.rb
+++ b/guides/rails_guides/markdown/renderer.rb
@@ -23,8 +23,9 @@ HTML
       end
 
       def paragraph(text)
-        if text =~ /^(TIP|IMPORTANT|CAUTION|WARNING|NOTE|INFO|TODO)[.:](.*?)/
+        if text =~ /^(TIP|IMPORTANT|CAUTION|WARNING|NOTE|INFO|TODO)[.:]/
           convert_notes(text)
+        elsif text.include?('DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB')
         elsif text =~ /^\[<sup>(\d+)\]:<\/sup> (.+)$/
           linkback = %(<a href="#footnote-#{$1}-ref"><sup>#{$1}</sup></a>)
           %(<p class="footnote" id="footnote-#{$1}">#{linkback} #{$2}</p>)
@@ -47,10 +48,10 @@ HTML
           case code_type
             when 'ruby', 'sql', 'plain'
               code_type
-            when 'erb'
+            when 'erb', 'html+erb'
               'ruby; html-script: true'
             when 'html'
-              'xml' # html is understood, but there are .xml rules in the CSS
+              'xml' # HTML is understood, but there are .xml rules in the CSS
             else
               'plain'
           end
diff --git a/guides/source/2_2_release_notes.md b/guides/source/2_2_release_notes.md
index 522f628a7e..be00087f63 100644
--- a/guides/source/2_2_release_notes.md
+++ b/guides/source/2_2_release_notes.md
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Ruby on Rails 2.2 Release Notes
 ===============================
 
-Rails 2.2 delivers a number of new and improved features. This list covers the major upgrades, but doesn't include every little bug fix and change. If you want to see everything, check out the [list of commits](http://github.com/rails/rails/commits/master) in the main Rails repository on GitHub.
+Rails 2.2 delivers a number of new and improved features. This list covers the major upgrades, but doesn't include every little bug fix and change. If you want to see everything, check out the [list of commits](http://github.com/rails/rails/commits/2-2-stable) in the main Rails repository on GitHub.
 
 Along with Rails, 2.2 marks the launch of the [Ruby on Rails Guides](http://guides.rubyonrails.org/), the first results of the ongoing [Rails Guides hackfest](http://hackfest.rubyonrails.org/guide). This site will deliver high-quality documentation of the major features of Rails.
 
diff --git a/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.md b/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.md
index 8c633fa169..0a62f34371 100644
--- a/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.md
+++ b/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.md
@@ -1,14 +1,16 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Ruby on Rails 2.3 Release Notes
 ===============================
 
-Rails 2.3 delivers a variety of new and improved features, including pervasive Rack integration, refreshed support for Rails Engines, nested transactions for Active Record, dynamic and default scopes, unified rendering, more efficient routing, application templates, and quiet backtraces. This list covers the major upgrades, but doesn't include every little bug fix and change. If you want to see everything, check out the [list of commits](http://github.com/rails/rails/commits/master) in the main Rails repository on GitHub or review the `CHANGELOG` files for the individual Rails components.
+Rails 2.3 delivers a variety of new and improved features, including pervasive Rack integration, refreshed support for Rails Engines, nested transactions for Active Record, dynamic and default scopes, unified rendering, more efficient routing, application templates, and quiet backtraces. This list covers the major upgrades, but doesn't include every little bug fix and change. If you want to see everything, check out the [list of commits](http://github.com/rails/rails/commits/2-3-stable) in the main Rails repository on GitHub or review the `CHANGELOG` files for the individual Rails components.
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 Application Architecture
 ------------------------
 
-There are two major changes in the architecture of Rails applications: complete integration of the [Rack](http://rack.rubyforge.org/) modular web server interface, and renewed support for Rails Engines.
+There are two major changes in the architecture of Rails applications: complete integration of the [Rack](http://rack.github.io/) modular web server interface, and renewed support for Rails Engines.
 
 ### Rack Integration
 
@@ -185,7 +187,7 @@ MySQL supports a reconnect flag in its connections - if set to true, then the cl
 
 * Lead Contributor: [Dov Murik](http://twitter.com/dubek)
 * More information:
-    * [Controlling Automatic Reconnection Behavior](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/auto-reconnect.html)
+    * [Controlling Automatic Reconnection Behavior](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/auto-reconnect.html)
     * [MySQL auto-reconnect revisited](http://groups.google.com/group/rubyonrails-core/browse_thread/thread/49d2a7e9c96cb9f4)
 
 ### Other Active Record Changes
@@ -594,7 +596,7 @@ The internals of the various <code>rake gem</code> tasks have been substantially
 * Various files in /public that deal with CGI and FCGI dispatching are no longer generated in every Rails application by default (you can still get them if you need them by adding `--with-dispatchers` when you run the `rails` command, or add them later with `rake rails:update:generate_dispatchers`).
 * Rails Guides have been converted from AsciiDoc to Textile markup.
 * Scaffolded views and controllers have been cleaned up a bit.
-* `script/server` now accepts a <tt>--path</tt> argument to mount a Rails application from a specific path.
+* `script/server` now accepts a `--path` argument to mount a Rails application from a specific path.
 * If any configured gems are missing, the gem rake tasks will skip loading much of the environment. This should solve many of the "chicken-and-egg" problems where rake gems:install couldn't run because gems were missing.
 * Gems are now unpacked exactly once. This fixes issues with gems (hoe, for instance) which are packed with read-only permissions on the files.
 
@@ -618,4 +620,4 @@ A few pieces of older code are deprecated in this release:
 Credits
 -------
 
-Release notes compiled by [Mike Gunderloy](http://afreshcup.com.) This version of the Rails 2.3 release notes was compiled based on RC2 of Rails 2.3.
+Release notes compiled by [Mike Gunderloy](http://afreshcup.com). This version of the Rails 2.3 release notes was compiled based on RC2 of Rails 2.3.
diff --git a/guides/source/3_0_release_notes.md b/guides/source/3_0_release_notes.md
index dd81ec58f9..696493a3cf 100644
--- a/guides/source/3_0_release_notes.md
+++ b/guides/source/3_0_release_notes.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Ruby on Rails 3.0 Release Notes
 ===============================
 
@@ -15,7 +17,7 @@ Even if you don't give a hoot about any of our internal cleanups, Rails 3.0 is g
 
 On top of all that, we've tried our best to deprecate the old APIs with nice warnings. That means that you can move your existing application to Rails 3 without immediately rewriting all your old code to the latest best practices.
 
-These release notes cover the major upgrades, but don't include every little bug fix and change. Rails 3.0 consists of almost 4,000 commits by more than 250 authors! If you want to see everything, check out the [list of commits](http://github.com/rails/rails/commits/master) in the main Rails repository on GitHub.
+These release notes cover the major upgrades, but don't include every little bug fix and change. Rails 3.0 consists of almost 4,000 commits by more than 250 authors! If you want to see everything, check out the [list of commits](http://github.com/rails/rails/commits/3-0-stable) in the main Rails repository on GitHub.
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -86,7 +88,7 @@ $ cd myapp
 
 Rails now uses a `Gemfile` in the application root to determine the gems you require for your application to start. This `Gemfile` is processed by the [Bundler](http://github.com/carlhuda/bundler,) which then installs all your dependencies. It can even install all the dependencies locally to your application so that it doesn't depend on the system gems.
 
-More information: - [bundler homepage](http://gembundler.com)
+More information: - [bundler homepage](http://bundler.io/)
 
 ### Living on the Edge
 
@@ -138,7 +140,7 @@ More Information: - [Rails Edge Architecture](http://yehudakatz.com/2009/06/11/r
 
 [Arel](http://github.com/brynary/arel) (or Active Relation) has been taken on as the underpinnings of Active Record and is now required for Rails. Arel provides an SQL abstraction that simplifies out Active Record and provides the underpinnings for the relation functionality in Active Record.
 
-More information: - [Why I wrote Arel](http://magicscalingsprinkles.wordpress.com/2010/01/28/why-i-wrote-arel/.)
+More information: - [Why I wrote Arel](https://web.archive.org/web/20120718093140/http://magicscalingsprinkles.wordpress.com/2010/01/28/why-i-wrote-arel/)
 
 
 ### Mail Extraction
@@ -294,11 +296,11 @@ NOTE. The old style `map` commands still work as before with a backwards compati
 Deprecations
 
 * The catch all route for non-REST applications (`/:controller/:action/:id`) is now commented out.
-* Routes :path\_prefix no longer exists and :name\_prefix now automatically adds "\_" at the end of the given value.
+* Routes `:path_prefix` no longer exists and `:name_prefix` now automatically adds "_" at the end of the given value.
 
 More Information:
 * [The Rails 3 Router: Rack it Up](http://yehudakatz.com/2009/12/26/the-rails-3-router-rack-it-up/)
-* [Revamped Routes in Rails 3](http://rizwanreza.com/2009/12/20/revamped-routes-in-rails-3)
+* [Revamped Routes in Rails 3](https://medium.com/fusion-of-thoughts/revamped-routes-in-rails-3-b6d00654e5b0)
 * [Generic Actions in Rails 3](http://yehudakatz.com/2009/12/20/generic-actions-in-rails-3/)
 
 
@@ -308,7 +310,7 @@ More Information:
 
 Major re-write was done in the Action View helpers, implementing Unobtrusive JavaScript (UJS) hooks and removing the old inline AJAX commands. This enables Rails to use any compliant UJS driver to implement the UJS hooks in the helpers.
 
-What this means is that all previous `remote_<method>` helpers have been removed from Rails core and put into the [Prototype Legacy Helper](http://github.com/rails/prototype_legacy_helper.) To get UJS hooks into your HTML, you now pass `:remote => true` instead. For example:
+What this means is that all previous `remote_<method>` helpers have been removed from Rails core and put into the [Prototype Legacy Helper](http://github.com/rails/prototype_legacy_helper). To get UJS hooks into your HTML, you now pass `:remote => true` instead. For example:
 
 ```ruby
 form_for @post, :remote => true
@@ -521,7 +523,7 @@ A large effort was made in Active Support to make it cherry pickable, that is, y
 These are the main changes in Active Support:
 
 * Large clean up of the library removing unused methods throughout.
-* Active Support no longer provides vendored versions of [TZInfo](http://tzinfo.rubyforge.org/), [Memcache Client](http://deveiate.org/projects/RMemCache/) and [Builder](http://builder.rubyforge.org/,) these are all included as dependencies and installed via the `bundle install` command.
+* Active Support no longer provides vendored versions of TZInfo, Memcache Client and Builder. These are all included as dependencies and installed via the `bundle install` command.
 * Safe buffers are implemented in `ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer`.
 * Added `Array.uniq_by` and `Array.uniq_by!`.
 * Removed `Array#rand` and backported `Array#sample` from Ruby 1.9.
@@ -545,7 +547,7 @@ These are the main changes in Active Support:
 * `String#to_time` and `String#to_datetime` handle fractional seconds.
 * Added support to new callbacks for around filter object that respond to `:before` and `:after` used in before and after callbacks.
 * The `ActiveSupport::OrderedHash#to_a` method returns an ordered set of arrays. Matches Ruby 1.9's `Hash#to_a`.
-* `MissingSourceFile` exists as a constant but it is now just equals to `LoadError`.
+* `MissingSourceFile` exists as a constant but it is now just equal to `LoadError`.
 * Added `Class#class_attribute`, to be able to declare a class-level attribute whose value is inheritable and overwritable by subclasses.
 * Finally removed `DeprecatedCallbacks` in `ActiveRecord::Associations`.
 * `Object#metaclass` is now `Kernel#singleton_class` to match Ruby.
@@ -608,4 +610,4 @@ Credits
 
 See the [full list of contributors to Rails](http://contributors.rubyonrails.org/) for the many people who spent many hours making Rails 3. Kudos to all of them.
 
-Rails 3.0 Release Notes were compiled by [Mikel Lindsaar](http://lindsaar.net.)
+Rails 3.0 Release Notes were compiled by [Mikel Lindsaar](http://lindsaar.net).
diff --git a/guides/source/3_1_release_notes.md b/guides/source/3_1_release_notes.md
index 485f8c756b..327495704a 100644
--- a/guides/source/3_1_release_notes.md
+++ b/guides/source/3_1_release_notes.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Ruby on Rails 3.1 Release Notes
 ===============================
 
@@ -8,7 +10,10 @@ Highlights in Rails 3.1:
 * Assets Pipeline
 * jQuery as the default JavaScript library
 
-This release notes cover the major changes, but don't include every little bug fix and change. If you want to see everything, check out the [list of commits](https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/master) in the main Rails repository on GitHub.
+These release notes cover only the major changes. To learn about various bug
+fixes and changes, please refer to the change logs or check out the [list of
+commits](https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/3-1-stable) in the main Rails
+repository on GitHub.
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -146,7 +151,7 @@ $ cd myapp
 
 Rails now uses a `Gemfile` in the application root to determine the gems you require for your application to start. This `Gemfile` is processed by the [Bundler](https://github.com/carlhuda/bundler) gem, which then installs all your dependencies. It can even install all the dependencies locally to your application so that it doesn't depend on the system gems.
 
-More information: - [bundler homepage](http://gembundler.com)
+More information: - [bundler homepage](http://bundler.io/)
 
 ### Living on the Edge
 
@@ -169,11 +174,11 @@ Rails Architectural Changes
 
 The major change in Rails 3.1 is the Assets Pipeline. It makes CSS and JavaScript first-class code citizens and enables proper organization, including use in plugins and engines.
 
-The assets pipeline is powered by [Sprockets](https://github.com/sstephenson/sprockets) and is covered in the [Asset Pipeline](asset_pipeline.html) guide.
+The assets pipeline is powered by [Sprockets](https://github.com/rails/sprockets) and is covered in the [Asset Pipeline](asset_pipeline.html) guide.
 
 ### HTTP Streaming
 
-HTTP Streaming is another change that is new in Rails 3.1. This lets the browser download your stylesheets and JavaScript files while the server is still generating the response. This requires Ruby 1.9.2, is opt-in and requires support from the web server as well, but the popular combo of nginx and unicorn is ready to take advantage of it.
+HTTP Streaming is another change that is new in Rails 3.1. This lets the browser download your stylesheets and JavaScript files while the server is still generating the response. This requires Ruby 1.9.2, is opt-in and requires support from the web server as well, but the popular combo of NGINX and Unicorn is ready to take advantage of it.
 
 ### Default JS library is now jQuery
 
@@ -194,7 +199,7 @@ Railties
 
 * jQuery is the new default JavaScript library.
 
-* jQuery and Prototype are no longer vendored and is provided from now on by the jquery-rails and prototype-rails gems.
+* jQuery and Prototype are no longer vendored and is provided from now on by the `jquery-rails` and `prototype-rails` gems.
 
 * The application generator accepts an option `-j` which can be an arbitrary string. If passed "foo", the gem "foo-rails" is added to the `Gemfile`, and the application JavaScript manifest requires "foo" and "foo_ujs". Currently only "prototype-rails" and "jquery-rails" exist and provide those files via the asset pipeline.
 
diff --git a/guides/source/3_2_release_notes.md b/guides/source/3_2_release_notes.md
index ce811a583b..f16d509f77 100644
--- a/guides/source/3_2_release_notes.md
+++ b/guides/source/3_2_release_notes.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Ruby on Rails 3.2 Release Notes
 ===============================
 
@@ -8,7 +10,10 @@ Highlights in Rails 3.2:
 * Automatic Query Explains
 * Tagged Logging
 
-These release notes cover the major changes, but do not include each bug-fix and changes. If you want to see everything, check out the [list of commits](https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/3-2-stable) in the main Rails repository on GitHub.
+These release notes cover only the major changes. To learn about various bug
+fixes and changes, please refer to the change logs or check out the [list of
+commits](https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/3-2-stable) in the main Rails
+repository on GitHub.
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -76,7 +81,7 @@ $ cd myapp
 
 Rails now uses a `Gemfile` in the application root to determine the gems you require for your application to start. This `Gemfile` is processed by the [Bundler](https://github.com/carlhuda/bundler) gem, which then installs all your dependencies. It can even install all the dependencies locally to your application so that it doesn't depend on the system gems.
 
-More information: [Bundler homepage](http://gembundler.com)
+More information: [Bundler homepage](http://bundler.io/)
 
 ### Living on the Edge
 
@@ -149,7 +154,7 @@ Railties
     rails g scaffold Post title:string:index author:uniq price:decimal{7,2}
     ```
 
-    will create indexes for `title` and `author` with the latter being an unique index. Some types such as decimal accept custom options. In the example, `price` will be a decimal column with precision and scale set to 7 and 2 respectively.
+    will create indexes for `title` and `author` with the latter being a unique index. Some types such as decimal accept custom options. In the example, `price` will be a decimal column with precision and scale set to 7 and 2 respectively.
 
 * Turn gem has been removed from default Gemfile.
 
@@ -187,7 +192,7 @@ Action Pack
 
     Rails will use `layouts/single_car` when a request comes in `:show` action, and use `layouts/application` (or `layouts/cars`, if exists) when a request comes in for any other actions.
 
-* `form\_for` is changed to use `#{action}\_#{as}` as the css class and id if `:as` option is provided. Earlier versions used `#{as}\_#{action}`.
+* `form_for` is changed to use `#{action}_#{as}` as the css class and id if `:as` option is provided. Earlier versions used `#{as}_#{action}`.
 
 * `ActionController::ParamsWrapper` on Active Record models now only wrap `attr_accessible` attributes if they were set. If not, only the attributes returned by the class method `attribute_names` will be wrapped. This fixes the wrapping of nested attributes by adding them to `attr_accessible`.
 
@@ -322,7 +327,7 @@ Active Record
 
 * Implemented `ActiveRecord::Relation#explain`.
 
-* Implements `AR::Base.silence_auto_explain` which allows the user to selectively disable automatic EXPLAINs within a block.
+* Implements `ActiveRecord::Base.silence_auto_explain` which allows the user to selectively disable automatic EXPLAINs within a block.
 
 * Implements automatic EXPLAIN logging for slow queries. A new configuration parameter `config.active_record.auto_explain_threshold_in_seconds` determines what's to be considered a slow query. Setting that to nil disables this feature. Defaults are 0.5 in development mode, and nil in test and production modes. Rails 3.2 supports this feature in SQLite, MySQL (mysql2 adapter), and PostgreSQL.
 
@@ -562,4 +567,4 @@ Credits
 
 See the [full list of contributors to Rails](http://contributors.rubyonrails.org/) for the many people who spent many hours making Rails, the stable and robust framework it is. Kudos to all of them.
 
-Rails 3.2 Release Notes were compiled by [Vijay Dev](https://github.com/vijaydev.)
+Rails 3.2 Release Notes were compiled by [Vijay Dev](https://github.com/vijaydev).
diff --git a/guides/source/4_0_release_notes.md b/guides/source/4_0_release_notes.md
index 19c690233c..b9444510ea 100644
--- a/guides/source/4_0_release_notes.md
+++ b/guides/source/4_0_release_notes.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Ruby on Rails 4.0 Release Notes
 ===============================
 
@@ -8,7 +10,10 @@ Highlights in Rails 4.0:
 * Turbolinks
 * Russian Doll Caching
 
-These release notes cover only the major changes. To know about various bug fixes and changes, please refer to the change logs or check out the [list of commits](https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/master) in the main Rails repository on GitHub.
+These release notes cover only the major changes. To learn about various bug
+fixes and changes, please refer to the change logs or check out the [list of
+commits](https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/4-0-stable) in the main Rails
+repository on GitHub.
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -31,7 +36,7 @@ $ cd myapp
 
 Rails now uses a `Gemfile` in the application root to determine the gems you require for your application to start. This `Gemfile` is processed by the [Bundler](https://github.com/carlhuda/bundler) gem, which then installs all your dependencies. It can even install all the dependencies locally to your application so that it doesn't depend on the system gems.
 
-More information: [Bundler homepage](http://gembundler.com)
+More information: [Bundler homepage](http://bundler.io)
 
 ### Living on the Edge
 
@@ -54,25 +59,25 @@ Major Features
 
 ### Upgrade
 
- * **Ruby 1.9.3** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/a0380e808d3dbd2462df17f5d3b7fcd8bd812496)) - Ruby 2.0 preferred; 1.9.3+ required
- * **[New deprecation policy](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z6YgD6tVPQs)** - Deprecated features are warnings in Rails 4.0 and will be removed in Rails 4.1.
- * **ActionPack page and action caching** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/b0a7068564f0c95e7ef28fc39d0335ed17d93e90)) - Page and action caching are extracted to a separate gem. Page and action caching requires too much manual intervention (manually expiring caches when the underlying model objects are updated). Instead, use Russian doll caching.
- * **ActiveRecord observers** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/ccecab3ba950a288b61a516bf9b6962e384aae0b)) - Observers are extracted to a separate gem. Observers are only needed for page and action caching, and can lead to spaghetti code.
- * **ActiveRecord session store** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/0ffe19056c8e8b2f9ae9d487b896cad2ce9387ad)) - The ActiveRecord session store is extracted to a separate gem. Storing sessions in SQL is costly. Instead, use cookie sessions, memcache sessions, or a custom session store.
- * **ActiveModel mass assignment protection** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/f8c9a4d3e88181cee644f91e1342bfe896ca64c6)) - Rails 3 mass assignment protection is deprecated. Instead, use strong parameters.
- * **ActiveResource** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/f1637bf2bb00490203503fbd943b73406e043d1d)) - ActiveResource is extracted to a separate gem. ActiveResource was not widely used.
- * **vendor/plugins removed** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/853de2bd9ac572735fa6cf59fcf827e485a231c3)) - Use a Gemfile to manage installed gems.
+* **Ruby 1.9.3** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/a0380e808d3dbd2462df17f5d3b7fcd8bd812496)) - Ruby 2.0 preferred; 1.9.3+ required
+* **[New deprecation policy](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z6YgD6tVPQs)** - Deprecated features are warnings in Rails 4.0 and will be removed in Rails 4.1.
+* **ActionPack page and action caching** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/b0a7068564f0c95e7ef28fc39d0335ed17d93e90)) - Page and action caching are extracted to a separate gem. Page and action caching requires too much manual intervention (manually expiring caches when the underlying model objects are updated). Instead, use Russian doll caching.
+* **ActiveRecord observers** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/ccecab3ba950a288b61a516bf9b6962e384aae0b)) - Observers are extracted to a separate gem. Observers are only needed for page and action caching, and can lead to spaghetti code.
+* **ActiveRecord session store** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/0ffe19056c8e8b2f9ae9d487b896cad2ce9387ad)) - The ActiveRecord session store is extracted to a separate gem. Storing sessions in SQL is costly. Instead, use cookie sessions, memcache sessions, or a custom session store.
+* **ActiveModel mass assignment protection** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/f8c9a4d3e88181cee644f91e1342bfe896ca64c6)) - Rails 3 mass assignment protection is deprecated. Instead, use strong parameters.
+* **ActiveResource** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/f1637bf2bb00490203503fbd943b73406e043d1d)) - ActiveResource is extracted to a separate gem. ActiveResource was not widely used.
+* **vendor/plugins removed** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/853de2bd9ac572735fa6cf59fcf827e485a231c3)) - Use a Gemfile to manage installed gems.
 
 ### ActionPack
 
- * **Strong parameters** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/a8f6d5c6450a7fe058348a7f10a908352bb6c7fc)) - Only allow whitelisted parameters to update model objects (`params.permit(:title, :text)`).
- * **Routing concerns** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/0dd24728a088fcb4ae616bb5d62734aca5276b1b)) - In the routing DSL, factor out common subroutes (`comments` from `/posts/1/comments` and `/videos/1/comments`).
- * **ActionController::Live** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/af0a9f9eefaee3a8120cfd8d05cbc431af376da3)) - Stream JSON with `response.stream`.
- * **Declarative ETags** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/ed5c938fa36995f06d4917d9543ba78ed506bb8d)) - Add controller-level etag additions that will be part of the action etag computation
- * **[Russian doll caching](http://37signals.com/svn/posts/3113-how-key-based-cache-expiration-works)** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/4154bf012d2bec2aae79e4a49aa94a70d3e91d49)) - Cache nested fragments of views. Each fragment expires based on a set of dependencies (a cache key). The cache key is usually a template version number and a model object.
- * **Turbolinks** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/e35d8b18d0649c0ecc58f6b73df6b3c8d0c6bb74)) - Serve only one initial HTML page. When the user navigates to another page, use pushState to update the URL and use AJAX to update the title and body.
- * **Decouple ActionView from ActionController** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/78b0934dd1bb84e8f093fb8ef95ca99b297b51cd)) - ActionView was decoupled from ActionPack and will be moved to a separated gem in Rails 4.1.
- * **Do not depend on ActiveModel** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/166dbaa7526a96fdf046f093f25b0a134b277a68)) - ActionPack no longer depends on ActiveModel.
+* **Strong parameters** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/a8f6d5c6450a7fe058348a7f10a908352bb6c7fc)) - Only allow whitelisted parameters to update model objects (`params.permit(:title, :text)`).
+* **Routing concerns** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/0dd24728a088fcb4ae616bb5d62734aca5276b1b)) - In the routing DSL, factor out common subroutes (`comments` from `/posts/1/comments` and `/videos/1/comments`).
+* **ActionController::Live** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/af0a9f9eefaee3a8120cfd8d05cbc431af376da3)) - Stream JSON with `response.stream`.
+* **Declarative ETags** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/ed5c938fa36995f06d4917d9543ba78ed506bb8d)) - Add controller-level etag additions that will be part of the action etag computation.
+* **[Russian doll caching](http://37signals.com/svn/posts/3113-how-key-based-cache-expiration-works)** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/4154bf012d2bec2aae79e4a49aa94a70d3e91d49)) - Cache nested fragments of views. Each fragment expires based on a set of dependencies (a cache key). The cache key is usually a template version number and a model object.
+* **Turbolinks** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/e35d8b18d0649c0ecc58f6b73df6b3c8d0c6bb74)) - Serve only one initial HTML page. When the user navigates to another page, use pushState to update the URL and use AJAX to update the title and body.
+* **Decouple ActionView from ActionController** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/78b0934dd1bb84e8f093fb8ef95ca99b297b51cd)) - ActionView was decoupled from ActionPack and will be moved to a separated gem in Rails 4.1.
+* **Do not depend on ActiveModel** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/166dbaa7526a96fdf046f093f25b0a134b277a68)) - ActionPack no longer depends on ActiveModel.
 
 ### General
 
@@ -82,14 +87,17 @@ Major Features
  * **Support for specifying transaction isolation level** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/392eeecc11a291e406db927a18b75f41b2658253)) - Choose whether repeatable reads or improved performance (less locking) is more important.
  * **Dalli** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/82663306f428a5bbc90c511458432afb26d2f238)) - Use Dalli memcache client for the memcache store.
  * **Notifications start &amp; finish** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/f08f8750a512f741acb004d0cebe210c5f949f28)) - Active Support instrumentation reports start and finish notifications to subscribers.
- * **Thread safe by default** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/5d416b907864d99af55ebaa400fff217e17570cd)) - Rails can run in threaded app servers without additional configuration. Note: Check that the gems you are using are threadsafe.
+ * **Thread safe by default** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/5d416b907864d99af55ebaa400fff217e17570cd)) - Rails can run in threaded app servers without additional configuration.
+
+NOTE: Check that the gems you are using are threadsafe.
+
  * **PATCH verb** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/eed9f2539e3ab5a68e798802f464b8e4e95e619e)) - In Rails, PATCH replaces PUT. PATCH is used for partial updates of resources.
 
 ### Security
 
- * **match do not catch all** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/90d2802b71a6e89aedfe40564a37bd35f777e541)) - In the routing DSL, match requires the HTTP verb or verbs to be specified.
- * **html entities escaped by default** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/5f189f41258b83d49012ec5a0678d827327e7543)) - Strings rendered in erb are escaped unless wrapped with `raw` or `html_safe` is called.
- * **New security headers** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/6794e92b204572d75a07bd6413bdae6ae22d5a82)) - Rails sends the following headers with every HTTP request: `X-Frame-Options` (prevents clickjacking by forbidding the browser from embedding the page in a frame), `X-XSS-Protection` (asks the browser to halt script injection) and `X-Content-Type-Options` (prevents the browser from opening a jpeg as an exe).
+* **match do not catch all** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/90d2802b71a6e89aedfe40564a37bd35f777e541)) - In the routing DSL, match requires the HTTP verb or verbs to be specified.
+* **html entities escaped by default** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/5f189f41258b83d49012ec5a0678d827327e7543)) - Strings rendered in erb are escaped unless wrapped with `raw` or `html_safe` is called.
+* **New security headers** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/6794e92b204572d75a07bd6413bdae6ae22d5a82)) - Rails sends the following headers with every HTTP request: `X-Frame-Options` (prevents clickjacking by forbidding the browser from embedding the page in a frame), `X-XSS-Protection` (asks the browser to halt script injection) and `X-Content-Type-Options` (prevents the browser from opening a jpeg as an exe).
 
 Extraction of features to gems
 ---------------------------
@@ -176,7 +184,7 @@ Please refer to the [Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-0-stable/a
 * `String#to_date` now raises `ArgumentError: invalid date` instead of `NoMethodError: undefined method 'div' for nil:NilClass`
   when given an invalid date. It is now the same as `Date.parse`, and it accepts more invalid dates than 3.x, such as:
 
-  ```
+  ```ruby
   # ActiveSupport 3.x
   "asdf".to_date # => NoMethodError: undefined method `div' for nil:NilClass
   "333".to_date # => NoMethodError: undefined method `div' for nil:NilClass
@@ -226,11 +234,11 @@ Please refer to the [Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-0-stable/a
       The method `change_table` is also reversible, as long as its block doesn't call `remove`, `change` or `change_default`
 
     * New method `reversible` makes it possible to specify code to be run when migrating up or down.
-      See the [Guide on Migration](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/source/migrations.md#using-the-reversible-method)
+      See the [Guide on Migration](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/source/active_record_migrations.md#using-reversible)
 
     * New method `revert` will revert a whole migration or the given block.
       If migrating down, the given migration / block is run normally.
-      See the [Guide on Migration](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/source/migrations.md#reverting-previous-migrations)
+      See the [Guide on Migration](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/source/active_record_migrations.md#reverting-previous-migrations)
 
 * Adds PostgreSQL array type support. Any datatype can be used to create an array column, with full migration and schema dumper support.
 
diff --git a/guides/source/4_1_release_notes.md b/guides/source/4_1_release_notes.md
index a859553b1b..6bf65757ec 100644
--- a/guides/source/4_1_release_notes.md
+++ b/guides/source/4_1_release_notes.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Ruby on Rails 4.1 Release Notes
 ===============================
 
@@ -8,10 +10,10 @@ Highlights in Rails 4.1:
 * Action Pack variants
 * Action Mailer previews
 
-These release notes cover only the major changes. To know about various bug
-fixes and changes, please refer to the change logs or check out the
-[list of commits](https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/master) in the main
-Rails repository on GitHub.
+These release notes cover only the major changes. To learn about various bug
+fixes and changes, please refer to the change logs or check out the [list of
+commits](https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/4-1-stable) in the main Rails
+repository on GitHub.
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -136,7 +138,7 @@ end
 
 ### Action Mailer Previews
 
-Action Mailer previews provide a way to visually see how emails look by visiting
+Action Mailer previews provide a way to see how emails look by visiting
 a special URL that renders them.
 
 You implement a preview class whose methods return the mail object you'd like
@@ -157,7 +159,7 @@ By default, these preview classes live in `test/mailers/previews`.
 This can be configured using the `preview_path` option.
 
 See its
-[documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/v4.1.0/classes/ActionMailer/Base.html)
+[documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/v4.1.0/classes/ActionMailer/Base.html#class-ActionMailer::Base-label-Previewing+emails)
 for a detailed write up.
 
 ### Active Record enums
@@ -291,6 +293,10 @@ for detailed changes.
   with `config.active_record.maintain_test_schema = false`. ([Pull
   Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13528))
 
+* Introduce `Rails.gem_version` as a convenience method to return
+  `Gem::Version.new(Rails.version)`, suggesting a more reliable way to perform
+  version comparison. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14103))
+
 
 Action Pack
 -----------
@@ -311,15 +317,15 @@ for detailed changes.
 
 * Removed deprecated constants from Action Controller:
 
-  | Removed                            | Successor                       |
-  |:-----------------------------------|:--------------------------------|
-  | ActionController::AbstractRequest  | ActionDispatch::Request         |
-  | ActionController::Request          | ActionDispatch::Request         |
-  | ActionController::AbstractResponse | ActionDispatch::Response        |
-  | ActionController::Response         | ActionDispatch::Response        |
-  | ActionController::Routing          | ActionDispatch::Routing         |
-  | ActionController::Integration      | ActionDispatch::Integration     |
-  | ActionController::IntegrationTest  | ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest |
+| Removed                            | Successor                       |
+|:-----------------------------------|:--------------------------------|
+| ActionController::AbstractRequest  | ActionDispatch::Request         |
+| ActionController::Request          | ActionDispatch::Request         |
+| ActionController::AbstractResponse | ActionDispatch::Response        |
+| ActionController::Response         | ActionDispatch::Response        |
+| ActionController::Routing          | ActionDispatch::Routing         |
+| ActionController::Integration      | ActionDispatch::Integration     |
+| ActionController::IntegrationTest  | ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest |
 
 ### Notable changes
 
@@ -346,10 +352,14 @@ for detailed changes.
   params "deep munging" that was used to address security vulnerability
   CVE-2013-0155. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13188))
 
-* New config option `config.action_dispatch.cookies_serializer` for specifying
-  a serializer for the signed and encrypted cookie jars. (Pull Requests [1](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13692), [2](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13945) / [More Details](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#cookies-serializer))
+* New config option `config.action_dispatch.cookies_serializer` for specifying a
+  serializer for the signed and encrypted cookie jars. (Pull Requests
+  [1](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13692),
+  [2](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13945) /
+  [More Details](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#cookies-serializer))
 
-* Added `render :plain`, `render :html` and `render :body`. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14062) /
+* Added `render :plain`, `render :html` and `render
+  :body`. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14062) /
   [More Details](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#rendering-content-from-string))
 
 
@@ -388,7 +398,7 @@ for detailed changes.
 * Removed deprecated `scope` use without passing a callable object.
 
 * Removed deprecated `transaction_joinable=` in favor of `begin_transaction`
-  with `d:joinable` option.
+  with a `:joinable` option.
 
 * Removed deprecated `decrement_open_transactions`.
 
@@ -457,10 +467,10 @@ for detailed changes.
 
 ### Notable changes
 
-* Default scopes are no longer overriden by chained conditions.
+* Default scopes are no longer overridden by chained conditions.
 
   Before this change when you defined a `default_scope` in a model
-  it was overriden by chained conditions in the same field. Now it
+  it was overridden by chained conditions in the same field. Now it
   is merged like any other scope. [More Details](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#changes-on-default-scopes).
 
 * Added `ActiveRecord::Base.to_param` for convenient "pretty" URLs derived from
@@ -543,15 +553,15 @@ for detailed changes.
 * Make `touch` fire the `after_commit` and `after_rollback`
   callbacks. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12031))
 
-* Enable partial indexes for `sqlite >=
-  3.8.0`. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13350))
+* Enable partial indexes for `sqlite >= 3.8.0`.
+  ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13350))
 
 * Make `change_column_null`
-  revertable. ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/724509a9d5322ff502aefa90dd282ba33a281a96))
+  revertible. ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/724509a9d5322ff502aefa90dd282ba33a281a96))
 
 * Added a flag to disable schema dump after migration. This is set to `false`
-  by defualt in the production environment for new applications. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13948))
-
+  by default in the production environment for new applications.
+  ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13948))
 
 Active Model
 ------------
@@ -703,13 +713,14 @@ for detailed changes.
 * Default the new `I18n.enforce_available_locales` config to `true`, meaning
   `I18n` will make sure that all locales passed to it must be declared in the
   `available_locales`
-  list. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/8e21ae37ad9fef6b7393a84f9b5f2e18a831e49a))
+  list. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13341))
 
-* Introduce Module#concerning: a natural, low-ceremony way to separate
+* Introduce `Module#concerning`: a natural, low-ceremony way to separate
   responsibilities within a
   class. ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/1eee0ca6de975b42524105a59e0521d18b38ab81))
 
-* Added `Object#present_in` to simplify value whitelisting. ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/4edca106daacc5a159289eae255207d160f22396))
+* Added `Object#presence_in` to simplify value whitelisting.
+  ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/4edca106daacc5a159289eae255207d160f22396))
 
 
 Credits
diff --git a/guides/source/4_2_release_notes.md b/guides/source/4_2_release_notes.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8a59007420
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/4_2_release_notes.md
@@ -0,0 +1,890 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
+Ruby on Rails 4.2 Release Notes
+===============================
+
+Highlights in Rails 4.2:
+
+* Active Job
+* Asynchronous mails
+* Adequate Record
+* Web Console
+* Foreign key support
+
+These release notes cover only the major changes. To learn about other
+features, bug fixes, and changes, please refer to the changelogs or check out
+the [list of commits](https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/4-2-stable) in
+the main Rails repository on GitHub.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Upgrading to Rails 4.2
+----------------------
+
+If you're upgrading an existing application, it's a great idea to have good test
+coverage before going in. You should also first upgrade to Rails 4.1 in case you
+haven't and make sure your application still runs as expected before attempting
+to upgrade to Rails 4.2. A list of things to watch out for when upgrading is
+available in the guide [Upgrading Ruby on
+Rails](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#upgrading-from-rails-4-1-to-rails-4-2).
+
+
+Major Features
+--------------
+
+### Active Job
+
+Active Job is a new framework in Rails 4.2. It is a common interface on top of
+queuing systems like [Resque](https://github.com/resque/resque), [Delayed
+Job](https://github.com/collectiveidea/delayed_job),
+[Sidekiq](https://github.com/mperham/sidekiq), and more.
+
+Jobs written with the Active Job API run on any of the supported queues thanks
+to their respective adapters. Active Job comes pre-configured with an inline
+runner that executes jobs right away.
+
+Jobs often need to take Active Record objects as arguments. Active Job passes
+object references as URIs (uniform resource identifiers) instead of marshaling
+the object itself. The new [Global ID](https://github.com/rails/globalid)
+library builds URIs and looks up the objects they reference. Passing Active
+Record objects as job arguments just works by using Global ID internally.
+
+For example, if `trashable` is an Active Record object, then this job runs
+just fine with no serialization involved:
+
+```ruby
+class TrashableCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  def perform(trashable, depth)
+    trashable.cleanup(depth)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+See the [Active Job Basics](active_job_basics.html) guide for more
+information.
+
+### Asynchronous Mails
+
+Building on top of Active Job, Action Mailer now comes with a `deliver_later`
+method that sends emails via the queue, so it doesn't block the controller or
+model if the queue is asynchronous (the default inline queue blocks).
+
+Sending emails right away is still possible with `deliver_now`.
+
+### Adequate Record
+
+Adequate Record is a set of performance improvements in Active Record that makes
+common `find` and `find_by` calls and some association queries up to 2x faster.
+
+It works by caching common SQL queries as prepared statements and reusing them
+on similar calls, skipping most of the query-generation work on subsequent
+calls. For more details, please refer to [Aaron Patterson's blog
+post](http://tenderlovemaking.com/2014/02/19/adequaterecord-pro-like-activerecord.html).
+
+Active Record will automatically take advantage of this feature on
+supported operations without any user involvement or code changes. Here are
+some examples of supported operations:
+
+```ruby
+Post.find(1)  # First call generates and cache the prepared statement
+Post.find(2)  # Subsequent calls reuse the cached prepared statement
+
+Post.find_by_title('first post')
+Post.find_by_title('second post')
+
+Post.find_by(title: 'first post')
+Post.find_by(title: 'second post')
+
+post.comments
+post.comments(true)
+```
+
+It's important to highlight that, as the examples above suggest, the prepared
+statements do not cache the values passed in the method calls; rather, they
+have placeholders for them.
+
+Caching is not used in the following scenarios:
+
+- The model has a default scope
+- The model uses single table inheritance
+- `find` with a list of ids, e.g.:
+
+  ```ruby
+  # not cached
+  Post.find(1, 2, 3)
+  Post.find([1,2])
+  ```
+
+- `find_by` with SQL fragments:
+
+  ```ruby
+  Post.find_by('published_at < ?', 2.weeks.ago)
+  ```
+
+### Web Console
+
+New applications generated with Rails 4.2 now come with the [Web
+Console](https://github.com/rails/web-console) gem by default. Web Console adds
+an interactive Ruby console on every error page and provides a `console` view
+and controller helpers.
+
+The interactive console on error pages lets you execute code in the context of
+the place where the exception originated. The `console` helper, if called
+anywhere in a view or controller, launches an interactive console with the final
+context, once rendering has completed.
+
+### Foreign Key Support
+
+The migration DSL now supports adding and removing foreign keys. They are dumped
+to `schema.rb` as well. At this time, only the `mysql`, `mysql2` and `postgresql`
+adapters support foreign keys.
+
+```ruby
+# add a foreign key to `articles.author_id` referencing `authors.id`
+add_foreign_key :articles, :authors
+
+# add a foreign key to `articles.author_id` referencing `users.lng_id`
+add_foreign_key :articles, :users, column: :author_id, primary_key: "lng_id"
+
+# remove the foreign key on `accounts.branch_id`
+remove_foreign_key :accounts, :branches
+
+# remove the foreign key on `accounts.owner_id`
+remove_foreign_key :accounts, column: :owner_id
+```
+
+See the API documentation on
+[add_foreign_key](http://api.rubyonrails.org/v4.2.0/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/SchemaStatements.html#method-i-add_foreign_key)
+and
+[remove_foreign_key](http://api.rubyonrails.org/v4.2.0/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/SchemaStatements.html#method-i-remove_foreign_key)
+for a full description.
+
+
+Incompatibilities
+-----------------
+
+Previously deprecated functionality has been removed. Please refer to the
+individual components for new deprecations in this release.
+
+The following changes may require immediate action upon upgrade.
+
+### `render` with a String Argument
+
+Previously, calling `render "foo/bar"` in a controller action was equivalent to
+`render file: "foo/bar"`. In Rails 4.2, this has been changed to mean
+`render template: "foo/bar"` instead. If you need to render a file, please
+change your code to use the explicit form (`render file: "foo/bar"`) instead.
+
+### `respond_with` / Class-Level `respond_to`
+
+`respond_with` and the corresponding class-level `respond_to` have been moved
+to the [responders](https://github.com/plataformatec/responders) gem. Add
+`gem 'responders', '~> 2.0'` to your Gemfile to use it:
+
+```ruby
+# app/controllers/users_controller.rb
+
+class UsersController < ApplicationController
+  respond_to :html, :json
+
+  def show
+    @user = User.find(params[:id])
+    respond_with @user
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Instance-level `respond_to` is unaffected:
+
+```ruby
+# app/controllers/users_controller.rb
+
+class UsersController < ApplicationController
+  def show
+    @user = User.find(params[:id])
+    respond_to do |format|
+      format.html
+      format.json { render json: @user }
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### Default Host for `rails server`
+
+Due to a [change in Rack](https://github.com/rack/rack/commit/28b014484a8ac0bbb388e7eaeeef159598ec64fc),
+`rails server` now listens on `localhost` instead of `0.0.0.0` by default. This
+should have minimal impact on the standard development workflow as both
+http://127.0.0.1:3000 and http://localhost:3000 will continue to work as before
+on your own machine.
+
+However, with this change you will no longer be able to access the Rails
+server from a different machine, for example if your development environment
+is in a virtual machine and you would like to access it from the host machine.
+In such cases, please start the server with `rails server -b 0.0.0.0` to
+restore the old behavior.
+
+If you do this, be sure to configure your firewall properly such that only
+trusted machines on your network can access your development server.
+
+### Changed status option symbols for `render`
+
+Due to a [change in Rack](https://github.com/rack/rack/commit/be28c6a2ac152fe4adfbef71f3db9f4200df89e8), the symbols that the `render` method accepts for the `:status` option have changed:
+
+- 306: `:reserved` has been removed.
+- 413: `:request_entity_too_large` has been renamed to `:payload_too_large`.
+- 414: `:request_uri_too_long` has been renamed to `:uri_too_long`.
+- 416: `:requested_range_not_satisfiable` has been renamed to `:range_not_satisfiable`.
+
+Keep in mind that if calling `render` with an unknown symbol, the response status will default to 500.
+
+### HTML Sanitizer
+
+The HTML sanitizer has been replaced with a new, more robust, implementation
+built upon [Loofah](https://github.com/flavorjones/loofah) and
+[Nokogiri](https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri). The new sanitizer is
+more secure and its sanitization is more powerful and flexible.
+
+Due to the new algorithm, the sanitized output may be different for certain
+pathological inputs.
+
+If you have a particular need for the exact output of the old sanitizer, you
+can add the [rails-deprecated_sanitizer](https://github.com/kaspth/rails-deprecated_sanitizer)
+gem to the `Gemfile`, to have the old behavior. The gem does not issue
+deprecation warnings because it is opt-in.
+
+`rails-deprecated_sanitizer` will be supported for Rails 4.2 only; it will not
+be maintained for Rails 5.0.
+
+See [this blog post](http://blog.plataformatec.com.br/2014/07/the-new-html-sanitizer-in-rails-4-2/)
+for more details on the changes in the new sanitizer.
+
+### `assert_select`
+
+`assert_select` is now based on [Nokogiri](https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri).
+As a result, some previously-valid selectors are now unsupported. If your
+application is using any of these spellings, you will need to update them:
+
+*   Values in attribute selectors may need to be quoted if they contain
+    non-alphanumeric characters.
+
+    ```ruby
+    # before
+    a[href=/]
+    a[href$=/]
+
+    # now
+    a[href="/"]
+    a[href$="/"]
+    ```
+
+*   DOMs built from HTML source containing invalid HTML with improperly
+    nested elements may differ.
+
+    For example:
+
+    ```ruby
+    # content: <div><i><p></i></div>
+
+    # before:
+    assert_select('div > i')  # => true
+    assert_select('div > p')  # => false
+    assert_select('i > p')    # => true
+
+    # now:
+    assert_select('div > i')  # => true
+    assert_select('div > p')  # => true
+    assert_select('i > p')    # => false
+    ```
+
+*   If the data selected contains entities, the value selected for comparison
+    used to be raw (e.g. `AT&amp;T`), and now is evaluated
+    (e.g. `AT&T`).
+
+    ```ruby
+    # content: <p>AT&amp;T</p>
+
+    # before:
+    assert_select('p', 'AT&amp;T')  # => true
+    assert_select('p', 'AT&T')      # => false
+
+    # now:
+    assert_select('p', 'AT&T')      # => true
+    assert_select('p', 'AT&amp;T')  # => false
+    ```
+
+Furthermore substitutions have changed syntax.
+
+Now you have to use a `:match` CSS-like selector:
+
+```ruby
+assert_select ":match('id', ?)", 'comment_1'
+```
+
+Additionally Regexp substitutions look different when the assertion fails.
+Notice how `/hello/` here:
+
+```ruby
+assert_select(":match('id', ?)", /hello/)
+```
+
+becomes `"(?-mix:hello)"`:
+
+```
+Expected at least 1 element matching "div:match('id', "(?-mix:hello)")", found 0..
+Expected 0 to be >= 1.
+```
+
+See the [Rails Dom Testing](https://github.com/rails/rails-dom-testing/tree/8798b9349fb9540ad8cb9a0ce6cb88d1384a210b) documentation for more on `assert_select`.
+
+
+Railties
+--------
+
+Please refer to the [Changelog][railties] for detailed changes.
+
+### Removals
+
+*   The `--skip-action-view` option has been removed from the
+    app generator. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/17042))
+
+*   The `rails application` command has been removed without replacement.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/11616))
+
+### Deprecations
+
+*   Deprecated missing `config.log_level` for production environments.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16622))
+
+*   Deprecated `rake test:all` in favor of `rake test` as it now run all tests
+    in the `test` folder.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/17348))
+
+*   Deprecated `rake test:all:db` in favor of `rake test:db`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/17348))
+
+*   Deprecated `Rails::Rack::LogTailer` without replacement.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/84a13e019e93efaa8994b3f8303d635a7702dbce))
+
+### Notable changes
+
+*   Introduced `web-console` in the default application Gemfile.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/11667))
+
+*   Added a `required` option to the model generator for associations.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16062))
+
+*   Introduced the `x` namespace for defining custom configuration options:
+
+    ```ruby
+    # config/environments/production.rb
+    config.x.payment_processing.schedule = :daily
+    config.x.payment_processing.retries  = 3
+    config.x.super_debugger              = true
+    ```
+
+    These options are then available through the configuration object:
+
+    ```ruby
+    Rails.configuration.x.payment_processing.schedule # => :daily
+    Rails.configuration.x.payment_processing.retries  # => 3
+    Rails.configuration.x.super_debugger              # => true
+    ```
+
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/611849772dd66c2e4d005dcfe153f7ce79a8a7db))
+
+*   Introduced `Rails::Application.config_for` to load a configuration for the
+    current environment.
+
+    ```ruby
+    # config/exception_notification.yml:
+    production:
+      url: http://127.0.0.1:8080
+      namespace: my_app_production
+    development:
+      url: http://localhost:3001
+      namespace: my_app_development
+
+    # config/production.rb
+    Rails.application.configure do
+      config.middleware.use ExceptionNotifier, config_for(:exception_notification)
+    end
+    ```
+
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16129))
+
+*   Introduced a `--skip-turbolinks` option in the app generator to not generate
+    turbolinks integration.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/bf17c8a531bc8059d50ad731398002a3e7162a7d))
+
+*   Introduced a `bin/setup` script as a convention for automated setup code when
+    bootstrapping an application.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15189))
+
+*   Changed the default value for `config.assets.digest` to `true` in development.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15155))
+
+*   Introduced an API to register new extensions for `rake notes`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14379))
+
+*   Introduced an `after_bundle` callback for use in Rails templates.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16359))
+
+*   Introduced `Rails.gem_version` as a convenience method to return
+    `Gem::Version.new(Rails.version)`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14101))
+
+
+Action Pack
+-----------
+
+Please refer to the [Changelog][action-pack] for detailed changes.
+
+### Removals
+
+*   `respond_with` and the class-level `respond_to` have been removed from Rails and
+    moved to the `responders` gem (version 2.0). Add `gem 'responders', '~> 2.0'`
+    to your `Gemfile` to continue using these features.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16526),
+     [More Details](http://guides.rubyonrails.org/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#responders))
+
+*   Removed deprecated `AbstractController::Helpers::ClassMethods::MissingHelperError`
+    in favor of `AbstractController::Helpers::MissingHelperError`.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/a1ddde15ae0d612ff2973de9cf768ed701b594e8))
+
+### Deprecations
+
+*   Deprecated the `only_path` option on `*_path` helpers.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/aa1fadd48fb40dd9396a383696134a259aa59db9))
+
+*   Deprecated `assert_tag`, `assert_no_tag`, `find_tag` and `find_all_tag` in
+    favor of `assert_select`.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails-dom-testing/commit/b12850bc5ff23ba4b599bf2770874dd4f11bf750))
+
+*   Deprecated support for setting the `:to` option of a router to a symbol or a
+    string that does not contain a "#" character:
+
+    ```ruby
+    get '/posts', to: MyRackApp    => (No change necessary)
+    get '/posts', to: 'post#index' => (No change necessary)
+    get '/posts', to: 'posts'      => get '/posts', controller: :posts
+    get '/posts', to: :index       => get '/posts', action: :index
+    ```
+
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/cc26b6b7bccf0eea2e2c1a9ebdcc9d30ca7390d9))
+
+*   Deprecated support for string keys in URL helpers:
+
+    ```ruby
+    # bad
+    root_path('controller' => 'posts', 'action' => 'index')
+
+    # good
+    root_path(controller: 'posts', action: 'index')
+    ```
+
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/17743))
+
+### Notable changes
+
+*   The `*_filter` family of methods have been removed from the documentation. Their
+    usage is discouraged in favor of the `*_action` family of methods:
+
+    ```
+    after_filter          => after_action
+    append_after_filter   => append_after_action
+    append_around_filter  => append_around_action
+    append_before_filter  => append_before_action
+    around_filter         => around_action
+    before_filter         => before_action
+    prepend_after_filter  => prepend_after_action
+    prepend_around_filter => prepend_around_action
+    prepend_before_filter => prepend_before_action
+    skip_after_filter     => skip_after_action
+    skip_around_filter    => skip_around_action
+    skip_before_filter    => skip_before_action
+    skip_filter           => skip_action_callback
+    ```
+
+    If your application currently depends on these methods, you should use the
+    replacement `*_action` methods instead. These methods will be deprecated in
+    the future and will eventually be removed from Rails.
+
+    (Commit [1](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/6c5f43bab8206747a8591435b2aa0ff7051ad3de),
+    [2](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/489a8f2a44dc9cea09154ee1ee2557d1f037c7d4))
+
+*   `render nothing: true` or rendering a `nil` body no longer add a single
+    space padding to the response body.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14883))
+
+*   Rails now automatically includes the template's digest in ETags.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16527))
+
+*   Segments that are passed into URL helpers are now automatically escaped.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/5460591f0226a9d248b7b4f89186bd5553e7768f))
+
+*   Introduced the `always_permitted_parameters` option to configure which
+    parameters are permitted globally. The default value of this configuration
+    is `['controller', 'action']`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15933))
+
+*   Added the HTTP method `MKCALENDAR` from [RFC 4791](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4791).
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15121))
+
+*   `*_fragment.action_controller` notifications now include the controller
+    and action name in the payload.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14137))
+
+*   Improved the Routing Error page with fuzzy matching for route search.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14619))
+
+*   Added an option to disable logging of CSRF failures.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14280))
+
+*   When the Rails server is set to serve static assets, gzip assets will now be
+    served if the client supports it and a pre-generated gzip file (`.gz`) is on disk.
+    By default the asset pipeline generates `.gz` files for all compressible assets.
+    Serving gzip files minimizes data transfer and speeds up asset requests. Always
+    [use a CDN](http://guides.rubyonrails.org/asset_pipeline.html#cdns) if you are
+    serving assets from your Rails server in production.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16466))
+
+*   When calling the `process` helpers in an integration test the path needs to have
+    a leading slash. Previously you could omit it but that was a byproduct of the
+    implementation and not an intentional feature, e.g.:
+
+    ```ruby
+    test "list all posts" do
+      get "/posts"
+      assert_response :success
+    end
+    ```
+
+Action View
+-----------
+
+Please refer to the [Changelog][action-view] for detailed changes.
+
+### Deprecations
+
+*   Deprecated `AbstractController::Base.parent_prefixes`.
+    Override `AbstractController::Base.local_prefixes` when you want to change
+    where to find views.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15026))
+
+*   Deprecated `ActionView::Digestor#digest(name, format, finder, options = {})`.
+    Arguments should be passed as a hash instead.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14243))
+
+### Notable changes
+
+*   `render "foo/bar"` now expands to `render template: "foo/bar"` instead of
+    `render file: "foo/bar"`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16888))
+
+*   The form helpers no longer generate a `<div>` element with inline CSS around
+    the hidden fields.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14738))
+
+*   Introduced a `#{partial_name}_iteration` special local variable for use with
+    partials that are rendered with a collection. It provides access to the
+    current state of the iteration via the `index`, `size`, `first?` and
+    `last?` methods.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/7698))
+
+*   Placeholder I18n follows the same convention as `label` I18n.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16438))
+
+
+Action Mailer
+-------------
+
+Please refer to the [Changelog][action-mailer] for detailed changes.
+
+### Deprecations
+
+*   Deprecated `*_path` helpers in mailers. Always use `*_url` helpers instead.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15840))
+
+*   Deprecated `deliver` / `deliver!` in favor of `deliver_now` / `deliver_now!`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16582))
+
+### Notable changes
+
+*   `link_to` and `url_for` generate absolute URLs by default in templates,
+    it is no longer needed to pass `only_path: false`.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/9685080a7677abfa5d288a81c3e078368c6bb67c))
+
+*   Introduced `deliver_later` which enqueues a job on the application's queue
+    to deliver emails asynchronously.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16485))
+
+*   Added the `show_previews` configuration option for enabling mailer previews
+    outside of the development environment.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15970))
+
+
+Active Record
+-------------
+
+Please refer to the [Changelog][active-record] for detailed changes.
+
+### Removals
+
+*   Removed `cache_attributes` and friends. All attributes are cached.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15429))
+
+*   Removed deprecated method `ActiveRecord::Base.quoted_locking_column`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15612))
+
+*   Removed deprecated `ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name`. Use the
+    `proper_table_name` instance method on `ActiveRecord::Migration` instead.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15512))
+
+*   Removed unused `:timestamp` type. Transparently alias it to `:datetime`
+    in all cases. Fixes inconsistencies when column types are sent outside of
+    Active Record, such as for XML serialization.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15184))
+
+### Deprecations
+
+*   Deprecated swallowing of errors inside `after_commit` and `after_rollback`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16537))
+
+*   Deprecated broken support for automatic detection of counter caches on
+    `has_many :through` associations. You should instead manually specify the
+    counter cache on the `has_many` and `belongs_to` associations for the
+    through records.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15754))
+
+*   Deprecated passing Active Record objects to `.find` or `.exists?`. Call
+    `id` on the objects first.
+    (Commit [1](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/d92ae6ccca3bcfd73546d612efaea011270bd270),
+    [2](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/d35f0033c7dec2b8d8b52058fb8db495d49596f7))
+
+*   Deprecated half-baked support for PostgreSQL range values with excluding
+    beginnings. We currently map PostgreSQL ranges to Ruby ranges. This conversion
+    is not fully possible because Ruby ranges do not support excluded beginnings.
+
+    The current solution of incrementing the beginning is not correct
+    and is now deprecated. For subtypes where we don't know how to increment
+    (e.g. `succ` is not defined) it will raise an `ArgumentError` for ranges
+    with excluding beginnings.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/91949e48cf41af9f3e4ffba3e5eecf9b0a08bfc3))
+
+*   Deprecated calling `DatabaseTasks.load_schema` without a connection. Use
+    `DatabaseTasks.load_schema_current` instead.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/f15cef67f75e4b52fd45655d7c6ab6b35623c608))
+
+*   Deprecated `sanitize_sql_hash_for_conditions` without replacement. Using a
+    `Relation` for performing queries and updates is the preferred API.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/d5902c9e))
+
+*   Deprecated `add_timestamps` and `t.timestamps` without passing the `:null`
+    option. The default of `null: true` will change in Rails 5 to `null: false`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16481))
+
+*   Deprecated `Reflection#source_macro` without replacement as it is no longer
+    needed in Active Record.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16373))
+
+*   Deprecated `serialized_attributes` without replacement.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15704))
+
+*   Deprecated returning `nil` from `column_for_attribute` when no column
+    exists. It will return a null object in Rails 5.0.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15878))
+
+*   Deprecated using `.joins`, `.preload` and `.eager_load` with associations
+    that depend on the instance state (i.e. those defined with a scope that
+    takes an argument) without replacement.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/ed56e596a0467390011bc9d56d462539776adac1))
+
+### Notable changes
+
+*   `SchemaDumper` uses `force: :cascade` on `create_table`. This makes it
+    possible to reload a schema when foreign keys are in place.
+
+*   Added a `:required` option to singular associations, which defines a
+    presence validation on the association.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16056))
+
+*   `ActiveRecord::Dirty` now detects in-place changes to mutable values.
+    Serialized attributes on Active Record models are no longer saved when
+    unchanged. This also works with other types such as string columns and json
+    columns on PostgreSQL.
+    (Pull Requests [1](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15674),
+    [2](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15786),
+    [3](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15788))
+
+*   Introduced the `db:purge` Rake task to empty the database for the
+    current environment.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/e2f232aba15937a4b9d14bd91e0392c6d55be58d))
+
+*   Introduced `ActiveRecord::Base#validate!` that raises
+    `ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid` if the record is invalid.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/8639))
+
+*   Introduced `validate` as an alias for `valid?`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14456))
+
+*   `touch` now accepts multiple attributes to be touched at once.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14423))
+
+*   The PostgreSQL adapter now supports the `jsonb` datatype in PostgreSQL 9.4+.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16220))
+
+*   The PostgreSQL and SQLite adapters no longer add a default limit of 255
+    characters on string columns.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14579))
+
+*   Added support for the `citext` column type in the PostgreSQL adapter.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12523))
+
+*   Added support for user-created range types in the PostgreSQL adapter.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/4cb47167e747e8f9dc12b0ddaf82bdb68c03e032))
+
+*   `sqlite3:///some/path` now resolves to the absolute system path
+    `/some/path`. For relative paths, use `sqlite3:some/path` instead.
+    (Previously, `sqlite3:///some/path` resolved to the relative path
+    `some/path`. This behavior was deprecated on Rails 4.1).
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14569))
+
+*   Added support for fractional seconds for MySQL 5.6 and above.
+    (Pull Request [1](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/8240),
+    [2](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14359))
+
+*   Added `ActiveRecord::Base#pretty_print` to pretty print models.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15172))
+
+*   `ActiveRecord::Base#reload` now behaves the same as `m = Model.find(m.id)`,
+    meaning that it no longer retains the extra attributes from custom
+    `SELECT`s.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15866))
+
+*   `ActiveRecord::Base#reflections` now returns a hash with string keys instead
+    of symbol keys. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/17718))
+
+*   The `references` method in migrations now supports a `type` option for
+    specifying the type of the foreign key (e.g. `:uuid`).
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16231))
+
+Active Model
+------------
+
+Please refer to the [Changelog][active-model] for detailed changes.
+
+### Removals
+
+*   Removed deprecated `Validator#setup` without replacement.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/10716))
+
+### Deprecations
+
+*   Deprecated `reset_#{attribute}` in favor of `restore_#{attribute}`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16180))
+
+*   Deprecated `ActiveModel::Dirty#reset_changes` in favor of
+    `clear_changes_information`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16180))
+
+### Notable changes
+
+*   Introduced `validate` as an alias for `valid?`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14456))
+
+*   Introduced the `restore_attributes` method in `ActiveModel::Dirty` to restore
+    the changed (dirty) attributes to their previous values.
+    (Pull Request [1](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14861),
+    [2](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16180))
+
+*   `has_secure_password` no longer disallows blank passwords (i.e. passwords
+    that contains only spaces) by default.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16412))
+
+*   `has_secure_password` now verifies that the given password is less than 72
+    characters if validations are enabled.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15708))
+
+Active Support
+--------------
+
+Please refer to the [Changelog][active-support] for detailed changes.
+
+### Removals
+
+*   Removed deprecated `Numeric#ago`, `Numeric#until`, `Numeric#since`,
+    `Numeric#from_now`.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/f1eddea1e3f6faf93581c43651348f48b2b7d8bb))
+
+*   Removed deprecated string based terminators for `ActiveSupport::Callbacks`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15100))
+
+### Deprecations
+
+*   Deprecated `Kernel#silence_stderr`, `Kernel#capture` and `Kernel#quietly`
+    without replacement.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13392))
+
+*   Deprecated `Class#superclass_delegating_accessor`, use
+    `Class#class_attribute` instead.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14271))
+
+*   Deprecated `ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer#prepend!` as
+    `ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer#prepend` now performs the same function.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14529))
+
+### Notable changes
+
+*   Introduced a new configuration option `active_support.test_order` for
+    specifying the order test cases are executed. This option currently defaults
+    to `:sorted` but will be changed to `:random` in Rails 5.0.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/53e877f7d9291b2bf0b8c425f9e32ef35829f35b))
+
+*   `Object#try` and `Object#try!` can now be used without an explicit receiver in the block.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/5e51bdda59c9ba8e5faf86294e3e431bd45f1830),
+    [Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/17361))
+
+*   The `travel_to` test helper now truncates the `usec` component to 0.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/9f6e82ee4783e491c20f5244a613fdeb4024beb5))
+
+*   Introduced `Object#itself` as an identity function.
+    (Commit [1](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/702ad710b57bef45b081ebf42e6fa70820fdd810),
+    [2](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/64d91122222c11ad3918cc8e2e3ebc4b0a03448a))
+
+*   `Object#with_options` can now be used without an explicit receiver in the block.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16339))
+
+*   Introduced `String#truncate_words` to truncate a string by a number of words.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16190))
+
+*   Added `Hash#transform_values` and `Hash#transform_values!` to simplify a
+    common pattern where the values of a hash must change, but the keys are left
+    the same.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15819))
+
+*   The `humanize` inflector helper now strips any leading underscores.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/daaa21bc7d20f2e4ff451637423a25ff2d5e75c7))
+
+*   Introduced `Concern#class_methods` as an alternative to
+    `module ClassMethods`, as well as `Kernel#concern` to avoid the
+    `module Foo; extend ActiveSupport::Concern; end` boilerplate.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/b16c36e688970df2f96f793a759365b248b582ad))
+
+*   New [guide](constant_autoloading_and_reloading.html) about constant autoloading and reloading.
+
+Credits
+-------
+
+See the
+[full list of contributors to Rails](http://contributors.rubyonrails.org/) for
+the many people who spent many hours making Rails the stable and robust
+framework it is today. Kudos to all of them.
+
+[railties]:       https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/railties/CHANGELOG.md
+[action-pack]:    https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md
+[action-view]:    https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/actionview/CHANGELOG.md
+[action-mailer]:  https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md
+[active-record]:  https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md
+[active-model]:   https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md
+[active-support]: https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md
diff --git a/guides/source/_license.html.erb b/guides/source/_license.html.erb
index 00b4466f50..d22f016948 100644
--- a/guides/source/_license.html.erb
+++ b/guides/source/_license.html.erb
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-<p>This work is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0</a> License</p>
+<p>This work is licensed under a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International</a> License</p>
 <p>"Rails", "Ruby on Rails", and the Rails logo are trademarks of David Heinemeier Hansson. All rights reserved.</p>
diff --git a/guides/source/_welcome.html.erb b/guides/source/_welcome.html.erb
index 9fd930963a..f50bcddbe7 100644
--- a/guides/source/_welcome.html.erb
+++ b/guides/source/_welcome.html.erb
@@ -10,13 +10,15 @@
 </p>
 <% else %>
 <p>
-  These are the new guides for Rails 4.0 based on <a href="https://github.com/rails/rails/tree/<%= @version %>"><%= @version %></a>.
+  These are the new guides for Rails 5.0 based on <a href="https://github.com/rails/rails/tree/<%= @version %>"><%= @version %></a>.
   These guides are designed to make you immediately productive with Rails, and to help you understand how all of the pieces fit together.
 </p>
 <% end %>
 <p>
-  The guides for Rails 3.2.x are available at <a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v3.2.17/">http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v3.2.17/</a>.
-</p>
-<p>
-  The guides for Rails 2.3.x are available at <a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v2.3.11/">http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v2.3.11/</a>.
+The guides for earlier releases:
+<a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v4.2/">Rails 4.2</a>,
+<a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v4.1/">Rails 4.1</a>,
+<a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v4.0/">Rails 4.0</a>,
+<a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v3.2/">Rails 3.2</a>, and
+<a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v2.3/">Rails 2.3</a>.
 </p>
diff --git a/guides/source/action_controller_overview.md b/guides/source/action_controller_overview.md
index 5b5f53c9be..7e43ba375a 100644
--- a/guides/source/action_controller_overview.md
+++ b/guides/source/action_controller_overview.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Action Controller Overview
 ==========================
 
@@ -7,7 +9,7 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 
 * How to follow the flow of a request through a controller.
 * How to restrict parameters passed to your controller.
-* Why and how to store data in the session or cookies.
+* How and why to store data in the session or cookies.
 * How to work with filters to execute code during request processing.
 * How to use Action Controller's built-in HTTP authentication.
 * How to stream data directly to the user's browser.
@@ -19,11 +21,11 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 What Does a Controller Do?
 --------------------------
 
-Action Controller is the C in MVC. After routing has determined which controller to use for a request, your controller is responsible for making sense of the request and producing the appropriate output. Luckily, Action Controller does most of the groundwork for you and uses smart conventions to make this as straightforward as possible.
+Action Controller is the C in MVC. After routing has determined which controller to use for a request, the controller is responsible for making sense of the request and producing the appropriate output. Luckily, Action Controller does most of the groundwork for you and uses smart conventions to make this as straightforward as possible.
 
 For most conventional [RESTful](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_state_transfer) applications, the controller will receive the request (this is invisible to you as the developer), fetch or save data from a model and use a view to create HTML output. If your controller needs to do things a little differently, that's not a problem, this is just the most common way for a controller to work.
 
-A controller can thus be thought of as a middle man between models and views. It makes the model data available to the view so it can display that data to the user, and it saves or updates data from the user to the model.
+A controller can thus be thought of as a middleman between models and views. It makes the model data available to the view so it can display that data to the user, and it saves or updates user data to the model.
 
 NOTE: For more details on the routing process, see [Rails Routing from the Outside In](routing.html).
 
@@ -32,9 +34,9 @@ Controller Naming Convention
 
 The naming convention of controllers in Rails favors pluralization of the last word in the controller's name, although it is not strictly required (e.g. `ApplicationController`). For example, `ClientsController` is preferable to `ClientController`, `SiteAdminsController` is preferable to `SiteAdminController` or `SitesAdminsController`, and so on.
 
-Following this convention will allow you to use the default route generators (e.g. `resources`, etc) without needing to qualify each `:path` or `:controller`, and keeps URL and path helpers' usage consistent throughout your application. See [Layouts & Rendering Guide](layouts_and_rendering.html) for more details.
+Following this convention will allow you to use the default route generators (e.g. `resources`, etc) without needing to qualify each `:path` or `:controller`, and will keep URL and path helpers' usage consistent throughout your application. See [Layouts & Rendering Guide](layouts_and_rendering.html) for more details.
 
-NOTE: The controller naming convention differs from the naming convention of models, which expected to be named in singular form.
+NOTE: The controller naming convention differs from the naming convention of models, which are expected to be named in singular form.
 
 
 Methods and Actions
@@ -49,7 +51,7 @@ class ClientsController < ApplicationController
 end
 ```
 
-As an example, if a user goes to `/clients/new` in your application to add a new client, Rails will create an instance of `ClientsController` and run the `new` method. Note that the empty method from the example above would work just fine because Rails will by default render the `new.html.erb` view unless the action says otherwise. The `new` method could make available to the view a `@client` instance variable by creating a new `Client`:
+As an example, if a user goes to `/clients/new` in your application to add a new client, Rails will create an instance of `ClientsController` and call its `new` method. Note that the empty method from the example above would work just fine because Rails will by default render the `new.html.erb` view unless the action says otherwise. The `new` method could make available to the view a `@client` instance variable by creating a new `Client`:
 
 ```ruby
 def new
@@ -61,7 +63,7 @@ The [Layouts & Rendering Guide](layouts_and_rendering.html) explains this in mor
 
 `ApplicationController` inherits from `ActionController::Base`, which defines a number of helpful methods. This guide will cover some of these, but if you're curious to see what's in there, you can see all of them in the API documentation or in the source itself.
 
-Only public methods are callable as actions. It is a best practice to lower the visibility of methods which are not intended to be actions, like auxiliary methods or filters.
+Only public methods are callable as actions. It is a best practice to lower the visibility of methods (with `private` or `protected`) which are not intended to be actions, like auxiliary methods or filters.
 
 Parameters
 ----------
@@ -102,21 +104,21 @@ end
 
 ### Hash and Array Parameters
 
-The `params` hash is not limited to one-dimensional keys and values. It can contain arrays and (nested) hashes. To send an array of values, append an empty pair of square brackets "[]" to the key name:
+The `params` hash is not limited to one-dimensional keys and values. It can contain nested arrays and hashes. To send an array of values, append an empty pair of square brackets "[]" to the key name:
 
 ```
 GET /clients?ids[]=1&ids[]=2&ids[]=3
 ```
 
-NOTE: The actual URL in this example will be encoded as "/clients?ids%5b%5d=1&ids%5b%5d=2&ids%5b%5d=3" as "[" and "]" are not allowed in URLs. Most of the time you don't have to worry about this because the browser will take care of it for you, and Rails will decode it back when it receives it, but if you ever find yourself having to send those requests to the server manually you have to keep this in mind.
+NOTE: The actual URL in this example will be encoded as "/clients?ids%5b%5d=1&ids%5b%5d=2&ids%5b%5d=3" as the "[" and "]" characters are not allowed in URLs. Most of the time you don't have to worry about this because the browser will encode it for you, and Rails will decode it automatically, but if you ever find yourself having to send those requests to the server manually you should keep this in mind.
 
 The value of `params[:ids]` will now be `["1", "2", "3"]`. Note that parameter values are always strings; Rails makes no attempt to guess or cast the type.
 
-NOTE: Values such as `[]`, `[nil]` or `[nil, nil, ...]` in `params` are replaced
-with `nil` for security reasons by default. See [Security Guide](security.html#unsafe-query-generation)
+NOTE: Values such as `[nil]` or `[nil, nil, ...]` in `params` are replaced
+with `[]` for security reasons by default. See [Security Guide](security.html#unsafe-query-generation)
 for more information.
 
-To send a hash you include the key name inside the brackets:
+To send a hash, you include the key name inside the brackets:
 
 ```html
 <form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/clients" method="post">
@@ -129,11 +131,11 @@ To send a hash you include the key name inside the brackets:
 
 When this form is submitted, the value of `params[:client]` will be `{ "name" => "Acme", "phone" => "12345", "address" => { "postcode" => "12345", "city" => "Carrot City" } }`. Note the nested hash in `params[:client][:address]`.
 
-Note that the `params` hash is actually an instance of `ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess`, which acts like a hash but lets you use symbols and strings interchangeably as keys.
+The `params` object acts like a Hash, but lets you use symbols and strings interchangeably as keys.
 
 ### JSON parameters
 
-If you're writing a web service application, you might find yourself more comfortable accepting parameters in JSON format. If the "Content-Type" header of your request is set to "application/json", Rails will automatically convert your parameters into the `params` hash, which you can access as you would normally.
+If you're writing a web service application, you might find yourself more comfortable accepting parameters in JSON format. If the "Content-Type" header of your request is set to "application/json", Rails will automatically load your parameters into the `params` hash, which you can access as you would normally.
 
 So for example, if you are sending this JSON content:
 
@@ -141,15 +143,15 @@ So for example, if you are sending this JSON content:
 { "company": { "name": "acme", "address": "123 Carrot Street" } }
 ```
 
-You'll get `params[:company]` as `{ "name" => "acme", "address" => "123 Carrot Street" }`.
+Your controller will receive `params[:company]` as `{ "name" => "acme", "address" => "123 Carrot Street" }`.
 
-Also, if you've turned on `config.wrap_parameters` in your initializer or calling `wrap_parameters` in your controller, you can safely omit the root element in the JSON parameter. The parameters will be cloned and wrapped in the key according to your controller's name by default. So the above parameter can be written as:
+Also, if you've turned on `config.wrap_parameters` in your initializer or called `wrap_parameters` in your controller, you can safely omit the root element in the JSON parameter. In this case, the parameters will be cloned and wrapped with a key chosen based on your controller's name. So the above JSON POST can be written as:
 
 ```json
 { "name": "acme", "address": "123 Carrot Street" }
 ```
 
-And assume that you're sending the data to `CompaniesController`, it would then be wrapped in `:company` key like this:
+And, assuming that you're sending the data to `CompaniesController`, it would then be wrapped within the `:company` key like this:
 
 ```ruby
 { name: "acme", address: "123 Carrot Street", company: { name: "acme", address: "123 Carrot Street" } }
@@ -157,17 +159,17 @@ And assume that you're sending the data to `CompaniesController`, it would then
 
 You can customize the name of the key or specific parameters you want to wrap by consulting the [API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionController/ParamsWrapper.html)
 
-NOTE: Support for parsing XML parameters has been extracted into a gem named `actionpack-xml_parser`
+NOTE: Support for parsing XML parameters has been extracted into a gem named `actionpack-xml_parser`.
 
 ### Routing Parameters
 
-The `params` hash will always contain the `:controller` and `:action` keys, but you should use the methods `controller_name` and `action_name` instead to access these values. Any other parameters defined by the routing, such as `:id` will also be available. As an example, consider a listing of clients where the list can show either active or inactive clients. We can add a route which captures the `:status` parameter in a "pretty" URL:
+The `params` hash will always contain the `:controller` and `:action` keys, but you should use the methods `controller_name` and `action_name` instead to access these values. Any other parameters defined by the routing, such as `:id`, will also be available. As an example, consider a listing of clients where the list can show either active or inactive clients. We can add a route which captures the `:status` parameter in a "pretty" URL:
 
 ```ruby
 get '/clients/:status' => 'clients#index', foo: 'bar'
 ```
 
-In this case, when a user opens the URL `/clients/active`, `params[:status]` will be set to "active". When this route is used, `params[:foo]` will also be set to "bar" just like it was passed in the query string. In the same way `params[:action]` will contain "index".
+In this case, when a user opens the URL `/clients/active`, `params[:status]` will be set to "active". When this route is used, `params[:foo]` will also be set to "bar", as if it were passed in the query string. Your controller will also receive `params[:action]` as "index" and `params[:controller]` as "clients".
 
 ### `default_url_options`
 
@@ -181,21 +183,23 @@ class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
 end
 ```
 
-These options will be used as a starting point when generating URLs, so it's possible they'll be overridden by the options passed in `url_for` calls.
+These options will be used as a starting point when generating URLs, so it's possible they'll be overridden by the options passed to `url_for` calls.
+
+If you define `default_url_options` in `ApplicationController`, as in the example above, these defaults will be used for all URL generation. The method can also be defined in a specific controller, in which case it only affects URLs generated there.
 
-If you define `default_url_options` in `ApplicationController`, as in the example above, it would be used for all URL generation. The method can also be defined in one specific controller, in which case it only affects URLs generated there.
+In a given request, the method is not actually called for every single generated URL; for performance reasons, the returned hash is cached, there is at most one invocation per request.
 
 ### Strong Parameters
 
 With strong parameters, Action Controller parameters are forbidden to
 be used in Active Model mass assignments until they have been
-whitelisted. This means you'll have to make a conscious choice about
-which attributes to allow for mass updating and thus prevent
-accidentally exposing that which shouldn't be exposed.
+whitelisted. This means that you'll have to make a conscious decision about
+which attributes to allow for mass update. This is a better security
+practice to help prevent accidentally allowing users to update sensitive
+model attributes.
 
-In addition, parameters can be marked as required and flow through a
-predefined raise/rescue flow to end up as a 400 Bad Request with no
-effort.
+In addition, parameters can be marked as required and will flow through a
+predefined raise/rescue flow to end up as a 400 Bad Request.
 
 ```ruby
 class PeopleController < ActionController::Base
@@ -237,17 +241,17 @@ params.permit(:id)
 ```
 
 the key `:id` will pass the whitelisting if it appears in `params` and
-it has a permitted scalar value associated. Otherwise the key is going
+it has a permitted scalar value associated. Otherwise, the key is going
 to be filtered out, so arrays, hashes, or any other objects cannot be
 injected.
 
 The permitted scalar types are `String`, `Symbol`, `NilClass`,
 `Numeric`, `TrueClass`, `FalseClass`, `Date`, `Time`, `DateTime`,
-`StringIO`, `IO`, `ActionDispatch::Http::UploadedFile` and
+`StringIO`, `IO`, `ActionDispatch::Http::UploadedFile`, and
 `Rack::Test::UploadedFile`.
 
 To declare that the value in `params` must be an array of permitted
-scalar values map the key to an empty array:
+scalar values, map the key to an empty array:
 
 ```ruby
 params.permit(id: [])
@@ -260,14 +264,13 @@ used:
 params.require(:log_entry).permit!
 ```
 
-This will mark the `:log_entry` parameters hash and any subhash of it
-permitted. Extreme care should be taken when using `permit!` as it
-will allow all current and future model attributes to be
-mass-assigned.
+This will mark the `:log_entry` parameters hash and any sub-hash of it as
+permitted. Extreme care should be taken when using `permit!`, as it
+will allow all current and future model attributes to be mass-assigned.
 
 #### Nested Parameters
 
-You can also use permit on nested parameters, like:
+You can also use `permit` on nested parameters, like:
 
 ```ruby
 params.permit(:name, { emails: [] },
@@ -275,19 +278,19 @@ params.permit(:name, { emails: [] },
                          { family: [ :name ], hobbies: [] }])
 ```
 
-This declaration whitelists the `name`, `emails` and `friends`
+This declaration whitelists the `name`, `emails`, and `friends`
 attributes. It is expected that `emails` will be an array of permitted
-scalar values and that `friends` will be an array of resources with
-specific attributes : they should have a `name` attribute (any
+scalar values, and that `friends` will be an array of resources with
+specific attributes: they should have a `name` attribute (any
 permitted scalar values allowed), a `hobbies` attribute as an array of
 permitted scalar values, and a `family` attribute which is restricted
-to having a `name` (any permitted scalar values allowed, too).
+to having a `name` (any permitted scalar values allowed here, too).
 
 #### More Examples
 
-You want to also use the permitted attributes in the `new`
+You may want to also use the permitted attributes in your `new`
 action. This raises the problem that you can't use `require` on the
-root key because normally it does not exist when calling `new`:
+root key because, normally, it does not exist when calling `new`:
 
 ```ruby
 # using `fetch` you can supply a default and use
@@ -295,8 +298,8 @@ root key because normally it does not exist when calling `new`:
 params.fetch(:blog, {}).permit(:title, :author)
 ```
 
-`accepts_nested_attributes_for` allows you to update and destroy
-associated records. This is based on the `id` and `_destroy`
+The model class method `accepts_nested_attributes_for` allows you to
+update and destroy associated records. This is based on the `id` and `_destroy`
 parameters:
 
 ```ruby
@@ -304,7 +307,7 @@ parameters:
 params.require(:author).permit(:name, books_attributes: [:title, :id, :_destroy])
 ```
 
-Hashes with integer keys are treated differently and you can declare
+Hashes with integer keys are treated differently, and you can declare
 the attributes as if they were direct children. You get these kinds of
 parameters when you use `accepts_nested_attributes_for` in combination
 with a `has_many` association:
@@ -321,13 +324,13 @@ params.require(:book).permit(:title, chapters_attributes: [:title])
 #### Outside the Scope of Strong Parameters
 
 The strong parameter API was designed with the most common use cases
-in mind. It is not meant as a silver bullet to handle all your
-whitelisting problems. However you can easily mix the API with your
+in mind. It is not meant as a silver bullet to handle all of your
+whitelisting problems. However, you can easily mix the API with your
 own code to adapt to your situation.
 
 Imagine a scenario where you have parameters representing a product
 name and a hash of arbitrary data associated with that product, and
-you want to whitelist the product name attribute but also the whole
+you want to whitelist the product name attribute and also the whole
 data hash. The strong parameters API doesn't let you directly
 whitelist the whole of a nested hash with any keys, but you can use
 the keys of your nested hash to declare what to whitelist:
@@ -364,33 +367,48 @@ If you need a different session storage mechanism, you can change it in the `con
 # Use the database for sessions instead of the cookie-based default,
 # which shouldn't be used to store highly confidential information
 # (create the session table with "rails g active_record:session_migration")
-# YourApp::Application.config.session_store :active_record_store
+# Rails.application.config.session_store :active_record_store
 ```
 
 Rails sets up a session key (the name of the cookie) when signing the session data. These can also be changed in `config/initializers/session_store.rb`:
 
 ```ruby
 # Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
-YourApp::Application.config.session_store :cookie_store, key: '_your_app_session'
+Rails.application.config.session_store :cookie_store, key: '_your_app_session'
 ```
 
 You can also pass a `:domain` key and specify the domain name for the cookie:
 
 ```ruby
 # Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
-YourApp::Application.config.session_store :cookie_store, key: '_your_app_session', domain: ".example.com"
+Rails.application.config.session_store :cookie_store, key: '_your_app_session', domain: ".example.com"
 ```
 
-Rails sets up (for the CookieStore) a secret key used for signing the session data. This can be changed in `config/initializers/secret_token.rb`
+Rails sets up (for the CookieStore) a secret key used for signing the session data. This can be changed in `config/secrets.yml`
 
 ```ruby
 # Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
 
-# Your secret key for verifying the integrity of signed cookies.
+# Your secret key is used for verifying the integrity of signed cookies.
 # If you change this key, all old signed cookies will become invalid!
+
 # Make sure the secret is at least 30 characters and all random,
 # no regular words or you'll be exposed to dictionary attacks.
-YourApp::Application.config.secret_key_base = '49d3f3de9ed86c74b94ad6bd0...'
+# You can use `rake secret` to generate a secure secret key.
+
+# Make sure the secrets in this file are kept private
+# if you're sharing your code publicly.
+
+development:
+  secret_key_base: a75d...
+
+test:
+  secret_key_base: 492f...
+
+# Do not keep production secrets in the repository,
+# instead read values from the environment.
+production:
+  secret_key_base: <%= ENV["SECRET_KEY_BASE"] %>
 ```
 
 NOTE: Changing the secret when using the `CookieStore` will invalidate all existing sessions.
@@ -604,6 +622,30 @@ It is also possible to pass a custom serializer that responds to `load` and
 Rails.application.config.action_dispatch.cookies_serializer = MyCustomSerializer
 ```
 
+When using the `:json` or `:hybrid` serializer, you should beware that not all
+Ruby objects can be serialized as JSON. For example, `Date` and `Time` objects
+will be serialized as strings, and `Hash`es will have their keys stringified.
+
+```ruby
+class CookiesController < ApplicationController
+  def set_cookie
+    cookies.encrypted[:expiration_date] = Date.tomorrow # => Thu, 20 Mar 2014
+    redirect_to action: 'read_cookie'
+  end
+
+  def read_cookie
+    cookies.encrypted[:expiration_date] # => "2014-03-20"
+  end
+end
+```
+
+It's advisable that you only store simple data (strings and numbers) in cookies.
+If you have to store complex objects, you would need to handle the conversion
+manually when reading the values on subsequent requests.
+
+If you use the cookie session store, this would apply to the `session` and
+`flash` hash as well.
+
 Rendering XML and JSON data
 ---------------------------
 
@@ -627,11 +669,11 @@ You may notice in the above code that we're using `render xml: @users`, not `ren
 Filters
 -------
 
-Filters are methods that are run before, after or "around" a controller action.
+Filters are methods that are run "before", "after" or "around" a controller action.
 
 Filters are inherited, so if you set a filter on `ApplicationController`, it will be run on every controller in your application.
 
-"Before" filters may halt the request cycle. A common "before" filter is one which requires that a user is logged in for an action to be run. You can define the filter method this way:
+"before" filters may halt the request cycle. A common "before" filter is one which requires that a user is logged in for an action to be run. You can define the filter method this way:
 
 ```ruby
 class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
@@ -664,9 +706,9 @@ Now, the `LoginsController`'s `new` and `create` actions will work as before wit
 
 In addition to "before" filters, you can also run filters after an action has been executed, or both before and after.
 
-"After" filters are similar to "before" filters, but because the action has already been run they have access to the response data that's about to be sent to the client. Obviously, "after" filters cannot stop the action from running.
+"after" filters are similar to "before" filters, but because the action has already been run they have access to the response data that's about to be sent to the client. Obviously, "after" filters cannot stop the action from running.
 
-"Around" filters are responsible for running their associated actions by yielding, similar to how Rack middlewares work.
+"around" filters are responsible for running their associated actions by yielding, similar to how Rack middlewares work.
 
 For example, in a website where changes have an approval workflow an administrator could be able to preview them easily, just apply them within a transaction:
 
@@ -696,7 +738,7 @@ You can choose not to yield and build the response yourself, in which case the a
 
 While the most common way to use filters is by creating private methods and using *_action to add them, there are two other ways to do the same thing.
 
-The first is to use a block directly with the *_action methods. The block receives the controller as an argument, and the `require_login` filter from above could be rewritten to use a block:
+The first is to use a block directly with the *\_action methods. The block receives the controller as an argument. The `require_login` filter from above could be rewritten to use a block:
 
 ```ruby
 class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
@@ -709,7 +751,7 @@ class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
 end
 ```
 
-Note that the filter in this case uses `send` because the `logged_in?` method is private and the filter is not run in the scope of the controller. This is not the recommended way to implement this particular filter, but in more simple cases it might be useful.
+Note that the filter in this case uses `send` because the `logged_in?` method is private and the filter does not run in the scope of the controller. This is not the recommended way to implement this particular filter, but in more simple cases it might be useful.
 
 The second way is to use a class (actually, any object that responds to the right methods will do) to handle the filtering. This is useful in cases that are more complex and cannot be implemented in a readable and reusable way using the two other methods. As an example, you could rewrite the login filter again to use a class:
 
@@ -768,7 +810,7 @@ The [Security Guide](security.html) has more about this and a lot of other secur
 The Request and Response Objects
 --------------------------------
 
-In every controller there are two accessor methods pointing to the request and the response objects associated with the request cycle that is currently in execution. The `request` method contains an instance of `AbstractRequest` and the `response` method returns a response object representing what is going to be sent back to the client.
+In every controller there are two accessor methods pointing to the request and the response objects associated with the request cycle that is currently in execution. The `request` method contains an instance of `ActionDispatch::Request` and the `response` method returns a response object representing what is going to be sent back to the client.
 
 ### The `request` Object
 
@@ -953,6 +995,11 @@ you would like in a response object. The `ActionController::Live` module allows
 you to create a persistent connection with a browser. Using this module, you will
 be able to send arbitrary data to the browser at specific points in time.
 
+NOTE: The default Rails server (WEBrick) is a buffering web server and does not
+support streaming. In order to use this feature, you'll need to use a non buffering
+server like [Puma](http://puma.io), [Rainbows](http://rainbows.bogomips.org)
+or [Passenger](https://www.phusionpassenger.com).
+
 #### Incorporating Live Streaming
 
 Including `ActionController::Live` inside of your controller class will provide
@@ -982,7 +1029,7 @@ There are a couple of things to notice in the above example. We need to make
 sure to close the response stream. Forgetting to close the stream will leave
 the socket open forever. We also have to set the content type to `text/event-stream`
 before we write to the response stream. This is because headers cannot be written
-after the response has been committed (when `response.committed` returns a truthy
+after the response has been committed (when `response.committed?` returns a truthy
 value), which occurs when you `write` or `commit` the response stream.
 
 #### Example Usage
@@ -1039,7 +1086,7 @@ Rails keeps a log file for each environment in the `log` folder. These are extre
 
 ### Parameters Filtering
 
-You can filter certain request parameters from your log files by appending them to `config.filter_parameters` in the application configuration. These parameters will be marked [FILTERED] in the log.
+You can filter out sensitive request parameters from your log files by appending them to `config.filter_parameters` in the application configuration. These parameters will be marked [FILTERED] in the log.
 
 ```ruby
 config.filter_parameters << :password
@@ -1047,7 +1094,7 @@ config.filter_parameters << :password
 
 ### Redirects Filtering
 
-Sometimes it's desirable to filter out from log files some sensible locations your application is redirecting to.
+Sometimes it's desirable to filter out from log files some sensitive locations your application is redirecting to.
 You can do that by using the `config.filter_redirect` configuration option:
 
 ```ruby
@@ -1067,11 +1114,11 @@ Rescue
 
 Most likely your application is going to contain bugs or otherwise throw an exception that needs to be handled. For example, if the user follows a link to a resource that no longer exists in the database, Active Record will throw the `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` exception.
 
-Rails' default exception handling displays a "500 Server Error" message for all exceptions. If the request was made locally, a nice traceback and some added information gets displayed so you can figure out what went wrong and deal with it. If the request was remote Rails will just display a simple "500 Server Error" message to the user, or a "404 Not Found" if there was a routing error or a record could not be found. Sometimes you might want to customize how these errors are caught and how they're displayed to the user. There are several levels of exception handling available in a Rails application:
+Rails default exception handling displays a "500 Server Error" message for all exceptions. If the request was made locally, a nice traceback and some added information gets displayed so you can figure out what went wrong and deal with it. If the request was remote Rails will just display a simple "500 Server Error" message to the user, or a "404 Not Found" if there was a routing error or a record could not be found. Sometimes you might want to customize how these errors are caught and how they're displayed to the user. There are several levels of exception handling available in a Rails application:
 
 ### The Default 500 and 404 Templates
 
-By default a production application will render either a 404 or a 500 error message. These messages are contained in static HTML files in the `public` folder, in `404.html` and `500.html` respectively. You can customize these files to add some extra information and layout, but remember that they are static; i.e. you can't use RHTML or layouts in them, just plain HTML.
+By default a production application will render either a 404 or a 500 error message. These messages are contained in static HTML files in the `public` folder, in `404.html` and `500.html` respectively. You can customize these files to add some extra information and style, but remember that they are static HTML; i.e. you can't use ERB, SCSS, CoffeeScript, or layouts for them.
 
 ### `rescue_from`
 
@@ -1125,7 +1172,9 @@ class ClientsController < ApplicationController
 end
 ```
 
-NOTE: Certain exceptions are only rescuable from the `ApplicationController` class, as they are raised before the controller gets initialized and the action gets executed. See Pratik Naik's [article](http://m.onkey.org/2008/7/20/rescue-from-dispatching) on the subject for more information.
+WARNING: You shouldn't do `rescue_from Exception` or `rescue_from StandardError` unless you have a particular reason as it will cause serious side-effects (e.g. you won't be able to see exception details and tracebacks during development).
+
+NOTE: Certain exceptions are only rescuable from the `ApplicationController` class, as they are raised before the controller gets initialized and the action gets executed. 
 
 Force HTTPS protocol
 --------------------
diff --git a/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.md b/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.md
index 6dc7fb1606..4800cece82 100644
--- a/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.md
+++ b/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Action Mailer Basics
 ====================
 
@@ -17,7 +19,10 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 Introduction
 ------------
 
-Action Mailer allows you to send emails from your application using mailer classes and views. Mailers work very similarly to controllers. They inherit from `ActionMailer::Base` and live in `app/mailers`, and they have associated views that appear in `app/views`.
+Action Mailer allows you to send emails from your application using mailer classes
+and views. Mailers work very similarly to controllers. They inherit from
+`ActionMailer::Base` and live in `app/mailers`, and they have associated views
+that appear in `app/views`.
 
 Sending Emails
 --------------
@@ -30,12 +35,28 @@ views.
 #### Create the Mailer
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate mailer UserMailer
+$ bin/rails generate mailer UserMailer
 create  app/mailers/user_mailer.rb
+create  app/mailers/application_mailer.rb
 invoke  erb
 create    app/views/user_mailer
+create    app/views/layouts/mailer.text.erb
+create    app/views/layouts/mailer.html.erb
 invoke  test_unit
 create    test/mailers/user_mailer_test.rb
+create    test/mailers/previews/user_mailer_preview.rb
+```
+
+```ruby
+# app/mailers/application_mailer.rb
+class ApplicationMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+  default from: "from@example.com"
+  layout 'mailer'
+end
+
+# app/mailers/user_mailer.rb
+class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
+end
 ```
 
 As you can see, you can generate mailers just like you use other generators with
@@ -60,8 +81,7 @@ delivered via email.
 `app/mailers/user_mailer.rb` contains an empty mailer:
 
 ```ruby
-class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base
-  default from: 'from@example.com'
+class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
 end
 ```
 
@@ -69,7 +89,7 @@ Let's add a method called `welcome_email`, that will send an email to the user's
 registered email address:
 
 ```ruby
-class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
   default from: 'notifications@example.com'
 
   def welcome_email(user)
@@ -84,8 +104,11 @@ Here is a quick explanation of the items presented in the preceding method. For
 a full list of all available options, please have a look further down at the
 Complete List of Action Mailer user-settable attributes section.
 
-* `default Hash` - This is a hash of default values for any email you send from this mailer. In this case we are setting the `:from` header to a value for all messages in this class. This can be overridden on a per-email basis.
-* `mail` - The actual email message, we are passing the `:to` and `:subject` headers in.
+* `default Hash` - This is a hash of default values for any email you send from
+this mailer. In this case we are setting the `:from` header to a value for all
+messages in this class. This can be overridden on a per-email basis.
+* `mail` - The actual email message, we are passing the `:to` and `:subject`
+headers in.
 
 Just like controllers, any instance variables we define in the method become
 available for use in the views.
@@ -146,14 +169,17 @@ Setting this up is painfully simple.
 First, let's create a simple `User` scaffold:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate scaffold user name email login
-$ rake db:migrate
+$ bin/rails generate scaffold user name email login
+$ bin/rake db:migrate
 ```
 
 Now that we have a user model to play with, we will just edit the
-`app/controllers/users_controller.rb` make it instruct the UserMailer to deliver
+`app/controllers/users_controller.rb` make it instruct the `UserMailer` to deliver
 an email to the newly created user by editing the create action and inserting a
-call to `UserMailer.welcome_email` right after the user is successfully saved:
+call to `UserMailer.welcome_email` right after the user is successfully saved.
+
+Action Mailer is nicely integrated with Active Job so you can send emails outside
+of the request-response cycle, so the user doesn't have to wait on it:
 
 ```ruby
 class UsersController < ApplicationController
@@ -165,7 +191,7 @@ class UsersController < ApplicationController
     respond_to do |format|
       if @user.save
         # Tell the UserMailer to send a welcome email after save
-        UserMailer.welcome_email(@user).deliver
+        UserMailer.welcome_email(@user).deliver_later
 
         format.html { redirect_to(@user, notice: 'User was successfully created.') }
         format.json { render json: @user, status: :created, location: @user }
@@ -178,8 +204,29 @@ class UsersController < ApplicationController
 end
 ```
 
-The method `welcome_email` returns a `Mail::Message` object which can then just
-be told `deliver` to send itself out.
+NOTE: Active Job's default behavior is to execute jobs ':inline'. So, you can use
+`deliver_later` now to send emails, and when you later decide to start sending
+them from a background job, you'll only need to set up Active Job to use a queueing
+backend (Sidekiq, Resque, etc).
+
+If you want to send emails right away (from a cronjob for example) just call
+`deliver_now`:
+
+```ruby
+class SendWeeklySummary
+  def run
+    User.find_each do |user|
+      UserMailer.weekly_summary(user).deliver_now
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The method `welcome_email` returns a `ActionMailer::MessageDelivery` object which
+can then just be told `deliver_now` or `deliver_later` to send itself out. The
+`ActionMailer::MessageDelivery` object is just a wrapper around a `Mail::Message`. If
+you want to inspect, alter or do anything else with the `Mail::Message` object you can
+access it with the `message` method on the `ActionMailer::MessageDelivery` object.
 
 ### Auto encoding header values
 
@@ -230,9 +277,11 @@ different, encode your content and pass in the encoded content and encoding in a
 
     ```ruby
     encoded_content = SpecialEncode(File.read('/path/to/filename.jpg'))
-    attachments['filename.jpg'] = {mime_type: 'application/x-gzip',
-                                   encoding: 'SpecialEncoding',
-                                   content: encoded_content }
+    attachments['filename.jpg'] = {
+      mime_type: 'application/x-gzip',
+      encoding: 'SpecialEncoding',
+      content: encoded_content
+    }
     ```
 
 NOTE: If you specify an encoding, Mail will assume that your content is already
@@ -266,8 +315,7 @@ Action Mailer 3.0 makes inline attachments, which involved a lot of hacking in p
     ```html+erb
     <p>Hello there, this is our image</p>
 
-    <%= image_tag attachments['image.jpg'].url, alt: 'My Photo',
-                                                class: 'photos' %>
+    <%= image_tag attachments['image.jpg'].url, alt: 'My Photo', class: 'photos' %>
     ```
 
 #### Sending Email To Multiple Recipients
@@ -278,7 +326,7 @@ key. The list of emails can be an array of email addresses or a single string
 with the addresses separated by commas.
 
 ```ruby
-class AdminMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+class AdminMailer < ApplicationMailer
   default to: Proc.new { Admin.pluck(:email) },
           from: 'notification@example.com'
 
@@ -296,12 +344,12 @@ The same format can be used to set carbon copy (Cc:) and blind carbon copy
 
 Sometimes you wish to show the name of the person instead of just their email
 address when they receive the email. The trick to doing that is to format the
-email address in the format `"Full Name <email>"`.
+email address in the format `"Full Name" <email>`.
 
 ```ruby
 def welcome_email(user)
   @user = user
-  email_with_name = "#{@user.name} <#{@user.email}>"
+  email_with_name = %("#{@user.name}" <#{@user.email}>)
   mail(to: email_with_name, subject: 'Welcome to My Awesome Site')
 end
 ```
@@ -317,7 +365,7 @@ for the HTML version and `welcome_email.text.erb` for the plain text version.
 To change the default mailer view for your action you do something like:
 
 ```ruby
-class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
   default from: 'notifications@example.com'
 
   def welcome_email(user)
@@ -339,7 +387,7 @@ If you want more flexibility you can also pass a block and render specific
 templates or even render inline or text without using a template file:
 
 ```ruby
-class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
   default from: 'notifications@example.com'
 
   def welcome_email(user)
@@ -369,7 +417,7 @@ layout.
 In order to use a different file, call `layout` in your mailer:
 
 ```ruby
-class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
   layout 'awesome' # use awesome.(html|text).erb as the layout
 end
 ```
@@ -381,7 +429,7 @@ You can also pass in a `layout: 'layout_name'` option to the render call inside
 the format block to specify different layouts for different formats:
 
 ```ruby
-class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
   def welcome_email(user)
     mail(to: user.email) do |format|
       format.html { render layout: 'my_layout' }
@@ -394,6 +442,39 @@ end
 Will render the HTML part using the `my_layout.html.erb` file and the text part
 with the usual `user_mailer.text.erb` file if it exists.
 
+### Previewing Emails
+
+Action Mailer previews provide a way to see how emails look by visiting a
+special URL that renders them. In the above example, the preview class for
+`UserMailer` should be named `UserMailerPreview` and located in
+`test/mailers/previews/user_mailer_preview.rb`. To see the preview of
+`welcome_email`, implement a method that has the same name and call
+`UserMailer.welcome_email`:
+
+```ruby
+class UserMailerPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
+  def welcome_email
+    UserMailer.welcome_email(User.first)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Then the preview will be available in <http://localhost:3000/rails/mailers/user_mailer/welcome_email>.
+
+If you change something in `app/views/user_mailer/welcome_email.html.erb`
+or the mailer itself, it'll automatically reload and render it so you can
+visually see the new style instantly. A list of previews are also available
+in <http://localhost:3000/rails/mailers>.
+
+By default, these preview classes live in `test/mailers/previews`.
+This can be configured using the `preview_path` option. For example, if you
+want to change it to `lib/mailer_previews`, you can configure it in
+`config/application.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+config.action_mailer.preview_path = "#{Rails.root}/lib/mailer_previews"
+```
+
 ### Generating URLs in Action Mailer Views
 
 Unlike controllers, the mailer instance doesn't have any context about the
@@ -406,18 +487,25 @@ globally in `config/application.rb`:
 config.action_mailer.default_url_options = { host: 'example.com' }
 ```
 
-#### generating URLs with `url_for`
+Because of this behavior you cannot use any of the `*_path` helpers inside of
+an email. Instead you will need to use the associated `*_url` helper. For example
+instead of using
 
-You need to pass the `only_path: false` option when using `url_for`. This will
-ensure that absolute URLs are generated because the `url_for` view helper will,
-by default, generate relative URLs when a `:host` option isn't explicitly
-provided.
+```
+<%= link_to 'welcome', welcome_path %>
+```
+
+You will need to use:
 
-```erb
-<%= url_for(controller: 'welcome',
-            action: 'greeting',
-            only_path: false) %>
 ```
+<%= link_to 'welcome', welcome_url %>
+```
+
+By using the full URL, your links will now work in your emails.
+
+#### Generating URLs with `url_for`
+
+`url_for` generate full URL by default in templates.
 
 If you did not configure the `:host` option globally make sure to pass it to
 `url_for`.
@@ -429,10 +517,7 @@ If you did not configure the `:host` option globally make sure to pass it to
             action: 'greeting') %>
 ```
 
-NOTE: When you explicitly pass the `:host` Rails will always generate absolute
-URLs, so there is no need to pass `only_path: false`.
-
-#### generating URLs with named routes
+#### Generating URLs with Named Routes
 
 Email clients have no web context and so paths have no base URL to form complete
 web addresses. Thus, you should always use the "_url" variant of named route
@@ -445,6 +530,27 @@ url helper.
 <%= user_url(@user, host: 'example.com') %>
 ```
 
+NOTE: non-`GET` links require [jQuery UJS](https://github.com/rails/jquery-ujs)
+and won't work in mailer templates. They will result in normal `GET` requests.
+
+### Adding images in Action Mailer Views
+
+Unlike controllers, the mailer instance doesn't have any context about the
+incoming request so you'll need to provide the `:asset_host` parameter yourself.
+
+As the `:asset_host` usually is consistent across the application you can
+configure it globally in config/application.rb:
+
+```ruby
+config.action_mailer.asset_host = 'http://example.com'
+```
+
+Now you can display an image inside your email.
+
+```ruby
+<%= image_tag 'image.jpg' %>
+```
+
 ### Sending Multipart Emails
 
 Action Mailer will automatically send multipart emails if you have different
@@ -463,7 +569,7 @@ while delivering emails, you can do this using `delivery_method_options` in the
 mailer action.
 
 ```ruby
-class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
   def welcome_email(user, company)
     @user = user
     @url  = user_url(@user)
@@ -485,7 +591,7 @@ option. In such cases don't forget to add the `:content_type` option. Rails
 will default to `text/plain` otherwise.
 
 ```ruby
-class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
   def welcome_email(user, email_body)
     mail(to: user.email,
          body: email_body,
@@ -515,7 +621,7 @@ mailer, and pass the email object to the mailer `receive` instance
 method. Here's an example:
 
 ```ruby
-class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
   def receive(email)
     page = Page.find_by(address: email.to.first)
     page.emails.create(
@@ -551,7 +657,7 @@ Action Mailer allows for you to specify a `before_action`, `after_action` and
   using instance variables set in your mailer action.
 
 ```ruby
-class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
   after_action :set_delivery_options,
                :prevent_delivery_to_guests,
                :set_business_headers
@@ -608,7 +714,7 @@ files (environment.rb, production.rb, etc...)
 | Configuration | Description |
 |---------------|-------------|
 |`logger`|Generates information on the mailing run if available. Can be set to `nil` for no logging. Compatible with both Ruby's own `Logger` and `Log4r` loggers.|
-|`smtp_settings`|Allows detailed configuration for `:smtp` delivery method:<ul><li>`:address` - Allows you to use a remote mail server. Just change it from its default "localhost" setting.</li><li>`:port` - On the off chance that your mail server doesn't run on port 25, you can change it.</li><li>`:domain` - If you need to specify a HELO domain, you can do it here.</li><li>`:user_name` - If your mail server requires authentication, set the username in this setting.</li><li>`:password` - If your mail server requires authentication, set the password in this setting.</li><li>`:authentication` - If your mail server requires authentication, you need to specify the authentication type here. This is a symbol and one of `:plain`, `:login`, `:cram_md5`.</li><li>`:enable_starttls_auto` - Set this to `false` if there is a problem with your server certificate that you cannot resolve.</li></ul>|
+|`smtp_settings`|Allows detailed configuration for `:smtp` delivery method:<ul><li>`:address` - Allows you to use a remote mail server. Just change it from its default `"localhost"` setting.</li><li>`:port` - On the off chance that your mail server doesn't run on port 25, you can change it.</li><li>`:domain` - If you need to specify a HELO domain, you can do it here.</li><li>`:user_name` - If your mail server requires authentication, set the username in this setting.</li><li>`:password` - If your mail server requires authentication, set the password in this setting.</li><li>`:authentication` - If your mail server requires authentication, you need to specify the authentication type here. This is a symbol and one of `:plain` (will send the password in the clear), `:login` (will send password Base64 encoded) or `:cram_md5` (combines a Challenge/Response mechanism to exchange information and a cryptographic Message Digest 5 algorithm to hash important information)</li><li>`:enable_starttls_auto` - Detects if STARTTLS is enabled in your SMTP server and starts to use it. Defaults to `true`.</li><li>`:openssl_verify_mode` - When using TLS, you can set how OpenSSL checks the certificate. This is really useful if you need to validate a self-signed and/or a wildcard certificate. You can use the name of an OpenSSL verify constant ('none', 'peer', 'client_once', 'fail_if_no_peer_cert') or directly the constant (`OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE`, `OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER`, ...).</li></ul>|
 |`sendmail_settings`|Allows you to override options for the `:sendmail` delivery method.<ul><li>`:location` - The location of the sendmail executable. Defaults to `/usr/sbin/sendmail`.</li><li>`:arguments` - The command line arguments to be passed to sendmail. Defaults to `-i -t`.</li></ul>|
 |`raise_delivery_errors`|Whether or not errors should be raised if the email fails to be delivered. This only works if the external email server is configured for immediate delivery.|
 |`delivery_method`|Defines a delivery method. Possible values are:<ul><li>`:smtp` (default), can be configured by using `config.action_mailer.smtp_settings`.</li><li>`:sendmail`, can be configured by using `config.action_mailer.sendmail_settings`.</li><li>`:file`: save emails to files; can be configured by using `config.action_mailer.file_settings`.</li><li>`:test`: save emails to `ActionMailer::Base.deliveries` array.</li></ul>See [API docs](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionMailer/Base.html) for more info.|
@@ -617,7 +723,7 @@ files (environment.rb, production.rb, etc...)
 |`default_options`|Allows you to set default values for the `mail` method options (`:from`, `:reply_to`, etc.).|
 
 For a complete writeup of possible configurations see the
-[Action Mailer section](configuring.html#configuring-action-mailer) in
+[Configuring Action Mailer](configuring.html#configuring-action-mailer) in
 our Configuring Rails Applications guide.
 
 ### Example Action Mailer Configuration
@@ -653,6 +759,9 @@ config.action_mailer.smtp_settings = {
   authentication:       'plain',
   enable_starttls_auto: true  }
 ```
+Note: As of July 15, 2014, Google increased [its security measures](https://support.google.com/accounts/answer/6010255) and now blocks attempts from apps it deems less secure.
+You can change your gmail settings [here](https://www.google.com/settings/security/lesssecureapps) to allow the attempts or
+use another ESP to send email by replacing 'smtp.gmail.com' above with the address of your provider.
 
 Mailer Testing
 --------------
@@ -662,6 +771,7 @@ You can find detailed instructions on how to test your mailers in the
 
 Intercepting Emails
 -------------------
+
 There are situations where you need to edit an email before it's
 delivered. Fortunately Action Mailer provides hooks to intercept every
 email. You can register an interceptor to make modifications to mail messages
@@ -680,10 +790,12 @@ Mailer framework. You can do this in an initializer file
 `config/initializers/sandbox_email_interceptor.rb`
 
 ```ruby
-ActionMailer::Base.register_interceptor(SandboxEmailInterceptor) if Rails.env.staging?
+if Rails.env.staging?
+  ActionMailer::Base.register_interceptor(SandboxEmailInterceptor)
+end
 ```
 
 NOTE: The example above uses a custom environment called "staging" for a
 production like server but for testing purposes. You can read
-[Creating Rails environments](./configuring.html#creating-rails-environments)
+[Creating Rails environments](configuring.html#creating-rails-environments)
 for more information about custom Rails environments.
diff --git a/guides/source/action_view_overview.md b/guides/source/action_view_overview.md
index 6a355a5177..4b0e9bff7c 100644
--- a/guides/source/action_view_overview.md
+++ b/guides/source/action_view_overview.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Action View Overview
 ====================
 
@@ -7,14 +9,13 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 * How best to use templates, partials, and layouts.
 * What helpers are provided by Action View and how to make your own.
 * How to use localized views.
-* How to use Action View outside of Rails.
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 What is Action View?
 --------------------
 
-Action View and Action Controller are the two major components of Action Pack. In Rails, web requests are handled by Action Pack, which splits the work into a controller part (performing the logic) and a view part (rendering a template). Typically, Action Controller will be concerned with communicating with the database and performing CRUD actions where necessary. Action View is then responsible for compiling the response.
+In Rails, web requests are handled by [Action Controller](action_controller_overview.html) and Action View. Typically, Action Controller will be concerned with communicating with the database and performing CRUD actions where necessary. Action View is then responsible for compiling the response.
 
 Action View templates are written using embedded Ruby in tags mingled with HTML. To avoid cluttering the templates with boilerplate code, a number of helper classes provide common behavior for forms, dates, and strings. It's also easy to add new helpers to your application as it evolves.
 
@@ -28,34 +29,34 @@ For each controller there is an associated directory in the `app/views` director
 Let's take a look at what Rails does by default when creating a new resource using the scaffold generator:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate scaffold post
+$ bin/rails generate scaffold article
       [...]
       invoke  scaffold_controller
-      create    app/controllers/posts_controller.rb
+      create    app/controllers/articles_controller.rb
       invoke    erb
-      create      app/views/posts
-      create      app/views/posts/index.html.erb
-      create      app/views/posts/edit.html.erb
-      create      app/views/posts/show.html.erb
-      create      app/views/posts/new.html.erb
-      create      app/views/posts/_form.html.erb
+      create      app/views/articles
+      create      app/views/articles/index.html.erb
+      create      app/views/articles/edit.html.erb
+      create      app/views/articles/show.html.erb
+      create      app/views/articles/new.html.erb
+      create      app/views/articles/_form.html.erb
       [...]
 ```
 
 There is a naming convention for views in Rails. Typically, the views share their name with the associated controller action, as you can see above.
-For example, the index controller action of the `posts_controller.rb` will use the `index.html.erb` view file in the `app/views/posts` directory.
-The complete HTML returned to the client is composed of a combination of this ERB file, a layout template that wraps it, and all the partials that the view may reference. Later on this guide you can find a more detailed documentation of each one of these three components.
+For example, the index controller action of the `articles_controller.rb` will use the `index.html.erb` view file in the `app/views/articles` directory.
+The complete HTML returned to the client is composed of a combination of this ERB file, a layout template that wraps it, and all the partials that the view may reference. Within this guide you will find more detailed documentation about each of these three components.
 
 
 Templates, Partials and Layouts
 -------------------------------
 
-As mentioned before, the final HTML output is a composition of three Rails elements: `Templates`, `Partials` and `Layouts`.
-Below is a brief overview of each one of them.
+As mentioned, the final HTML output is a composition of three Rails elements: `Templates`, `Partials` and `Layouts`.
+Below is a brief overview of each of them.
 
 ### Templates
 
-Action View templates can be written in several ways. If the template file has a `.erb` extension then it uses a mixture of ERB (included in Ruby) and HTML. If the template file has a `.builder` extension then a fresh instance of `Builder::XmlMarkup` library is used.
+Action View templates can be written in several ways. If the template file has a `.erb` extension then it uses a mixture of ERB (Embedded Ruby) and HTML. If the template file has a `.builder` extension then the `Builder::XmlMarkup` library is used.
 
 Rails supports multiple template systems and uses a file extension to distinguish amongst them. For example, an HTML file using the ERB template system will have `.html.erb` as a file extension.
 
@@ -72,7 +73,7 @@ Consider the following loop for names:
 <% end %>
 ```
 
-The loop is set up in regular embedding tags (`<% %>`) and the name is written using the output embedding tags (`<%= %>`). Note that this is not just a usage suggestion, for regular output functions like `print` or `puts` won't work with ERB templates. So this would be wrong:
+The loop is set up using regular embedding tags (`<% %>`) and the name is inserted using the output embedding tags (`<%= %>`). Note that this is not just a usage suggestion: regular output functions such as `print` and `puts` won't be rendered to the view with ERB templates. So this would be wrong:
 
 ```html+erb
 <%# WRONG %>
@@ -146,6 +147,39 @@ xml.rss("version" => "2.0", "xmlns:dc" => "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/") do
 end
 ```
 
+#### Jbuilder
+[Jbuilder](https://github.com/rails/jbuilder) is a gem that's
+maintained by the Rails team and included in the default Rails Gemfile.
+It's similar to Builder, but is used to generate JSON, instead of XML.
+
+If you don't have it, you can add the following to your Gemfile:
+
+```ruby
+gem 'jbuilder'
+```
+
+A Jbuilder object named `json` is automatically made available to templates with
+a `.jbuilder` extension.
+
+Here is a basic example:
+
+```ruby
+json.name("Alex")
+json.email("alex@example.com")
+```
+
+would produce:
+
+```json
+{
+  "name": "Alex",
+  "email: "alex@example.com"
+}
+```
+
+See the [Jbuilder documention](https://github.com/rails/jbuilder#jbuilder) for
+more examples and information.
+
 #### Template Caching
 
 By default, Rails will compile each template to a method in order to render it. When you alter a template, Rails will check the file's modification time and recompile it in development mode.
@@ -181,7 +215,7 @@ One way to use partials is to treat them as the equivalent of subroutines; a way
 
 <p>Here are a few of our fine products:</p>
 <% @products.each do |product| %>
-  <%= render partial: "product", locals: {product: product} %>
+  <%= render partial: "product", locals: { product: product } %>
 <% end %>
 
 <%= render "shared/footer" %>
@@ -189,6 +223,22 @@ One way to use partials is to treat them as the equivalent of subroutines; a way
 
 Here, the `_ad_banner.html.erb` and `_footer.html.erb` partials could contain content that is shared among many pages in your application. You don't need to see the details of these sections when you're concentrating on a particular page.
 
+#### `render` without `partial` and `locals` options
+
+In the above example, `render` takes 2 options: `partial` and `locals`. But if
+these are the only options you want to pass, you can skip using these options.
+For example, instead of:
+
+```erb
+<%= render partial: "product", locals: { product: @product } %>
+```
+
+You can also do:
+
+```erb
+<%= render "product", product: @product %>
+```
+
 #### The `as` and `object` options
 
 By default `ActionView::Partials::PartialRenderer` has its object in a local variable with the same name as the template. So, given:
@@ -197,10 +247,11 @@ By default `ActionView::Partials::PartialRenderer` has its object in a local var
 <%= render partial: "product" %>
 ```
 
-within product we'll get `@product` in the local variable `product`, as if we had written:
+within `_product` partial we'll get `@product` in the local variable `product`,
+as if we had written:
 
 ```erb
-<%= render partial: "product", locals: {product: @product} %>
+<%= render partial: "product", locals: { product: @product } %>
 ```
 
 With the `as` option we can specify a different name for the local variable. For example, if we wanted it to be `item` instead of `product` we would do:
@@ -214,7 +265,7 @@ The `object` option can be used to directly specify which object is rendered int
 For example, instead of:
 
 ```erb
-<%= render partial: "product", locals: {product: @item} %>
+<%= render partial: "product", locals: { product: @item } %>
 ```
 
 we would do:
@@ -231,7 +282,7 @@ The `object` and `as` options can also be used together:
 
 #### Rendering Collections
 
-It is very common that a template needs to iterate over a collection and render a sub-template for each of the elements. This pattern has been implemented as a single method that accepts an array and renders a partial for each one of the elements in the array.
+It is very common that a template will need to iterate over a collection and render a sub-template for each of the elements. This pattern has been implemented as a single method that accepts an array and renders a partial for each one of the elements in the array.
 
 So this example for rendering all the products:
 
@@ -247,7 +298,7 @@ can be rewritten in a single line:
 <%= render partial: "product", collection: @products %>
 ```
 
-When a partial is called like this (eg. with a collection), the individual instances of the partial have access to the member of the collection being rendered via a variable named after the partial. In this case, the partial is `_product`, and within it you can refer to `product` to get the instance that is being rendered.
+When a partial is called with a collection, the individual instances of the partial have access to the member of the collection being rendered via a variable named after the partial. In this case, the partial is `_product`, and within it you can refer to `product` to get the collection member that is being rendered.
 
 You can use a shorthand syntax for rendering collections. Assuming `@products` is a collection of `Product` instances, you can simply write the following to produce the same result:
 
@@ -255,7 +306,7 @@ You can use a shorthand syntax for rendering collections. Assuming `@products` i
 <%= render @products %>
 ```
 
-Rails determines the name of the partial to use by looking at the model name in the collection, `Product` in this case. In fact, you can even create a heterogeneous collection and render it this way, and Rails will choose the proper partial for each member of the collection.
+Rails determines the name of the partial to use by looking at the model name in the collection, `Product` in this case. In fact, you can even render a collection made up of instances of different models using this shorthand, and Rails will choose the proper partial for each member of the collection.
 
 #### Spacer Templates
 
@@ -269,30 +320,30 @@ Rails will render the `_product_ruler` partial (with no data passed to it) betwe
 
 ### Layouts
 
-Layouts can be used to render a common view template around the results of Rails controller actions. Typically, every Rails application has a couple of overall layouts that most pages are rendered within. For example, a site might have a layout for a logged in user, and a layout for the marketing or sales side of the site. The logged in user layout might include top-level navigation that should be present across many controller actions. The sales layout for a SaaS app might include top-level navigation for things like "Pricing" and "Contact Us." You would expect each layout to have a different look and feel. You can read more details about Layouts in the [Layouts and Rendering in Rails](layouts_and_rendering.html) guide.
+Layouts can be used to render a common view template around the results of Rails controller actions. Typically, a Rails application will have a couple of layouts that pages will be rendered within. For example, a site might have one layout for a logged in user and another for the marketing or sales side of the site. The logged in user layout might include top-level navigation that should be present across many controller actions. The sales layout for a SaaS app might include top-level navigation for things like "Pricing" and "Contact Us" pages. You would expect each layout to have a different look and feel. You can read about layouts in more detail in the [Layouts and Rendering in Rails](layouts_and_rendering.html) guide.
 
 Partial Layouts
 ---------------
 
-Partials can have their own layouts applied to them. These layouts are different than the ones that are specified globally for the entire action, but they work in a similar fashion.
+Partials can have their own layouts applied to them. These layouts are different from those applied to a controller action, but they work in a similar fashion.
 
-Let's say we're displaying a post on a page, that should be wrapped in a `div` for display purposes. First, we'll create a new `Post`:
+Let's say we're displaying an article on a page which should be wrapped in a `div` for display purposes. Firstly, we'll create a new `Article`:
 
 ```ruby
-Post.create(body: 'Partial Layouts are cool!')
+Article.create(body: 'Partial Layouts are cool!')
 ```
 
-In the `show` template, we'll render the `_post` partial wrapped in the `box` layout:
+In the `show` template, we'll render the `_article` partial wrapped in the `box` layout:
 
-**posts/show.html.erb**
+**articles/show.html.erb**
 
 ```erb
-<%= render partial: 'post', layout: 'box', locals: {post: @post} %>
+<%= render partial: 'article', layout: 'box', locals: { article: @article } %>
 ```
 
-The `box` layout simply wraps the `_post` partial in a `div`:
+The `box` layout simply wraps the `_article` partial in a `div`:
 
-**posts/_box.html.erb**
+**articles/_box.html.erb**
 
 ```html+erb
 <div class='box'>
@@ -300,37 +351,17 @@ The `box` layout simply wraps the `_post` partial in a `div`:
 </div>
 ```
 
-The `_post` partial wraps the post's `body` in a `div` with the `id` of the post using the `div_for` helper:
-
-**posts/_post.html.erb**
-
-```html+erb
-<%= div_for(post) do %>
-  <p><%= post.body %></p>
-<% end %>
-```
-
-this would output the following:
-
-```html
-<div class='box'>
-  <div id='post_1'>
-    <p>Partial Layouts are cool!</p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-```
-
-Note that the partial layout has access to the local `post` variable that was passed into the `render` call. However, unlike application-wide layouts, partial layouts still have the underscore prefix.
+Note that the partial layout has access to the local `article` variable that was passed into the `render` call. However, unlike application-wide layouts, partial layouts still have the underscore prefix.
 
-You can also render a block of code within a partial layout instead of calling `yield`. For example, if we didn't have the `_post` partial, we could do this instead:
+You can also render a block of code within a partial layout instead of calling `yield`. For example, if we didn't have the `_article` partial, we could do this instead:
 
-**posts/show.html.erb**
+**articles/show.html.erb**
 
 ```html+erb
-<% render(layout: 'box', locals: {post: @post}) do %>
-  <%= div_for(post) do %>
-    <p><%= post.body %></p>
-  <% end %>
+<% render(layout: 'box', locals: { article: @article }) do %>
+  <div>
+    <p><%= article.body %></p>
+  </div>
 <% end %>
 ```
 
@@ -339,91 +370,41 @@ Supposing we use the same `_box` partial from above, this would produce the same
 View Paths
 ----------
 
-TODO...
-
-Overview of helpers provided by Action View
--------------------------------------------
-
-WIP: Not all the helpers are listed here. For a full list see the [API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers.html)
-
-The following is only a brief overview summary of the helpers available in Action View. It's recommended that you review the [API Documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers.html), which covers all of the helpers in more detail, but this should serve as a good starting point.
-
-### RecordTagHelper
-
-This module provides methods for generating container tags, such as `div`, for your record. This is the recommended way of creating a container for render your Active Record object, as it adds an appropriate class and id attributes to that container. You can then refer to those containers easily by following the convention, instead of having to think about which class or id attribute you should use.
-
-#### content_tag_for
-
-Renders a container tag that relates to your Active Record Object.
-
-For example, given `@post` is the object of `Post` class, you can do:
-
-```html+erb
-<%= content_tag_for(:tr, @post) do %>
-  <td><%= @post.title %></td>
-<% end %>
-```
-
-This will generate this HTML output:
+When rendering a response, the controller needs to resolve where the different
+views are located. By default it only looks inside the `app/views` directory.
 
-```html
-<tr id="post_1234" class="post">
-  <td>Hello World!</td>
-</tr>
-```
+We can add other locations and give them a certain precedence when resolving
+paths using the `prepend_view_path` and `append_view_path` methods.
 
-You can also supply HTML attributes as an additional option hash. For example:
+### Prepend view path
 
-```html+erb
-<%= content_tag_for(:tr, @post, class: "frontpage") do %>
-  <td><%= @post.title %></td>
-<% end %>
-```
+This can be helpful for example, when we want to put views inside a different
+directory for subdomains.
 
-Will generate this HTML output:
+We can do this by using:
 
-```html
-<tr id="post_1234" class="post frontpage">
-  <td>Hello World!</td>
-</tr>
+```ruby
+prepend_view_path "app/views/#{request.subdomain}"
 ```
 
-You can pass a collection of Active Record objects. This method will loop through your objects and create a container for each of them. For example, given `@posts` is an array of two `Post` objects:
+Then Action View will look first in this directory when resolving views.
 
-```html+erb
-<%= content_tag_for(:tr, @posts) do |post| %>
-  <td><%= post.title %></td>
-<% end %>
-```
+### Append view path
 
-Will generate this HTML output:
+Similarly, we can append paths:
 
-```html
-<tr id="post_1234" class="post">
-  <td>Hello World!</td>
-</tr>
-<tr id="post_1235" class="post">
-  <td>Ruby on Rails Rocks!</td>
-</tr>
+```ruby
+append_view_path "app/views/direct"
 ```
 
-#### div_for
-
-This is actually a convenient method which calls `content_tag_for` internally with `:div` as the tag name. You can pass either an Active Record object or a collection of objects. For example:
+This will add `app/views/direct` to the end of the lookup paths.
 
-```html+erb
-<%= div_for(@post, class: "frontpage") do %>
-  <td><%= @post.title %></td>
-<% end %>
-```
+Overview of helpers provided by Action View
+-------------------------------------------
 
-Will generate this HTML output:
+WIP: Not all the helpers are listed here. For a full list see the [API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers.html)
 
-```html
-<div id="post_1234" class="post frontpage">
-  <td>Hello World!</td>
-</div>
-```
+The following is only a brief overview summary of the helpers available in Action View. It's recommended that you review the [API Documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers.html), which covers all of the helpers in more detail, but this should serve as a good starting point.
 
 ### AssetTagHelper
 
@@ -436,39 +417,13 @@ config.action_controller.asset_host = "assets.example.com"
 image_tag("rails.png") # => <img src="http://assets.example.com/images/rails.png" alt="Rails" />
 ```
 
-#### register_javascript_expansion
-
-Register one or more JavaScript files to be included when symbol is passed to javascript_include_tag. This method is typically intended to be called from plugin initialization to register JavaScript files that the plugin installed in `vendor/assets/javascripts`.
-
-```ruby
-ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper.register_javascript_expansion monkey: ["head", "body", "tail"]
-
-javascript_include_tag :monkey # =>
-  <script src="/assets/head.js"></script>
-  <script src="/assets/body.js"></script>
-  <script src="/assets/tail.js"></script>
-```
-
-#### register_stylesheet_expansion
-
-Register one or more stylesheet files to be included when symbol is passed to `stylesheet_link_tag`. This method is typically intended to be called from plugin initialization to register stylesheet files that the plugin installed in `vendor/assets/stylesheets`.
-
-```ruby
-ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper.register_stylesheet_expansion monkey: ["head", "body", "tail"]
-
-stylesheet_link_tag :monkey # =>
-  <link href="/assets/head.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
-  <link href="/assets/body.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
-  <link href="/assets/tail.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
-```
-
 #### auto_discovery_link_tag
 
 Returns a link tag that browsers and feed readers can use to auto-detect an RSS or Atom feed.
 
 ```ruby
-auto_discovery_link_tag(:rss, "http://www.example.com/feed.rss", {title: "RSS Feed"}) # =>
-  <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="http://www.example.com/feed" />
+auto_discovery_link_tag(:rss, "http://www.example.com/feed.rss", { title: "RSS Feed" }) # =>
+  <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="http://www.example.com/feed.rss" />
 ```
 
 #### image_path
@@ -495,7 +450,7 @@ image_url("edit.png") # => http://www.example.com/assets/edit.png
 
 #### image_tag
 
-Returns an html image tag for the source. The source can be a full path or a file that exists in your `app/assets/images` directory.
+Returns an HTML image tag for the source. The source can be a full path or a file that exists in your `app/assets/images` directory.
 
 ```ruby
 image_tag("icon.png") # => <img src="/assets/icon.png" alt="Icon" />
@@ -503,7 +458,7 @@ image_tag("icon.png") # => <img src="/assets/icon.png" alt="Icon" />
 
 #### javascript_include_tag
 
-Returns an html script tag for each of the sources provided. You can pass in the filename (`.js` extension is optional) of JavaScript files that exist in your `app/assets/javascripts` directory for inclusion into the current page or you can pass the full path relative to your document root.
+Returns an HTML script tag for each of the sources provided. You can pass in the filename (`.js` extension is optional) of JavaScript files that exist in your `app/assets/javascripts` directory for inclusion into the current page or you can pass the full path relative to your document root.
 
 ```ruby
 javascript_include_tag "common" # => <script src="/assets/common.js"></script>
@@ -552,7 +507,7 @@ Returns a stylesheet link tag for the sources specified as arguments. If you don
 stylesheet_link_tag "application" # => <link href="/assets/application.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
 ```
 
-You can also include all styles in the stylesheet directory using :all as the source:
+You can also include all styles in the stylesheet directory using `:all` as the source:
 
 ```ruby
 stylesheet_link_tag :all
@@ -567,7 +522,7 @@ stylesheet_link_tag :all, cache: true
 
 #### stylesheet_path
 
-Computes the path to a stylesheet asset in the `app/assets/stylesheets` directory. If the source filename has no extension, .css will be appended. Full paths from the document root will be passed through. Used internally by stylesheet_link_tag to build the stylesheet path.
+Computes the path to a stylesheet asset in the `app/assets/stylesheets` directory. If the source filename has no extension, `.css` will be appended. Full paths from the document root will be passed through. Used internally by stylesheet_link_tag to build the stylesheet path.
 
 ```ruby
 stylesheet_path "application" # => /assets/application.css
@@ -590,14 +545,14 @@ This helper makes building an Atom feed easy. Here's a full usage example:
 **config/routes.rb**
 
 ```ruby
-resources :posts
+resources :articles
 ```
 
-**app/controllers/posts_controller.rb**
+**app/controllers/articles_controller.rb**
 
 ```ruby
 def index
-  @posts = Post.all
+  @articles = Article.all
 
   respond_to do |format|
     format.html
@@ -606,20 +561,20 @@ def index
 end
 ```
 
-**app/views/posts/index.atom.builder**
+**app/views/articles/index.atom.builder**
 
 ```ruby
 atom_feed do |feed|
-  feed.title("Posts Index")
-  feed.updated((@posts.first.created_at))
+  feed.title("Articles Index")
+  feed.updated(@articles.first.created_at)
 
-  @posts.each do |post|
-    feed.entry(post) do |entry|
-      entry.title(post.title)
-      entry.content(post.body, type: 'html')
+  @articles.each do |article|
+    feed.entry(article) do |entry|
+      entry.title(article.title)
+      entry.content(article.body, type: 'html')
 
       entry.author do |author|
-        author.name(post.author_name)
+        author.name(article.author_name)
       end
     end
   end
@@ -697,7 +652,7 @@ For example, let's say we have a standard application layout, but also a special
 </html>
 ```
 
-**app/views/posts/special.html.erb**
+**app/views/articles/special.html.erb**
 
 ```html+erb
 <p>This is a special page.</p>
@@ -714,7 +669,7 @@ For example, let's say we have a standard application layout, but also a special
 Returns a set of select tags (one for year, month, and day) pre-selected for accessing a specified date-based attribute.
 
 ```ruby
-date_select("post", "published_on")
+date_select("article", "published_on")
 ```
 
 #### datetime_select
@@ -722,7 +677,7 @@ date_select("post", "published_on")
 Returns a set of select tags (one for year, month, day, hour, and minute) pre-selected for accessing a specified datetime-based attribute.
 
 ```ruby
-datetime_select("post", "published_on")
+datetime_select("article", "published_on")
 ```
 
 #### distance_of_time_in_words
@@ -736,7 +691,7 @@ distance_of_time_in_words(Time.now, Time.now + 15.seconds, include_seconds: true
 
 #### select_date
 
-Returns a set of html select-tags (one for year, month, and day) pre-selected with the `date` provided.
+Returns a set of HTML select-tags (one for year, month, and day) pre-selected with the `date` provided.
 
 ```ruby
 # Generates a date select that defaults to the date provided (six days after today)
@@ -748,7 +703,7 @@ select_date()
 
 #### select_datetime
 
-Returns a set of html select-tags (one for year, month, day, hour, and minute) pre-selected with the `datetime` provided.
+Returns a set of HTML select-tags (one for year, month, day, hour, and minute) pre-selected with the `datetime` provided.
 
 ```ruby
 # Generates a datetime select that defaults to the datetime provided (four days after today)
@@ -785,7 +740,7 @@ Returns a select tag with options for each of the minutes 0 through 59 with the
 
 ```ruby
 # Generates a select field for minutes that defaults to the minutes for the time provided.
-select_minute(Time.now + 6.hours)
+select_minute(Time.now + 10.minutes)
 ```
 
 #### select_month
@@ -803,12 +758,12 @@ Returns a select tag with options for each of the seconds 0 through 59 with the
 
 ```ruby
 # Generates a select field for seconds that defaults to the seconds for the time provided
-select_second(Time.now + 16.minutes)
+select_second(Time.now + 16.seconds)
 ```
 
 #### select_time
 
-Returns a set of html select-tags (one for hour and minute).
+Returns a set of HTML select-tags (one for hour and minute).
 
 ```ruby
 # Generates a time select that defaults to the time provided
@@ -849,7 +804,7 @@ time_select("order", "submitted")
 Returns a `pre` tag that has object dumped by YAML. This creates a very readable way to inspect an object.
 
 ```ruby
-my_hash = {'first' => 1, 'second' => 'two', 'third' => [1,2,3]}
+my_hash = { 'first' => 1, 'second' => 'two', 'third' => [1,2,3] }
 debug(my_hash)
 ```
 
@@ -868,13 +823,13 @@ third:
 
 Form helpers are designed to make working with models much easier compared to using just standard HTML elements by providing a set of methods for creating forms based on your models. This helper generates the HTML for forms, providing a method for each sort of input (e.g., text, password, select, and so on). When the form is submitted (i.e., when the user hits the submit button or form.submit is called via JavaScript), the form inputs will be bundled into the params object and passed back to the controller.
 
-There are two types of form helpers: those that specifically work with model attributes and those that don't. This helper deals with those that work with model attributes; to see an example of form helpers that don't work with model attributes, check the ActionView::Helpers::FormTagHelper documentation.
+There are two types of form helpers: those that specifically work with model attributes and those that don't. This helper deals with those that work with model attributes; to see an example of form helpers that don't work with model attributes, check the `ActionView::Helpers::FormTagHelper` documentation.
 
-The core method of this helper, form_for, gives you the ability to create a form for a model instance; for example, let's say that you have a model Person and want to create a new instance of it:
+The core method of this helper, `form_for`, gives you the ability to create a form for a model instance; for example, let's say that you have a model Person and want to create a new instance of it:
 
 ```html+erb
 # Note: a @person variable will have been created in the controller (e.g. @person = Person.new)
-<%= form_for @person, url: {action: "create"} do |f| %>
+<%= form_for @person, url: { action: "create" } do |f| %>
   <%= f.text_field :first_name %>
   <%= f.text_field :last_name %>
   <%= submit_tag 'Create' %>
@@ -894,7 +849,7 @@ The HTML generated for this would be:
 The params object created when this form is submitted would look like:
 
 ```ruby
-{"action" => "create", "controller" => "people", "person" => {"first_name" => "William", "last_name" => "Smith"}}
+{ "action" => "create", "controller" => "people", "person" => { "first_name" => "William", "last_name" => "Smith" } }
 ```
 
 The params hash has a nested person value, which can therefore be accessed with params[:person] in the controller.
@@ -904,18 +859,18 @@ The params hash has a nested person value, which can therefore be accessed with
 Returns a checkbox tag tailored for accessing a specified attribute.
 
 ```ruby
-# Let's say that @post.validated? is 1:
-check_box("post", "validated")
-# => <input type="checkbox" id="post_validated" name="post[validated]" value="1" />
-#    <input name="post[validated]" type="hidden" value="0" />
+# Let's say that @article.validated? is 1:
+check_box("article", "validated")
+# => <input type="checkbox" id="article_validated" name="article[validated]" value="1" />
+#    <input name="article[validated]" type="hidden" value="0" />
 ```
 
 #### fields_for
 
-Creates a scope around a specific model object like form_for, but doesn't create the form tags themselves. This makes fields_for suitable for specifying additional model objects in the same form:
+Creates a scope around a specific model object like `form_for`, but doesn't create the form tags themselves. This makes `fields_for` suitable for specifying additional model objects in the same form:
 
 ```html+erb
-<%= form_for @person, url: {action: "update"} do |person_form| %>
+<%= form_for @person, url: { action: "update" } do |person_form| %>
   First name: <%= person_form.text_field :first_name %>
   Last name : <%= person_form.text_field :last_name %>
 
@@ -939,7 +894,7 @@ file_field(:user, :avatar)
 Creates a form and a scope around a specific model object that is used as a base for questioning about values for the fields.
 
 ```html+erb
-<%= form_for @post do |f| %>
+<%= form_for @article do |f| %>
   <%= f.label :title, 'Title' %>:
   <%= f.text_field :title %><br>
   <%= f.label :body, 'Body' %>:
@@ -961,8 +916,8 @@ hidden_field(:user, :token)
 Returns a label tag tailored for labelling an input field for a specified attribute.
 
 ```ruby
-label(:post, :title)
-# => <label for="post_title">Title</label>
+label(:article, :title)
+# => <label for="article_title">Title</label>
 ```
 
 #### password_field
@@ -979,11 +934,11 @@ password_field(:login, :pass)
 Returns a radio button tag for accessing a specified attribute.
 
 ```ruby
-# Let's say that @post.category returns "rails":
-radio_button("post", "category", "rails")
-radio_button("post", "category", "java")
-# => <input type="radio" id="post_category_rails" name="post[category]" value="rails" checked="checked" />
-#    <input type="radio" id="post_category_java" name="post[category]" value="java" />
+# Let's say that @article.category returns "rails":
+radio_button("article", "category", "rails")
+radio_button("article", "category", "java")
+# => <input type="radio" id="article_category_rails" name="article[category]" value="rails" checked="checked" />
+#    <input type="radio" id="article_category_java" name="article[category]" value="java" />
 ```
 
 #### text_area
@@ -1002,8 +957,8 @@ text_area(:comment, :text, size: "20x30")
 Returns an input tag of the "text" type tailored for accessing a specified attribute.
 
 ```ruby
-text_field(:post, :title)
-# => <input type="text" id="post_title" name="post[title]" value="#{@post.title}" />
+text_field(:article, :title)
+# => <input type="text" id="article_title" name="article[title]" value="#{@article.title}" />
 ```
 
 #### email_field
@@ -1035,28 +990,28 @@ Returns `select` and `option` tags for the collection of existing return values
 Example object structure for use with this method:
 
 ```ruby
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :author
 end
 
 class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
-  has_many :posts
+  has_many :articles
   def name_with_initial
     "#{first_name.first}. #{last_name}"
   end
 end
 ```
 
-Sample usage (selecting the associated Author for an instance of Post, `@post`):
+Sample usage (selecting the associated Author for an instance of Article, `@article`):
 
 ```ruby
-collection_select(:post, :author_id, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial, {prompt: true})
+collection_select(:article, :author_id, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial, { prompt: true })
 ```
 
-If `@post.author_id` is 1, this would return:
+If `@article.author_id` is 1, this would return:
 
 ```html
-<select name="post[author_id]">
+<select name="article[author_id]">
   <option value="">Please select</option>
   <option value="1" selected="selected">D. Heinemeier Hansson</option>
   <option value="2">D. Thomas</option>
@@ -1071,33 +1026,33 @@ Returns `radio_button` tags for the collection of existing return values of `met
 Example object structure for use with this method:
 
 ```ruby
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :author
 end
 
 class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
-  has_many :posts
+  has_many :articles
   def name_with_initial
     "#{first_name.first}. #{last_name}"
   end
 end
 ```
 
-Sample usage (selecting the associated Author for an instance of Post, `@post`):
+Sample usage (selecting the associated Author for an instance of Article, `@article`):
 
 ```ruby
-collection_radio_buttons(:post, :author_id, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial)
+collection_radio_buttons(:article, :author_id, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial)
 ```
 
-If `@post.author_id` is 1, this would return:
+If `@article.author_id` is 1, this would return:
 
 ```html
-<input id="post_author_id_1" name="post[author_id]" type="radio" value="1" checked="checked" />
-<label for="post_author_id_1">D. Heinemeier Hansson</label>
-<input id="post_author_id_2" name="post[author_id]" type="radio" value="2" />
-<label for="post_author_id_2">D. Thomas</label>
-<input id="post_author_id_3" name="post[author_id]" type="radio" value="3" />
-<label for="post_author_id_3">M. Clark</label>
+<input id="article_author_id_1" name="article[author_id]" type="radio" value="1" checked="checked" />
+<label for="article_author_id_1">D. Heinemeier Hansson</label>
+<input id="article_author_id_2" name="article[author_id]" type="radio" value="2" />
+<label for="article_author_id_2">D. Thomas</label>
+<input id="article_author_id_3" name="article[author_id]" type="radio" value="3" />
+<label for="article_author_id_3">M. Clark</label>
 ```
 
 #### collection_check_boxes
@@ -1107,44 +1062,36 @@ Returns `check_box` tags for the collection of existing return values of `method
 Example object structure for use with this method:
 
 ```ruby
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_and_belongs_to_many :authors
 end
 
 class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
-  has_and_belongs_to_many :posts
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :articles
   def name_with_initial
     "#{first_name.first}. #{last_name}"
   end
 end
 ```
 
-Sample usage (selecting the associated Authors for an instance of Post, `@post`):
+Sample usage (selecting the associated Authors for an instance of Article, `@article`):
 
 ```ruby
-collection_check_boxes(:post, :author_ids, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial)
+collection_check_boxes(:article, :author_ids, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial)
 ```
 
-If `@post.author_ids` is [1], this would return:
+If `@article.author_ids` is [1], this would return:
 
 ```html
-<input id="post_author_ids_1" name="post[author_ids][]" type="checkbox" value="1" checked="checked" />
-<label for="post_author_ids_1">D. Heinemeier Hansson</label>
-<input id="post_author_ids_2" name="post[author_ids][]" type="checkbox" value="2" />
-<label for="post_author_ids_2">D. Thomas</label>
-<input id="post_author_ids_3" name="post[author_ids][]" type="checkbox" value="3" />
-<label for="post_author_ids_3">M. Clark</label>
-<input name="post[author_ids][]" type="hidden" value="" />
+<input id="article_author_ids_1" name="article[author_ids][]" type="checkbox" value="1" checked="checked" />
+<label for="article_author_ids_1">D. Heinemeier Hansson</label>
+<input id="article_author_ids_2" name="article[author_ids][]" type="checkbox" value="2" />
+<label for="article_author_ids_2">D. Thomas</label>
+<input id="article_author_ids_3" name="article[author_ids][]" type="checkbox" value="3" />
+<label for="article_author_ids_3">M. Clark</label>
+<input name="article[author_ids][]" type="hidden" value="" />
 ```
 
-#### country_options_for_select
-
-Returns a string of option tags for pretty much any country in the world.
-
-#### country_select
-
-Returns select and option tags for the given object and method, using country_options_for_select to generate the list of option tags.
-
 #### option_groups_from_collection_for_select
 
 Returns a string of `option` tags, like `options_from_collection_for_select`, but groups them by `optgroup` tags based on the object relationships of the arguments.
@@ -1206,7 +1153,7 @@ Returns a string of option tags that have been compiled by iterating over the `c
 # options_from_collection_for_select(collection, value_method, text_method, selected = nil)
 ```
 
-For example, imagine a loop iterating over each person in @project.people to generate an input tag:
+For example, imagine a loop iterating over each person in `@project.people` to generate an input tag:
 
 ```ruby
 options_from_collection_for_select(@project.people, "id", "name")
@@ -1222,17 +1169,17 @@ Create a select tag and a series of contained option tags for the provided objec
 Example:
 
 ```ruby
-select("post", "person_id", Person.all.collect {|p| [ p.name, p.id ] }, {include_blank: true})
+select("article", "person_id", Person.all.collect { |p| [ p.name, p.id ] }, { include_blank: true })
 ```
 
-If `@post.person_id` is 1, this would become:
+If `@article.person_id` is 1, this would become:
 
 ```html
-<select name="post[person_id]">
+<select name="article[person_id]">
   <option value=""></option>
   <option value="1" selected="selected">David</option>
-  <option value="2">Sam</option>
-  <option value="3">Tobias</option>
+  <option value="2">Eileen</option>
+  <option value="3">Rafael</option>
 </select>
 ```
 
@@ -1285,7 +1232,7 @@ Creates a field set for grouping HTML form elements.
 Creates a file upload field.
 
 ```html+erb
-<%= form_tag({action:"post"}, multipart: true) do %>
+<%= form_tag({ action: "post" }, multipart: true) do %>
   <label for="file">File to Upload</label> <%= file_field_tag "file" %>
   <%= submit_tag %>
 <% end %>
@@ -1300,13 +1247,13 @@ file_field_tag 'attachment'
 
 #### form_tag
 
-Starts a form tag that points the action to an url configured with `url_for_options` just like `ActionController::Base#url_for`.
+Starts a form tag that points the action to a url configured with `url_for_options` just like `ActionController::Base#url_for`.
 
 ```html+erb
-<%= form_tag '/posts' do %>
+<%= form_tag '/articles' do %>
   <div><%= submit_tag 'Save' %></div>
 <% end %>
-# => <form action="/posts" method="post"><div><input type="submit" name="submit" value="Save" /></div></form>
+# => <form action="/articles" method="post"><div><input type="submit" name="submit" value="Save" /></div></form>
 ```
 
 #### hidden_field_tag
@@ -1368,8 +1315,8 @@ select_tag "people", "<option>David</option>"
 Creates a submit button with the text provided as the caption.
 
 ```ruby
-submit_tag "Publish this post"
-# => <input name="commit" type="submit" value="Publish this post" />
+submit_tag "Publish this article"
+# => <input name="commit" type="submit" value="Publish this article" />
 ```
 
 #### text_area_tag
@@ -1377,8 +1324,8 @@ submit_tag "Publish this post"
 Creates a text input area; use a textarea for longer text inputs such as blog posts or descriptions.
 
 ```ruby
-text_area_tag 'post'
-# => <textarea id="post" name="post"></textarea>
+text_area_tag 'article'
+# => <textarea id="article" name="article"></textarea>
 ```
 
 #### text_field_tag
@@ -1421,22 +1368,6 @@ date_field_tag "dob"
 
 Provides functionality for working with JavaScript in your views.
 
-#### button_to_function
-
-Returns a button that'll trigger a JavaScript function using the onclick handler. Examples:
-
-```ruby
-button_to_function "Greeting", "alert('Hello world!')"
-button_to_function "Delete", "if (confirm('Really?')) do_delete()"
-button_to_function "Details" do |page|
-  page[:details].visual_effect :toggle_slide
-end
-```
-
-#### define_javascript_functions
-
-Includes the Action Pack JavaScript libraries inside a single `script` tag.
-
 #### escape_javascript
 
 Escape carrier returns and single and double quotes for JavaScript segments.
@@ -1457,15 +1388,6 @@ alert('All is good')
 </script>
 ```
 
-#### link_to_function
-
-Returns a link that will trigger a JavaScript function using the onclick handler and return false after the fact.
-
-```ruby
-link_to_function "Greeting", "alert('Hello world!')"
-# => <a onclick="alert('Hello world!'); return false;" href="#">Greeting</a>
-```
-
 ### NumberHelper
 
 Provides methods for converting numbers into formatted strings. Methods are provided for phone numbers, currency, percentage, precision, positional notation, and file size.
@@ -1526,13 +1448,13 @@ The SanitizeHelper module provides a set of methods for scrubbing text of undesi
 
 #### sanitize
 
-This sanitize helper will html encode all tags and strip all attributes that aren't specifically allowed.
+This sanitize helper will HTML encode all tags and strip all attributes that aren't specifically allowed.
 
 ```ruby
 sanitize @article.body
 ```
 
-If either the :attributes or :tags options are passed, only the mentioned tags and attributes are allowed and nothing else.
+If either the `:attributes` or `:tags` options are passed, only the mentioned attributes and tags are allowed and nothing else.
 
 ```ruby
 sanitize @article.body, tags: %w(table tr td), attributes: %w(id class style)
@@ -1550,16 +1472,16 @@ end
 
 Sanitizes a block of CSS code.
 
-#### strip_links(html) 
+#### strip_links(html)
 Strips all link tags from text leaving just the link text.
 
 ```ruby
-strip_links("<a href="http://rubyonrails.org">Ruby on Rails</a>")
+strip_links('<a href="http://rubyonrails.org">Ruby on Rails</a>')
 # => Ruby on Rails
 ```
 
 ```ruby
-strip_links("emails to <a href="mailto:me@email.com">me@email.com</a>.")
+strip_links('emails to <a href="mailto:me@email.com">me@email.com</a>.')
 # => emails to me@email.com.
 ```
 
@@ -1568,9 +1490,9 @@ strip_links('Blog: <a href="http://myblog.com/">Visit</a>.')
 # => Blog: Visit.
 ```
 
-#### strip_tags(html) 
+#### strip_tags(html)
 
-Strips all HTML tags from the html, including comments. 
+Strips all HTML tags from the html, including comments.
 This uses the html-scanner tokenizer and so its HTML parsing ability is limited by that of html-scanner.
 
 ```ruby
@@ -1585,13 +1507,24 @@ strip_tags("<b>Bold</b> no more!  <a href='more.html'>See more</a>")
 
 NB: The output may still contain unescaped '<', '>', '&' characters and confuse browsers.
 
+### CsrfHelper
+
+Returns meta tags "csrf-param" and "csrf-token" with the name of the cross-site
+request forgery protection parameter and token, respectively.
+
+```html
+<%= csrf_meta_tags %>
+```
+
+NOTE: Regular forms generate hidden fields so they do not use these tags. More
+details can be found in the [Rails Security Guide](security.html#cross-site-request-forgery-csrf).
 
 Localized Views
 ---------------
 
-Action View has the ability render different templates depending on the current locale.
+Action View has the ability to render different templates depending on the current locale.
 
-For example, suppose you have a `PostsController` with a show action. By default, calling this action will render `app/views/posts/show.html.erb`. But if you set `I18n.locale = :de`, then `app/views/posts/show.de.html.erb` will be rendered instead. If the localized template isn't present, the undecorated version will be used. This means you're not required to provide localized views for all cases, but they will be preferred and used if available.
+For example, suppose you have a `ArticlesController` with a show action. By default, calling this action will render `app/views/articles/show.html.erb`. But if you set `I18n.locale = :de`, then `app/views/articles/show.de.html.erb` will be rendered instead. If the localized template isn't present, the undecorated version will be used. This means you're not required to provide localized views for all cases, but they will be preferred and used if available.
 
 You can use the same technique to localize the rescue files in your public directory. For example, setting `I18n.locale = :de` and creating `public/500.de.html` and `public/404.de.html` would allow you to have localized rescue pages.
 
@@ -1605,6 +1538,6 @@ def set_expert_locale
 end
 ```
 
-Then you could create special views like `app/views/posts/show.expert.html.erb` that would only be displayed to expert users.
+Then you could create special views like `app/views/articles/show.expert.html.erb` that would only be displayed to expert users.
 
 You can read more about the Rails Internationalization (I18n) API [here](i18n.html).
diff --git a/guides/source/active_job_basics.md b/guides/source/active_job_basics.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e36c0f899f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/active_job_basics.md
@@ -0,0 +1,374 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
+Active Job Basics
+=================
+
+This guide provides you with all you need to get started in creating,
+enqueuing and executing background jobs.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* How to create jobs.
+* How to enqueue jobs.
+* How to run jobs in the background.
+* How to send emails from your application asynchronously.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+Introduction
+------------
+
+Active Job is a framework for declaring jobs and making them run on a variety
+of queuing backends. These jobs can be everything from regularly scheduled
+clean-ups, to billing charges, to mailings. Anything that can be chopped up
+into small units of work and run in parallel, really.
+
+
+The Purpose of Active Job
+-----------------------------
+The main point is to ensure that all Rails apps will have a job infrastructure
+in place. We can then have framework features and other gems build on top of that,
+without having to worry about API differences between various job runners such as
+Delayed Job and Resque. Picking your queuing backend becomes more of an operational
+concern, then. And you'll be able to switch between them without having to rewrite
+your jobs.
+
+NOTE: Rails by default comes with an "immediate runner" queuing implementation.
+That means that each job that has been enqueued will run immediately.
+
+
+Creating a Job
+--------------
+
+This section will provide a step-by-step guide to creating a job and enqueuing it.
+
+### Create the Job
+
+Active Job provides a Rails generator to create jobs. The following will create a
+job in `app/jobs` (with an attached test case under `test/jobs`):
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate job guests_cleanup
+invoke  test_unit
+create    test/jobs/guests_cleanup_job_test.rb
+create  app/jobs/guests_cleanup_job.rb
+```
+
+You can also create a job that will run on a specific queue:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate job guests_cleanup --queue urgent
+```
+
+If you don't want to use a generator, you could create your own file inside of
+`app/jobs`, just make sure that it inherits from `ActiveJob::Base`.
+
+Here's what a job looks like:
+
+```ruby
+class GuestsCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  queue_as :default
+
+  def perform(*guests)
+    # Do something later
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Note that you can define `perform` with as many arguments as you want.
+
+### Enqueue the Job
+
+Enqueue a job like so:
+
+```ruby
+# Enqueue a job to be performed as soon as the queuing system is
+# free.
+GuestsCleanupJob.perform_later guest
+```
+
+```ruby
+# Enqueue a job to be performed tomorrow at noon.
+GuestsCleanupJob.set(wait_until: Date.tomorrow.noon).perform_later(guest)
+```
+
+```ruby
+# Enqueue a job to be performed 1 week from now.
+GuestsCleanupJob.set(wait: 1.week).perform_later(guest)
+```
+
+```ruby
+# `perform_now` and `perform_later` will call `perform` under the hood so
+# you can pass as many arguments as defined in the latter.
+GuestsCleanupJob.perform_later(guest1, guest2, filter: 'some_filter')
+```
+
+That's it!
+
+Job Execution
+-------------
+
+For enqueuing and executing jobs you need to set up a queuing backend, that is to
+say you need to decide for a 3rd-party queuing library that Rails should use.
+Rails itself does not provide a sophisticated queuing system and just executes the
+job immediately if no adapter is set.
+
+### Backends
+
+Active Job has built-in adapters for multiple queuing backends (Sidekiq,
+Resque, Delayed Job and others). To get an up-to-date list of the adapters
+see the API Documentation for [ActiveJob::QueueAdapters](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveJob/QueueAdapters.html).
+
+### Setting the Backend
+
+You can easily set your queuing backend:
+
+```ruby
+# config/application.rb
+module YourApp
+  class Application < Rails::Application
+    # Be sure to have the adapter's gem in your Gemfile
+    # and follow the adapter's specific installation
+    # and deployment instructions.
+    config.active_job.queue_adapter = :sidekiq
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### Starting the Backend
+
+Since jobs run in parallel to your Rails application, most queuing libraries
+require that you start a library-specific queuing service (in addition to
+starting your Rails app) for the job processing to work. Refer to library
+documentation for instructions on starting your queue backend.
+
+Here is a noncomprehensive list of documentation:
+
+- [Sidekiq](https://github.com/mperham/sidekiq/wiki/Active-Job)
+- [Resque](https://github.com/resque/resque/wiki/ActiveJob)
+- [Sucker Punch](https://github.com/brandonhilkert/sucker_punch#active-job)
+- [Queue Classic](https://github.com/QueueClassic/queue_classic#active-job)
+
+Queues
+------
+
+Most of the adapters support multiple queues. With Active Job you can schedule
+the job to run on a specific queue:
+
+```ruby
+class GuestsCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  queue_as :low_priority
+  #....
+end
+```
+
+You can prefix the queue name for all your jobs using
+`config.active_job.queue_name_prefix` in `application.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+# config/application.rb
+module YourApp
+  class Application < Rails::Application
+    config.active_job.queue_name_prefix = Rails.env
+  end
+end
+
+# app/jobs/guests_cleanup.rb
+class GuestsCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  queue_as :low_priority
+  #....
+end
+
+# Now your job will run on queue production_low_priority on your
+# production environment and on staging_low_priority
+# on your staging environment
+```
+
+The default queue name prefix delimiter is '\_'.  This can be changed by setting
+`config.active_job.queue_name_delimiter` in `application.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+# config/application.rb
+module YourApp
+  class Application < Rails::Application
+    config.active_job.queue_name_prefix = Rails.env
+    config.active_job.queue_name_delimiter = '.'
+  end
+end
+
+# app/jobs/guests_cleanup.rb
+class GuestsCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  queue_as :low_priority
+  #....
+end
+
+# Now your job will run on queue production.low_priority on your
+# production environment and on staging.low_priority
+# on your staging environment
+```
+
+If you want more control on what queue a job will be run you can pass a `:queue`
+option to `#set`:
+
+```ruby
+MyJob.set(queue: :another_queue).perform_later(record)
+```
+
+To control the queue from the job level you can pass a block to `#queue_as`. The
+block will be executed in the job context (so you can access `self.arguments`)
+and you must return the queue name:
+
+```ruby
+class ProcessVideoJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  queue_as do
+    video = self.arguments.first
+    if video.owner.premium?
+      :premium_videojobs
+    else
+      :videojobs
+    end
+  end
+
+  def perform(video)
+    # Do process video
+  end
+end
+
+ProcessVideoJob.perform_later(Video.last)
+```
+
+NOTE: Make sure your queuing backend "listens" on your queue name. For some
+backends you need to specify the queues to listen to.
+
+
+Callbacks
+---------
+
+Active Job provides hooks during the life cycle of a job. Callbacks allow you to
+trigger logic during the life cycle of a job.
+
+### Available callbacks
+
+* `before_enqueue`
+* `around_enqueue`
+* `after_enqueue`
+* `before_perform`
+* `around_perform`
+* `after_perform`
+
+### Usage
+
+```ruby
+class GuestsCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  queue_as :default
+
+  before_enqueue do |job|
+    # Do something with the job instance
+  end
+
+  around_perform do |job, block|
+    # Do something before perform
+    block.call
+    # Do something after perform
+  end
+
+  def perform
+    # Do something later
+  end
+end
+```
+
+
+Action Mailer
+------------
+
+One of the most common jobs in a modern web application is sending emails outside
+of the request-response cycle, so the user doesn't have to wait on it. Active Job
+is integrated with Action Mailer so you can easily send emails asynchronously:
+
+```ruby
+# If you want to send the email now use #deliver_now
+UserMailer.welcome(@user).deliver_now
+
+# If you want to send the email through Active Job use #deliver_later
+UserMailer.welcome(@user).deliver_later
+```
+
+
+Internationalization
+--------------------
+
+Each job uses the `I18n.locale` set when the job was created. Useful if you send
+emails asynchronously:
+
+```ruby
+I18n.locale = :eo
+
+UserMailer.welcome(@user).deliver_later # Email will be localized to Esperanto.
+```
+
+
+GlobalID
+--------
+
+Active Job supports GlobalID for parameters. This makes it possible to pass live
+Active Record objects to your job instead of class/id pairs, which you then have
+to manually deserialize. Before, jobs would look like this:
+
+```ruby
+class TrashableCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  def perform(trashable_class, trashable_id, depth)
+    trashable = trashable_class.constantize.find(trashable_id)
+    trashable.cleanup(depth)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Now you can simply do:
+
+```ruby
+class TrashableCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  def perform(trashable, depth)
+    trashable.cleanup(depth)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+This works with any class that mixes in `GlobalID::Identification`, which
+by default has been mixed into Active Record classes.
+
+
+Exceptions
+----------
+
+Active Job provides a way to catch exceptions raised during the execution of the
+job:
+
+```ruby
+class GuestsCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  queue_as :default
+
+  rescue_from(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) do |exception|
+   # Do something with the exception
+  end
+
+  def perform
+    # Do something later
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### Deserialization
+
+GlobalID allows serializing full Active Record objects passed to `#perform`.
+
+If a passed record is deleted after the job is enqueued but before the `#perform`
+method is called Active Job will raise an `ActiveJob::DeserializationError`
+exception.
+
+Job Testing
+--------------
+
+You can find detailed instructions on how to test your jobs in the
+[testing guide](testing.html#testing-jobs).
diff --git a/guides/source/active_model_basics.md b/guides/source/active_model_basics.md
index 0019d08328..8f8256c983 100644
--- a/guides/source/active_model_basics.md
+++ b/guides/source/active_model_basics.md
@@ -1,20 +1,34 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Active Model Basics
 ===================
 
-This guide should provide you with all you need to get started using model classes. Active Model allows for Action Pack helpers to interact with non-Active Record models. Active Model also helps building custom ORMs for use outside of the Rails framework.
+This guide should provide you with all you need to get started using model
+classes. Active Model allows for Action Pack helpers to interact with
+plain Ruby objects. Active Model also helps build custom ORMs for use
+outside of the Rails framework.
 
 After reading this guide, you will know:
 
+* How an Active Record model behaves.
+* How Callbacks and validations work.
+* How serializers work.
+* The Rails internationalization (i18n) framework.
+
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 Introduction
 ------------
 
-Active Model is a library containing various modules used in developing frameworks that need to interact with the Rails Action Pack library. Active Model provides a known set of interfaces for usage in classes. Some of modules are explained below.
+Active Model is a library containing various modules used in developing
+classes that need some features present on Active Record.
+Some of these modules are explained below.
 
-### AttributeMethods
+### Attribute Methods
 
-The AttributeMethods module can add custom prefixes and suffixes on methods of a class. It is used by defining the prefixes and suffixes and which methods on the object will use them.
+The `ActiveModel::AttributeMethods` module can add custom prefixes and suffixes
+on methods of a class. It is used by defining the prefixes and suffixes and
+which methods on the object will use them.
 
 ```ruby
 class Person
@@ -38,14 +52,17 @@ end
 
 person = Person.new
 person.age = 110
-person.age_highest?  # true
-person.reset_age     # 0
-person.age_highest?  # false
+person.age_highest?  # => true
+person.reset_age     # => 0
+person.age_highest?  # => false
 ```
 
 ### Callbacks
 
-Callbacks gives Active Record style callbacks. This provides an ability to define callbacks which run at appropriate times. After defining callbacks, you can wrap them with before, after and around custom methods.
+`ActiveModel::Callbacks` gives Active Record style callbacks. This provides an
+ability to define callbacks which run at appropriate times.
+After defining callbacks, you can wrap them with before, after and around
+custom methods.
 
 ```ruby
 class Person
@@ -69,7 +86,9 @@ end
 
 ### Conversion
 
-If a class defines `persisted?` and `id` methods, then you can include the `Conversion` module in that class and call the Rails conversion methods on objects of that class.
+If a class defines `persisted?` and `id` methods, then you can include the
+`ActiveModel::Conversion` module in that class and call the Rails conversion
+methods on objects of that class.
 
 ```ruby
 class Person
@@ -92,11 +111,13 @@ person.to_param            # => nil
 
 ### Dirty
 
-An object becomes dirty when it has gone through one or more changes to its attributes and has not been saved. This gives the ability to check whether an object has been changed or not. It also has attribute based accessor methods. Let's consider a Person class with attributes `first_name` and `last_name`:
+An object becomes dirty when it has gone through one or more changes to its
+attributes and has not been saved. `ActiveModel::Dirty` gives the ability to
+check whether an object has been changed or not. It also has attribute based
+accessor methods. Let's consider a Person class with attributes `first_name`
+and `last_name`:
 
 ```ruby
-require 'active_model'
-
 class Person
   include ActiveModel::Dirty
   define_attribute_methods :first_name, :last_name
@@ -135,7 +156,7 @@ person.changed? # => false
 person.first_name = "First Name"
 person.first_name # => "First Name"
 
-# returns if any attribute has changed.
+# returns true if any of the attributes have unsaved changes, false otherwise.
 person.changed? # => true
 
 # returns a list of attributes that have changed before saving.
@@ -162,10 +183,11 @@ Track what was the previous value of the attribute.
 
 ```ruby
 # attr_name_was accessor
-person.first_name_was # => "First Name"
+person.first_name_was # => nil
 ```
 
-Track both previous and current value of the changed attribute. Returns an array if changed, else returns nil.
+Track both previous and current value of the changed attribute. Returns an array
+if changed, else returns nil.
 
 ```ruby
 # attr_name_change
@@ -175,7 +197,8 @@ person.last_name_change # => nil
 
 ### Validations
 
-Validations module adds the ability to class objects to validate them in Active Record style.
+The `ActiveModel::Validations` module adds the ability to validate class objects
+like in Active Record.
 
 ```ruby
 class Person
@@ -188,7 +211,8 @@ class Person
   validates! :token, presence: true
 end
 
-person = Person.new(token: "2b1f325")
+person = Person.new
+person.token = "2b1f325"
 person.valid?                        # => false
 person.name = 'vishnu'
 person.email = 'me'
@@ -198,3 +222,278 @@ person.valid?                        # => true
 person.token = nil
 person.valid?                        # => raises ActiveModel::StrictValidationFailed
 ```
+
+### Naming
+
+`ActiveModel::Naming` adds a number of class methods which make the naming and routing
+easier to manage. The module defines the `model_name` class method which
+will define a number of accessors using some `ActiveSupport::Inflector` methods.
+
+```ruby
+class Person
+  extend ActiveModel::Naming
+end
+
+Person.model_name.name                # => "Person"
+Person.model_name.singular            # => "person"
+Person.model_name.plural              # => "people"
+Person.model_name.element             # => "person"
+Person.model_name.human               # => "Person"
+Person.model_name.collection          # => "people"
+Person.model_name.param_key           # => "person"
+Person.model_name.i18n_key            # => :person
+Person.model_name.route_key           # => "people"
+Person.model_name.singular_route_key  # => "person"
+```
+
+### Model
+
+`ActiveModel::Model` adds the ability to a class to work with Action Pack and
+Action View right out of the box.
+
+```ruby
+class EmailContact
+  include ActiveModel::Model
+
+  attr_accessor :name, :email, :message
+  validates :name, :email, :message, presence: true
+
+  def deliver
+    if valid?
+      # deliver email
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+When including `ActiveModel::Model` you get some features like:
+
+- model name introspection
+- conversions
+- translations
+- validations
+
+It also gives you the ability to initialize an object with a hash of attributes,
+much like any Active Record object.
+
+```ruby
+email_contact = EmailContact.new(name: 'David',
+                                 email: 'david@example.com',
+                                 message: 'Hello World')
+email_contact.name       # => 'David'
+email_contact.email      # => 'david@example.com'
+email_contact.valid?     # => true
+email_contact.persisted? # => false
+```
+
+Any class that includes `ActiveModel::Model` can be used with `form_for`,
+`render` and any other Action View helper methods, just like Active Record
+objects.
+
+### Serialization
+
+`ActiveModel::Serialization` provides basic serialization for your object.
+You need to declare an attributes hash which contains the attributes you want to
+serialize. Attributes must be strings, not symbols.
+
+```ruby
+class Person
+  include ActiveModel::Serialization
+
+  attr_accessor :name
+
+  def attributes
+    {'name' => nil}
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Now you can access a serialized hash of your object using the `serializable_hash`.
+
+```ruby
+person = Person.new
+person.serializable_hash   # => {"name"=>nil}
+person.name = "Bob"
+person.serializable_hash   # => {"name"=>"Bob"}
+```
+
+#### ActiveModel::Serializers
+
+Rails provides a `ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON` serializer.
+This module automatically include the `ActiveModel::Serialization`.
+
+##### ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON
+
+To use the `ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON` you only need to change from
+`ActiveModel::Serialization` to `ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON`.
+
+```ruby
+class Person
+  include ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON
+
+  attr_accessor :name
+
+  def attributes
+    {'name' => nil}
+  end
+end
+```
+
+With the `as_json` method you have a hash representing the model.
+
+```ruby
+person = Person.new
+person.as_json # => {"name"=>nil}
+person.name = "Bob"
+person.as_json # => {"name"=>"Bob"}
+```
+
+From a JSON string you define the attributes of the model.
+You need to have the `attributes=` method defined on your class:
+
+```ruby
+class Person
+  include ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON
+
+  attr_accessor :name
+
+  def attributes=(hash)
+    hash.each do |key, value|
+      send("#{key}=", value)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def attributes
+    {'name' => nil}
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Now it is possible to create an instance of person and set the attributes using `from_json`.
+
+```ruby
+json = { name: 'Bob' }.to_json
+person = Person.new
+person.from_json(json) # => #<Person:0x00000100c773f0 @name="Bob">
+person.name            # => "Bob"
+```
+
+### Translation
+
+`ActiveModel::Translation` provides integration between your object and the Rails
+internationalization (i18n) framework.
+
+```ruby
+class Person
+  extend ActiveModel::Translation
+end
+```
+
+With the `human_attribute_name` you can transform attribute names into a more
+human format. The human format is defined in your locale file.
+
+* config/locales/app.pt-BR.yml
+
+  ```yml
+  pt-BR:
+    activemodel:
+      attributes:
+        person:
+          name: 'Nome'
+  ```
+
+```ruby
+Person.human_attribute_name('name') # => "Nome"
+```
+
+### Lint Tests
+
+`ActiveModel::Lint::Tests` allows you to test whether an object is compliant with
+the Active Model API.
+
+* app/models/person.rb
+
+    ```ruby
+    class Person
+      include ActiveModel::Model
+
+    end
+    ```
+
+* test/models/person_test.rb
+
+    ```ruby
+    require 'test_helper'
+
+    class PersonTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+      include ActiveModel::Lint::Tests
+
+      setup do
+        @model = Person.new
+      end
+    end
+    ```
+
+```bash
+$ rake test
+
+Run options: --seed 14596
+
+# Running:
+
+......
+
+Finished in 0.024899s, 240.9735 runs/s, 1204.8677 assertions/s.
+
+6 runs, 30 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
+```
+
+An object is not required to implement all APIs in order to work with
+Action Pack. This module only intends to provide guidance in case you want all
+features out of the box.
+
+### SecurePassword
+
+`ActiveModel::SecurePassword` provides a way to securely store any
+password in an encrypted form. On including this module, a
+`has_secure_password` class method is provided which defines
+an accessor named `password` with certain validations on it.
+
+#### Requirements
+
+`ActiveModel::SecurePassword` depends on [`bcrypt`](https://github.com/codahale/bcrypt-ruby 'BCrypt'),
+so include this gem in your Gemfile to use `ActiveModel::SecurePassword` correctly.
+In order to make this work, the model must have an accessor named `password_digest`.
+The `has_secure_password` will add the following validations on the `password` accessor:
+
+1. Password should be present.
+2. Password should be equal to its confirmation.
+3. The maximum length of a password is 72 (required by `bcrypt` on which ActiveModel::SecurePassword depends)
+
+#### Examples
+
+```ruby
+class Person
+  include ActiveModel::SecurePassword
+  has_secure_password
+  attr_accessor :password_digest
+end
+
+person = Person.new
+
+# When password is blank.
+person.valid? # => false
+
+# When the confirmation doesn't match the password.
+person.password = 'aditya'
+person.password_confirmation = 'nomatch'
+person.valid? # => false
+
+# When the length of password exceeds 72.
+person.password = person.password_confirmation = 'a' * 100
+person.valid? # => false
+
+# When all validations are passed.
+person.password = person.password_confirmation = 'aditya'
+person.valid? # => true
+```
diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_basics.md b/guides/source/active_record_basics.md
index a184f0753d..abb22f9cb8 100644
--- a/guides/source/active_record_basics.md
+++ b/guides/source/active_record_basics.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Active Record Basics
 ====================
 
@@ -18,7 +20,7 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 What is Active Record?
 ----------------------
 
-Active Record is the M in [MVC](getting_started.html#the-mvc-architecture) - the
+Active Record is the M in [MVC](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%E2%80%93view%E2%80%93controller) - the
 model - which is the layer of the system responsible for representing business
 data and logic. Active Record facilitates the creation and use of business
 objects whose data requires persistent storage to a database. It is an
@@ -31,12 +33,12 @@ Object Relational Mapping system.
 in his book _Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture_. In
 Active Record, objects carry both persistent data and behavior which
 operates on that data. Active Record takes the opinion that ensuring
-data access logic is part of the object will educate users of that
+data access logic as part of the object will educate users of that
 object on how to write to and read from the database.
 
 ### Object Relational Mapping
 
-Object-Relational Mapping, commonly referred to as its abbreviation ORM, is
+Object Relational Mapping, commonly referred to as its abbreviation ORM, is
 a technique that connects the rich objects of an application to tables in
 a relational database management system. Using ORM, the properties and
 relationships of the objects in an application can be easily stored and
@@ -60,7 +62,7 @@ Convention over Configuration in Active Record
 When writing applications using other programming languages or frameworks, it
 may be necessary to write a lot of configuration code. This is particularly true
 for ORM frameworks in general. However, if you follow the conventions adopted by
-Rails, you'll need to write very little configuration (in some case no
+Rails, you'll need to write very little configuration (in some cases no
 configuration at all) when creating Active Record models. The idea is that if
 you configure your applications in the very same way most of the time then this
 should be the default way. Thus, explicit configuration would be needed
@@ -72,8 +74,8 @@ By default, Active Record uses some naming conventions to find out how the
 mapping between models and database tables should be created. Rails will
 pluralize your class names to find the respective database table. So, for
 a class `Book`, you should have a database table called **books**. The Rails
-pluralization mechanisms are very powerful, being capable to pluralize (and
-singularize) both regular and irregular words. When using class names composed
+pluralization mechanisms are very powerful, being capable of pluralizing (and
+singularizing) both regular and irregular words. When using class names composed
 of two or more words, the model class name should follow the Ruby conventions,
 using the CamelCase form, while the table name must contain the words separated
 by underscores. Examples:
@@ -82,13 +84,13 @@ by underscores. Examples:
 * Model Class - Singular with the first letter of each word capitalized (e.g.,
 `BookClub`).
 
-| Model / Class | Table / Schema |
-| ------------- | -------------- |
-| `Post`        | `posts`        |
-| `LineItem`    | `line_items`   |
-| `Deer`        | `deers`        |
-| `Mouse`       | `mice`         |
-| `Person`      | `people`       |
+| Model / Class    | Table / Schema |
+| ---------------- | -------------- |
+| `Article`        | `articles`     |
+| `LineItem`       | `line_items`   |
+| `Deer`           | `deers`        |
+| `Mouse`          | `mice`         |
+| `Person`         | `people`       |
 
 
 ### Schema Conventions
@@ -116,13 +118,13 @@ to Active Record instances:
   locking](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/Locking.html) to
   a model.
 * `type` - Specifies that the model uses [Single Table
-  Inheritance](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/Base.html#label-Single+table+inheritance).
+  Inheritance](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/Base.html#class-ActiveRecord::Base-label-Single+table+inheritance).
 * `(association_name)_type` - Stores the type for
   [polymorphic associations](association_basics.html#polymorphic-associations).
 * `(table_name)_count` - Used to cache the number of belonging objects on
-  associations. For example, a `comments_count` column in a `Post` class that
+  associations. For example, a `comments_count` column in an `Article` class that
   has many instances of `Comment` will cache the number of existent comments
-  for each post.
+  for each article.
 
 NOTE: While these column names are optional, they are in fact reserved by Active Record. Steer clear of reserved keywords unless you want the extra functionality. For example, `type` is a reserved keyword used to designate a table using Single Table Inheritance (STI). If you are not using STI, try an analogous keyword like "context", that may still accurately describe the data you are modeling.
 
@@ -140,7 +142,7 @@ end
 This will create a `Product` model, mapped to a `products` table at the
 database. By doing this you'll also have the ability to map the columns of each
 row in that table with the attributes of the instances of your model. Suppose
-that the `products` table was created using an SQL sentence like:
+that the `products` table was created using an SQL statement like:
 
 ```sql
 CREATE TABLE products (
@@ -171,18 +173,18 @@ name that should be used:
 
 ```ruby
 class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
-  self.table_name = "PRODUCT"
+  self.table_name = "my_products"
 end
 ```
 
 If you do so, you will have to define manually the class name that is hosting
-the fixtures (class_name.yml) using the `set_fixture_class` method in your test
+the fixtures (my_products.yml) using the `set_fixture_class` method in your test
 definition:
 
 ```ruby
-class FunnyJoke < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  set_fixture_class funny_jokes: Joke
-  fixtures :funny_jokes
+class ProductTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  set_fixture_class my_products: Product
+  fixtures :my_products
   ...
 end
 ```
@@ -258,7 +260,7 @@ david = User.find_by(name: 'David')
 
 ```ruby
 # find all users named David who are Code Artists and sort by created_at in reverse chronological order
-users = User.where(name: 'David', occupation: 'Code Artist').order('created_at DESC')
+users = User.where(name: 'David', occupation: 'Code Artist').order(created_at: :desc)
 ```
 
 You can learn more about querying an Active Record model in the [Active Record
@@ -309,11 +311,11 @@ into the database. There are several methods that you can use to check your
 models and validate that an attribute value is not empty, is unique and not
 already in the database, follows a specific format and many more.
 
-Validation is a very important issue to consider when persisting to database, so
-the methods `create`, `save` and `update` take it into account when
+Validation is a very important issue to consider when persisting to the database, so
+the methods `save` and `update` take it into account when
 running: they return `false` when validation fails and they didn't actually
-perform any operation on database. All of these have a bang counterpart (that
-is, `create!`, `save!` and `update!`), which are stricter in that
+perform any operation on the database. All of these have a bang counterpart (that
+is, `save!` and `update!`), which are stricter in that
 they raise the exception `ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid` if validation fails.
 A quick example to illustrate:
 
@@ -322,8 +324,9 @@ class User < ActiveRecord::Base
   validates :name, presence: true
 end
 
-User.create  # => false
-User.create! # => ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid: Validation failed: Name can't be blank
+user = User.new
+user.save  # => false
+user.save! # => ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid: Validation failed: Name can't be blank
 ```
 
 You can learn more about validations in the [Active Record Validations
@@ -347,7 +350,7 @@ database that Active Record supports using `rake`. Here's a migration that
 creates a table:
 
 ```ruby
-class CreatePublications < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class CreatePublications < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
   def change
     create_table :publications do |t|
       t.string :title
@@ -357,7 +360,7 @@ class CreatePublications < ActiveRecord::Migration
       t.string :publisher_type
       t.boolean :single_issue
 
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
     add_index :publications, :publication_type_id
   end
diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_callbacks.md b/guides/source/active_record_callbacks.md
index 667433285f..b5ad3e9411 100644
--- a/guides/source/active_record_callbacks.md
+++ b/guides/source/active_record_callbacks.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Active Record Callbacks
 =======================
 
@@ -15,7 +17,7 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 The Object Life Cycle
 ---------------------
 
-During the normal operation of a Rails application, objects may be created, updated, and destroyed. Active Record provides hooks into this <em>object life cycle</em> so that you can control your application and its data.
+During the normal operation of a Rails application, objects may be created, updated, and destroyed. Active Record provides hooks into this *object life cycle* so that you can control your application and its data.
 
 Callbacks allow you to trigger logic before or after an alteration of an object's state.
 
@@ -66,7 +68,7 @@ class User < ActiveRecord::Base
 
   protected
     def normalize_name
-      self.name = self.name.downcase.titleize
+      self.name = name.downcase.titleize
     end
 
     def set_location
@@ -92,6 +94,7 @@ Here is a list with all the available Active Record callbacks, listed in the sam
 * `around_create`
 * `after_create`
 * `after_save`
+* `after_commit/after_rollback`
 
 ### Updating an Object
 
@@ -103,12 +106,14 @@ Here is a list with all the available Active Record callbacks, listed in the sam
 * `around_update`
 * `after_update`
 * `after_save`
+* `after_commit/after_rollback`
 
 ### Destroying an Object
 
 * `before_destroy`
 * `around_destroy`
 * `after_destroy`
+* `after_commit/after_rollback`
 
 WARNING. `after_save` runs both on create and update, but always _after_ the more specific callbacks `after_create` and `after_update`, no matter the order in which the macro calls were executed.
 
@@ -258,27 +263,27 @@ WARNING. Any exception that is not `ActiveRecord::Rollback` will be re-raised by
 Relational Callbacks
 --------------------
 
-Callbacks work through model relationships, and can even be defined by them. Suppose an example where a user has many posts. A user's posts should be destroyed if the user is destroyed. Let's add an `after_destroy` callback to the `User` model by way of its relationship to the `Post` model:
+Callbacks work through model relationships, and can even be defined by them. Suppose an example where a user has many articles. A user's articles should be destroyed if the user is destroyed. Let's add an `after_destroy` callback to the `User` model by way of its relationship to the `Article` model:
 
 ```ruby
 class User < ActiveRecord::Base
-  has_many :posts, dependent: :destroy
+  has_many :articles, dependent: :destroy
 end
 
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   after_destroy :log_destroy_action
 
   def log_destroy_action
-    puts 'Post destroyed'
+    puts 'Article destroyed'
   end
 end
 
 >> user = User.first
 => #<User id: 1>
->> user.posts.create!
-=> #<Post id: 1, user_id: 1>
+>> user.articles.create!
+=> #<Article id: 1, user_id: 1>
 >> user.destroy
-Post destroyed
+Article destroyed
 => #<User id: 1>
 ```
 
@@ -325,7 +330,7 @@ When writing conditional callbacks, it is possible to mix both `:if` and `:unles
 ```ruby
 class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
   after_create :send_email_to_author, if: :author_wants_emails?,
-    unless: Proc.new { |comment| comment.post.ignore_comments? }
+    unless: Proc.new { |comment| comment.article.ignore_comments? }
 end
 ```
 
@@ -407,4 +412,23 @@ end
 NOTE: the `:on` option specifies when a callback will be fired. If you
 don't supply the `:on` option the callback will fire for every action.
 
+Since using `after_commit` callback only on create, update or delete is
+common, there are aliases for those operations:
+
+* `after_create_commit`
+* `after_update_commit`
+* `after_destroy_commit`
+
+```ruby
+class PictureFile < ActiveRecord::Base
+  after_destroy_commit :delete_picture_file_from_disk
+
+  def delete_picture_file_from_disk
+    if File.exist?(filepath)
+      File.delete(filepath)
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
 WARNING. The `after_commit` and `after_rollback` callbacks are guaranteed to be called for all models created, updated, or destroyed within a transaction block. If any exceptions are raised within one of these callbacks, they will be ignored so that they don't interfere with the other callbacks. As such, if your callback code could raise an exception, you'll need to rescue it and handle it appropriately within the callback.
diff --git a/guides/source/migrations.md b/guides/source/active_record_migrations.md
index 05443d5a5f..a8ffa5b378 100644
--- a/guides/source/migrations.md
+++ b/guides/source/active_record_migrations.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Active Record Migrations
 ========================
 
@@ -18,9 +20,10 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 Migration Overview
 ------------------
 
-Migrations are a convenient way to alter your database schema over time in a
-consistent and easy way. They use a Ruby DSL so that you don't have to write
-SQL by hand, allowing your schema and changes to be database independent.
+Migrations are a convenient way to
+[alter your database schema over time](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schema_migration)
+in a consistent and easy way. They use a Ruby DSL so that you don't have to
+write SQL by hand, allowing your schema and changes to be database independent.
 
 You can think of each migration as being a new 'version' of the database. A
 schema starts off with nothing in it, and each migration modifies it to add or
@@ -32,13 +35,13 @@ history to the latest version. Active Record will also update your
 Here's an example of a migration:
 
 ```ruby
-class CreateProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class CreateProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
   def change
     create_table :products do |t|
       t.string :name
       t.text :description
 
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
   end
 end
@@ -69,7 +72,7 @@ If you wish for a migration to do something that Active Record doesn't know how
 to reverse, you can use `reversible`:
 
 ```ruby
-class ChangeProductsPrice < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class ChangeProductsPrice < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
   def change
     reversible do |dir|
       change_table :products do |t|
@@ -84,7 +87,7 @@ end
 Alternatively, you can use `up` and `down` instead of `change`:
 
 ```ruby
-class ChangeProductsPrice < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class ChangeProductsPrice < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
   def up
     change_table :products do |t|
       t.change :price, :string
@@ -120,13 +123,13 @@ Of course, calculating timestamps is no fun, so Active Record provides a
 generator to handle making it for you:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate migration AddPartNumberToProducts
+$ bin/rails generate migration AddPartNumberToProducts
 ```
 
 This will create an empty but appropriately named migration:
 
 ```ruby
-class AddPartNumberToProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class AddPartNumberToProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
   def change
   end
 end
@@ -137,13 +140,13 @@ followed by a list of column names and types then a migration containing the
 appropriate `add_column` and `remove_column` statements will be created.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate migration AddPartNumberToProducts part_number:string
+$ bin/rails generate migration AddPartNumberToProducts part_number:string
 ```
 
 will generate
 
 ```ruby
-class AddPartNumberToProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class AddPartNumberToProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
   def change
     add_column :products, :part_number, :string
   end
@@ -153,13 +156,13 @@ end
 If you'd like to add an index on the new column, you can do that as well:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate migration AddPartNumberToProducts part_number:string:index
+$ bin/rails generate migration AddPartNumberToProducts part_number:string:index
 ```
 
 will generate
 
 ```ruby
-class AddPartNumberToProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class AddPartNumberToProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
   def change
     add_column :products, :part_number, :string
     add_index :products, :part_number
@@ -171,13 +174,13 @@ end
 Similarly, you can generate a migration to remove a column from the command line:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate migration RemovePartNumberFromProducts part_number:string
+$ bin/rails generate migration RemovePartNumberFromProducts part_number:string
 ```
 
 generates
 
 ```ruby
-class RemovePartNumberFromProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class RemovePartNumberFromProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
   def change
     remove_column :products, :part_number, :string
   end
@@ -187,13 +190,13 @@ end
 You are not limited to one magically generated column. For example:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate migration AddDetailsToProducts part_number:string price:decimal
+$ bin/rails generate migration AddDetailsToProducts part_number:string price:decimal
 ```
 
 generates
 
 ```ruby
-class AddDetailsToProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class AddDetailsToProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
   def change
     add_column :products, :part_number, :string
     add_column :products, :price, :decimal
@@ -206,13 +209,13 @@ followed by a list of column names and types then a migration creating the table
 XXX with the columns listed will be generated. For example:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate migration CreateProducts name:string part_number:string
+$ bin/rails generate migration CreateProducts name:string part_number:string
 ```
 
 generates
 
 ```ruby
-class CreateProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class CreateProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
   def change
     create_table :products do |t|
       t.string :name
@@ -230,15 +233,15 @@ Also, the generator accepts column type as `references`(also available as
 `belongs_to`). For instance:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate migration AddUserRefToProducts user:references
+$ bin/rails generate migration AddUserRefToProducts user:references
 ```
 
 generates
 
 ```ruby
-class AddUserRefToProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class AddUserRefToProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
   def change
-    add_reference :products, :user, index: true
+    add_reference :products, :user, index: true, foreign_key: true
   end
 end
 ```
@@ -248,13 +251,13 @@ This migration will create a `user_id` column and appropriate index.
 There is also a generator which will produce join tables if `JoinTable` is part of the name:
 
 ```bash
-rails g migration CreateJoinTableCustomerProduct customer product
+$ bin/rails g migration CreateJoinTableCustomerProduct customer product
 ```
 
 will produce the following migration:
 
 ```ruby
-class CreateJoinTableCustomerProduct < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class CreateJoinTableCustomerProduct < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
   def change
     create_join_table :customers, :products do |t|
       # t.index [:customer_id, :product_id]
@@ -272,19 +275,19 @@ relevant table. If you tell Rails what columns you want, then statements for
 adding these columns will also be created. For example, running:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate model Product name:string description:text
+$ bin/rails generate model Product name:string description:text
 ```
 
 will create a migration that looks like this
 
 ```ruby
-class CreateProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class CreateProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
   def change
     create_table :products do |t|
       t.string :name
       t.text :description
 
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
   end
 end
@@ -292,27 +295,21 @@ end
 
 You can append as many column name/type pairs as you want.
 
-### Supported Type Modifiers
-
-You can also specify some options just after the field type between curly
-braces. You can use the following modifiers:
+### Passing Modifiers
 
-* `limit`        Sets the maximum size of the `string/text/binary/integer` fields.
-* `precision`    Defines the precision for the `decimal` fields, representing the total number of digits in the number.
-* `scale`        Defines the scale for the `decimal` fields, representing the number of digits after the decimal point.
-* `polymorphic`  Adds a `type` column for `belongs_to` associations.
-* `null`         Allows or disallows `NULL` values in the column.
+Some commonly used [type modifiers](#column-modifiers) can be passed directly on
+the command line. They are enclosed by curly braces and follow the field type:
 
 For instance, running:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate migration AddDetailsToProducts 'price:decimal{5,2}' supplier:references{polymorphic}
+$ bin/rails generate migration AddDetailsToProducts 'price:decimal{5,2}' supplier:references{polymorphic}
 ```
 
 will produce a migration that looks like this
 
 ```ruby
-class AddDetailsToProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class AddDetailsToProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
   def change
     add_column :products, :price, :decimal, precision: 5, scale: 2
     add_reference :products, :supplier, polymorphic: true, index: true
@@ -320,6 +317,8 @@ class AddDetailsToProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
 end
 ```
 
+TIP: Have a look at the generators help output for further details.
+
 Writing a Migration
 -------------------
 
@@ -358,8 +357,8 @@ will append `ENGINE=BLACKHOLE` to the SQL statement used to create the table
 
 ### Creating a Join Table
 
-Migration method `create_join_table` creates a HABTM join table. A typical use
-would be:
+The migration method `create_join_table` creates an HABTM (has and belongs to
+many) join table. A typical use would be:
 
 ```ruby
 create_join_table :products, :categories
@@ -368,23 +367,21 @@ create_join_table :products, :categories
 which creates a `categories_products` table with two columns called
 `category_id` and `product_id`. These columns have the option `:null` set to
 `false` by default. This can be overridden by specifying the `:column_options`
-option.
+option:
 
 ```ruby
-create_join_table :products, :categories, column_options: {null: true}
+create_join_table :products, :categories, column_options: { null: true }
 ```
 
-will create the `product_id` and `category_id` with the `:null` option as
-`true`.
-
-You can pass the option `:table_name` when you want to customize the table
-name. For example:
+By default, the name of the join table comes from the union of the first two
+arguments provided to create_join_table, in alphabetical order.
+To customize the name of the table, provide a `:table_name` option:
 
 ```ruby
 create_join_table :products, :categories, table_name: :categorization
 ```
 
-will create a `categorization` table.
+creates a `categorization` table.
 
 `create_join_table` also accepts a block, which you can use to add indices
 (which are not created by default) or additional columns:
@@ -414,13 +411,96 @@ end
 removes the `description` and `name` columns, creates a `part_number` string
 column and adds an index on it. Finally it renames the `upccode` column.
 
+### Changing Columns
+
+Like the `remove_column` and `add_column` Rails provides the `change_column`
+migration method.
+
+```ruby
+change_column :products, :part_number, :text
+```
+
+This changes the column `part_number` on products table to be a `:text` field.
+Note that `change_column` command is irreversible.
+
+Besides `change_column`, the `change_column_null` and `change_column_default`
+methods are used specifically to change a not null constraint and default
+values of a column.
+
+```ruby
+change_column_null :products, :name, false
+change_column_default :products, :approved, from: true, to: false
+```
+
+This sets `:name` field on products to a `NOT NULL` column and the default
+value of the `:approved` field from true to false.
+
+Note: You could also write the above `change_column_default` migration as
+`change_column_default :products, :approved, false`, but unlike the previous
+example, this would make your migration irreversible.
+
+### Column Modifiers
+
+Column modifiers can be applied when creating or changing a column:
+
+* `limit`        Sets the maximum size of the `string/text/binary/integer` fields.
+* `precision`    Defines the precision for the `decimal` fields, representing the
+total number of digits in the number.
+* `scale`        Defines the scale for the `decimal` fields, representing the
+number of digits after the decimal point.
+* `polymorphic`  Adds a `type` column for `belongs_to` associations.
+* `null`         Allows or disallows `NULL` values in the column.
+* `default`      Allows to set a default value on the column. Note that if you
+are using a dynamic value (such as a date), the default will only be calculated
+the first time (i.e. on the date the migration is applied).
+* `index`        Adds an index for the column.
+
+Some adapters may support additional options; see the adapter specific API docs
+for further information.
+
+### Foreign Keys
+
+While it's not required you might want to add foreign key constraints to
+[guarantee referential integrity](#active-record-and-referential-integrity).
+
+```ruby
+add_foreign_key :articles, :authors
+```
+
+This adds a new foreign key to the `author_id` column of the `articles`
+table. The key references the `id` column of the `authors` table. If the
+column names can not be derived from the table names, you can use the
+`:column` and `:primary_key` options.
+
+Rails will generate a name for every foreign key starting with
+`fk_rails_` followed by 10 characters which are deterministically
+generated from the `from_table` and `column`.
+There is a `:name` option to specify a different name if needed.
+
+NOTE: Active Record only supports single column foreign keys. `execute` and
+`structure.sql` are required to use composite foreign keys. See
+[Schema Dumping and You](#schema-dumping-and-you).
+
+Removing a foreign key is easy as well:
+
+```ruby
+# let Active Record figure out the column name
+remove_foreign_key :accounts, :branches
+
+# remove foreign key for a specific column
+remove_foreign_key :accounts, column: :owner_id
+
+# remove foreign key by name
+remove_foreign_key :accounts, name: :special_fk_name
+```
+
 ### When Helpers aren't Enough
 
 If the helpers provided by Active Record aren't enough you can use the `execute`
 method to execute arbitrary SQL:
 
 ```ruby
-Product.connection.execute('UPDATE `products` SET `price`=`free` WHERE 1')
+Product.connection.execute("UPDATE products SET price = 'free' WHERE 1=1")
 ```
 
 For more details and examples of individual methods, check the API documentation.
@@ -440,23 +520,39 @@ majority of cases, where Active Record knows how to reverse the migration
 automatically. Currently, the `change` method supports only these migration
 definitions:
 
-* `add_column`
-* `add_index`
-* `add_reference`
-* `add_timestamps`
-* `create_table`
-* `create_join_table`
-* `drop_table` (must supply a block)
-* `drop_join_table` (must supply a block)
-* `remove_timestamps`
-* `rename_column`
-* `rename_index`
-* `remove_reference`
-* `rename_table`
+* add_column
+* add_foreign_key
+* add_index
+* add_reference
+* add_timestamps
+* change_column_default (must supply a :from and :to option)
+* change_column_null
+* create_join_table
+* create_table
+* disable_extension
+* drop_join_table
+* drop_table (must supply a block)
+* enable_extension
+* remove_column (must supply a type)
+* remove_foreign_key (must supply a second table)
+* remove_index
+* remove_reference
+* remove_timestamps
+* rename_column
+* rename_index
+* rename_table
 
 `change_table` is also reversible, as long as the block does not call `change`,
 `change_default` or `remove`.
 
+`remove_column` is reversible if you supply the column type as the third
+argument. Provide the original column options too, otherwise Rails can't
+recreate the column exactly when rolling back:
+
+```ruby
+remove_column :posts, :slug, :string, null: false, default: '', index: true
+```
+
 If you're going to need to use any other methods, you should use `reversible`
 or write the `up` and `down` methods instead of using the `change` method.
 
@@ -464,29 +560,28 @@ or write the `up` and `down` methods instead of using the `change` method.
 
 Complex migrations may require processing that Active Record doesn't know how
 to reverse. You can use `reversible` to specify what to do when running a
-migration what else to do when reverting it. For example:
+migration and what else to do when reverting it. For example:
 
 ```ruby
-class ExampleMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class ExampleMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
   def change
-    create_table :products do |t|
-      t.references :category
+    create_table :distributors do |t|
+      t.string :zipcode
     end
 
     reversible do |dir|
       dir.up do
-        #add a foreign key
+        # add a CHECK constraint
         execute <<-SQL
-          ALTER TABLE products
-            ADD CONSTRAINT fk_products_categories
-            FOREIGN KEY (category_id)
-            REFERENCES categories(id)
+          ALTER TABLE distributors
+            ADD CONSTRAINT zipchk
+              CHECK (char_length(zipcode) = 5) NO INHERIT;
         SQL
       end
       dir.down do
         execute <<-SQL
-          ALTER TABLE products
-            DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_products_categories
+          ALTER TABLE distributors
+            DROP CONSTRAINT zipchk
         SQL
       end
     end
@@ -494,12 +589,13 @@ class ExampleMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
     add_column :users, :home_page_url, :string
     rename_column :users, :email, :email_address
   end
+end
 ```
 
 Using `reversible` will ensure that the instructions are executed in the
 right order too. If the previous example migration is reverted,
 the `down` block will be run after the `home_page_url` column is removed and
-right before the table `products` is dropped.
+right before the table `distributors` is dropped.
 
 Sometimes your migration will do something which is just plain irreversible; for
 example, it might destroy some data. In such cases, you can raise
@@ -516,22 +612,21 @@ schema, and the `down` method of your migration should revert the
 transformations done by the `up` method. In other words, the database schema
 should be unchanged if you do an `up` followed by a `down`. For example, if you
 create a table in the `up` method, you should drop it in the `down` method. It
-is wise to reverse the transformations in precisely the reverse order they were
+is wise to perform the transformations in precisely the reverse order they were
 made in the `up` method. The example in the `reversible` section is equivalent to:
 
 ```ruby
-class ExampleMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class ExampleMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
   def up
-    create_table :products do |t|
-      t.references :category
+    create_table :distributors do |t|
+      t.string :zipcode
     end
 
-    # add a foreign key
+    # add a CHECK constraint
     execute <<-SQL
-      ALTER TABLE products
-        ADD CONSTRAINT fk_products_categories
-        FOREIGN KEY (category_id)
-        REFERENCES categories(id)
+      ALTER TABLE distributors
+        ADD CONSTRAINT zipchk
+        CHECK (char_length(zipcode) = 5);
     SQL
 
     add_column :users, :home_page_url, :string
@@ -543,11 +638,11 @@ class ExampleMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
     remove_column :users, :home_page_url
 
     execute <<-SQL
-      ALTER TABLE products
-        DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_products_categories
+      ALTER TABLE distributors
+        DROP CONSTRAINT zipchk
     SQL
 
-    drop_table :products
+    drop_table :distributors
   end
 end
 ```
@@ -562,9 +657,9 @@ can't be done.
 You can use Active Record's ability to rollback migrations using the `revert` method:
 
 ```ruby
-require_relative '2012121212_example_migration'
+require_relative '20121212123456_example_migration'
 
-class FixupExampleMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class FixupExampleMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
   def change
     revert ExampleMigration
 
@@ -578,43 +673,27 @@ end
 The `revert` method also accepts a block of instructions to reverse.
 This could be useful to revert selected parts of previous migrations.
 For example, let's imagine that `ExampleMigration` is committed and it
-is later decided it would be best to serialize the product list instead.
-One could write:
+is later decided it would be best to use Active Record validations,
+in place of the `CHECK` constraint, to verify the zipcode.
 
 ```ruby
-class SerializeProductListMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class DontUseConstraintForZipcodeValidationMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
   def change
-    add_column :categories, :product_list
-
-    reversible do |dir|
-      dir.up do
-        # transfer data from Products to Category#product_list
-      end
-      dir.down do
-        # create Products from Category#product_list
-      end
-    end
-
     revert do
       # copy-pasted code from ExampleMigration
-      create_table :products do |t|
-        t.references :category
-      end
-
       reversible do |dir|
         dir.up do
-          #add a foreign key
+          # add a CHECK constraint
           execute <<-SQL
-            ALTER TABLE products
-              ADD CONSTRAINT fk_products_categories
-              FOREIGN KEY (category_id)
-              REFERENCES categories(id)
+            ALTER TABLE distributors
+              ADD CONSTRAINT zipchk
+                CHECK (char_length(zipcode) = 5);
           SQL
         end
         dir.down do
           execute <<-SQL
-            ALTER TABLE products
-              DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_products_categories
+            ALTER TABLE distributors
+              DROP CONSTRAINT zipchk
           SQL
         end
       end
@@ -631,6 +710,10 @@ of `create_table` and `reversible`, replacing `create_table`
 by `drop_table`, and finally replacing `up` by `down` and vice-versa.
 This is all taken care of by `revert`.
 
+NOTE: If you want to add check constraints like in the examples above,
+you will have to use `structure.sql` as dump method. See
+[Schema Dumping and You](#schema-dumping-and-you).
+
 Running Migrations
 ------------------
 
@@ -651,7 +734,7 @@ is the numerical prefix on the migration's filename. For example, to migrate
 to version 20080906120000 run:
 
 ```bash
-$ rake db:migrate VERSION=20080906120000
+$ bin/rake db:migrate VERSION=20080906120000
 ```
 
 If version 20080906120000 is greater than the current version (i.e., it is
@@ -668,7 +751,7 @@ mistake in it and wish to correct it. Rather than tracking down the version
 number associated with the previous migration you can run:
 
 ```bash
-$ rake db:rollback
+$ bin/rake db:rollback
 ```
 
 This will rollback the latest migration, either by reverting the `change`
@@ -676,7 +759,7 @@ method or by running the `down` method. If you need to undo
 several migrations you can provide a `STEP` parameter:
 
 ```bash
-$ rake db:rollback STEP=3
+$ bin/rake db:rollback STEP=3
 ```
 
 will revert the last 3 migrations.
@@ -686,7 +769,7 @@ back up again. As with the `db:rollback` task, you can use the `STEP` parameter
 if you need to go more than one version back, for example:
 
 ```bash
-$ rake db:migrate:redo STEP=3
+$ bin/rake db:migrate:redo STEP=3
 ```
 
 Neither of these Rake tasks do anything you could not do with `db:migrate`. They
@@ -704,7 +787,7 @@ The `rake db:reset` task will drop the database and set it up again. This is
 functionally equivalent to `rake db:drop db:setup`.
 
 NOTE: This is not the same as running all the migrations. It will only use the
-contents of the current `schema.rb` file. If a migration can't be rolled back,
+contents of the current `db/schema.rb` or `db/structure.sql` file. If a migration can't be rolled back,
 `rake db:reset` may not help you. To find out more about dumping the schema see
 [Schema Dumping and You](#schema-dumping-and-you) section.
 
@@ -716,7 +799,7 @@ the corresponding migration will have its `change`, `up` or `down` method
 invoked, for example:
 
 ```bash
-$ rake db:migrate:up VERSION=20080906120000
+$ bin/rake db:migrate:up VERSION=20080906120000
 ```
 
 will run the 20080906120000 migration by running the `change` method (or the
@@ -732,7 +815,7 @@ To run migrations against another environment you can specify it using the
 migrations against the `test` environment you could run:
 
 ```bash
-$ rake db:migrate RAILS_ENV=test
+$ bin/rake db:migrate RAILS_ENV=test
 ```
 
 ### Changing the Output of Running Migrations
@@ -758,13 +841,13 @@ Several methods are provided in migrations that allow you to control all this:
 For example, this migration:
 
 ```ruby
-class CreateProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class CreateProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
   def change
     suppress_messages do
       create_table :products do |t|
         t.string :name
         t.text :description
-        t.timestamps
+        t.timestamps null: false
       end
     end
 
@@ -879,8 +962,8 @@ that Active Record supports. This could be very useful if you were to
 distribute an application that is able to run against multiple databases.
 
 There is however a trade-off: `db/schema.rb` cannot express database specific
-items such as foreign key constraints, triggers, or stored procedures. While in
-a migration you can execute custom SQL statements, the schema dumper cannot
+items such as triggers, stored procedures or check constraints. While in a
+migration you can execute custom SQL statements, the schema dumper cannot
 reconstitute those statements from the database. If you are using features like
 this, then you should set the schema format to `:sql`.
 
@@ -900,11 +983,16 @@ schema into a RDBMS other than the one used to create it.
 Because schema dumps are the authoritative source for your database schema, it
 is strongly recommended that you check them into source control.
 
+`db/schema.rb` contains the current version number of the database. This
+ensures conflicts are going to happen in the case of a merge where both
+branches touched the schema. When that happens, solve conflicts manually,
+keeping the highest version number of the two.
+
 Active Record and Referential Integrity
 ---------------------------------------
 
 The Active Record way claims that intelligence belongs in your models, not in
-the database. As such, features such as triggers or foreign key constraints,
+the database. As such, features such as triggers or constraints,
 which push some of that intelligence back into the database, are not heavily
 used.
 
@@ -913,22 +1001,21 @@ which models can enforce data integrity. The `:dependent` option on
 associations allows models to automatically destroy child objects when the
 parent is destroyed. Like anything which operates at the application level,
 these cannot guarantee referential integrity and so some people augment them
-with foreign key constraints in the database.
+with [foreign key constraints](#foreign-keys) in the database.
 
-Although Active Record does not provide any tools for working directly with
-such features, the `execute` method can be used to execute arbitrary SQL. You
-can also use a gem like
-[foreigner](https://github.com/matthuhiggins/foreigner) which adds foreign key
-support to Active Record (including support for dumping foreign keys in
-`db/schema.rb`).
+Although Active Record does not provide all the tools for working directly with
+such features, the `execute` method can be used to execute arbitrary SQL.
 
 Migrations and Seed Data
 ------------------------
 
-Some people use migrations to add data to the database:
+The main purpose of Rails' migration feature is to issue commands that modify the 
+schema using a consistent process. Migrations can also be used 
+to add or modify data. This is useful in an existing database that can't be destroyed 
+and recreated, such as a production database. 
 
 ```ruby
-class AddInitialProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class AddInitialProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
   def up
     5.times do |i|
       Product.create(name: "Product ##{i}", description: "A product.")
@@ -941,9 +1028,11 @@ class AddInitialProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
 end
 ```
 
-However, Rails has a 'seeds' feature that should be used for seeding a database
-with initial data. It's a really simple feature: just fill up `db/seeds.rb`
-with some Ruby code, and run `rake db:seed`:
+To add initial data after a database is created, Rails has a built-in 
+'seeds' feature that makes the process quick and easy. This is especially 
+useful when reloading the database frequently in development and test environments. 
+It's easy to get started with this feature: just fill up `db/seeds.rb` with some 
+Ruby code, and run `rake db:seed`:
 
 ```ruby
 5.times do |i|
diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_postgresql.md b/guides/source/active_record_postgresql.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..742db7be32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/active_record_postgresql.md
@@ -0,0 +1,508 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
+Active Record and PostgreSQL
+============================
+
+This guide covers PostgreSQL specific usage of Active Record.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* How to use PostgreSQL's datatypes.
+* How to use UUID primary keys.
+* How to implement full text search with PostgreSQL.
+* How to back your Active Record models with database views.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+In order to use the PostgreSQL adapter you need to have at least version 8.2
+installed. Older versions are not supported.
+
+To get started with PostgreSQL have a look at the
+[configuring Rails guide](configuring.html#configuring-a-postgresql-database).
+It describes how to properly setup Active Record for PostgreSQL.
+
+Datatypes
+---------
+
+PostgreSQL offers a number of specific datatypes. Following is a list of types,
+that are supported by the PostgreSQL adapter.
+
+### Bytea
+
+* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/datatype-binary.html)
+* [functions and operators](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/functions-binarystring.html)
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20140207133952_create_documents.rb
+create_table :documents do |t|
+  t.binary 'payload'
+end
+
+# app/models/document.rb
+class Document < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+
+# Usage
+data = File.read(Rails.root + "tmp/output.pdf")
+Document.create payload: data
+```
+
+### Array
+
+* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/arrays.html)
+* [functions and operators](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/functions-array.html)
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20140207133952_create_books.rb
+create_table :books do |t|
+  t.string 'title'
+  t.string 'tags', array: true
+  t.integer 'ratings', array: true
+end
+add_index :books, :tags, using: 'gin'
+add_index :books, :ratings, using: 'gin'
+
+# app/models/book.rb
+class Book < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+
+# Usage
+Book.create title: "Brave New World",
+            tags: ["fantasy", "fiction"],
+            ratings: [4, 5]
+
+## Books for a single tag
+Book.where("'fantasy' = ANY (tags)")
+
+## Books for multiple tags
+Book.where("tags @> ARRAY[?]::varchar[]", ["fantasy", "fiction"])
+
+## Books with 3 or more ratings
+Book.where("array_length(ratings, 1) >= 3")
+```
+
+### Hstore
+
+* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/hstore.html)
+
+NOTE: You need to enable the `hstore` extension to use hstore.
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20131009135255_create_profiles.rb
+ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
+  enable_extension 'hstore' unless extension_enabled?('hstore')
+  create_table :profiles do |t|
+    t.hstore 'settings'
+  end
+end
+
+# app/models/profile.rb
+class Profile < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+
+# Usage
+Profile.create(settings: { "color" => "blue", "resolution" => "800x600" })
+
+profile = Profile.first
+profile.settings # => {"color"=>"blue", "resolution"=>"800x600"}
+
+profile.settings = {"color" => "yellow", "resolution" => "1280x1024"}
+profile.save!
+```
+
+### JSON
+
+* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/datatype-json.html)
+* [functions and operators](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/functions-json.html)
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_events.rb
+create_table :events do |t|
+  t.json 'payload'
+end
+
+# app/models/event.rb
+class Event < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+
+# Usage
+Event.create(payload: { kind: "user_renamed", change: ["jack", "john"]})
+
+event = Event.first
+event.payload # => {"kind"=>"user_renamed", "change"=>["jack", "john"]}
+
+## Query based on JSON document
+# The -> operator returns the original JSON type (which might be an object), whereas ->> returns text
+Event.where("payload->>'kind' = ?", "user_renamed")
+```
+
+### Range Types
+
+* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/rangetypes.html)
+* [functions and operators](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/functions-range.html)
+
+This type is mapped to Ruby [`Range`](http://www.ruby-doc.org/core-2.2.2/Range.html) objects.
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20130923065404_create_events.rb
+create_table :events do |t|
+  t.daterange 'duration'
+end
+
+# app/models/event.rb
+class Event < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+
+# Usage
+Event.create(duration: Date.new(2014, 2, 11)..Date.new(2014, 2, 12))
+
+event = Event.first
+event.duration # => Tue, 11 Feb 2014...Thu, 13 Feb 2014
+
+## All Events on a given date
+Event.where("duration @> ?::date", Date.new(2014, 2, 12))
+
+## Working with range bounds
+event = Event.
+  select("lower(duration) AS starts_at").
+  select("upper(duration) AS ends_at").first
+
+event.starts_at # => Tue, 11 Feb 2014
+event.ends_at # => Thu, 13 Feb 2014
+```
+
+### Composite Types
+
+* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/rowtypes.html)
+
+Currently there is no special support for composite types. They are mapped to
+normal text columns:
+
+```sql
+CREATE TYPE full_address AS
+(
+  city VARCHAR(90),
+  street VARCHAR(90)
+);
+```
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20140207133952_create_contacts.rb
+execute <<-SQL
+ CREATE TYPE full_address AS
+ (
+   city VARCHAR(90),
+   street VARCHAR(90)
+ );
+SQL
+create_table :contacts do |t|
+  t.column :address, :full_address
+end
+
+# app/models/contact.rb
+class Contact < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+
+# Usage
+Contact.create address: "(Paris,Champs-Élysées)"
+contact = Contact.first
+contact.address # => "(Paris,Champs-Élysées)"
+contact.address = "(Paris,Rue Basse)"
+contact.save!
+```
+
+### Enumerated Types
+
+* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/datatype-enum.html)
+
+Currently there is no special support for enumerated types. They are mapped as
+normal text columns:
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_articles.rb
+def up
+  execute <<-SQL
+    CREATE TYPE article_status AS ENUM ('draft', 'published');
+  SQL
+  create_table :articles do |t|
+    t.column :status, :article_status
+  end
+end
+
+# NOTE: It's important to drop table before dropping enum.
+def down
+  drop_table :articles
+
+  execute <<-SQL
+    DROP TYPE article_status;
+  SQL
+end
+
+# app/models/article.rb
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+
+# Usage
+Article.create status: "draft"
+article = Article.first
+article.status # => "draft"
+
+article.status = "published"
+article.save!
+```
+
+To add a new value before/after existing one you should use [ALTER TYPE](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-altertype.html):
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20150720144913_add_new_state_to_articles.rb
+# NOTE: ALTER TYPE ... ADD VALUE cannot be executed inside of a transaction block so here we are using disable_ddl_transaction!
+disable_ddl_transaction!
+
+def up
+  execute <<-SQL
+    ALTER TYPE article_status ADD VALUE IF NOT EXISTS 'archived' AFTER 'published';
+  SQL
+end
+```
+
+NOTE: ENUM values can't be dropped currently. You can read why [here](http://www.postgresql.org/message-id/29F36C7C98AB09499B1A209D48EAA615B7653DBC8A@mail2a.alliedtesting.com).
+
+Hint: to show all the values of the all enums you have, you should call this query in `bin/rails db` or `psql` console:
+
+```sql
+SELECT n.nspname AS enum_schema,
+       t.typname AS enum_name,
+       e.enumlabel AS enum_value
+  FROM pg_type t
+      JOIN pg_enum e ON t.oid = e.enumtypid
+      JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace n ON n.oid = t.typnamespace
+```
+
+### UUID
+
+* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/datatype-uuid.html)
+* [pgcrypto generator function](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/pgcrypto.html#AEN159361)
+* [uuid-ossp generator functions](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/uuid-ossp.html)
+
+NOTE: You need to enable the `pgcrypto` (only PostgreSQL >= 9.4) or `uuid-ossp`
+extension to use uuid.
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_revisions.rb
+create_table :revisions do |t|
+  t.uuid :identifier
+end
+
+# app/models/revision.rb
+class Revision < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+
+# Usage
+Revision.create identifier: "A0EEBC99-9C0B-4EF8-BB6D-6BB9BD380A11"
+
+revision = Revision.first
+revision.identifier # => "a0eebc99-9c0b-4ef8-bb6d-6bb9bd380a11"
+```
+
+You can use `uuid` type to define references in migrations:
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20150418012400_create_blog.rb
+enable_extension 'pgcrypto' unless extension_enabled?('pgcrypto')
+create_table :posts, id: :uuid, default: 'gen_random_uuid()'
+
+create_table :comments, id: :uuid, default: 'gen_random_uuid()' do |t|
+  # t.belongs_to :post, type: :uuid
+  t.references :post, type: :uuid
+end
+
+# app/models/post.rb
+class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :comments
+end
+
+# app/models/comment.rb
+class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :post
+end
+```
+
+See [this section](#uuid-primary-keys) for more details on using UUIDs as primary key.
+
+### Bit String Types
+
+* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/datatype-bit.html)
+* [functions and operators](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/functions-bitstring.html)
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_users.rb
+create_table :users, force: true do |t|
+  t.column :settings, "bit(8)"
+end
+
+# app/models/device.rb
+class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+
+# Usage
+User.create settings: "01010011"
+user = User.first
+user.settings # => "01010011"
+user.settings = "0xAF"
+user.settings # => 10101111
+user.save!
+```
+
+### Network Address Types
+
+* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/datatype-net-types.html)
+
+The types `inet` and `cidr` are mapped to Ruby
+[`IPAddr`](http://www.ruby-doc.org/stdlib-2.2.2/libdoc/ipaddr/rdoc/IPAddr.html)
+objects. The `macaddr` type is mapped to normal text.
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20140508144913_create_devices.rb
+create_table(:devices, force: true) do |t|
+  t.inet 'ip'
+  t.cidr 'network'
+  t.macaddr 'address'
+end
+
+# app/models/device.rb
+class Device < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+
+# Usage
+macbook = Device.create(ip: "192.168.1.12",
+                        network: "192.168.2.0/24",
+                        address: "32:01:16:6d:05:ef")
+
+macbook.ip
+# => #<IPAddr: IPv4:192.168.1.12/255.255.255.255>
+
+macbook.network
+# => #<IPAddr: IPv4:192.168.2.0/255.255.255.0>
+
+macbook.address
+# => "32:01:16:6d:05:ef"
+```
+
+### Geometric Types
+
+* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/datatype-geometric.html)
+
+All geometric types, with the exception of `points` are mapped to normal text.
+A point is casted to an array containing `x` and `y` coordinates.
+
+
+UUID Primary Keys
+-----------------
+
+NOTE: You need to enable the `pgcrypto` (only PostgreSQL >= 9.4) or `uuid-ossp`
+extension to generate random UUIDs.
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_devices.rb
+enable_extension 'pgcrypto' unless extension_enabled?('pgcrypto')
+create_table :devices, id: :uuid, default: 'gen_random_uuid()' do |t|
+  t.string :kind
+end
+
+# app/models/device.rb
+class Device < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+
+# Usage
+device = Device.create
+device.id # => "814865cd-5a1d-4771-9306-4268f188fe9e"
+```
+
+NOTE: `uuid_generate_v4()` (from `uuid-ossp`) is assumed if no `:default` option was
+passed to `create_table`.
+
+Full Text Search
+----------------
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_documents.rb
+create_table :documents do |t|
+  t.string 'title'
+  t.string 'body'
+end
+
+execute "CREATE INDEX documents_idx ON documents USING gin(to_tsvector('english', title || ' ' || body));"
+
+# app/models/document.rb
+class Document < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+
+# Usage
+Document.create(title: "Cats and Dogs", body: "are nice!")
+
+## all documents matching 'cat & dog'
+Document.where("to_tsvector('english', title || ' ' || body) @@ to_tsquery(?)",
+                 "cat & dog")
+```
+
+Database Views
+--------------
+
+* [view creation](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-createview.html)
+
+Imagine you need to work with a legacy database containing the following table:
+
+```
+rails_pg_guide=# \d "TBL_ART"
+                                        Table "public.TBL_ART"
+   Column   |            Type             |                         Modifiers
+------------+-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------
+ INT_ID     | integer                     | not null default nextval('"TBL_ART_INT_ID_seq"'::regclass)
+ STR_TITLE  | character varying           |
+ STR_STAT   | character varying           | default 'draft'::character varying
+ DT_PUBL_AT | timestamp without time zone |
+ BL_ARCH    | boolean                     | default false
+Indexes:
+    "TBL_ART_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree ("INT_ID")
+```
+
+This table does not follow the Rails conventions at all.
+Because simple PostgreSQL views are updateable by default,
+we can wrap it as follows:
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_articles_view.rb
+execute <<-SQL
+CREATE VIEW articles AS
+  SELECT "INT_ID" AS id,
+         "STR_TITLE" AS title,
+         "STR_STAT" AS status,
+         "DT_PUBL_AT" AS published_at,
+         "BL_ARCH" AS archived
+  FROM "TBL_ART"
+  WHERE "BL_ARCH" = 'f'
+  SQL
+
+# app/models/article.rb
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.primary_key = "id"
+  def archive!
+    update_attribute :archived, true
+  end
+end
+
+# Usage
+first = Article.create! title: "Winter is coming",
+                        status: "published",
+                        published_at: 1.year.ago
+second = Article.create! title: "Brace yourself",
+                         status: "draft",
+                         published_at: 1.month.ago
+
+Article.count # => 1
+first.archive!
+Article.count # => 2
+```
+
+NOTE: This application only cares about non-archived `Articles`. A view also
+allows for conditions so we can exclude the archived `Articles` directly.
diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_querying.md b/guides/source/active_record_querying.md
index 4900f176a6..ed1c3e7061 100644
--- a/guides/source/active_record_querying.md
+++ b/guides/source/active_record_querying.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Active Record Query Interface
 =============================
 
@@ -8,7 +10,8 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 * How to find records using a variety of methods and conditions.
 * How to specify the order, retrieved attributes, grouping, and other properties of the found records.
 * How to use eager loading to reduce the number of database queries needed for data retrieval.
-* How to use dynamic finders methods.
+* How to use dynamic finder methods.
+* How to use method chaining to use multiple ActiveRecord methods together.
 * How to check for the existence of particular records.
 * How to perform various calculations on Active Record models.
 * How to run EXPLAIN on relations.
@@ -66,6 +69,7 @@ The methods are:
 * `having`
 * `includes`
 * `joins`
+* `left_outer_joins`
 * `limit`
 * `lock`
 * `none`
@@ -77,7 +81,7 @@ The methods are:
 * `reorder`
 * `reverse_order`
 * `select`
-* `uniq`
+* `distinct`
 * `where`
 
 All of the above methods return an instance of `ActiveRecord::Relation`.
@@ -87,15 +91,15 @@ The primary operation of `Model.find(options)` can be summarized as:
 * Convert the supplied options to an equivalent SQL query.
 * Fire the SQL query and retrieve the corresponding results from the database.
 * Instantiate the equivalent Ruby object of the appropriate model for every resulting row.
-* Run `after_find` callbacks, if any.
+* Run `after_find` and then `after_initialize` callbacks, if any.
 
 ### Retrieving a Single Object
 
 Active Record provides several different ways of retrieving a single object.
 
-#### Using a Primary Key
+#### `find`
 
-Using `Model.find(primary_key)`, you can retrieve the object corresponding to the specified _primary key_ that matches any supplied options. For example:
+Using the `find` method, you can retrieve the object corresponding to the specified _primary key_ that matches any supplied options. For example:
 
 ```ruby
 # Find the client with primary key (id) 10.
@@ -109,119 +113,105 @@ The SQL equivalent of the above is:
 SELECT * FROM clients WHERE (clients.id = 10) LIMIT 1
 ```
 
-`Model.find(primary_key)` will raise an `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` exception if no matching record is found.
-
-#### `take`
+The `find` method will raise an `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` exception if no matching record is found.
 
-`Model.take` retrieves a record without any implicit ordering. For example:
+You can also use this method to query for multiple objects. Call the `find` method and pass in an array of primary keys. The return will be an array containing all of the matching records for the supplied _primary keys_. For example:
 
 ```ruby
-client = Client.take
-# => #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">
+# Find the clients with primary keys 1 and 10.
+client = Client.find([1, 10]) # Or even Client.find(1, 10)
+# => [#<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">, #<Client id: 10, first_name: "Ryan">]
 ```
 
 The SQL equivalent of the above is:
 
 ```sql
-SELECT * FROM clients LIMIT 1
+SELECT * FROM clients WHERE (clients.id IN (1,10))
 ```
 
-`Model.take` returns `nil` if no record is found and no exception will be raised.
+WARNING: The `find` method will raise an `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` exception unless a matching record is found for **all** of the supplied primary keys.
 
-TIP: The retrieved record may vary depending on the database engine.
-
-#### `first`
+#### `take`
 
-`Model.first` finds the first record ordered by the primary key. For example:
+The `take` method retrieves a record without any implicit ordering. For example:
 
 ```ruby
-client = Client.first
+client = Client.take
 # => #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">
 ```
 
 The SQL equivalent of the above is:
 
 ```sql
-SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY clients.id ASC LIMIT 1
+SELECT * FROM clients LIMIT 1
 ```
 
-`Model.first` returns `nil` if no matching record is found and no exception will be raised.
+The `take` method returns `nil` if no record is found and no exception will be raised.
 
-#### `last`
-
-`Model.last` finds the last record ordered by the primary key. For example:
+You can pass in a numerical argument to the `take` method to return up to that number of results. For example
 
 ```ruby
-client = Client.last
-# => #<Client id: 221, first_name: "Russel">
+client = Client.take(2)
+# => [
+  #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">,
+  #<Client id: 220, first_name: "Sara">
+]
 ```
 
 The SQL equivalent of the above is:
 
 ```sql
-SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY clients.id DESC LIMIT 1
-```
-
-`Model.last` returns `nil` if no matching record is found and no exception will be raised.
-
-#### `find_by`
-
-`Model.find_by` finds the first record matching some conditions. For example:
-
-```ruby
-Client.find_by first_name: 'Lifo'
-# => #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">
-
-Client.find_by first_name: 'Jon'
-# => nil
+SELECT * FROM clients LIMIT 2
 ```
 
-It is equivalent to writing:
+The `take!` method behaves exactly like `take`, except that it will raise `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` if no matching record is found.
 
-```ruby
-Client.where(first_name: 'Lifo').take
-```
+TIP: The retrieved record may vary depending on the database engine.
 
-#### `take!`
+#### `first`
 
-`Model.take!` retrieves a record without any implicit ordering. For example:
+The `first` method finds the first record ordered by the primary key. For example:
 
 ```ruby
-client = Client.take!
+client = Client.first
 # => #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">
 ```
 
 The SQL equivalent of the above is:
 
 ```sql
-SELECT * FROM clients LIMIT 1
+SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY clients.id ASC LIMIT 1
 ```
 
-`Model.take!` raises `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` if no matching record is found.
+The `first` method returns `nil` if no matching record is found and no exception will be raised.
 
-#### `first!`
+If your [default scope](active_record_querying.html#applying-a-default-scope) contains an order method, `first` will return the first record according to this ordering.
 
-`Model.first!` finds the first record ordered by the primary key. For example:
+You can pass in a numerical argument to the `first` method to return up to that number of results. For example
 
 ```ruby
-client = Client.first!
-# => #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">
+client = Client.first(3)
+# => [
+  #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">,
+  #<Client id: 2, first_name: "Fifo">,
+  #<Client id: 3, first_name: "Filo">
+]
 ```
 
 The SQL equivalent of the above is:
 
 ```sql
-SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY clients.id ASC LIMIT 1
+SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY clients.id ASC LIMIT 3
 ```
 
-`Model.first!` raises `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` if no matching record is found.
+The `first!` method behaves exactly like `first`, except that it will raise `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` if no matching record is found.
 
-#### `last!`
+#### `last`
 
-`Model.last!` finds the last record ordered by the primary key. For example:
+The `last` method finds the last record ordered by the primary key. For example:
 
 ```ruby
-client = Client.last!
+client = Client.last
 # => #<Client id: 221, first_name: "Russel">
 ```
 
@@ -231,92 +221,64 @@ The SQL equivalent of the above is:
 SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY clients.id DESC LIMIT 1
 ```
 
-`Model.last!` raises `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` if no matching record is found.
-
-#### `find_by!`
-
-`Model.find_by!` finds the first record matching some conditions. It raises `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` if no matching record is found. For example:
-
-```ruby
-Client.find_by! first_name: 'Lifo'
-# => #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">
-
-Client.find_by! first_name: 'Jon'
-# => ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound
-```
-
-It is equivalent to writing:
-
-```ruby
-Client.where(first_name: 'Lifo').take!
-```
-
-### Retrieving Multiple Objects
+The `last` method returns `nil` if no matching record is found and no exception will be raised.
 
-#### Using Multiple Primary Keys
+If your [default scope](active_record_querying.html#applying-a-default-scope) contains an order method, `last` will return the last record according to this ordering.
 
-`Model.find(array_of_primary_key)` accepts an array of _primary keys_, returning an array containing all of the matching records for the supplied _primary keys_. For example:
+You can pass in a numerical argument to the `last` method to return up to that number of results. For example
 
 ```ruby
-# Find the clients with primary keys 1 and 10.
-client = Client.find([1, 10]) # Or even Client.find(1, 10)
-# => [#<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">, #<Client id: 10, first_name: "Ryan">]
+client = Client.last(3)
+# => [
+  #<Client id: 219, first_name: "James">,
+  #<Client id: 220, first_name: "Sara">,
+  #<Client id: 221, first_name: "Russel">
+]
 ```
 
 The SQL equivalent of the above is:
 
 ```sql
-SELECT * FROM clients WHERE (clients.id IN (1,10))
+SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY clients.id DESC LIMIT 3
 ```
 
-WARNING: `Model.find(array_of_primary_key)` will raise an `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` exception unless a matching record is found for **all** of the supplied primary keys.
+The `last!` method behaves exactly like `last`, except that it will raise `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` if no matching record is found.
 
-#### take
+#### `find_by`
 
-`Model.take(limit)` retrieves the first number of records specified by `limit` without any explicit ordering:
+The `find_by` method finds the first record matching some conditions. For example:
 
 ```ruby
-Client.take(2)
-# => [#<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">,
-      #<Client id: 2, first_name: "Raf">]
-```
-
-The SQL equivalent of the above is:
+Client.find_by first_name: 'Lifo'
+# => #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">
 
-```sql
-SELECT * FROM clients LIMIT 2
+Client.find_by first_name: 'Jon'
+# => nil
 ```
 
-#### first
-
-`Model.first(limit)` finds the first number of records specified by `limit` ordered by primary key:
+It is equivalent to writing:
 
 ```ruby
-Client.first(2)
-# => [#<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">,
-      #<Client id: 2, first_name: "Raf">]
+Client.where(first_name: 'Lifo').take
 ```
 
 The SQL equivalent of the above is:
 
 ```sql
-SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY id ASC LIMIT 2
+SELECT * FROM clients WHERE (clients.first_name = 'Lifo') LIMIT 1
 ```
 
-#### last
-
-`Model.last(limit)` finds the number of records specified by `limit` ordered by primary key in descending order:
+The `find_by!` method behaves exactly like `find_by`, except that it will raise `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` if no matching record is found. For example:
 
 ```ruby
-Client.last(2)
-# => [#<Client id: 10, first_name: "Ryan">,
-      #<Client id: 9, first_name: "John">]
+Client.find_by! first_name: 'does not exist'
+# => ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound
 ```
 
-The SQL equivalent of the above is:
+This is equivalent to writing:
 
-```sql
-SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 2
+```ruby
+Client.where(first_name: 'does not exist').take!
 ```
 
 ### Retrieving Multiple Objects in Batches
@@ -328,7 +290,7 @@ This may appear straightforward:
 ```ruby
 # This is very inefficient when the users table has thousands of rows.
 User.all.each do |user|
-  NewsLetter.weekly_deliver(user)
+  NewsMailer.weekly(user).deliver_now
 end
 ```
 
@@ -344,7 +306,15 @@ The `find_each` method retrieves a batch of records and then yields _each_ recor
 
 ```ruby
 User.find_each do |user|
-  NewsLetter.weekly_deliver(user)
+  NewsMailer.weekly(user).deliver_now
+end
+```
+
+To add conditions to a `find_each` operation you can chain other Active Record methods such as `where`:
+
+```ruby
+User.where(weekly_subscriber: true).find_each do |user|
+  NewsMailer.weekly(user).deliver_now
 end
 ```
 
@@ -352,7 +322,7 @@ end
 
 The `find_each` method accepts most of the options allowed by the regular `find` method, except for `:order` and `:limit`, which are reserved for internal use by `find_each`.
 
-Two additional options, `:batch_size` and `:start`, are available as well.
+Three additional options, `:batch_size`, `:begin_at` and `:end_at`, are available as well.
 
 **`:batch_size`**
 
@@ -360,23 +330,38 @@ The `:batch_size` option allows you to specify the number of records to be retri
 
 ```ruby
 User.find_each(batch_size: 5000) do |user|
-  NewsLetter.weekly_deliver(user)
+  NewsMailer.weekly(user).deliver_now
 end
 ```
 
-**`:start`**
+**`:begin_at`**
 
-By default, records are fetched in ascending order of the primary key, which must be an integer. The `:start` option allows you to configure the first ID of the sequence whenever the lowest ID is not the one you need. This would be useful, for example, if you wanted to resume an interrupted batch process, provided you saved the last processed ID as a checkpoint.
+By default, records are fetched in ascending order of the primary key, which must be an integer. The `:begin_at` option allows you to configure the first ID of the sequence whenever the lowest ID is not the one you need. This would be useful, for example, if you wanted to resume an interrupted batch process, provided you saved the last processed ID as a checkpoint.
 
 For example, to send newsletters only to users with the primary key starting from 2000, and to retrieve them in batches of 5000:
 
 ```ruby
-User.find_each(start: 2000, batch_size: 5000) do |user|
-  NewsLetter.weekly_deliver(user)
+User.find_each(begin_at: 2000, batch_size: 5000) do |user|
+  NewsMailer.weekly(user).deliver_now
+end
+```
+
+**`:end_at`**
+
+Similar to the `:begin_at` option, `:end_at` allows you to configure the last ID of the sequence whenever the highest ID is not the one you need.
+This would be useful, for example, if you wanted to run a batch process, using a subset of records based on `:begin_at` and `:end_at`
+
+For example, to send newsletters only to users with the primary key starting from 2000 up to 10000 and to retrieve them in batches of 5000:
+
+```ruby
+User.find_each(begin_at: 2000, end_at: 10000, batch_size: 5000) do |user|
+  NewsMailer.weekly(user).deliver_now
 end
 ```
 
-Another example would be if you wanted multiple workers handling the same processing queue. You could have each worker handle 10000 records by setting the appropriate `:start` option on each worker.
+Another example would be if you wanted multiple workers handling the same
+processing queue. You could have each worker handle 10000 records by setting the
+appropriate `:begin_at` and `:end_at` options on each worker.
 
 #### `find_in_batches`
 
@@ -384,16 +369,14 @@ The `find_in_batches` method is similar to `find_each`, since both retrieve batc
 
 ```ruby
 # Give add_invoices an array of 1000 invoices at a time
-Invoice.find_in_batches(include: :invoice_lines) do |invoices|
+Invoice.find_in_batches do |invoices|
   export.add_invoices(invoices)
 end
 ```
 
-NOTE: The `:include` option allows you to name associations that should be loaded alongside with the models.
-
 ##### Options for `find_in_batches`
 
-The `find_in_batches` method accepts the same `:batch_size` and `:start` options as `find_each`, as well as most of the options allowed by the regular `find` method, except for `:order` and `:limit`, which are reserved for internal use by `find_in_batches`.
+The `find_in_batches` method accepts the same `:batch_size`, `:begin_at` and `:end_at` options as `find_each`.
 
 Conditions
 ----------
@@ -414,7 +397,7 @@ Now what if that number could vary, say as an argument from somewhere? The find
 Client.where("orders_count = ?", params[:orders])
 ```
 
-Active Record will go through the first element in the conditions value and any additional elements will replace the question marks `(?)` in the first element.
+Active Record will take the first argument as the conditions string and any additional arguments will replace the question marks `(?)` in it.
 
 If you want to specify multiple conditions:
 
@@ -442,7 +425,7 @@ TIP: For more information on the dangers of SQL injection, see the [Ruby on Rail
 
 #### Placeholder Conditions
 
-Similar to the `(?)` replacement style of params, you can also specify keys/values hash in your array conditions:
+Similar to the `(?)` replacement style of params, you can also specify keys in your conditions string along with a corresponding keys/values hash:
 
 ```ruby
 Client.where("created_at >= :start_date AND created_at <= :end_date",
@@ -453,7 +436,7 @@ This makes for clearer readability if you have a large number of variable condit
 
 ### Hash Conditions
 
-Active Record also allows you to pass in hash conditions which can increase the readability of your conditions syntax. With hash conditions, you pass in a hash with keys of the fields you want conditionalised and the values of how you want to conditionalise them:
+Active Record also allows you to pass in hash conditions which can increase the readability of your conditions syntax. With hash conditions, you pass in a hash with keys of the fields you want qualified and the values of how you want to qualify them:
 
 NOTE: Only equality, range and subset checking are possible with Hash conditions.
 
@@ -472,8 +455,8 @@ Client.where('locked' => true)
 In the case of a belongs_to relationship, an association key can be used to specify the model if an Active Record object is used as the value. This method works with polymorphic relationships as well.
 
 ```ruby
-Post.where(author: author)
-Author.joins(:posts).where(posts: { author: author })
+Article.where(author: author)
+Author.joins(:articles).where(articles: { author: author })
 ```
 
 NOTE: The values cannot be symbols. For example, you cannot do `Client.where(status: :active)`.
@@ -511,7 +494,7 @@ SELECT * FROM clients WHERE (clients.orders_count IN (1,3,5))
 `NOT` SQL queries can be built by `where.not`.
 
 ```ruby
-Post.where.not(author: author)
+Article.where.not(author: author)
 ```
 
 In other words, this query can be generated by calling `where` with no argument, then immediately chain with `not` passing `where` conditions.
@@ -553,7 +536,7 @@ Client.order("orders_count ASC, created_at DESC")
 Client.order("orders_count ASC", "created_at DESC")
 ```
 
-If you want to call `order` multiple times e.g. in different context, new order will append previous one
+If you want to call `order` multiple times, subsequent orders will be appended to the first:
 
 ```ruby
 Client.order("orders_count ASC").order("created_at DESC")
@@ -641,9 +624,9 @@ SELECT * FROM clients LIMIT 5 OFFSET 30
 Group
 -----
 
-To apply a `GROUP BY` clause to the SQL fired by the finder, you can specify the `group` method on the find.
+To apply a `GROUP BY` clause to the SQL fired by the finder, you can use the `group` method.
 
-For example, if you want to find a collection of the dates orders were created on:
+For example, if you want to find a collection of the dates on which orders were created:
 
 ```ruby
 Order.select("date(created_at) as ordered_date, sum(price) as total_price").group("date(created_at)")
@@ -659,10 +642,27 @@ FROM orders
 GROUP BY date(created_at)
 ```
 
+### Total of grouped items
+
+To get the total of grouped items on a single query, call `count` after the `group`.
+
+```ruby
+Order.group(:status).count
+# => { 'awaiting_approval' => 7, 'paid' => 12 }
+```
+
+The SQL that would be executed would be something like this:
+
+```sql
+SELECT COUNT (*) AS count_all, status AS status
+FROM "orders"
+GROUP BY status
+```
+
 Having
 ------
 
-SQL uses the `HAVING` clause to specify conditions on the `GROUP BY` fields. You can add the `HAVING` clause to the SQL fired by the `Model.find` by adding the `:having` option to the find.
+SQL uses the `HAVING` clause to specify conditions on the `GROUP BY` fields. You can add the `HAVING` clause to the SQL fired by the `Model.find` by adding the `having` method to the find.
 
 For example:
 
@@ -680,7 +680,7 @@ GROUP BY date(created_at)
 HAVING sum(price) > 100
 ```
 
-This will return single order objects for each day, but only those that are ordered more than $100 in a day.
+This returns the date and total price for each order object, grouped by the day they were ordered and where the price is more than $100.
 
 Overriding Conditions
 ---------------------
@@ -690,32 +690,31 @@ Overriding Conditions
 You can specify certain conditions to be removed using the `unscope` method. For example:
 
 ```ruby
-Post.where('id > 10').limit(20).order('id asc').except(:order)
+Article.where('id > 10').limit(20).order('id asc').unscope(:order)
 ```
 
 The SQL that would be executed:
 
 ```sql
-SELECT * FROM posts WHERE id > 10 LIMIT 20
+SELECT * FROM articles WHERE id > 10 LIMIT 20
 
 # Original query without `unscope`
-SELECT * FROM posts WHERE id > 10 ORDER BY id asc LIMIT 20
+SELECT * FROM articles WHERE id > 10 ORDER BY id asc LIMIT 20
 
 ```
 
-You can additionally unscope specific where clauses. For example:
+You can also unscope specific `where` clauses. For example:
 
 ```ruby
-Post.where(id: 10, trashed: false).unscope(where: :id)
-# SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts" WHERE trashed = 0
+Article.where(id: 10, trashed: false).unscope(where: :id)
+# SELECT "articles".* FROM "articles" WHERE trashed = 0
 ```
 
-A relation which has used `unscope` will affect any relation it is
-merged in to:
+A relation which has used `unscope` will affect any relation into which it is merged:
 
 ```ruby
-Post.order('id asc').merge(Post.unscope(:order))
-# SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts"
+Article.order('id asc').merge(Article.unscope(:order))
+# SELECT "articles".* FROM "articles"
 ```
 
 ### `only`
@@ -723,16 +722,16 @@ Post.order('id asc').merge(Post.unscope(:order))
 You can also override conditions using the `only` method. For example:
 
 ```ruby
-Post.where('id > 10').limit(20).order('id desc').only(:order, :where)
+Article.where('id > 10').limit(20).order('id desc').only(:order, :where)
 ```
 
 The SQL that would be executed:
 
 ```sql
-SELECT * FROM posts WHERE id > 10 ORDER BY id DESC
+SELECT * FROM articles WHERE id > 10 ORDER BY id DESC
 
 # Original query without `only`
-SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts" WHERE (id > 10) ORDER BY id desc LIMIT 20
+SELECT "articles".* FROM "articles" WHERE (id > 10) ORDER BY id desc LIMIT 20
 
 ```
 
@@ -741,25 +740,25 @@ SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts" WHERE (id > 10) ORDER BY id desc LIMIT 20
 The `reorder` method overrides the default scope order. For example:
 
 ```ruby
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-  ..
-  ..
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :comments, -> { order('posted_at DESC') }
 end
 
-Post.find(10).comments.reorder('name')
+Article.find(10).comments.reorder('name')
 ```
 
 The SQL that would be executed:
 
 ```sql
-SELECT * FROM posts WHERE id = 10 ORDER BY name
+SELECT * FROM articles WHERE id = 10
+SELECT * FROM comments WHERE article_id = 10 ORDER BY name
 ```
 
-In case the `reorder` clause is not used, the SQL executed would be:
+In the case where the `reorder` clause is not used, the SQL executed would be:
 
 ```sql
-SELECT * FROM posts WHERE id = 10 ORDER BY posted_at DESC
+SELECT * FROM articles WHERE id = 10
+SELECT * FROM comments WHERE article_id = 10 ORDER BY posted_at DESC
 ```
 
 ### `reverse_order`
@@ -795,25 +794,25 @@ This method accepts **no** arguments.
 The `rewhere` method overrides an existing, named where condition. For example:
 
 ```ruby
-Post.where(trashed: true).rewhere(trashed: false)
+Article.where(trashed: true).rewhere(trashed: false)
 ```
 
 The SQL that would be executed:
 
 ```sql
-SELECT * FROM posts WHERE `trashed` = 0
+SELECT * FROM articles WHERE `trashed` = 0
 ```
 
 In case the `rewhere` clause is not used,
 
 ```ruby
-Post.where(trashed: true).where(trashed: false)
+Article.where(trashed: true).where(trashed: false)
 ```
 
 the SQL executed would be:
 
 ```sql
-SELECT * FROM posts WHERE `trashed` = 1 AND `trashed` = 0
+SELECT * FROM articles WHERE `trashed` = 1 AND `trashed` = 0
 ```
 
 Null Relation
@@ -822,21 +821,21 @@ Null Relation
 The `none` method returns a chainable relation with no records. Any subsequent conditions chained to the returned relation will continue generating empty relations. This is useful in scenarios where you need a chainable response to a method or a scope that could return zero results.
 
 ```ruby
-Post.none # returns an empty Relation and fires no queries.
+Article.none # returns an empty Relation and fires no queries.
 ```
 
 ```ruby
-# The visible_posts method below is expected to return a Relation.
-@posts = current_user.visible_posts.where(name: params[:name])
+# The visible_articles method below is expected to return a Relation.
+@articles = current_user.visible_articles.where(name: params[:name])
 
-def visible_posts
+def visible_articles
   case role
   when 'Country Manager'
-    Post.where(country: country)
+    Article.where(country: country)
   when 'Reviewer'
-    Post.published
+    Article.published
   when 'Bad User'
-    Post.none # => returning [] or nil breaks the caller code in this case
+    Article.none # => returning [] or nil breaks the caller code in this case
   end
 end
 ```
@@ -844,7 +843,7 @@ end
 Readonly Objects
 ----------------
 
-Active Record provides `readonly` method on a relation to explicitly disallow modification of any of the returned objects. Any attempt to alter a readonly record will not succeed, raising an `ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyRecord` exception.
+Active Record provides the `readonly` method on a relation to explicitly disallow modification of any of the returned objects. Any attempt to alter a readonly record will not succeed, raising an `ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyRecord` exception.
 
 ```ruby
 client = Client.readonly.first
@@ -905,7 +904,7 @@ For example:
 Item.transaction do
   i = Item.lock.first
   i.name = 'Jones'
-  i.save
+  i.save!
 end
 ```
 
@@ -941,43 +940,48 @@ end
 Joining Tables
 --------------
 
-Active Record provides a finder method called `joins` for specifying `JOIN` clauses on the resulting SQL. There are multiple ways to use the `joins` method.
+Active Record provides two finder methods for specifying `JOIN` clauses on the
+resulting SQL: `joins` and `left_outer_joins`.
+While `joins` should be used for `INNER JOIN` or custom queries,
+`left_outer_joins` is used for queries using `LEFT OUTER JOIN`.
 
-### Using a String SQL Fragment
+### `joins`
+
+There are multiple ways to use the `joins` method.
+
+#### Using a String SQL Fragment
 
 You can just supply the raw SQL specifying the `JOIN` clause to `joins`:
 
 ```ruby
-Client.joins('LEFT OUTER JOIN addresses ON addresses.client_id = clients.id')
+Author.joins("INNER JOIN posts ON posts.author_id = author.id AND posts.published = 't'")
 ```
 
 This will result in the following SQL:
 
 ```sql
-SELECT clients.* FROM clients LEFT OUTER JOIN addresses ON addresses.client_id = clients.id
+SELECT clients.* FROM clients INNER JOIN posts ON posts.author_id = author.id AND posts.published = 't'
 ```
 
-### Using Array/Hash of Named Associations
+#### Using Array/Hash of Named Associations
 
-WARNING: This method only works with `INNER JOIN`.
+Active Record lets you use the names of the [associations](association_basics.html) defined on the model as a shortcut for specifying `JOIN` clauses for those associations when using the `joins` method.
 
-Active Record lets you use the names of the [associations](association_basics.html) defined on the model as a shortcut for specifying `JOIN` clause for those associations when using the `joins` method.
-
-For example, consider the following `Category`, `Post`, `Comment`, `Guest` and `Tag` models:
+For example, consider the following `Category`, `Article`, `Comment`, `Guest` and `Tag` models:
 
 ```ruby
 class Category < ActiveRecord::Base
-  has_many :posts
+  has_many :articles
 end
 
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :category
   has_many :comments
   has_many :tags
 end
 
 class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
-  belongs_to :post
+  belongs_to :article
   has_one :guest
 end
 
@@ -986,78 +990,78 @@ class Guest < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 
 class Tag < ActiveRecord::Base
-  belongs_to :post
+  belongs_to :article
 end
 ```
 
 Now all of the following will produce the expected join queries using `INNER JOIN`:
 
-#### Joining a Single Association
+##### Joining a Single Association
 
 ```ruby
-Category.joins(:posts)
+Category.joins(:articles)
 ```
 
 This produces:
 
 ```sql
 SELECT categories.* FROM categories
-  INNER JOIN posts ON posts.category_id = categories.id
+  INNER JOIN articles ON articles.category_id = categories.id
 ```
 
-Or, in English: "return a Category object for all categories with posts". Note that you will see duplicate categories if more than one post has the same category. If you want unique categories, you can use `Category.joins(:posts).uniq`.
+Or, in English: "return a Category object for all categories with articles". Note that you will see duplicate categories if more than one article has the same category. If you want unique categories, you can use `Category.joins(:articles).distinct`.
 
 #### Joining Multiple Associations
 
 ```ruby
-Post.joins(:category, :comments)
+Article.joins(:category, :comments)
 ```
 
 This produces:
 
 ```sql
-SELECT posts.* FROM posts
-  INNER JOIN categories ON posts.category_id = categories.id
-  INNER JOIN comments ON comments.post_id = posts.id
+SELECT articles.* FROM articles
+  INNER JOIN categories ON articles.category_id = categories.id
+  INNER JOIN comments ON comments.article_id = articles.id
 ```
 
-Or, in English: "return all posts that have a category and at least one comment". Note again that posts with multiple comments will show up multiple times.
+Or, in English: "return all articles that have a category and at least one comment". Note again that articles with multiple comments will show up multiple times.
 
-#### Joining Nested Associations (Single Level)
+##### Joining Nested Associations (Single Level)
 
 ```ruby
-Post.joins(comments: :guest)
+Article.joins(comments: :guest)
 ```
 
 This produces:
 
 ```sql
-SELECT posts.* FROM posts
-  INNER JOIN comments ON comments.post_id = posts.id
+SELECT articles.* FROM articles
+  INNER JOIN comments ON comments.article_id = articles.id
   INNER JOIN guests ON guests.comment_id = comments.id
 ```
 
-Or, in English: "return all posts that have a comment made by a guest."
+Or, in English: "return all articles that have a comment made by a guest."
 
-#### Joining Nested Associations (Multiple Level)
+##### Joining Nested Associations (Multiple Level)
 
 ```ruby
-Category.joins(posts: [{ comments: :guest }, :tags])
+Category.joins(articles: [{ comments: :guest }, :tags])
 ```
 
 This produces:
 
 ```sql
 SELECT categories.* FROM categories
-  INNER JOIN posts ON posts.category_id = categories.id
-  INNER JOIN comments ON comments.post_id = posts.id
+  INNER JOIN articles ON articles.category_id = categories.id
+  INNER JOIN comments ON comments.article_id = articles.id
   INNER JOIN guests ON guests.comment_id = comments.id
-  INNER JOIN tags ON tags.post_id = posts.id
+  INNER JOIN tags ON tags.article_id = articles.id
 ```
 
-### Specifying Conditions on the Joined Tables
+#### Specifying Conditions on the Joined Tables
 
-You can specify conditions on the joined tables using the regular [Array](#array-conditions) and [String](#pure-string-conditions) conditions. [Hash conditions](#hash-conditions) provides a special syntax for specifying conditions for the joined tables:
+You can specify conditions on the joined tables using the regular [Array](#array-conditions) and [String](#pure-string-conditions) conditions. [Hash conditions](#hash-conditions) provide a special syntax for specifying conditions for the joined tables:
 
 ```ruby
 time_range = (Time.now.midnight - 1.day)..Time.now.midnight
@@ -1073,6 +1077,26 @@ Client.joins(:orders).where(orders: { created_at: time_range })
 
 This will find all clients who have orders that were created yesterday, again using a `BETWEEN` SQL expression.
 
+### `left_outer_joins`
+
+If you want to select a set of records whether or not they have associated
+records you can use the `left_outer_joins` method.
+
+```ruby
+Author.left_outer_joins(:posts).uniq.select('authors.*, COUNT(posts.*) AS posts_count').group('authors.id')
+```
+
+Which produces:
+
+```sql
+SELECT DISTINCT authors.*, COUNT(posts.*) AS posts_count FROM "authors"
+LEFT OUTER JOIN posts ON posts.author_id = authors.id GROUP BY authors.id
+```
+
+Which means: "return all authors with their count of posts, whether or not they
+have any posts at all"
+
+
 Eager Loading Associations
 --------------------------
 
@@ -1096,7 +1120,7 @@ This code looks fine at the first sight. But the problem lies within the total n
 
 Active Record lets you specify in advance all the associations that are going to be loaded. This is possible by specifying the `includes` method of the `Model.find` call. With `includes`, Active Record ensures that all of the specified associations are loaded using the minimum possible number of queries.
 
-Revisiting the above case, we could rewrite `Client.limit(10)` to use eager load addresses:
+Revisiting the above case, we could rewrite `Client.limit(10)` to eager load addresses:
 
 ```ruby
 clients = Client.includes(:address).limit(10)
@@ -1121,18 +1145,18 @@ Active Record lets you eager load any number of associations with a single `Mode
 #### Array of Multiple Associations
 
 ```ruby
-Post.includes(:category, :comments)
+Article.includes(:category, :comments)
 ```
 
-This loads all the posts and the associated category and comments for each post.
+This loads all the articles and the associated category and comments for each article.
 
 #### Nested Associations Hash
 
 ```ruby
-Category.includes(posts: [{ comments: :guest }, :tags]).find(1)
+Category.includes(articles: [{ comments: :guest }, :tags]).find(1)
 ```
 
-This will find the category with id 1 and eager load all of the associated posts, the associated posts' tags and comments, and every comment's guest association.
+This will find the category with id 1 and eager load all of the associated articles, the associated articles' tags and comments, and every comment's guest association.
 
 ### Specifying Conditions on Eager Loaded Associations
 
@@ -1141,18 +1165,31 @@ Even though Active Record lets you specify conditions on the eager loaded associ
 However if you must do this, you may use `where` as you would normally.
 
 ```ruby
-Post.includes(:comments).where("comments.visible" => true)
+Article.includes(:comments).where(comments: { visible: true })
 ```
 
-This would generate a query which contains a `LEFT OUTER JOIN` whereas the `joins` method would generate one using the `INNER JOIN` function instead.
+This would generate a query which contains a `LEFT OUTER JOIN` whereas the
+`joins` method would generate one using the `INNER JOIN` function instead.
 
 ```ruby
-  SELECT "posts"."id" AS t0_r0, ... "comments"."updated_at" AS t1_r5 FROM "posts" LEFT OUTER JOIN "comments" ON "comments"."post_id" = "posts"."id" WHERE (comments.visible = 1)
+  SELECT "articles"."id" AS t0_r0, ... "comments"."updated_at" AS t1_r5 FROM "articles" LEFT OUTER JOIN "comments" ON "comments"."article_id" = "articles"."id" WHERE (comments.visible = 1)
 ```
 
 If there was no `where` condition, this would generate the normal set of two queries.
 
-If, in the case of this `includes` query, there were no comments for any posts, all the posts would still be loaded. By using `joins` (an INNER JOIN), the join conditions **must** match, otherwise no records will be returned.
+NOTE: Using `where` like this will only work when you pass it a Hash. For
+SQL-fragments you need to use `references` to force joined tables:
+
+```ruby
+Article.includes(:comments).where("comments.visible = true").references(:comments)
+```
+
+If, in the case of this `includes` query, there were no comments for any
+articles, all the articles would still be loaded. By using `joins` (an INNER
+JOIN), the join conditions **must** match, otherwise no records will be
+returned.
+
+
 
 Scopes
 ------
@@ -1162,7 +1199,7 @@ Scoping allows you to specify commonly-used queries which can be referenced as m
 To define a simple scope, we use the `scope` method inside the class, passing the query that we'd like to run when this scope is called:
 
 ```ruby
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   scope :published, -> { where(published: true) }
 end
 ```
@@ -1170,7 +1207,7 @@ end
 This is exactly the same as defining a class method, and which you use is a matter of personal preference:
 
 ```ruby
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   def self.published
     where(published: true)
   end
@@ -1180,7 +1217,7 @@ end
 Scopes are also chainable within scopes:
 
 ```ruby
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   scope :published,               -> { where(published: true) }
   scope :published_and_commented, -> { published.where("comments_count > 0") }
 end
@@ -1189,14 +1226,14 @@ end
 To call this `published` scope we can call it on either the class:
 
 ```ruby
-Post.published # => [published posts]
+Article.published # => [published articles]
 ```
 
-Or on an association consisting of `Post` objects:
+Or on an association consisting of `Article` objects:
 
 ```ruby
 category = Category.first
-category.posts.published # => [published posts belonging to this category]
+category.articles.published # => [published articles belonging to this category]
 ```
 
 ### Passing in arguments
@@ -1204,7 +1241,7 @@ category.posts.published # => [published posts belonging to this category]
 Your scope can take arguments:
 
 ```ruby
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   scope :created_before, ->(time) { where("created_at < ?", time) }
 end
 ```
@@ -1212,13 +1249,13 @@ end
 Call the scope as if it were a class method:
 
 ```ruby
-Post.created_before(Time.zone.now)
+Article.created_before(Time.zone.now)
 ```
 
 However, this is just duplicating the functionality that would be provided to you by a class method.
 
 ```ruby
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   def self.created_before(time)
     where("created_at < ?", time)
   end
@@ -1228,7 +1265,48 @@ end
 Using a class method is the preferred way to accept arguments for scopes. These methods will still be accessible on the association objects:
 
 ```ruby
-category.posts.created_before(time)
+category.articles.created_before(time)
+```
+
+### Applying a default scope
+
+If we wish for a scope to be applied across all queries to the model we can use the
+`default_scope` method within the model itself.
+
+```ruby
+class Client < ActiveRecord::Base
+  default_scope { where("removed_at IS NULL") }
+end
+```
+
+When queries are executed on this model, the SQL query will now look something like
+this:
+
+```sql
+SELECT * FROM clients WHERE removed_at IS NULL
+```
+
+If you need to do more complex things with a default scope, you can alternatively
+define it as a class method:
+
+```ruby
+class Client < ActiveRecord::Base
+  def self.default_scope
+    # Should return an ActiveRecord::Relation.
+  end
+end
+```
+
+NOTE: The `default_scope` is also applied while creating/building a record.
+It is not applied while updating a record. E.g.:
+
+```ruby
+class Client < ActiveRecord::Base
+  default_scope { where(active: true) }
+end
+
+Client.new          # => #<Client id: nil, active: true>
+Client.unscoped.new # => #<Client id: nil, active: nil>
 ```
 
 ### Merging of scopes
@@ -1253,7 +1331,7 @@ User.active.where(state: 'finished')
 # SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'active' AND "users"."state" = 'finished'
 ```
 
-If we do want the `last where clause` to win then `Relation#merge` can
+If we do want the last `where` clause to win then `Relation#merge` can
 be used.
 
 ```ruby
@@ -1284,36 +1362,6 @@ User.where(state: 'inactive')
 As you can see above the `default_scope` is being merged in both
 `scope` and `where` conditions.
 
-
-### Applying a default scope
-
-If we wish for a scope to be applied across all queries to the model we can use the
-`default_scope` method within the model itself.
-
-```ruby
-class Client < ActiveRecord::Base
-  default_scope { where("removed_at IS NULL") }
-end
-```
-
-When queries are executed on this model, the SQL query will now look something like
-this:
-
-```sql
-SELECT * FROM clients WHERE removed_at IS NULL
-```
-
-If you need to do more complex things with a default scope, you can alternatively
-define it as a class method:
-
-```ruby
-class Client < ActiveRecord::Base
-  def self.default_scope
-    # Should return an ActiveRecord::Relation.
-  end
-end
-```
-
 ### Removing All Scoping
 
 If we wish to remove scoping for any reason we can use the `unscoped` method. This is
@@ -1326,8 +1374,15 @@ Client.unscoped.load
 
 This method removes all scoping and will do a normal query on the table.
 
-Note that chaining `unscoped` with a `scope` does not work. In these cases, it is
-recommended that you use the block form of `unscoped`:
+```ruby
+Client.unscoped.all
+# SELECT "clients".* FROM "clients"
+
+Client.where(published: false).unscoped.all
+# SELECT "clients".* FROM "clients"
+```
+
+`unscoped` can also accept a block.
 
 ```ruby
 Client.unscoped {
@@ -1338,25 +1393,108 @@ Client.unscoped {
 Dynamic Finders
 ---------------
 
-For every field (also known as an attribute) you define in your table, Active Record provides a finder method. If you have a field called `first_name` on your `Client` model for example, you get `find_by_first_name` for free from Active Record. If you have a `locked` field on the `Client` model, you also get `find_by_locked` and methods.
+For every field (also known as an attribute) you define in your table, Active Record provides a finder method. If you have a field called `first_name` on your `Client` model for example, you get `find_by_first_name` for free from Active Record. If you have a `locked` field on the `Client` model, you also get `find_by_locked` method.
 
 You can specify an exclamation point (`!`) on the end of the dynamic finders to get them to raise an `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` error if they do not return any records, like `Client.find_by_name!("Ryan")`
 
 If you want to find both by name and locked, you can chain these finders together by simply typing "`and`" between the fields. For example, `Client.find_by_first_name_and_locked("Ryan", true)`.
 
+Enums
+-----
+
+The `enum` macro maps an integer column to a set of possible values.
+
+```ruby
+class Book < ActiveRecord::Base
+  enum availability: [:available, :unavailable]
+end
+```
+
+This will automatically create the corresponding [scopes](#scopes) to query the
+model. Methods to transition between states and query the current state are also
+added.
+
+```ruby
+# Both examples below query just available books.
+Book.available
+# or
+Book.where(availability: :available)
+
+book = Book.new(availability: :available)
+book.available?   # => true
+book.unavailable! # => true
+book.available?   # => false
+```
+
+Read the full documentation about enums
+[in the Rails API docs](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/Enum.html).
+
+Understanding The Method Chaining
+---------------------------------
+
+The Active Record pattern implements [Method Chaining](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_chaining),
+which allow us to use multiple Active Record methods together in a simple and straightforward way.
+
+You can chain methods in a statement when the previous method called returns an
+`ActiveRecord::Relation`, like `all`, `where`, and `joins`. Methods that return
+a single object (see [Retrieving a Single Object Section](#retrieving-a-single-object))
+have to be at the end of the statement.
+
+There are some examples below. This guide won't cover all the possibilities, just a few as examples.
+When an Active Record method is called, the query is not immediately generated and sent to the database,
+this just happens when the data is actually needed. So each example below generates a single query.
+
+### Retrieving filtered data from multiple tables
+
+```ruby
+Person
+  .select('people.id, people.name, comments.text')
+  .joins(:comments)
+  .where('comments.created_at > ?', 1.week.ago)
+```
+
+The result should be something like this:
+
+```sql
+SELECT people.id, people.name, comments.text
+FROM people
+INNER JOIN comments
+  ON comments.person_id = people.id
+WHERE comments.created_at = '2015-01-01'
+```
+
+### Retrieving specific data from multiple tables
+
+```ruby
+Person
+  .select('people.id, people.name, companies.name')
+  .joins(:company)
+  .find_by('people.name' => 'John') # this should be the last
+```
+
+The above should generate:
+
+```sql
+SELECT people.id, people.name, companies.name
+FROM people
+INNER JOIN companies
+  ON companies.person_id = people.id
+WHERE people.name = 'John'
+LIMIT 1
+```
+
+NOTE: Note that if a query matches multiple records, `find_by` will
+fetch only the first one and ignore the others (see the `LIMIT 1`
+statement above).
+
 Find or Build a New Object
 --------------------------
 
-NOTE: Some dynamic finders have been deprecated in Rails 4.0 and will be
-removed in Rails 4.1. The best practice is to use Active Record scopes
-instead. You can find the deprecation gem at
-https://github.com/rails/activerecord-deprecated_finders
-
 It's common that you need to find a record or create it if it doesn't exist. You can do that with the `find_or_create_by` and `find_or_create_by!` methods.
 
 ### `find_or_create_by`
 
-The `find_or_create_by` method checks whether a record with the attributes exists. If it doesn't, then `create` is called. Let's see an example.
+The `find_or_create_by` method checks whether a record with the specified attributes exists. If it doesn't, then `create` is called. Let's see an example.
 
 Suppose you want to find a client named 'Andy', and if there's none, create one. You can do so by running:
 
@@ -1456,6 +1594,11 @@ If you'd like to use your own SQL to find records in a table you can use `find_b
 Client.find_by_sql("SELECT * FROM clients
   INNER JOIN orders ON clients.id = orders.client_id
   ORDER BY clients.created_at desc")
+# =>  [
+  #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lucas" >,
+  #<Client id: 2, first_name: "Jan" >,
+  # ...
+]
 ```
 
 `find_by_sql` provides you with a simple way of making custom calls to the database and retrieving instantiated objects.
@@ -1465,12 +1608,16 @@ Client.find_by_sql("SELECT * FROM clients
 `find_by_sql` has a close relative called `connection#select_all`. `select_all` will retrieve objects from the database using custom SQL just like `find_by_sql` but will not instantiate them. Instead, you will get an array of hashes where each hash indicates a record.
 
 ```ruby
-Client.connection.select_all("SELECT * FROM clients WHERE id = '1'")
+Client.connection.select_all("SELECT first_name, created_at FROM clients WHERE id = '1'")
+# => [
+  {"first_name"=>"Rafael", "created_at"=>"2012-11-10 23:23:45.281189"},
+  {"first_name"=>"Eileen", "created_at"=>"2013-12-09 11:22:35.221282"}
+]
 ```
 
 ### `pluck`
 
-`pluck` can be used to query a single or multiple columns from the underlying table of a model. It accepts a list of column names as argument and returns an array of values of the specified columns with the corresponding data type.
+`pluck` can be used to query single or multiple columns from the underlying table of a model. It accepts a list of column names as argument and returns an array of values of the specified columns with the corresponding data type.
 
 ```ruby
 Client.where(active: true).pluck(:id)
@@ -1592,20 +1739,20 @@ You can also use `any?` and `many?` to check for existence on a model or relatio
 
 ```ruby
 # via a model
-Post.any?
-Post.many?
+Article.any?
+Article.many?
 
 # via a named scope
-Post.recent.any?
-Post.recent.many?
+Article.recent.any?
+Article.recent.many?
 
 # via a relation
-Post.where(published: true).any?
-Post.where(published: true).many?
+Article.where(published: true).any?
+Article.where(published: true).many?
 
 # via an association
-Post.first.categories.any?
-Post.first.categories.many?
+Article.first.categories.any?
+Article.first.categories.many?
 ```
 
 Calculations
@@ -1695,37 +1842,45 @@ Running EXPLAIN
 You can run EXPLAIN on the queries triggered by relations. For example,
 
 ```ruby
-User.where(id: 1).joins(:posts).explain
+User.where(id: 1).joins(:articles).explain
 ```
 
 may yield
 
 ```
-EXPLAIN for: SELECT `users`.* FROM `users` INNER JOIN `posts` ON `posts`.`user_id` = `users`.`id` WHERE `users`.`id` = 1
-+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
-| id | select_type | table | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra       |
-+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
-|  1 | SIMPLE      | users | const | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | const |    1 |             |
-|  1 | SIMPLE      | posts | ALL   | NULL          | NULL    | NULL    | NULL  |    1 | Using where |
-+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
+EXPLAIN for: SELECT `users`.* FROM `users` INNER JOIN `articles` ON `articles`.`user_id` = `users`.`id` WHERE `users`.`id` = 1
++----+-------------+----------+-------+---------------+
+| id | select_type | table    | type  | possible_keys |
++----+-------------+----------+-------+---------------+
+|  1 | SIMPLE      | users    | const | PRIMARY       |
+|  1 | SIMPLE      | articles | ALL   | NULL          |
++----+-------------+----------+-------+---------------+
++---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
+| key     | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra       |
++---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
+| PRIMARY | 4       | const |    1 |             |
+| NULL    | NULL    | NULL  |    1 | Using where |
++---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
+
 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
 ```
 
 under MySQL.
 
-Active Record performs a pretty printing that emulates the one of the database
-shells. So, the same query running with the PostgreSQL adapter would yield instead
+Active Record performs a pretty printing that emulates that of the
+corresponding database shell. So, the same query running with the
+PostgreSQL adapter would yield instead
 
 ```
-EXPLAIN for: SELECT "users".* FROM "users" INNER JOIN "posts" ON "posts"."user_id" = "users"."id" WHERE "users"."id" = 1
+EXPLAIN for: SELECT "users".* FROM "users" INNER JOIN "articles" ON "articles"."user_id" = "users"."id" WHERE "users"."id" = 1
                                   QUERY PLAN
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Nested Loop Left Join  (cost=0.00..37.24 rows=8 width=0)
-   Join Filter: (posts.user_id = users.id)
+   Join Filter: (articles.user_id = users.id)
    ->  Index Scan using users_pkey on users  (cost=0.00..8.27 rows=1 width=4)
          Index Cond: (id = 1)
-   ->  Seq Scan on posts  (cost=0.00..28.88 rows=8 width=4)
-         Filter: (posts.user_id = 1)
+   ->  Seq Scan on articles  (cost=0.00..28.88 rows=8 width=4)
+         Filter: (articles.user_id = 1)
 (6 rows)
 ```
 
@@ -1734,26 +1889,39 @@ may need the results of previous ones. Because of that, `explain` actually
 executes the query, and then asks for the query plans. For example,
 
 ```ruby
-User.where(id: 1).includes(:posts).explain
+User.where(id: 1).includes(:articles).explain
 ```
 
 yields
 
 ```
 EXPLAIN for: SELECT `users`.* FROM `users`  WHERE `users`.`id` = 1
-+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
-| id | select_type | table | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra |
-+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
-|  1 | SIMPLE      | users | const | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | const |    1 |       |
-+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
++----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+
+| id | select_type | table | type  | possible_keys |
++----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+
+|  1 | SIMPLE      | users | const | PRIMARY       |
++----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+
++---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
+| key     | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra |
++---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
+| PRIMARY | 4       | const |    1 |       |
++---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
+
 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
 
-EXPLAIN for: SELECT `posts`.* FROM `posts`  WHERE `posts`.`user_id` IN (1)
-+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
-| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra       |
-+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
-|  1 | SIMPLE      | posts | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    1 | Using where |
-+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
+EXPLAIN for: SELECT `articles`.* FROM `articles`  WHERE `articles`.`user_id` IN (1)
++----+-------------+----------+------+---------------+
+| id | select_type | table    | type | possible_keys |
++----+-------------+----------+------+---------------+
+|  1 | SIMPLE      | articles | ALL  | NULL          |
++----+-------------+----------+------+---------------+
++------+---------+------+------+-------------+
+| key  | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra       |
++------+---------+------+------+-------------+
+| NULL | NULL    | NULL |    1 | Using where |
++------+---------+------+------+-------------+
+
+
 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
 ```
 
@@ -1766,6 +1934,6 @@ following pointers may be helpful:
 
 * SQLite3: [EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN](http://www.sqlite.org/eqp.html)
 
-* MySQL: [EXPLAIN Output Format](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/explain-output.html)
+* MySQL: [EXPLAIN Output Format](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/explain-output.html)
 
 * PostgreSQL: [Using EXPLAIN](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/using-explain.html)
diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_validations.md b/guides/source/active_record_validations.md
index a483a6dd24..ec31385077 100644
--- a/guides/source/active_record_validations.md
+++ b/guides/source/active_record_validations.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Active Record Validations
 =========================
 
@@ -45,7 +47,7 @@ built-in helpers for common needs, and allows you to create your own validation
 methods as well.
 
 There are several other ways to validate data before it is saved into your
-database, including native database constraints, client-side validations,
+database, including native database constraints, client-side validations and
 controller-level validations. Here's a summary of the pros and cons:
 
 * Database constraints and/or stored procedures make the validation mechanisms
@@ -85,7 +87,7 @@ end
 We can see how it works by looking at some `rails console` output:
 
 ```ruby
-$ rails console
+$ bin/rails console
 >> p = Person.new(name: "John Doe")
 => #<Person id: nil, name: "John Doe", created_at: nil, updated_at: nil>
 >> p.new_record?
@@ -120,7 +122,7 @@ database only if the object is valid:
 * `update!`
 
 The bang versions (e.g. `save!`) raise an exception if the record is invalid.
-The non-bang versions don't, `save` and `update` return `false`,
+The non-bang versions don't: `save` and `update` return `false`, and
 `create` just returns the object.
 
 ### Skipping Validations
@@ -141,14 +143,16 @@ database regardless of its validity. They should be used with caution.
 * `update_counters`
 
 Note that `save` also has the ability to skip validations if passed `validate:
-false` as argument. This technique should be used with caution.
+false` as an argument. This technique should be used with caution.
 
 * `save(validate: false)`
 
 ### `valid?` and `invalid?`
 
-To verify whether or not an object is valid, Rails uses the `valid?` method.
-You can also use this method on your own. `valid?` triggers your validations
+Before saving an ActiveRecord object, Rails runs your validations.
+If these validations produce any errors, Rails does not save the object.
+
+You can also run these validations on your own. `valid?` triggers your validations
 and returns true if no errors were found in the object, and false otherwise.
 As you saw above:
 
@@ -166,8 +170,9 @@ through the `errors.messages` instance method, which returns a collection of err
 By definition, an object is valid if this collection is empty after running
 validations.
 
-Note that an object instantiated with `new` will not report errors even if it's
-technically invalid, because validations are not run when using `new`.
+Note that an object instantiated with `new` will not report errors
+even if it's technically invalid, because validations are automatically run
+only when the object is saved, such as with the `create` or `save` methods.
 
 ```ruby
 class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -225,8 +230,26 @@ end
 ```
 
 We'll cover validation errors in greater depth in the [Working with Validation
-Errors](#working-with-validation-errors) section. For now, let's turn to the
-built-in validation helpers that Rails provides by default.
+Errors](#working-with-validation-errors) section.
+
+### `errors.details`
+
+To check which validations failed on an invalid attribute, you can use
+`errors.details[:attribute]`. It returns an array of hashes with an `:error`
+key to get the symbol of the validator:
+
+```ruby
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :name, presence: true
+end
+
+>> person = Person.new
+>> person.valid?
+>> person.errors.details[:name] # => [{error: :blank}]
+```
+
+Using `details` with custom validators is covered in the [Working with
+Validation Errors](#working-with-validation-errors) section.
 
 Validation Helpers
 ------------------
@@ -252,10 +275,14 @@ available helpers.
 
 This method validates that a checkbox on the user interface was checked when a
 form was submitted. This is typically used when the user needs to agree to your
-application's terms of service, confirm reading some text, or any similar
-concept. This validation is very specific to web applications and this
-'acceptance' does not need to be recorded anywhere in your database (if you
-don't have a field for it, the helper will just create a virtual attribute).
+application's terms of service, confirm that some text is read, or any similar
+concept.
+
+This validation is very specific to web applications and this
+'acceptance' does not need to be recorded anywhere in your database. If you
+don't have a field for it, the helper will just create a virtual attribute. If
+the field does exist in your database, the `accept` option must be set to
+`true` or else the validation will not run.
 
 ```ruby
 class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -263,6 +290,7 @@ class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 ```
 
+This check is performed only if `terms_of_service` is not `nil`.
 The default error message for this helper is _"must be accepted"_.
 
 It can receive an `:accept` option, which determines the value that will be
@@ -318,7 +346,7 @@ In your view template you could use something like
 
 This check is performed only if `email_confirmation` is not `nil`. To require
 confirmation, make sure to add a presence check for the confirmation attribute
-(we'll take a look at `presence` later on this guide):
+(we'll take a look at `presence` later on in this guide):
 
 ```ruby
 class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -327,6 +355,16 @@ class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 ```
 
+There is also a `:case_sensitive` option that you can use to define whether the
+confirmation constraint will be case sensitive or not. This option defaults to
+true.
+
+```ruby
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :email, confirmation: { case_sensitive: false }
+end
+```
+
 The default error message for this helper is _"doesn't match confirmation"_.
 
 ### `exclusion`
@@ -361,6 +399,8 @@ class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 ```
 
+Alternatively, you can require that the specified attribute does _not_ match the regular expression by using the `:without` option.
+
 The default error message is _"is invalid"_.
 
 ### `inclusion`
@@ -417,21 +457,6 @@ class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 ```
 
-This helper counts characters by default, but you can split the value in a
-different way using the `:tokenizer` option:
-
-```ruby
-class Essay < ActiveRecord::Base
-  validates :content, length: {
-    minimum: 300,
-    maximum: 400,
-    tokenizer: lambda { |str| str.scan(/\w+/) },
-    too_short: "must have at least %{count} words",
-    too_long: "must have at most %{count} words"
-  }
-end
-```
-
 Note that the default error messages are plural (e.g., "is too short (minimum
 is %{count} characters)"). For this reason, when `:minimum` is 1 you should
 provide a personalized message or use `presence: true` instead. When
@@ -448,7 +473,7 @@ point number. To specify that only integral numbers are allowed set
 If you set `:only_integer` to `true`, then it will use the
 
 ```ruby
-/\A[+-]?\d+\Z/
+/\A[+-]?\d+\z/
 ```
 
 regular expression to validate the attribute's value. Otherwise, it will try to
@@ -477,14 +502,16 @@ constraints to acceptable values:
   default error message for this option is _"must be equal to %{count}"_.
 * `:less_than` - Specifies the value must be less than the supplied value. The
   default error message for this option is _"must be less than %{count}"_.
-* `:less_than_or_equal_to` - Specifies the value must be less than or equal the
-  supplied value. The default error message for this option is _"must be less
-  than or equal to %{count}"_.
+* `:less_than_or_equal_to` - Specifies the value must be less than or equal to
+  the supplied value. The default error message for this option is _"must be
+  less than or equal to %{count}"_.
 * `:odd` - Specifies the value must be an odd number if set to true. The
   default error message for this option is _"must be odd"_.
 * `:even` - Specifies the value must be an even number if set to true. The
   default error message for this option is _"must be even"_.
 
+NOTE: By default, `numericality` doesn't allow `nil` values. You can use `allow_nil: true` option to permit it.
+
 The default error message is _"is not a number"_.
 
 ### `presence`
@@ -524,9 +551,15 @@ If you validate the presence of an object associated via a `has_one` or
 `marked_for_destruction?`.
 
 Since `false.blank?` is true, if you want to validate the presence of a boolean
-field you should use `validates :field_name, inclusion: { in: [true, false] }`.
+field you should use one of the following validations:
 
-The default error message is _"can't be blank"_.
+```ruby
+validates :boolean_field_name, inclusion: { in: [true, false] }
+validates :boolean_field_name, exclusion: { in: [nil] }
+```
+
+By using one of these validations, you will ensure the value will NOT be `nil`
+which would result in a `NULL` value in most cases.
 
 ### `absence`
 
@@ -575,9 +608,7 @@ This helper validates that the attribute's value is unique right before the
 object gets saved. It does not create a uniqueness constraint in the database,
 so it may happen that two different database connections create two records
 with the same value for a column that you intend to be unique. To avoid that,
-you must create a unique index on both columns in your database. See
-[the MySQL manual](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/multiple-column-indexes.html)
-for more details about multiple column indexes.
+you must create a unique index on that column in your database.
 
 ```ruby
 class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -588,7 +619,7 @@ end
 The validation happens by performing an SQL query into the model's table,
 searching for an existing record with the same value in that attribute.
 
-There is a `:scope` option that you can use to specify other attributes that
+There is a `:scope` option that you can use to specify one or more attributes that
 are used to limit the uniqueness check:
 
 ```ruby
@@ -597,6 +628,7 @@ class Holiday < ActiveRecord::Base
     message: "should happen once per year" }
 end
 ```
+Should you wish to create a database constraint to prevent possible violations of a uniqueness validation using the `:scope` option, you must create a unique index on both columns in your database. See [the MySQL manual](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/multiple-column-indexes.html) for more details about multiple column indexes or [the PostgreSQL manual](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/ddl-constraints.html) for examples of unique constraints that refer to a group of columns.
 
 There is also a `:case_sensitive` option that you can use to define whether the
 uniqueness constraint will be case sensitive or not. This option defaults to
@@ -698,7 +730,7 @@ we don't want names and surnames to begin with lower case.
 ```ruby
 class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
   validates_each :name, :surname do |record, attr, value|
-    record.errors.add(attr, 'must start with upper case') if value =~ /\A[a-z]/
+    record.errors.add(attr, 'must start with upper case') if value =~ /\A[[:lower:]]/
   end
 end
 ```
@@ -745,7 +777,36 @@ Topic.create(title: nil).valid? # => true
 As you've already seen, the `:message` option lets you specify the message that
 will be added to the `errors` collection when validation fails. When this
 option is not used, Active Record will use the respective default error message
-for each validation helper.
+for each validation helper. The `:message` option accepts a `String` or `Proc`.
+
+A `String` `:message` value can optionally contain any/all of `%{value}`,
+`%{attribute}`, and `%{model}` which will be dynamically replaced when
+validation fails.
+
+A `Proc` `:message` value is given two arguments: a message key for i18n, and
+a hash with `:model`, `:attribute`, and `:value` key-value pairs.
+
+```ruby
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  # Hard-coded message
+  validates :name, presence: { message: "must be given please" }
+
+  # Message with dynamic attribute value. %{value} will be replaced with
+  # the actual value of the attribute. %{attribute} and %{model} also
+  # available.
+  validates :age, numericality: { message: "%{value} seems wrong" }
+
+  # Proc
+  validates :username,
+    uniqueness: {
+      # key = "activerecord.errors.models.person.attributes.username.taken"
+      # data = { model: "Person", attribute: "Username", value: <username> }
+      message: ->(key, data) do
+        "#{data[:value]} taken! Try again #{Time.zone.tomorrow}"
+      end
+    }
+end
+```
 
 ### `:on`
 
@@ -783,7 +844,7 @@ end
 Person.new.valid?  # => ActiveModel::StrictValidationFailed: Name can't be blank
 ```
 
-There is also an ability to pass custom exception to `:strict` option.
+There is also the ability to pass a custom exception to the `:strict` option.
 
 ```ruby
 class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -847,7 +908,7 @@ end
 
 ### Grouping Conditional validations
 
-Sometimes it is useful to have multiple validations use one condition, it can
+Sometimes it is useful to have multiple validations use one condition. It can
 be easily achieved using `with_options`.
 
 ```ruby
@@ -859,8 +920,8 @@ class User < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 ```
 
-All validations inside of `with_options` block will have automatically passed
-the condition `if: :is_admin?`
+All validations inside of the `with_options` block will have automatically
+passed the condition `if: :is_admin?`
 
 ### Combining Validation Conditions
 
@@ -871,7 +932,7 @@ should happen, an `Array` can be used. Moreover, you can apply both `:if` and
 ```ruby
 class Computer < ActiveRecord::Base
   validates :mouse, presence: true,
-                    if: ["market.retail?", :desktop?]
+                    if: ["market.retail?", :desktop?],
                     unless: Proc.new { |c| c.trackpad.present? }
 end
 ```
@@ -887,8 +948,8 @@ write your own validators or validation methods as you prefer.
 
 ### Custom Validators
 
-Custom validators are classes that extend `ActiveModel::Validator`. These
-classes must implement a `validate` method which takes a record as an argument
+Custom validators are classes that inherit from `ActiveModel::Validator`. These
+classes must implement the `validate` method which takes a record as an argument
 and performs the validation on it. The custom validator is called using the
 `validates_with` method.
 
@@ -910,8 +971,8 @@ end
 The easiest way to add custom validators for validating individual attributes
 is with the convenient `ActiveModel::EachValidator`. In this case, the custom
 validator class must implement a `validate_each` method which takes three
-arguments: record, attribute and value which correspond to the instance, the
-attribute to be validated and the value of the attribute in the passed
+arguments: record, attribute, and value. These correspond to the instance, the
+attribute to be validated, and the value of the attribute in the passed
 instance.
 
 ```ruby
@@ -935,12 +996,17 @@ own custom validators.
 
 You can also create methods that verify the state of your models and add
 messages to the `errors` collection when they are invalid. You must then
-register these methods by using the `validate` class method, passing in the
-symbols for the validation methods' names.
+register these methods by using the `validate`
+([API](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveModel/Validations/ClassMethods.html#method-i-validate))
+class method, passing in the symbols for the validation methods' names.
 
 You can pass more than one symbol for each class method and the respective
 validations will be run in the same order as they were registered.
 
+The `valid?` method will verify that the errors collection is empty,
+so your custom validation methods should add errors to it when you
+wish validation to fail:
+
 ```ruby
 class Invoice < ActiveRecord::Base
   validate :expiration_date_cannot_be_in_the_past,
@@ -960,9 +1026,10 @@ class Invoice < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 ```
 
-By default such validations will run every time you call `valid?`. It is also
-possible to control when to run these custom validations by giving an `:on`
-option to the `validate` method, with either: `:create` or `:update`.
+By default, such validations will run every time you call `valid?`
+or save the object. But it is also possible to control when to run these
+custom validations by giving an `:on` option to the `validate` method,
+with either: `:create` or `:update`.
 
 ```ruby
 class Invoice < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -1025,7 +1092,9 @@ person.errors[:name]
 
 ### `errors.add`
 
-The `add` method lets you manually add messages that are related to particular attributes. You can use the `errors.full_messages` or `errors.to_a` methods to view the messages in the form they might be displayed to a user. Those particular messages get the attribute name prepended (and capitalized). `add` receives the name of the attribute you want to add the message to, and the message itself.
+The `add` method lets you add an error message related to a particular attribute. It takes as arguments the attribute and the error message.
+
+The `errors.full_messages` method (or its equivalent, `errors.to_a`) returns the error messages in a user-friendly format, with the capitalized attribute name prepended to each message, as shown in the examples below.
 
 ```ruby
 class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -1043,12 +1112,12 @@ person.errors.full_messages
  # => ["Name cannot contain the characters !@#%*()_-+="]
 ```
 
-Another way to do this is using `[]=` setter
+An equivalent to `errors#add` is to use `<<` to append a message to the `errors.messages` array for an attribute:
 
 ```ruby
   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
     def a_method_used_for_validation_purposes
-      errors[:name] = "cannot contain the characters !@#%*()_-+="
+      errors.messages[:name] << "cannot contain the characters !@#%*()_-+="
     end
   end
 
@@ -1061,6 +1130,43 @@ Another way to do this is using `[]=` setter
    # => ["Name cannot contain the characters !@#%*()_-+="]
 ```
 
+### `errors.details`
+
+You can specify a validator type to the returned error details hash using the
+`errors.add` method.
+
+```ruby
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  def a_method_used_for_validation_purposes
+    errors.add(:name, :invalid_characters)
+  end
+end
+
+person = Person.create(name: "!@#")
+
+person.errors.details[:name]
+# => [{error: :invalid_characters}]
+```
+
+To improve the error details to contain the unallowed characters set for instance,
+you can pass additional keys to `errors.add`.
+
+```ruby
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  def a_method_used_for_validation_purposes
+    errors.add(:name, :invalid_characters, not_allowed: "!@#%*()_-+=")
+  end
+end
+
+person = Person.create(name: "!@#")
+
+person.errors.details[:name]
+# => [{error: :invalid_characters, not_allowed: "!@#%*()_-+="}]
+```
+
+All built in Rails validators populate the details hash with the corresponding
+validator type.
+
 ### `errors[:base]`
 
 You can add error messages that are related to the object's state as a whole, instead of being related to a specific attribute. You can use this method when you want to say that the object is invalid, no matter the values of its attributes. Since `errors[:base]` is an array, you can simply add a string to it and it will be used as an error message.
@@ -1129,15 +1235,15 @@ generating a scaffold, Rails will put some ERB into the `_form.html.erb` that
 it generates that displays the full list of errors on that model.
 
 Assuming we have a model that's been saved in an instance variable named
-`@post`, it looks like this:
+`@article`, it looks like this:
 
 ```ruby
-<% if @post.errors.any? %>
+<% if @article.errors.any? %>
   <div id="error_explanation">
-    <h2><%= pluralize(@post.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited this post from being saved:</h2>
+    <h2><%= pluralize(@article.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited this article from being saved:</h2>
 
     <ul>
-    <% @post.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
+    <% @article.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
       <li><%= msg %></li>
     <% end %>
     </ul>
@@ -1151,7 +1257,7 @@ the entry.
 
 ```
 <div class="field_with_errors">
- <input id="post_title" name="post[title]" size="30" type="text" value="">
+ <input id="article_title" name="article[title]" size="30" type="text" value="">
 </div>
 ```
 
diff --git a/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md b/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md
index 2ad09f599b..06c5476d45 100644
--- a/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md
+++ b/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Active Support Core Extensions
 ==============================
 
@@ -157,12 +159,12 @@ Active Support provides `duplicable?` to programmatically query an object about
 
 ```ruby
 "foo".duplicable? # => true
-"".duplicable?     # => true
+"".duplicable?    # => true
 0.0.duplicable?   # => false
-false.duplicable?  # => false
+false.duplicable? # => false
 ```
 
-By definition all objects are `duplicable?` except `nil`, `false`, `true`, symbols, numbers, class, and module objects.
+By definition all objects are `duplicable?` except `nil`, `false`, `true`, symbols, numbers, class, module, and method objects.
 
 WARNING: Any class can disallow duplication by removing `dup` and `clone` or raising exceptions from them. Thus only `rescue` can tell whether a given arbitrary object is duplicable. `duplicable?` depends on the hard-coded list above, but it is much faster than `rescue`. Use it only if you know the hard-coded list is enough in your use case.
 
@@ -170,7 +172,7 @@ NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable.rb`.
 
 ### `deep_dup`
 
-The `deep_dup` method returns deep copy of a given object. Normally, when you `dup` an object that contains other objects, Ruby does not `dup` them, so it creates a shallow copy of the object. If you have an array with a string, for example, it will look like this:
+The `deep_dup` method returns a deep copy of a given object. Normally, when you `dup` an object that contains other objects, Ruby does not `dup` them, so it creates a shallow copy of the object. If you have an array with a string, for example, it will look like this:
 
 ```ruby
 array     = ['string']
@@ -246,6 +248,13 @@ end
 @person.try { |p| "#{p.first_name} #{p.last_name}" }
 ```
 
+Note that `try` will swallow no-method errors, returning nil instead. If you want to protect against typos, use `try!` instead:
+
+```ruby
+@number.try(:nest)  # => nil
+@number.try!(:nest) # NoMethodError: undefined method `nest' for 1:Fixnum
+```
+
 NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/object/try.rb`.
 
 ### `class_eval(*args, &block)`
@@ -347,7 +356,7 @@ end
 we get:
 
 ```ruby
-current_user.to_query('user') # => user=357-john-smith
+current_user.to_query('user') # => "user=357-john-smith"
 ```
 
 This method escapes whatever is needed, both for the key and the value:
@@ -451,7 +460,7 @@ NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/object/instance_variables.rb`.
 
 #### `instance_variable_names`
 
-The method `instance_variable_names` returns an array.  Each name includes the "@" sign.
+The method `instance_variable_names` returns an array. Each name includes the "@" sign.
 
 ```ruby
 class C
@@ -465,7 +474,7 @@ C.new(0, 1).instance_variable_names # => ["@x", "@y"]
 
 NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/object/instance_variables.rb`.
 
-### Silencing Warnings, Streams, and Exceptions
+### Silencing Warnings and Exceptions
 
 The methods `silence_warnings` and `enable_warnings` change the value of `$VERBOSE` accordingly for the duration of their block, and reset it afterwards:
 
@@ -473,26 +482,10 @@ The methods `silence_warnings` and `enable_warnings` change the value of `$VERBO
 silence_warnings { Object.const_set "RAILS_DEFAULT_LOGGER", logger }
 ```
 
-You can silence any stream while a block runs with `silence_stream`:
-
-```ruby
-silence_stream(STDOUT) do
-  # STDOUT is silent here
-end
-```
-
-The `quietly` method addresses the common use case where you want to silence STDOUT and STDERR, even in subprocesses:
+Silencing exceptions is also possible with `suppress`. This method receives an arbitrary number of exception classes. If an exception is raised during the execution of the block and is `kind_of?` any of the arguments, `suppress` captures it and returns silently. Otherwise the exception is not captured:
 
 ```ruby
-quietly { system 'bundle install' }
-```
-
-For example, the railties test suite uses that one in a few places to prevent command messages from being echoed intermixed with the progress status.
-
-Silencing exceptions is also possible with `suppress`. This method receives an arbitrary number of exception classes. If an exception is raised during the execution of the block and is `kind_of?` any of the arguments, `suppress` captures it and returns silently. Otherwise the exception is reraised:
-
-```ruby
-# If the user is locked the increment is lost, no big deal.
+# If the user is locked, the increment is lost, no big deal.
 suppress(ActiveRecord::StaleObjectError) do
   current_user.increment! :visits
 end
@@ -520,19 +513,21 @@ Extensions to `Module`
 
 ### `alias_method_chain`
 
+**This method is deprecated in favour of using Module#prepend.**
+
 Using plain Ruby you can wrap methods with other methods, that's called _alias chaining_.
 
-For example, let's say you'd like params to be strings in functional tests, as they are in real requests, but still want the convenience of assigning integers and other kind of values. To accomplish that you could wrap `ActionController::TestCase#process` this way in `test/test_helper.rb`:
+For example, let's say you'd like params to be strings in functional tests, as they are in real requests, but still want the convenience of assigning integers and other kind of values. To accomplish that you could wrap `ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest#process` this way in `test/test_helper.rb`:
 
 ```ruby
-ActionController::TestCase.class_eval do
+ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest.class_eval do
   # save a reference to the original process method
   alias_method :original_process, :process
 
   # now redefine process and delegate to original_process
-  def process(action, params=nil, session=nil, flash=nil, http_method='GET')
+  def process('GET', path, params: nil, headers: nil, env: nil, xhr: false)
     params = Hash[*params.map {|k, v| [k, v.to_s]}.flatten]
-    original_process(action, params, session, flash, http_method)
+    original_process('GET', path, params: params)
   end
 end
 ```
@@ -542,10 +537,10 @@ That's the method `get`, `post`, etc., delegate the work to.
 That technique has a risk, it could be the case that `:original_process` was taken. To try to avoid collisions people choose some label that characterizes what the chaining is about:
 
 ```ruby
-ActionController::TestCase.class_eval do
+ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest.class_eval do
   def process_with_stringified_params(...)
     params = Hash[*params.map {|k, v| [k, v.to_s]}.flatten]
-    process_without_stringified_params(action, params, session, flash, http_method)
+    process_without_stringified_params(method, path, params: params)
   end
   alias_method :process_without_stringified_params, :process
   alias_method :process, :process_with_stringified_params
@@ -555,29 +550,27 @@ end
 The method `alias_method_chain` provides a shortcut for that pattern:
 
 ```ruby
-ActionController::TestCase.class_eval do
+ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest.class_eval do
   def process_with_stringified_params(...)
     params = Hash[*params.map {|k, v| [k, v.to_s]}.flatten]
-    process_without_stringified_params(action, params, session, flash, http_method)
+    process_without_stringified_params(method, path, params: params)
   end
   alias_method_chain :process, :stringified_params
 end
 ```
 
-Rails uses `alias_method_chain` all over the code base. For example validations are added to `ActiveRecord::Base#save` by wrapping the method that way in a separate module specialized in validations.
-
 NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/module/aliasing.rb`.
 
 ### Attributes
 
 #### `alias_attribute`
 
-Model attributes have a reader, a writer, and a predicate. You can alias a model attribute having the corresponding three methods defined for you in one shot. As in other aliasing methods, the new name is the first argument, and the old name is the second (my mnemonic is they go in the same order as if you did an assignment):
+Model attributes have a reader, a writer, and a predicate. You can alias a model attribute having the corresponding three methods defined for you in one shot. As in other aliasing methods, the new name is the first argument, and the old name is the second (one mnemonic is that they go in the same order as if you did an assignment):
 
 ```ruby
 class User < ActiveRecord::Base
-  # let me refer to the email column as "login",
-  # possibly meaningful for authentication code
+  # You can refer to the email column as "login".
+  # This can be meaningful for authentication code.
   alias_attribute :login, :email
 end
 ```
@@ -741,7 +734,7 @@ NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/module/introspection.rb`.
 
 #### Qualified Constant Names
 
-The standard methods `const_defined?`, `const_get` , and `const_set` accept
+The standard methods `const_defined?`, `const_get`, and `const_set` accept
 bare constant names. Active Support extends this API to be able to pass
 relative qualified constant names.
 
@@ -761,7 +754,7 @@ Arguments may be bare constant names:
 Math.qualified_const_get("E") # => 2.718281828459045
 ```
 
-These methods are analogous to their builtin counterparts. In particular,
+These methods are analogous to their built-in counterparts. In particular,
 `qualified_constant_defined?` accepts an optional second argument to be
 able to say whether you want the predicate to look in the ancestors.
 This flag is taken into account for each constant in the expression while
@@ -792,7 +785,7 @@ N.qualified_const_defined?("C::X")        # => true
 As the last example implies, the second argument defaults to true,
 as in `const_defined?`.
 
-For coherence with the builtin methods only relative paths are accepted.
+For coherence with the built-in methods only relative paths are accepted.
 Absolute qualified constant names like `::Math::PI` raise `NameError`.
 
 NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/module/qualified_const.rb`.
@@ -964,20 +957,7 @@ NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/module/delegation.rb`
 
 There are cases where you need to define a method with `define_method`, but don't know whether a method with that name already exists. If it does, a warning is issued if they are enabled. No big deal, but not clean either.
 
-The method `redefine_method` prevents such a potential warning, removing the existing method before if needed. Rails uses it in a few places, for instance when it generates an association's API:
-
-```ruby
-redefine_method("#{reflection.name}=") do |new_value|
-  association = association_instance_get(reflection.name)
-
-  if association.nil? || association.target != new_value
-    association = association_proxy_class.new(self, reflection)
-  end
-
-  association.replace(new_value)
-  association_instance_set(reflection.name, new_value.nil? ? nil : association)
-end
-```
+The method `redefine_method` prevents such a potential warning, removing the existing method before if needed.
 
 NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method.rb`
 
@@ -1024,7 +1004,7 @@ self.default_params = {
 }.freeze
 ```
 
-They can be also accessed and overridden at the instance level.
+They can also be accessed and overridden at the instance level.
 
 ```ruby
 A.x = 1
@@ -1119,7 +1099,7 @@ end
 
 A model may find it useful to set `:instance_accessor` to `false` as a way to prevent mass-assignment from setting the attribute.
 
-NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors.rb`. `active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors.rb` is deprecated and will be removed in Ruby on Rails 4.2.
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors.rb`.
 
 ### Subclasses & Descendants
 
@@ -1178,9 +1158,9 @@ Inserting data into HTML templates needs extra care. For example, you can't just
 
 #### Safe Strings
 
-Active Support has the concept of <i>(html) safe</i> strings. A safe string is one that is marked as being insertable into HTML as is. It is trusted, no matter whether it has been escaped or not.
+Active Support has the concept of _(html) safe_ strings. A safe string is one that is marked as being insertable into HTML as is. It is trusted, no matter whether it has been escaped or not.
 
-Strings are considered to be <i>unsafe</i> by default:
+Strings are considered to be _unsafe_ by default:
 
 ```ruby
 "".html_safe? # => false
@@ -1264,7 +1244,7 @@ Calling `dup` or `clone` on safe strings yields safe strings.
 The method `remove` will remove all occurrences of the pattern:
 
 ```ruby
-"Hello World".remove(/Hello /) => "World"
+"Hello World".remove(/Hello /) # => "World"
 ```
 
 There's also the destructive version `String#remove!`.
@@ -1281,7 +1261,7 @@ The method `squish` strips leading and trailing whitespace, and substitutes runs
 
 There's also the destructive version `String#squish!`.
 
-Note that it handles both ASCII and Unicode whitespace like mongolian vowel separator (U+180E).
+Note that it handles both ASCII and Unicode whitespace.
 
 NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/filters.rb`.
 
@@ -1323,6 +1303,38 @@ In above examples "dear" gets cut first, but then `:separator` prevents it.
 
 NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/filters.rb`.
 
+### `truncate_words`
+
+The method `truncate_words` returns a copy of its receiver truncated after a given number of words:
+
+```ruby
+"Oh dear! Oh dear! I shall be late!".truncate_words(4)
+# => "Oh dear! Oh dear!..."
+```
+
+Ellipsis can be customized with the `:omission` option:
+
+```ruby
+"Oh dear! Oh dear! I shall be late!".truncate_words(4, omission: '&hellip;')
+# => "Oh dear! Oh dear!&hellip;"
+```
+
+Pass a `:separator` to truncate the string at a natural break:
+
+```ruby
+"Oh dear! Oh dear! I shall be late!".truncate_words(3, separator: '!')
+# => "Oh dear! Oh dear! I shall be late..."
+```
+
+The option `:separator` can be a regexp:
+
+```ruby
+"Oh dear! Oh dear! I shall be late!".truncate_words(4, separator: /\s/)
+# => "Oh dear! Oh dear!..."
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/filters.rb`.
+
 ### `inquiry`
 
 The `inquiry` method converts a string into a `StringInquirer` object making equality checks prettier.
@@ -1428,7 +1440,7 @@ Returns the substring of the string starting at position `position`:
 "hello".from(0)  # => "hello"
 "hello".from(2)  # => "llo"
 "hello".from(-2) # => "lo"
-"hello".from(10) # => "" if < 1.9, nil in 1.9
+"hello".from(10) # => nil
 ```
 
 NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/access.rb`.
@@ -1644,6 +1656,9 @@ Given a string with a qualified constant name, `demodulize` returns the very con
 "Product".demodulize                        # => "Product"
 "Backoffice::UsersController".demodulize    # => "UsersController"
 "Admin::Hotel::ReservationUtils".demodulize # => "ReservationUtils"
+"::Inflections".demodulize                  # => "Inflections"
+"".demodulize                               # => ""
+
 ```
 
 Active Record for example uses this method to compute the name of a counter cache column:
@@ -1695,6 +1710,20 @@ The method `parameterize` normalizes its receiver in a way that can be used in p
 "Kurt Gödel".parameterize # => "kurt-godel"
 ```
 
+To preserve the case of the string, set the `preserve_case` argument to true. By default, `preserve_case` is set to false.
+
+```ruby
+"John Smith".parameterize(preserve_case: true) # => "John-Smith"
+"Kurt Gödel".parameterize(preserve_case: true) # => "Kurt-Godel"
+```
+
+To use a custom separator, override the `separator` argument.
+
+```ruby
+"John Smith".parameterize(separator: "_") # => "john\_smith"
+"Kurt Gödel".parameterize(separator: "_") # => "kurt\_godel"
+```
+
 In fact, the result string is wrapped in an instance of `ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars`.
 
 NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/inflections.rb`.
@@ -1778,34 +1807,47 @@ NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/inflections.rb`.
 
 #### `humanize`
 
-The method `humanize` gives you a sensible name for display out of an attribute name. To do so it replaces underscores with spaces, removes any "_id" suffix, and capitalizes the first word:
+The method `humanize` tweaks an attribute name for display to end users.
+
+Specifically performs these transformations:
+
+  * Applies human inflection rules to the argument.
+  * Deletes leading underscores, if any.
+  * Removes a "_id" suffix if present.
+  * Replaces underscores with spaces, if any.
+  * Downcases all words except acronyms.
+  * Capitalizes the first word.
+
+The capitalization of the first word can be turned off by setting the
++:capitalize+ option to false (default is true).
 
 ```ruby
-"name".humanize           # => "Name"
-"author_id".humanize      # => "Author"
-"comments_count".humanize # => "Comments count"
+"name".humanize                         # => "Name"
+"author_id".humanize                    # => "Author"
+"author_id".humanize(capitalize: false) # => "author"
+"comments_count".humanize               # => "Comments count"
+"_id".humanize                          # => "Id"
 ```
 
-The capitalization of the first word can be turned off by setting the optional parameter `capitalize` to false:
+If "SSL" was defined to be an acronym:
 
 ```ruby
-"author_id".humanize(capitalize: false) # => "author"
+'ssl_error'.humanize # => "SSL error"
 ```
 
-The helper method `full_messages` uses `humanize` as a fallback to include attribute names:
+The helper method `full_messages` uses `humanize` as a fallback to include
+attribute names:
 
 ```ruby
 def full_messages
-  full_messages = []
-
-  each do |attribute, messages|
-    ...
-    attr_name = attribute.to_s.gsub('.', '_').humanize
-    attr_name = @base.class.human_attribute_name(attribute, default: attr_name)
-    ...
-  end
+  map { |attribute, message| full_message(attribute, message) }
+end
 
-  full_messages
+def full_message
+  ...
+  attr_name = attribute.to_s.tr('.', '_').humanize
+  attr_name = @base.class.human_attribute_name(attribute, default: attr_name)
+  ...
 end
 ```
 
@@ -1844,15 +1886,15 @@ The methods `to_date`, `to_time`, and `to_datetime` are basically convenience wr
 
 ```ruby
 "2010-07-27".to_date              # => Tue, 27 Jul 2010
-"2010-07-27 23:37:00".to_time     # => Tue Jul 27 23:37:00 UTC 2010
+"2010-07-27 23:37:00".to_time     # => 2010-07-27 23:37:00 +0200
 "2010-07-27 23:37:00".to_datetime # => Tue, 27 Jul 2010 23:37:00 +0000
 ```
 
 `to_time` receives an optional argument `:utc` or `:local`, to indicate which time zone you want the time in:
 
 ```ruby
-"2010-07-27 23:42:00".to_time(:utc)   # => Tue Jul 27 23:42:00 UTC 2010
-"2010-07-27 23:42:00".to_time(:local) # => Tue Jul 27 23:42:00 +0200 2010
+"2010-07-27 23:42:00".to_time(:utc)   # => 2010-07-27 23:42:00 UTC
+"2010-07-27 23:42:00".to_time(:local) # => 2010-07-27 23:42:00 +0200
 ```
 
 Default is `:utc`.
@@ -1915,23 +1957,7 @@ as well as adding or subtracting their results from a Time object. For example:
 (4.months + 5.years).from_now
 ```
 
-While these methods provide precise calculation when used as in the examples above, care
-should be taken to note that this is not true if the result of `months', `years', etc is
-converted before use:
-
-```ruby
-# equivalent to 30.days.to_i.from_now
-1.month.to_i.from_now
-
-# equivalent to 365.25.days.to_f.from_now
-1.year.to_f.from_now
-```
-
-In such cases, Ruby's core [Date](http://ruby-doc.org/stdlib/libdoc/date/rdoc/Date.html) and
-[Time](http://ruby-doc.org/stdlib/libdoc/time/rdoc/Time.html) should be used for precision
-date and time arithmetic.
-
-NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/numeric/time.rb`.
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/numeric/time.rb`
 
 ### Formatting
 
@@ -2068,30 +2094,22 @@ Extensions to `BigDecimal`
 --------------------------
 ### `to_s`
 
-The method `to_s` is aliased to `to_formatted_s`. This provides a convenient way to display a BigDecimal value in floating-point notation:
+The method `to_s` provides a default specifier of "F". This means that a simple call to `to_s` will result in floating point representation instead of engineering notation:
 
 ```ruby
 BigDecimal.new(5.00, 6).to_s  # => "5.0"
 ```
 
-### `to_formatted_s`
-
-Te method `to_formatted_s` provides a default specifier of "F".  This means that a simple call to `to_formatted_s` or `to_s` will result in floating point representation instead of engineering notation:
-
-```ruby
-BigDecimal.new(5.00, 6).to_formatted_s  # => "5.0"
-```
-
 and that symbol specifiers are also supported:
 
 ```ruby
-BigDecimal.new(5.00, 6).to_formatted_s(:db)  # => "5.0"
+BigDecimal.new(5.00, 6).to_s(:db)  # => "5.0"
 ```
 
 Engineering notation is still supported:
 
 ```ruby
-BigDecimal.new(5.00, 6).to_formatted_s("e")  # => "0.5E1"
+BigDecimal.new(5.00, 6).to_s("e")  # => "0.5E1"
 ```
 
 Extensions to `Enumerable`
@@ -2179,6 +2197,27 @@ to_visit << node if visited.exclude?(node)
 
 NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/enumerable.rb`.
 
+### `without`
+
+The method `without` returns a copy of an enumerable with the specified elements
+removed:
+
+```ruby
+["David", "Rafael", "Aaron", "Todd"].without("Aaron", "Todd") # => ["David", "Rafael"]
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/enumerable.rb`.
+
+### `pluck`
+
+The method `pluck` returns an array based on the given key:
+
+```ruby
+[{ name: "David" }, { name: "Rafael" }, { name: "Aaron" }].pluck(:name) # => ["David", "Rafael", "Aaron"]
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/enumerable.rb`.
+
 Extensions to `Array`
 ---------------------
 
@@ -2187,14 +2226,14 @@ Extensions to `Array`
 Active Support augments the API of arrays to ease certain ways of accessing them. For example, `to` returns the subarray of elements up to the one at the passed index:
 
 ```ruby
-%w(a b c d).to(2) # => %w(a b c)
+%w(a b c d).to(2) # => ["a", "b", "c"]
 [].to(7)          # => []
 ```
 
 Similarly, `from` returns the tail from the element at the passed index to the end. If the index is greater than the length of the array, it returns an empty array.
 
 ```ruby
-%w(a b c d).from(2)  # => %w(c d)
+%w(a b c d).from(2)  # => ["c", "d"]
 %w(a b c d).from(10) # => []
 [].from(0)           # => []
 ```
@@ -2202,7 +2241,7 @@ Similarly, `from` returns the tail from the element at the passed index to the e
 The methods `second`, `third`, `fourth`, and `fifth` return the corresponding element (`first` is built-in). Thanks to social wisdom and positive constructiveness all around, `forty_two` is also available.
 
 ```ruby
-%w(a b c d).third # => c
+%w(a b c d).third # => "c"
 %w(a b c d).fifth # => nil
 ```
 
@@ -2215,7 +2254,7 @@ NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/array/access.rb`.
 This method is an alias of `Array#unshift`.
 
 ```ruby
-%w(a b c d).prepend('e')  # => %w(e a b c d)
+%w(a b c d).prepend('e')  # => ["e", "a", "b", "c", "d"]
 [].prepend(10)            # => [10]
 ```
 
@@ -2226,8 +2265,8 @@ NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/array/prepend_and_append.rb`.
 This method is an alias of `Array#<<`.
 
 ```ruby
-%w(a b c d).append('e')  # => %w(a b c d e)
-[].append([1,2])         # => [[1,2]]
+%w(a b c d).append('e')  # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]
+[].append([1,2])         # => [[1, 2]]
 ```
 
 NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/array/prepend_and_append.rb`.
@@ -2414,7 +2453,7 @@ The method `Array.wrap` wraps its argument in an array unless it is already an a
 
 Specifically:
 
-* If the argument is `nil` an empty list is returned.
+* If the argument is `nil` an empty array is returned.
 * Otherwise, if the argument responds to `to_ary` it is invoked, and if the value of `to_ary` is not `nil`, it is returned.
 * Otherwise, an array with the argument as its single element is returned.
 
@@ -2426,9 +2465,9 @@ Array.wrap(0)         # => [0]
 
 This method is similar in purpose to `Kernel#Array`, but there are some differences:
 
-* If the argument responds to `to_ary` the method is invoked. `Kernel#Array` moves on to try `to_a` if the returned value is `nil`, but `Array.wrap` returns `nil` right away.
+* If the argument responds to `to_ary` the method is invoked. `Kernel#Array` moves on to try `to_a` if the returned value is `nil`, but `Array.wrap` returns an array with the argument as its single element right away.
 * If the returned value from `to_ary` is neither `nil` nor an `Array` object, `Kernel#Array` raises an exception, while `Array.wrap` does not, it just returns the value.
-* It does not call `to_a` on the argument, though special-cases `nil` to return an empty array.
+* It does not call `to_a` on the argument, if the argument does not respond to +to_ary+ it returns an array with the argument as its single element.
 
 The last point is particularly worth comparing for some enumerables:
 
@@ -2451,7 +2490,7 @@ NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/array/wrap.rb`.
 
 ### Duplicating
 
-The method `Array.deep_dup` duplicates itself and all objects inside
+The method `Array#deep_dup` duplicates itself and all objects inside
 recursively with Active Support method `Object#deep_dup`. It works like `Array#map` with sending `deep_dup` method to each object inside.
 
 ```ruby
@@ -2673,7 +2712,7 @@ NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge.rb`.
 
 ### Deep duplicating
 
-The method `Hash.deep_dup` duplicates itself and all keys and values
+The method `Hash#deep_dup` duplicates itself and all keys and values
 inside recursively with Active Support method `Object#deep_dup`. It works like `Enumerator#each_with_object` with sending `deep_dup` method to each pair inside.
 
 ```ruby
@@ -2719,11 +2758,14 @@ The method `transform_keys` accepts a block and returns a hash that has applied
 # => {"" => nil, "A" => :a, "1" => 1}
 ```
 
-The result in case of collision is undefined:
+In case of key collision, one of the values will be chosen. The chosen value may not always be the same given the same hash:
 
 ```ruby
 {"a" => 1, a: 2}.transform_keys { |key| key.to_s.upcase }
-# => {"A" => 2}, in my test, can't rely on this result though
+# The result could either be
+# => {"A"=>2}
+# or
+# => {"A"=>1}
 ```
 
 This method may be useful for example to build specialized conversions. For instance `stringify_keys` and `symbolize_keys` use `transform_keys` to perform their key conversions:
@@ -2758,11 +2800,14 @@ The method `stringify_keys` returns a hash that has a stringified version of the
 # => {"" => nil, "a" => :a, "1" => 1}
 ```
 
-The result in case of collision is undefined:
+In case of key collision, one of the values will be chosen. The chosen value may not always be the same given the same hash:
 
 ```ruby
 {"a" => 1, a: 2}.stringify_keys
-# => {"a" => 2}, in my test, can't rely on this result though
+# The result could either be
+# => {"a"=>2}
+# or
+# => {"a"=>1}
 ```
 
 This method may be useful for example to easily accept both symbols and strings as options. For instance `ActionView::Helpers::FormHelper` defines:
@@ -2799,11 +2844,14 @@ The method `symbolize_keys` returns a hash that has a symbolized version of the
 
 WARNING. Note in the previous example only one key was symbolized.
 
-The result in case of collision is undefined:
+In case of key collision, one of the values will be chosen. The chosen value may not always be the same given the same hash:
 
 ```ruby
 {"a" => 1, a: 2}.symbolize_keys
-# => {:a=>2}, in my test, can't rely on this result though
+# The result could either be
+# => {:a=>2}
+# or
+# => {:a=>1}
 ```
 
 This method may be useful for example to easily accept both symbols and strings as options. For instance `ActionController::UrlRewriter` defines
@@ -2848,6 +2896,20 @@ Active Record does not accept unknown options when building associations, for ex
 
 NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/hash/keys.rb`.
 
+### Working with Values
+
+#### `transform_values` && `transform_values!`
+
+The method `transform_values` accepts a block and returns a hash that has applied the block operations to each of the values in the receiver.
+
+```ruby
+{ nil => nil, 1 => 1, :x => :a }.transform_values { |value| value.to_s.upcase }
+# => {nil=>"", 1=>"1", :x=>"A"}
+```
+There's also the bang variant `transform_values!` that applies the block operations to values in the very receiver.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/hash/transform_values.rb`.
+
 ### Slicing
 
 Ruby has built-in support for taking slices out of strings and arrays. Active Support extends slicing to hashes:
@@ -2911,7 +2973,7 @@ NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access.rb`.
 
 ### Compacting
 
-The methods `compact` and `compact!` return a Hash without items with `nil` value. 
+The methods `compact` and `compact!` return a Hash without items with `nil` value.
 
 ```ruby
 {a: 1, b: 2, c: nil}.compact # => {a: 1, b: 2}
@@ -3003,53 +3065,6 @@ The method `Range#overlaps?` says whether any two given ranges have non-void int
 
 NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/range/overlaps.rb`.
 
-Extensions to `Proc`
---------------------
-
-### `bind`
-
-As you surely know Ruby has an `UnboundMethod` class whose instances are methods that belong to the limbo of methods without a self. The method `Module#instance_method` returns an unbound method for example:
-
-```ruby
-Hash.instance_method(:delete) # => #<UnboundMethod: Hash#delete>
-```
-
-An unbound method is not callable as is, you need to bind it first to an object with `bind`:
-
-```ruby
-clear = Hash.instance_method(:clear)
-clear.bind({a: 1}).call # => {}
-```
-
-Active Support defines `Proc#bind` with an analogous purpose:
-
-```ruby
-Proc.new { size }.bind([]).call # => 0
-```
-
-As you see that's callable and bound to the argument, the return value is indeed a `Method`.
-
-NOTE: To do so `Proc#bind` actually creates a method under the hood. If you ever see a method with a weird name like `__bind_1256598120_237302` in a stack trace you know now where it comes from.
-
-Action Pack uses this trick in `rescue_from` for example, which accepts the name of a method and also a proc as callbacks for a given rescued exception. It has to call them in either case, so a bound method is returned by `handler_for_rescue`, thus simplifying the code in the caller:
-
-```ruby
-def handler_for_rescue(exception)
-  _, rescuer = Array(rescue_handlers).reverse.detect do |klass_name, handler|
-    ...
-  end
-
-  case rescuer
-  when Symbol
-    method(rescuer)
-  when Proc
-    rescuer.bind(self)
-  end
-end
-```
-
-NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/proc.rb`.
-
 Extensions to `Date`
 --------------------
 
@@ -3658,9 +3673,9 @@ t.advance(seconds: 1)
 
 #### `Time.current`
 
-Active Support defines `Time.current` to be today in the current time zone. That's like `Time.now`, except that it honors the user time zone, if defined. It also defines `Time.yesterday` and `Time.tomorrow`, and the instance predicates `past?`, `today?`, and `future?`, all of them relative to `Time.current`.
+Active Support defines `Time.current` to be today in the current time zone. That's like `Time.now`, except that it honors the user time zone, if defined. It also defines the instance predicates `past?`, `today?`, and `future?`, all of them relative to `Time.current`.
 
-When making Time comparisons using methods which honor the user time zone, make sure to use `Time.current` and not `Time.now`. There are cases where the user time zone might be in the future compared to the system time zone, which `Time.today` uses by default. This means `Time.now` may equal `Time.yesterday`.
+When making Time comparisons using methods which honor the user time zone, make sure to use `Time.current` instead of `Time.now`. There are cases where the user time zone might be in the future compared to the system time zone, which `Time.now` uses by default. This means `Time.now.to_date` may equal `Date.yesterday`.
 
 #### `all_day`, `all_week`, `all_month`, `all_quarter` and `all_year`
 
@@ -3771,50 +3786,6 @@ WARNING. If the argument is an `IO` it needs to respond to `rewind` to be able t
 
 NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/marshal.rb`.
 
-Extensions to `Logger`
-----------------------
-
-### `around_[level]`
-
-Takes two arguments, a `before_message` and `after_message` and calls the current level method on the `Logger` instance, passing in the `before_message`, then the specified message, then the `after_message`:
-
-```ruby
-logger = Logger.new("log/development.log")
-logger.around_info("before", "after") { |logger| logger.info("during") }
-```
-
-### `silence`
-
-Silences every log level lesser to the specified one for the duration of the given block. Log level orders are: debug, info, error and fatal.
-
-```ruby
-logger = Logger.new("log/development.log")
-logger.silence(Logger::INFO) do
-  logger.debug("In space, no one can hear you scream.")
-  logger.info("Scream all you want, small mailman!")
-end
-```
-
-### `datetime_format=`
-
-Modifies the datetime format output by the formatter class associated with this logger. If the formatter class does not have a `datetime_format` method then this is ignored.
-
-```ruby
-class Logger::FormatWithTime < Logger::Formatter
-  cattr_accessor(:datetime_format) { "%Y%m%d%H%m%S" }
-
-  def self.call(severity, timestamp, progname, msg)
-    "#{timestamp.strftime(datetime_format)} -- #{String === msg ? msg : msg.inspect}\n"
-  end
-end
-
-logger = Logger.new("log/development.log")
-logger.formatter = Logger::FormatWithTime
-logger.info("<- is the current time")
-```
-
-NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/logger.rb`.
-
 Extensions to `NameError`
 -------------------------
 
@@ -3824,41 +3795,41 @@ The name may be given as a symbol or string. A symbol is tested against the bare
 
 TIP: A symbol can represent a fully-qualified constant name as in `:"ActiveRecord::Base"`, so the behavior for symbols is defined for convenience, not because it has to be that way technically.
 
-For example, when an action of `PostsController` is called Rails tries optimistically to use `PostsHelper`. It is OK that the helper module does not exist, so if an exception for that constant name is raised it should be silenced. But it could be the case that `posts_helper.rb` raises a `NameError` due to an actual unknown constant. That should be reraised. The method `missing_name?` provides a way to distinguish both cases:
+For example, when an action of `ArticlesController` is called Rails tries optimistically to use `ArticlesHelper`. It is OK that the helper module does not exist, so if an exception for that constant name is raised it should be silenced. But it could be the case that `articles_helper.rb` raises a `NameError` due to an actual unknown constant. That should be reraised. The method `missing_name?` provides a way to distinguish both cases:
 
 ```ruby
 def default_helper_module!
   module_name = name.sub(/Controller$/, '')
   module_path = module_name.underscore
   helper module_path
-rescue MissingSourceFile => e
+rescue LoadError => e
   raise e unless e.is_missing? "helpers/#{module_path}_helper"
 rescue NameError => e
   raise e unless e.missing_name? "#{module_name}Helper"
 end
 ```
 
-NOTE: Defined in `actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/helpers.rb`.
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/name_error.rb`.
 
 Extensions to `LoadError`
 -------------------------
 
-Active Support adds `is_missing?` to `LoadError`, and also assigns that class to the constant `MissingSourceFile` for backwards compatibility.
+Active Support adds `is_missing?` to `LoadError`.
 
 Given a path name `is_missing?` tests whether the exception was raised due to that particular file (except perhaps for the ".rb" extension).
 
-For example, when an action of `PostsController` is called Rails tries to load `posts_helper.rb`, but that file may not exist. That's fine, the helper module is not mandatory so Rails silences a load error. But it could be the case that the helper module does exist and in turn requires another library that is missing. In that case Rails must reraise the exception. The method `is_missing?` provides a way to distinguish both cases:
+For example, when an action of `ArticlesController` is called Rails tries to load `articles_helper.rb`, but that file may not exist. That's fine, the helper module is not mandatory so Rails silences a load error. But it could be the case that the helper module does exist and in turn requires another library that is missing. In that case Rails must reraise the exception. The method `is_missing?` provides a way to distinguish both cases:
 
 ```ruby
 def default_helper_module!
   module_name = name.sub(/Controller$/, '')
   module_path = module_name.underscore
   helper module_path
-rescue MissingSourceFile => e
+rescue LoadError => e
   raise e unless e.is_missing? "helpers/#{module_path}_helper"
 rescue NameError => e
   raise e unless e.missing_name? "#{module_name}Helper"
 end
 ```
 
-NOTE: Defined in `actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/helpers.rb`.
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/load_error.rb`.
diff --git a/guides/source/active_support_instrumentation.md b/guides/source/active_support_instrumentation.md
index 6c77a40d42..0fd0112c9f 100644
--- a/guides/source/active_support_instrumentation.md
+++ b/guides/source/active_support_instrumentation.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Active Support Instrumentation
 ==============================
 
@@ -17,7 +19,7 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 Introduction to instrumentation
 -------------------------------
 
-The instrumentation API provided by Active Support allows developers to provide hooks which other developers may hook into. There are several of these within the Rails framework, as described below in <TODO: link to section detailing each hook point>. With this API, developers can choose to be notified when certain events occur inside their application or another piece of Ruby code.
+The instrumentation API provided by Active Support allows developers to provide hooks which other developers may hook into. There are several of these within the [Rails framework](#rails-framework-hooks). With this API, developers can choose to be notified when certain events occur inside their application or another piece of Ruby code.
 
 For example, there is a hook provided within Active Record that is called every time Active Record uses an SQL query on a database. This hook could be **subscribed** to, and used to track the number of queries during a certain action. There's another hook around the processing of an action of a controller. This could be used, for instance, to track how long a specific action has taken.
 
@@ -135,7 +137,9 @@ Action Controller
 | `:format`       | html/js/json/xml etc                                      |
 | `:method`       | HTTP request verb                                         |
 | `:path`         | Request path                                              |
+| `:status`       | HTTP status code                                          |
 | `:view_runtime` | Amount spent in view in ms                                |
+| `:db_runtime`   | Amount spent executing database queries in ms             |
 
 ```ruby
 {
@@ -214,7 +218,7 @@ Action View
 
 ```ruby
 {
-  identifier: "/Users/adam/projects/notifications/app/views/posts/_form.html.erb",
+  identifier: "/Users/adam/projects/notifications/app/views/posts/_form.html.erb"
 }
 ```
 
@@ -223,11 +227,12 @@ Active Record
 
 ### sql.active_record
 
-| Key          | Value                 |
-| ------------ | --------------------- |
-| `:sql`       | SQL statement         |
-| `:name`      | Name of the operation |
-| `:object_id` | `self.object_id`      |
+| Key              | Value                 |
+| ---------------- | --------------------- |
+| `:sql`           | SQL statement         |
+| `:name`          | Name of the operation |
+| `:connection_id` | `self.object_id`      |
+| `:binds`         | Bind parameters       |
 
 INFO. The adapters will add their own data as well.
 
@@ -240,13 +245,19 @@ INFO. The adapters will add their own data as well.
 }
 ```
 
-### identity.active_record
+### instantiation.active_record
 
 | Key              | Value                                     |
 | ---------------- | ----------------------------------------- |
-| `:line`          | Primary Key of object in the identity map |
-| `:name`          | Record's class                            |
-| `:connection_id` | `self.object_id`                          |
+| `:record_count`  | Number of records that instantiated       |
+| `:class_name`    | Record's class                            |
+
+```ruby
+{
+  record_count: 1,
+  class_name: "User"
+}
+```
 
 Action Mailer
 -------------
@@ -303,17 +314,6 @@ Action Mailer
 }
 ```
 
-ActiveResource
---------------
-
-### request.active_resource
-
-| Key            | Value                |
-| -------------- | -------------------- |
-| `:method`      | HTTP method          |
-| `:request_uri` | Complete URI         |
-| `:result`      | HTTP response object |
-
 Active Support
 --------------
 
@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ INFO. Options passed to fetch will be merged with the payload.
 | ------ | --------------------- |
 | `:key` | Key used in the store |
 
-INFO. Cache stores my add their own keys
+INFO. Cache stores may add their own keys
 
 ```ruby
 {
@@ -396,6 +396,38 @@ INFO. Cache stores my add their own keys
 }
 ```
 
+Active Job
+--------
+
+### enqueue_at.active_job
+
+| Key          | Value                                  |
+| ------------ | -------------------------------------- |
+| `:adapter`   | QueueAdapter object processing the job |
+| `:job`       | Job object                             |
+
+### enqueue.active_job
+
+| Key          | Value                                  |
+| ------------ | -------------------------------------- |
+| `:adapter`   | QueueAdapter object processing the job |
+| `:job`       | Job object                             |
+
+### perform_start.active_job
+
+| Key          | Value                                  |
+| ------------ | -------------------------------------- |
+| `:adapter`   | QueueAdapter object processing the job |
+| `:job`       | Job object                             |
+
+### perform.active_job
+
+| Key          | Value                                  |
+| ------------ | -------------------------------------- |
+| `:adapter`   | QueueAdapter object processing the job |
+| `:job`       | Job object                             |
+
+
 Railties
 --------
 
@@ -426,7 +458,7 @@ The block receives the following arguments:
 * The name of the event
 * Time when it started
 * Time when it finished
-* An unique ID for this event
+* A unique ID for this event
 * The payload (described in previous sections)
 
 ```ruby
@@ -457,6 +489,7 @@ Most times you only care about the data itself. Here is a shortcut to just get t
 ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe "process_action.action_controller" do |*args|
   data = args.extract_options!
   data # { extra: :information }
+end
 ```
 
 You may also subscribe to events matching a regular expression. This enables you to subscribe to
diff --git a/guides/source/api_app.md b/guides/source/api_app.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..17695c5db0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/api_app.md
@@ -0,0 +1,412 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
+
+Using Rails for API-only Applications
+=====================================
+
+In this guide you will learn:
+
+* What Rails provides for API-only applications
+* How to configure Rails to start without any browser features
+* How to decide which middlewares you will want to include
+* How to decide which modules to use in your controller
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+What is an API app?
+-------------------
+
+Traditionally, when people said that they used Rails as an "API", they meant
+providing a programmatically accessible API alongside their web application.
+For example, GitHub provides [an API](http://developer.github.com) that you
+can use from your own custom clients.
+
+With the advent of client-side frameworks, more developers are using Rails to
+build a back-end that is shared between their web application and other native
+applications.
+
+For example, Twitter uses its [public API](https://dev.twitter.com) in its web
+application, which is built as a static site that consumes JSON resources.
+
+Instead of using Rails to generate dynamic HTML that will communicate with the
+server through forms and links, many developers are treating their web application
+as just another client, delivered as static HTML, CSS and JavaScript  consuming
+a simple JSON API.
+
+This guide covers building a Rails application that serves JSON resources to an
+API client **or** a client-side framework.
+
+Why use Rails for JSON APIs?
+----------------------------
+
+The first question a lot of people have when thinking about building a JSON API
+using Rails is: "isn't using Rails to spit out some JSON overkill? Shouldn't I
+just use something like Sinatra?".
+
+For very simple APIs, this may be true. However, even in very HTML-heavy
+applications, most of an application's logic is actually outside of the view
+layer.
+
+The reason most people use Rails is that it provides a set of defaults that
+allows us to get up and running quickly without having to make a lot of trivial
+decisions.
+
+Let's take a look at some of the things that Rails provides out of the box that are
+still applicable to API applications.
+
+Handled at the middleware layer:
+
+- Reloading: Rails applications support transparent reloading. This works even if
+  your application gets big and restarting the server for every request becomes
+  non-viable.
+- Development Mode: Rails applications come with smart defaults for development,
+  making development pleasant without compromising production-time performance.
+- Test Mode: Ditto development mode.
+- Logging: Rails applications log every request, with a level of verbosity
+  appropriate for the current mode. Rails logs in development include information
+  about the request environment, database queries, and basic performance
+  information.
+- Security: Rails detects and thwarts [IP spoofing
+  attacks](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address_spoofing) and handles
+  cryptographic signatures in a [timing
+  attack](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timing_attack) aware way. Don't know what
+  an IP spoofing attack or a timing attack is? Exactly.
+- Parameter Parsing: Want to specify your parameters as JSON instead of as a
+  URL-encoded String? No problem. Rails will decode the JSON for you and make
+  it available in `params`. Want to use nested URL-encoded parameters? That
+  works too.
+- Conditional GETs: Rails handles conditional `GET`, (`ETag` and `Last-Modified`),
+  processing request headers and returning the correct response headers and status
+  code. All you need to do is use the
+  [`stale?`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionController/ConditionalGet.html#method-i-stale-3F)
+  check in your controller, and Rails will handle all of the HTTP details for you.
+- Caching: If you use `dirty?` with public cache control, Rails will automatically
+  cache your responses. You can easily configure the cache store.
+- HEAD requests: Rails will transparently convert `HEAD` requests into `GET` ones,
+  and return just the headers on the way out. This makes `HEAD` work reliably in
+  all Rails APIs.
+
+While you could obviously build these up in terms of existing Rack middlewares,
+this list demonstrates that the default Rails middleware stack provides a lot
+of value, even if you're "just generating JSON".
+
+Handled at the Action Pack layer:
+
+- Resourceful Routing: If you're building a RESTful JSON API, you want to be
+  using the Rails router. Clean and conventional mapping from HTTP to controllers
+  means not having to spend time thinking about how to model your API in terms
+  of HTTP.
+- URL Generation: The flip side of routing is URL generation. A good API based
+  on HTTP includes URLs (see [the GitHub gist API](http://developer.github.com/v3/gists/)
+  for an example).
+- Header and Redirection Responses: `head :no_content` and
+  `redirect_to user_url(current_user)` come in handy. Sure, you could manually
+  add the response headers, but why?
+- Caching: Rails provides page, action and fragment caching. Fragment caching
+  is especially helpful when building up a nested JSON object.
+- Basic, Digest and Token Authentication: Rails comes with out-of-the-box support
+  for three kinds of HTTP authentication.
+- Instrumentation: Rails has an instrumentation API that will trigger registered
+  handlers for a variety of events, such as action processing, sending a file or
+  data, redirection, and database queries. The payload of each event comes with
+  relevant information (for the action processing event, the payload includes
+  the controller, action, parameters, request format, request method and the
+  request's full path).
+- Generators: This may be passé for advanced Rails users, but it can be nice to
+  generate a resource and get your model, controller, test stubs, and routes
+  created for you in a single command.
+- Plugins: Many third-party libraries come with support for Rails that reduce
+  or eliminate the cost of setting up and gluing together the library and the
+  web framework. This includes things like overriding default generators, adding
+  rake tasks, and honoring Rails choices (like the logger and cache back-end).
+
+Of course, the Rails boot process also glues together all registered components.
+For example, the Rails boot process is what uses your `config/database.yml` file
+when configuring Active Record.
+
+**The short version is**: you may not have thought about which parts of Rails
+are still applicable even if you remove the view layer, but the answer turns out
+to be "most of it".
+
+The Basic Configuration
+-----------------------
+
+If you're building a Rails application that will be an API server first and
+foremost, you can start with a more limited subset of Rails and add in features
+as needed.
+
+You can generate a new api Rails app:
+
+```bash
+$ rails new my_api --api
+```
+
+This will do three main things for you:
+
+- Configure your application to start with a more limited set of middlewares
+  than normal. Specifically, it will not include any middleware primarily useful
+  for browser applications (like cookies support) by default.
+- Make `ApplicationController` inherit from `ActionController::API` instead of
+  `ActionController::Base`. As with middlewares, this will leave out any Action
+  Controller modules that provide functionalities primarily used by browser
+  applications.
+- Configure the generators to skip generating views, helpers and assets when
+  you generate a new resource.
+
+If you want to take an existing application and make it an API one, read the
+following steps.
+
+In `config/application.rb` add the following line at the top of the `Application`
+class definition:
+
+```ruby
+config.api_only = true
+```
+
+Optionally, in `config/environments/development.rb` add the following line
+to render error responses using the API format (JSON by default) when it
+is a local request:
+
+```ruby
+config.debug_exception_response_format = :api
+```
+
+Finally, inside `app/controllers/application_controller.rb`, instead of:
+
+```ruby
+class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
+end
+```
+
+do:
+
+```ruby
+class ApplicationController < ActionController::API
+end
+```
+
+Choosing Middlewares
+--------------------
+
+An API application comes with the following middlewares by default:
+
+- `Rack::Sendfile`
+- `ActionDispatch::Static`
+- `Rack::Lock`
+- `ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache::Middleware`
+- `ActionDispatch::RequestId`
+- `Rails::Rack::Logger`
+- `Rack::Runtime`
+- `ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions`
+- `ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions`
+- `ActionDispatch::RemoteIp`
+- `ActionDispatch::Reloader`
+- `ActionDispatch::Callbacks`
+- `Rack::Head`
+- `Rack::ConditionalGet`
+- `Rack::ETag`
+
+See the [internal middlewares](rails_on_rack.html#internal-middleware-stack)
+section of the Rack guide for further information on them.
+
+Other plugins, including Active Record, may add additional middlewares. In
+general, these middlewares are agnostic to the type of application you are
+building, and make sense in an API-only Rails application.
+
+You can get a list of all middlewares in your application via:
+
+```bash
+$ rake middleware
+```
+
+### Using the Cache Middleware
+
+By default, Rails will add a middleware that provides a cache store based on
+the configuration of your application (memcache by default). This means that
+the built-in HTTP cache will rely on it.
+
+For instance, using the `stale?` method:
+
+```ruby
+def show
+  @post = Post.find(params[:id])
+
+  if stale?(last_modified: @post.updated_at)
+    render json: @post
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The call to `stale?` will compare the `If-Modified-Since` header in the request
+with `@post.updated_at`. If the header is newer than the last modified, this
+action will return a "304 Not Modified" response. Otherwise, it will render the
+response and include a `Last-Modified` header in it.
+
+Normally, this mechanism is used on a per-client basis. The cache middleware
+allows us to share this caching mechanism across clients. We can enable
+cross-client caching in the call to `stale?`:
+
+```ruby
+def show
+  @post = Post.find(params[:id])
+
+  if stale?(last_modified: @post.updated_at, public: true)
+    render json: @post
+  end
+end
+```
+
+This means that the cache middleware will store off the `Last-Modified` value
+for a URL in the Rails cache, and add an `If-Modified-Since` header to any
+subsequent inbound requests for the same URL.
+
+Think of it as page caching using HTTP semantics.
+
+NOTE: This middleware is always outside of the `Rack::Lock` mutex, even in
+single-threaded applications.
+
+### Using Rack::Sendfile
+
+When you use the `send_file` method inside a Rails controller, it sets the
+`X-Sendfile` header. `Rack::Sendfile` is responsible for actually sending the
+file.
+
+If your front-end server supports accelerated file sending, `Rack::Sendfile`
+will offload the actual file sending work to the front-end server.
+
+You can configure the name of the header that your front-end server uses for
+this purpose using `config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header` in the appropriate
+environment's configuration file.
+
+You can learn more about how to use `Rack::Sendfile` with popular
+front-ends in [the Rack::Sendfile
+documentation](http://rubydoc.info/github/rack/rack/master/Rack/Sendfile).
+
+Here are some values for popular servers, once they are configured, to support
+accelerated file sending:
+
+```ruby
+# Apache and lighttpd
+config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = "X-Sendfile"
+
+# Nginx
+config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = "X-Accel-Redirect"
+```
+
+Make sure to configure your server to support these options following the
+instructions in the `Rack::Sendfile` documentation.
+
+NOTE: The `Rack::Sendfile` middleware is always outside of the `Rack::Lock`
+mutex, even in single-threaded applications.
+
+### Using ActionDispatch::Request
+
+`ActionDispatch::Request#params` will take parameters from the client in the JSON
+format and make them available in your controller inside `params`.
+
+To use this, your client will need to make a request with JSON-encoded parameters
+and specify the `Content-Type` as `application/json`.
+
+Here's an example in jQuery:
+
+```javascript
+jQuery.ajax({
+  type: 'POST',
+  url: '/people',
+  dataType: 'json',
+  contentType: 'application/json',
+  data: JSON.stringify({ person: { firstName: "Yehuda", lastName: "Katz" } }),
+  success: function(json) { }
+});
+```
+
+`ActionDispatch::Request` will see the `Content-Type` and your parameters
+will be:
+
+```ruby
+{ :person => { :firstName => "Yehuda", :lastName => "Katz" } }
+```
+
+### Other Middlewares
+
+Rails ships with a number of other middlewares that you might want to use in an
+API application, especially if one of your API clients is the browser:
+
+- `Rack::MethodOverride`
+- `ActionDispatch::Cookies`
+- `ActionDispatch::Flash`
+- For sessions management
+    * `ActionDispatch::Session::CacheStore`
+    * `ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore`
+    * `ActionDispatch::Session::MemCacheStore`
+
+Any of these middlewares can be added via:
+
+```ruby
+config.middleware.use Rack::MethodOverride
+```
+
+### Removing Middlewares
+
+If you don't want to use a middleware that is included by default in the API-only
+middleware set, you can remove it with:
+
+```ruby
+config.middleware.delete ::Rack::Sendfile
+```
+
+Keep in mind that removing these middlewares will remove support for certain
+features in Action Controller.
+
+Choosing Controller Modules
+---------------------------
+
+An API application (using `ActionController::API`) comes with the following
+controller modules by default:
+
+- `ActionController::UrlFor`: Makes `url_for` and friends available.
+- `ActionController::Redirecting`: Support for `redirect_to`.
+- `ActionController::Rendering`: Basic support for rendering.
+- `ActionController::Renderers::All`: Support for `render :json` and friends.
+- `ActionController::ConditionalGet`: Support for `stale?`.
+- `ActionController::ForceSSL`: Support for `force_ssl`.
+- `ActionController::DataStreaming`: Support for `send_file` and `send_data`.
+- `AbstractController::Callbacks`: Support for `before_action` and friends.
+- `ActionController::Instrumentation`: Support for the instrumentation
+  hooks defined by Action Controller (see [the instrumentation
+  guide](active_support_instrumentation.html#action-controller)).
+- `ActionController::Rescue`: Support for `rescue_from`.
+- `ActionController::BasicImplicitRender`: Makes sure to return an empty response
+  if there's not an explicit one.
+- `ActionController::StrongParameters`: Support for parameters white-listing in
+  combination with Active Model mass assignment.
+- `ActionController::ParamsWrapper`: Wraps the parameters hash into a nested hash
+  so you don't have to specify root elements sending POST requests for instance.
+
+Other plugins may add additional modules. You can get a list of all modules
+included into `ActionController::API` in the rails console:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails c
+>> ActionController::API.ancestors - ActionController::Metal.ancestors
+```
+
+### Adding Other Modules
+
+All Action Controller modules know about their dependent modules, so you can feel
+free to include any modules into your controllers, and all dependencies will be
+included and set up as well.
+
+Some common modules you might want to add:
+
+- `AbstractController::Translation`: Support for the `l` and `t` localization
+  and translation methods.
+- `ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Basic` (or `Digest` or `Token`): Support
+  for basic, digest or token HTTP authentication.
+- `AbstractController::Layouts`: Support for layouts when rendering.
+- `ActionController::MimeResponds`: Support for `respond_to`.
+- `ActionController::Cookies`: Support for `cookies`, which includes
+  support for signed and encrypted cookies. This requires the cookies middleware.
+
+The best place to add a module is in your `ApplicationController` but you can
+also add modules to individual controllers.
diff --git a/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.md b/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.md
index 261538d0be..73e62eb6d9 100644
--- a/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.md
+++ b/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 API Documentation Guidelines
 ============================
 
@@ -13,7 +15,20 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 RDoc
 ----
 
-The Rails API documentation is generated with RDoc. Please consult the documentation for help with the [markup](http://rdoc.rubyforge.org/RDoc/Markup.html), and also take into account these [additional directives](http://rdoc.rubyforge.org/RDoc/Parser/Ruby.html).
+The [Rails API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org) is generated with
+[RDoc](http://docs.seattlerb.org/rdoc/). To generate it, make sure you are
+in the rails root directory, run `bundle install` and execute:
+
+```bash
+  bundle exec rake rdoc
+```
+
+Resulting HTML files can be found in the ./doc/rdoc directory.
+
+Please consult the RDoc documentation for help with the
+[markup](http://docs.seattlerb.org/rdoc/RDoc/Markup.html),
+and also take into account these [additional
+directives](http://docs.seattlerb.org/rdoc/RDoc/Parser/Ruby.html).
 
 Wording
 -------
@@ -67,7 +82,13 @@ used. Instead of:
 English
 -------
 
-Please use American English (<em>color</em>, <em>center</em>, <em>modularize</em>, etc). See [a list of American and British English spelling differences here](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences).
+Please use American English (*color*, *center*, *modularize*, etc). See [a list of American and British English spelling differences here](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences).
+
+Oxford Comma
+------------
+
+Please use the [Oxford comma](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_comma)
+("red, white, and blue", instead of "red, white and blue").
 
 Example Code
 ------------
@@ -110,14 +131,14 @@ The results of expressions follow them and are introduced by "# => ", vertically
 If a line is too long, the comment may be placed on the next line:
 
 ```ruby
-#   label(:post, :title)
-#   # => <label for="post_title">Title</label>
+#   label(:article, :title)
+#   # => <label for="article_title">Title</label>
 #
-#   label(:post, :title, "A short title")
-#   # => <label for="post_title">A short title</label>
+#   label(:article, :title, "A short title")
+#   # => <label for="article_title">A short title</label>
 #
-#   label(:post, :title, "A short title", class: "title_label")
-#   # => <label for="post_title" class="title_label">A short title</label>
+#   label(:article, :title, "A short title", class: "title_label")
+#   # => <label for="article_title" class="title_label">A short title</label>
 ```
 
 Avoid using any printing methods like `puts` or `p` for that purpose.
@@ -175,8 +196,8 @@ end
 The API is careful not to commit to any particular value, the method has
 predicate semantics, that's enough.
 
-Filenames
----------
+File Names
+----------
 
 As a rule of thumb, use filenames relative to the application root:
 
@@ -219,7 +240,7 @@ You can quickly test the RDoc output with the following command:
 
 ```
 $ echo "+:to_param+" | rdoc --pipe
-#=> <p><code>:to_param</code></p>
+# => <p><code>:to_param</code></p>
 ```
 
 ### Regular Font
@@ -286,3 +307,64 @@ self.class_eval %{
   end
 }
 ```
+
+Method Visibility
+-----------------
+
+When writing documentation for Rails, it's important to understand the difference between public user-facing API vs internal API.
+
+Rails, like most libraries, uses the private keyword from Ruby for defining internal API. However, public API follows a slightly different convention. Instead of assuming all public methods are designed for user consumption, Rails uses the `:nodoc:` directive to annotate these kinds of methods as internal API.
+
+This means that there are methods in Rails with `public` visibility that aren't meant for user consumption.
+
+An example of this is `ActiveRecord::Core::ClassMethods#arel_table`:
+
+```ruby
+module ActiveRecord::Core::ClassMethods
+  def arel_table #:nodoc:
+    # do some magic..
+  end
+end
+```
+
+If you thought, "this method looks like a public class method for `ActiveRecord::Core`", you were right. But actually the Rails team doesn't want users to rely on this method. So they mark it as `:nodoc:` and it's removed from public documentation. The reasoning behind this is to allow the team to change these methods according to their internal needs across releases as they see fit. The name of this method could change, or the return value, or this entire class may disappear; there's no guarantee and so you shouldn't depend on this API in your plugins or applications. Otherwise, you risk your app or gem breaking when you upgrade to a newer release of Rails.
+
+As a contributor, it's important to think about whether this API is meant for end-user consumption. The Rails team is committed to not making any breaking changes to public API across releases without going through a full deprecation cycle. It's recommended that you `:nodoc:` any of your internal methods/classes unless they're already private (meaning visibility), in which case it's internal by default. Once the API stabilizes the visibility can change, but changing public API is much harder due to backwards compatibility.
+
+A class or module is marked with `:nodoc:` to indicate that all methods are internal API and should never be used directly.
+
+If you come across an existing `:nodoc:` you should tread lightly. Consider asking someone from the core team or author of the code before removing it. This should almost always happen through a pull request instead of the docrails project.
+
+A `:nodoc:` should never be added simply because a method or class is missing documentation. There may be an instance where an internal public method wasn't given a `:nodoc:` by mistake, for example when switching a method from private to public visibility. When this happens it should be discussed over a PR on a case-by-case basis and never committed directly to docrails.
+
+To summarize, the Rails team uses `:nodoc:` to mark publicly visible methods and classes for internal use; changes to the visibility of API should be considered carefully and discussed over a pull request first.
+
+Regarding the Rails Stack
+-------------------------
+
+When documenting parts of Rails API, it's important to remember all of the
+pieces that go into the Rails stack.
+
+This means that behavior may change depending on the scope or context of the
+method or class you're trying to document.
+
+In various places there is different behavior when you take the entire stack
+into account, one such example is
+`ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper#image_tag`:
+
+```ruby
+# image_tag("icon.png")
+#   # => <img alt="Icon" src="/assets/icon.png" />
+```
+
+Although the default behavior for `#image_tag` is to always return
+`/images/icon.png`, we take into account the full Rails stack (including the
+Asset Pipeline) we may see the result seen above.
+
+We're only concerned with the behavior experienced when using the full default
+Rails stack.
+
+In this case, we want to document the behavior of the _framework_, and not just
+this specific method.
+
+If you have a question on how the Rails team handles certain API, don't hesitate to open a ticket or send a patch to the [issue tracker](https://github.com/rails/rails/issues).
diff --git a/guides/source/asset_pipeline.md b/guides/source/asset_pipeline.md
index 5bb895cb78..0f2283318a 100644
--- a/guides/source/asset_pipeline.md
+++ b/guides/source/asset_pipeline.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 The Asset Pipeline
 ==================
 
@@ -56,11 +58,11 @@ the comment operator on that line to later enable the asset pipeline:
 
 To set asset compression methods, set the appropriate configuration options
 in `production.rb` - `config.assets.css_compressor` for your CSS and
-`config.assets.js_compressor` for your Javascript:
+`config.assets.js_compressor` for your JavaScript:
 
 ```ruby
 config.assets.css_compressor = :yui
-config.assets.js_compressor = :uglify
+config.assets.js_compressor = :uglifier
 ```
 
 NOTE: The `sass-rails` gem is automatically used for CSS compression if included
@@ -124,19 +126,22 @@ with a built-in helper. In the source the generated code looked like this:
 The query string strategy has several disadvantages:
 
 1. **Not all caches will reliably cache content where the filename only differs by
-query parameters**<br>
+query parameters**
+
     [Steve Souders recommends](http://www.stevesouders.com/blog/2008/08/23/revving-filenames-dont-use-querystring/),
  "...avoiding a querystring for cacheable resources". He found that in this
 case 5-20% of requests will not be cached. Query strings in particular do not
 work at all with some CDNs for cache invalidation.
 
-2. **The file name can change between nodes in multi-server environments.**<br>
+2. **The file name can change between nodes in multi-server environments.**
+
     The default query string in Rails 2.x is based on the modification time of
 the files. When assets are deployed to a cluster, there is no guarantee that the
 timestamps will be the same, resulting in different values being used depending
 on which server handles the request.
 
-3. **Too much cache invalidation**<br>
+3. **Too much cache invalidation**
+
     When static assets are deployed with each new release of code, the mtime
 (time of last modification) of _all_ these files changes, forcing all remote
 clients to fetch them again, even when the content of those assets has not changed.
@@ -144,7 +149,7 @@ clients to fetch them again, even when the content of those assets has not chang
 Fingerprinting fixes these problems by avoiding query strings, and by ensuring
 that filenames are consistent based on their content.
 
-Fingerprinting is enabled by default for production and disabled for all other
+Fingerprinting is enabled by default for both the development and production
 environments. You can enable or disable it in your configuration through the
 `config.assets.digest` option.
 
@@ -163,9 +168,9 @@ pipeline, the preferred location for these assets is now the `app/assets`
 directory. Files in this directory are served by the Sprockets middleware.
 
 Assets can still be placed in the `public` hierarchy. Any assets under `public`
-will be served as static files by the application or web server. You should use
-`app/assets` for files that must undergo some pre-processing before they are
-served.
+will be served as static files by the application or web server when
+`config.public_file_server.enabled` is set to true. You should use `app/assets` for
+files that must undergo some pre-processing before they are served.
 
 In production, Rails precompiles these files to `public/assets` by default. The
 precompiled copies are then served as static assets by the web server. The files
@@ -177,12 +182,12 @@ When you generate a scaffold or a controller, Rails also generates a JavaScript
 file (or CoffeeScript file if the `coffee-rails` gem is in the `Gemfile`) and a
 Cascading Style Sheet file (or SCSS file if `sass-rails` is in the `Gemfile`)
 for that controller. Additionally, when generating a scaffold, Rails generates
-the file scaffolds.css (or scaffolds.css.scss if `sass-rails` is in the
+the file scaffolds.css (or scaffolds.scss if `sass-rails` is in the
 `Gemfile`.)
 
 For example, if you generate a `ProjectsController`, Rails will also add a new
-file at `app/assets/javascripts/projects.js.coffee` and another at
-`app/assets/stylesheets/projects.css.scss`. By default these files will be ready
+file at `app/assets/javascripts/projects.coffee` and another at
+`app/assets/stylesheets/projects.scss`. By default these files will be ready
 to use by your application immediately using the `require_tree` directive. See
 [Manifest Files and Directives](#manifest-files-and-directives) for more details
 on require_tree.
@@ -198,18 +203,13 @@ will result in your assets being included more than once.
 
 WARNING: When using asset precompilation, you will need to ensure that your
 controller assets will be precompiled when loading them on a per page basis. By
-default .coffee and .scss files will not be precompiled on their own. This will
-result in false positives during development as these files will work just fine
-since assets are compiled on the fly in development mode. When running in
-production, however, you will see 500 errors since live compilation is turned
-off by default. See [Precompiling Assets](#precompiling-assets) for more
-information on how precompiling works.
+default .coffee and .scss files will not be precompiled on their own. See
+[Precompiling Assets](#precompiling-assets) for more information on how
+precompiling works.
 
 NOTE: You must have an ExecJS supported runtime in order to use CoffeeScript.
 If you are using Mac OS X or Windows, you have a JavaScript runtime installed in
-your operating system. Check
-[ExecJS](https://github.com/sstephenson/execjs#readme) documentation to know all
-supported JavaScript runtimes.
+your operating system. Check [ExecJS](https://github.com/rails/execjs#readme) documentation to know all supported JavaScript runtimes.
 
 You can also disable generation of controller specific asset files by adding the
 following to your `config/application.rb` configuration:
@@ -232,7 +232,9 @@ images, JavaScript files or stylesheets.
 scope of the application or those libraries which are shared across applications.
 
 * `vendor/assets` is for assets that are owned by outside entities, such as
-code for JavaScript plugins and CSS frameworks.
+code for JavaScript plugins and CSS frameworks. Keep in mind that third party
+code with references to other files also processed by the asset Pipeline (images,
+stylesheets, etc.), will need to be rewritten to use helpers like `asset_path`.
 
 WARNING: If you are upgrading from Rails 3, please take into account that assets
 under `lib/assets` or `vendor/assets` are available for inclusion via the
@@ -245,7 +247,7 @@ When a file is referenced from a manifest or a helper, Sprockets searches the
 three default asset locations for it.
 
 The default locations are: the `images`, `javascripts` and `stylesheets`
-directories under the `apps/assets` folder, but these subdirectories
+directories under the `app/assets` folder, but these subdirectories
 are not special - any path under `assets/*` will be searched.
 
 For example, these files:
@@ -401,13 +403,13 @@ When using the asset pipeline, paths to assets must be re-written and
 underscored in Ruby) for the following asset classes: image, font, video, audio,
 JavaScript and stylesheet.
 
-* `image-url("rails.png")` becomes `url(/assets/rails.png)`
-* `image-path("rails.png")` becomes `"/assets/rails.png"`.
+* `image-url("rails.png")` returns `url(/assets/rails.png)`
+* `image-path("rails.png")` returns `"/assets/rails.png"`
 
 The more generic form can also be used:
 
-* `asset-url("rails.png")` becomes `url(/assets/rails.png)`
-* `asset-path("rails.png")` becomes `"/assets/rails.png"`
+* `asset-url("rails.png")` returns `url(/assets/rails.png)`
+* `asset-path("rails.png")` returns `"/assets/rails.png"`
 
 #### JavaScript/CoffeeScript and ERB
 
@@ -422,7 +424,7 @@ $('#logo').attr({ src: "<%= asset_path('logo.png') %>" });
 This writes the path to the particular asset being referenced.
 
 Similarly, you can use the `asset_path` helper in CoffeeScript files with `erb`
-extension (e.g., `application.js.coffee.erb`):
+extension (e.g., `application.coffee.erb`):
 
 ```js
 $('#logo').attr src: "<%= asset_path('logo.png') %>"
@@ -493,14 +495,13 @@ The directives that work in JavaScript files also work in stylesheets
 one, requiring all stylesheets from the current directory.
 
 In this example, `require_self` is used. This puts the CSS contained within the
-file (if any) at the precise location of the `require_self` call. If
-`require_self` is called more than once, only the last call is respected.
+file (if any) at the precise location of the `require_self` call.
 
 NOTE. If you want to use multiple Sass files, you should generally use the [Sass `@import` rule](http://sass-lang.com/docs/yardoc/file.SASS_REFERENCE.html#import)
-instead of these Sprockets directives. Using Sprockets directives all Sass files exist within
+instead of these Sprockets directives. When using Sprockets directives, Sass files exist within
 their own scope, making variables or mixins only available within the document they were defined in.
-You can do file globbing as well using `@import "*"`, and `@import "**/*"` to add the whole tree
-equivalent to how `require_tree` works. Check the [sass-rails documentation](https://github.com/rails/sass-rails#features) for more info and important caveats.
+
+You can do file globbing as well using `@import "*"`, and `@import "**/*"` to add the whole tree which is equivalent to how `require_tree` works. Check the [sass-rails documentation](https://github.com/rails/sass-rails#features) for more info and important caveats.
 
 You can have as many manifest files as you need. For example, the `admin.css`
 and `admin.js` manifest could contain the JS and CSS files that are used for the
@@ -524,8 +525,8 @@ The file extensions used on an asset determine what preprocessing is applied.
 When a controller or a scaffold is generated with the default Rails gemset, a
 CoffeeScript file and a SCSS file are generated in place of a regular JavaScript
 and CSS file. The example used before was a controller called "projects", which
-generated an `app/assets/javascripts/projects.js.coffee` and an
-`app/assets/stylesheets/projects.css.scss` file.
+generated an `app/assets/javascripts/projects.coffee` and an
+`app/assets/stylesheets/projects.scss` file.
 
 In development mode, or if the asset pipeline is disabled, when these files are
 requested they are processed by the processors provided by the `coffee-script`
@@ -537,13 +538,13 @@ web server.
 Additional layers of preprocessing can be requested by adding other extensions,
 where each extension is processed in a right-to-left manner. These should be
 used in the order the processing should be applied. For example, a stylesheet
-called `app/assets/stylesheets/projects.css.scss.erb` is first processed as ERB,
+called `app/assets/stylesheets/projects.scss.erb` is first processed as ERB,
 then SCSS, and finally served as CSS. The same applies to a JavaScript file -
-`app/assets/javascripts/projects.js.coffee.erb` is processed as ERB, then
+`app/assets/javascripts/projects.coffee.erb` is processed as ERB, then
 CoffeeScript, and served as JavaScript.
 
 Keep in mind the order of these preprocessors is important. For example, if
-you called your JavaScript file `app/assets/javascripts/projects.js.erb.coffee`
+you called your JavaScript file `app/assets/javascripts/projects.erb.coffee`
 then it would be processed with the CoffeeScript interpreter first, which
 wouldn't understand ERB and therefore you would run into problems.
 
@@ -581,23 +582,21 @@ runtime. To disable this behavior you can set:
 config.assets.raise_runtime_errors = false
 ```
 
-When `raise_runtime_errors` is set to `false` sprockets will not check that dependencies of assets are declared properly. Here is a scenario where you must tell the asset pipeline about a dependency:
-
-If you have `application.css.erb` that references `logo.png` like this:
+When this option is true, the asset pipeline will check if all the assets loaded
+in your application are included in the `config.assets.precompile` list.
+If `config.assets.digest` is also true, the asset pipeline will require that
+all requests for assets include digests.
 
-```css
-#logo { background: url(<%= asset_data_uri 'logo.png' %>) }
-```
+### Turning Digests Off
 
-Then you must declare that `logo.png` is a dependency of `application.css.erb`, so when the image gets re-compiled, the css file does as well. You can do this using the `//= depend_on_asset` declaration:
+You can turn off digests by updating `config/environments/development.rb` to
+include:
 
-```css
-//= depend_on_asset "logo.png"
-#logo { background: url(<%= asset_data_uri 'logo.png' %>) }
+```ruby
+config.assets.digest = false
 ```
 
-Without this declaration you may experience strange behavior when pushing to production that is difficult to debug. When you have `raise_runtime_errors` set to `true`, dependencies will be checked at runtime so you can ensure that all dependencies are met.
-
+When this option is true, digests will be generated for asset URLs.
 
 ### Turning Debugging Off
 
@@ -644,7 +643,7 @@ above. By default Rails assumes assets have been precompiled and will be
 served as static assets by your web server.
 
 During the precompilation phase an MD5 is generated from the contents of the
-compiled files, and inserted into the filenames as they are written to disc.
+compiled files, and inserted into the filenames as they are written to disk.
 These fingerprinted names are used by the Rails helpers in place of the manifest
 name.
 
@@ -663,13 +662,12 @@ generates something like this:
 rel="stylesheet" />
 ```
 
-Note: with the Asset Pipeline the :cache and :concat options aren't used
+NOTE: with the Asset Pipeline the `:cache` and `:concat` options aren't used
 anymore, delete these options from the `javascript_include_tag` and
 `stylesheet_link_tag`.
 
 The fingerprinting behavior is controlled by the `config.assets.digest`
-initialization option (which defaults to `true` for production and `false` for
-everything else).
+initialization option (which defaults to `true` for production and development).
 
 NOTE: Under normal circumstances the default `config.assets.digest` option
 should not be changed. If there are no digests in the filenames, and far-future
@@ -691,7 +689,7 @@ information on compiling locally.
 The rake task is:
 
 ```bash
-$ RAILS_ENV=production bundle exec rake assets:precompile
+$ RAILS_ENV=production bin/rake assets:precompile
 ```
 
 Capistrano (v2.15.1 and above) includes a recipe to handle this in deployment.
@@ -714,7 +712,7 @@ The default matcher for compiling files includes `application.js`,
 automatically) from `app/assets` folders including your gems:
 
 ```ruby
-[ Proc.new { |path, fn| fn =~ /app\/assets/ && !%w(.js .css).include?(File.extname(path)) },
+[ Proc.new { |filename, path| path =~ /app\/assets/ && !%w(.js .css).include?(File.extname(filename)) },
 /application.(css|js)$/ ]
 ```
 
@@ -724,31 +722,10 @@ JS/CSS is excluded, as well as raw JS/CSS files; for example, `.coffee` and
 `.scss` files are **not** automatically included as they compile to JS/CSS.
 
 If you have other manifests or individual stylesheets and JavaScript files to
-include, you can add them to the `precompile` array in `config/application.rb`:
+include, you can add them to the `precompile` array in `config/initializers/assets.rb`:
 
 ```ruby
-config.assets.precompile += ['admin.js', 'admin.css', 'swfObject.js']
-```
-
-Or, you can opt to precompile all assets with something like this:
-
-```ruby
-# config/application.rb
-config.assets.precompile << Proc.new do |path|
-  if path =~ /\.(css|js)\z/
-    full_path = Rails.application.assets.resolve(path).to_path
-    app_assets_path = Rails.root.join('app', 'assets').to_path
-    if full_path.starts_with? app_assets_path
-      puts "including asset: " + full_path
-      true
-    else
-      puts "excluding asset: " + full_path
-      false
-    end
-  else
-    false
-  end
-end
+Rails.application.config.assets.precompile += ['admin.js', 'admin.css', 'swfObject.js']
 ```
 
 NOTE. Always specify an expected compiled filename that ends with .js or .css,
@@ -765,7 +742,7 @@ typical manifest file looks like:
 "digest":"12b3c7dd74d2e9df37e7cbb1efa76a6d"},"application-1c5752789588ac18d7e1a50b1f0fd4c2.css":{"logical_path":"application.css","mtime":"2013-07-26T22:56:17-07:00","size":1591,
 "digest":"1c5752789588ac18d7e1a50b1f0fd4c2"},"favicon-a9c641bf2b81f0476e876f7c5e375969.ico":{"logical_path":"favicon.ico","mtime":"2013-07-26T23:00:10-07:00","size":1406,
 "digest":"a9c641bf2b81f0476e876f7c5e375969"},"my_image-231a680f23887d9dd70710ea5efd3c62.png":{"logical_path":"my_image.png","mtime":"2013-07-26T23:00:27-07:00","size":6646,
-"digest":"231a680f23887d9dd70710ea5efd3c62"}},"assets"{"application.js":
+"digest":"231a680f23887d9dd70710ea5efd3c62"}},"assets":{"application.js":
 "application-723d1be6cc741a3aabb1cec24276d681.js","application.css":
 "application-1c5752789588ac18d7e1a50b1f0fd4c2.css",
 "favicon.ico":"favicona9c641bf2b81f0476e876f7c5e375969.ico","my_image.png":
@@ -781,7 +758,7 @@ exception indicating the name of the missing file(s).
 
 #### Far-future Expires Header
 
-Precompiled assets exist on the filesystem and are served directly by your web
+Precompiled assets exist on the file system and are served directly by your web
 server. They do not have far-future headers by default, so to get the benefit of
 fingerprinting you'll have to update your server configuration to add those
 headers.
@@ -793,13 +770,15 @@ For Apache:
 # `mod_expires` to be enabled.
 <Location /assets/>
   # Use of ETag is discouraged when Last-Modified is present
-  Header unset ETag FileETag None
+  Header unset ETag
+  FileETag None
   # RFC says only cache for 1 year
-  ExpiresActive On ExpiresDefault "access plus 1 year"
+  ExpiresActive On
+  ExpiresDefault "access plus 1 year"
 </Location>
 ```
 
-For nginx:
+For NGINX:
 
 ```nginx
 location ~ ^/assets/ {
@@ -811,41 +790,6 @@ location ~ ^/assets/ {
 }
 ```
 
-#### GZip Compression
-
-When files are precompiled, Sprockets also creates a
-[gzipped](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gzip) (.gz) version of your assets. Web
-servers are typically configured to use a moderate compression ratio as a
-compromise, but since precompilation happens once, Sprockets uses the maximum
-compression ratio, thus reducing the size of the data transfer to the minimum.
-On the other hand, web servers can be configured to serve compressed content
-directly from disk, rather than deflating non-compressed files themselves.
-
-Nginx is able to do this automatically enabling `gzip_static`:
-
-```nginx
-location ~ ^/(assets)/  {
-  root /path/to/public;
-  gzip_static on; # to serve pre-gzipped version
-  expires max;
-  add_header Cache-Control public;
-}
-```
-
-This directive is available if the core module that provides this feature was
-compiled with the web server. Ubuntu/Debian packages, even `nginx-light`, have
-the module compiled. Otherwise, you may need to perform a manual compilation:
-
-```bash
-./configure --with-http_gzip_static_module
-```
-
-If you're compiling nginx with Phusion Passenger you'll need to pass that option
-when prompted.
-
-A robust configuration for Apache is possible but tricky; please Google around.
-(Or help update this Guide if you have a good configuration example for Apache.)
-
 ### Local Precompilation
 
 There are several reasons why you might want to precompile your assets locally.
@@ -859,10 +803,12 @@ duplication of work.
 Local compilation allows you to commit the compiled files into source control,
 and deploy as normal.
 
-There are two caveats:
+There are three caveats:
 
 * You must not run the Capistrano deployment task that precompiles assets.
-* You must change the following two application configuration settings.
+* You must ensure any necessary compressors or minifiers are
+available on your development system.
+* You must change the following application configuration setting:
 
 In `config/environments/development.rb`, place the following line:
 
@@ -876,9 +822,6 @@ development mode, and pass all requests to Sprockets. The prefix is still set to
 would serve the precompiled assets from `/assets` in development, and you would
 not see any local changes until you compile assets again.
 
-You will also need to ensure any necessary compressors or minifiers are
-available on your development system.
-
 In practice, this will allow you to precompile locally, have those files in your
 working tree, and commit those files to source control when needed.  Development
 mode will work as expected.
@@ -918,15 +861,208 @@ end
 
 ### CDNs
 
-If your assets are being served by a CDN, ensure they don't stick around in your
-cache forever. This can cause problems. If you use
-`config.action_controller.perform_caching = true`, Rack::Cache will use
-`Rails.cache` to store assets. This can cause your cache to fill up quickly.
+CDN stands for [Content Delivery
+Network](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_delivery_network), they are
+primarily designed to cache assets all over the world so that when a browser
+requests the asset, a cached copy will be geographically close to that browser.
+If you are serving assets directly from your Rails server in production, the
+best practice is to use a CDN in front of your application.
+
+A common pattern for using a CDN is to set your production application as the
+"origin" server. This means when a browser requests an asset from the CDN and
+there is a cache miss, it will grab the file from your server on the fly and
+then cache it. For example if you are running a Rails application on
+`example.com` and have a CDN configured at `mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com`,
+then when a request is made to `mycdnsubdomain.fictional-
+cdn.com/assets/smile.png`, the CDN will query your server once at
+`example.com/assets/smile.png` and cache the request. The next request to the
+CDN that comes in to the same URL will hit the cached copy. When the CDN can
+serve an asset directly the request never touches your Rails server. Since the
+assets from a CDN are geographically closer to the browser, the request is
+faster, and since your server doesn't need to spend time serving assets, it can
+focus on serving application code as fast as possible.
+
+#### Set up a CDN to Serve Static Assets
+
+To set up your CDN you have to have your application running in production on
+the internet at a publicly available URL, for example `example.com`. Next
+you'll need to sign up for a CDN service from a cloud hosting provider. When you
+do this you need to configure the "origin" of the CDN to point back at your
+website `example.com`, check your provider for documentation on configuring the
+origin server.
+
+The CDN you provisioned should give you a custom subdomain for your application
+such as `mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com` (note fictional-cdn.com is not a
+valid CDN provider at the time of this writing). Now that you have configured
+your CDN server, you need to tell browsers to use your CDN to grab assets
+instead of your Rails server directly. You can do this by configuring Rails to
+set your CDN as the asset host instead of using a relative path. To set your
+asset host in Rails, you need to set `config.action_controller.asset_host` in
+`config/production.rb`:
 
-Every cache is different, so evaluate how your CDN handles caching and make sure
-that it plays nicely with the pipeline. You may find quirks related to your
-specific set up, you may not. The defaults nginx uses, for example, should give
-you no problems when used as an HTTP cache.
+```ruby
+config.action_controller.asset_host = 'mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com'
+```
+
+NOTE: You only need to provide the "host", this is the subdomain and root
+domain, you do not need to specify a protocol or "scheme" such as `http://` or
+`https://`. When a web page is requested, the protocol in the link to your asset
+that is generated will match how the webpage is accessed by default.
+
+You can also set this value through an [environment
+variable](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_variable) to make running a
+staging copy of your site easier:
+
+```
+config.action_controller.asset_host = ENV['CDN_HOST']
+```
+
+
+
+Note: You would need to set `CDN_HOST` on your server to `mycdnsubdomain
+.fictional-cdn.com` for this to work.
+
+Once you have configured your server and your CDN when you serve a webpage that
+has an asset:
+
+```erb
+<%= asset_path('smile.png') %>
+```
+
+Instead of returning a path such as `/assets/smile.png` (digests are left out
+for readability). The URL generated will have the full path to your CDN.
+
+```
+http://mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com/assets/smile.png
+```
+
+If the CDN has a copy of `smile.png` it will serve it to the browser and your
+server doesn't even know it was requested. If the CDN does not have a copy it
+will try to find it at the "origin" `example.com/assets/smile.png` and then store
+it for future use.
+
+If you want to serve only some assets from your CDN, you can use custom `:host`
+option your asset helper, which overwrites value set in
+`config.action_controller.asset_host`.
+
+```erb
+<%= asset_path 'image.png', host: 'mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com' %>
+```
+
+#### Customize CDN Caching Behavior
+
+A CDN works by caching content. If the CDN has stale or bad content, then it is
+hurting rather than helping your application. The purpose of this section is to
+describe general caching behavior of most CDNs, your specific provider may
+behave slightly differently.
+
+##### CDN Request Caching
+
+While a CDN is described as being good for caching assets, in reality caches the
+entire request. This includes the body of the asset as well as any headers. The
+most important one being `Cache-Control` which tells the CDN (and web browsers)
+how to cache contents. This means that if someone requests an asset that does
+not exist `/assets/i-dont-exist.png` and your Rails application returns a 404,
+then your CDN will likely cache the 404 page if a valid `Cache-Control` header
+is present.
+
+##### CDN Header Debugging
+
+One way to check the headers are cached properly in your CDN is by using [curl](
+http://explainshell.com/explain?cmd=curl+-I+http%3A%2F%2Fwww.example.com). You
+can request the headers from both your server and your CDN to verify they are
+the same:
+
+```
+$ curl -I http://www.example/assets/application-
+d0e099e021c95eb0de3615fd1d8c4d83.css
+HTTP/1.1 200 OK
+Server: Cowboy
+Date: Sun, 24 Aug 2014 20:27:50 GMT
+Connection: keep-alive
+Last-Modified: Thu, 08 May 2014 01:24:14 GMT
+Content-Type: text/css
+Cache-Control: public, max-age=2592000
+Content-Length: 126560
+Via: 1.1 vegur
+```
+
+Versus the CDN copy.
+
+```
+$ curl -I http://mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com/application-
+d0e099e021c95eb0de3615fd1d8c4d83.css
+HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: Cowboy Last-
+Modified: Thu, 08 May 2014 01:24:14 GMT Content-Type: text/css
+Cache-Control:
+public, max-age=2592000
+Via: 1.1 vegur
+Content-Length: 126560
+Accept-Ranges:
+bytes
+Date: Sun, 24 Aug 2014 20:28:45 GMT
+Via: 1.1 varnish
+Age: 885814
+Connection: keep-alive
+X-Served-By: cache-dfw1828-DFW
+X-Cache: HIT
+X-Cache-Hits:
+68
+X-Timer: S1408912125.211638212,VS0,VE0
+```
+
+Check your CDN documentation for any additional information they may provide
+such as `X-Cache` or for any additional headers they may add.
+
+##### CDNs and the Cache-Control Header
+
+The [cache control
+header](http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html#sec14.9) is a W3C
+specification that describes how a request can be cached. When no CDN is used, a
+browser will use this information to cache contents. This is very helpful for
+assets that are not modified so that a browser does not need to re-download a
+website's CSS or JavaScript on every request. Generally we want our Rails server
+to tell our CDN (and browser) that the asset is "public", that means any cache
+can store the request. Also we commonly want to set `max-age` which is how long
+the cache will store the object before invalidating the cache. The `max-age`
+value is set to seconds with a maximum possible value of `31536000` which is one
+year. You can do this in your rails application by setting
+
+```
+config.public_file_server.headers = {
+  'Cache-Control' => 'public, max-age=31536000'
+}
+```
+
+Now when your application serves an asset in production, the CDN will store the
+asset for up to a year. Since most CDNs also cache headers of the request, this
+`Cache-Control` will be passed along to all future browsers seeking this asset,
+the browser then knows that it can store this asset for a very long time before
+needing to re-request it.
+
+##### CDNs and URL based Cache Invalidation
+
+Most CDNs will cache contents of an asset based on the complete URL. This means
+that a request to
+
+```
+http://mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com/assets/smile-123.png
+```
+
+Will be a completely different cache from
+
+```
+http://mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com/assets/smile.png
+```
+
+If you want to set far future `max-age` in your `Cache-Control` (and you do),
+then make sure when you change your assets that your cache is invalidated. For
+example when changing the smiley face in an image from yellow to blue, you want
+all visitors of your site to get the new blue face. When using a CDN with the
+Rails asset pipeline `config.assets.digest` is set to true by default so that
+each asset will have a different file name when it is changed. This way you
+don't have to ever manually invalidate any items in your cache. By using a
+different unique asset name instead, your users get the latest asset.
 
 Customizing the Pipeline
 ------------------------
@@ -943,7 +1079,7 @@ gem.
 ```ruby
 config.assets.css_compressor = :yui
 ```
-The other option for compressing CSS if you have the sass-rails gem installed is 
+The other option for compressing CSS if you have the sass-rails gem installed is
 
 ```ruby
 config.assets.css_compressor = :sass
@@ -967,7 +1103,7 @@ The following line invokes `uglifier` for JavaScript compression.
 config.assets.js_compressor = :uglifier
 ```
 
-NOTE: You will need an [ExecJS](https://github.com/sstephenson/execjs#readme)
+NOTE: You will need an [ExecJS](https://github.com/rails/execjs#readme)
 supported runtime in order to use `uglifier`. If you are using Mac OS X or
 Windows you have a JavaScript runtime installed in your operating system.
 
@@ -1018,15 +1154,15 @@ The X-Sendfile header is a directive to the web server to ignore the response
 from the application, and instead serve a specified file from disk. This option
 is off by default, but can be enabled if your server supports it. When enabled,
 this passes responsibility for serving the file to the web server, which is
-faster. Have a look at [send_file](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionController/DataStreaming.html#method-i-send_file) 
+faster. Have a look at [send_file](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionController/DataStreaming.html#method-i-send_file)
 on how to use this feature.
 
-Apache and nginx support this option, which can be enabled in
+Apache and NGINX support this option, which can be enabled in
 `config/environments/production.rb`:
 
 ```ruby
-# config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = "X-Sendfile" # for apache
-# config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = 'X-Accel-Redirect' # for nginx
+# config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = "X-Sendfile" # for Apache
+# config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = 'X-Accel-Redirect' # for NGINX
 ```
 
 WARNING: If you are upgrading an existing application and intend to use this
@@ -1036,7 +1172,7 @@ and any other environments you define with production behavior (not
 
 TIP: For further details have a look at the docs of your production web server:
 - [Apache](https://tn123.org/mod_xsendfile/)
-- [Nginx](http://wiki.nginx.org/XSendfile)
+- [NGINX](http://wiki.nginx.org/XSendfile)
 
 Assets Cache Store
 ------------------
@@ -1056,6 +1192,14 @@ cache store.
 config.assets.cache_store = :memory_store, { size: 32.megabytes }
 ```
 
+To disable the assets cache store:
+
+```ruby
+config.assets.configure do |env|
+  env.cache = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store(:null_store)
+end
+```
+
 Adding Assets to Your Gems
 --------------------------
 
@@ -1151,8 +1295,8 @@ config.assets.digest = true
 
 Rails 4 no longer sets default config values for Sprockets in `test.rb`, so
 `test.rb` now requires Sprockets configuration. The old defaults in the test
-environment are: `config.assets.compile = true`, `config.assets.compress =
-false`, `config.assets.debug = false` and `config.assets.digest = false`.
+environment are: `config.assets.compile = true`, `config.assets.compress = false`,
+`config.assets.debug = false` and `config.assets.digest = false`.
 
 The following should also be added to `Gemfile`:
 
diff --git a/guides/source/association_basics.md b/guides/source/association_basics.md
index 5ec6ae0f21..c3bac320eb 100644
--- a/guides/source/association_basics.md
+++ b/guides/source/association_basics.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Active Record Associations
 ==========================
 
@@ -14,7 +16,7 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 Why Associations?
 -----------------
 
-Why do we need associations between models? Because they make common operations simpler and easier in your code. For example, consider a simple Rails application that includes a model for customers and a model for orders. Each customer can have many orders. Without associations, the model declarations would look like this:
+In Rails, an _association_ is a connection between two Active Record models. Why do we need associations between models? Because they make common operations simpler and easier in your code. For example, consider a simple Rails application that includes a model for customers and a model for orders. Each customer can have many orders. Without associations, the model declarations would look like this:
 
 ```ruby
 class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -69,7 +71,7 @@ To learn more about the different types of associations, read the next section o
 The Types of Associations
 -------------------------
 
-In Rails, an _association_ is a connection between two Active Record models. Associations are implemented using macro-style calls, so that you can declaratively add features to your models. For example, by declaring that one model `belongs_to` another, you instruct Rails to maintain Primary Key-Foreign Key information between instances of the two models, and you also get a number of utility methods added to your model. Rails supports six types of associations:
+Rails supports six types of associations:
 
 * `belongs_to`
 * `has_one`
@@ -78,6 +80,8 @@ In Rails, an _association_ is a connection between two Active Record models. Ass
 * `has_one :through`
 * `has_and_belongs_to_many`
 
+Associations are implemented using macro-style calls, so that you can declaratively add features to your models. For example, by declaring that one model `belongs_to` another, you instruct Rails to maintain [Primary Key](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unique_key)-[Foreign Key](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_key) information between instances of the two models, and you also get a number of utility methods added to your model.
+
 In the remainder of this guide, you'll learn how to declare and use the various forms of associations. But first, a quick introduction to the situations where each association type is appropriate.
 
 ### The `belongs_to` Association
@@ -97,17 +101,17 @@ NOTE: `belongs_to` associations _must_ use the singular term. If you used the pl
 The corresponding migration might look like this:
 
 ```ruby
-class CreateOrders < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class CreateOrders < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
   def change
     create_table :customers do |t|
       t.string :name
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
 
     create_table :orders do |t|
-      t.belongs_to :customer
+      t.belongs_to :customer, index: true
       t.datetime :order_date
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
   end
 end
@@ -128,22 +132,33 @@ end
 The corresponding migration might look like this:
 
 ```ruby
-class CreateSuppliers < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class CreateSuppliers < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
   def change
     create_table :suppliers do |t|
       t.string :name
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
 
     create_table :accounts do |t|
-      t.belongs_to :supplier
+      t.belongs_to :supplier, index: true
       t.string :account_number
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
   end
 end
 ```
 
+Depending on the use case, you might also need to create a unique index and/or
+a foreign key constraint on the supplier column for the accounts table. In this
+case, the column definition might look like this:
+
+```ruby
+create_table :accounts do |t|
+  t.belongs_to :supplier, index: true, unique: true, foreign_key: true
+  # ...
+end
+```
+
 ### The `has_many` Association
 
 A `has_many` association indicates a one-to-many connection with another model. You'll often find this association on the "other side" of a `belongs_to` association. This association indicates that each instance of the model has zero or more instances of another model. For example, in an application containing customers and orders, the customer model could be declared like this:
@@ -161,17 +176,17 @@ NOTE: The name of the other model is pluralized when declaring a `has_many` asso
 The corresponding migration might look like this:
 
 ```ruby
-class CreateCustomers < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class CreateCustomers < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
   def change
     create_table :customers do |t|
       t.string :name
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
 
     create_table :orders do |t|
-      t.belongs_to :customer
+      t.belongs_to :customer, index: true
       t.datetime :order_date
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
   end
 end
@@ -203,35 +218,37 @@ end
 The corresponding migration might look like this:
 
 ```ruby
-class CreateAppointments < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class CreateAppointments < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
   def change
     create_table :physicians do |t|
       t.string :name
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
 
     create_table :patients do |t|
       t.string :name
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
 
     create_table :appointments do |t|
-      t.belongs_to :physician
-      t.belongs_to :patient
+      t.belongs_to :physician, index: true
+      t.belongs_to :patient, index: true
       t.datetime :appointment_date
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
   end
 end
 ```
 
-The collection of join models can be managed via the API. For example, if you assign
+The collection of join models can be managed via the [`has_many` association methods](#has-many-association-reference).
+For example, if you assign:
 
 ```ruby
 physician.patients = patients
 ```
 
-new join models are created for newly associated objects, and if some are gone their rows are deleted.
+Then new join models are automatically created for the newly associated objects.
+If some that existed previously are now missing, then their join rows are automatically deleted.
 
 WARNING: Automatic deletion of join models is direct, no destroy callbacks are triggered.
 
@@ -287,23 +304,23 @@ end
 The corresponding migration might look like this:
 
 ```ruby
-class CreateAccountHistories < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class CreateAccountHistories < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
   def change
     create_table :suppliers do |t|
       t.string :name
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
 
     create_table :accounts do |t|
-      t.belongs_to :supplier
+      t.belongs_to :supplier, index: true
       t.string :account_number
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
 
     create_table :account_histories do |t|
-      t.belongs_to :account
+      t.belongs_to :account, index: true
       t.integer :credit_rating
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
   end
 end
@@ -328,21 +345,21 @@ end
 The corresponding migration might look like this:
 
 ```ruby
-class CreateAssembliesAndParts < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class CreateAssembliesAndParts < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
   def change
     create_table :assemblies do |t|
       t.string :name
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
 
     create_table :parts do |t|
       t.string :part_number
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
 
     create_table :assemblies_parts, id: false do |t|
-      t.belongs_to :assembly
-      t.belongs_to :part
+      t.belongs_to :assembly, index: true
+      t.belongs_to :part, index: true
     end
   end
 end
@@ -367,18 +384,20 @@ end
 The corresponding migration might look like this:
 
 ```ruby
-class CreateSuppliers < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class CreateSuppliers < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
   def change
     create_table :suppliers do |t|
       t.string  :name
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
 
     create_table :accounts do |t|
       t.integer :supplier_id
       t.string  :account_number
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
+
+    add_index :accounts, :supplier_id
   end
 end
 ```
@@ -420,7 +439,7 @@ end
 
 The simplest rule of thumb is that you should set up a `has_many :through` relationship if you need to work with the relationship model as an independent entity. If you don't need to do anything with the relationship model, it may be simpler to set up a `has_and_belongs_to_many` relationship (though you'll need to remember to create the joining table in the database).
 
-You should use `has_many :through` if you need validations, callbacks, or extra attributes on the join model.
+You should use `has_many :through` if you need validations, callbacks or extra attributes on the join model.
 
 ### Polymorphic Associations
 
@@ -447,14 +466,16 @@ Similarly, you can retrieve `@product.pictures`.
 If you have an instance of the `Picture` model, you can get to its parent via `@picture.imageable`. To make this work, you need to declare both a foreign key column and a type column in the model that declares the polymorphic interface:
 
 ```ruby
-class CreatePictures < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class CreatePictures < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
   def change
     create_table :pictures do |t|
       t.string  :name
       t.integer :imageable_id
       t.string  :imageable_type
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
+
+    add_index :pictures, [:imageable_type, :imageable_id]
   end
 end
 ```
@@ -462,12 +483,12 @@ end
 This migration can be simplified by using the `t.references` form:
 
 ```ruby
-class CreatePictures < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class CreatePictures < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
   def change
     create_table :pictures do |t|
       t.string :name
-      t.references :imageable, polymorphic: true
-      t.timestamps
+      t.references :imageable, polymorphic: true, index: true
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
   end
 end
@@ -493,11 +514,11 @@ With this setup, you can retrieve `@employee.subordinates` and `@employee.manage
 In your migrations/schema, you will add a references column to the model itself.
 
 ```ruby
-class CreateEmployees < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class CreateEmployees < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
   def change
     create_table :employees do |t|
-      t.references :manager
-      t.timestamps
+      t.references :manager, index: true
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
   end
 end
@@ -554,13 +575,15 @@ end
 This declaration needs to be backed up by the proper foreign key declaration on the orders table:
 
 ```ruby
-class CreateOrders < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class CreateOrders < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
   def change
     create_table :orders do |t|
       t.datetime :order_date
       t.string   :order_number
       t.integer  :customer_id
     end
+
+    add_index :orders, :customer_id
   end
 end
 ```
@@ -571,7 +594,7 @@ If you create an association some time after you build the underlying model, you
 
 If you create a `has_and_belongs_to_many` association, you need to explicitly create the joining table. Unless the name of the join table is explicitly specified by using the `:join_table` option, Active Record creates the name by using the lexical order of the class names. So a join between customer and order models will give the default join table name of "customers_orders" because "c" outranks "o" in lexical ordering.
 
-WARNING: The precedence between model names is calculated using the `<` operator for `String`. This means that if the strings are of different lengths, and the strings are equal when compared up to the shortest length, then the longer string is considered of higher lexical precedence than the shorter one. For example, one would expect the tables "paper\_boxes" and "papers" to generate a join table name of "papers\_paper\_boxes" because of the length of the name "paper\_boxes", but it in fact generates a join table name of "paper\_boxes\_papers" (because the underscore '\_' is lexicographically _less_ than 's' in common encodings).
+WARNING: The precedence between model names is calculated using the `<=>` operator for `String`. This means that if the strings are of different lengths, and the strings are equal when compared up to the shortest length, then the longer string is considered of higher lexical precedence than the shorter one. For example, one would expect the tables "paper_boxes" and "papers" to generate a join table name of "papers_paper_boxes" because of the length of the name "paper_boxes", but it in fact generates a join table name of "paper_boxes_papers" (because the underscore '\_' is lexicographically _less_ than 's' in common encodings).
 
 Whatever the name, you must manually generate the join table with an appropriate migration. For example, consider these associations:
 
@@ -588,17 +611,33 @@ end
 These need to be backed up by a migration to create the `assemblies_parts` table. This table should be created without a primary key:
 
 ```ruby
-class CreateAssembliesPartsJoinTable < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class CreateAssembliesPartsJoinTable < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
   def change
     create_table :assemblies_parts, id: false do |t|
       t.integer :assembly_id
       t.integer :part_id
     end
+
+    add_index :assemblies_parts, :assembly_id
+    add_index :assemblies_parts, :part_id
   end
 end
 ```
 
-We pass `id: false` to `create_table` because that table does not represent a model. That's required for the association to work properly. If you observe any strange behavior in a `has_and_belongs_to_many` association like mangled models IDs, or exceptions about conflicting IDs, chances are you forgot that bit.
+We pass `id: false` to `create_table` because that table does not represent a model. That's required for the association to work properly. If you observe any strange behavior in a `has_and_belongs_to_many` association like mangled model IDs, or exceptions about conflicting IDs, chances are you forgot that bit.
+
+You can also use the method `create_join_table`
+
+```ruby
+class CreateAssembliesPartsJoinTable < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
+  def change
+    create_join_table :assemblies, :parts do |t|
+      t.index :assembly_id
+      t.index :part_id
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
 
 ### Controlling Association Scope
 
@@ -680,7 +719,7 @@ c.first_name = 'Manny'
 c.first_name == o.customer.first_name # => false
 ```
 
-This happens because c and o.customer are two different in-memory representations of the same data, and neither one is automatically refreshed from changes to the other. Active Record provides the `:inverse_of` option so that you can inform it of these relations:
+This happens because `c` and `o.customer` are two different in-memory representations of the same data, and neither one is automatically refreshed from changes to the other. Active Record provides the `:inverse_of` option so that you can inform it of these relations:
 
 ```ruby
 class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -715,10 +754,10 @@ Most associations with standard names will be supported. However, associations
 that contain the following options will not have their inverses set
 automatically:
 
-* :conditions
-* :through
-* :polymorphic
-* :foreign_key
+* `:conditions`
+* `:through`
+* `:polymorphic`
+* `:foreign_key`
 
 Detailed Association Reference
 ------------------------------
@@ -733,7 +772,7 @@ The `belongs_to` association creates a one-to-one match with another model. In d
 
 When you declare a `belongs_to` association, the declaring class automatically gains five methods related to the association:
 
-* `association(force_reload = false)`
+* `association`
 * `association=(associate)`
 * `build_association(attributes = {})`
 * `create_association(attributes = {})`
@@ -747,7 +786,7 @@ class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 ```
 
-Each instance of the order model will have these methods:
+Each instance of the `Order` model will have these methods:
 
 ```ruby
 customer
@@ -759,7 +798,7 @@ create_customer!
 
 NOTE: When initializing a new `has_one` or `belongs_to` association you must use the `build_` prefix to build the association, rather than the `association.build` method that would be used for `has_many` or `has_and_belongs_to_many` associations. To create one, use the `create_` prefix.
 
-##### `association(force_reload = false)`
+##### `association`
 
 The `association` method returns the associated object, if any. If no associated object is found, it returns `nil`.
 
@@ -767,11 +806,15 @@ The `association` method returns the associated object, if any. If no associated
 @customer = @order.customer
 ```
 
-If the associated object has already been retrieved from the database for this object, the cached version will be returned. To override this behavior (and force a database read), pass `true` as the `force_reload` argument.
+If the associated object has already been retrieved from the database for this object, the cached version will be returned. To override this behavior (and force a database read), call `#reload` on the parent object.
+
+```ruby
+@customer = @order.reload.customer
+```
 
 ##### `association=(associate)`
 
-The `association=` method assigns an associated object to this object. Behind the scenes, this means extracting the primary key from the associate object and setting this object's foreign key to the same value.
+The `association=` method assigns an associated object to this object. Behind the scenes, this means extracting the primary key from the associated object and setting this object's foreign key to the same value.
 
 ```ruby
 @order.customer = @customer
@@ -818,10 +861,12 @@ The `belongs_to` association supports these options:
 * `:counter_cache`
 * `:dependent`
 * `:foreign_key`
+* `:primary_key`
 * `:inverse_of`
 * `:polymorphic`
 * `:touch`
 * `:validate`
+* `:optional`
 
 ##### `:autosave`
 
@@ -863,7 +908,14 @@ end
 
 With this declaration, Rails will keep the cache value up to date, and then return that value in response to the `size` method.
 
-Although the `:counter_cache` option is specified on the model that includes the `belongs_to` declaration, the actual column must be added to the _associated_ model. In the case above, you would need to add a column named `orders_count` to the `Customer` model. You can override the default column name if you need to:
+Although the `:counter_cache` option is specified on the model that includes
+the `belongs_to` declaration, the actual column must be added to the
+_associated_ (`has_many`) model. In the case above, you would need to add a
+column named `orders_count` to the `Customer` model.
+
+You can override the default column name by specifying a custom column name in
+the `counter_cache` declaration instead of `true`. For example, to use
+`count_of_orders` instead of `orders_count`:
 
 ```ruby
 class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -874,6 +926,9 @@ class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 ```
 
+NOTE: You only need to specify the :counter_cache option on the `belongs_to`
+side of the association.
+
 Counter cache columns are added to the containing model's list of read-only attributes through `attr_readonly`.
 
 ##### `:dependent`
@@ -881,8 +936,11 @@ If you set the `:dependent` option to:
 
 * `:destroy`, when the object is destroyed, `destroy` will be called on its
 associated objects.
-* `:delete`, when the object is destroyed, all its associated objects will be
+* `:delete_all`, when the object is destroyed, all its associated objects will be
 deleted directly from the database without calling their `destroy` method.
+* `:nullify`, causes the foreign key to be set to `NULL`. Callbacks are not executed.
+* `:restrict_with_exception`, causes an exception to be raised if there is an associated record
+* `:restrict_with_error`, causes an error to be added to the owner if there is an associated object
 
 WARNING: You should not specify this option on a `belongs_to` association that is connected with a `has_many` association on the other class. Doing so can lead to orphaned records in your database.
 
@@ -899,6 +957,26 @@ end
 
 TIP: In any case, Rails will not create foreign key columns for you. You need to explicitly define them as part of your migrations.
 
+##### `:primary_key`
+
+By convention, Rails assumes that the `id` column is used to hold the primary key
+of its tables. The `:primary_key` option allows you to specify a different column.
+
+For example, given we have a `users` table with `guid` as the primary key. If we want a separate `todos` table to hold the foreign key `user_id` in the `guid` column, then we can use `primary_key` to achieve this like so:
+
+```ruby
+class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.primary_key = 'guid' # primary key is guid and not id
+end
+
+class Todo < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :user, primary_key: 'guid'
+end
+```
+
+When we execute `@user.todos.create` then the `@todo` record will have its
+`user_id` value as the `guid` value of `@user`.
+
 ##### `:inverse_of`
 
 The `:inverse_of` option specifies the name of the `has_many` or `has_one` association that is the inverse of this association. Does not work in combination with the `:polymorphic` options.
@@ -919,7 +997,7 @@ Passing `true` to the `:polymorphic` option indicates that this is a polymorphic
 
 ##### `:touch`
 
-If you set the `:touch` option to `:true`, then the `updated_at` or `updated_on` timestamp on the associated object will be set to the current time whenever this object is saved or destroyed:
+If you set the `:touch` option to `true`, then the `updated_at` or `updated_on` timestamp on the associated object will be set to the current time whenever this object is saved or destroyed:
 
 ```ruby
 class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -943,6 +1021,11 @@ end
 
 If you set the `:validate` option to `true`, then associated objects will be validated whenever you save this object. By default, this is `false`: associated objects will not be validated when this object is saved.
 
+##### `:optional`
+
+If you set the `:optional` option to `true`, then the presence of the associated
+object won't be validated. By default, this option is set to `false`.
+
 #### Scopes for `belongs_to`
 
 There may be times when you wish to customize the query used by `belongs_to`. Such customizations can be achieved via a scope block. For example:
@@ -1041,7 +1124,7 @@ The `has_one` association creates a one-to-one match with another model. In data
 
 When you declare a `has_one` association, the declaring class automatically gains five methods related to the association:
 
-* `association(force_reload = false)`
+* `association`
 * `association=(associate)`
 * `build_association(attributes = {})`
 * `create_association(attributes = {})`
@@ -1067,7 +1150,7 @@ create_account!
 
 NOTE: When initializing a new `has_one` or `belongs_to` association you must use the `build_` prefix to build the association, rather than the `association.build` method that would be used for `has_many` or `has_and_belongs_to_many` associations. To create one, use the `create_` prefix.
 
-##### `association(force_reload = false)`
+##### `association`
 
 The `association` method returns the associated object, if any. If no associated object is found, it returns `nil`.
 
@@ -1075,11 +1158,15 @@ The `association` method returns the associated object, if any. If no associated
 @account = @supplier.account
 ```
 
-If the associated object has already been retrieved from the database for this object, the cached version will be returned. To override this behavior (and force a database read), pass `true` as the `force_reload` argument.
+If the associated object has already been retrieved from the database for this object, the cached version will be returned. To override this behavior (and force a database read), call `#reload` on the parent object.
+
+```ruby
+@account = @supplier.reload.account
+```
 
 ##### `association=(associate)`
 
-The `association=` method assigns an associated object to this object. Behind the scenes, this means extracting the primary key from this object and setting the associate object's foreign key to the same value.
+The `association=` method assigns an associated object to this object. Behind the scenes, this means extracting the primary key from this object and setting the associated object's foreign key to the same value.
 
 ```ruby
 @supplier.account = @account
@@ -1131,7 +1218,7 @@ The `has_one` association supports these options:
 
 ##### `:as`
 
-Setting the `:as` option indicates that this is a polymorphic association. Polymorphic associations were discussed in detail <a href="#polymorphic-associations">earlier in this guide</a>.
+Setting the `:as` option indicates that this is a polymorphic association. Polymorphic associations were discussed in detail [earlier in this guide](#polymorphic-associations).
 
 ##### `:autosave`
 
@@ -1160,8 +1247,8 @@ Controls what happens to the associated object when its owner is destroyed:
 It's necessary not to set or leave `:nullify` option for those associations
 that have `NOT NULL` database constraints. If you don't set `dependent` to
 destroy such associations you won't be able to change the associated object
-because initial associated object foreign key will be set to unallowed `NULL`
-value.
+because the initial associated object's foreign key will be set to the
+unallowed `NULL` value.
 
 ##### `:foreign_key`
 
@@ -1203,7 +1290,7 @@ The `:source_type` option specifies the source association type for a `has_one :
 
 ##### `:through`
 
-The `:through` option specifies a join model through which to perform the query. `has_one :through` associations were discussed in detail <a href="#the-has-one-through-association">earlier in this guide</a>.
+The `:through` option specifies a join model through which to perform the query. `has_one :through` associations were discussed in detail [earlier in this guide](#the-has-one-through-association).
 
 ##### `:validate`
 
@@ -1308,13 +1395,13 @@ The `has_many` association creates a one-to-many relationship with another model
 
 When you declare a `has_many` association, the declaring class automatically gains 16 methods related to the association:
 
-* `collection(force_reload = false)`
+* `collection`
 * `collection<<(object, ...)`
 * `collection.delete(object, ...)`
 * `collection.destroy(object, ...)`
-* `collection=objects`
+* `collection=(objects)`
 * `collection_singular_ids`
-* `collection_singular_ids=ids`
+* `collection_singular_ids=(ids)`
 * `collection.clear`
 * `collection.empty?`
 * `collection.size`
@@ -1333,16 +1420,16 @@ class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 ```
 
-Each instance of the customer model will have these methods:
+Each instance of the `Customer` model will have these methods:
 
 ```ruby
-orders(force_reload = false)
+orders
 orders<<(object, ...)
 orders.delete(object, ...)
 orders.destroy(object, ...)
-orders=objects
+orders=(objects)
 order_ids
-order_ids=ids
+order_ids=(ids)
 orders.clear
 orders.empty?
 orders.size
@@ -1354,7 +1441,7 @@ orders.create(attributes = {})
 orders.create!(attributes = {})
 ```
 
-##### `collection(force_reload = false)`
+##### `collection`
 
 The `collection` method returns an array of all of the associated objects. If there are no associated objects, it returns an empty array.
 
@@ -1390,7 +1477,7 @@ The `collection.destroy` method removes one or more objects from the collection
 
 WARNING: Objects will _always_ be removed from the database, ignoring the `:dependent` option.
 
-##### `collection=objects`
+##### `collection=(objects)`
 
 The `collection=` method makes the collection contain only the supplied objects, by adding and deleting as appropriate.
 
@@ -1402,13 +1489,20 @@ The `collection_singular_ids` method returns an array of the ids of the objects
 @order_ids = @customer.order_ids
 ```
 
-##### `collection_singular_ids=ids`
+##### `collection_singular_ids=(ids)`
 
 The `collection_singular_ids=` method makes the collection contain only the objects identified by the supplied primary key values, by adding and deleting as appropriate.
 
 ##### `collection.clear`
 
-The `collection.clear` method removes every object from the collection. This destroys the associated objects if they are associated with `dependent: :destroy`, deletes them directly from the database if `dependent: :delete_all`, and otherwise sets their foreign keys to `NULL`.
+The `collection.clear` method removes all objects from the collection according to the strategy specified by the `dependent` option. If no option is given, it follows the default strategy. The default strategy for `has_many :through` associations is `delete_all`, and for `has_many` associations is to set the foreign keys to `NULL`.
+
+```ruby
+@customer.orders.clear
+```
+
+WARNING: Objects will be deleted if they're associated with `dependent: :destroy`,
+just like `dependent: :delete_all`.
 
 ##### `collection.empty?`
 
@@ -1447,24 +1541,36 @@ The `collection.where` method finds objects within the collection based on the c
 
 ##### `collection.exists?(...)`
 
-The `collection.exists?` method checks whether an object meeting the supplied conditions exists in the collection. It uses the same syntax and options as `ActiveRecord::Base.exists?`.
+The `collection.exists?` method checks whether an object meeting the supplied
+conditions exists in the collection. It uses the same syntax and options as
+[`ActiveRecord::Base.exists?`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/FinderMethods.html#method-i-exists-3F).
 
 ##### `collection.build(attributes = {}, ...)`
 
-The `collection.build` method returns one or more new objects of the associated type. These objects will be instantiated from the passed attributes, and the link through their foreign key will be created, but the associated objects will _not_ yet be saved.
+The `collection.build` method returns a single or array of new objects of the associated type. The object(s) will be instantiated from the passed attributes, and the link through their foreign key will be created, but the associated objects will _not_ yet be saved.
 
 ```ruby
 @order = @customer.orders.build(order_date: Time.now,
                                 order_number: "A12345")
+
+@orders = @customer.orders.build([
+  { order_date: Time.now, order_number: "A12346" },
+  { order_date: Time.now, order_number: "A12347" }
+])
 ```
 
 ##### `collection.create(attributes = {})`
 
-The `collection.create` method returns a new object of the associated type. This object will be instantiated from the passed attributes, the link through its foreign key will be created, and, once it passes all of the validations specified on the associated model, the associated object _will_ be saved.
+The `collection.create` method returns a single or array of new objects of the associated type. The object(s) will be instantiated from the passed attributes, the link through its foreign key will be created, and, once it passes all of the validations specified on the associated model, the associated object _will_ be saved.
 
 ```ruby
 @order = @customer.orders.create(order_date: Time.now,
                                  order_number: "A12345")
+
+@orders = @customer.orders.create([
+  { order_date: Time.now, order_number: "A12346" },
+  { order_date: Time.now, order_number: "A12347" }
+])
 ```
 
 ##### `collection.create!(attributes = {})`
@@ -1477,7 +1583,7 @@ While Rails uses intelligent defaults that will work well in most situations, th
 
 ```ruby
 class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
-  has_many :orders, dependent: :delete_all, validate: :false
+  has_many :orders, dependent: :delete_all, validate: false
 end
 ```
 
@@ -1486,6 +1592,7 @@ The `has_many` association supports these options:
 * `:as`
 * `:autosave`
 * `:class_name`
+* `:counter_cache`
 * `:dependent`
 * `:foreign_key`
 * `:inverse_of`
@@ -1497,7 +1604,7 @@ The `has_many` association supports these options:
 
 ##### `:as`
 
-Setting the `:as` option indicates that this is a polymorphic association, as discussed <a href="#polymorphic-associations">earlier in this guide</a>.
+Setting the `:as` option indicates that this is a polymorphic association, as discussed [earlier in this guide](#polymorphic-associations).
 
 ##### `:autosave`
 
@@ -1513,6 +1620,10 @@ class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 ```
 
+##### `:counter_cache`
+
+This option can be used to configure a custom named `:counter_cache`. You only need this option when you customized the name of your `:counter_cache` on the [belongs_to association](#options-for-belongs-to).
+
 ##### `:dependent`
 
 Controls what happens to the associated objects when their owner is destroyed:
@@ -1523,8 +1634,6 @@ Controls what happens to the associated objects when their owner is destroyed:
 * `:restrict_with_exception` causes an exception to be raised if there are any associated records
 * `:restrict_with_error` causes an error to be added to the owner if there are any associated objects
 
-NOTE: This option is ignored when you use the `:through` option on the association.
-
 ##### `:foreign_key`
 
 By convention, Rails assumes that the column used to hold the foreign key on the other model is the name of this model with the suffix `_id` added. The `:foreign_key` option lets you set the name of the foreign key directly:
@@ -1555,9 +1664,10 @@ end
 
 By convention, Rails assumes that the column used to hold the primary key of the association is `id`. You can override this and explicitly specify the primary key with the `:primary_key` option.
 
-Let's say that `users` table has `id` as the primary_key but it also has
-`guid` column. And the requirement is that `todos` table should hold
-`guid` column value and not `id` value. This can be achieved like this
+Let's say the `users` table has `id` as the primary_key but it also
+has a `guid` column. The requirement is that the `todos` table should
+hold the `guid` column value as the foreign key and not `id`
+value. This can be achieved like this:
 
 ```ruby
 class User < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -1565,8 +1675,8 @@ class User < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 ```
 
-Now if we execute `@user.todos.create` then `@todo` record will have
-`user_id` value as the `guid` value of `@user`.
+Now if we execute `@todo = @user.todos.create` then the `@todo`
+record's `user_id` value will be the `guid` value of `@user`.
 
 
 ##### `:source`
@@ -1579,7 +1689,7 @@ The `:source_type` option specifies the source association type for a `has_many
 
 ##### `:through`
 
-The `:through` option specifies a join model through which to perform the query. `has_many :through` associations provide a way to implement many-to-many relationships, as discussed <a href="#the-has-many-through-association">earlier in this guide</a>.
+The `:through` option specifies a join model through which to perform the query. `has_many :through` associations provide a way to implement many-to-many relationships, as discussed [earlier in this guide](#the-has-many-through-association).
 
 ##### `:validate`
 
@@ -1606,7 +1716,7 @@ You can use any of the standard [querying methods](active_record_querying.html)
 * `order`
 * `readonly`
 * `select`
-* `uniq`
+* `distinct`
 
 ##### `where`
 
@@ -1632,7 +1742,7 @@ If you use a hash-style `where` option, then record creation via this associatio
 
 ##### `extending`
 
-The `extending` method specifies a named module to extend the association proxy. Association extensions are discussed in detail <a href="#association-extensions">later in this guide</a>.
+The `extending` method specifies a named module to extend the association proxy. Association extensions are discussed in detail [later in this guide](#association-extensions).
 
 ##### `group`
 
@@ -1725,58 +1835,58 @@ mostly useful together with the `:through` option.
 ```ruby
 class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :readings
-  has_many :posts, through: :readings
+  has_many :articles, through: :readings
 end
 
 person = Person.create(name: 'John')
-post   = Post.create(name: 'a1')
-person.posts << post
-person.posts << post
-person.posts.inspect # => [#<Post id: 5, name: "a1">, #<Post id: 5, name: "a1">]
-Reading.all.inspect  # => [#<Reading id: 12, person_id: 5, post_id: 5>, #<Reading id: 13, person_id: 5, post_id: 5>]
+article   = Article.create(name: 'a1')
+person.articles << article
+person.articles << article
+person.articles.inspect # => [#<Article id: 5, name: "a1">, #<Article id: 5, name: "a1">]
+Reading.all.inspect  # => [#<Reading id: 12, person_id: 5, article_id: 5>, #<Reading id: 13, person_id: 5, article_id: 5>]
 ```
 
-In the above case there are two readings and `person.posts` brings out both of
-them even though these records are pointing to the same post.
+In the above case there are two readings and `person.articles` brings out both of
+them even though these records are pointing to the same article.
 
 Now let's set `distinct`:
 
 ```ruby
 class Person
   has_many :readings
-  has_many :posts, -> { distinct }, through: :readings
+  has_many :articles, -> { distinct }, through: :readings
 end
 
 person = Person.create(name: 'Honda')
-post   = Post.create(name: 'a1')
-person.posts << post
-person.posts << post
-person.posts.inspect # => [#<Post id: 7, name: "a1">]
-Reading.all.inspect  # => [#<Reading id: 16, person_id: 7, post_id: 7>, #<Reading id: 17, person_id: 7, post_id: 7>]
+article   = Article.create(name: 'a1')
+person.articles << article
+person.articles << article
+person.articles.inspect # => [#<Article id: 7, name: "a1">]
+Reading.all.inspect  # => [#<Reading id: 16, person_id: 7, article_id: 7>, #<Reading id: 17, person_id: 7, article_id: 7>]
 ```
 
-In the above case there are still two readings. However `person.posts` shows
-only one post because the collection loads only unique records.
+In the above case there are still two readings. However `person.articles` shows
+only one article because the collection loads only unique records.
 
 If you want to make sure that, upon insertion, all of the records in the
 persisted association are distinct (so that you can be sure that when you
 inspect the association that you will never find duplicate records), you should
 add a unique index on the table itself. For example, if you have a table named
-`person_posts` and you want to make sure all the posts are unique, you could
+`person_articles` and you want to make sure all the articles are unique, you could
 add the following in a migration:
 
 ```ruby
-add_index :person_posts, :post, unique: true
+add_index :person_articles, :article, unique: true
 ```
 
 Note that checking for uniqueness using something like `include?` is subject
 to race conditions. Do not attempt to use `include?` to enforce distinctness
-in an association. For instance, using the post example from above, the
+in an association. For instance, using the article example from above, the
 following code would be racy because multiple users could be attempting this
 at the same time:
 
 ```ruby
-person.posts << post unless person.posts.include?(post)
+person.articles << article unless person.articles.include?(article)
 ```
 
 #### When are Objects Saved?
@@ -1797,13 +1907,13 @@ The `has_and_belongs_to_many` association creates a many-to-many relationship wi
 
 When you declare a `has_and_belongs_to_many` association, the declaring class automatically gains 16 methods related to the association:
 
-* `collection(force_reload = false)`
+* `collection`
 * `collection<<(object, ...)`
 * `collection.delete(object, ...)`
 * `collection.destroy(object, ...)`
-* `collection=objects`
+* `collection=(objects)`
 * `collection_singular_ids`
-* `collection_singular_ids=ids`
+* `collection_singular_ids=(ids)`
 * `collection.clear`
 * `collection.empty?`
 * `collection.size`
@@ -1822,16 +1932,16 @@ class Part < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 ```
 
-Each instance of the part model will have these methods:
+Each instance of the `Part` model will have these methods:
 
 ```ruby
-assemblies(force_reload = false)
+assemblies
 assemblies<<(object, ...)
 assemblies.delete(object, ...)
 assemblies.destroy(object, ...)
-assemblies=objects
+assemblies=(objects)
 assembly_ids
-assembly_ids=ids
+assembly_ids=(ids)
 assemblies.clear
 assemblies.empty?
 assemblies.size
@@ -1850,7 +1960,7 @@ If the join table for a `has_and_belongs_to_many` association has additional col
 WARNING: The use of extra attributes on the join table in a `has_and_belongs_to_many` association is deprecated. If you require this sort of complex behavior on the table that joins two models in a many-to-many relationship, you should use a `has_many :through` association instead of `has_and_belongs_to_many`.
 
 
-##### `collection(force_reload = false)`
+##### `collection`
 
 The `collection` method returns an array of all of the associated objects. If there are no associated objects, it returns an empty array.
 
@@ -1886,7 +1996,7 @@ The `collection.destroy` method removes one or more objects from the collection
 @part.assemblies.destroy(@assembly1)
 ```
 
-##### `collection=objects`
+##### `collection=(objects)`
 
 The `collection=` method makes the collection contain only the supplied objects, by adding and deleting as appropriate.
 
@@ -1898,7 +2008,7 @@ The `collection_singular_ids` method returns an array of the ids of the objects
 @assembly_ids = @part.assembly_ids
 ```
 
-##### `collection_singular_ids=ids`
+##### `collection_singular_ids=(ids)`
 
 The `collection_singular_ids=` method makes the collection contain only the objects identified by the supplied primary key values, by adding and deleting as appropriate.
 
@@ -1942,7 +2052,9 @@ The `collection.where` method finds objects within the collection based on the c
 
 ##### `collection.exists?(...)`
 
-The `collection.exists?` method checks whether an object meeting the supplied conditions exists in the collection. It uses the same syntax and options as `ActiveRecord::Base.exists?`.
+The `collection.exists?` method checks whether an object meeting the supplied
+conditions exists in the collection. It uses the same syntax and options as
+[`ActiveRecord::Base.exists?`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/FinderMethods.html#method-i-exists-3F).
 
 ##### `collection.build(attributes = {})`
 
@@ -1970,8 +2082,8 @@ While Rails uses intelligent defaults that will work well in most situations, th
 
 ```ruby
 class Parts < ActiveRecord::Base
-  has_and_belongs_to_many :assemblies, autosave: true,
-                                       readonly: true
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :assemblies, -> { readonly },
+                                       autosave: true
 end
 ```
 
@@ -1983,7 +2095,6 @@ The `has_and_belongs_to_many` association supports these options:
 * `:foreign_key`
 * `:join_table`
 * `:validate`
-* `:readonly`
 
 ##### `:association_foreign_key`
 
@@ -2056,7 +2167,7 @@ You can use any of the standard [querying methods](active_record_querying.html)
 * `order`
 * `readonly`
 * `select`
-* `uniq`
+* `distinct`
 
 ##### `where`
 
@@ -2082,7 +2193,7 @@ If you use a hash-style `where`, then record creation via this association will
 
 ##### `extending`
 
-The `extending` method specifies a named module to extend the association proxy. Association extensions are discussed in detail <a href="#association-extensions">later in this guide</a>.
+The `extending` method specifies a named module to extend the association proxy. Association extensions are discussed in detail [later in this guide](#association-extensions).
 
 ##### `group`
 
@@ -2132,9 +2243,9 @@ If you use the `readonly` method, then the associated objects will be read-only
 
 The `select` method lets you override the SQL `SELECT` clause that is used to retrieve data about the associated objects. By default, Rails retrieves all columns.
 
-##### `uniq`
+##### `distinct`
 
-Use the `uniq` method to remove duplicates from the collection.
+Use the `distinct` method to remove duplicates from the collection.
 
 #### When are Objects Saved?
 
@@ -2227,3 +2338,67 @@ Extensions can refer to the internals of the association proxy using these three
 * `proxy_association.owner` returns the object that the association is a part of.
 * `proxy_association.reflection` returns the reflection object that describes the association.
 * `proxy_association.target` returns the associated object for `belongs_to` or `has_one`, or the collection of associated objects for `has_many` or `has_and_belongs_to_many`.
+
+Single Table Inheritance
+------------------------
+
+Sometimes, you may want to share fields and behavior between different models.
+Let's say we have Car, Motorcycle and Bicycle models. We will want to share
+the `color` and `price` fields and some methods for all of them, but having some
+specific behavior for each, and separated controllers too.
+
+Rails makes this quite easy. First, let's generate the base Vehicle model:
+
+```bash
+$ rails generate model vehicle type:string color:string price:decimal{10.2}
+```
+
+Did you note we are adding a "type" field? Since all models will be saved in a
+single database table, Rails will save in this column the name of the model that
+is being saved. In our example, this can be "Car", "Motorcycle" or "Bicycle."
+STI won't work without a "type" field in the table.
+
+Next, we will generate the three models that inherit from Vehicle. For this,
+we can use the `--parent=PARENT` option, which will generate a model that
+inherits from the specified parent and without equivalent migration (since the
+table already exists).
+
+For example, to generate the Car model:
+
+```bash
+$ rails generate model car --parent=Vehicle
+```
+
+The generated model will look like this:
+
+```ruby
+class Car < Vehicle
+end
+```
+
+This means that all behavior added to Vehicle is available for Car too, as
+associations, public methods, etc.
+
+Creating a car will save it in the `vehicles` table with "Car" as the `type` field:
+
+```ruby
+Car.create(color: 'Red', price: 10000)
+```
+
+will generate the following SQL:
+
+```sql
+INSERT INTO "vehicles" ("type", "color", "price") VALUES ('Car', 'Red', 10000)
+```
+
+Querying car records will just search for vehicles that are cars:
+
+```ruby
+Car.all
+```
+
+will run a query like:
+
+```sql
+SELECT "vehicles".* FROM "vehicles" WHERE "vehicles"."type" IN ('Car')
+```
diff --git a/guides/source/autoloading_and_reloading_constants.md b/guides/source/autoloading_and_reloading_constants.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a39b975c3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/autoloading_and_reloading_constants.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1314 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
+Autoloading and Reloading Constants
+===================================
+
+This guide documents how constant autoloading and reloading works.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* Key aspects of Ruby constants
+* What is `autoload_paths`
+* How constant autoloading works
+* What is `require_dependency`
+* How constant reloading works
+* Solutions to common autoloading gotchas
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+Introduction
+------------
+
+Ruby on Rails allows applications to be written as if their code was preloaded.
+
+In a normal Ruby program classes need to load their dependencies:
+
+```ruby
+require 'application_controller'
+require 'post'
+
+class PostsController < ApplicationController
+  def index
+    @posts = Post.all
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Our Rubyist instinct quickly sees some redundancy in there: If classes were
+defined in files matching their name, couldn't their loading be automated
+somehow? We could save scanning the file for dependencies, which is brittle.
+
+Moreover, `Kernel#require` loads files once, but development is much more smooth
+if code gets refreshed when it changes without restarting the server. It would
+be nice to be able to use `Kernel#load` in development, and `Kernel#require` in
+production.
+
+Indeed, those features are provided by Ruby on Rails, where we just write
+
+```ruby
+class PostsController < ApplicationController
+  def index
+    @posts = Post.all
+  end
+end
+```
+
+This guide documents how that works.
+
+
+Constants Refresher
+-------------------
+
+While constants are trivial in most programming languages, they are a rich
+topic in Ruby.
+
+It is beyond the scope of this guide to document Ruby constants, but we are
+nevertheless going to highlight a few key topics. Truly grasping the following
+sections is instrumental to understanding constant autoloading and reloading.
+
+### Nesting
+
+Class and module definitions can be nested to create namespaces:
+
+```ruby
+module XML
+  class SAXParser
+    # (1)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The *nesting* at any given place is the collection of enclosing nested class and
+module objects outwards. The nesting at any given place can be inspected with
+`Module.nesting`. For example, in the previous example, the nesting at
+(1) is
+
+```ruby
+[XML::SAXParser, XML]
+```
+
+It is important to understand that the nesting is composed of class and module
+*objects*, it has nothing to do with the constants used to access them, and is
+also unrelated to their names.
+
+For instance, while this definition is similar to the previous one:
+
+```ruby
+class XML::SAXParser
+  # (2)
+end
+```
+
+the nesting in (2) is different:
+
+```ruby
+[XML::SAXParser]
+```
+
+`XML` does not belong to it.
+
+We can see in this example that the name of a class or module that belongs to a
+certain nesting does not necessarily correlate with the namespaces at the spot.
+
+Even more, they are totally independent, take for instance
+
+```ruby
+module X
+  module Y
+  end
+end
+
+module A
+  module B
+  end
+end
+
+module X::Y
+  module A::B
+    # (3)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The nesting in (3) consists of two module objects:
+
+```ruby
+[A::B, X::Y]
+```
+
+So, it not only doesn't end in `A`, which does not even belong to the nesting,
+but it also contains `X::Y`, which is independent from `A::B`.
+
+The nesting is an internal stack maintained by the interpreter, and it gets
+modified according to these rules:
+
+* The class object following a `class` keyword gets pushed when its body is
+executed, and popped after it.
+
+* The module object following a `module` keyword gets pushed when its body is
+executed, and popped after it.
+
+* A singleton class opened with `class << object` gets pushed, and popped later.
+
+* When `instance_eval` is called using a string argument,
+the singleton class of the receiver is pushed to the nesting of the eval'ed
+code. When `class_eval` or `module_eval` is called using a string argument,
+the receiver is pushed to the nesting of the eval'ed code.
+
+* The nesting at the top-level of code interpreted by `Kernel#load` is empty
+unless the `load` call receives a true value as second argument, in which case
+a newly created anonymous module is pushed by Ruby.
+
+It is interesting to observe that blocks do not modify the stack. In particular
+the blocks that may be passed to `Class.new` and `Module.new` do not get the
+class or module being defined pushed to their nesting. That's one of the
+differences between defining classes and modules in one way or another.
+
+### Class and Module Definitions are Constant Assignments
+
+Let's suppose the following snippet creates a class (rather than reopening it):
+
+```ruby
+class C
+end
+```
+
+Ruby creates a constant `C` in `Object` and stores in that constant a class
+object. The name of the class instance is "C", a string, named after the
+constant.
+
+That is,
+
+```ruby
+class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+```
+
+performs a constant assignment equivalent to
+
+```ruby
+Project = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
+```
+
+including setting the name of the class as a side-effect:
+
+```ruby
+Project.name # => "Project"
+```
+
+Constant assignment has a special rule to make that happen: if the object
+being assigned is an anonymous class or module, Ruby sets the object's name to
+the name of the constant.
+
+INFO. From then on, what happens to the constant and the instance does not
+matter. For example, the constant could be deleted, the class object could be
+assigned to a different constant, be stored in no constant anymore, etc. Once
+the name is set, it doesn't change.
+
+Similarly, module creation using the `module` keyword as in
+
+```ruby
+module Admin
+end
+```
+
+performs a constant assignment equivalent to
+
+```ruby
+Admin = Module.new
+```
+
+including setting the name as a side-effect:
+
+```ruby
+Admin.name # => "Admin"
+```
+
+WARNING. The execution context of a block passed to `Class.new` or `Module.new`
+is not entirely equivalent to the one of the body of the definitions using the
+`class` and `module` keywords. But both idioms result in the same constant
+assignment.
+
+Thus, when one informally says "the `String` class", that really means: the
+class object stored in the constant called "String" in the class object stored
+in the `Object` constant. `String` is otherwise an ordinary Ruby constant and
+everything related to constants such as resolution algorithms applies to it.
+
+Likewise, in the controller
+
+```ruby
+class PostsController < ApplicationController
+  def index
+    @posts = Post.all
+  end
+end
+```
+
+`Post` is not syntax for a class. Rather, `Post` is a regular Ruby constant. If
+all is good, the constant is evaluated to an object that responds to `all`.
+
+That is why we talk about *constant* autoloading, Rails has the ability to
+load constants on the fly.
+
+### Constants are Stored in Modules
+
+Constants belong to modules in a very literal sense. Classes and modules have
+a constant table; think of it as a hash table.
+
+Let's analyze an example to really understand what that means. While common
+abuses of language like "the `String` class" are convenient, the exposition is
+going to be precise here for didactic purposes.
+
+Let's consider the following module definition:
+
+```ruby
+module Colors
+  RED = '0xff0000'
+end
+```
+
+First, when the `module` keyword is processed, the interpreter creates a new
+entry in the constant table of the class object stored in the `Object` constant.
+Said entry associates the name "Colors" to a newly created module object.
+Furthermore, the interpreter sets the name of the new module object to be the
+string "Colors".
+
+Later, when the body of the module definition is interpreted, a new entry is
+created in the constant table of the module object stored in the `Colors`
+constant. That entry maps the name "RED" to the string "0xff0000".
+
+In particular, `Colors::RED` is totally unrelated to any other `RED` constant
+that may live in any other class or module object. If there were any, they
+would have separate entries in their respective constant tables.
+
+Pay special attention in the previous paragraphs to the distinction between
+class and module objects, constant names, and value objects associated to them
+in constant tables.
+
+### Resolution Algorithms
+
+#### Resolution Algorithm for Relative Constants
+
+At any given place in the code, let's define *cref* to be the first element of
+the nesting if it is not empty, or `Object` otherwise.
+
+Without getting too much into the details, the resolution algorithm for relative
+constant references goes like this:
+
+1. If the nesting is not empty the constant is looked up in its elements and in
+order. The ancestors of those elements are ignored.
+
+2. If not found, then the algorithm walks up the ancestor chain of the cref.
+
+3. If not found and the cref is a module, the constant is looked up in `Object`.
+
+4. If not found, `const_missing` is invoked on the cref. The default
+implementation of `const_missing` raises `NameError`, but it can be overridden.
+
+Rails autoloading **does not emulate this algorithm**, but its starting point is
+the name of the constant to be autoloaded, and the cref. See more in [Relative
+References](#autoloading-algorithms-relative-references).
+
+#### Resolution Algorithm for Qualified Constants
+
+Qualified constants look like this:
+
+```ruby
+Billing::Invoice
+```
+
+`Billing::Invoice` is composed of two constants: `Billing` is relative and is
+resolved using the algorithm of the previous section.
+
+INFO. Leading colons would make the first segment absolute rather than
+relative: `::Billing::Invoice`. That would force `Billing` to be looked up
+only as a top-level constant.
+
+`Invoice` on the other hand is qualified by `Billing` and we are going to see
+its resolution next. Let's define *parent* to be that qualifying class or module
+object, that is, `Billing` in the example above. The algorithm for qualified
+constants goes like this:
+
+1. The constant is looked up in the parent and its ancestors.
+
+2. If the lookup fails, `const_missing` is invoked in the parent. The default
+implementation of `const_missing` raises `NameError`, but it can be overridden.
+
+As you see, this algorithm is simpler than the one for relative constants. In
+particular, the nesting plays no role here, and modules are not special-cased,
+if neither they nor their ancestors have the constants, `Object` is **not**
+checked.
+
+Rails autoloading **does not emulate this algorithm**, but its starting point is
+the name of the constant to be autoloaded, and the parent. See more in
+[Qualified References](#autoloading-algorithms-qualified-references).
+
+
+Vocabulary
+----------
+
+### Parent Namespaces
+
+Given a string with a constant path we define its *parent namespace* to be the
+string that results from removing its rightmost segment.
+
+For example, the parent namespace of the string "A::B::C" is the string "A::B",
+the parent namespace of "A::B" is "A", and the parent namespace of "A" is "".
+
+The interpretation of a parent namespace when thinking about classes and modules
+is tricky though. Let's consider a module M named "A::B":
+
+* The parent namespace, "A", may not reflect nesting at a given spot.
+
+* The constant `A` may no longer exist, some code could have removed it from
+`Object`.
+
+* If `A` exists, the class or module that was originally in `A` may not be there
+anymore. For example, if after a constant removal there was another constant
+assignment there would generally be a different object in there.
+
+* In such case, it could even happen that the reassigned `A` held a new class or
+module called also "A"!
+
+* In the previous scenarios M would no longer be reachable through `A::B` but
+the module object itself could still be alive somewhere and its name would
+still be "A::B".
+
+The idea of a parent namespace is at the core of the autoloading algorithms
+and helps explain and understand their motivation intuitively, but as you see
+that metaphor leaks easily. Given an edge case to reason about, take always into
+account that by "parent namespace" the guide means exactly that specific string
+derivation.
+
+### Loading Mechanism
+
+Rails autoloads files with `Kernel#load` when `config.cache_classes` is false,
+the default in development mode, and with `Kernel#require` otherwise, the
+default in production mode.
+
+`Kernel#load` allows Rails to execute files more than once if [constant
+reloading](#constant-reloading) is enabled.
+
+This guide uses the word "load" freely to mean a given file is interpreted, but
+the actual mechanism can be `Kernel#load` or `Kernel#require` depending on that
+flag.
+
+
+Autoloading Availability
+------------------------
+
+Rails is always able to autoload provided its environment is in place. For
+example the `runner` command autoloads:
+
+```
+$ bin/rails runner 'p User.column_names'
+["id", "email", "created_at", "updated_at"]
+```
+
+The console autoloads, the test suite autoloads, and of course the application
+autoloads.
+
+By default, Rails eager loads the application files when it boots in production
+mode, so most of the autoloading going on in development does not happen. But
+autoloading may still be triggered during eager loading.
+
+For example, given
+
+```ruby
+class BeachHouse < House
+end
+```
+
+if `House` is still unknown when `app/models/beach_house.rb` is being eager
+loaded, Rails autoloads it.
+
+
+autoload_paths
+--------------
+
+As you probably know, when `require` gets a relative file name:
+
+```ruby
+require 'erb'
+```
+
+Ruby looks for the file in the directories listed in `$LOAD_PATH`. That is, Ruby
+iterates over all its directories and for each one of them checks whether they
+have a file called "erb.rb", or "erb.so", or "erb.o", or "erb.dll". If it finds
+any of them, the interpreter loads it and ends the search. Otherwise, it tries
+again in the next directory of the list. If the list gets exhausted, `LoadError`
+is raised.
+
+We are going to cover how constant autoloading works in more detail later, but
+the idea is that when a constant like `Post` is hit and missing, if there's a
+`post.rb` file for example in `app/models` Rails is going to find it, evaluate
+it, and have `Post` defined as a side-effect.
+
+Alright, Rails has a collection of directories similar to `$LOAD_PATH` in which
+to look up `post.rb`. That collection is called `autoload_paths` and by
+default it contains:
+
+* All subdirectories of `app` in the application and engines. For example,
+  `app/controllers`. They do not need to be the default ones, any custom
+  directories like `app/workers` belong automatically to `autoload_paths`.
+
+* Any existing second level directories called `app/*/concerns` in the
+  application and engines.
+
+* The directory `test/mailers/previews`.
+
+Also, this collection is configurable via `config.autoload_paths`. For example,
+`lib` was in the list years ago, but no longer is. An application can opt-in
+by adding this to `config/application.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+config.autoload_paths << "#{Rails.root}/lib"
+```
+
+`config.autoload_paths` is not changeable from environment-specific configuration files.
+
+The value of `autoload_paths` can be inspected. In a just generated application
+it is (edited):
+
+```
+$ bin/rails r 'puts ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths'
+.../app/assets
+.../app/controllers
+.../app/helpers
+.../app/mailers
+.../app/models
+.../app/controllers/concerns
+.../app/models/concerns
+.../test/mailers/previews
+```
+
+INFO. `autoload_paths` is computed and cached during the initialization process.
+The application needs to be restarted to reflect any changes in the directory
+structure.
+
+
+Autoloading Algorithms
+----------------------
+
+### Relative References
+
+A relative constant reference may appear in several places, for example, in
+
+```ruby
+class PostsController < ApplicationController
+  def index
+    @posts = Post.all
+  end
+end
+```
+
+all three constant references are relative.
+
+#### Constants after the `class` and `module` Keywords
+
+Ruby performs a lookup for the constant that follows a `class` or `module`
+keyword because it needs to know if the class or module is going to be created
+or reopened.
+
+If the constant is not defined at that point it is not considered to be a
+missing constant, autoloading is **not** triggered.
+
+So, in the previous example, if `PostsController` is not defined when the file
+is interpreted Rails autoloading is not going to be triggered, Ruby will just
+define the controller.
+
+#### Top-Level Constants
+
+On the contrary, if `ApplicationController` is unknown, the constant is
+considered missing and an autoload is going to be attempted by Rails.
+
+In order to load `ApplicationController`, Rails iterates over `autoload_paths`.
+First checks if `app/assets/application_controller.rb` exists. If it does not,
+which is normally the case, it continues and finds
+`app/controllers/application_controller.rb`.
+
+If the file defines the constant `ApplicationController` all is fine, otherwise
+`LoadError` is raised:
+
+```
+unable to autoload constant ApplicationController, expected
+<full path to application_controller.rb> to define it (LoadError)
+```
+
+INFO. Rails does not require the value of autoloaded constants to be a class or
+module object. For example, if the file `app/models/max_clients.rb` defines
+`MAX_CLIENTS = 100` autoloading `MAX_CLIENTS` works just fine.
+
+#### Namespaces
+
+Autoloading `ApplicationController` looks directly under the directories of
+`autoload_paths` because the nesting in that spot is empty. The situation of
+`Post` is different, the nesting in that line is `[PostsController]` and support
+for namespaces comes into play.
+
+The basic idea is that given
+
+```ruby
+module Admin
+  class BaseController < ApplicationController
+    @@all_roles = Role.all
+  end
+end
+```
+
+to autoload `Role` we are going to check if it is defined in the current or
+parent namespaces, one at a time. So, conceptually we want to try to autoload
+any of
+
+```
+Admin::BaseController::Role
+Admin::Role
+Role
+```
+
+in that order. That's the idea. To do so, Rails looks in `autoload_paths`
+respectively for file names like these:
+
+```
+admin/base_controller/role.rb
+admin/role.rb
+role.rb
+```
+
+modulus some additional directory lookups we are going to cover soon.
+
+INFO. `'Constant::Name'.underscore` gives the relative path without extension of
+the file name where `Constant::Name` is expected to be defined.
+
+Let's see how Rails autoloads the `Post` constant in the `PostsController`
+above assuming the application has a `Post` model defined in
+`app/models/post.rb`.
+
+First it checks for `posts_controller/post.rb` in `autoload_paths`:
+
+```
+app/assets/posts_controller/post.rb
+app/controllers/posts_controller/post.rb
+app/helpers/posts_controller/post.rb
+...
+test/mailers/previews/posts_controller/post.rb
+```
+
+Since the lookup is exhausted without success, a similar search for a directory
+is performed, we are going to see why in the [next section](#automatic-modules):
+
+```
+app/assets/posts_controller/post
+app/controllers/posts_controller/post
+app/helpers/posts_controller/post
+...
+test/mailers/previews/posts_controller/post
+```
+
+If all those attempts fail, then Rails starts the lookup again in the parent
+namespace. In this case only the top-level remains:
+
+```
+app/assets/post.rb
+app/controllers/post.rb
+app/helpers/post.rb
+app/mailers/post.rb
+app/models/post.rb
+```
+
+A matching file is found in `app/models/post.rb`. The lookup stops there and the
+file is loaded. If the file actually defines `Post` all is fine, otherwise
+`LoadError` is raised.
+
+### Qualified References
+
+When a qualified constant is missing Rails does not look for it in the parent
+namespaces. But there is a caveat: When a constant is missing, Rails is
+unable to tell if the trigger was a relative reference or a qualified one.
+
+For example, consider
+
+```ruby
+module Admin
+  User
+end
+```
+
+and
+
+```ruby
+Admin::User
+```
+
+If `User` is missing, in either case all Rails knows is that a constant called
+"User" was missing in a module called "Admin".
+
+If there is a top-level `User` Ruby would resolve it in the former example, but
+wouldn't in the latter. In general, Rails does not emulate the Ruby constant
+resolution algorithms, but in this case it tries using the following heuristic:
+
+> If none of the parent namespaces of the class or module has the missing
+> constant then Rails assumes the reference is relative. Otherwise qualified.
+
+For example, if this code triggers autoloading
+
+```ruby
+Admin::User
+```
+
+and the `User` constant is already present in `Object`, it is not possible that
+the situation is
+
+```ruby
+module Admin
+  User
+end
+```
+
+because otherwise Ruby would have resolved `User` and no autoloading would have
+been triggered in the first place. Thus, Rails assumes a qualified reference and
+considers the file `admin/user.rb` and directory `admin/user` to be the only
+valid options.
+
+In practice, this works quite well as long as the nesting matches all parent
+namespaces respectively and the constants that make the rule apply are known at
+that time.
+
+However, autoloading happens on demand. If by chance the top-level `User` was
+not yet loaded, then Rails assumes a relative reference by contract.
+
+Naming conflicts of this kind are rare in practice, but if one occurs,
+`require_dependency` provides a solution by ensuring that the constant needed
+to trigger the heuristic is defined in the conflicting place.
+
+### Automatic Modules
+
+When a module acts as a namespace, Rails does not require the application to
+define a file for it, a directory matching the namespace is enough.
+
+Suppose an application has a back office whose controllers are stored in
+`app/controllers/admin`. If the `Admin` module is not yet loaded when
+`Admin::UsersController` is hit, Rails needs first to autoload the constant
+`Admin`.
+
+If `autoload_paths` has a file called `admin.rb` Rails is going to load that
+one, but if there's no such file and a directory called `admin` is found, Rails
+creates an empty module and assigns it to the `Admin` constant on the fly.
+
+### Generic Procedure
+
+Relative references are reported to be missing in the cref where they were hit,
+and qualified references are reported to be missing in their parent (see
+[Resolution Algorithm for Relative
+Constants](#resolution-algorithm-for-relative-constants) at the beginning of
+this guide for the definition of *cref*, and [Resolution Algorithm for Qualified
+Constants](#resolution-algorithm-for-qualified-constants) for the definition of
+*parent*).
+
+The procedure to autoload constant `C` in an arbitrary situation is as follows:
+
+```
+if the class or module in which C is missing is Object
+  let ns = ''
+else
+  let M = the class or module in which C is missing
+
+  if M is anonymous
+    let ns = ''
+  else
+    let ns = M.name
+  end
+end
+
+loop do
+  # Look for a regular file.
+  for dir in autoload_paths
+    if the file "#{dir}/#{ns.underscore}/c.rb" exists
+      load/require "#{dir}/#{ns.underscore}/c.rb"
+
+      if C is now defined
+        return
+      else
+        raise LoadError
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Look for an automatic module.
+  for dir in autoload_paths
+    if the directory "#{dir}/#{ns.underscore}/c" exists
+      if ns is an empty string
+        let C = Module.new in Object and return
+      else
+        let C = Module.new in ns.constantize and return
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  if ns is empty
+    # We reached the top-level without finding the constant.
+    raise NameError
+  else
+    if C exists in any of the parent namespaces
+      # Qualified constants heuristic.
+      raise NameError
+    else
+      # Try again in the parent namespace.
+      let ns = the parent namespace of ns and retry
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+
+require_dependency
+------------------
+
+Constant autoloading is triggered on demand and therefore code that uses a
+certain constant may have it already defined or may trigger an autoload. That
+depends on the execution path and it may vary between runs.
+
+There are times, however, in which you want to make sure a certain constant is
+known when the execution reaches some code. `require_dependency` provides a way
+to load a file using the current [loading mechanism](#loading-mechanism), and
+keeping track of constants defined in that file as if they were autoloaded to
+have them reloaded as needed.
+
+`require_dependency` is rarely needed, but see a couple of use-cases in
+[Autoloading and STI](#autoloading-and-sti) and [When Constants aren't
+Triggered](#when-constants-aren-t-missed).
+
+WARNING. Unlike autoloading, `require_dependency` does not expect the file to
+define any particular constant. Exploiting this behavior would be a bad practice
+though, file and constant paths should match.
+
+
+Constant Reloading
+------------------
+
+When `config.cache_classes` is false Rails is able to reload autoloaded
+constants.
+
+For example, if you're in a console session and edit some file behind the
+scenes, the code can be reloaded with the `reload!` command:
+
+```
+> reload!
+```
+
+When the application runs, code is reloaded when something relevant to this
+logic changes. In order to do that, Rails monitors a number of things:
+
+* `config/routes.rb`.
+
+* Locales.
+
+* Ruby files under `autoload_paths`.
+
+* `db/schema.rb` and `db/structure.sql`.
+
+If anything in there changes, there is a middleware that detects it and reloads
+the code.
+
+Autoloading keeps track of autoloaded constants. Reloading is implemented by
+removing them all from their respective classes and modules using
+`Module#remove_const`. That way, when the code goes on, those constants are
+going to be unknown again, and files reloaded on demand.
+
+INFO. This is an all-or-nothing operation, Rails does not attempt to reload only
+what changed since dependencies between classes makes that really tricky.
+Instead, everything is wiped.
+
+
+Module#autoload isn't Involved
+------------------------------
+
+`Module#autoload` provides a lazy way to load constants that is fully integrated
+with the Ruby constant lookup algorithms, dynamic constant API, etc. It is quite
+transparent.
+
+Rails internals make extensive use of it to defer as much work as possible from
+the boot process. But constant autoloading in Rails is **not** implemented with
+`Module#autoload`.
+
+One possible implementation based on `Module#autoload` would be to walk the
+application tree and issue `autoload` calls that map existing file names to
+their conventional constant name.
+
+There are a number of reasons that prevent Rails from using that implementation.
+
+For example, `Module#autoload` is only capable of loading files using `require`,
+so reloading would not be possible. Not only that, it uses an internal `require`
+which is not `Kernel#require`.
+
+Then, it provides no way to remove declarations in case a file is deleted. If a
+constant gets removed with `Module#remove_const` its `autoload` is not triggered
+again. Also, it doesn't support qualified names, so files with namespaces should
+be interpreted during the walk tree to install their own `autoload` calls, but
+those files could have constant references not yet configured.
+
+An implementation based on `Module#autoload` would be awesome but, as you see,
+at least as of today it is not possible. Constant autoloading in Rails is
+implemented with `Module#const_missing`, and that's why it has its own contract,
+documented in this guide.
+
+
+Common Gotchas
+--------------
+
+### Nesting and Qualified Constants
+
+Let's consider
+
+```ruby
+module Admin
+  class UsersController < ApplicationController
+    def index
+      @users = User.all
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+and
+
+```ruby
+class Admin::UsersController < ApplicationController
+  def index
+    @users = User.all
+  end
+end
+```
+
+To resolve `User` Ruby checks `Admin` in the former case, but it does not in
+the latter because it does not belong to the nesting (see [Nesting](#nesting)
+and [Resolution Algorithms](#resolution-algorithms)).
+
+Unfortunately Rails autoloading does not know the nesting in the spot where the
+constant was missing and so it is not able to act as Ruby would. In particular,
+`Admin::User` will get autoloaded in either case.
+
+Albeit qualified constants with `class` and `module` keywords may technically
+work with autoloading in some cases, it is preferable to use relative constants
+instead:
+
+```ruby
+module Admin
+  class UsersController < ApplicationController
+    def index
+      @users = User.all
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### Autoloading and STI
+
+Single Table Inheritance (STI) is a feature of Active Record that enables
+storing a hierarchy of models in one single table. The API of such models is
+aware of the hierarchy and encapsulates some common needs. For example, given
+these classes:
+
+```ruby
+# app/models/polygon.rb
+class Polygon < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+
+# app/models/triangle.rb
+class Triangle < Polygon
+end
+
+# app/models/rectangle.rb
+class Rectangle < Polygon
+end
+```
+
+`Triangle.create` creates a row that represents a triangle, and
+`Rectangle.create` creates a row that represents a rectangle. If `id` is the
+ID of an existing record, `Polygon.find(id)` returns an object of the correct
+type.
+
+Methods that operate on collections are also aware of the hierarchy. For
+example, `Polygon.all` returns all the records of the table, because all
+rectangles and triangles are polygons. Active Record takes care of returning
+instances of their corresponding class in the result set.
+
+Types are autoloaded as needed. For example, if `Polygon.first` is a rectangle
+and `Rectangle` has not yet been loaded, Active Record autoloads it and the
+record is correctly instantiated.
+
+All good, but if instead of performing queries based on the root class we need
+to work on some subclass, things get interesting.
+
+While working with `Polygon` you do not need to be aware of all its descendants,
+because anything in the table is by definition a polygon, but when working with
+subclasses Active Record needs to be able to enumerate the types it is looking
+for. Let’s see an example.
+
+`Rectangle.all` only loads rectangles by adding a type constraint to the query:
+
+```sql
+SELECT "polygons".* FROM "polygons"
+WHERE "polygons"."type" IN ("Rectangle")
+```
+
+Let’s introduce now a subclass of `Rectangle`:
+
+```ruby
+# app/models/square.rb
+class Square < Rectangle
+end
+```
+
+`Rectangle.all` should now return rectangles **and** squares:
+
+```sql
+SELECT "polygons".* FROM "polygons"
+WHERE "polygons"."type" IN ("Rectangle", "Square")
+```
+
+But there’s a caveat here: How does Active Record know that the class `Square`
+exists at all?
+
+Even if the file `app/models/square.rb` exists and defines the `Square` class,
+if no code yet used that class, `Rectangle.all` issues the query
+
+```sql
+SELECT "polygons".* FROM "polygons"
+WHERE "polygons"."type" IN ("Rectangle")
+```
+
+That is not a bug, the query includes all *known* descendants of `Rectangle`.
+
+A way to ensure this works correctly regardless of the order of execution is to
+load the leaves of the tree by hand at the bottom of the file that defines the
+root class:
+
+```ruby
+# app/models/polygon.rb
+class Polygon < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+require_dependency ‘square’
+```
+
+Only the leaves that are **at least grandchildren** need to be loaded this
+way. Direct subclasses do not need to be preloaded. If the hierarchy is
+deeper, intermediate classes will be autoloaded recursively from the bottom
+because their constant will appear in the class definitions as superclass.
+
+### Autoloading and `require`
+
+Files defining constants to be autoloaded should never be `require`d:
+
+```ruby
+require 'user' # DO NOT DO THIS
+
+class UsersController < ApplicationController
+  ...
+end
+```
+
+There are two possible gotchas here in development mode:
+
+1. If `User` is autoloaded before reaching the `require`, `app/models/user.rb`
+runs again because `load` does not update `$LOADED_FEATURES`.
+
+2. If the `require` runs first Rails does not mark `User` as an autoloaded
+constant and changes to `app/models/user.rb` aren't reloaded.
+
+Just follow the flow and use constant autoloading always, never mix
+autoloading and `require`. As a last resort, if some file absolutely needs to
+load a certain file use `require_dependency` to play nice with constant
+autoloading. This option is rarely needed in practice, though.
+
+Of course, using `require` in autoloaded files to load ordinary 3rd party
+libraries is fine, and Rails is able to distinguish their constants, they are
+not marked as autoloaded.
+
+### Autoloading and Initializers
+
+Consider this assignment in `config/initializers/set_auth_service.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+AUTH_SERVICE = if Rails.env.production?
+  RealAuthService
+else
+  MockedAuthService
+end
+```
+
+The purpose of this setup would be that the application uses the class that
+corresponds to the environment via `AUTH_SERVICE`. In development mode
+`MockedAuthService` gets autoloaded when the initializer runs. Let’s suppose
+we do some requests, change its implementation, and hit the application again.
+To our surprise the changes are not reflected. Why?
+
+As [we saw earlier](#constant-reloading), Rails removes autoloaded constants,
+but `AUTH_SERVICE` stores the original class object. Stale, non-reachable
+using the original constant, but perfectly functional.
+
+The following code summarizes the situation:
+
+```ruby
+class C
+  def quack
+    'quack!'
+  end
+end
+
+X = C
+Object.instance_eval { remove_const(:C) }
+X.new.quack # => quack!
+X.name      # => C
+C           # => uninitialized constant C (NameError)
+```
+
+Because of that, it is not a good idea to autoload constants on application
+initialization.
+
+In the case above we could implement a dynamic access point:
+
+```ruby
+# app/models/auth_service.rb
+class AuthService
+  if Rails.env.production?
+    def self.instance
+      RealAuthService
+    end
+  else
+    def self.instance
+      MockedAuthService
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+and have the application use `AuthService.instance` instead. `AuthService`
+would be loaded on demand and be autoload-friendly.
+
+### `require_dependency` and Initializers
+
+As we saw before, `require_dependency` loads files in an autoloading-friendly
+way. Normally, though, such a call does not make sense in an initializer.
+
+One could think about doing some [`require_dependency`](#require-dependency)
+calls in an initializer to make sure certain constants are loaded upfront, for
+example as an attempt to address the [gotcha with STIs](#autoloading-and-sti).
+
+Problem is, in development mode [autoloaded constants are wiped](#constant-reloading)
+if there is any relevant change in the file system. If that happens then
+we are in the very same situation the initializer wanted to avoid!
+
+Calls to `require_dependency` have to be strategically written in autoloaded
+spots.
+
+### When Constants aren't Missed
+
+#### Relative References
+
+Let's consider a flight simulator. The application has a default flight model
+
+```ruby
+# app/models/flight_model.rb
+class FlightModel
+end
+```
+
+that can be overridden by each airplane, for instance
+
+```ruby
+# app/models/bell_x1/flight_model.rb
+module BellX1
+  class FlightModel < FlightModel
+  end
+end
+
+# app/models/bell_x1/aircraft.rb
+module BellX1
+  class Aircraft
+    def initialize
+      @flight_model = FlightModel.new
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The initializer wants to create a `BellX1::FlightModel` and nesting has
+`BellX1`, that looks good. But if the default flight model is loaded and the
+one for the Bell-X1 is not, the interpreter is able to resolve the top-level
+`FlightModel` and autoloading is thus not triggered for `BellX1::FlightModel`.
+
+That code depends on the execution path.
+
+These kind of ambiguities can often be resolved using qualified constants:
+
+```ruby
+module BellX1
+  class Plane
+    def flight_model
+      @flight_model ||= BellX1::FlightModel.new
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Also, `require_dependency` is a solution:
+
+```ruby
+require_dependency 'bell_x1/flight_model'
+
+module BellX1
+  class Plane
+    def flight_model
+      @flight_model ||= FlightModel.new
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+#### Qualified References
+
+Given
+
+```ruby
+# app/models/hotel.rb
+class Hotel
+end
+
+# app/models/image.rb
+class Image
+end
+
+# app/models/hotel/image.rb
+class Hotel
+  class Image < Image
+  end
+end
+```
+
+the expression `Hotel::Image` is ambiguous because it depends on the execution
+path.
+
+As [we saw before](#resolution-algorithm-for-qualified-constants), Ruby looks
+up the constant in `Hotel` and its ancestors. If `app/models/image.rb` has
+been loaded but `app/models/hotel/image.rb` hasn't, Ruby does not find `Image`
+in `Hotel`, but it does in `Object`:
+
+```
+$ bin/rails r 'Image; p Hotel::Image' 2>/dev/null
+Image # NOT Hotel::Image!
+```
+
+The code evaluating `Hotel::Image` needs to make sure
+`app/models/hotel/image.rb` has been loaded, possibly with
+`require_dependency`.
+
+In these cases the interpreter issues a warning though:
+
+```
+warning: toplevel constant Image referenced by Hotel::Image
+```
+
+This surprising constant resolution can be observed with any qualifying class:
+
+```
+2.1.5 :001 > String::Array
+(irb):1: warning: toplevel constant Array referenced by String::Array
+ => Array
+```
+
+WARNING. To find this gotcha the qualifying namespace has to be a class,
+`Object` is not an ancestor of modules.
+
+### Autoloading within Singleton Classes
+
+Let's suppose we have these class definitions:
+
+```ruby
+# app/models/hotel/services.rb
+module Hotel
+  class Services
+  end
+end
+
+# app/models/hotel/geo_location.rb
+module Hotel
+  class GeoLocation
+    class << self
+      Services
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+If `Hotel::Services` is known by the time `app/models/hotel/geo_location.rb`
+is being loaded, `Services` is resolved by Ruby because `Hotel` belongs to the
+nesting when the singleton class of `Hotel::GeoLocation` is opened.
+
+But if `Hotel::Services` is not known, Rails is not able to autoload it, the
+application raises `NameError`.
+
+The reason is that autoloading is triggered for the singleton class, which is
+anonymous, and as [we saw before](#generic-procedure), Rails only checks the
+top-level namespace in that edge case.
+
+An easy solution to this caveat is to qualify the constant:
+
+```ruby
+module Hotel
+  class GeoLocation
+    class << self
+      Hotel::Services
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### Autoloading in `BasicObject`
+
+Direct descendants of `BasicObject` do not have `Object` among their ancestors
+and cannot resolve top-level constants:
+
+```ruby
+class C < BasicObject
+  String # NameError: uninitialized constant C::String
+end
+```
+
+When autoloading is involved that plot has a twist. Let's consider:
+
+```ruby
+class C < BasicObject
+  def user
+    User # WRONG
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Since Rails checks the top-level namespace `User` gets autoloaded just fine the
+first time the `user` method is invoked. You only get the exception if the
+`User` constant is known at that point, in particular in a *second* call to
+`user`:
+
+```ruby
+c = C.new
+c.user # surprisingly fine, User
+c.user # NameError: uninitialized constant C::User
+```
+
+because it detects that a parent namespace already has the constant (see [Qualified
+References](#autoloading-algorithms-qualified-references)).
+
+As with pure Ruby, within the body of a direct descendant of `BasicObject` use
+always absolute constant paths:
+
+```ruby
+class C < BasicObject
+  ::String # RIGHT
+
+  def user
+    ::User # RIGHT
+  end
+end
+```
diff --git a/guides/source/caching_with_rails.md b/guides/source/caching_with_rails.md
index 0d45e5fb28..9a56233e4a 100644
--- a/guides/source/caching_with_rails.md
+++ b/guides/source/caching_with_rails.md
@@ -1,12 +1,26 @@
-Caching with Rails: An overview
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
+Caching with Rails: An Overview
 ===============================
 
-This guide will teach you what you need to know about avoiding that expensive round-trip to your database and returning what you need to return to the web clients in the shortest time possible.
+This guide is an introduction to speeding up your Rails application with caching.
+
+Caching means to store content generated during the request-response cycle and
+to reuse it when responding to similar requests.
+
+Caching is often the most effective way to boost an application's performance.
+Through caching, web sites running on a single server with a single database
+can sustain a load of thousands of concurrent users.
+
+Rails provides a set of caching features out of the box. This guide will teach
+you the scope and purpose of each one of them. Master these techniques and your
+Rails applications can serve millions of views without exorbitant response times
+or server bills.
 
 After reading this guide, you will know:
 
-* Page and action caching (moved to separate gems as of Rails 4).
-* Fragment caching.
+* Fragment and Russian doll caching.
+* How to manage the caching dependencies.
 * Alternative cache stores.
 * Conditional GET support.
 
@@ -16,133 +30,277 @@ Basic Caching
 -------------
 
 This is an introduction to three types of caching techniques: page, action and
-fragment caching. Rails provides by default fragment caching. In order to use
-page and action caching, you will need to add `actionpack-page_caching` and
+fragment caching. By default Rails provides fragment caching. In order to use
+page and action caching you will need to add `actionpack-page_caching` and
 `actionpack-action_caching` to your Gemfile.
 
-To start playing with caching you'll want to ensure that `config.action_controller.perform_caching` is set to `true`, if you're running in development mode. This flag is normally set in the corresponding `config/environments/*.rb` and caching is disabled by default for development and test, and enabled for production.
+By default, caching is only enabled in your production environment. To play
+around with caching locally you'll want to enable caching in your local
+environment by setting `config.action_controller.perform_caching` to `true` in
+the relevant `config/environments/*.rb` file:
 
 ```ruby
 config.action_controller.perform_caching = true
 ```
 
+NOTE: Changing the value of `config.action_controller.perform_caching` will
+only have an effect on the caching provided by the Action Controller component.
+For instance, it will not impact low-level caching, that we address
+[below](#low-level-caching).
+
 ### Page Caching
 
-Page caching is a Rails mechanism which allows the request for a generated page to be fulfilled by the webserver (i.e. Apache or nginx), without ever having to go through the Rails stack at all. Obviously, this is super-fast. Unfortunately, it can't be applied to every situation (such as pages that need authentication) and since the webserver is literally just serving a file from the filesystem, cache expiration is an issue that needs to be dealt with.
+Page caching is a Rails mechanism which allows the request for a generated page
+to be fulfilled by the webserver (i.e. Apache or NGINX) without having to go
+through the entire Rails stack. While this is super fast it can't be applied to
+every situation (such as pages that need authentication). Also, because the
+webserver is serving a file directly from the filesystem you will need to
+implement cache expiration.
 
-INFO: Page Caching has been removed from Rails 4. See the [actionpack-page_caching gem](https://github.com/rails/actionpack-page_caching). See [DHH's key-based cache expiration overview](http://37signals.com/svn/posts/3113-how-key-based-cache-expiration-works) for the newly-preferred method.
+INFO: Page Caching has been removed from Rails 4. See the [actionpack-page_caching gem](https://github.com/rails/actionpack-page_caching).
 
 ### Action Caching
 
 Page Caching cannot be used for actions that have before filters - for example, pages that require authentication. This is where Action Caching comes in. Action Caching works like Page Caching except the incoming web request hits the Rails stack so that before filters can be run on it before the cache is served. This allows authentication and other restrictions to be run while still serving the result of the output from a cached copy.
 
-INFO: Action Caching has been removed from Rails 4. See the [actionpack-action_caching gem](https://github.com/rails/actionpack-action_caching). See [DHH's key-based cache expiration overview](http://37signals.com/svn/posts/3113-how-key-based-cache-expiration-works) for the newly-preferred method.
+INFO: Action Caching has been removed from Rails 4. See the [actionpack-action_caching gem](https://github.com/rails/actionpack-action_caching). See [DHH's key-based cache expiration overview](http://signalvnoise.com/posts/3113-how-key-based-cache-expiration-works) for the newly-preferred method.
 
 ### Fragment Caching
 
-Life would be perfect if we could get away with caching the entire contents of a page or action and serving it out to the world. Unfortunately, dynamic web applications usually build pages with a variety of components not all of which have the same caching characteristics. In order to address such a dynamically created page where different parts of the page need to be cached and expired differently, Rails provides a mechanism called Fragment Caching.
+Dynamic web applications usually build pages with a variety of components not
+all of which have the same caching characteristics. When different parts of the
+page need to be cached and expired separately you can use Fragment Caching.
 
 Fragment Caching allows a fragment of view logic to be wrapped in a cache block and served out of the cache store when the next request comes in.
 
-As an example, if you wanted to show all the orders placed on your website in real time and didn't want to cache that part of the page, but did want to cache the part of the page which lists all products available, you could use this piece of code:
+For example, if you wanted to cache each product on a page, you could use this
+code:
 
 ```html+erb
-<% Order.find_recent.each do |o| %>
-  <%= o.buyer.name %> bought <%= o.product.name %>
-<% end %>
-
-<% cache do %>
-  All available products:
-  <% Product.all.each do |p| %>
-    <%= link_to p.name, product_url(p) %>
+<% @products.each do |product| %>
+  <% cache product do %>
+    <%= render product %>
   <% end %>
 <% end %>
 ```
 
-The cache block in our example will bind to the action that called it and is written out to the same place as the Action Cache, which means that if you want to cache multiple fragments per action, you should provide an `action_suffix` to the cache call:
+When your application receives its first request to this page, Rails will write
+a new cache entry with a unique key. A key looks something like this:
 
-```html+erb
-<% cache(action: 'recent', action_suffix: 'all_products') do %>
-  All available products:
+```
+views/products/1-201505056193031061005000/bea67108094918eeba42cd4a6e786901
 ```
 
-and you can expire it using the `expire_fragment` method, like so:
+The number in the middle is the `product_id` followed by the timestamp value in
+the `updated_at` attribute of the product record. Rails uses the timestamp value
+to make sure it is not serving stale data. If the value of `updated_at` has
+changed, a new key will be generated. Then Rails will write a new cache to that
+key, and the old cache written to the old key will never be used again. This is
+called key-based expiration.
 
-```ruby
-expire_fragment(controller: 'products', action: 'recent', action_suffix: 'all_products')
-```
+Cache fragments will also be expired when the view fragment changes (e.g., the
+HTML in the view changes). The string of characters at the end of the key is a
+template tree digest. It is an md5 hash computed based on the contents of the
+view fragment you are caching. If you change the view fragment, the md5 hash
+will change, expiring the existing file.
+
+TIP: Cache stores like Memcached will automatically delete old cache files.
 
-If you don't want the cache block to bind to the action that called it, you can also use globally keyed fragments by calling the `cache` method with a key:
+If you want to cache a fragment under certain conditions, you can use
+`cache_if` or `cache_unless`:
 
 ```erb
-<% cache('all_available_products') do %>
-  All available products:
+<% cache_if admin?, product do %>
+  <%= render product %>
 <% end %>
 ```
 
-This fragment is then available to all actions in the `ProductsController` using the key and can be expired the same way:
+#### Collection caching
 
-```ruby
-expire_fragment('all_available_products')
-```
-If you want to avoid expiring the fragment manually, whenever an action updates a product, you can define a helper method:
+The `render` helper can also cache individual templates rendered for a collection.
+It can even one up the previous example with `each` by reading all cache
+templates at once instead of one by one. This is done automatically if the template
+rendered by the collection includes a `cache` call. Take a collection that renders
+a `products/_product.html.erb` partial for each element:
 
 ```ruby
-module ProductsHelper
-  def cache_key_for_products
-    count          = Product.count
-    max_updated_at = Product.maximum(:updated_at).try(:utc).try(:to_s, :number)
-    "products/all-#{count}-#{max_updated_at}"
-  end
-end
+render products
 ```
 
-This method generates a cache key that depends on all products and can be used in the view:
+If `products/_product.html.erb` starts with a `cache` call like so:
 
-```erb
-<% cache(cache_key_for_products) do %>
-  All available products:
+```html+erb
+<% cache product do %>
+  <%= product.name %>
 <% end %>
 ```
 
-If you want to cache a fragment under certain condition you can use `cache_if` or `cache_unless` 
+All the cached templates from previous renders will be fetched at once with much
+greater speed. There's more info on how to make your templates [eligible for
+collection caching](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Template/Handlers/ERB.html#method-i-resource_cache_call_pattern).
+
+### Russian Doll Caching
+
+You may want to nest cached fragments inside other cached fragments. This is
+called Russian doll caching.
+
+The advantage of Russian doll caching is that if a single product is updated,
+all the other inner fragments can be reused when regenerating the outer
+fragment.
+
+As explained in the previous section, a cached file will expire if the value of
+`updated_at` changes for a record on which the cached file directly depends.
+However, this will not expire any cache the fragment is nested within.
+
+For example, take the following view:
 
 ```erb
-<% cache_if (condition, cache_key_for_products) do %>
-  All available products:
+<% cache product do %>
+  <%= render product.games %>
 <% end %>
 ```
 
-You can also use an Active Record model as the cache key:
+Which in turn renders this view:
 
 ```erb
-<% Product.all.each do |p| %>
-  <% cache(p) do %>
-    <%= link_to p.name, product_url(p) %>
-  <% end %>
+<% cache game do %>
+  <%= render game %>
 <% end %>
 ```
 
-Behind the scenes, a method called `cache_key` will be invoked on the model and it returns a string like `products/23-20130109142513`. The cache key includes the model name, the id and finally the updated_at timestamp. Thus it will automatically generate a new fragment when the product is updated because the key changes.
+If any attribute of game is changed, the `updated_at` value will be set to the
+current time, thereby expiring the cache. However, because `updated_at`
+will not be changed for the product object, that cache will not be expired and
+your app will serve stale data. To fix this, we tie the models together with
+the `touch` method:
 
-You can also combine the two schemes which is called "Russian Doll Caching":
+```ruby
+class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :games
+end
 
-```erb
-<% cache(cache_key_for_products) do %>
-  All available products:
-  <% Product.all.each do |p| %>
-    <% cache(p) do %>
-      <%= link_to p.name, product_url(p) %>
-    <% end %>
-  <% end %>
+class Game < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :product, touch: true
+end
+```
+
+With `touch` set to true, any action which changes `updated_at` for a game
+record will also change it for the associated product, thereby expiring the
+cache.
+
+### Managing dependencies
+
+In order to correctly invalidate the cache, you need to properly define the
+caching dependencies. Rails is clever enough to handle common cases so you don't
+have to specify anything. However, sometimes, when you're dealing with custom
+helpers for instance, you need to explicitly define them.
+
+#### Implicit dependencies
+
+Most template dependencies can be derived from calls to `render` in the template
+itself. Here are some examples of render calls that `ActionView::Digestor` knows
+how to decode:
+
+```ruby
+render partial: "comments/comment", collection: commentable.comments
+render "comments/comments"
+render 'comments/comments'
+render('comments/comments')
+
+render "header" => render("comments/header")
+
+render(@topic)         => render("topics/topic")
+render(topics)         => render("topics/topic")
+render(message.topics) => render("topics/topic")
+```
+
+On the other hand, some calls need to be changed to make caching work properly.
+For instance, if you're passing a custom collection, you'll need to change:
+
+```ruby
+render @project.documents.where(published: true)
+```
+
+to:
+
+```ruby
+render partial: "documents/document", collection: @project.documents.where(published: true)
+```
+
+#### Explicit dependencies
+
+Sometimes you'll have template dependencies that can't be derived at all. This
+is typically the case when rendering happens in helpers. Here's an example:
+
+```html+erb
+<%= render_sortable_todolists @project.todolists %>
+```
+
+You'll need to use a special comment format to call those out:
+
+```html+erb
+<%# Template Dependency: todolists/todolist %>
+<%= render_sortable_todolists @project.todolists %>
+```
+
+In some cases, like a single table inheritance setup, you might have a bunch of
+explicit dependencies. Instead of writing every template out, you can use a
+wildcard to match any template in a directory:
+
+```html+erb
+<%# Template Dependency: events/* %>
+<%= render_categorizable_events @person.events %>
+```
+
+As for collection caching, if the partial template doesn't start with a clean
+cache call, you can still benefit from collection caching by adding a special
+comment format anywhere in the template, like:
+
+```html+erb
+<%# Template Collection: notification %>
+<% my_helper_that_calls_cache(some_arg, notification) do %>
+  <%= notification.name %>
 <% end %>
 ```
 
-It's called "Russian Doll Caching" because it nests multiple fragments. The advantage is that if a single product is updated, all the other inner fragments can be reused when regenerating the outer fragment.
+#### External dependencies
+
+If you use a helper method, for example, inside a cached block and you then update
+that helper, you'll have to bump the cache as well. It doesn't really matter how
+you do it, but the md5 of the template file must change. One recommendation is to
+simply be explicit in a comment, like:
+
+```html+erb
+<%# Helper Dependency Updated: Jul 28, 2015 at 7pm %>
+<%= some_helper_method(person) %>
+```
+
+### Low-Level Caching
+
+Sometimes you need to cache a particular value or query result instead of caching view fragments. Rails' caching mechanism works great for storing __any__ kind of information.
+
+The most efficient way to implement low-level caching is using the `Rails.cache.fetch` method. This method does both reading and writing to the cache. When passed only a single argument, the key is fetched and value from the cache is returned. If a block is passed, the result of the block will be cached to the given key and the result is returned.
+
+Consider the following example. An application has a `Product` model with an instance method that looks up the product’s price on a competing website. The data returned by this method would be perfect for low-level caching:
+
+```ruby
+class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
+  def competing_price
+    Rails.cache.fetch("#{cache_key}/competing_price", expires_in: 12.hours) do
+      Competitor::API.find_price(id)
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+NOTE: Notice that in this example we used the `cache_key` method, so the resulting cache-key will be something like `products/233-20140225082222765838000/competing_price`. `cache_key` generates a string based on the model’s `id` and `updated_at` attributes. This is a common convention and has the benefit of invalidating the cache whenever the product is updated. In general, when you use low-level caching for instance level information, you need to generate a cache key.
 
 ### SQL Caching
 
-Query caching is a Rails feature that caches the result set returned by each query so that if Rails encounters the same query again for that request, it will use the cached result set as opposed to running the query against the database again.
+Query caching is a Rails feature that caches the result set returned by each
+query. If Rails encounters the same query again for that request, it will use
+the cached result set as opposed to running the query against the database
+again.
 
 For example:
 
@@ -162,19 +320,27 @@ class ProductsController < ApplicationController
 end
 ```
 
+The second time the same query is run against the database, it's not actually going to hit the database. The first time the result is returned from the query it is stored in the query cache (in memory) and the second time it's pulled from memory.
+
+However, it's important to note that query caches are created at the start of
+an action and destroyed at the end of that action and thus persist only for the
+duration of the action. If you'd like to store query results in a more
+persistent fashion, you can with low level caching.
+
 Cache Stores
 ------------
 
-Rails provides different stores for the cached data created by <b>action</b> and <b>fragment</b> caches.
-
-TIP: Page caches are always stored on disk.
+Rails provides different stores for the cached data (apart from SQL and page
+caching).
 
 ### Configuration
 
-You can set up your application's default cache store by calling `config.cache_store=` in the Application definition inside your `config/application.rb` file or in an Application.configure block in an environment specific configuration file (i.e. `config/environments/*.rb`). The first argument will be the cache store to use and the rest of the argument will be passed as arguments to the cache store constructor.
+You can set up your application's default cache store by setting the
+`config.cache_store` configuration option. Other parameters can be passed as
+arguments to the cache store's constructor:
 
 ```ruby
-config.cache_store = :memory_store
+config.cache_store = :memory_store, { size: 64.megabytes }
 ```
 
 NOTE: Alternatively, you can call `ActionController::Base.cache_store` outside of a configuration block.
@@ -193,21 +359,42 @@ There are some common options used by all cache implementations. These can be pa
 
 * `:compress` - This option can be used to indicate that compression should be used in the cache. This can be useful for transferring large cache entries over a slow network.
 
-* `:compress_threshold` - This options is used in conjunction with the `:compress` option to indicate a threshold under which cache entries should not be compressed. This defaults to 16 kilobytes.
+* `:compress_threshold` - This option is used in conjunction with the `:compress` option to indicate a threshold under which cache entries should not be compressed. This defaults to 16 kilobytes.
 
 * `:expires_in` - This option sets an expiration time in seconds for the cache entry when it will be automatically removed from the cache.
 
 * `:race_condition_ttl` - This option is used in conjunction with the `:expires_in` option. It will prevent race conditions when cache entries expire by preventing multiple processes from simultaneously regenerating the same entry (also known as the dog pile effect). This option sets the number of seconds that an expired entry can be reused while a new value is being regenerated. It's a good practice to set this value if you use the `:expires_in` option.
 
+#### Custom Cache Stores
+
+You can create your own custom cache store by simply extending
+`ActiveSupport::Cache::Store` and implementing the appropriate methods. This way,
+you can swap in any number of caching technologies into your Rails application.
+
+To use a custom cache store, simply set the cache store to a new instance of your
+custom class.
+
+```ruby
+config.cache_store = MyCacheStore.new
+```
+
 ### ActiveSupport::Cache::MemoryStore
 
-This cache store keeps entries in memory in the same Ruby process. The cache store has a bounded size specified by the `:size` options to the initializer (default is 32Mb). When the cache exceeds the allotted size, a cleanup will occur and the least recently used entries will be removed.
+This cache store keeps entries in memory in the same Ruby process. The cache
+store has a bounded size specified by sending the `:size` option to the
+initializer (default is 32Mb). When the cache exceeds the allotted size, a
+cleanup will occur and the least recently used entries will be removed.
 
 ```ruby
 config.cache_store = :memory_store, { size: 64.megabytes }
 ```
 
-If you're running multiple Ruby on Rails server processes (which is the case if you're using mongrel_cluster or Phusion Passenger), then your Rails server process instances won't be able to share cache data with each other. This cache store is not appropriate for large application deployments, but can work well for small, low traffic sites with only a couple of server processes or for development and test environments.
+If you're running multiple Ruby on Rails server processes (which is the case
+if you're using mongrel_cluster or Phusion Passenger), then your Rails server
+process instances won't be able to share cache data with each other. This cache
+store is not appropriate for large application deployments. However, it can
+work well for small, low traffic sites with only a couple of server processes,
+as well as development and test environments.
 
 ### ActiveSupport::Cache::FileStore
 
@@ -217,9 +404,13 @@ This cache store uses the file system to store entries. The path to the director
 config.cache_store = :file_store, "/path/to/cache/directory"
 ```
 
-With this cache store, multiple server processes on the same host can share a cache. Servers processes running on different hosts could share a cache by using a shared file system, but that set up would not be ideal and is not recommended. The cache store is appropriate for low to medium traffic sites that are served off one or two hosts.
+With this cache store, multiple server processes on the same host can share a
+cache. The cache store is appropriate for low to medium traffic sites that are
+served off one or two hosts. Server processes running on different hosts could
+share a cache by using a shared file system, but that setup is not recommended.
 
-Note that the cache will grow until the disk is full unless you periodically clear out old entries.
+As the cache will grow until the disk is full, it is recommended to
+periodically clear out old entries.
 
 This is the default cache store implementation.
 
@@ -227,65 +418,32 @@ This is the default cache store implementation.
 
 This cache store uses Danga's `memcached` server to provide a centralized cache for your application. Rails uses the bundled `dalli` gem by default. This is currently the most popular cache store for production websites. It can be used to provide a single, shared cache cluster with very high performance and redundancy.
 
-When initializing the cache, you need to specify the addresses for all memcached servers in your cluster. If none is specified, it will assume memcached is running on the local host on the default port, but this is not an ideal set up for larger sites.
+When initializing the cache, you need to specify the addresses for all
+memcached servers in your cluster. If none are specified, it will assume
+memcached is running on localhost on the default port, but this is not an ideal
+setup for larger sites.
 
-The `write` and `fetch` methods on this cache accept two additional options that take advantage of features specific to memcached. You can specify `:raw` to send a value directly to the server with no serialization. The value must be a string or number. You can use memcached direct operation like `increment` and `decrement` only on raw values. You can also specify `:unless_exist` if you don't want memcached to overwrite an existing entry.
+The `write` and `fetch` methods on this cache accept two additional options that take advantage of features specific to memcached. You can specify `:raw` to send a value directly to the server with no serialization. The value must be a string or number. You can use memcached direct operations like `increment` and `decrement` only on raw values. You can also specify `:unless_exist` if you don't want memcached to overwrite an existing entry.
 
 ```ruby
 config.cache_store = :mem_cache_store, "cache-1.example.com", "cache-2.example.com"
 ```
 
-### ActiveSupport::Cache::EhcacheStore
-
-If you are using JRuby you can use Terracotta's Ehcache as the cache store for your application. Ehcache is an open source Java cache that also offers an enterprise version with increased scalability, management, and commercial support. You must first install the jruby-ehcache-rails3 gem (version 1.1.0 or later) to use this cache store.
-
-```ruby
-config.cache_store = :ehcache_store
-```
-
-When initializing the cache, you may use the `:ehcache_config` option to specify the Ehcache config file to use (where the default is "ehcache.xml" in your Rails config directory), and the :cache_name option to provide a custom name for your cache (the default is rails_cache).
-
-In addition to the standard `:expires_in` option, the `write` method on this cache can also accept the additional `:unless_exist` option, which will cause the cache store to use Ehcache's `putIfAbsent` method instead of `put`, and therefore will not overwrite an existing entry. Additionally, the `write` method supports all of the properties exposed by the [Ehcache Element class](http://ehcache.org/apidocs/net/sf/ehcache/Element.html) , including:
-
-| Property                    | Argument Type       | Description                                                 |
-| --------------------------- | ------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------- |
-| elementEvictionData         | ElementEvictionData | Sets this element's eviction data instance.                 |
-| eternal                     | boolean             | Sets whether the element is eternal.                        |
-| timeToIdle, tti             | int                 | Sets time to idle                                           |
-| timeToLive, ttl, expires_in | int                 | Sets time to Live                                           |
-| version                     | long                | Sets the version attribute of the ElementAttributes object. |
-
-These options are passed to the `write` method as Hash options using either camelCase or underscore notation, as in the following examples:
-
-```ruby
-Rails.cache.write('key', 'value', time_to_idle: 60.seconds, timeToLive: 600.seconds)
-caches_action :index, expires_in: 60.seconds, unless_exist: true
-```
-
-For more information about Ehcache, see [http://ehcache.org/](http://ehcache.org/) .
-For more information about Ehcache for JRuby and Rails, see [http://ehcache.org/documentation/jruby.html](http://ehcache.org/documentation/jruby.html)
-
 ### ActiveSupport::Cache::NullStore
 
-This cache store implementation is meant to be used only in development or test environments and it never stores anything. This can be very useful in development when you have code that interacts directly with `Rails.cache`, but caching may interfere with being able to see the results of code changes. With this cache store, all `fetch` and `read` operations will result in a miss.
+This cache store implementation is meant to be used only in development or test environments and it never stores anything. This can be very useful in development when you have code that interacts directly with `Rails.cache` but caching may interfere with being able to see the results of code changes. With this cache store, all `fetch` and `read` operations will result in a miss.
 
 ```ruby
 config.cache_store = :null_store
 ```
 
-### Custom Cache Stores
+Cache Keys
+----------
 
-You can create your own custom cache store by simply extending `ActiveSupport::Cache::Store` and implementing the appropriate methods. In this way, you can swap in any number of caching technologies into your Rails application.
-
-To use a custom cache store, simple set the cache store to a new instance of the class.
-
-```ruby
-config.cache_store = MyCacheStore.new
-```
-
-### Cache Keys
-
-The keys used in a cache can be any object that responds to either `:cache_key` or to `:to_param`. You can implement the `:cache_key` method on your classes if you need to generate custom keys. Active Record will generate keys based on the class name and record id.
+The keys used in a cache can be any object that responds to either `cache_key` or
+`to_param`. You can implement the `cache_key` method on your classes if you need
+to generate custom keys. Active Record will generate keys based on the class name
+and record id.
 
 You can use Hashes and Arrays of values as cache keys.
 
@@ -294,7 +452,12 @@ You can use Hashes and Arrays of values as cache keys.
 Rails.cache.read(site: "mysite", owners: [owner_1, owner_2])
 ```
 
-The keys you use on `Rails.cache` will not be the same as those actually used with the storage engine. They may be modified with a namespace or altered to fit technology backend constraints. This means, for instance, that you can't save values with `Rails.cache` and then try to pull them out with the `memcache-client` gem. However, you also don't need to worry about exceeding the memcached size limit or violating syntax rules.
+The keys you use on `Rails.cache` will not be the same as those actually used with
+the storage engine. They may be modified with a namespace or altered to fit
+technology backend constraints. This means, for instance, that you can't save
+values with `Rails.cache` and then try to pull them out with the `dalli` gem.
+However, you also don't need to worry about exceeding the memcached size limit or
+violating syntax rules.
 
 Conditional GET support
 -----------------------
@@ -327,18 +490,23 @@ class ProductsController < ApplicationController
 end
 ```
 
-Instead of an options hash, you can also simply pass in a model, Rails will use the `updated_at` and `cache_key` methods for setting `last_modified` and `etag`:
+Instead of an options hash, you can also simply pass in a model. Rails will use the `updated_at` and `cache_key` methods for setting `last_modified` and `etag`:
 
 ```ruby
 class ProductsController < ApplicationController
   def show
     @product = Product.find(params[:id])
-    respond_with(@product) if stale?(@product)
+
+    if stale?(@product)
+      respond_to do |wants|
+        # ... normal response processing
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
 ```
 
-If you don't have any special response processing and are using the default rendering mechanism (i.e. you're not using respond_to or calling render yourself) then you've got an easy helper in fresh_when:
+If you don't have any special response processing and are using the default rendering mechanism (i.e. you're not using `respond_to` or calling render yourself) then you've got an easy helper in `fresh_when`:
 
 ```ruby
 class ProductsController < ApplicationController
@@ -352,3 +520,9 @@ class ProductsController < ApplicationController
   end
 end
 ```
+
+References
+----------
+
+* [DHH's article on key-based expiration](https://signalvnoise.com/posts/3113-how-key-based-cache-expiration-works)
+* [Ryan Bates' Railscast on cache digests](http://railscasts.com/episodes/387-cache-digests)
diff --git a/guides/source/command_line.md b/guides/source/command_line.md
index 3b80faec7f..e85f9fc9c6 100644
--- a/guides/source/command_line.md
+++ b/guides/source/command_line.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 The Rails Command Line
 ======================
 
@@ -7,7 +9,6 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 * How to generate models, controllers, database migrations, and unit tests.
 * How to start a development server.
 * How to experiment with objects through an interactive shell.
-* How to profile and benchmark your new creation.
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ There are a few commands that are absolutely critical to your everyday usage of
 * `rails dbconsole`
 * `rails new app_name`
 
-All commands can run with ```-h or --help``` to list more information.
+All commands can run with `-h` or `--help` to list more information.
 
 Let's create a simple Rails application to step through each of these commands in context.
 
@@ -60,13 +61,13 @@ With no further work, `rails server` will run our new shiny Rails app:
 
 ```bash
 $ cd commandsapp
-$ rails server
+$ bin/rails server
 => Booting WEBrick
-=> Rails 4.0.0 application starting in development on http://0.0.0.0:3000
-=> Call with -d to detach
+=> Rails 5.0.0 application starting in development on http://localhost:3000
+=> Run `rails server -h` for more startup options
 => Ctrl-C to shutdown server
 [2013-08-07 02:00:01] INFO  WEBrick 1.3.1
-[2013-08-07 02:00:01] INFO  ruby 2.0.0 (2013-06-27) [x86_64-darwin11.2.0]
+[2013-08-07 02:00:01] INFO  ruby 2.2.2 (2015-06-27) [x86_64-darwin11.2.0]
 [2013-08-07 02:00:01] INFO  WEBrick::HTTPServer#start: pid=69680 port=3000
 ```
 
@@ -77,10 +78,10 @@ INFO: You can also use the alias "s" to start the server: `rails s`.
 The server can be run on a different port using the `-p` option. The default development environment can be changed using `-e`.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails server -e production -p 4000
+$ bin/rails server -e production -p 4000
 ```
 
-The `-b` option binds Rails to the specified IP, by default it is 0.0.0.0. You can run a server as a daemon by passing a `-d` option.
+The `-b` option binds Rails to the specified IP, by default it is localhost. You can run a server as a daemon by passing a `-d` option.
 
 ### `rails generate`
 
@@ -89,7 +90,7 @@ The `rails generate` command uses templates to create a whole lot of things. Run
 INFO: You can also use the alias "g" to invoke the generator command: `rails g`.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate
+$ bin/rails generate
 Usage: rails generate GENERATOR [args] [options]
 
 ...
@@ -114,7 +115,7 @@ Let's make our own controller with the controller generator. But what command sh
 INFO: All Rails console utilities have help text. As with most *nix utilities, you can try adding `--help` or `-h` to the end, for example `rails server --help`.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate controller
+$ bin/rails generate controller
 Usage: rails generate controller NAME [action action] [options]
 
 ...
@@ -123,25 +124,24 @@ Usage: rails generate controller NAME [action action] [options]
 Description:
     ...
 
-    To create a controller within a module, specify the controller name as a
-    path like 'parent_module/controller_name'.
+    To create a controller within a module, specify the controller name as a path like 'parent_module/controller_name'.
 
     ...
 
 Example:
-    `rails generate controller CreditCard open debit credit close`
+    `rails generate controller CreditCards open debit credit close`
 
-    Credit card controller with URLs like /credit_card/debit.
-        Controller: app/controllers/credit_card_controller.rb
-        Test:       test/controllers/credit_card_controller_test.rb
-        Views:      app/views/credit_card/debit.html.erb [...]
-        Helper:     app/helpers/credit_card_helper.rb
+    Credit card controller with URLs like /credit_cards/debit.
+        Controller: app/controllers/credit_cards_controller.rb
+        Test:       test/controllers/credit_cards_controller_test.rb
+        Views:      app/views/credit_cards/debit.html.erb [...]
+        Helper:     app/helpers/credit_cards_helper.rb
 ```
 
 The controller generator is expecting parameters in the form of `generate controller ControllerName action1 action2`. Let's make a `Greetings` controller with an action of **hello**, which will say something nice to us.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate controller Greetings hello
+$ bin/rails generate controller Greetings hello
      create  app/controllers/greetings_controller.rb
       route  get "greetings/hello"
      invoke  erb
@@ -151,13 +151,11 @@ $ rails generate controller Greetings hello
      create    test/controllers/greetings_controller_test.rb
      invoke  helper
      create    app/helpers/greetings_helper.rb
-     invoke    test_unit
-     create      test/helpers/greetings_helper_test.rb
      invoke  assets
      invoke    coffee
-     create      app/assets/javascripts/greetings.js.coffee
+     create      app/assets/javascripts/greetings.coffee
      invoke    scss
-     create      app/assets/stylesheets/greetings.css.scss
+     create      app/assets/stylesheets/greetings.scss
 ```
 
 What all did this generate? It made sure a bunch of directories were in our application, and created a controller file, a view file, a functional test file, a helper for the view, a JavaScript file and a stylesheet file.
@@ -182,7 +180,7 @@ Then the view, to display our message (in `app/views/greetings/hello.html.erb`):
 Fire up your server using `rails server`.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails server
+$ bin/rails server
 => Booting WEBrick...
 ```
 
@@ -193,7 +191,7 @@ INFO: With a normal, plain-old Rails application, your URLs will generally follo
 Rails comes with a generator for data models too.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate model
+$ bin/rails generate model
 Usage:
   rails generate model NAME [field[:type][:index] field[:type][:index]] [options]
 
@@ -216,7 +214,7 @@ But instead of generating a model directly (which we'll be doing later), let's s
 We will set up a simple resource called "HighScore" that will keep track of our highest score on video games we play.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate scaffold HighScore game:string score:integer
+$ bin/rails generate scaffold HighScore game:string score:integer
     invoke  active_record
     create    db/migrate/20130717151933_create_high_scores.rb
     create    app/models/high_score.rb
@@ -238,38 +236,42 @@ $ rails generate scaffold HighScore game:string score:integer
     create      test/controllers/high_scores_controller_test.rb
     invoke    helper
     create      app/helpers/high_scores_helper.rb
-    invoke      test_unit
-    create        test/helpers/high_scores_helper_test.rb
     invoke    jbuilder
     create      app/views/high_scores/index.json.jbuilder
     create      app/views/high_scores/show.json.jbuilder
     invoke  assets
     invoke    coffee
-    create      app/assets/javascripts/high_scores.js.coffee
+    create      app/assets/javascripts/high_scores.coffee
     invoke    scss
-    create      app/assets/stylesheets/high_scores.css.scss
+    create      app/assets/stylesheets/high_scores.scss
     invoke  scss
-   identical    app/assets/stylesheets/scaffolds.css.scss
+   identical    app/assets/stylesheets/scaffolds.scss
 ```
 
 The generator checks that there exist the directories for models, controllers, helpers, layouts, functional and unit tests, stylesheets, creates the views, controller, model and database migration for HighScore (creating the `high_scores` table and fields), takes care of the route for the **resource**, and new tests for everything.
 
-The migration requires that we **migrate**, that is, run some Ruby code (living in that `20130717151933_create_high_scores.rb`) to modify the schema of our database. Which database? The sqlite3 database that Rails will create for you when we run the `rake db:migrate` command. We'll talk more about Rake in-depth in a little while.
+The migration requires that we **migrate**, that is, run some Ruby code (living in that `20130717151933_create_high_scores.rb`) to modify the schema of our database. Which database? The SQLite3 database that Rails will create for you when we run the `rake db:migrate` command. We'll talk more about Rake in-depth in a little while.
 
 ```bash
-$ rake db:migrate
+$ bin/rake db:migrate
 ==  CreateHighScores: migrating ===============================================
 -- create_table(:high_scores)
    -> 0.0017s
 ==  CreateHighScores: migrated (0.0019s) ======================================
 ```
 
-INFO: Let's talk about unit tests. Unit tests are code that tests and makes assertions about code. In unit testing, we take a little part of code, say a method of a model, and test its inputs and outputs. Unit tests are your friend. The sooner you make peace with the fact that your quality of life will drastically increase when you unit test your code, the better. Seriously. We'll make one in a moment.
+INFO: Let's talk about unit tests. Unit tests are code that tests and makes assertions 
+about code. In unit testing, we take a little part of code, say a method of a model, 
+and test its inputs and outputs. Unit tests are your friend. The sooner you make 
+peace with the fact that your quality of life will drastically increase when you unit 
+test your code, the better. Seriously. Please visit 
+[the testing guide](http://guides.rubyonrails.org/testing.html) for an in-depth 
+look at unit testing.
 
 Let's see the interface Rails created for us.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails server
+$ bin/rails server
 ```
 
 Go to your browser and open [http://localhost:3000/high_scores](http://localhost:3000/high_scores), now we can create new high scores (55,160 on Space Invaders!)
@@ -283,18 +285,43 @@ INFO: You can also use the alias "c" to invoke the console: `rails c`.
 You can specify the environment in which the `console` command should operate.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails console staging
+$ bin/rails console staging
 ```
 
 If you wish to test out some code without changing any data, you can do that by invoking `rails console --sandbox`.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails console --sandbox
-Loading development environment in sandbox (Rails 4.0.0)
+$ bin/rails console --sandbox
+Loading development environment in sandbox (Rails 5.0.0)
 Any modifications you make will be rolled back on exit
 irb(main):001:0>
 ```
 
+#### The app and helper objects
+
+Inside the `rails console` you have access to the `app` and `helper` instances.
+
+With the `app` method you can access url and path helpers, as well as do requests.
+
+```bash
+>> app.root_path
+=> "/"
+
+>> app.get _
+Started GET "/" for 127.0.0.1 at 2014-06-19 10:41:57 -0300
+...
+```
+
+With the `helper` method it is possible to access Rails and your application's helpers.
+
+```bash
+>> helper.time_ago_in_words 30.days.ago
+=> "about 1 month"
+
+>> helper.my_custom_helper
+=> "my custom helper"
+```
+
 ### `rails dbconsole`
 
 `rails dbconsole` figures out which database you're using and drops you into whichever command line interface you would use with it (and figures out the command line parameters to give to it, too!). It supports MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite and SQLite3.
@@ -306,7 +333,7 @@ INFO: You can also use the alias "db" to invoke the dbconsole: `rails db`.
 `runner` runs Ruby code in the context of Rails non-interactively. For instance:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails runner "Model.long_running_method"
+$ bin/rails runner "Model.long_running_method"
 ```
 
 INFO: You can also use the alias "r" to invoke the runner: `rails r`.
@@ -314,7 +341,13 @@ INFO: You can also use the alias "r" to invoke the runner: `rails r`.
 You can specify the environment in which the `runner` command should operate using the `-e` switch.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails runner -e staging "Model.long_running_method"
+$ bin/rails runner -e staging "Model.long_running_method"
+```
+
+You can even execute ruby code written in a file with runner.
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails runner lib/code_to_be_run.rb
 ```
 
 ### `rails destroy`
@@ -324,7 +357,7 @@ Think of `destroy` as the opposite of `generate`. It'll figure out what generate
 INFO: You can also use the alias "d" to invoke the destroy command: `rails d`.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate model Oops
+$ bin/rails generate model Oops
       invoke  active_record
       create    db/migrate/20120528062523_create_oops.rb
       create    app/models/oops.rb
@@ -333,7 +366,7 @@ $ rails generate model Oops
       create      test/fixtures/oops.yml
 ```
 ```bash
-$ rails destroy model Oops
+$ bin/rails destroy model Oops
       invoke  active_record
       remove    db/migrate/20120528062523_create_oops.rb
       remove    app/models/oops.rb
@@ -349,42 +382,37 @@ Rake is Ruby Make, a standalone Ruby utility that replaces the Unix utility 'mak
 
 You can get a list of Rake tasks available to you, which will often depend on your current directory, by typing `rake --tasks`. Each task has a description, and should help you find the thing you need.
 
-To get the full backtrace for running rake task you can pass the option
-```--trace``` to command line, for example ```rake db:create --trace```.
+To get the full backtrace for running rake task you can pass the option `--trace` to command line, for example `rake db:create --trace`.
 
 ```bash
-$ rake --tasks
+$ bin/rake --tasks
 rake about              # List versions of all Rails frameworks and the environment
-rake assets:clean       # Remove compiled assets
+rake assets:clean       # Remove old compiled assets
+rake assets:clobber     # Remove compiled assets
 rake assets:precompile  # Compile all the assets named in config.assets.precompile
 rake db:create          # Create the database from config/database.yml for the current Rails.env
 ...
 rake log:clear          # Truncates all *.log files in log/ to zero bytes (specify which logs with LOGS=test,development)
 rake middleware         # Prints out your Rack middleware stack
 ...
-rake tmp:clear          # Clear session, cache, and socket files from tmp/ (narrow w/ tmp:sessions:clear, tmp:cache:clear, tmp:sockets:clear)
-rake tmp:create         # Creates tmp directories for sessions, cache, sockets, and pids
+rake tmp:clear          # Clear cache and socket files from tmp/ (narrow w/ tmp:cache:clear, tmp:sockets:clear)
+rake tmp:create         # Creates tmp directories for cache, sockets, and pids
 ```
-INFO: You can also use ```rake -T```  to get the list of tasks.
+INFO: You can also use `rake -T`  to get the list of tasks.
 
 ### `about`
 
 `rake about` gives information about version numbers for Ruby, RubyGems, Rails, the Rails subcomponents, your application's folder, the current Rails environment name, your app's database adapter, and schema version. It is useful when you need to ask for help, check if a security patch might affect you, or when you need some stats for an existing Rails installation.
 
 ```bash
-$ rake about
+$ bin/rake about
 About your application's environment
-Ruby version              1.9.3 (x86_64-linux)
-RubyGems version          1.3.6
-Rack version              1.3
-Rails version             4.1.0
+Rails version             5.0.0
+Ruby version              2.2.2 (x86_64-linux)
+RubyGems version          2.4.6
+Rack version              1.6
 JavaScript Runtime        Node.js (V8)
-Active Record version     4.1.0
-Action Pack version       4.1.0
-Action View version       4.1.0
-Action Mailer version     4.1.0
-Active Support version    4.1.0
-Middleware                Rack::Sendfile, ActionDispatch::Static, Rack::Lock, #<ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache::Middleware:0x007ffd131a7c88>, Rack::Runtime, Rack::MethodOverride, ActionDispatch::RequestId, Rails::Rack::Logger, ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions, ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions, ActionDispatch::RemoteIp, ActionDispatch::Reloader, ActionDispatch::Callbacks, ActiveRecord::Migration::CheckPending, ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionManagement, ActiveRecord::QueryCache, ActionDispatch::Cookies, ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore, ActionDispatch::Flash, ActionDispatch::ParamsParser, Rack::Head, Rack::ConditionalGet, Rack::ETag
+Middleware                Rack::Sendfile, ActionDispatch::Static, Rack::Lock, #<ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache::Middleware:0x007ffd131a7c88>, Rack::Runtime, Rack::MethodOverride, ActionDispatch::RequestId, Rails::Rack::Logger, ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions, ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions, ActionDispatch::RemoteIp, ActionDispatch::Reloader, ActionDispatch::Callbacks, ActiveRecord::Migration::CheckPending, ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionManagement, ActiveRecord::QueryCache, ActionDispatch::Cookies, ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore, ActionDispatch::Flash, Rack::Head, Rack::ConditionalGet, Rack::ETag
 Application root          /home/foobar/commandsapp
 Environment               development
 Database adapter          sqlite3
@@ -393,28 +421,22 @@ Database schema version   20110805173523
 
 ### `assets`
 
-You can precompile the assets in `app/assets` using `rake assets:precompile` and remove those compiled assets using `rake assets:clean`.
+You can precompile the assets in `app/assets` using `rake assets:precompile`, and remove older compiled assets using `rake assets:clean`. The `assets:clean` task allows for rolling deploys that may still be linking to an old asset while the new assets are being built.
+
+If you want to clear `public/assets` completely, you can use `rake assets:clobber`.
 
 ### `db`
 
 The most common tasks of the `db:` Rake namespace are `migrate` and `create`, and it will pay off to try out all of the migration rake tasks (`up`, `down`, `redo`, `reset`). `rake db:version` is useful when troubleshooting, telling you the current version of the database.
 
-More information about migrations can be found in the [Migrations](migrations.html) guide.
-
-### `doc`
-
-The `doc:` namespace has the tools to generate documentation for your app, API documentation, guides. Documentation can also be stripped which is mainly useful for slimming your codebase, like if you're writing a Rails application for an embedded platform.
-
-* `rake doc:app` generates documentation for your application in `doc/app`.
-* `rake doc:guides` generates Rails guides in `doc/guides`.
-* `rake doc:rails` generates API documentation for Rails in `doc/api`.
+More information about migrations can be found in the [Migrations](active_record_migrations.html) guide.
 
 ### `notes`
 
-`rake notes` will search through your code for comments beginning with FIXME, OPTIMIZE or TODO. The search is done in files with extension `.builder`, `.rb`, `.erb`, `.haml` and `.slim` for both default and custom annotations.
+`rake notes` will search through your code for comments beginning with FIXME, OPTIMIZE or TODO. The search is done in files with extension `.builder`, `.rb`, `.rake`, `.yml`, `.yaml`, `.ruby`, `.css`, `.js` and `.erb` for both default and custom annotations.
 
 ```bash
-$ rake notes
+$ bin/rake notes
 (in /home/foobar/commandsapp)
 app/controllers/admin/users_controller.rb:
   * [ 20] [TODO] any other way to do this?
@@ -425,10 +447,16 @@ app/models/school.rb:
   * [ 17] [FIXME]
 ```
 
+You can add support for new file extensions using `config.annotations.register_extensions` option, which receives a list of the extensions with its corresponding regex to match it up.
+
+```ruby
+config.annotations.register_extensions("scss", "sass", "less") { |annotation| /\/\/\s*(#{annotation}):?\s*(.*)$/ }
+```
+
 If you are looking for a specific annotation, say FIXME, you can use `rake notes:fixme`. Note that you have to lower case the annotation's name.
 
 ```bash
-$ rake notes:fixme
+$ bin/rake notes:fixme
 (in /home/foobar/commandsapp)
 app/controllers/admin/users_controller.rb:
   * [132] high priority for next deploy
@@ -440,19 +468,19 @@ app/models/school.rb:
 You can also use custom annotations in your code and list them using `rake notes:custom` by specifying the annotation using an environment variable `ANNOTATION`.
 
 ```bash
-$ rake notes:custom ANNOTATION=BUG
+$ bin/rake notes:custom ANNOTATION=BUG
 (in /home/foobar/commandsapp)
-app/models/post.rb:
+app/models/article.rb:
   * [ 23] Have to fix this one before pushing!
 ```
 
 NOTE. When using specific annotations and custom annotations, the annotation name (FIXME, BUG etc) is not displayed in the output lines.
 
-By default, `rake notes` will look in the `app`, `config`, `lib`, `bin` and `test` directories. If you would like to search other directories, you can provide them as a comma separated list in an environment variable `SOURCE_ANNOTATION_DIRECTORIES`.
+By default, `rake notes` will look in the `app`, `config`, `db`, `lib` and `test` directories. If you would like to search other directories, you can provide them as a comma separated list in an environment variable `SOURCE_ANNOTATION_DIRECTORIES`.
 
 ```bash
 $ export SOURCE_ANNOTATION_DIRECTORIES='spec,vendor'
-$ rake notes
+$ bin/rake notes
 (in /home/foobar/commandsapp)
 app/models/user.rb:
   * [ 35] [FIXME] User should have a subscription at this point
@@ -472,15 +500,14 @@ Rails comes with a test suite called Minitest. Rails owes its stability to the u
 
 ### `tmp`
 
-The `Rails.root/tmp` directory is, like the *nix /tmp directory, the holding place for temporary files like sessions (if you're using a file store for files), process id files, and cached actions.
+The `Rails.root/tmp` directory is, like the *nix /tmp directory, the holding place for temporary files like process id files and cached actions.
 
 The `tmp:` namespaced tasks will help you clear and create the `Rails.root/tmp` directory:
 
 * `rake tmp:cache:clear` clears `tmp/cache`.
-* `rake tmp:sessions:clear` clears `tmp/sessions`.
 * `rake tmp:sockets:clear` clears `tmp/sockets`.
-* `rake tmp:clear` clears all the three: cache, sessions and sockets.
-* `rake tmp:create` creates tmp directories for sessions, cache, sockets, and pids.
+* `rake tmp:clear` clears all cache and sockets files.
+* `rake tmp:create` creates tmp directories for cache, sockets and pids.
 
 ### Miscellaneous
 
@@ -505,8 +532,8 @@ end
 To pass arguments to your custom rake task:
 
 ```ruby
-task :task_name, [:arg_1] => [:pre_1, :pre_2] do |t, args|
-  # You can use args from here
+task :task_name, [:arg_1] => [:prerequisite_1, :prerequisite_2] do |task, args|
+  argument_1 = args.arg_1
 end
 ```
 
@@ -524,9 +551,9 @@ end
 Invocation of the tasks will look like:
 
 ```bash
-rake task_name
-rake "task_name[value 1]" # entire argument string should be quoted
-rake db:nothing
+$ bin/rake task_name
+$ bin/rake "task_name[value 1]" # entire argument string should be quoted
+$ bin/rake db:nothing
 ```
 
 NOTE: If your need to interact with your application models, perform database queries and so on, your task should depend on the `environment` task, which will load your application code.
diff --git a/guides/source/configuring.md b/guides/source/configuring.md
index 7b72e27b96..ba2fb4c1cf 100644
--- a/guides/source/configuring.md
+++ b/guides/source/configuring.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Configuring Rails Applications
 ==============================
 
@@ -33,7 +35,7 @@ In general, the work of configuring Rails means configuring the components of Ra
 For example, the `config/application.rb` file includes this setting:
 
 ```ruby
-config.autoload_paths += %W(#{config.root}/extras)
+config.time_zone = 'Central Time (US & Canada)'
 ```
 
 This is a setting for Rails itself. If you want to pass settings to individual Rails components, you can do so via the same `config` object in `config/application.rb`:
@@ -56,13 +58,13 @@ These configuration methods are to be called on a `Rails::Railtie` object, such
     end
     ```
 
-* `config.asset_host` sets the host for the assets. Useful when CDNs are used for hosting assets, or when you want to work around the concurrency constraints builtin in browsers using different domain aliases. Shorter version of `config.action_controller.asset_host`.
+* `config.asset_host` sets the host for the assets. Useful when CDNs are used for hosting assets, or when you want to work around the concurrency constraints built-in in browsers using different domain aliases. Shorter version of `config.action_controller.asset_host`.
 
 * `config.autoload_once_paths` accepts an array of paths from which Rails will autoload constants that won't be wiped per request. Relevant if `config.cache_classes` is false, which is the case in development mode by default. Otherwise, all autoloading happens only once. All elements of this array must also be in `autoload_paths`. Default is an empty array.
 
 * `config.autoload_paths` accepts an array of paths from which Rails will autoload constants. Default is all directories under `app`.
 
-* `config.cache_classes` controls whether or not application classes and modules should be reloaded on each request. Defaults to false in development mode, and true in test and production modes. Can also be enabled with `threadsafe!`.
+* `config.cache_classes` controls whether or not application classes and modules should be reloaded on each request. Defaults to false in development mode, and true in test and production modes.
 
 * `config.action_view.cache_template_loading` controls whether or not templates should be reloaded on each request. Defaults to whatever is set for `config.cache_classes`.
 
@@ -86,8 +88,6 @@ application. Accepts a valid week day symbol (e.g. `:monday`).
     end
     ```
 
-* `config.dependency_loading` is a flag that allows you to disable constant autoloading setting it to false. It only has effect if `config.cache_classes` is true, which it is by default in production mode. This flag is set to false by `config.threadsafe!`.
-
 * `config.eager_load` when true, eager loads all registered `config.eager_load_namespaces`. This includes your application, engines, Rails frameworks and any other registered namespace.
 
 * `config.eager_load_namespaces` registers namespaces that are eager loaded when `config.eager_load` is true. All namespaces in the list must respond to the `eager_load!` method.
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ application. Accepts a valid week day symbol (e.g. `:monday`).
 
 * `config.exceptions_app` sets the exceptions application invoked by the ShowException middleware when an exception happens. Defaults to `ActionDispatch::PublicExceptions.new(Rails.public_path)`.
 
-* `config.file_watcher` the class used to detect file updates in the filesystem when `config.reload_classes_only_on_change` is true. Must conform to `ActiveSupport::FileUpdateChecker` API.
+* `config.file_watcher` is the class used to detect file updates in the file system when `config.reload_classes_only_on_change` is true. Rails ships with `ActiveSupport::FileUpdateChecker`, the default, and `ActiveSupport::EventedFileUpdateChecker` (this one depends on the [listen](https://github.com/guard/listen) gem). Custom classes must conform to the `ActiveSupport::FileUpdateChecker` API.
 
 * `config.filter_parameters` used for filtering out the parameters that
 you don't want shown in the logs, such as passwords or credit card
@@ -108,19 +108,21 @@ numbers. New applications filter out passwords by adding the following `config.f
 
 * `config.log_formatter` defines the formatter of the Rails logger. This option defaults to an instance of `ActiveSupport::Logger::SimpleFormatter` for all modes except production, where it defaults to `Logger::Formatter`.
 
-* `config.log_level` defines the verbosity of the Rails logger. This option defaults to `:debug` for all modes except production, where it defaults to `:info`.
+* `config.log_level` defines the verbosity of the Rails logger. This option
+defaults to `:debug` for all environments. The available log levels are: `:debug`,
+`:info`, `:warn`, `:error`, `:fatal`, and `:unknown`.
 
-* `config.log_tags` accepts a list of methods that respond to `request` object. This makes it easy to tag log lines with debug information like subdomain and request id - both very helpful in debugging multi-user production applications.
+* `config.log_tags` accepts a list of: methods that the `request` object responds to, a `Proc` that accepts the `request` object, or something that responds to `to_s`. This makes it easy to tag log lines with debug information like subdomain and request id - both very helpful in debugging multi-user production applications.
 
-* `config.logger` accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby `Logger` class. Defaults to an instance of `ActiveSupport::Logger`, with auto flushing off in production mode.
+* `config.logger` accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby `Logger` class. Defaults to an instance of `ActiveSupport::Logger`.
 
 * `config.middleware` allows you to configure the application's middleware. This is covered in depth in the [Configuring Middleware](#configuring-middleware) section below.
 
 * `config.reload_classes_only_on_change` enables or disables reloading of classes only when tracked files change. By default tracks everything on autoload paths and is set to true. If `config.cache_classes` is true, this option is ignored.
 
-* `config.secret_key_base` used for specifying a key which allows sessions for the application to be verified against a known secure key to prevent tampering. Applications get `config.secret_key_base` initialized to a random key in `config/initializers/secret_token.rb`.
+* `secrets.secret_key_base` is used for specifying a key which allows sessions for the application to be verified against a known secure key to prevent tampering. Applications get `secrets.secret_key_base` initialized to a random key present in `config/secrets.yml`.
 
-* `config.serve_static_assets` configures Rails itself to serve static assets. Defaults to true, but in the production environment is turned off as the server software (e.g. Nginx or Apache) used to run the application should serve static assets instead. Unlike the default setting set this to true when running (absolutely not recommended!) or testing your app in production mode using WEBrick. Otherwise you won't be able use page caching and requests for files that exist regularly under the public directory will anyway hit your Rails app.
+* `config.public_file_server.enabled` configures Rails to serve static files from the public directory. This option defaults to true, but in the production environment it is set to false because the server software (e.g. NGINX or Apache) used to run the application should serve static files instead. If you are running or testing your app in production mode using WEBrick (it is not recommended to use WEBrick in production) set the option to true. Otherwise, you won't be able to use page caching and request for files that exist under the public directory.
 
 * `config.session_store` is usually set up in `config/initializers/session_store.rb` and specifies what class to use to store the session. Possible values are `:cookie_store` which is the default, `:mem_cache_store`, and `:disabled`. The last one tells Rails not to deal with sessions. Custom session stores can also be specified:
 
@@ -137,7 +139,7 @@ numbers. New applications filter out passwords by adding the following `config.f
 * `config.assets.enabled` a flag that controls whether the asset
 pipeline is enabled. It is set to true by default.
 
-*`config.assets.raise_runtime_errors`* Set this flag to `true` to enable additional runtime error checking. Recommended in `config/environments/development.rb` to minimize unexpected behavior when deploying to `production`.
+* `config.assets.raise_runtime_errors` Set this flag to `true` to enable additional runtime error checking. Recommended in `config/environments/development.rb` to minimize unexpected behavior when deploying to `production`.
 
 * `config.assets.compress` a flag that enables the compression of compiled assets. It is explicitly set to true in `config/environments/production.rb`.
 
@@ -151,14 +153,14 @@ pipeline is enabled. It is set to true by default.
 
 * `config.assets.prefix` defines the prefix where assets are served from. Defaults to `/assets`.
 
-* `config.assets.digest` enables the use of MD5 fingerprints in asset names. Set to `true` by default in `production.rb`.
+* `config.assets.manifest` defines the full path to be used for the asset precompiler's manifest file. Defaults to a file named `manifest-<random>.json` in the `config.assets.prefix` directory within the public folder.
+
+* `config.assets.digest` enables the use of MD5 fingerprints in asset names. Set to `true` by default in `production.rb` and `development.rb`.
 
 * `config.assets.debug` disables the concatenation and compression of assets. Set to `true` by default in `development.rb`.
 
 * `config.assets.cache_store` defines the cache store that Sprockets will use. The default is the Rails file store.
 
-* `config.assets.version` is an option string that is used in MD5 hash generation. This can be changed to force all files to be recompiled.
-
 * `config.assets.compile` is a boolean that can be used to turn on live Sprockets compilation in production.
 
 * `config.assets.logger` accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby `Logger` class. Defaults to the same configured at `config.logger`. Setting `config.assets.logger` to false will turn off served assets logging.
@@ -179,15 +181,17 @@ The full set of methods that can be used in this block are as follows:
 * `assets` allows to create assets on generating a scaffold. Defaults to `true`.
 * `force_plural` allows pluralized model names. Defaults to `false`.
 * `helper` defines whether or not to generate helpers. Defaults to `true`.
-* `integration_tool` defines which integration tool to use. Defaults to `nil`.
+* `integration_tool` defines which integration tool to use to generate integration tests. Defaults to `:test_unit`.
 * `javascripts` turns on the hook for JavaScript files in generators. Used in Rails for when the `scaffold` generator is run. Defaults to `true`.
-* `javascript_engine` configures the engine to be used (for eg. coffee) when generating assets. Defaults to `nil`.
+* `javascript_engine` configures the engine to be used (for eg. coffee) when generating assets. Defaults to `:js`.
 * `orm` defines which orm to use. Defaults to `false` and will use Active Record by default.
 * `resource_controller` defines which generator to use for generating a controller when using `rails generate resource`. Defaults to `:controller`.
+* `resource_route` defines whether a resource route definition should be generated
+  or not. Defaults to `true`.
 * `scaffold_controller` different from `resource_controller`, defines which generator to use for generating a _scaffolded_ controller when using `rails generate scaffold`. Defaults to `:scaffold_controller`.
 * `stylesheets` turns on the hook for stylesheets in generators. Used in Rails for when the `scaffold` generator is run, but this hook can be used in other generates as well. Defaults to `true`.
 * `stylesheet_engine` configures the stylesheet engine (for eg. sass) to be used when generating assets. Defaults to `:css`.
-* `test_framework` defines which test framework to use. Defaults to `false` and will use Test::Unit by default.
+* `test_framework` defines which test framework to use. Defaults to `false` and will use Minitest by default.
 * `template_engine` defines which template engine to use, such as ERB or Haml. Defaults to `:erb`.
 
 ### Configuring Middleware
@@ -195,7 +199,7 @@ The full set of methods that can be used in this block are as follows:
 Every Rails application comes with a standard set of middleware which it uses in this order in the development environment:
 
 * `ActionDispatch::SSL` forces every request to be under HTTPS protocol. Will be available if `config.force_ssl` is set to `true`. Options passed to this can be configured by using `config.ssl_options`.
-* `ActionDispatch::Static` is used to serve static assets. Disabled if `config.serve_static_assets` is `false`.
+* `ActionDispatch::Static` is used to serve static assets. Disabled if `config.public_file_server.enabled` is `false`. Set `config.public_file_server.index_name` if you need to serve a static directory index file that is not named `index`. For example, to serve `main.html` instead of `index.html` for directory requests, set `config.public_file_server.index_name` to `"main"`.
 * `Rack::Lock` wraps the app in mutex so it can only be called by a single thread at a time. Only enabled when `config.cache_classes` is `false`.
 * `ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache` serves as a basic memory backed cache. This cache is not thread safe and is intended only for serving as a temporary memory cache for a single thread.
 * `Rack::Runtime` sets an `X-Runtime` header, containing the time (in seconds) taken to execute the request.
@@ -210,9 +214,8 @@ Every Rails application comes with a standard set of middleware which it uses in
 * `ActionDispatch::Cookies` sets cookies for the request.
 * `ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore` is responsible for storing the session in cookies. An alternate middleware can be used for this by changing the `config.action_controller.session_store` to an alternate value. Additionally, options passed to this can be configured by using `config.action_controller.session_options`.
 * `ActionDispatch::Flash` sets up the `flash` keys. Only available if `config.action_controller.session_store` is set to a value.
-* `ActionDispatch::ParamsParser` parses out parameters from the request into `params`.
 * `Rack::MethodOverride` allows the method to be overridden if `params[:_method]` is set. This is the middleware which supports the PATCH, PUT, and DELETE HTTP method types.
-* `ActionDispatch::Head` converts HEAD requests to GET requests and serves them as so.
+* `Rack::Head` converts HEAD requests to GET requests and serves them as so.
 
 Besides these usual middleware, you can add your own by using the `config.middleware.use` method:
 
@@ -223,13 +226,13 @@ config.middleware.use Magical::Unicorns
 This will put the `Magical::Unicorns` middleware on the end of the stack. You can use `insert_before` if you wish to add a middleware before another.
 
 ```ruby
-config.middleware.insert_before ActionDispatch::Head, Magical::Unicorns
+config.middleware.insert_before Rack::Head, Magical::Unicorns
 ```
 
 There's also `insert_after` which will insert a middleware after another:
 
 ```ruby
-config.middleware.insert_after ActionDispatch::Head, Magical::Unicorns
+config.middleware.insert_after Rack::Head, Magical::Unicorns
 ```
 
 Middlewares can also be completely swapped out and replaced with others:
@@ -241,7 +244,7 @@ config.middleware.swap ActionController::Failsafe, Lifo::Failsafe
 They can also be removed from the stack completely:
 
 ```ruby
-config.middleware.delete "Rack::MethodOverride"
+config.middleware.delete Rack::MethodOverride
 ```
 
 ### Configuring i18n
@@ -263,8 +266,8 @@ All these configuration options are delegated to the `I18n` library.
 * `config.active_record.logger` accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby Logger class, which is then passed on to any new database connections made. You can retrieve this logger by calling `logger` on either an Active Record model class or an Active Record model instance. Set to `nil` to disable logging.
 
 * `config.active_record.primary_key_prefix_type` lets you adjust the naming for primary key columns. By default, Rails assumes that primary key columns are named `id` (and this configuration option doesn't need to be set.) There are two other choices:
-** `:table_name` would make the primary key for the Customer class `customerid`
-** `:table_name_with_underscore` would make the primary key for the Customer class `customer_id`
+    * `:table_name` would make the primary key for the Customer class `customerid`
+    * `:table_name_with_underscore` would make the primary key for the Customer class `customer_id`
 
 * `config.active_record.table_name_prefix` lets you set a global string to be prepended to table names. If you set this to `northwest_`, then the Customer class will look for `northwest_customers` as its table. The default is an empty string.
 
@@ -274,7 +277,7 @@ All these configuration options are delegated to the `I18n` library.
 
 * `config.active_record.pluralize_table_names` specifies whether Rails will look for singular or plural table names in the database. If set to true (the default), then the Customer class will use the `customers` table. If set to false, then the Customer class will use the `customer` table.
 
-* `config.active_record.default_timezone` determines whether to use `Time.local` (if set to `:local`) or `Time.utc` (if set to `:utc`) when pulling dates and times from the database. The default is `:utc` for Rails, although Active Record defaults to `:local` when used outside of Rails.
+* `config.active_record.default_timezone` determines whether to use `Time.local` (if set to `:local`) or `Time.utc` (if set to `:utc`) when pulling dates and times from the database. The default is `:utc`.
 
 * `config.active_record.schema_format` controls the format for dumping the database schema to a file. The options are `:ruby` (the default) for a database-independent version that depends on migrations, or `:sql` for a set of (potentially database-dependent) SQL statements.
 
@@ -282,14 +285,12 @@ All these configuration options are delegated to the `I18n` library.
 
 * `config.active_record.lock_optimistically` controls whether Active Record will use optimistic locking and is true by default.
 
-* `config.active_record.cache_timestamp_format` controls the format of the timestamp value in the cache key. Default is `:number`.
+* `config.active_record.cache_timestamp_format` controls the format of the timestamp value in the cache key. Default is `:nsec`.
 
 * `config.active_record.record_timestamps` is a boolean value which controls whether or not timestamping of `create` and `update` operations on a model occur. The default value is `true`.
 
 * `config.active_record.partial_writes` is a boolean value and controls whether or not partial writes are used (i.e. whether updates only set attributes that are dirty). Note that when using partial writes, you should also use optimistic locking `config.active_record.lock_optimistically` since concurrent updates may write attributes based on a possibly stale read state. The default value is `true`.
 
-* `config.active_record.attribute_types_cached_by_default` sets the attribute types that `ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods` will cache by default on reads. The default is `[:datetime, :timestamp, :time, :date]`.
-
 * `config.active_record.maintain_test_schema` is a boolean value which controls whether Active Record should try to keep your test database schema up-to-date with `db/schema.rb` (or `db/structure.sql`) when you run your tests. The default is true.
 
 * `config.active_record.dump_schema_after_migration` is a flag which
@@ -298,6 +299,24 @@ All these configuration options are delegated to the `I18n` library.
   `config/environments/production.rb` which is generated by Rails. The
   default value is true if this configuration is not set.
 
+* `config.active_record.dump_schemas` controls which database schemas will be dumped when calling db:structure:dump.
+  The options are `:schema_search_path` (the default) which dumps any schemas listed in schema_search_path,
+  `:all` which always dumps all schemas regardless of the schema_search_path,
+  or a string of comma separated schemas.
+
+* `config.active_record.belongs_to_required_by_default` is a boolean value and
+  controls whether a record fails validation if `belongs_to` association is not
+  present.
+
+* `config.active_record.warn_on_records_fetched_greater_than` allows setting a
+  warning threshold for query result size. If the number of records returned
+  by a query exceeds the threshold, a warning is logged. This can be used to
+  identify queries which might be causing memory bloat.
+
+* `config.active_record.index_nested_attribute_errors` allows errors for nested
+  has_many relationships to be displayed with an index as well as the error.
+  Defaults to false.
+
 The MySQL adapter adds one additional configuration option:
 
 * `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::MysqlAdapter.emulate_booleans` controls whether Active Record will consider all `tinyint(1)` columns in a MySQL database to be booleans and is true by default.
@@ -312,24 +331,30 @@ The schema dumper adds one additional configuration option:
 
 * `config.action_controller.asset_host` sets the host for the assets. Useful when CDNs are used for hosting assets rather than the application server itself.
 
-* `config.action_controller.perform_caching` configures whether the application should perform caching or not. Set to false in development mode, true in production.
+* `config.action_controller.perform_caching` configures whether the application should perform the caching features provided by the Action Controller component or not. Set to false in development mode, true in production.
 
 * `config.action_controller.default_static_extension` configures the extension used for cached pages. Defaults to `.html`.
 
 * `config.action_controller.default_charset` specifies the default character set for all renders. The default is "utf-8".
 
+* `config.action_controller.include_all_helpers` configures whether all view helpers are available everywhere or are scoped to the corresponding controller. If set to `false`, `UsersHelper` methods are only available for views rendered as part of `UsersController`. If `true`, `UsersHelper` methods are available everywhere. The default is `true`.
+
 * `config.action_controller.logger` accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby Logger class, which is then used to log information from Action Controller. Set to `nil` to disable logging.
 
 * `config.action_controller.request_forgery_protection_token` sets the token parameter name for RequestForgery. Calling `protect_from_forgery` sets it to `:authenticity_token` by default.
 
 * `config.action_controller.allow_forgery_protection` enables or disables CSRF protection. By default this is `false` in test mode and `true` in all other modes.
 
+* `config.action_controller.forgery_protection_origin_check` configures whether the HTTP `Origin` header should be checked against the site's origin as an additional CSRF defense.
+
 * `config.action_controller.relative_url_root` can be used to tell Rails that you are [deploying to a subdirectory](configuring.html#deploy-to-a-subdirectory-relative-url-root). The default is `ENV['RAILS_RELATIVE_URL_ROOT']`.
 
 * `config.action_controller.permit_all_parameters` sets all the parameters for mass assignment to be permitted by default. The default value is `false`.
 
 * `config.action_controller.action_on_unpermitted_parameters` enables logging or raising an exception if parameters that are not explicitly permitted are found. Set to `:log` or `:raise` to enable. The default value is `:log` in development and test environments, and `false` in all other environments.
 
+* `config.action_controller.always_permitted_parameters` sets a list of whitelisted parameters that are permitted by default. The default values are `['controller', 'action']`.
+
 ### Configuring Action Dispatch
 
 * `config.action_dispatch.session_store` sets the name of the store for session data. The default is `:cookie_store`; other valid options include `:active_record_store`, `:mem_cache_store` or the name of your own custom class.
@@ -362,6 +387,30 @@ encrypted cookies salt value. Defaults to `'signed encrypted cookie'`.
   method should be performed on the parameters. See [Security Guide](security.html#unsafe-query-generation)
   for more information. It defaults to true.
 
+* `config.action_dispatch.rescue_responses` configures what exceptions are assigned to an HTTP status. It accepts a hash and you can specify pairs of exception/status. By default, this is defined as:
+
+  ```ruby
+  config.action_dispatch.rescue_responses = {
+    'ActionController::RoutingError'              => :not_found,
+    'AbstractController::ActionNotFound'          => :not_found,
+    'ActionController::MethodNotAllowed'          => :method_not_allowed,
+    'ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod'         => :method_not_allowed,
+    'ActionController::NotImplemented'            => :not_implemented,
+    'ActionController::UnknownFormat'             => :not_acceptable,
+    'ActionController::InvalidAuthenticityToken'  => :unprocessable_entity,
+    'ActionController::InvalidCrossOriginRequest' => :unprocessable_entity,
+    'ActionDispatch::ParamsParser::ParseError'    => :bad_request,
+    'ActionController::BadRequest'                => :bad_request,
+    'ActionController::ParameterMissing'          => :bad_request,
+    'ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound'                => :not_found,
+    'ActiveRecord::StaleObjectError'              => :conflict,
+    'ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid'                 => :unprocessable_entity,
+    'ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved'                => :unprocessable_entity
+  }
+  ```
+
+  Any exceptions that are not configured will be mapped to 500 Internal Server Error.
+
 * `ActionDispatch::Callbacks.before` takes a block of code to run before the request.
 
 * `ActionDispatch::Callbacks.to_prepare` takes a block to run after `ActionDispatch::Callbacks.before`, but before the request. Runs for every request in `development` mode, but only once for `production` or environments with `cache_classes` set to `true`.
@@ -372,7 +421,7 @@ encrypted cookies salt value. Defaults to `'signed encrypted cookie'`.
 
 `config.action_view` includes a small number of configuration settings:
 
-* `config.action_view.field_error_proc` provides an HTML generator for displaying errors that come from Active Record. The default is
+* `config.action_view.field_error_proc` provides an HTML generator for displaying errors that come from Active Model. The default is
 
     ```ruby
     Proc.new do |html_tag, instance|
@@ -380,23 +429,37 @@ encrypted cookies salt value. Defaults to `'signed encrypted cookie'`.
     end
     ```
 
-* `config.action_view.default_form_builder` tells Rails which form builder to use by default. The default is `ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder`. If you want your form builder class to be loaded after initialization (so it's reloaded on each request in development), you can pass it as a `String`
+* `config.action_view.default_form_builder` tells Rails which form builder to
+  use by default. The default is `ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder`. If you
+  want your form builder class to be loaded after initialization (so it's
+  reloaded on each request in development), you can pass it as a `String`.
 
 * `config.action_view.logger` accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby Logger class, which is then used to log information from Action View. Set to `nil` to disable logging.
 
 * `config.action_view.erb_trim_mode` gives the trim mode to be used by ERB. It defaults to `'-'`, which turns on trimming of tail spaces and newline when using `<%= -%>` or `<%= =%>`. See the [Erubis documentation](http://www.kuwata-lab.com/erubis/users-guide.06.html#topics-trimspaces) for more information.
 
-* `config.action_view.embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms` allows you to set the default behavior for `authenticity_token` in forms with `:remote => true`. By default it's set to false, which means that remote forms will not include `authenticity_token`, which is helpful when you're fragment-caching the form. Remote forms get the authenticity from the `meta` tag, so embedding is unnecessary unless you support browsers without JavaScript. In such case you can either pass `:authenticity_token => true` as a form option or set this config setting to `true`
+* `config.action_view.embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms` allows you to
+  set the default behavior for `authenticity_token` in forms with `remote:
+  true`. By default it's set to false, which means that remote forms will not
+  include `authenticity_token`, which is helpful when you're fragment-caching
+  the form. Remote forms get the authenticity from the `meta` tag, so embedding
+  is unnecessary unless you support browsers without JavaScript. In such case
+  you can either pass `authenticity_token: true` as a form option or set this
+  config setting to `true`.
 
-* `config.action_view.prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace` determines whether or not partials are looked up from a subdirectory in templates rendered from namespaced controllers. For example, consider a controller named `Admin::PostsController` which renders this template:
+* `config.action_view.prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace` determines whether or not partials are looked up from a subdirectory in templates rendered from namespaced controllers. For example, consider a controller named `Admin::ArticlesController` which renders this template:
 
     ```erb
-    <%= render @post %>
+    <%= render @article %>
     ```
 
-    The default setting is `true`, which uses the partial at `/admin/posts/_post.erb`. Setting the value to `false` would render `/posts/_post.erb`, which is the same behavior as rendering from a non-namespaced controller such as `PostsController`.
+    The default setting is `true`, which uses the partial at `/admin/articles/_article.erb`. Setting the value to `false` would render `/articles/_article.erb`, which is the same behavior as rendering from a non-namespaced controller such as `ArticlesController`.
 
-* `config.action_view.raise_on_missing_translations` determines whether an error should be raised for missing translations
+* `config.action_view.raise_on_missing_translations` determines whether an
+  error should be raised for missing translations.
+
+* `config.action_view.automatically_disable_submit_tag` determines whether
+  submit_tag should automatically disable on click, this defaults to true.
 
 ### Configuring Action Mailer
 
@@ -451,18 +514,37 @@ There are a number of settings available on `config.action_mailer`:
     config.action_mailer.interceptors = ["MailInterceptor"]
     ```
 
+* `config.action_mailer.preview_path` specifies the location of mailer previews.
+
+    ```ruby
+    config.action_mailer.preview_path = "#{Rails.root}/lib/mailer_previews"
+    ```
+
+* `config.action_mailer.show_previews` enable or disable mailer previews. By default this is `true` in development.
+
+    ```ruby
+    config.action_mailer.show_previews = false
+    ```
+
+* `config.action_mailer.deliver_later_queue_name` specifies the queue name for
+  mailers. By default this is `mailers`.
+
 ### Configuring Active Support
 
 There are a few configuration options available in Active Support:
 
 * `config.active_support.bare` enables or disables the loading of `active_support/all` when booting Rails. Defaults to `nil`, which means `active_support/all` is loaded.
 
-* `config.active_support.escape_html_entities_in_json` enables or disables the escaping of HTML entities in JSON serialization. Defaults to `false`.
+* `config.active_support.test_order` sets the order that test cases are executed. Possible values are `:random` and `:sorted`. This option is set to `:random` in `config/environments/test.rb` in newly-generated applications. If you have an application that does not specify a `test_order`, it will default to `:sorted`, *until* Rails 5.0, when the default will become `:random`.
+
+* `config.active_support.escape_html_entities_in_json` enables or disables the escaping of HTML entities in JSON serialization. Defaults to `true`.
 
 * `config.active_support.use_standard_json_time_format` enables or disables serializing dates to ISO 8601 format. Defaults to `true`.
 
 * `config.active_support.time_precision` sets the precision of JSON encoded time values. Defaults to `3`.
 
+* `ActiveSupport.halt_callback_chains_on_return_false` specifies whether Active Record and Active Model callback chains can be halted by returning `false` in a 'before' callback. Defaults to `true`.
+
 * `ActiveSupport::Logger.silencer` is set to `false` to disable the ability to silence logging in a block. The default is `true`.
 
 * `ActiveSupport::Cache::Store.logger` specifies the logger to use within cache store operations.
@@ -473,6 +555,58 @@ There are a few configuration options available in Active Support:
 
 * `ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silenced` sets whether or not to display deprecation warnings.
 
+### Configuring Active Job
+
+`config.active_job` provides the following configuration options:
+
+* `config.active_job.queue_adapter` sets the adapter for the queueing backend. The default adapter is `:inline` which will perform jobs immediately. For an up-to-date list of built-in adapters see the [ActiveJob::QueueAdapters API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveJob/QueueAdapters.html).
+
+    ```ruby
+    # Be sure to have the adapter's gem in your Gemfile
+    # and follow the adapter's specific installation
+    # and deployment instructions.
+    config.active_job.queue_adapter = :sidekiq
+    ```
+
+* `config.active_job.default_queue_name` can be used to change the default queue name. By default this is `"default"`.
+
+    ```ruby
+    config.active_job.default_queue_name = :medium_priority
+    ```
+
+* `config.active_job.queue_name_prefix` allows you to set an optional, non-blank, queue name prefix for all jobs. By default it is blank and not used.
+
+    The following configuration would queue the given job on the `production_high_priority` queue when run in production:
+
+    ```ruby
+    config.active_job.queue_name_prefix = Rails.env
+    ```
+
+    ```ruby
+    class GuestsCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base
+      queue_as :high_priority
+      #....
+    end
+    ```
+
+* `config.active_job.queue_name_delimiter` has a default value of `'_'`. If `queue_name_prefix` is set, then `queue_name_delimiter` joins the prefix and the non-prefixed queue name.
+
+    The following configuration would queue the provided job on the `video_server.low_priority` queue:
+
+    ```ruby
+    # prefix must be set for delimiter to be used
+    config.active_job.queue_name_prefix = 'video_server'
+    config.active_job.queue_name_delimiter = '.'
+    ```
+
+    ```ruby
+    class EncoderJob < ActiveJob::Base
+      queue_as :low_priority
+      #....
+    end
+    ```
+
+* `config.active_job.logger` accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby Logger class, which is then used to log information from Active Job. You can retrieve this logger by calling `logger` on either an Active Job class or an Active Job instance. Set to `nil` to disable logging.
 
 ### Configuring a Database
 
@@ -515,7 +649,7 @@ TIP: You don't have to update the database configurations manually. If you look
 
 ### Connection Preference
 
-Since there are two ways to set your connection, via environment variable it is important to understand how the two can interact.
+Since there are two ways to configure your connection (using `config/database.yml` or using an environment variable) it is important to understand how they can interact.
 
 If you have an empty `config/database.yml` file but your `ENV['DATABASE_URL']` is present, then Rails will connect to the database via your environment variable:
 
@@ -552,7 +686,7 @@ development:
 $ echo $DATABASE_URL
 postgresql://localhost/my_database
 
-$ rails runner 'puts ActiveRecord::Base.connections'
+$ bin/rails runner 'puts ActiveRecord::Base.configurations'
 {"development"=>{"adapter"=>"postgresql", "host"=>"localhost", "database"=>"my_database"}}
 ```
 
@@ -569,7 +703,7 @@ development:
 $ echo $DATABASE_URL
 postgresql://localhost/my_database
 
-$ rails runner 'puts ActiveRecord::Base.connections'
+$ bin/rails runner 'puts ActiveRecord::Base.configurations'
 {"development"=>{"adapter"=>"postgresql", "host"=>"localhost", "database"=>"my_database", "pool"=>5}}
 ```
 
@@ -580,13 +714,13 @@ The only way to explicitly not use the connection information in `ENV['DATABASE_
 ```
 $ cat config/database.yml
 development:
-  url: sqlite3://localhost/NOT_my_database
+  url: sqlite3:NOT_my_database
 
 $ echo $DATABASE_URL
 postgresql://localhost/my_database
 
-$ rails runner 'puts ActiveRecord::Base.connections'
-{"development"=>{"adapter"=>"sqlite3", "host"=>"localhost", "database"=>"NOT_my_database"}}
+$ bin/rails runner 'puts ActiveRecord::Base.configurations'
+{"development"=>{"adapter"=>"sqlite3", "database"=>"NOT_my_database"}}
 ```
 
 Here the connection information in `ENV['DATABASE_URL']` is ignored, note the different adapter and database name.
@@ -644,11 +778,9 @@ development:
   encoding: unicode
   database: blog_development
   pool: 5
-  username: blog
-  password:
 ```
 
-Prepared Statements can be disabled thus:
+Prepared Statements are enabled by default on PostgreSQL. You can disable prepared statements by setting `prepared_statements` to `false`:
 
 ```yaml
 production:
@@ -656,6 +788,16 @@ production:
   prepared_statements: false
 ```
 
+If enabled, Active Record will create up to `1000` prepared statements per database connection by default. To modify this behavior you can set `statement_limit` to a different value:
+
+```
+production:
+  adapter: postgresql
+  statement_limit: 200
+```
+
+The more prepared statements in use: the more memory your database will require. If your PostgreSQL database is hitting memory limits, try lowering `statement_limit` or disabling prepared statements.
+
 #### Configuring an SQLite3 Database for JRuby Platform
 
 If you choose to use SQLite3 and are using JRuby, your `config/database.yml` will look a little different. Here's the development section:
@@ -721,23 +863,48 @@ Rails will now prepend "/app1" when generating links.
 
 #### Using Passenger
 
-Passenger makes it easy to run your application in a subdirectory. You can find
-the relevant configuration in the
-[passenger manual](http://www.modrails.com/documentation/Users%20guide%20Apache.html#deploying_rails_to_sub_uri).
+Passenger makes it easy to run your application in a subdirectory. You can find the relevant configuration in the [Passenger manual](http://www.modrails.com/documentation/Users%20guide%20Apache.html#deploying_rails_to_sub_uri).
 
 #### Using a Reverse Proxy
 
-TODO
+Deploying your application using a reverse proxy has definite advantages over traditional deploys. They allow you to have more control over your server by layering the components required by your application.
+
+Many modern web servers can be used as a proxy server to balance third-party elements such as caching servers or application servers.
 
-#### Considerations when deploying to a subdirectory
+One such application server you can use is [Unicorn](http://unicorn.bogomips.org/) to run behind a reverse proxy.
 
-Deploying to a subdirectory in production has implications on various parts of
-Rails.
+In this case, you would need to configure the proxy server (NGINX, Apache, etc) to accept connections from your application server (Unicorn). By default Unicorn will listen for TCP connections on port 8080, but you can change the port or configure it to use sockets instead.
+
+You can find more information in the [Unicorn readme](http://unicorn.bogomips.org/README.html) and understand the [philosophy](http://unicorn.bogomips.org/PHILOSOPHY.html) behind it.
+
+Once you've configured the application server, you must proxy requests to it by configuring your web server appropriately. For example your NGINX config may include:
+
+```
+upstream application_server {
+  server 0.0.0.0:8080
+}
+
+server {
+  listen 80;
+  server_name localhost;
+
+  root /root/path/to/your_app/public;
+
+  try_files $uri/index.html $uri.html @app;
+
+  location @app {
+    proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
+    proxy_set_header Host $http_host;
+    proxy_redirect off;
+    proxy_pass http://application_server;
+  }
+
+  # some other configuration
+}
+```
+
+Be sure to read the [NGINX documentation](http://nginx.org/en/docs/) for the most up-to-date information.
 
-* development environment:
-* testing environment:
-* serving static assets:
-* asset pipeline:
 
 Rails Environment Settings
 --------------------------
@@ -867,15 +1034,20 @@ Below is a comprehensive list of all the initializers found in Rails in the orde
 
 * `active_record.set_dispatch_hooks` Resets all reloadable connections to the database if `config.cache_classes` is set to `false`.
 
+* `active_job.logger` Sets `ActiveJob::Base.logger` - if it's not already set -
+  to `Rails.logger`.
+
+* `active_job.set_configs` Sets up Active Job by using the settings in `config.active_job` by `send`'ing the method names as setters to `ActiveJob::Base` and passing the values through.
+
 * `action_mailer.logger` Sets `ActionMailer::Base.logger` - if it's not already set - to `Rails.logger`.
 
 * `action_mailer.set_configs` Sets up Action Mailer by using the settings in `config.action_mailer` by `send`'ing the method names as setters to `ActionMailer::Base` and passing the values through.
 
 * `action_mailer.compile_config_methods` Initializes methods for the config settings specified so that they are quicker to access.
 
-* `set_load_path` This initializer runs before `bootstrap_hook`. Adds the `vendor`, `lib`, all directories of `app` and any paths specified by `config.load_paths` to `$LOAD_PATH`.
+* `set_load_path` This initializer runs before `bootstrap_hook`. Adds paths specified by `config.load_paths` and all autoload paths to `$LOAD_PATH`.
 
-* `set_autoload_paths` This initializer runs before `bootstrap_hook`. Adds all sub-directories of `app` and paths specified by `config.autoload_paths` to `ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths`.
+* `set_autoload_paths` This initializer runs before `bootstrap_hook`. Adds all sub-directories of `app` and paths specified by `config.autoload_paths`, `config.eager_load_paths` and `config.autoload_once_paths` to `ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths`.
 
 * `add_routing_paths` Loads (by default) all `config/routes.rb` files (in the application and railties, including engines) and sets up the routes for the application.
 
@@ -885,8 +1057,6 @@ Below is a comprehensive list of all the initializers found in Rails in the orde
 
 * `load_environment_config` Loads the `config/environments` file for the current environment.
 
-* `append_asset_paths` Finds asset paths for the application and all attached railties and keeps a track of the available directories in `config.static_asset_paths`.
-
 * `prepend_helpers_path` Adds the directory `app/helpers` from the application, railties and engines to the lookup path for helpers for the application.
 
 * `load_config_initializers` Loads all Ruby files from `config/initializers` in the application, railties and engines. The files in this directory can be used to hold configuration settings that should be made after all of the frameworks are loaded.
@@ -924,19 +1094,82 @@ development:
   timeout: 5000
 ```
 
-Since the connection pooling is handled inside of Active Record by default, all application servers (Thin, mongrel, Unicorn etc.) should behave the same. Initially, the database connection pool is empty and it will create additional connections as the demand for them increases, until it reaches the connection pool limit.
+Since the connection pooling is handled inside of Active Record by default, all application servers (Thin, mongrel, Unicorn etc.) should behave the same. The database connection pool is initially empty. As demand for connections increases it will create them until it reaches the connection pool limit.
 
-Any one request will check out a connection the first time it requires access to the database, after which it will check the connection back in, at the end of the request, meaning that the additional connection slot will be available again for the next request in the queue.
+Any one request will check out a connection the first time it requires access to the database. At the end of the request it will check the connection back in. This means that the additional connection slot will be available again for the next request in the queue.
 
 If you try to use more connections than are available, Active Record will block
-and wait for a connection from the pool. When it cannot get connection, a timeout
-error similar to given below will be thrown.
+you and wait for a connection from the pool. If it cannot get a connection, a
+timeout error similar to that given below will be thrown.
 
 ```ruby
-ActiveRecord::ConnectionTimeoutError - could not obtain a database connection within 5 seconds. The max pool size is currently 5; consider increasing it:
+ActiveRecord::ConnectionTimeoutError - could not obtain a database connection within 5.000 seconds (waited 5.000 seconds)
 ```
 
-If you get the above error, you might want to increase the size of connection
-pool by incrementing the `pool` option in `database.yml`
+If you get the above error, you might want to increase the size of the
+connection pool by incrementing the `pool` option in `database.yml`
+
+NOTE. If you are running in a multi-threaded environment, there could be a chance that several threads may be accessing multiple connections simultaneously. So depending on your current request load, you could very well have multiple threads contending for a limited number of connections.
+
+
+Custom configuration
+--------------------
+
+You can configure your own code through the Rails configuration object with custom configuration under the `config.x` property. It works like this:
+
+  ```ruby
+  config.x.payment_processing.schedule = :daily
+  config.x.payment_processing.retries  = 3
+  config.x.super_debugger = true
+  ```
+
+These configuration points are then available through the configuration object:
+
+  ```ruby
+  Rails.configuration.x.payment_processing.schedule # => :daily
+  Rails.configuration.x.payment_processing.retries  # => 3
+  Rails.configuration.x.super_debugger              # => true
+  Rails.configuration.x.super_debugger.not_set      # => nil
+  ```
+
+Search Engines Indexing
+-----------------------
+
+Sometimes, you may want to prevent some pages of your application to be visible
+on search sites like Google, Bing, Yahoo or Duck Duck Go. The robots that index
+these sites will first analyze the `http://your-site.com/robots.txt` file to
+know which pages it is allowed to index.
+
+Rails creates this file for you inside the `/public` folder. By default, it allows
+search engines to index all pages of your application. If you want to block
+indexing on all pages of you application, use this:
+
+```
+User-agent: *
+Disallow: /
+```
+
+To block just specific pages, it's necessary to use a more complex syntax. Learn
+it on the [official documentation](http://www.robotstxt.org/robotstxt.html).
+
+Evented File System Monitor
+---------------------------
+
+If the [listen gem](https://github.com/guard/listen) is loaded Rails uses an
+evented file system monitor to detect changes when `config.cache_classes` is
+false:
+
+```ruby
+group :development do
+  gem 'listen', '~> 3.0.4'
+end
+```
+
+Otherwise, in every request Rails walks the application tree to check if
+anything has changed.
+
+On Linux and Mac OS X no additional gems are needed, but some are required
+[for *BSD](https://github.com/guard/listen#on-bsd) and
+[for Windows](https://github.com/guard/listen#on-windows).
 
-NOTE. As Rails is multi-threaded by default, there could be a chance that several threads may be accessing multiple connections simultaneously. So depending on your current request load, you could very well have multiple threads contending for a limited amount of connections.
+Note that [some setups are unsupported](https://github.com/guard/listen#issues--limitations).
diff --git a/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.md b/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.md
index 36e3862c6b..ed88ecf6ac 100644
--- a/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.md
+++ b/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Contributing to Ruby on Rails
 =============================
 
@@ -13,6 +15,9 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 
 Ruby on Rails is not "someone else's framework." Over the years, hundreds of people have contributed to Ruby on Rails ranging from a single character to massive architectural changes or significant documentation - all with the goal of making Ruby on Rails better for everyone. Even if you don't feel up to writing code or documentation yet, there are a variety of other ways that you can contribute, from reporting issues to testing patches.
 
+As mentioned in [Rails
+README](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/README.md), everyone interacting in Rails and its sub-projects' codebases, issue trackers, chat rooms, and mailing lists is expected to follow the Rails [code of conduct](http://rubyonrails.org/conduct/).
+
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 Reporting an Issue
@@ -24,21 +29,25 @@ NOTE: Bugs in the most recent released version of Ruby on Rails are likely to ge
 
 ### Creating a Bug Report
 
-If you've found a problem in Ruby on Rails which is not a security risk, do a search in GitHub under [Issues](https://github.com/rails/rails/issues) in case it was already reported. If you find no issue addressing it you can [add a new one](https://github.com/rails/rails/issues/new). (See the next section for reporting security issues.)
+If you've found a problem in Ruby on Rails which is not a security risk, do a search on GitHub under [Issues](https://github.com/rails/rails/issues) in case it has already been reported. If you are unable to find any open GitHub issues addressing the problem you found, your next step will be to [open a new one](https://github.com/rails/rails/issues/new). (See the next section for reporting security issues.)
 
-At the minimum, your issue report needs a title and descriptive text. But that's only a minimum. You should include as much relevant information as possible. You need at least to post the code sample that has the issue. Even better is to include a unit test that shows how the expected behavior is not occurring. Your goal should be to make it easy for yourself - and others - to replicate the bug and figure out a fix.
+Your issue report should contain a title and a clear description of the issue at the bare minimum. You should include as much relevant information as possible and should at least post a code sample that demonstrates the issue. It would be even better if you could include a unit test that shows how the expected behavior is not occurring. Your goal should be to make it easy for yourself - and others - to reproduce the bug and figure out a fix.
 
 Then, don't get your hopes up! Unless you have a "Code Red, Mission Critical, the World is Coming to an End" kind of bug, you're creating this issue report in the hope that others with the same problem will be able to collaborate with you on solving it. Do not expect that the issue report will automatically see any activity or that others will jump to fix it. Creating an issue like this is mostly to help yourself start on the path of fixing the problem and for others to confirm it with an "I'm having this problem too" comment.
 
-### Create a Self-Contained gist for Active Record and Action Controller Issues
+### Create an Executable Test Case
+
+Having a way to reproduce your issue will be very helpful for others to help confirm, investigate and ultimately fix your issue. You can do this by providing an executable test case. To make this process easier, we have prepared several bug report templates for you to use as a starting point:
+
+* Template for Active Record (models, database) issues: [gem](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_gem.rb) / [master](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_master.rb)
+* Template for Action Pack (controllers, routing) issues: [gem](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_gem.rb) / [master](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb)
+* Generic template for other issues: [gem](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/bug_report_templates/generic_gem.rb) / [master](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/bug_report_templates/generic_master.rb)
 
-If you are filing a bug report, please use
-[Active Record template for gems](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_gem.rb) or
-[Action Controller template for gems](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_gem.rb)
-if the bug is found in a published gem, and
-[Active Record template for master](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_master.rb) or
-[Action Controller template for master](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb)
-if the bug happens in the master branch.
+These templates include the boilerplate code to set up a test case against either a released version of Rails (`*_gem.rb`) or edge Rails (`*_master.rb`).
+
+Simply copy the content of the appropriate template into a `.rb` file and make the necessary changes to demonstrate the issue. You can execute it by running `ruby the_file.rb` in your terminal. If all goes well, you should see your test case failing.
+
+You can then share your executable test case as a [gist](https://gist.github.com), or simply paste the content into the issue description.
 
 ### Special Treatment for Security Issues
 
@@ -50,17 +59,17 @@ Please don't put "feature request" items into GitHub Issues. If there's a new
 feature that you want to see added to Ruby on Rails, you'll need to write the
 code yourself - or convince someone else to partner with you to write the code.
 Later in this guide you'll find detailed instructions for proposing a patch to
-Ruby on Rails. If you enter a wishlist item in GitHub Issues with no code, you
+Ruby on Rails. If you enter a wish list item in GitHub Issues with no code, you
 can expect it to be marked "invalid" as soon as it's reviewed.
 
 Sometimes, the line between 'bug' and 'feature' is a hard one to draw.
 Generally, a feature is anything that adds new behavior, while a bug is
-anything that fixes already existing behavior that is misbehaving. Sometimes,
+anything that causes incorrect behavior. Sometimes,
 the core team will have to make a judgement call. That said, the distinction
 generally just affects which release your patch will get in to; we love feature
 submissions! They just won't get backported to maintenance branches.
 
-If you'd like feedback on an idea for a feature before doing the work for make
+If you'd like feedback on an idea for a feature before doing the work to make
 a patch, please send an email to the [rails-core mailing
 list](https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/rubyonrails-core). You
 might get no response, which means that everyone is indifferent. You might find
@@ -69,104 +78,21 @@ won't be accepted." But it's the proper place to discuss new ideas. GitHub
 Issues are not a particularly good venue for the sometimes long and involved
 discussions new features require.
 
-Setting Up a Development Environment
-------------------------------------
-
-To move on from submitting bugs to helping resolve existing issues or contributing your own code to Ruby on Rails, you _must_ be able to run its test suite. In this section of the guide you'll learn how to set up the tests on your own computer.
-
-### The Easy Way
-
-The easiest and recommended way to get a development environment ready to hack is to use the [Rails development box](https://github.com/rails/rails-dev-box).
-
-### The Hard Way
-
-In case you can't use the Rails development box, see section above, check [this other guide](development_dependencies_install.html).
-
-
-Running an Application Against Your Local Branch
-------------------------------------------------
-
-The `--dev` flag of `rails new` generates an application that uses your local
-branch:
-
-```bash
-$ cd rails
-$ bundle exec rails new ~/my-test-app --dev
-```
-
-The application generated in `~/my-test-app` runs against your local branch
-and in particular sees any modifications upon server reboot.
-
-
-Testing Active Record
----------------------
-
-This is how you run the Active Record test suite only for SQLite3:
-
-```bash
-$ cd activerecord
-$ bundle exec rake test_sqlite3
-```
-
-You can now run the tests as you did for `sqlite3`. The tasks are respectively
-
-```bash
-test_mysql
-test_mysql2
-test_postgresql
-```
-
-Finally,
-
-```bash
-$ bundle exec rake test
-```
-
-will now run the four of them in turn.
-
-You can also run any single test separately:
-
-```bash
-$ ARCONN=sqlite3 ruby -Itest test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
-```
-
-You can invoke `test_jdbcmysql`, `test_jdbcsqlite3` or `test_jdbcpostgresql` also. See the file `activerecord/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc` for information on running more targeted database tests, or the file `ci/travis.rb` for the test suite run by the continuous integration server.
-
-### Warnings
-
-The test suite runs with warnings enabled. Ideally, Ruby on Rails should issue no warnings, but there may be a few, as well as some from third-party libraries. Please ignore (or fix!) them, if any, and submit patches that do not issue new warnings.
-
-If you are sure about what you are doing and would like to have a more clear output, there's a way to override the flag:
-
-```bash
-$ RUBYOPT=-W0 bundle exec rake test
-```
-
-### Older Versions of Ruby on Rails
-
-If you want to add a fix to older versions of Ruby on Rails, you'll need to set up and switch to your own local tracking branch. Here is an example to switch to the 3-0-stable branch:
-
-```bash
-$ git branch --track 3-0-stable origin/3-0-stable
-$ git checkout 3-0-stable
-```
-
-TIP: You may want to [put your Git branch name in your shell prompt](http://qugstart.com/blog/git-and-svn/add-colored-git-branch-name-to-your-shell-prompt/) to make it easier to remember which version of the code you're working with.
 
 Helping to Resolve Existing Issues
 ----------------------------------
 
-As a next step beyond reporting issues, you can help the core team resolve existing issues. If you check the [Everyone's Issues](https://github.com/rails/rails/issues) list in GitHub Issues, you'll find lots of issues already requiring attention. What can you do for these? Quite a bit, actually:
+As a next step beyond reporting issues, you can help the core team resolve existing issues. If you check the [issues list](https://github.com/rails/rails/issues) in GitHub Issues, you'll find lots of issues already requiring attention. What can you do for these? Quite a bit, actually:
 
 ### Verifying Bug Reports
 
 For starters, it helps just to verify bug reports. Can you reproduce the reported issue on your own computer? If so, you can add a comment to the issue saying that you're seeing the same thing.
 
-If something is very vague, can you help squash it down into something specific? Maybe you can provide additional information to help reproduce a bug, or help by eliminating needless steps that aren't required to demonstrate the problem.
+If an issue is very vague, can you help narrow it down to something more specific? Maybe you can provide additional information to help reproduce a bug, or help by eliminating needless steps that aren't required to demonstrate the problem.
 
 If you find a bug report without a test, it's very useful to contribute a failing test. This is also a great way to get started exploring the source code: looking at the existing test files will teach you how to write more tests. New tests are best contributed in the form of a patch, as explained later on in the "Contributing to the Rails Code" section.
 
-Anything you can do to make bug reports more succinct or easier to reproduce is a help to folks trying to write code to fix those bugs - whether you end up writing the code yourself or not.
+Anything you can do to make bug reports more succinct or easier to reproduce helps folks trying to write code to fix those bugs - whether you end up writing the code yourself or not.
 
 ### Testing Patches
 
@@ -192,11 +118,9 @@ After applying their branch, test it out! Here are some things to think about:
 
 Once you're happy that the pull request contains a good change, comment on the GitHub issue indicating your approval. Your comment should indicate that you like the change and what you like about it. Something like:
 
-<blockquote>
-I like the way you've restructured that code in generate_finder_sql - much nicer. The tests look good too.
-</blockquote>
+>I like the way you've restructured that code in generate_finder_sql - much nicer. The tests look good too.
 
-If your comment simply says "+1", then odds are that other reviewers aren't going to take it too seriously. Show that you took the time to review the pull request.
+If your comment simply reads "+1", then odds are that other reviewers aren't going to take it too seriously. Show that you took the time to review the pull request.
 
 Contributing to the Rails Documentation
 ---------------------------------------
@@ -204,11 +128,11 @@ Contributing to the Rails Documentation
 Ruby on Rails has two main sets of documentation: the guides, which help you
 learn about Ruby on Rails, and the API, which serves as a reference.
 
-You can help improve the Rails guides by making them more coherent, consistent or readable, adding missing information, correcting factual errors, fixing typos, or bringing it up to date with the latest edge Rails. To get involved in the translation of Rails guides, please see [Translating Rails Guides](https://wiki.github.com/rails/docrails/translating-rails-guides).
+You can help improve the Rails guides by making them more coherent, consistent or readable, adding missing information, correcting factual errors, fixing typos, or bringing them up to date with the latest edge Rails.
 
 You can either open a pull request to [Rails](http://github.com/rails/rails) or
 ask the [Rails core team](http://rubyonrails.org/core) for commit access on
-[docrails](http://github.com/rails/docrails) if you contribute regularly.
+docrails if you contribute regularly.
 Please do not open pull requests in docrails, if you'd like to get feedback on your
 change, ask for it in [Rails](http://github.com/rails/rails) instead.
 
@@ -224,12 +148,60 @@ NOTE: To help our CI servers you should add [ci skip] to your documentation comm
 
 WARNING: Docrails has a very strict policy: no code can be touched whatsoever, no matter how trivial or small the change. Only RDoc and guides can be edited via docrails. Also, CHANGELOGs should never be edited in docrails.
 
+Translating Rails Guides
+------------------------
+
+We are happy to have people volunteer to translate the Rails guides into their own language.
+If you want to translate the Rails guides in your own language, follows these steps:
+
+* Fork the project (rails/rails).
+* Add a source folder for your own language, for example: *guides/source/it-IT* for Italian.
+* Copy the contents of *guides/source* into your own language directory and translate them.
+* Do NOT translate the HTML files, as they are automatically generated.
+
+To generate the guides in HTML format cd into the *guides* direcotry then run (eg. for it-IT):
+
+```bash
+$ bundle install
+$ bundle exec rake guides:generate:html GUIDES_LANGUAGE=it-IT
+```
+
+This will generate the guides in an *output* directory.
+
+NOTE: The instructions are for Rails > 4. The Redcarpet Gem doesn't work with JRuby.
+
+Translation efforts we know about (various versions):
+
+* **Italian**: [https://github.com/rixlabs/docrails](https://github.com/rixlabs/docrails)
+* **Spanish**: [http://wiki.github.com/gramos/docrails](http://wiki.github.com/gramos/docrails)
+* **Polish**: [http://github.com/apohllo/docrails/tree/master](http://github.com/apohllo/docrails/tree/master)
+* **French** : [http://github.com/railsfrance/docrails](http://github.com/railsfrance/docrails)
+* **Czech** : [https://github.com/rubyonrails-cz/docrails/tree/czech](https://github.com/rubyonrails-cz/docrails/tree/czech)
+* **Turkish** : [https://github.com/ujk/docrails/tree/master](https://github.com/ujk/docrails/tree/master)
+* **Korean** : [https://github.com/rorlakr/rails-guides](https://github.com/rorlakr/rails-guides)
+* **Simplified Chinese** : [https://github.com/ruby-china/guides](https://github.com/ruby-china/guides)
+* **Traditional Chinese** : [https://github.com/docrails-tw/guides](https://github.com/docrails-tw/guides)
+* **Russian** : [https://github.com/morsbox/rusrails](https://github.com/morsbox/rusrails)
+* **Japanese** : [https://github.com/yasslab/railsguides.jp](https://github.com/yasslab/railsguides.jp)
+
 Contributing to the Rails Code
 ------------------------------
 
+### Setting Up a Development Environment
+
+To move on from submitting bugs to helping resolve existing issues or contributing your own code to Ruby on Rails, you _must_ be able to run its test suite. In this section of the guide you'll learn how to setup the tests on your own computer.
+
+#### The Easy Way
+
+The easiest and recommended way to get a development environment ready to hack is to use the [Rails development box](https://github.com/rails/rails-dev-box).
+
+#### The Hard Way
+
+In case you can't use the Rails development box, see [this other guide](development_dependencies_install.html).
+
 ### Clone the Rails Repository
 
-The first thing you need to do to be able to contribute code is to clone the repository:
+To be able to contribute code, you need to clone the Rails repository:
 
 ```bash
 $ git clone git://github.com/rails/rails.git
@@ -244,29 +216,39 @@ $ git checkout -b my_new_branch
 
 It doesn't matter much what name you use, because this branch will only exist on your local computer and your personal repository on GitHub. It won't be part of the Rails Git repository.
 
+### Bundle install
+
+Install the required gems.
+
+```bash
+$ bundle install
+```
+
+### Running an Application Against Your Local Branch
+
+In case you need a dummy Rails app to test changes, the `--dev` flag of `rails new` generates an application that uses your local branch:
+
+```bash
+$ cd rails
+$ bundle exec rails new ~/my-test-app --dev
+```
+
+The application generated in `~/my-test-app` runs against your local branch
+and in particular sees any modifications upon server reboot.
+
 ### Write Your Code
 
-Now get busy and add or edit code. You're on your branch now, so you can write whatever you want (you can check to make sure you're on the right branch with `git branch -a`). But if you're planning to submit your change back for inclusion in Rails, keep a few things in mind:
+Now get busy and add/edit code. You're on your branch now, so you can write whatever you want (make sure you're on the right branch with `git branch -a`). But if you're planning to submit your change back for inclusion in Rails, keep a few things in mind:
 
 * Get the code right.
 * Use Rails idioms and helpers.
 * Include tests that fail without your code, and pass with it.
 * Update the (surrounding) documentation, examples elsewhere, and the guides: whatever is affected by your contribution.
 
-It is not customary in Rails to run the full test suite before pushing
-changes. The railties test suite in particular takes a long time, and even
-more if the source code is mounted in `/vagrant` as happens in the recommended
-workflow with the [rails-dev-box](https://github.com/rails/rails-dev-box).
-
-As a compromise, test what your code obviously affects, and if the change is
-not in railties, run the whole test suite of the affected component. If all
-tests are passing, that's enough to propose your contribution. We have
-[Travis CI](https://travis-ci.org/rails/rails) as a safety net for catching
-unexpected breakages elsewhere.
 
-TIP: Changes that are cosmetic in nature and do not add anything substantial to the stability, functionality, or testability of Rails will generally not be accepted.
+TIP: Changes that are cosmetic in nature and do not add anything substantial to the stability, functionality, or testability of Rails will generally not be accepted (read more about [our rationales behind this decision](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13771#issuecomment-32746700)).
 
-### Follow the Coding Conventions
+#### Follow the Coding Conventions
 
 Rails follows a simple set of coding style conventions:
 
@@ -276,7 +258,7 @@ Rails follows a simple set of coding style conventions:
 * Use Ruby >= 1.9 syntax for hashes. Prefer `{ a: :b }` over `{ :a => :b }`.
 * Prefer `&&`/`||` over `and`/`or`.
 * Prefer class << self over self.method for class methods.
-* Use `MyClass.my_method(my_arg)` not `my_method( my_arg )` or `my_method my_arg`.
+* Use `my_method(my_arg)` not `my_method( my_arg )` or `my_method my_arg`.
 * Use `a = b` and not `a=b`.
 * Use assert_not methods instead of refute.
 * Prefer `method { do_stuff }` instead of `method{do_stuff}` for single-line blocks.
@@ -284,13 +266,141 @@ Rails follows a simple set of coding style conventions:
 
 The above are guidelines - please use your best judgment in using them.
 
+### Benchmark Your Code
+
+If your change has an impact on the performance of Rails, please use the
+[benchmark-ips](https://github.com/evanphx/benchmark-ips) gem to provide
+benchmark results for comparison.
+
+Here's an example of using benchmark-ips:
+
+```ruby
+require 'benchmark/ips'
+
+Benchmark.ips do |x|
+  x.report('addition') { 1 + 2 }
+  x.report('addition with send') { 1.send(:+, 2) }
+end
+```
+
+This will generate a report with the following information:
+
+```
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+            addition   132.013k i/100ms
+  addition with send   125.413k i/100ms
+-------------------------------------------------
+            addition      9.677M (± 1.7%) i/s -     48.449M
+  addition with send      6.794M (± 1.1%) i/s -     33.987M
+```
+
+Please see the benchmark/ips [README](https://github.com/evanphx/benchmark-ips/blob/master/README.md) for more information.
+
+### Running Tests
+
+It is not customary in Rails to run the full test suite before pushing
+changes. The railties test suite in particular takes a long time, and even
+more if the source code is mounted in `/vagrant` as happens in the recommended
+workflow with the [rails-dev-box](https://github.com/rails/rails-dev-box).
+
+As a compromise, test what your code obviously affects, and if the change is
+not in railties, run the whole test suite of the affected component. If all
+tests are passing, that's enough to propose your contribution. We have
+[Travis CI](https://travis-ci.org/rails/rails) as a safety net for catching
+unexpected breakages elsewhere.
+
+#### Entire Rails:
+
+To run all the tests, do:
+
+```bash
+$ cd rails
+$ bundle exec rake test
+```
+
+#### For a Particular Component
+
+You can run tests only for a particular component (e.g. Action Pack). For example,
+to run Action Mailer tests:
+
+```bash
+$ cd actionmailer
+$ bundle exec rake test
+```
+
+#### Running a Single Test
+
+You can run a single test through ruby. For instance:
+
+```bash
+$ cd actionmailer
+$ bundle exec ruby -w -Itest test/mail_layout_test.rb -n test_explicit_class_layout
+```
+
+The `-n` option allows you to run a single method instead of the whole
+file.
+
+#### Testing Active Record
+
+First, create the databases you'll need. For MySQL and PostgreSQL,
+running the SQL statements `create database activerecord_unittest` and
+`create database activerecord_unittest2` is sufficient. This is not
+necessary for SQLite3.
+
+This is how you run the Active Record test suite only for SQLite3:
+
+```bash
+$ cd activerecord
+$ bundle exec rake test:sqlite3
+```
+
+You can now run the tests as you did for `sqlite3`. The tasks are respectively:
+
+```bash
+test:mysql
+test:mysql2
+test:postgresql
+```
+
+Finally,
+
+```bash
+$ bundle exec rake test
+```
+
+will now run the four of them in turn.
+
+You can also run any single test separately:
+
+```bash
+$ ARCONN=sqlite3 bundle exec ruby -Itest test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
+```
+
+To run a single test against all adapters, use:
+
+```bash
+$ bundle exec rake TEST=test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
+```
+
+You can invoke `test_jdbcmysql`, `test_jdbcsqlite3` or `test_jdbcpostgresql` also. See the file `activerecord/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc` for information on running more targeted database tests, or the file `ci/travis.rb` for the test suite run by the continuous integration server.
+
+### Warnings
+
+The test suite runs with warnings enabled. Ideally, Ruby on Rails should issue no warnings, but there may be a few, as well as some from third-party libraries. Please ignore (or fix!) them, if any, and submit patches that do not issue new warnings.
+
+If you are sure about what you are doing and would like to have a more clear output, there's a way to override the flag:
+
+```bash
+$ RUBYOPT=-W0 bundle exec rake test
+```
+
 ### Updating the CHANGELOG
 
 The CHANGELOG is an important part of every release. It keeps the list of changes for every Rails version.
 
-You should add an entry to the CHANGELOG of the framework that you modified if you're adding or removing a feature, committing a bug fix or adding deprecation notices. Refactorings and documentation changes generally should not go to the CHANGELOG.
+You should add an entry **to the top** of the CHANGELOG of the framework that you modified if you're adding or removing a feature, committing a bug fix or adding deprecation notices. Refactorings and documentation changes generally should not go to the CHANGELOG.
 
-A CHANGELOG entry should summarize what was changed and should end with author's name and it should go on top of a CHANGELOG. You can use multiple lines if you need more space and you can attach code examples indented with 4 spaces. If a change is related to a specific issue, you should attach issue's number. Here is an example CHANGELOG entry:
+A CHANGELOG entry should summarize what was changed and should end with the author's name. You can use multiple lines if you need more space and you can attach code examples indented with 4 spaces. If a change is related to a specific issue, you should attach the issue's number. Here is an example CHANGELOG entry:
 
 ```
 *   Summary of a change that briefly describes what was changed. You can use multiple
@@ -307,16 +417,21 @@ A CHANGELOG entry should summarize what was changed and should end with author's
     *Your Name*
 ```
 
-Your name can be added directly after the last word if you don't provide any code examples or don't need multiple paragraphs. Otherwise, it's best to make as a new paragraph.
+Your name can be added directly after the last word if there are no code
+examples or multiple paragraphs. Otherwise, it's best to make a new paragraph.
+
+### Updating the Gemfile.lock
+
+Some changes require the dependencies to be upgraded. In these cases make sure you run `bundle update` to get the right version of the dependency and commit the `Gemfile.lock` file within your changes.
 
 ### Sanity Check
 
 You should not be the only person who looks at the code before you submit it.
 If you know someone else who uses Rails, try asking them if they'll check out
 your work. If you don't know anyone else using Rails, try hopping into the IRC
-room or posting about your idea to the rails-core mailing list.  Doing this in
-private before you push a patch out publicly is the “smoke test� for a patch:
-if you can’t convince one other developer of the beauty of your code, you’re
+room or posting about your idea to the rails-core mailing list. Doing this in
+private before you push a patch out publicly is the "smoke test" for a patch:
+if you can't convince one other developer of the beauty of your code, you’re
 unlikely to convince the core team either.
 
 ### Commit Your Changes
@@ -327,37 +442,45 @@ When you're happy with the code on your computer, you need to commit the changes
 $ git commit -a
 ```
 
-At this point, your editor should be fired up and you can write a message for this commit. Well formatted and descriptive commit messages are extremely helpful for the others, especially when figuring out why given change was made, so please take the time to write it.
+This should fire up your editor to write a commit message. When you have
+finished, save and close to continue.
+
+A well-formatted and descriptive commit message is very helpful to others for
+understanding why the change was made, so please take the time to write it.
 
-Good commit message should be formatted according to the following example:
+A good commit message looks like this:
 
 ```
 Short summary (ideally 50 characters or less)
 
-More detailed description, if necessary. It should be wrapped to 72
-characters. Try to be as descriptive as you can, even if you think that
-the commit content is obvious, it may not be obvious to others. You
-should add such description also if it's already present in bug tracker,
-it should not be necessary to visit a webpage to check the history.
+More detailed description, if necessary. It should be wrapped to
+72 characters. Try to be as descriptive as you can. Even if you
+think that the commit content is obvious, it may not be obvious
+to others. Add any description that is already present in the
+relevant issues; it should not be necessary to visit a webpage
+to check the history.
+
+The description section can have multiple paragraphs.
 
-Description can have multiple paragraphs and you can use code examples
-inside, just indent it with 4 spaces:
+Code examples can be embedded by indenting them with 4 spaces:
 
-    class PostsController
+    class ArticlesController
       def index
-        respond_with Post.limit(10)
+        render json: Article.limit(10)
       end
     end
 
 You can also add bullet points:
 
-- you can use dashes or asterisks
+- make a bullet point by starting a line with either a dash (-)
+  or an asterisk (*)
 
-- also, try to indent next line of a point for readability, if it's too
-  long to fit in 72 characters
+- wrap lines at 72 characters, and indent any additional lines
+  with 2 spaces for readability
 ```
 
-TIP. Please squash your commits into a single commit when appropriate. This simplifies future cherry picks, and also keeps the git log clean.
+TIP. Please squash your commits into a single commit when appropriate. This
+simplifies future cherry picks and keeps the git log clean.
 
 ### Update Your Branch
 
@@ -448,7 +571,7 @@ pull request". The Rails core team will be notified about your submission.
 
 Most pull requests will go through a few iterations before they get merged.
 Different contributors will sometimes have different opinions, and often
-patches will need revised before they can get merged.
+patches will need to be revised before they can get merged.
 
 Some contributors to Rails have email notifications from GitHub turned on, but
 others do not. Furthermore, (almost) everyone who works on Rails is a
@@ -467,11 +590,11 @@ the same way that you appreciate feedback on your patches.
 
 ### Iterate as Necessary
 
-It's entirely possible that the feedback you get will suggest changes. Don't get discouraged: the whole point of contributing to an active open source project is to tap into community knowledge. If people are encouraging you to tweak your code, then it's worth making the tweaks and resubmitting. If the feedback is that your code doesn't belong in the core, you might still think about releasing it as a gem.
+It's entirely possible that the feedback you get will suggest changes. Don't get discouraged: the whole point of contributing to an active open source project is to tap into the knowledge of the community. If people are encouraging you to tweak your code, then it's worth making the tweaks and resubmitting. If the feedback is that your code doesn't belong in the core, you might still think about releasing it as a gem.
 
 #### Squashing commits
 
-One of the things that we may ask you to do is "squash your commits," which
+One of the things that we may ask you to do is to "squash your commits", which
 will combine all of your commits into a single commit. We prefer pull requests
 that are a single commit. This makes it easier to backport changes to stable
 branches, squashing makes it easier to revert bad commits, and the git history
@@ -495,8 +618,7 @@ following:
 ```bash
 $ git fetch upstream
 $ git checkout my_pull_request
-$ git rebase upstream/master
-$ git rebase -i
+$ git rebase -i upstream/master
 
 < Choose 'squash' for all of your commits except the first one. >
 < Edit the commit message to make sense, and describe all your changes. >
@@ -507,7 +629,35 @@ $ git push origin my_pull_request -f
 You should be able to refresh the pull request on GitHub and see that it has
 been updated.
 
-### Backporting
+#### Updating pull request
+
+Sometimes you will be asked to make some changes to the code you have
+already committed. This can include amending existing commits. In this
+case Git will not allow you to push the changes as the pushed branch
+and local branch do not match. Instead of opening a new pull request,
+you can force push to your branch on GitHub as described earlier in
+squashing commits section:
+
+```bash
+$ git push origin my_pull_request -f
+```
+
+This will update the branch and pull request on GitHub with your new code. Do
+note that using force push may result in commits being lost on the remote branch; use it with care.
+
+
+### Older Versions of Ruby on Rails
+
+If you want to add a fix to older versions of Ruby on Rails, you'll need to set up and switch to your own local tracking branch. Here is an example to switch to the 4-0-stable branch:
+
+```bash
+$ git branch --track 4-0-stable origin/4-0-stable
+$ git checkout 4-0-stable
+```
+
+TIP: You may want to [put your Git branch name in your shell prompt](http://qugstart.com/blog/git-and-svn/add-colored-git-branch-name-to-your-shell-prompt/) to make it easier to remember which version of the code you're working with.
+
+#### Backporting
 
 Changes that are merged into master are intended for the next major release of Rails. Sometimes, it might be beneficial for your changes to propagate back to the maintenance releases for older stable branches. Generally, security fixes and bug fixes are good candidates for a backport, while new features and patches that introduce a change in behavior will not be accepted. When in doubt, it is best to consult a Rails team member before backporting your changes to avoid wasted effort.
 
diff --git a/guides/source/credits.html.erb b/guides/source/credits.html.erb
index 7c6858fa2c..1d995581fa 100644
--- a/guides/source/credits.html.erb
+++ b/guides/source/credits.html.erb
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Ruby on Rails Guides: Credits
 <h3 class="section">Rails Guides Authors</h3>
 
 <%= author('Ryan Bigg', 'radar', 'radar.png') do %>
-  Ryan Bigg works as the Community Manager at <a href="http://spreecommerce.com">Spree Commerce</a> and has been working with Rails since 2006. He's the author of <a href="https://leanpub.com/multi-tenancy-rails">Multi Tenancy With Rails</a> and co-author of <a href="http://manning.com/bigg2">Rails 4 in Action</a>. He's written many gems which can be seen on <a href="https://github.com/radar">his GitHub page</a> and he also tweets prolifically as <a href="http://twitter.com/ryanbigg">@ryanbigg</a>.
+  Ryan Bigg works as a Rails developer at <a href="http://marketplacer.com">Marketplacer</a> and has been working with Rails since 2006. He's the author of <a href="https://leanpub.com/multi-tenancy-rails">Multi Tenancy With Rails</a> and co-author of <a href="http://manning.com/bigg2">Rails 4 in Action</a>. He's written many gems which can be seen on <a href="https://github.com/radar">his GitHub page</a> and he also tweets prolifically as <a href="http://twitter.com/ryanbigg">@ryanbigg</a>.
 <% end %>
 
 <%= author('Oscar Del Ben', 'oscardelben', 'oscardelben.jpg') do %>
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ Oscar Del Ben is a software engineer at <a href="http://www.wildfireapp.com/">Wi
 <% end %>
 
 <%= author('Tore Darell', 'toretore') do %>
-  Tore Darell is an independent developer based in Menton, France who specialises in cruft-free web applications using Ruby, Rails and unobtrusive JavaScript. His home on the Internet is his blog <a href="http://tore.darell.no">Sneaky Abstractions</a>.
+  Tore Darell is an independent developer based in Menton, France who specialises in cruft-free web applications using Ruby, Rails and unobtrusive JavaScript. You can follow him on <a href="http://twitter.com/toretore">Twitter</a>.
 <% end %>
 
 <%= author('Jeff Dean', 'zilkey') do %>
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ Oscar Del Ben is a software engineer at <a href="http://www.wildfireapp.com/">Wi
 <% end %>
 
 <%= author('Pratik Naik', 'lifo') do %>
-  Pratik Naik is a Ruby on Rails developer at <a href="http://www.37signals.com">37signals</a> and also a member of the <a href="http://rubyonrails.org/core">Rails core team</a>. He maintains a blog at <a href="http://m.onkey.org">has_many :bugs, :through =&gt; :rails</a> and has a semi-active <a href="http://twitter.com/lifo">twitter account</a>.
+  Pratik Naik is a Ruby on Rails developer at <a href="https://basecamp.com/">Basecamp</a> and also a member of the <a href="http://rubyonrails.org/core">Rails core team</a>. He maintains a blog at <a href="http://m.onkey.org">has_many :bugs, :through =&gt; :rails</a> and has a semi-active <a href="http://twitter.com/lifo">twitter account</a>.
 <% end %>
 
 <%= author('Emilio Tagua', 'miloops') do %>
diff --git a/guides/source/debugging_rails_applications.md b/guides/source/debugging_rails_applications.md
index 226137c89a..5424313b33 100644
--- a/guides/source/debugging_rails_applications.md
+++ b/guides/source/debugging_rails_applications.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Debugging Rails Applications
 ============================
 
@@ -15,7 +17,7 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 View Helpers for Debugging
 --------------------------
 
-One common task is to inspect the contents of a variable. In Rails, you can do this with three methods:
+One common task is to inspect the contents of a variable. Rails provides three different ways to do this:
 
 * `debug`
 * `to_yaml`
@@ -26,17 +28,17 @@ One common task is to inspect the contents of a variable. In Rails, you can do t
 The `debug` helper will return a \<pre> tag that renders the object using the YAML format. This will generate human-readable data from any object. For example, if you have this code in a view:
 
 ```html+erb
-<%= debug @post %>
+<%= debug @article %>
 <p>
   <b>Title:</b>
-  <%= @post.title %>
+  <%= @article.title %>
 </p>
 ```
 
 You'll see something like this:
 
 ```yaml
---- !ruby/object:Post
+--- !ruby/object Article
 attributes:
   updated_at: 2008-09-05 22:55:47
   body: It's a very helpful guide for debugging your Rails app.
@@ -52,22 +54,20 @@ Title: Rails debugging guide
 
 ### `to_yaml`
 
-Displaying an instance variable, or any other object or method, in YAML format can be achieved this way:
+Alternatively, calling `to_yaml` on any object converts it to YAML. You can pass this converted object into the `simple_format` helper method to format the output. This is how `debug` does its magic.
 
 ```html+erb
-<%= simple_format @post.to_yaml %>
+<%= simple_format @article.to_yaml %>
 <p>
   <b>Title:</b>
-  <%= @post.title %>
+  <%= @article.title %>
 </p>
 ```
 
-The `to_yaml` method converts the method to YAML format leaving it more readable, and then the `simple_format` helper is used to render each line as in the console. This is how `debug` method does its magic.
-
-As a result of this, you will have something like this in your view:
+The above code will render something like this:
 
 ```yaml
---- !ruby/object:Post
+--- !ruby/object Article
 attributes:
 updated_at: 2008-09-05 22:55:47
 body: It's a very helpful guide for debugging your Rails app.
@@ -88,11 +88,11 @@ Another useful method for displaying object values is `inspect`, especially when
 <%= [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].inspect %>
 <p>
   <b>Title:</b>
-  <%= @post.title %>
+  <%= @article.title %>
 </p>
 ```
 
-Will be rendered as follows:
+Will render:
 
 ```
 [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
@@ -107,9 +107,9 @@ It can also be useful to save information to log files at runtime. Rails maintai
 
 ### What is the Logger?
 
-Rails makes use of the `ActiveSupport::Logger` class to write log information. You can also substitute another logger such as `Log4r` if you wish.
+Rails makes use of the `ActiveSupport::Logger` class to write log information. Other loggers, such as `Log4r`, may also be substituted.
 
-You can specify an alternative logger in your `environment.rb` or any environment file:
+You can specify an alternative logger in `environment.rb` or any other environment file, for example:
 
 ```ruby
 Rails.logger = Logger.new(STDOUT)
@@ -123,22 +123,27 @@ config.logger = Logger.new(STDOUT)
 config.logger = Log4r::Logger.new("Application Log")
 ```
 
-TIP: By default, each log is created under `Rails.root/log/` and the log file name is `environment_name.log`.
+TIP: By default, each log is created under `Rails.root/log/` and the log file is named after the environment in which the application is running.
 
 ### Log Levels
 
-When something is logged it's printed into the corresponding log if the log level of the message is equal or higher than the configured log level. If you want to know the current log level you can call the `Rails.logger.level` method.
+When something is logged, it's printed into the corresponding log if the log
+level of the message is equal to or higher than the configured log level. If you
+want to know the current log level, you can call the `Rails.logger.level`
+method.
 
-The available log levels are: `:debug`, `:info`, `:warn`, `:error`, `:fatal`, and `:unknown`, corresponding to the log level numbers from 0 up to 5 respectively. To change the default log level, use
+The available log levels are: `:debug`, `:info`, `:warn`, `:error`, `:fatal`,
+and `:unknown`, corresponding to the log level numbers from 0 up to 5,
+respectively. To change the default log level, use
 
 ```ruby
 config.log_level = :warn # In any environment initializer, or
 Rails.logger.level = 0 # at any time
 ```
 
-This is useful when you want to log under development or staging, but you don't want to flood your production log with unnecessary information.
+This is useful when you want to log under development or staging without flooding your production log with unnecessary information.
 
-TIP: The default Rails log level is `info` in production mode and `debug` in development and test mode.
+TIP: The default Rails log level is `debug` in all environments.
 
 ### Sending Messages
 
@@ -153,18 +158,18 @@ logger.fatal "Terminating application, raised unrecoverable error!!!"
 Here's an example of a method instrumented with extra logging:
 
 ```ruby
-class PostsController < ApplicationController
+class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
   # ...
 
   def create
-    @post = Post.new(params[:post])
-    logger.debug "New post: #{@post.attributes.inspect}"
-    logger.debug "Post should be valid: #{@post.valid?}"
-
-    if @post.save
-      flash[:notice] = 'Post was successfully created.'
-      logger.debug "The post was saved and now the user is going to be redirected..."
-      redirect_to(@post)
+    @article = Article.new(params[:article])
+    logger.debug "New article: #{@article.attributes.inspect}"
+    logger.debug "Article should be valid: #{@article.valid?}"
+
+    if @article.save
+      flash[:notice] =  'Article was successfully created.'
+      logger.debug "The article was saved and now the user is going to be redirected..."
+      redirect_to(@article)
     else
       render action: "new"
     end
@@ -177,21 +182,21 @@ end
 Here's an example of the log generated when this controller action is executed:
 
 ```
-Processing PostsController#create (for 127.0.0.1 at 2008-09-08 11:52:54) [POST]
+Processing ArticlesController#create (for 127.0.0.1 at 2008-09-08 11:52:54) [POST]
   Session ID: BAh7BzoMY3NyZl9pZCIlMDY5MWU1M2I1ZDRjODBlMzkyMWI1OTg2NWQyNzViZjYiCmZsYXNoSUM6J0FjdGl
 vbkNvbnRyb2xsZXI6OkZsYXNoOjpGbGFzaEhhc2h7AAY6CkB1c2VkewA=--b18cd92fba90eacf8137e5f6b3b06c4d724596a4
-  Parameters: {"commit"=>"Create", "post"=>{"title"=>"Debugging Rails",
+  Parameters: {"commit"=>"Create", "article"=>{"title"=>"Debugging Rails",
  "body"=>"I'm learning how to print in logs!!!", "published"=>"0"},
- "authenticity_token"=>"2059c1286e93402e389127b1153204e0d1e275dd", "action"=>"create", "controller"=>"posts"}
-New post: {"updated_at"=>nil, "title"=>"Debugging Rails", "body"=>"I'm learning how to print in logs!!!",
+ "authenticity_token"=>"2059c1286e93402e389127b1153204e0d1e275dd", "action"=>"create", "controller"=>"articles"}
+New article: {"updated_at"=>nil, "title"=>"Debugging Rails", "body"=>"I'm learning how to print in logs!!!",
  "published"=>false, "created_at"=>nil}
-Post should be valid: true
-  Post Create (0.000443)   INSERT INTO "posts" ("updated_at", "title", "body", "published",
+Article should be valid: true
+  Article Create (0.000443)   INSERT INTO "articles" ("updated_at", "title", "body", "published",
  "created_at") VALUES('2008-09-08 14:52:54', 'Debugging Rails',
  'I''m learning how to print in logs!!!', 'f', '2008-09-08 14:52:54')
-The post was saved and now the user is going to be redirected...
-Redirected to #<Post:0x20af760>
-Completed in 0.01224 (81 reqs/sec) | DB: 0.00044 (3%) | 302 Found [http://localhost/posts]
+The article was saved and now the user is going to be redirected...
+Redirected to # Article:0x20af760>
+Completed in 0.01224 (81 reqs/sec) | DB: 0.00044 (3%) | 302 Found [http://localhost/articles]
 ```
 
 Adding extra logging like this makes it easy to search for unexpected or unusual behavior in your logs. If you add extra logging, be sure to make sensible use of log levels to avoid filling your production logs with useless trivia.
@@ -200,7 +205,7 @@ Adding extra logging like this makes it easy to search for unexpected or unusual
 
 When running multi-user, multi-account applications, it's often useful
 to be able to filter the logs using some custom rules. `TaggedLogging`
-in Active Support helps in doing exactly that by stamping log lines with subdomains, request ids, and anything else to aid debugging such applications.
+in Active Support helps you do exactly that by stamping log lines with subdomains, request ids, and anything else to aid debugging such applications.
 
 ```ruby
 logger = ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging.new(Logger.new(STDOUT))
@@ -210,496 +215,699 @@ logger.tagged("BCX") { logger.tagged("Jason") { logger.info "Stuff" } } # Logs "
 ```
 
 ### Impact of Logs on Performance
-Logging will always have a small impact on performance of your rails app, 
-        particularly when logging to disk.However, there are a few subtleties:
+Logging will always have a small impact on the performance of your Rails app,
+        particularly when logging to disk. Additionally, there are a few subtleties:
 
 Using the `:debug` level will have a greater performance penalty than `:fatal`,
       as a far greater number of strings are being evaluated and written to the
       log output (e.g. disk).
 
-Another potential pitfall is that if you have many calls to `Logger` like this
-      in your code:
+Another potential pitfall is too many calls to `Logger` in your code:
 
 ```ruby
 logger.debug "Person attributes hash: #{@person.attributes.inspect}"
 ```
 
-In the above example, There will be a performance impact even if the allowed 
-output level doesn't include debug. The reason is that Ruby has to evaluate 
-these strings, which includes instantiating the somewhat heavy `String` object 
-and interpolating the variables, and which takes time.
-Therefore, it's recommended to pass blocks to the logger methods, as these are 
-only evaluated if the output level is the same or included in the allowed level 
+In the above example, there will be a performance impact even if the allowed
+output level doesn't include debug. The reason is that Ruby has to evaluate
+these strings, which includes instantiating the somewhat heavy `String` object
+and interpolating the variables.
+Therefore, it's recommended to pass blocks to the logger methods, as these are
+only evaluated if the output level is the same as — or included in — the allowed level
 (i.e. lazy loading). The same code rewritten would be:
 
 ```ruby
 logger.debug {"Person attributes hash: #{@person.attributes.inspect}"}
 ```
 
-The contents of the block, and therefore the string interpolation, is only 
-evaluated if debug is enabled. This performance savings is only really 
+The contents of the block, and therefore the string interpolation, are only
+evaluated if debug is enabled. This performance savings are only really
 noticeable with large amounts of logging, but it's a good practice to employ.
 
-Debugging with the `debugger` gem
+Debugging with the `byebug` gem
 ---------------------------------
 
-When your code is behaving in unexpected ways, you can try printing to logs or the console to diagnose the problem. Unfortunately, there are times when this sort of error tracking is not effective in finding the root cause of a problem. When you actually need to journey into your running source code, the debugger is your best companion.
+When your code is behaving in unexpected ways, you can try printing to logs or
+the console to diagnose the problem. Unfortunately, there are times when this
+sort of error tracking is not effective in finding the root cause of a problem.
+When you actually need to journey into your running source code, the debugger
+is your best companion.
 
-The debugger can also help you if you want to learn about the Rails source code but don't know where to start. Just debug any request to your application and use this guide to learn how to move from the code you have written deeper into Rails code.
+The debugger can also help you if you want to learn about the Rails source code
+but don't know where to start. Just debug any request to your application and
+use this guide to learn how to move from the code you have written into the underlying Rails code.
 
 ### Setup
 
-You can use the `debugger` gem to set breakpoints and step through live code in Rails. To install it, just run:
+You can use the `byebug` gem to set breakpoints and step through live code in
+Rails. To install it, just run:
 
 ```bash
-$ gem install debugger
+$ gem install byebug
 ```
 
-Rails has had built-in support for debugging since Rails 2.0. Inside any Rails application you can invoke the debugger by calling the `debugger` method.
+Inside any Rails application you can then invoke the debugger by calling the
+`byebug` method.
 
 Here's an example:
 
 ```ruby
 class PeopleController < ApplicationController
   def new
-    debugger
+    byebug
     @person = Person.new
   end
 end
 ```
 
-If you see this message in the console or logs:
+### The Shell
+
+As soon as your application calls the `byebug` method, the debugger will be
+started in a debugger shell inside the terminal window where you launched your
+application server, and you will be placed at the debugger's prompt `(byebug)`.
+Before the prompt, the code around the line that is about to be run will be
+displayed and the current line will be marked by '=>', like this:
 
 ```
-***** Debugger requested, but was not available: Start server with --debugger to enable *****
+[1, 10] in /PathTo/project/app/controllers/articles_controller.rb
+    3:
+    4:   # GET /articles
+    5:   # GET /articles.json
+    6:   def index
+    7:     byebug
+=>  8:     @articles = Article.find_recent
+    9:
+   10:     respond_to do |format|
+   11:       format.html # index.html.erb
+   12:       format.json { render json: @articles }
+
+(byebug)
 ```
 
-Make sure you have started your web server with the option `--debugger`:
+If you got there by a browser request, the browser tab containing the request
+will be hung until the debugger has finished and the trace has finished
+processing the entire request.
+
+For example:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails server --debugger
 => Booting WEBrick
-=> Rails 4.0.0 application starting on http://0.0.0.0:3000
-=> Debugger enabled
-...
-```
+=> Rails 5.0.0 application starting in development on http://0.0.0.0:3000
+=> Run `rails server -h` for more startup options
+=> Notice: server is listening on all interfaces (0.0.0.0). Consider using 127.0.0.1 (--binding option)
+=> Ctrl-C to shutdown server
+[2014-04-11 13:11:47] INFO  WEBrick 1.3.1
+[2014-04-11 13:11:47] INFO  ruby 2.2.2 (2015-04-13) [i686-linux]
+[2014-04-11 13:11:47] INFO  WEBrick::HTTPServer#start: pid=6370 port=3000
 
-TIP: In development mode, you can dynamically `require \'debugger\'` instead of restarting the server, even if it was started without `--debugger`.
 
-### The Shell
+Started GET "/" for 127.0.0.1 at 2014-04-11 13:11:48 +0200
+  ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration Load (0.2ms)  SELECT "schema_migrations".* FROM "schema_migrations"
+Processing by ArticlesController#index as HTML
 
-As soon as your application calls the `debugger` method, the debugger will be started in a debugger shell inside the terminal window where you launched your application server, and you will be placed at the debugger's prompt `(rdb:n)`. The _n_ is the thread number. The prompt will also show you the next line of code that is waiting to run.
+[3, 12] in /PathTo/project/app/controllers/articles_controller.rb
+    3:
+    4:   # GET /articles
+    5:   # GET /articles.json
+    6:   def index
+    7:     byebug
+=>  8:     @articles = Article.find_recent
+    9:
+   10:     respond_to do |format|
+   11:       format.html # index.html.erb
+   12:       format.json { render json: @articles }
 
-If you got there by a browser request, the browser tab containing the request will be hung until the debugger has finished and the trace has finished processing the entire request.
-
-For example:
-
-```bash
-@posts = Post.all
-(rdb:7)
+(byebug)
 ```
 
-Now it's time to explore and dig into your application. A good place to start is by asking the debugger for help. Type: `help`
-
-```
-(rdb:7) help
-ruby-debug help v0.10.2
-Type 'help <command-name>' for help on a specific command
+Now it's time to explore your application. A good place to start is
+by asking the debugger for help. Type: `help`
 
-Available commands:
-backtrace  delete   enable  help    next  quit     show    trace
-break      disable  eval    info    p     reload   source  undisplay
-catch      display  exit    irb     pp    restart  step    up
-condition  down     finish  list    ps    save     thread  var
-continue   edit     frame   method  putl  set      tmate   where
 ```
+(byebug) help
 
-TIP: To view the help menu for any command use `help <command-name>` at the debugger prompt. For example: _`help var`_
+  h[elp][ <cmd>[ <subcmd>]]
 
-The next command to learn is one of the most useful: `list`. You can abbreviate any debugging command by supplying just enough letters to distinguish them from other commands, so you can also use `l` for the `list` command.
+  help                -- prints this help.
+  help <cmd>          -- prints help on command <cmd>.
+  help <cmd> <subcmd> -- prints help on <cmd>'s subcommand <subcmd>.
+```
 
-This command shows you where you are in the code by printing 10 lines centered around the current line; the current line in this particular case is line 6 and is marked by `=>`.
+To see the previous ten lines you should type `list-` (or `l-`).
 
 ```
-(rdb:7) list
-[1, 10] in /PathTo/project/app/controllers/posts_controller.rb
-   1  class PostsController < ApplicationController
-   2    # GET /posts
-   3    # GET /posts.json
-   4    def index
-   5      debugger
-=> 6      @posts = Post.all
-   7
-   8      respond_to do |format|
-   9        format.html # index.html.erb
-   10        format.json { render json: @posts }
-```
+(byebug) l-
 
-If you repeat the `list` command, this time using just `l`, the next ten lines of the file will be printed out.
+[1, 10] in /PathTo/project/app/controllers/articles_controller.rb
+   1  class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
+   2    before_action :set_article, only: [:show, :edit, :update, :destroy]
+   3
+   4    # GET /articles
+   5    # GET /articles.json
+   6    def index
+   7      byebug
+   8      @articles = Article.find_recent
+   9
+   10      respond_to do |format|
 
 ```
-(rdb:7) l
-[11, 20] in /PathTo/project/app/controllers/posts_controller.rb
-   11      end
-   12    end
-   13
-   14    # GET /posts/1
-   15    # GET /posts/1.json
-   16    def show
-   17      @post = Post.find(params[:id])
-   18
-   19      respond_to do |format|
-   20        format.html # show.html.erb
-```
-
-And so on until the end of the current file. When the end of file is reached, the `list` command will start again from the beginning of the file and continue again up to the end, treating the file as a circular buffer.
 
-On the other hand, to see the previous ten lines you should type `list-` (or `l-`)
+This way you can move inside the file and see the code above
+the line where you added the `byebug` call. Finally, to see where you are in
+the code again you can type `list=`
 
 ```
-(rdb:7) l-
-[1, 10] in /PathTo/project/app/controllers/posts_controller.rb
-   1  class PostsController < ApplicationController
-   2    # GET /posts
-   3    # GET /posts.json
-   4    def index
-   5      debugger
-   6      @posts = Post.all
-   7
-   8      respond_to do |format|
-   9        format.html # index.html.erb
-   10        format.json { render json: @posts }
-```
+(byebug) list=
 
-This way you can move inside the file, being able to see the code above and over the line you added the `debugger`.
-Finally, to see where you are in the code again you can type `list=`
+[3, 12] in /PathTo/project/app/controllers/articles_controller.rb
+    3:
+    4:   # GET /articles
+    5:   # GET /articles.json
+    6:   def index
+    7:     byebug
+=>  8:     @articles = Article.find_recent
+    9:
+   10:     respond_to do |format|
+   11:       format.html # index.html.erb
+   12:       format.json { render json: @articles }
 
-```
-(rdb:7) list=
-[1, 10] in /PathTo/project/app/controllers/posts_controller.rb
-   1  class PostsController < ApplicationController
-   2    # GET /posts
-   3    # GET /posts.json
-   4    def index
-   5      debugger
-=> 6      @posts = Post.all
-   7
-   8      respond_to do |format|
-   9        format.html # index.html.erb
-   10        format.json { render json: @posts }
+(byebug)
 ```
 
 ### The Context
 
-When you start debugging your application, you will be placed in different contexts as you go through the different parts of the stack.
-
-The debugger creates a context when a stopping point or an event is reached. The context has information about the suspended program which enables a debugger to inspect the frame stack, evaluate variables from the perspective of the debugged program, and contains information about the place where the debugged program is stopped.
-
-At any time you can call the `backtrace` command (or its alias `where`) to print the backtrace of the application. This can be very helpful to know how you got where you are. If you ever wondered about how you got somewhere in your code, then `backtrace` will supply the answer.
-
-```
-(rdb:5) where
-    #0 PostsController.index
-       at line /PathTo/project/app/controllers/posts_controller.rb:6
-    #1 Kernel.send
-       at line /PathTo/project/vendor/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb:1175
-    #2 ActionController::Base.perform_action_without_filters
-       at line /PathTo/project/vendor/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb:1175
-    #3 ActionController::Filters::InstanceMethods.call_filters(chain#ActionController::Fil...,...)
-       at line /PathTo/project/vendor/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/filters.rb:617
+When you start debugging your application, you will be placed in different
+contexts as you go through the different parts of the stack.
+
+The debugger creates a context when a stopping point or an event is reached. The
+context has information about the suspended program which enables the debugger
+to inspect the frame stack, evaluate variables from the perspective of the
+debugged program, and know the place where the debugged program is stopped.
+
+At any time you can call the `backtrace` command (or its alias `where`) to print
+the backtrace of the application. This can be very helpful to know how you got
+where you are. If you ever wondered about how you got somewhere in your code,
+then `backtrace` will supply the answer.
+
+```
+(byebug) where
+--> #0  ArticlesController.index
+      at /PathTo/project/test_app/app/controllers/articles_controller.rb:8
+    #1  ActionController::ImplicitRender.send_action(method#String, *args#Array)
+      at /PathToGems/actionpack-5.0.0/lib/action_controller/metal/implicit_render.rb:4
+    #2  AbstractController::Base.process_action(action#NilClass, *args#Array)
+      at /PathToGems/actionpack-5.0.0/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb:189
+    #3  ActionController::Rendering.process_action(action#NilClass, *args#NilClass)
+      at /PathToGems/actionpack-5.0.0/lib/action_controller/metal/rendering.rb:10
 ...
 ```
 
-You move anywhere you want in this trace (thus changing the context) by using the `frame _n_` command, where _n_ is the specified frame number.
+The current frame is marked with `-->`. You can move anywhere you want in this
+trace (thus changing the context) by using the `frame _n_` command, where _n_ is
+the specified frame number. If you do that, `byebug` will display your new
+context.
 
 ```
-(rdb:5) frame 2
-#2 ActionController::Base.perform_action_without_filters
-       at line /PathTo/project/vendor/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb:1175
+(byebug) frame 2
+
+[184, 193] in /PathToGems/actionpack-5.0.0/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb
+   184:       # is the intended way to override action dispatching.
+   185:       #
+   186:       # Notice that the first argument is the method to be dispatched
+   187:       # which is *not* necessarily the same as the action name.
+   188:       def process_action(method_name, *args)
+=> 189:         send_action(method_name, *args)
+   190:       end
+   191:
+   192:       # Actually call the method associated with the action. Override
+   193:       # this method if you wish to change how action methods are called,
+
+(byebug)
 ```
 
-The available variables are the same as if you were running the code line by line. After all, that's what debugging is.
+The available variables are the same as if you were running the code line by
+line. After all, that's what debugging is.
 
-Moving up and down the stack frame: You can use `up [n]` (`u` for abbreviated) and `down [n]` commands in order to change the context _n_ frames up or down the stack respectively. _n_ defaults to one. Up in this case is towards higher-numbered stack frames, and down is towards lower-numbered stack frames.
+You can also use `up [n]` (`u` for abbreviated) and `down [n]` commands in order
+to change the context _n_ frames up or down the stack respectively. _n_ defaults
+to one. Up in this case is towards higher-numbered stack frames, and down is
+towards lower-numbered stack frames.
 
 ### Threads
 
-The debugger can list, stop, resume and switch between running threads by using the command `thread` (or the abbreviated `th`). This command has a handful of options:
+The debugger can list, stop, resume and switch between running threads by using
+the `thread` command (or the abbreviated `th`). This command has a handful of
+options:
 
-* `thread` shows the current thread.
-* `thread list` is used to list all threads and their statuses. The plus + character and the number indicates the current thread of execution.
-* `thread stop _n_` stop thread _n_.
-* `thread resume _n_` resumes thread _n_.
-* `thread switch _n_` switches the current thread context to _n_.
+* `thread`: shows the current thread.
+* `thread list`: is used to list all threads and their statuses. The plus +
+character and the number indicates the current thread of execution.
+* `thread stop _n_`: stop thread _n_.
+* `thread resume _n_`: resumes thread _n_.
+* `thread switch _n_`: switches the current thread context to _n_.
 
-This command is very helpful, among other occasions, when you are debugging concurrent threads and need to verify that there are no race conditions in your code.
+This command is very helpful when you are debugging concurrent threads and need
+to verify that there are no race conditions in your code.
 
 ### Inspecting Variables
 
-Any expression can be evaluated in the current context. To evaluate an expression, just type it!
-
-This example shows how you can print the instance_variables defined within the current context:
-
-```
-@posts = Post.all
-(rdb:11) instance_variables
-["@_response", "@action_name", "@url", "@_session", "@_cookies", "@performed_render", "@_flash", "@template", "@_params", "@before_filter_chain_aborted", "@request_origin", "@_headers", "@performed_redirect", "@_request"]
-```
-
-As you may have figured out, all of the variables that you can access from a controller are displayed. This list is dynamically updated as you execute code. For example, run the next line using `next` (you'll learn more about this command later in this guide).
-
-```
-(rdb:11) next
-Processing PostsController#index (for 127.0.0.1 at 2008-09-04 19:51:34) [GET]
-  Session ID: BAh7BiIKZmxhc2hJQzonQWN0aW9uQ29udHJvbGxlcjo6Rmxhc2g6OkZsYXNoSGFzaHsABjoKQHVzZWR7AA==--b16e91b992453a8cc201694d660147bba8b0fd0e
-  Parameters: {"action"=>"index", "controller"=>"posts"}
-/PathToProject/posts_controller.rb:8
-respond_to do |format|
+Any expression can be evaluated in the current context. To evaluate an
+expression, just type it!
+
+This example shows how you can print the instance variables defined within the
+current context:
+
+```
+[3, 12] in /PathTo/project/app/controllers/articles_controller.rb
+    3:
+    4:   # GET /articles
+    5:   # GET /articles.json
+    6:   def index
+    7:     byebug
+=>  8:     @articles = Article.find_recent
+    9:
+   10:     respond_to do |format|
+   11:       format.html # index.html.erb
+   12:       format.json { render json: @articles }
+
+(byebug) instance_variables
+[:@_action_has_layout, :@_routes, :@_headers, :@_status, :@_request,
+ :@_response, :@_prefixes, :@_lookup_context, :@_action_name,
+ :@_response_body, :@marked_for_same_origin_verification, :@_config]
+```
+
+As you may have figured out, all of the variables that you can access from a
+controller are displayed. This list is dynamically updated as you execute code.
+For example, run the next line using `next` (you'll learn more about this
+command later in this guide).
+
+```
+(byebug) next
+[5, 14] in /PathTo/project/app/controllers/articles_controller.rb
+   5     # GET /articles.json
+   6     def index
+   7       byebug
+   8       @articles = Article.find_recent
+   9
+=> 10       respond_to do |format|
+   11         format.html # index.html.erb
+   12        format.json { render json: @articles }
+   13      end
+   14    end
+   15
+(byebug)
 ```
 
 And then ask again for the instance_variables:
 
 ```
-(rdb:11) instance_variables.include? "@posts"
-true
+(byebug) instance_variables
+[:@_action_has_layout, :@_routes, :@_headers, :@_status, :@_request,
+ :@_response, :@_prefixes, :@_lookup_context, :@_action_name,
+ :@_response_body, :@marked_for_same_origin_verification, :@_config,
+ :@articles]
 ```
 
-Now `@posts` is included in the instance variables, because the line defining it was executed.
+Now `@articles` is included in the instance variables, because the line defining it
+was executed.
 
-TIP: You can also step into **irb** mode with the command `irb` (of course!). This way an irb session will be started within the context you invoked it. But be warned: this is an experimental feature.
+TIP: You can also step into **irb** mode with the command `irb` (of course!).
+This will start an irb session within the context you invoked it. But
+be warned: this is an experimental feature.
 
-The `var` method is the most convenient way to show variables and their values:
+The `var` method is the most convenient way to show variables and their values.
+Let's have `byebug` help us with it.
 
 ```
-var
-(rdb:1) v[ar] const <object>            show constants of object
-(rdb:1) v[ar] g[lobal]                  show global variables
-(rdb:1) v[ar] i[nstance] <object>       show instance variables of object
-(rdb:1) v[ar] l[ocal]                   show local variables
+(byebug) help var
+v[ar] cl[ass]                   show class variables of self
+v[ar] const <object>            show constants of object
+v[ar] g[lobal]                  show global variables
+v[ar] i[nstance] <object>       show instance variables of object
+v[ar] l[ocal]                   show local variables
 ```
 
-This is a great way to inspect the values of the current context variables. For example:
+This is a great way to inspect the values of the current context variables. For
+example, to check that we have no local variables currently defined:
 
 ```
-(rdb:9) var local
-  __dbg_verbose_save => false
+(byebug) var local
+(byebug)
 ```
 
 You can also inspect for an object method this way:
 
 ```
-(rdb:9) var instance Post.new
-@attributes = {"updated_at"=>nil, "body"=>nil, "title"=>nil, "published"=>nil, "created_at"...
+(byebug) var instance Article.new
+@_start_transaction_state = {}
+@aggregation_cache = {}
+@association_cache = {}
+@attributes = {"id"=>nil, "created_at"=>nil, "updated_at"=>nil}
 @attributes_cache = {}
-@new_record = true
+@changed_attributes = nil
+...
 ```
 
-TIP: The commands `p` (print) and `pp` (pretty print) can be used to evaluate Ruby expressions and display the value of variables to the console.
+TIP: The commands `p` (print) and `pp` (pretty print) can be used to evaluate
+Ruby expressions and display the value of variables to the console.
 
-You can use also `display` to start watching variables. This is a good way of tracking the values of a variable while the execution goes on.
+You can use also `display` to start watching variables. This is a good way of
+tracking the values of a variable while the execution goes on.
 
 ```
-(rdb:1) display @recent_comments
-1: @recent_comments =
+(byebug) display @articles
+1: @articles = nil
 ```
 
-The variables inside the displaying list will be printed with their values after you move in the stack. To stop displaying a variable use `undisplay _n_` where _n_ is the variable number (1 in the last example).
+The variables inside the displayed list will be printed with their values after
+you move in the stack. To stop displaying a variable use `undisplay _n_` where
+_n_ is the variable number (1 in the last example).
 
 ### Step by Step
 
-Now you should know where you are in the running trace and be able to print the available variables. But lets continue and move on with the application execution.
+Now you should know where you are in the running trace and be able to print the
+available variables. But let's continue and move on with the application
+execution.
 
-Use `step` (abbreviated `s`) to continue running your program until the next logical stopping point and return control to the debugger.
+Use `step` (abbreviated `s`) to continue running your program until the next
+logical stopping point and return control to the debugger.
 
-TIP: You can also use `step+ n` and `step- n` to move forward or backward `n` steps respectively.
+You may also use `next` which is similar to step, but function or method calls
+that appear within the line of code are executed without stopping.
 
-You may also use `next` which is similar to step, but function or method calls that appear within the line of code are executed without stopping. As with step, you may use plus sign to move _n_ steps.
+TIP: You can also use `step n` or `next n` to move forwards `n` steps at once.
 
-The difference between `next` and `step` is that `step` stops at the next line of code executed, doing just a single step, while `next` moves to the next line without descending inside methods.
+The difference between `next` and `step` is that `step` stops at the next line
+of code executed, doing just a single step, while `next` moves to the next line
+without descending inside methods.
 
-For example, consider this block of code with an included `debugger` statement:
+For example, consider the following situation:
 
 ```ruby
-class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
-  has_one :editorial
-  has_many :comments
+Started GET "/" for 127.0.0.1 at 2014-04-11 13:39:23 +0200
+Processing by ArticlesController#index as HTML
 
-  def find_recent_comments(limit = 10)
-    debugger
-    @recent_comments ||= comments.where("created_at > ?", 1.week.ago).limit(limit)
-  end
-end
+[1, 8] in /home/davidr/Proyectos/test_app/app/models/article.rb
+   1: class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
+   2:
+   3:   def self.find_recent(limit = 10)
+   4:     byebug
+=> 5:     where('created_at > ?', 1.week.ago).limit(limit)
+   6:   end
+   7:
+   8: end
+
+(byebug)
 ```
 
-TIP: You can use the debugger while using `rails console`. Just remember to `require "debugger"` before calling the `debugger` method.
+If we use `next`, we won't go deep inside method calls. Instead, `byebug` will
+go to the next line within the same context. In this case, it is the last line
+of the current method, so `byebug` will return to the next line of the caller
+method.
 
 ```
-$ rails console
-Loading development environment (Rails 4.0.0)
->> require "debugger"
-=> []
->> author = Author.first
-=> #<Author id: 1, first_name: "Bob", last_name: "Smith", created_at: "2008-07-31 12:46:10", updated_at: "2008-07-31 12:46:10">
->> author.find_recent_comments
-/PathTo/project/app/models/author.rb:11
-)
-```
+(byebug) next
 
-With the code stopped, take a look around:
+Next advances to the next line (line 6: `end`), which returns to the next line
+of the caller method:
 
-```
-(rdb:1) list
-[2, 9] in /PathTo/project/app/models/author.rb
-   2    has_one :editorial
-   3    has_many :comments
-   4
-   5    def find_recent_comments(limit = 10)
-   6      debugger
-=> 7      @recent_comments ||= comments.where("created_at > ?", 1.week.ago).limit(limit)
-   8    end
-   9  end
+[4, 13] in /PathTo/project/test_app/app/controllers/articles_controller.rb
+    4:   # GET /articles
+    5:   # GET /articles.json
+    6:   def index
+    7:     @articles = Article.find_recent
+    8:
+=>  9:     respond_to do |format|
+   10:       format.html # index.html.erb
+   11:       format.json { render json: @articles }
+   12:     end
+   13:   end
+
+(byebug)
 ```
 
-You are at the end of the line, but... was this line executed? You can inspect the instance variables.
+If we use `step` in the same situation, `byebug` will literally go to the next
+Ruby instruction to be executed -- in this case, Active Support's `week` method.
 
 ```
-(rdb:1) var instance
-@attributes = {"updated_at"=>"2008-07-31 12:46:10", "id"=>"1", "first_name"=>"Bob", "las...
-@attributes_cache = {}
-```
+(byebug) step
 
-`@recent_comments` hasn't been defined yet, so it's clear that this line hasn't been executed yet. Use the `next` command to move on in the code:
+[50, 59] in /PathToGems/activesupport-5.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/time.rb
+   50:     ActiveSupport::Duration.new(self * 24.hours, [[:days, self]])
+   51:   end
+   52:   alias :day :days
+   53:
+   54:   def weeks
+=> 55:     ActiveSupport::Duration.new(self * 7.days, [[:days, self * 7]])
+   56:   end
+   57:   alias :week :weeks
+   58:
+   59:   def fortnights
 
-```
-(rdb:1) next
-/PathTo/project/app/models/author.rb:12
-@recent_comments
-(rdb:1) var instance
-@attributes = {"updated_at"=>"2008-07-31 12:46:10", "id"=>"1", "first_name"=>"Bob", "las...
-@attributes_cache = {}
-@comments = []
-@recent_comments = []
+(byebug)
 ```
 
-Now you can see that the `@comments` relationship was loaded and @recent_comments defined because the line was executed.
-
-If you want to go deeper into the stack trace you can move single `steps`, through your calling methods and into Rails code. This is one of the best ways to find bugs in your code, or perhaps in Ruby or Rails.
+This is one of the best ways to find bugs in your code.
 
 ### Breakpoints
 
-A breakpoint makes your application stop whenever a certain point in the program is reached. The debugger shell is invoked in that line.
+A breakpoint makes your application stop whenever a certain point in the program
+is reached. The debugger shell is invoked in that line.
 
-You can add breakpoints dynamically with the command `break` (or just `b`). There are 3 possible ways of adding breakpoints manually:
+You can add breakpoints dynamically with the command `break` (or just `b`).
+There are 3 possible ways of adding breakpoints manually:
 
 * `break line`: set breakpoint in the _line_ in the current source file.
-* `break file:line [if expression]`: set breakpoint in the _line_ number inside the _file_. If an _expression_ is given it must evaluated to _true_ to fire up the debugger.
-* `break class(.|\#)method [if expression]`: set breakpoint in _method_ (. and \# for class and instance method respectively) defined in _class_. The _expression_ works the same way as with file:line.
+* `break file:line [if expression]`: set breakpoint in the _line_ number inside
+the _file_. If an _expression_ is given it must evaluated to _true_ to fire up
+the debugger.
+* `break class(.|\#)method [if expression]`: set breakpoint in _method_ (. and
+\# for class and instance method respectively) defined in _class_. The
+_expression_ works the same way as with file:line.
+
+
+For example, in the previous situation
 
 ```
-(rdb:5) break 10
-Breakpoint 1 file /PathTo/project/vendor/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/filters.rb, line 10
+[4, 13] in /PathTo/project/app/controllers/articles_controller.rb
+    4:   # GET /articles
+    5:   # GET /articles.json
+    6:   def index
+    7:     @articles = Article.find_recent
+    8:
+=>  9:     respond_to do |format|
+   10:       format.html # index.html.erb
+   11:       format.json { render json: @articles }
+   12:     end
+   13:   end
+
+(byebug) break 11
+Created breakpoint 1 at /PathTo/project/app/controllers/articles_controller.rb:11
+
 ```
 
-Use `info breakpoints _n_` or `info break _n_` to list breakpoints. If you supply a number, it lists that breakpoint. Otherwise it lists all breakpoints.
+Use `info breakpoints _n_` or `info break _n_` to list breakpoints. If you
+supply a number, it lists that breakpoint. Otherwise it lists all breakpoints.
 
 ```
-(rdb:5) info breakpoints
+(byebug) info breakpoints
 Num Enb What
-  1 y   at filters.rb:10
+1   y   at /PathTo/project/app/controllers/articles_controller.rb:11
 ```
 
-To delete breakpoints: use the command `delete _n_` to remove the breakpoint number _n_. If no number is specified, it deletes all breakpoints that are currently active..
+To delete breakpoints: use the command `delete _n_` to remove the breakpoint
+number _n_. If no number is specified, it deletes all breakpoints that are
+currently active.
 
 ```
-(rdb:5) delete 1
-(rdb:5) info breakpoints
+(byebug) delete 1
+(byebug) info breakpoints
 No breakpoints.
 ```
 
 You can also enable or disable breakpoints:
 
-* `enable breakpoints`: allow a list _breakpoints_ or all of them if no list is specified, to stop your program. This is the default state when you create a breakpoint.
+* `enable breakpoints`: allow a _breakpoints_ list or all of them if no list is
+specified, to stop your program. This is the default state when you create a
+breakpoint.
 * `disable breakpoints`: the _breakpoints_ will have no effect on your program.
 
 ### Catching Exceptions
 
-The command `catch exception-name` (or just `cat exception-name`) can be used to intercept an exception of type _exception-name_ when there would otherwise be is no handler for it.
+The command `catch exception-name` (or just `cat exception-name`) can be used to
+intercept an exception of type _exception-name_ when there would otherwise be no
+handler for it.
 
 To list all active catchpoints use `catch`.
 
 ### Resuming Execution
 
-There are two ways to resume execution of an application that is stopped in the debugger:
-
-* `continue` [line-specification] \(or `c`): resume program execution, at the address where your script last stopped; any breakpoints set at that address are bypassed. The optional argument line-specification allows you to specify a line number to set a one-time breakpoint which is deleted when that breakpoint is reached.
-* `finish` [frame-number] \(or `fin`): execute until the selected stack frame returns. If no frame number is given, the application will run until the currently selected frame returns. The currently selected frame starts out the most-recent frame or 0 if no frame positioning (e.g up, down or frame) has been performed. If a frame number is given it will run until the specified frame returns.
+There are two ways to resume execution of an application that is stopped in the
+debugger:
+
+* `continue [line-specification]` \(or `c`): resume program execution, at the
+address where your script last stopped; any breakpoints set at that address are
+bypassed. The optional argument line-specification allows you to specify a line
+number to set a one-time breakpoint which is deleted when that breakpoint is
+reached.
+* `finish [frame-number]` \(or `fin`): execute until the selected stack frame
+returns. If no frame number is given, the application will run until the
+currently selected frame returns. The currently selected frame starts out the
+most-recent frame or 0 if no frame positioning (e.g up, down or frame) has been
+performed. If a frame number is given it will run until the specified frame
+returns.
 
 ### Editing
 
 Two commands allow you to open code from the debugger into an editor:
 
-* `edit [file:line]`: edit _file_ using the editor specified by the EDITOR environment variable. A specific _line_ can also be given.
-* `tmate _n_` (abbreviated `tm`): open the current file in TextMate. It uses n-th frame if _n_ is specified.
+* `edit [file:line]`: edit _file_ using the editor specified by the EDITOR
+environment variable. A specific _line_ can also be given.
 
 ### Quitting
 
-To exit the debugger, use the `quit` command (abbreviated `q`), or its alias `exit`.
+To exit the debugger, use the `quit` command (abbreviated to `q`). Or, type `q!`
+to bypass the `Really quit? (y/n)` prompt and exit unconditionally.
 
-A simple quit tries to terminate all threads in effect. Therefore your server will be stopped and you will have to start it again.
+A simple quit tries to terminate all threads in effect. Therefore your server
+will be stopped and you will have to start it again.
 
 ### Settings
 
-The `debugger` gem can automatically show the code you're stepping through and reload it when you change it in an editor. Here are a few of the available options:
-
-* `set reload`: Reload source code when changed.
-* `set autolist`: Execute `list` command on every breakpoint.
-* `set listsize _n_`: Set number of source lines to list by default to _n_.
-* `set forcestep`: Make sure the `next` and `step` commands always move to a new line
+`byebug` has a few available options to tweak its behavior:
 
-You can see the full list by using `help set`. Use `help set _subcommand_` to learn about a particular `set` command.
+* `set autoreload`: Reload source code when changed (defaults: true).
+* `set autolist`: Execute `list` command on every breakpoint (defaults: true).
+* `set listsize _n_`: Set number of source lines to list by default to _n_
+(defaults: 10)
+* `set forcestep`: Make sure the `next` and `step` commands always move to a new
+line.
 
-TIP: You can save these settings in an `.rdebugrc` file in your home directory. The debugger reads these global settings when it starts.
+You can see the full list by using `help set`. Use `help set _subcommand_` to
+learn about a particular `set` command.
 
-Here's a good start for an `.rdebugrc`:
+TIP: You can save these settings in an `.byebugrc` file in your home directory.
+The debugger reads these global settings when it starts. For example:
 
 ```bash
-set autolist
 set forcestep
 set listsize 25
 ```
 
+Debugging with the `web-console` gem
+------------------------------------
+
+Web Console is a bit like `byebug`, but it runs in the browser. In any page you
+are developing, you can request a console in the context of a view or a
+controller. The console would be rendered next to your HTML content.
+
+### Console
+
+Inside any controller action or view, you can invoke the console by
+calling the `console` method.
+
+For example, in a controller:
+
+```ruby
+class PostsController < ApplicationController
+  def new
+    console
+    @post = Post.new
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Or in a view:
+
+```html+erb
+<% console %>
+
+<h2>New Post</h2>
+```
+
+This will render a console inside your view. You don't need to care about the
+location of the `console` call; it won't be rendered on the spot of its
+invocation but next to your HTML content.
+
+The console executes pure Ruby code: You can define and instantiate
+custom classes, create new models and inspect variables.
+
+NOTE: Only one console can be rendered per request. Otherwise `web-console`
+will raise an error on the second `console` invocation.
+
+### Inspecting Variables
+
+You can invoke `instance_variables` to list all the instance variables
+available in your context. If you want to list all the local variables, you can
+do that with `local_variables`.
+
+### Settings
+
+* `config.web_console.whitelisted_ips`: Authorized list of IPv4 or IPv6
+addresses and networks (defaults: `127.0.0.1/8, ::1`).
+* `config.web_console.whiny_requests`: Log a message when a console rendering
+is prevented (defaults: `true`).
+
+Since `web-console` evaluates plain Ruby code remotely on the server, don't try
+to use it in production.
+
 Debugging Memory Leaks
 ----------------------
 
-A Ruby application (on Rails or not), can leak memory - either in the Ruby code or at the C code level.
+A Ruby application (on Rails or not), can leak memory — either in the Ruby code
+or at the C code level.
 
-In this section, you will learn how to find and fix such leaks by using tool such as Valgrind.
+In this section, you will learn how to find and fix such leaks by using tool
+such as Valgrind.
 
 ### Valgrind
 
-[Valgrind](http://valgrind.org/) is a Linux-only application for detecting C-based memory leaks and race conditions.
+[Valgrind](http://valgrind.org/) is an application for detecting C-based memory
+leaks and race conditions.
 
-There are Valgrind tools that can automatically detect many memory management and threading bugs, and profile your programs in detail. For example, if a C extension in the interpreter calls `malloc()` but doesn't properly call `free()`, this memory won't be available until the app terminates.
+There are Valgrind tools that can automatically detect many memory management
+and threading bugs, and profile your programs in detail. For example, if a C
+extension in the interpreter calls `malloc()` but doesn't properly call
+`free()`, this memory won't be available until the app terminates.
 
-For further information on how to install Valgrind and use with Ruby, refer to [Valgrind and Ruby](http://blog.evanweaver.com/articles/2008/02/05/valgrind-and-ruby/) by Evan Weaver.
+For further information on how to install Valgrind and use with Ruby, refer to
+[Valgrind and Ruby](http://blog.evanweaver.com/articles/2008/02/05/valgrind-and-ruby/)
+by Evan Weaver.
 
 Plugins for Debugging
 ---------------------
 
-There are some Rails plugins to help you to find errors and debug your application. Here is a list of useful plugins for debugging:
-
-* [Footnotes](https://github.com/josevalim/rails-footnotes) Every Rails page has footnotes that give request information and link back to your source via TextMate.
-* [Query Trace](https://github.com/ntalbott/query_trace/tree/master) Adds query origin tracing to your logs.
-* [Query Reviewer](https://github.com/nesquena/query_reviewer) This rails plugin not only runs "EXPLAIN" before each of your select queries in development, but provides a small DIV in the rendered output of each page with the summary of warnings for each query that it analyzed.
-* [Exception Notifier](https://github.com/smartinez87/exception_notification/tree/master) Provides a mailer object and a default set of templates for sending email notifications when errors occur in a Rails application.
-* [Better Errors](https://github.com/charliesome/better_errors) Replaces the standard Rails error page with a new one containing more contextual information, like source code and variable inspection.
-* [RailsPanel](https://github.com/dejan/rails_panel) Chrome extension for Rails development that will end your tailing of development.log. Have all information about your Rails app requests in the browser - in the Developer Tools panel. Provides insight to db/rendering/total times, parameter list, rendered views and more.
+There are some Rails plugins to help you to find errors and debug your
+application. Here is a list of useful plugins for debugging:
+
+* [Footnotes](https://github.com/josevalim/rails-footnotes) Every Rails page has
+footnotes that give request information and link back to your source via
+TextMate.
+* [Query Trace](https://github.com/ruckus/active-record-query-trace/tree/master) Adds query
+origin tracing to your logs.
+* [Query Reviewer](https://github.com/nesquena/query_reviewer) This Rails plugin
+not only runs "EXPLAIN" before each of your select queries in development, but
+provides a small DIV in the rendered output of each page with the summary of
+warnings for each query that it analyzed.
+* [Exception Notifier](https://github.com/smartinez87/exception_notification/tree/master)
+Provides a mailer object and a default set of templates for sending email
+notifications when errors occur in a Rails application.
+* [Better Errors](https://github.com/charliesome/better_errors) Replaces the
+standard Rails error page with a new one containing more contextual information,
+like source code and variable inspection.
+* [RailsPanel](https://github.com/dejan/rails_panel) Chrome extension for Rails
+development that will end your tailing of development.log. Have all information
+about your Rails app requests in the browser — in the Developer Tools panel.
+Provides insight to db/rendering/total times, parameter list, rendered views and
+more.
 
 References
 ----------
 
 * [ruby-debug Homepage](http://bashdb.sourceforge.net/ruby-debug/home-page.html)
 * [debugger Homepage](https://github.com/cldwalker/debugger)
+* [byebug Homepage](https://github.com/deivid-rodriguez/byebug)
+* [web-console Homepage](https://github.com/rails/web-console)
 * [Article: Debugging a Rails application with ruby-debug](http://www.sitepoint.com/debug-rails-app-ruby-debug/)
 * [Ryan Bates' debugging ruby (revised) screencast](http://railscasts.com/episodes/54-debugging-ruby-revised)
 * [Ryan Bates' stack trace screencast](http://railscasts.com/episodes/24-the-stack-trace)
diff --git a/guides/source/development_dependencies_install.md b/guides/source/development_dependencies_install.md
index 4ee43b6a97..4322f03d05 100644
--- a/guides/source/development_dependencies_install.md
+++ b/guides/source/development_dependencies_install.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Development Dependencies Install
 ================================
 
@@ -7,7 +9,7 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 
 * How to set up your machine for Rails development
 * How to run specific groups of unit tests from the Rails test suite
-* How the ActiveRecord portion of the Rails test suite operates
+* How the Active Record portion of the Rails test suite operates
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -19,14 +21,14 @@ The easiest and recommended way to get a development environment ready to hack i
 The Hard Way
 ------------
 
-In case you can't use the Rails development box, see section above, these are the steps to manually build a development box for Ruby on Rails core development.
+In case you can't use the Rails development box, see section below, these are the steps to manually build a development box for Ruby on Rails core development.
 
 ### Install Git
 
 Ruby on Rails uses Git for source code control. The [Git homepage](http://git-scm.com/) has installation instructions. There are a variety of resources on the net that will help you get familiar with Git:
 
 * [Try Git course](http://try.github.io/) is an interactive course that will teach you the basics.
-* The [official Documentation](http://git-scm.com/documentation) is pretty comprehensive and also contains some videos with the basics of Git
+* The [official Documentation](http://git-scm.com/documentation) is pretty comprehensive and also contains some videos with the basics of Git.
 * [Everyday Git](http://schacon.github.io/git/everyday.html) will teach you just enough about Git to get by.
 * The [PeepCode screencast](https://peepcode.com/products/git) on Git is easier to follow.
 * [GitHub](http://help.github.com) offers links to a variety of Git resources.
@@ -45,42 +47,20 @@ $ cd rails
 
 The test suite must pass with any submitted code. No matter whether you are writing a new patch, or evaluating someone else's, you need to be able to run the tests.
 
-Install first libxml2 and libxslt together with their development files for Nokogiri. In Ubuntu that's
-
-```bash
-$ sudo apt-get install libxml2 libxml2-dev libxslt1-dev
-```
-
-If you are on Fedora or CentOS, you can run
-
-```bash
-$ sudo yum install libxml2 libxml2-devel libxslt libxslt-devel
-```
-
-If you are running Arch Linux, you're done with:
+Install first SQLite3 and its development files for the `sqlite3` gem. Mac OS X
+users are done with:
 
 ```bash
-$ sudo pacman -S libxml2 libxslt
+$ brew install sqlite3
 ```
 
-On FreeBSD, you just have to run:
-
-```bash
-# pkg_add -r libxml2 libxslt
-```
-
-Alternatively, you can install the `textproc/libxml2` and `textproc/libxslt`
-ports.
-
-If you have any problems with these libraries, you can install them manually by compiling the source code. Just follow the instructions at the [Red Hat/CentOS section of the Nokogiri tutorials](http://nokogiri.org/tutorials/installing_nokogiri.html#red_hat__centos) .
-
-Also, SQLite3 and its development files for the `sqlite3-ruby` gem - in Ubuntu you're done with just
+In Ubuntu you're done with just:
 
 ```bash
 $ sudo apt-get install sqlite3 libsqlite3-dev
 ```
 
-And if you are on Fedora or CentOS, you're done with
+If you are on Fedora or CentOS, you're done with
 
 ```bash
 $ sudo yum install sqlite3 sqlite3-devel
@@ -95,12 +75,12 @@ $ sudo pacman -S sqlite
 For FreeBSD users, you're done with:
 
 ```bash
-# pkg_add -r sqlite3
+# pkg install sqlite3
 ```
 
 Or compile the `databases/sqlite3` port.
 
-Get a recent version of [Bundler](http://gembundler.com/)
+Get a recent version of [Bundler](http://bundler.io/)
 
 ```bash
 $ gem install bundler
@@ -117,7 +97,7 @@ This command will install all dependencies except the MySQL and PostgreSQL Ruby
 
 NOTE: If you would like to run the tests that use memcached, you need to ensure that you have it installed and running.
 
-You can use homebrew to install memcached on OSX:
+You can use [Homebrew](http://brew.sh/) to install memcached on OS X:
 
 ```bash
 $ brew install memcached
@@ -135,6 +115,20 @@ Or use yum on Fedora or CentOS:
 $ sudo yum install memcached
 ```
 
+If you are running on Arch Linux:
+
+```bash
+$ sudo pacman -S memcached
+```
+
+For FreeBSD users, you're done with:
+
+```bash
+# pkg install memcached
+```
+
+Alternatively, you can compile the `databases/memcached` port.
+
 With the dependencies now installed, you can run the test suite with:
 
 ```bash
@@ -181,10 +175,22 @@ The Active Record test suite requires a custom config file: `activerecord/test/c
 
 #### MySQL and PostgreSQL
 
-To be able to run the suite for MySQL and PostgreSQL we need their gems. Install first the servers, their client libraries, and their development files. In Ubuntu just run
+To be able to run the suite for MySQL and PostgreSQL we need their gems. Install
+first the servers, their client libraries, and their development files.
+
+On OS X, you can run:
 
 ```bash
-$ sudo apt-get install mysql-server libmysqlclient15-dev
+$ brew install mysql
+$ brew install postgresql
+```
+
+Follow the instructions given by Homebrew to start these.
+
+In Ubuntu just run:
+
+```bash
+$ sudo apt-get install mysql-server libmysqlclient-dev
 $ sudo apt-get install postgresql postgresql-client postgresql-contrib libpq-dev
 ```
 
@@ -206,8 +212,8 @@ $ sudo pacman -S postgresql postgresql-libs
 FreeBSD users will have to run the following:
 
 ```bash
-# pkg_add -r mysql56-client mysql56-server
-# pkg_add -r postgresql92-client postgresql92-server
+# pkg install mysql56-client mysql56-server
+# pkg install postgresql94-client postgresql94-server
 ```
 
 Or install them through ports (they are located under the `databases` folder).
@@ -241,20 +247,27 @@ and create the test databases:
 
 ```bash
 $ cd activerecord
-$ bundle exec rake mysql:build_databases
+$ bundle exec rake db:mysql:build
 ```
 
-PostgreSQL's authentication works differently. A simple way to set up the development environment for example is to run with your development account
+PostgreSQL's authentication works differently. To setup the development environment
+with your development account, on Linux or BSD, you just have to run:
 
 ```bash
 $ sudo -u postgres createuser --superuser $USER
 ```
 
-and then create the test databases with
+and for OS X:
+
+```bash
+$ createuser --superuser $USER
+```
+
+Then you need to create the test databases with
 
 ```bash
 $ cd activerecord
-$ bundle exec rake postgresql:build_databases
+$ bundle exec rake db:postgresql:build
 ```
 
 It is possible to build databases for both PostgreSQL and MySQL with
diff --git a/guides/source/documents.yaml b/guides/source/documents.yaml
index e4653b47fc..4473eba478 100644
--- a/guides/source/documents.yaml
+++ b/guides/source/documents.yaml
@@ -11,15 +11,15 @@
     -
       name: Active Record Basics
       url: active_record_basics.html
-      description: This guide will get you started with models, persistence to database and the Active Record pattern and library.
+      description: This guide will get you started with models, persistence to database, and the Active Record pattern and library.
     -
-      name: Rails Database Migrations
-      url: migrations.html
+      name: Active Record Migrations
+      url: active_record_migrations.html
       description: This guide covers how you can use Active Record migrations to alter your database in a structured and organized manner.
     -
       name: Active Record Validations
       url: active_record_validations.html
-      description: This guide covers how you can use Active Record validations
+      description: This guide covers how you can use Active Record validations.
     -
       name: Active Record Callbacks
       url: active_record_callbacks.html
@@ -32,6 +32,11 @@
       name: Active Record Query Interface
       url: active_record_querying.html
       description: This guide covers the database query interface provided by Active Record.
+    -
+      name: Active Model Basics
+      url: active_model_basics.html
+      description: This guide covers the use of model classes without Active Record.
+      work_in_progress: true
 -
   name: Views
   documents:
@@ -69,16 +74,20 @@
     -
       name: Rails Internationalization API
       url: i18n.html
-      description: This guide covers how to add internationalization to your applications. Your application will be able to translate content to different languages, change pluralization rules, use correct date formats for each country and so on.
+      description: This guide covers how to add internationalization to your applications. Your application will be able to translate content to different languages, change pluralization rules, use correct date formats for each country, and so on.
     -
       name: Action Mailer Basics
       url: action_mailer_basics.html
       description: This guide describes how to use Action Mailer to send and receive emails.
     -
+      name: Active Job Basics
+      url: active_job_basics.html
+      description: This guide provides you with all you need to get started creating, enqueuing, and executing background jobs.
+    -
       name: Testing Rails Applications
-      url: testing.html
       work_in_progress: true
-      description: This is a rather comprehensive guide to doing both unit and functional tests in Rails. It covers everything from 'What is a test?' to the testing APIs. Enjoy.
+      url: testing.html
+      description: This is a rather comprehensive guide to the various testing facilities in Rails. It covers everything from 'What is a test?' to the testing APIs. Enjoy.
     -
       name: Securing Rails Applications
       url: security.html
@@ -96,11 +105,6 @@
       url: command_line.html
       description: This guide covers the command line tools and rake tasks provided by Rails.
     -
-      name: Caching with Rails
-      work_in_progress: true
-      url: caching_with_rails.html
-      description: Various caching techniques provided by Rails.
-    -
       name: Asset Pipeline
       url: asset_pipeline.html
       description: This guide documents the asset pipeline.
@@ -109,15 +113,29 @@
       url: working_with_javascript_in_rails.html
       description: This guide covers the built-in Ajax/JavaScript functionality of Rails.
     -
-      name: Getting Started with Engines
-      url: engines.html
-      description: This guide explains how to write a mountable engine.
-      work_in_progress: true
-    -
       name: The Rails Initialization Process
       work_in_progress: true
       url: initialization.html
-      description: This guide explains the internals of the Rails initialization process as of Rails 4
+      description: This guide explains the internals of the Rails initialization process as of Rails 4.
+    -
+      name: Autoloading and Reloading Constants
+      url: autoloading_and_reloading_constants.html
+      description: This guide documents how autoloading and reloading constants work.
+    -
+      name: "Caching with Rails: An Overview"
+      url: caching_with_rails.html
+      description: This guide is an introduction to speeding up your Rails application with caching.
+    -
+      name: Active Support Instrumentation
+      work_in_progress: true
+      url: active_support_instrumentation.html
+      description: This guide explains how to use the instrumentation API inside of Active Support to measure events inside of Rails and other Ruby code.
+    -
+      name: Profiling Rails Applications
+      work_in_progress: true
+      url: profiling.html
+      description: This guide explains how to profile your Rails applications to improve performance.
+
 -
   name: Extending Rails
   documents:
@@ -134,6 +152,11 @@
       name: Creating and Customizing Rails Generators
       url: generators.html
       description: This guide covers the process of adding a brand new generator to your extension or providing an alternative to an element of a built-in Rails generator (such as providing alternative test stubs for the scaffold generator).
+    -
+      name: Getting Started with Engines
+      url: engines.html
+      description: This guide explains how to write a mountable engine.
+      work_in_progress: true
 -
   name: Contributing to Ruby on Rails
   documents:
@@ -162,12 +185,14 @@
     -
       name: Upgrading Ruby on Rails
       url: upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html
-      work_in_progress: true
       description: This guide helps in upgrading applications to latest Ruby on Rails versions.
     -
+      name: Ruby on Rails 4.2 Release Notes
+      url: 4_2_release_notes.html
+      description: Release notes for Rails 4.2.
+    -
       name: Ruby on Rails 4.1 Release Notes
       url: 4_1_release_notes.html
-      work_in_progress: true
       description: Release notes for Rails 4.1.
     -
       name: Ruby on Rails 4.0 Release Notes
diff --git a/guides/source/engines.md b/guides/source/engines.md
index bbd63bb892..a50ef9a95f 100644
--- a/guides/source/engines.md
+++ b/guides/source/engines.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Getting Started with Engines
 ============================
 
@@ -31,27 +33,28 @@ Engines are also closely related to plugins. The two share a common `lib`
 directory structure, and are both generated using the `rails plugin new`
 generator. The difference is that an engine is considered a "full plugin" by
 Rails (as indicated by the `--full` option that's passed to the generator
-command). This guide will refer to them simply as "engines" throughout. An
-engine **can** be a plugin, and a plugin **can** be an engine.
+command). We'll actually be using the `--mountable` option here, which includes
+all the features of `--full`, and then some. This guide will refer to these
+"full plugins" simply as "engines" throughout. An engine **can** be a plugin,
+and a plugin **can** be an engine.
 
-The engine that will be created in this guide will be called "blorgh". The
+The engine that will be created in this guide will be called "blorgh". This
 engine will provide blogging functionality to its host applications, allowing
-for new posts and comments to be created. At the beginning of this guide, you
+for new articles and comments to be created. At the beginning of this guide, you
 will be working solely within the engine itself, but in later sections you'll
 see how to hook it into an application.
 
 Engines can also be isolated from their host applications. This means that an
 application is able to have a path provided by a routing helper such as
-`posts_path` and use an engine also that provides a path also called
-`posts_path`, and the two would not clash. Along with this, controllers, models
+`articles_path` and use an engine also that provides a path also called
+`articles_path`, and the two would not clash. Along with this, controllers, models
 and table names are also namespaced. You'll see how to do this later in this
 guide.
 
 It's important to keep in mind at all times that the application should
 **always** take precedence over its engines. An application is the object that
-has final say in what goes on in the universe (with the universe being the
-application's environment) where the engine should only be enhancing it, rather
-than changing it drastically.
+has final say in what goes on in its environment. The engine should
+only be enhancing it, rather than changing it drastically.
 
 To see demonstrations of other engines, check out
 [Devise](https://github.com/plataformatec/devise), an engine that provides
@@ -82,8 +85,11 @@ The full list of options for the plugin generator may be seen by typing:
 $ rails plugin --help
 ```
 
-The `--full` option tells the generator that you want to create an engine,
-including a skeleton structure that provides the following:
+The `--mountable` option tells the generator that you want to create a
+"mountable" and namespace-isolated engine. This generator will provide the same
+skeleton structure as would the `--full` option. The `--full` option tells the
+generator that you want to create an engine, including a skeleton structure
+that provides the following:
 
   * An `app` directory tree
   * A `config/routes.rb` file:
@@ -94,7 +100,7 @@ including a skeleton structure that provides the following:
     ```
 
   * A file at `lib/blorgh/engine.rb`, which is identical in function to a
-  * standard Rails application's `config/application.rb` file:
+    standard Rails application's `config/application.rb` file:
 
     ```ruby
     module Blorgh
@@ -103,9 +109,7 @@ including a skeleton structure that provides the following:
     end
     ```
 
-The `--mountable` option tells the generator that you want to create a
-"mountable" and namespace-isolated engine. This generator will provide the same
-skeleton structure as would the `--full` option, and will add:
+The `--mountable` option will add to the `--full` option:
 
   * Asset manifest files (`application.js` and `application.css`)
   * A namespaced `ApplicationController` stub
@@ -134,7 +138,7 @@ following to the dummy application's routes file at
 `test/dummy/config/routes.rb`:
 
 ```ruby
-mount Blorgh::Engine, at: "blorgh"
+mount Blorgh::Engine => "/blorgh"
 ```
 
 ### Inside an Engine
@@ -146,7 +150,7 @@ When you include the engine into an application later on, you will do so with
 this line in the Rails application's `Gemfile`:
 
 ```ruby
-gem 'blorgh', path: "vendor/engines/blorgh"
+gem 'blorgh', path: 'engines/blorgh'
 ```
 
 Don't forget to run `bundle install` as usual. By specifying it as a gem within
@@ -171,7 +175,7 @@ Within `lib/blorgh/engine.rb` is the base class for the engine:
 
 ```ruby
 module Blorgh
-  class Engine < Rails::Engine
+  class Engine < ::Rails::Engine
     isolate_namespace Blorgh
   end
 end
@@ -197,12 +201,12 @@ within the `Engine` class definition. Without it, classes generated in an engine
 **may** conflict with an application.
 
 What this isolation of the namespace means is that a model generated by a call
-to `rails g model`, such as `rails g model post`, won't be called `Post`, but
-instead be namespaced and called `Blorgh::Post`. In addition, the table for the
-model is namespaced, becoming `blorgh_posts`, rather than simply `posts`.
-Similar to the model namespacing, a controller called `PostsController` becomes
-`Blorgh::PostsController` and the views for that controller will not be at
-`app/views/posts`, but `app/views/blorgh/posts` instead. Mailers are namespaced
+to `bin/rails g model`, such as `bin/rails g model article`, won't be called `Article`, but
+instead be namespaced and called `Blorgh::Article`. In addition, the table for the
+model is namespaced, becoming `blorgh_articles`, rather than simply `articles`.
+Similar to the model namespacing, a controller called `ArticlesController` becomes
+`Blorgh::ArticlesController` and the views for that controller will not be at
+`app/views/articles`, but `app/views/blorgh/articles` instead. Mailers are namespaced
 as well.
 
 Finally, routes will also be isolated within the engine. This is one of the most
@@ -235,6 +239,27 @@ NOTE: The `ApplicationController` class inside an engine is named just like a
 Rails application in order to make it easier for you to convert your
 applications into engines.
 
+NOTE: Because of the way that Ruby does constant lookup you may run into a situation
+where your engine controller is inheriting from the main application controller and
+not your engine's application controller. Ruby is able to resolve the `ApplicationController` constant, and therefore the autoloading mechanism is not triggered. See the section [When Constants Aren't Missed](autoloading_and_reloading_constants.html#when-constants-aren-t-missed) of the [Autoloading and Reloading Constants](autoloading_and_reloading_constants.html) guide for further details. The best way to prevent this from
+happening is to use `require_dependency` to ensure that the engine's application
+controller is loaded. For example:
+
+``` ruby
+# app/controllers/blorgh/articles_controller.rb:
+require_dependency "blorgh/application_controller"
+
+module Blorgh
+  class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
+    ...
+  end
+end
+```
+
+WARNING: Don't use `require` because it will break the automatic reloading of classes
+in the development environment - using `require_dependency` ensures that classes are
+loaded and unloaded in the correct manner.
+
 Lastly, the `app/views` directory contains a `layouts` folder, which contains a
 file at `blorgh/application.html.erb`. This file allows you to specify a layout
 for the engine. If this engine is to be used as a stand-alone engine, then you
@@ -253,7 +278,7 @@ This means that you will be able to generate new controllers and models for this
 engine very easily by running commands like this:
 
 ```bash
-rails g model
+$ bin/rails g model
 ```
 
 Keep in mind, of course, that anything generated with these commands inside of
@@ -283,74 +308,72 @@ created in the `test` directory as well. For example, you may wish to create a
 Providing engine functionality
 ------------------------------
 
-The engine that this guide covers provides posting and commenting functionality
-and follows a similar thread to the [Getting Started
+The engine that this guide covers provides submitting articles and commenting
+functionality and follows a similar thread to the [Getting Started
 Guide](getting_started.html), with some new twists.
 
-### Generating a Post Resource
+### Generating an Article Resource
 
-The first thing to generate for a blog engine is the `Post` model and related
+The first thing to generate for a blog engine is the `Article` model and related
 controller. To quickly generate this, you can use the Rails scaffold generator.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate scaffold post title:string text:text
+$ bin/rails generate scaffold article title:string text:text
 ```
 
 This command will output this information:
 
 ```
 invoke  active_record
-create    db/migrate/[timestamp]_create_blorgh_posts.rb
-create    app/models/blorgh/post.rb
+create    db/migrate/[timestamp]_create_blorgh_articles.rb
+create    app/models/blorgh/article.rb
 invoke    test_unit
-create      test/models/blorgh/post_test.rb
-create      test/fixtures/blorgh/posts.yml
+create      test/models/blorgh/article_test.rb
+create      test/fixtures/blorgh/articles.yml
 invoke  resource_route
- route    resources :posts
+ route    resources :articles
 invoke  scaffold_controller
-create    app/controllers/blorgh/posts_controller.rb
+create    app/controllers/blorgh/articles_controller.rb
 invoke    erb
-create      app/views/blorgh/posts
-create      app/views/blorgh/posts/index.html.erb
-create      app/views/blorgh/posts/edit.html.erb
-create      app/views/blorgh/posts/show.html.erb
-create      app/views/blorgh/posts/new.html.erb
-create      app/views/blorgh/posts/_form.html.erb
+create      app/views/blorgh/articles
+create      app/views/blorgh/articles/index.html.erb
+create      app/views/blorgh/articles/edit.html.erb
+create      app/views/blorgh/articles/show.html.erb
+create      app/views/blorgh/articles/new.html.erb
+create      app/views/blorgh/articles/_form.html.erb
 invoke    test_unit
-create      test/controllers/blorgh/posts_controller_test.rb
+create      test/controllers/blorgh/articles_controller_test.rb
 invoke    helper
-create      app/helpers/blorgh/posts_helper.rb
-invoke      test_unit
-create        test/helpers/blorgh/posts_helper_test.rb
+create      app/helpers/blorgh/articles_helper.rb
 invoke  assets
 invoke    js
-create      app/assets/javascripts/blorgh/posts.js
+create      app/assets/javascripts/blorgh/articles.js
 invoke    css
-create      app/assets/stylesheets/blorgh/posts.css
+create      app/assets/stylesheets/blorgh/articles.css
 invoke  css
 create    app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css
 ```
 
 The first thing that the scaffold generator does is invoke the `active_record`
 generator, which generates a migration and a model for the resource. Note here,
-however, that the migration is called `create_blorgh_posts` rather than the
-usual `create_posts`. This is due to the `isolate_namespace` method called in
+however, that the migration is called `create_blorgh_articles` rather than the
+usual `create_articles`. This is due to the `isolate_namespace` method called in
 the `Blorgh::Engine` class's definition. The model here is also namespaced,
-being placed at `app/models/blorgh/post.rb` rather than `app/models/post.rb` due
+being placed at `app/models/blorgh/article.rb` rather than `app/models/article.rb` due
 to the `isolate_namespace` call within the `Engine` class.
 
 Next, the `test_unit` generator is invoked for this model, generating a model
-test at `test/models/blorgh/post_test.rb` (rather than
-`test/models/post_test.rb`) and a fixture at `test/fixtures/blorgh/posts.yml`
-(rather than `test/fixtures/posts.yml`).
+test at `test/models/blorgh/article_test.rb` (rather than
+`test/models/article_test.rb`) and a fixture at `test/fixtures/blorgh/articles.yml`
+(rather than `test/fixtures/articles.yml`).
 
 After that, a line for the resource is inserted into the `config/routes.rb` file
-for the engine. This line is simply `resources :posts`, turning the
+for the engine. This line is simply `resources :articles`, turning the
 `config/routes.rb` file for the engine into this:
 
 ```ruby
 Blorgh::Engine.routes.draw do
-  resources :posts
+  resources :articles
 end
 ```
 
@@ -362,18 +385,18 @@ be isolated from those routes that are within the application. The
 [Routes](#routes) section of this guide describes it in detail.
 
 Next, the `scaffold_controller` generator is invoked, generating a controller
-called `Blorgh::PostsController` (at
-`app/controllers/blorgh/posts_controller.rb`) and its related views at
-`app/views/blorgh/posts`. This generator also generates a test for the
-controller (`test/controllers/blorgh/posts_controller_test.rb`) and a helper
-(`app/helpers/blorgh/posts_controller.rb`).
+called `Blorgh::ArticlesController` (at
+`app/controllers/blorgh/articles_controller.rb`) and its related views at
+`app/views/blorgh/articles`. This generator also generates a test for the
+controller (`test/controllers/blorgh/articles_controller_test.rb`) and a helper
+(`app/helpers/blorgh/articles_helper.rb`).
 
 Everything this generator has created is neatly namespaced. The controller's
 class is defined within the `Blorgh` module:
 
 ```ruby
 module Blorgh
-  class PostsController < ApplicationController
+  class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
     ...
   end
 end
@@ -382,76 +405,67 @@ end
 NOTE: The `ApplicationController` class being inherited from here is the
 `Blorgh::ApplicationController`, not an application's `ApplicationController`.
 
-The helper inside `app/helpers/blorgh/posts_helper.rb` is also namespaced:
+The helper inside `app/helpers/blorgh/articles_helper.rb` is also namespaced:
 
 ```ruby
 module Blorgh
-  module PostsHelper
+  module ArticlesHelper
     ...
   end
 end
 ```
 
 This helps prevent conflicts with any other engine or application that may have
-a post resource as well.
+an article resource as well.
 
 Finally, the assets for this resource are generated in two files:
-`app/assets/javascripts/blorgh/posts.js` and
-`app/assets/stylesheets/blorgh/posts.css`. You'll see how to use these a little
+`app/assets/javascripts/blorgh/articles.js` and
+`app/assets/stylesheets/blorgh/articles.css`. You'll see how to use these a little
 later.
 
-By default, the scaffold styling is not applied to the engine because the
-engine's layout file, `app/views/layouts/blorgh/application.html.erb`, doesn't
-load it. To make the scaffold styling apply, insert this line into the `<head>`
-tag of this layout:
-
-```erb
-<%= stylesheet_link_tag "scaffold" %>
-```
-
 You can see what the engine has so far by running `rake db:migrate` at the root
 of our engine to run the migration generated by the scaffold generator, and then
 running `rails server` in `test/dummy`. When you open
-`http://localhost:3000/blorgh/posts` you will see the default scaffold that has
+`http://localhost:3000/blorgh/articles` you will see the default scaffold that has
 been generated. Click around! You've just generated your first engine's first
 functions.
 
 If you'd rather play around in the console, `rails console` will also work just
-like a Rails application. Remember: the `Post` model is namespaced, so to
-reference it you must call it as `Blorgh::Post`.
+like a Rails application. Remember: the `Article` model is namespaced, so to
+reference it you must call it as `Blorgh::Article`.
 
 ```ruby
->> Blorgh::Post.find(1)
-=> #<Blorgh::Post id: 1 ...>
+>> Blorgh::Article.find(1)
+=> #<Blorgh::Article id: 1 ...>
 ```
 
-One final thing is that the `posts` resource for this engine should be the root
+One final thing is that the `articles` resource for this engine should be the root
 of the engine. Whenever someone goes to the root path where the engine is
-mounted, they should be shown a list of posts. This can be made to happen if
+mounted, they should be shown a list of articles. This can be made to happen if
 this line is inserted into the `config/routes.rb` file inside the engine:
 
 ```ruby
-root to: "posts#index"
+root to: "articles#index"
 ```
 
-Now people will only need to go to the root of the engine to see all the posts,
-rather than visiting `/posts`. This means that instead of
-`http://localhost:3000/blorgh/posts`, you only need to go to
+Now people will only need to go to the root of the engine to see all the articles,
+rather than visiting `/articles`. This means that instead of
+`http://localhost:3000/blorgh/articles`, you only need to go to
 `http://localhost:3000/blorgh` now.
 
 ### Generating a Comments Resource
 
-Now that the engine can create new blog posts, it only makes sense to add
+Now that the engine can create new articles, it only makes sense to add
 commenting functionality as well. To do this, you'll need to generate a comment
-model, a comment controller and then modify the posts scaffold to display
+model, a comment controller and then modify the articles scaffold to display
 comments and allow people to create new ones.
 
 From the application root, run the model generator. Tell it to generate a
-`Comment` model, with the related table having two columns: a `post_id` integer
+`Comment` model, with the related table having two columns: a `article_id` integer
 and `text` text column.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate model Comment post_id:integer text:text
+$ bin/rails generate model Comment article_id:integer text:text
 ```
 
 This will output the following:
@@ -474,17 +488,17 @@ table:
 $ rake db:migrate
 ```
 
-To show the comments on a post, edit `app/views/blorgh/posts/show.html.erb` and
+To show the comments on an article, edit `app/views/blorgh/articles/show.html.erb` and
 add this line before the "Edit" link:
 
 ```html+erb
 <h3>Comments</h3>
-<%= render @post.comments %>
+<%= render @article.comments %>
 ```
 
 This line will require there to be a `has_many` association for comments defined
-on the `Blorgh::Post` model, which there isn't right now. To define one, open
-`app/models/blorgh/post.rb` and add this line into the model:
+on the `Blorgh::Article` model, which there isn't right now. To define one, open
+`app/models/blorgh/article.rb` and add this line into the model:
 
 ```ruby
 has_many :comments
@@ -494,7 +508,7 @@ Turning the model into this:
 
 ```ruby
 module Blorgh
-  class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+  class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
     has_many :comments
   end
 end
@@ -505,9 +519,9 @@ NOTE: Because the `has_many` is defined inside a class that is inside the
 model for these objects, so there's no need to specify that using the
 `:class_name` option here.
 
-Next, there needs to be a form so that comments can be created on a post. To add
-this, put this line underneath the call to `render @post.comments` in
-`app/views/blorgh/posts/show.html.erb`:
+Next, there needs to be a form so that comments can be created on an article. To
+add this, put this line underneath the call to `render @article.comments` in
+`app/views/blorgh/articles/show.html.erb`:
 
 ```erb
 <%= render "blorgh/comments/form" %>
@@ -519,7 +533,7 @@ directory at `app/views/blorgh/comments` and in it a new file called
 
 ```html+erb
 <h3>New comment</h3>
-<%= form_for [@post, @post.comments.build] do |f| %>
+<%= form_for [@article, @article.comments.build] do |f| %>
   <p>
     <%= f.label :text %><br>
     <%= f.text_area :text %>
@@ -529,12 +543,12 @@ directory at `app/views/blorgh/comments` and in it a new file called
 ```
 
 When this form is submitted, it is going to attempt to perform a `POST` request
-to a route of `/posts/:post_id/comments` within the engine. This route doesn't
-exist at the moment, but can be created by changing the `resources :posts` line
+to a route of `/articles/:article_id/comments` within the engine. This route doesn't
+exist at the moment, but can be created by changing the `resources :articles` line
 inside `config/routes.rb` into these lines:
 
 ```ruby
-resources :posts do
+resources :articles do
   resources :comments
 end
 ```
@@ -545,7 +559,7 @@ The route now exists, but the controller that this route goes to does not. To
 create it, run this command from the application root:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails g controller comments
+$ bin/rails g controller comments
 ```
 
 This will generate the following things:
@@ -558,8 +572,6 @@ invoke  test_unit
 create    test/controllers/blorgh/comments_controller_test.rb
 invoke  helper
 create    app/helpers/blorgh/comments_helper.rb
-invoke    test_unit
-create      test/helpers/blorgh/comments_helper_test.rb
 invoke  assets
 invoke    js
 create      app/assets/javascripts/blorgh/comments.js
@@ -567,17 +579,17 @@ invoke    css
 create      app/assets/stylesheets/blorgh/comments.css
 ```
 
-The form will be making a `POST` request to `/posts/:post_id/comments`, which
+The form will be making a `POST` request to `/articles/:article_id/comments`, which
 will correspond with the `create` action in `Blorgh::CommentsController`. This
 action needs to be created, which can be done by putting the following lines
 inside the class definition in `app/controllers/blorgh/comments_controller.rb`:
 
 ```ruby
 def create
-  @post = Post.find(params[:post_id])
-  @comment = @post.comments.create(comment_params)
+  @article = Article.find(params[:article_id])
+  @comment = @article.comments.create(comment_params)
   flash[:notice] = "Comment has been created!"
-  redirect_to posts_path
+  redirect_to articles_path
 end
 
 private
@@ -590,17 +602,17 @@ This is the final step required to get the new comment form working. Displaying
 the comments, however, is not quite right yet. If you were to create a comment
 right now, you would see this error:
 
-``` 
-Missing partial blorgh/comments/comment with {:handlers=>[:erb, :builder],
+```
+Missing partial blorgh/comments/_comment with {:handlers=>[:erb, :builder],
 :formats=>[:html], :locale=>[:en, :en]}. Searched in:   *
 "/Users/ryan/Sites/side_projects/blorgh/test/dummy/app/views"   *
-"/Users/ryan/Sites/side_projects/blorgh/app/views" 
+"/Users/ryan/Sites/side_projects/blorgh/app/views"
 ```
 
 The engine is unable to find the partial required for rendering the comments.
 Rails looks first in the application's (`test/dummy`) `app/views` directory and
 then in the engine's `app/views` directory. When it can't find it, it will throw
-this error. The engine knows to look for `blorgh/comments/comment` because the
+this error. The engine knows to look for `blorgh/comments/_comment` because the
 model object it is receiving is from the `Blorgh::Comment` class.
 
 This partial will be responsible for rendering just the comment text, for now.
@@ -612,7 +624,7 @@ line inside it:
 ```
 
 The `comment_counter` local variable is given to us by the `<%= render
-@post.comments %>` call, which will define it automatically and increment the
+@article.comments %>` call, which will define it automatically and increment the
 counter as it iterates through each comment. It's used in this example to
 display a small number next to each comment when it's created.
 
@@ -625,7 +637,7 @@ Hooking Into an Application
 Using an engine within an application is very easy. This section covers how to
 mount the engine into an application and the initial setup required, as well as
 linking the engine to a `User` class provided by the application to provide
-ownership for posts and comments within the engine.
+ownership for articles and comments within the engine.
 
 ### Mounting the Engine
 
@@ -648,7 +660,7 @@ However, because you are developing the `blorgh` engine on your local machine,
 you will need to specify the `:path` option in your `Gemfile`:
 
 ```ruby
-gem 'blorgh', path: "/path/to/blorgh"
+gem 'blorgh', path: 'engines/blorgh'
 ```
 
 Then run `bundle` to install the gem.
@@ -676,10 +688,10 @@ pre-defined path which may be customizable.
 
 ### Engine setup
 
-The engine contains migrations for the `blorgh_posts` and `blorgh_comments`
+The engine contains migrations for the `blorgh_articles` and `blorgh_comments`
 table which need to be created in the application's database so that the
 engine's models can query them correctly. To copy these migrations into the
-application use this command:
+application run the following command from the `test/dummy` directory of your Rails engine:
 
 ```bash
 $ rake blorgh:install:migrations
@@ -698,8 +710,8 @@ haven't been copied over already. The first run for this command will output
 something such as this:
 
 ```bash
-Copied migration [timestamp_1]_create_blorgh_posts.rb from blorgh
-Copied migration [timestamp_2]_create_blorgh_comments.rb from blorgh
+Copied migration [timestamp_1]_create_blorgh_articles.blorgh.rb from blorgh
+Copied migration [timestamp_2]_create_blorgh_comments.blorgh.rb from blorgh
 ```
 
 The first timestamp (`[timestamp_1]`) will be the current time, and the second
@@ -709,7 +721,7 @@ migrations in the application.
 
 To run these migrations within the context of the application, simply run `rake
 db:migrate`. When accessing the engine through `http://localhost:3000/blog`, the
-posts will be empty. This is because the table created inside the application is
+articles will be empty. This is because the table created inside the application is
 different from the one created within the engine. Go ahead, play around with the
 newly mounted engine. You'll find that it's the same as when it was only an
 engine.
@@ -734,17 +746,19 @@ rake db:migrate SCOPE=blorgh VERSION=0
 
 When an engine is created, it may want to use specific classes from an
 application to provide links between the pieces of the engine and the pieces of
-the application. In the case of the `blorgh` engine, making posts and comments
+the application. In the case of the `blorgh` engine, making articles and comments
 have authors would make a lot of sense.
 
 A typical application might have a `User` class that would be used to represent
-authors for a post or a comment. But there could be a case where the application
-calls this class something different, such as `Person`. For this reason, the
-engine should not hardcode associations specifically for a `User` class.
+authors for an article or a comment. But there could be a case where the
+application calls this class something different, such as `Person`. For this
+reason, the engine should not hardcode associations specifically for a `User`
+class.
 
 To keep it simple in this case, the application will have a class called `User`
-that represents the users of the application. It can be generated using this
-command inside the application:
+that represents the users of the application (we'll get into making this
+configurable further on). It can be generated using this command inside the
+application:
 
 ```bash
 rails g model user name:string
@@ -753,14 +767,14 @@ rails g model user name:string
 The `rake db:migrate` command needs to be run here to ensure that our
 application has the `users` table for future use.
 
-Also, to keep it simple, the posts form will have a new text field called
+Also, to keep it simple, the articles form will have a new text field called
 `author_name`, where users can elect to put their name. The engine will then
 take this name and either create a new `User` object from it, or find one that
-already has that name. The engine will then associate the post with the found or
+already has that name. The engine will then associate the article with the found or
 created `User` object.
 
 First, the `author_name` text field needs to be added to the
-`app/views/blorgh/posts/_form.html.erb` partial inside the engine. This can be
+`app/views/blorgh/articles/_form.html.erb` partial inside the engine. This can be
 added above the `title` field with this code:
 
 ```html+erb
@@ -770,23 +784,23 @@ added above the `title` field with this code:
 </div>
 ```
 
-Next, we need to update our `Blorgh::PostController#post_params` method to
+Next, we need to update our `Blorgh::ArticleController#article_params` method to
 permit the new form parameter:
 
 ```ruby
-def post_params
-  params.require(:post).permit(:title, :text, :author_name)
+def article_params
+  params.require(:article).permit(:title, :text, :author_name)
 end
 ```
 
-The `Blorgh::Post` model should then have some code to convert the `author_name`
-field into an actual `User` object and associate it as that post's `author`
-before the post is saved. It will also need to have an `attr_accessor` set up
+The `Blorgh::Article` model should then have some code to convert the `author_name`
+field into an actual `User` object and associate it as that article's `author`
+before the article is saved. It will also need to have an `attr_accessor` set up
 for this field, so that the setter and getter methods are defined for it.
 
 To do all this, you'll need to add the `attr_accessor` for `author_name`, the
 association for the author and the `before_save` call into
-`app/models/blorgh/post.rb`. The `author` association will be hard-coded to the
+`app/models/blorgh/article.rb`. The `author` association will be hard-coded to the
 `User` class for the time being.
 
 ```ruby
@@ -803,14 +817,14 @@ private
 
 By representing the `author` association's object with the `User` class, a link
 is established between the engine and the application. There needs to be a way
-of associating the records in the `blorgh_posts` table with the records in the
+of associating the records in the `blorgh_articles` table with the records in the
 `users` table. Because the association is called `author`, there should be an
-`author_id` column added to the `blorgh_posts` table.
+`author_id` column added to the `blorgh_articles` table.
 
 To generate this new column, run this command within the engine:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails g migration add_author_id_to_blorgh_posts author_id:integer
+$ bin/rails g migration add_author_id_to_blorgh_articles author_id:integer
 ```
 
 NOTE: Due to the migration's name and the column specification after it, Rails
@@ -828,12 +842,10 @@ $ rake blorgh:install:migrations
 Notice that only _one_ migration was copied over here. This is because the first
 two migrations were copied over the first time this command was run.
 
-``` 
-NOTE Migration [timestamp]_create_blorgh_posts.rb from blorgh has been
-skipped. Migration with the same name already exists. NOTE Migration
-[timestamp]_create_blorgh_comments.rb from blorgh has been skipped. Migration
-with the same name already exists. Copied migration
-[timestamp]_add_author_id_to_blorgh_posts.rb from blorgh 
+```
+NOTE Migration [timestamp]_create_blorgh_articles.blorgh.rb from blorgh has been skipped. Migration with the same name already exists.
+NOTE Migration [timestamp]_create_blorgh_comments.blorgh.rb from blorgh has been skipped. Migration with the same name already exists.
+Copied migration [timestamp]_add_author_id_to_blorgh_articles.blorgh.rb from blorgh
 ```
 
 Run the migration using:
@@ -843,37 +855,19 @@ $ rake db:migrate
 ```
 
 Now with all the pieces in place, an action will take place that will associate
-an author - represented by a record in the `users` table - with a post,
-represented by the `blorgh_posts` table from the engine.
+an author - represented by a record in the `users` table - with an article,
+represented by the `blorgh_articles` table from the engine.
 
-Finally, the author's name should be displayed on the post's page. Add this code
-above the "Title" output inside `app/views/blorgh/posts/show.html.erb`:
+Finally, the author's name should be displayed on the article's page. Add this code
+above the "Title" output inside `app/views/blorgh/articles/show.html.erb`:
 
 ```html+erb
 <p>
   <b>Author:</b>
-  <%= @post.author %>
+  <%= @article.author.name %>
 </p>
 ```
 
-By outputting `@post.author` using the `<%=` tag, the `to_s` method will be
-called on the object. By default, this will look quite ugly:
-
-```
-#<User:0x00000100ccb3b0>
-```
-
-This is undesirable. It would be much better to have the user's name there. To
-do this, add a `to_s` method to the `User` class within the application:
-
-```ruby
-def to_s
-  name
-end
-```
-
-Now instead of the ugly Ruby object output, the author's name will be displayed.
-
 #### Using a Controller Provided by the Application
 
 Because Rails controllers generally share code for things like authentication
@@ -888,7 +882,9 @@ engine this would be done by changing
 `app/controllers/blorgh/application_controller.rb` to look like:
 
 ```ruby
-class Blorgh::ApplicationController < ApplicationController
+module Blorgh
+  class ApplicationController < ::ApplicationController
+  end
 end
 ```
 
@@ -925,15 +921,15 @@ This method works like its brothers, `attr_accessor` and `cattr_accessor`, but
 provides a setter and getter method on the module with the specified name. To
 use it, it must be referenced using `Blorgh.author_class`.
 
-The next step is to switch the `Blorgh::Post` model over to this new setting.
+The next step is to switch the `Blorgh::Article` model over to this new setting.
 Change the `belongs_to` association inside this model
-(`app/models/blorgh/post.rb`) to this:
+(`app/models/blorgh/article.rb`) to this:
 
 ```ruby
 belongs_to :author, class_name: Blorgh.author_class
 ```
 
-The `set_author` method in the `Blorgh::Post` model should also use this class:
+The `set_author` method in the `Blorgh::Article` model should also use this class:
 
 ```ruby
 self.author = Blorgh.author_class.constantize.find_or_create_by(name: author_name)
@@ -960,7 +956,7 @@ Resulting in something a little shorter, and more implicit in its behavior. The
 `author_class` method should always return a `Class` object.
 
 Since we changed the `author_class` method to return a `Class` instead of a
-`String`, we must also modify our `belongs_to` definition in the `Blorgh::Post`
+`String`, we must also modify our `belongs_to` definition in the `Blorgh::Article`
 model:
 
 ```ruby
@@ -985,14 +981,14 @@ to load that class and then reference the related table. This could lead to
 problems if the table wasn't already existing. Therefore, a `String` should be
 used and then converted to a class using `constantize` in the engine later on.
 
-Go ahead and try to create a new post. You will see that it works exactly in the
+Go ahead and try to create a new article. You will see that it works exactly in the
 same way as before, except this time the engine is using the configuration
 setting in `config/initializers/blorgh.rb` to learn what the class is.
 
 There are now no strict dependencies on what the class is, only what the API for
 the class must be. The engine simply requires this class to define a
 `find_or_create_by` method which returns an object of that class, to be
-associated with a post when it's created. This object, of course, should have
+associated with an article when it's created. This object, of course, should have
 some sort of identifier by which it can be referenced.
 
 #### General Engine Configuration
@@ -1036,22 +1032,43 @@ functionality, especially controllers. This means that if you were to make a
 typical `GET` to a controller in a controller's functional test like this:
 
 ```ruby
-get :index
+module Blorgh
+  class FooControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+    def test_index
+      get foos_url
+      ...
+    end
+  end
+end
 ```
 
 It may not function correctly. This is because the application doesn't know how
 to route these requests to the engine unless you explicitly tell it **how**. To
-do this, you must also pass the `:use_route` option as a parameter on these
-requests:
+do this, you must set the `@routes` instance variable to the engine's route set
+in your setup code:
 
 ```ruby
-get :index, use_route: :blorgh
+module Blorgh
+  class FooControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+    setup do
+      @routes = Engine.routes
+    end
+
+    def test_index
+      get foos_url
+      ...
+    end
+  end
+end
 ```
 
 This tells the application that you still want to perform a `GET` request to the
 `index` action of this controller, but you want to use the engine's route to get
 there, rather than the application's one.
 
+This also ensures that the engine's URL helpers will work as expected in your
+tests.
+
 Improving engine functionality
 ------------------------------
 
@@ -1097,12 +1114,12 @@ that isn't referenced by your main application.
 
 #### Implementing Decorator Pattern Using Class#class_eval
 
-**Adding** `Post#time_since_created`:
+**Adding** `Article#time_since_created`:
 
 ```ruby
-# MyApp/app/decorators/models/blorgh/post_decorator.rb
+# MyApp/app/decorators/models/blorgh/article_decorator.rb
 
-Blorgh::Post.class_eval do
+Blorgh::Article.class_eval do
   def time_since_created
     Time.current - created_at
   end
@@ -1110,20 +1127,20 @@ end
 ```
 
 ```ruby
-# Blorgh/app/models/post.rb
+# Blorgh/app/models/article.rb
 
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :comments
 end
 ```
 
 
-**Overriding** `Post#summary`:
+**Overriding** `Article#summary`:
 
 ```ruby
-# MyApp/app/decorators/models/blorgh/post_decorator.rb
+# MyApp/app/decorators/models/blorgh/article_decorator.rb
 
-Blorgh::Post.class_eval do
+Blorgh::Article.class_eval do
   def summary
     "#{title} - #{truncate(text)}"
   end
@@ -1131,9 +1148,9 @@ end
 ```
 
 ```ruby
-# Blorgh/app/models/post.rb
+# Blorgh/app/models/article.rb
 
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :comments
   def summary
     "#{title}"
@@ -1145,17 +1162,17 @@ end
 
 Using `Class#class_eval` is great for simple adjustments, but for more complex
 class modifications, you might want to consider using [`ActiveSupport::Concern`]
-(http://edgeapi.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/Concern.html).
+(http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/Concern.html).
 ActiveSupport::Concern manages load order of interlinked dependent modules and
 classes at run time allowing you to significantly modularize your code.
 
-**Adding** `Post#time_since_created` and **Overriding** `Post#summary`:
+**Adding** `Article#time_since_created` and **Overriding** `Article#summary`:
 
 ```ruby
-# MyApp/app/models/blorgh/post.rb
+# MyApp/app/models/blorgh/article.rb
 
-class Blorgh::Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-  include Blorgh::Concerns::Models::Post
+class Blorgh::Article < ActiveRecord::Base
+  include Blorgh::Concerns::Models::Article
 
   def time_since_created
     Time.current - created_at
@@ -1168,22 +1185,22 @@ end
 ```
 
 ```ruby
-# Blorgh/app/models/post.rb
+# Blorgh/app/models/article.rb
 
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-  include Blorgh::Concerns::Models::Post
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
+  include Blorgh::Concerns::Models::Article
 end
 ```
 
 ```ruby
-# Blorgh/lib/concerns/models/post
+# Blorgh/lib/concerns/models/article.rb
 
-module Blorgh::Concerns::Models::Post
+module Blorgh::Concerns::Models::Article
   extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
   # 'included do' causes the included code to be evaluated in the
-  # context where it is included (post.rb), rather than being
-  # executed in the module's context (blorgh/concerns/models/post).
+  # context where it is included (article.rb), rather than being
+  # executed in the module's context (blorgh/concerns/models/article).
   included do
     attr_accessor :author_name
     belongs_to :author, class_name: "User"
@@ -1214,25 +1231,25 @@ When Rails looks for a view to render, it will first look in the `app/views`
 directory of the application. If it cannot find the view there, it will check in
 the `app/views` directories of all engines that have this directory.
 
-When the application is asked to render the view for `Blorgh::PostsController`'s
+When the application is asked to render the view for `Blorgh::ArticlesController`'s
 index action, it will first look for the path
-`app/views/blorgh/posts/index.html.erb` within the application. If it cannot
+`app/views/blorgh/articles/index.html.erb` within the application. If it cannot
 find it, it will look inside the engine.
 
 You can override this view in the application by simply creating a new file at
-`app/views/blorgh/posts/index.html.erb`. Then you can completely change what
+`app/views/blorgh/articles/index.html.erb`. Then you can completely change what
 this view would normally output.
 
-Try this now by creating a new file at `app/views/blorgh/posts/index.html.erb`
+Try this now by creating a new file at `app/views/blorgh/articles/index.html.erb`
 and put this content in it:
 
 ```html+erb
-<h1>Posts</h1>
-<%= link_to "New Post", new_post_path %>
-<% @posts.each do |post| %>
-  <h2><%= post.title %></h2>
-  <small>By <%= post.author %></small>
-  <%= simple_format(post.text) %>
+<h1>Articles</h1>
+<%= link_to "New Article", new_article_path %>
+<% @articles.each do |article| %>
+  <h2><%= article.title %></h2>
+  <small>By <%= article.author %></small>
+  <%= simple_format(article.text) %>
   <hr>
 <% end %>
 ```
@@ -1249,30 +1266,30 @@ Routes inside an engine are drawn on the `Engine` class within
 
 ```ruby
 Blorgh::Engine.routes.draw do
-  resources :posts
+  resources :articles
 end
 ```
 
 By having isolated routes such as this, if you wish to link to an area of an
 engine from within an application, you will need to use the engine's routing
-proxy method. Calls to normal routing methods such as `posts_path` may end up
+proxy method. Calls to normal routing methods such as `articles_path` may end up
 going to undesired locations if both the application and the engine have such a
 helper defined.
 
-For instance, the following example would go to the application's `posts_path`
-if that template was rendered from the application, or the engine's `posts_path`
+For instance, the following example would go to the application's `articles_path`
+if that template was rendered from the application, or the engine's `articles_path`
 if it was rendered from the engine:
 
 ```erb
-<%= link_to "Blog posts", posts_path %>
+<%= link_to "Blog articles", articles_path %>
 ```
 
-To make this route always use the engine's `posts_path` routing helper method,
+To make this route always use the engine's `articles_path` routing helper method,
 we must call the method on the routing proxy method that shares the same name as
 the engine.
 
 ```erb
-<%= link_to "Blog posts", blorgh.posts_path %>
+<%= link_to "Blog articles", blorgh.articles_path %>
 ```
 
 If you wish to reference the application inside the engine in a similar way, use
diff --git a/guides/source/form_helpers.md b/guides/source/form_helpers.md
index 455dc7bebe..93bb51557a 100644
--- a/guides/source/form_helpers.md
+++ b/guides/source/form_helpers.md
@@ -1,23 +1,24 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Form Helpers
 ============
 
-Forms in web applications are an essential interface for user input. However, form markup can quickly become tedious to write and maintain because of form control naming and their numerous attributes. Rails does away with these complexities by providing view helpers for generating form markup. However, since they have different use-cases, developers are required to know all the differences between similar helper methods before putting them to use.
+Forms in web applications are an essential interface for user input. However, form markup can quickly become tedious to write and maintain because of the need to handle form control naming and its numerous attributes. Rails does away with this complexity by providing view helpers for generating form markup. However, since these helpers have different use cases, developers need to know the differences between the helper methods before putting them to use.
 
 After reading this guide, you will know:
 
 * How to create search forms and similar kind of generic forms not representing any specific model in your application.
-* How to make model-centric forms for creation and editing of specific database records.
+* How to make model-centric forms for creating and editing specific database records.
 * How to generate select boxes from multiple types of data.
-* The date and time helpers Rails provides.
+* What date and time helpers Rails provides.
 * What makes a file upload form different.
-* Some cases of building forms to external resources.
+* How to post forms to external resources and specify setting an `authenticity_token`.
 * How to build complex forms.
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 NOTE: This guide is not intended to be a complete documentation of available form helpers and their arguments. Please visit [the Rails API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/) for a complete reference.
 
-
 Dealing with Basic Forms
 ------------------------
 
@@ -32,18 +33,16 @@ The most basic form helper is `form_tag`.
 When called without arguments like this, it creates a `<form>` tag which, when submitted, will POST to the current page. For instance, assuming the current page is `/home/index`, the generated HTML will look like this (some line breaks added for readability):
 
 ```html
-<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/home/index" method="post">
-  <div style="margin:0;padding:0">
-    <input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />
-    <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="f755bb0ed134b76c432144748a6d4b7a7ddf2b71" />
-  </div>
+<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/" method="post">
+  <input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />
+  <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="J7CBxfHalt49OSHp27hblqK20c9PgwJ108nDHX/8Cts=" />
   Form contents
 </form>
 ```
 
-Now, you'll notice that the HTML contains something extra: a `div` element with two hidden input elements inside. This div is important, because the form cannot be successfully submitted without it. The first input element with name `utf8` enforces browsers to properly respect your form's character encoding and is generated for all forms whether their actions are "GET" or "POST". The second input element with name `authenticity_token` is a security feature of Rails called **cross-site request forgery protection**, and form helpers generate it for every non-GET form (provided that this security feature is enabled). You can read more about this in the [Security Guide](./security.html#cross-site-request-forgery-csrf).
+You'll notice that the HTML contains an `input` element with type `hidden`. This `input` is important, because the form cannot be successfully submitted without it. The hidden input element with the name `utf8` enforces browsers to properly respect your form's character encoding and is generated for all forms whether their action is "GET" or "POST".
 
-NOTE: Throughout this guide, the `div` with the hidden input elements will be excluded from code samples for brevity.
+The second input element with the name `authenticity_token` is a security feature of Rails called **cross-site request forgery protection**, and form helpers generate it for every non-GET form (provided that this security feature is enabled). You can read more about this in the [Security Guide](security.html#cross-site-request-forgery-csrf).
 
 ### A Generic Search Form
 
@@ -67,14 +66,15 @@ To create this form you will use `form_tag`, `label_tag`, `text_field_tag`, and
 This will generate the following HTML:
 
 ```html
-<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/search" method="get"><div style="margin:0;padding:0;display:inline"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" /></div>
+<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/search" method="get">
+  <input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />
   <label for="q">Search for:</label>
   <input id="q" name="q" type="text" />
   <input name="commit" type="submit" value="Search" />
 </form>
 ```
 
-TIP: For every form input, an ID attribute is generated from its name ("q" in the example). These IDs can be very useful for CSS styling or manipulation of form controls with JavaScript.
+TIP: For every form input, an ID attribute is generated from its name (`"q"` in above example). These IDs can be very useful for CSS styling or manipulation of form controls with JavaScript.
 
 Besides `text_field_tag` and `submit_tag`, there is a similar helper for _every_ form control in HTML.
 
@@ -100,7 +100,15 @@ form_tag({controller: "people", action: "search"}, method: "get", class: "nifty_
 
 ### Helpers for Generating Form Elements
 
-Rails provides a series of helpers for generating form elements such as checkboxes, text fields, and radio buttons. These basic helpers, with names ending in "_tag" (such as `text_field_tag` and `check_box_tag`), generate just a single `<input>` element. The first parameter to these is always the name of the input. When the form is submitted, the name will be passed along with the form data, and will make its way to the `params` hash in the controller with the value entered by the user for that field. For example, if the form contains `<%= text_field_tag(:query) %>`, then you would be able to get the value of this field in the controller with `params[:query]`.
+Rails provides a series of helpers for generating form elements such as
+checkboxes, text fields, and radio buttons. These basic helpers, with names
+ending in `_tag` (such as `text_field_tag` and `check_box_tag`), generate just a
+single `<input>` element. The first parameter to these is always the name of the
+input. When the form is submitted, the name will be passed along with the form
+data, and will make its way to the `params` in the controller with the
+value entered by the user for that field. For example, if the form contains
+`<%= text_field_tag(:query) %>`, then you would be able to get the value of this
+field in the controller with `params[:query]`.
 
 When naming inputs, Rails uses certain conventions that make it possible to submit parameters with non-scalar values such as arrays or hashes, which will also be accessible in `params`. You can read more about them in [chapter 7 of this guide](#understanding-parameter-naming-conventions). For details on the precise usage of these helpers, please refer to the [API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormTagHelper.html).
 
@@ -146,7 +154,7 @@ Output:
 <label for="age_adult">I'm over 21</label>
 ```
 
-As with `check_box_tag`, the second parameter to `radio_button_tag` is the value of the input. Because these two radio buttons share the same name (age) the user will only be able to select one, and `params[:age]` will contain either "child" or "adult".
+As with `check_box_tag`, the second parameter to `radio_button_tag` is the value of the input. Because these two radio buttons share the same name (`age`), the user will only be able to select one of them, and `params[:age]` will contain either `"child"` or `"adult"`.
 
 NOTE: Always use labels for checkbox and radio buttons. They associate text with a specific option and,
 by expanding the clickable region,
@@ -205,9 +213,8 @@ IMPORTANT: The search, telephone, date, time, color, datetime, datetime-local,
 month, week, URL, email, number and range inputs are HTML5 controls.
 If you require your app to have a consistent experience in older browsers,
 you will need an HTML5 polyfill (provided by CSS and/or JavaScript).
-There is definitely [no shortage of solutions for this](https://github.com/Modernizr/Modernizr/wiki/HTML5-Cross-Browser-Polyfills), although a couple of popular tools at the moment are
-[Modernizr](http://www.modernizr.com/) and [yepnope](http://yepnopejs.com/),
-which provide a simple way to add functionality based on the presence of
+There is definitely [no shortage of solutions for this](https://github.com/Modernizr/Modernizr/wiki/HTML5-Cross-Browser-Polyfills), although a popular tool at the moment is
+[Modernizr](https://modernizr.com/), which provides a simple way to add functionality based on the presence of
 detected HTML5 features.
 
 TIP: If you're using password input fields (for any purpose), you might want to configure your application to prevent those parameters from being logged. You can learn about this in the [Security Guide](security.html#logging).
@@ -217,7 +224,7 @@ Dealing with Model Objects
 
 ### Model Object Helpers
 
-A particularly common task for a form is editing or creating a model object. While the `*_tag` helpers can certainly be used for this task they are somewhat verbose as for each tag you would have to ensure the correct parameter name is used and set the default value of the input appropriately. Rails provides helpers tailored to this task. These helpers lack the _tag suffix, for example `text_field`, `text_area`.
+A particularly common task for a form is editing or creating a model object. While the `*_tag` helpers can certainly be used for this task they are somewhat verbose as for each tag you would have to ensure the correct parameter name is used and set the default value of the input appropriately. Rails provides helpers tailored to this task. These helpers lack the `_tag` suffix, for example `text_field`, `text_area`.
 
 For these helpers the first argument is the name of an instance variable and the second is the name of a method (usually an attribute) to call on that object. Rails will set the value of the input control to the return value of that method for the object and set an appropriate input name. If your controller has defined `@person` and that person's name is Henry then a form containing:
 
@@ -235,11 +242,11 @@ Upon form submission the value entered by the user will be stored in `params[:pe
 
 WARNING: You must pass the name of an instance variable, i.e. `:person` or `"person"`, not an actual instance of your model object.
 
-Rails provides helpers for displaying the validation errors associated with a model object. These are covered in detail by the [Active Record Validations](./active_record_validations.html#displaying-validation-errors-in-views) guide.
+Rails provides helpers for displaying the validation errors associated with a model object. These are covered in detail by the [Active Record Validations](active_record_validations.html#displaying-validation-errors-in-views) guide.
 
 ### Binding a Form to an Object
 
-While this is an increase in comfort it is far from perfect. If Person has many attributes to edit then we would be repeating the name of the edited object many times. What we want to do is somehow bind a form to a model object, which is exactly what `form_for` does.
+While this is an increase in comfort it is far from perfect. If `Person` has many attributes to edit then we would be repeating the name of the edited object many times. What we want to do is somehow bind a form to a model object, which is exactly what `form_for` does.
 
 Assume we have a controller for dealing with articles `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb`:
 
@@ -264,29 +271,29 @@ There are a few things to note here:
 * `@article` is the actual object being edited.
 * There is a single hash of options. Routing options are passed in the `:url` hash, HTML options are passed in the `:html` hash. Also you can provide a `:namespace` option for your form to ensure uniqueness of id attributes on form elements. The namespace attribute will be prefixed with underscore on the generated HTML id.
 * The `form_for` method yields a **form builder** object (the `f` variable).
-* Methods to create form controls are called **on** the form builder object `f`
+* Methods to create form controls are called **on** the form builder object `f`.
 
 The resulting HTML is:
 
 ```html
-<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/articles/create" method="post" class="nifty_form">
+<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/articles" method="post" class="nifty_form">
   <input id="article_title" name="article[title]" type="text" />
   <textarea id="article_body" name="article[body]" cols="60" rows="12"></textarea>
   <input name="commit" type="submit" value="Create" />
 </form>
 ```
 
-The name passed to `form_for` controls the key used in `params` to access the form's values. Here the name is `article` and so all the inputs have names of the form `article[attribute_name]`. Accordingly, in the `create` action `params[:article]` will be a hash with keys `:title` and `:body`. You can read more about the significance of input names in the parameter_names section.
+The name passed to `form_for` controls the key used in `params` to access the form's values. Here the name is `article` and so all the inputs have names of the form `article[attribute_name]`. Accordingly, in the `create` action `params[:article]` will be a hash with keys `:title` and `:body`. You can read more about the significance of input names in the [parameter_names section](#understanding-parameter-naming-conventions).
 
 The helper methods called on the form builder are identical to the model object helpers except that it is not necessary to specify which object is being edited since this is already managed by the form builder.
 
-You can create a similar binding without actually creating `<form>` tags with the `fields_for` helper. This is useful for editing additional model objects with the same form. For example if you had a Person model with an associated ContactDetail model you could create a form for creating both like so:
+You can create a similar binding without actually creating `<form>` tags with the `fields_for` helper. This is useful for editing additional model objects with the same form. For example, if you had a `Person` model with an associated `ContactDetail` model, you could create a form for creating both like so:
 
 ```erb
 <%= form_for @person, url: {action: "create"} do |person_form| %>
   <%= person_form.text_field :name %>
-  <%= fields_for @person.contact_detail do |contact_details_form| %>
-    <%= contact_details_form.text_field :phone_number %>
+  <%= fields_for @person.contact_detail do |contact_detail_form| %>
+    <%= contact_detail_form.text_field :phone_number %>
   <% end %>
 <% end %>
 ```
@@ -294,7 +301,7 @@ You can create a similar binding without actually creating `<form>` tags with th
 which produces the following output:
 
 ```html
-<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/people/create" class="new_person" id="new_person" method="post">
+<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/people" class="new_person" id="new_person" method="post">
   <input id="person_name" name="person[name]" type="text" />
   <input id="contact_detail_phone_number" name="contact_detail[phone_number]" type="text" />
 </form>
@@ -350,7 +357,6 @@ form_for [:admin, :management, @article]
 
 For more information on Rails' routing system and the associated conventions, please see the [routing guide](routing.html).
 
-
 ### How do forms with PATCH, PUT, or DELETE methods work?
 
 The Rails framework encourages RESTful design of your applications, which means you'll be making a lot of "PATCH" and "DELETE" requests (besides "GET" and "POST"). However, most browsers _don't support_ methods other than "GET" and "POST" when it comes to submitting forms.
@@ -365,15 +371,14 @@ output:
 
 ```html
 <form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/search" method="post">
-  <div style="margin:0;padding:0">
-    <input name="_method" type="hidden" value="patch" />
-    <input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />
-    <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="f755bb0ed134b76c432144748a6d4b7a7ddf2b71" />
-  </div>
+  <input name="_method" type="hidden" value="patch" />
+  <input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />
+  <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="f755bb0ed134b76c432144748a6d4b7a7ddf2b71" />
   ...
+</form>
 ```
 
-When parsing POSTed data, Rails will take into account the special `_method` parameter and acts as if the HTTP method was the one specified inside it ("PATCH" in this example).
+When parsing POSTed data, Rails will take into account the special `_method` parameter and act as if the HTTP method was the one specified inside it ("PATCH" in this example).
 
 Making Select Boxes with Ease
 -----------------------------
@@ -435,14 +440,19 @@ output:
 
 Whenever Rails sees that the internal value of an option being generated matches this value, it will add the `selected` attribute to that option.
 
-TIP: The second argument to `options_for_select` must be exactly equal to the desired internal value. In particular if the value is the integer 2 you cannot pass "2" to `options_for_select` - you must pass 2. Be aware of values extracted from the `params` hash as they are all strings.
+TIP: The second argument to `options_for_select` must be exactly equal to the desired internal value. In particular if the value is the integer `2` you cannot pass `"2"` to `options_for_select` - you must pass `2`. Be aware of values extracted from the `params` hash as they are all strings.
 
-WARNING: when `:include_blank` or `:prompt` are not present, `:include_blank` is forced true if the select attribute `required` is true, display `size` is one and `multiple` is not true.
+WARNING: When `:include_blank` or `:prompt` are not present, `:include_blank` is forced true if the select attribute `required` is true, display `size` is one and `multiple` is not true.
 
 You can add arbitrary attributes to the options using hashes:
 
 ```html+erb
-<%= options_for_select([['Lisbon', 1, {'data-size' => '2.8 million'}], ['Madrid', 2, {'data-size' => '3.2 million'}]], 2) %>
+<%= options_for_select(
+  [
+    ['Lisbon', 1, { 'data-size' => '2.8 million' }],
+    ['Madrid', 2, { 'data-size' => '3.2 million' }]
+  ], 2
+) %>
 
 output:
 
@@ -474,11 +484,21 @@ As with other helpers, if you were to use the `select` helper on a form builder
 <%= f.select(:city_id, ...) %>
 ```
 
-WARNING: If you are using `select` (or similar helpers such as `collection_select`, `select_tag`) to set a `belongs_to` association you must pass the name of the foreign key (in the example above `city_id`), not the name of association itself. If you specify `city` instead of `city_id` Active Record will raise an error along the lines of ` ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch: City(#17815740) expected, got String(#1138750) ` when you pass the `params` hash to `Person.new` or `update`. Another way of looking at this is that form helpers only edit attributes. You should also be aware of the potential security ramifications of allowing users to edit foreign keys directly.
+You can also pass a block to `select` helper:
+
+```erb
+<%= f.select(:city_id) do %>
+  <% [['Lisbon', 1], ['Madrid', 2]].each do |c| -%>
+    <%= content_tag(:option, c.first, value: c.last) %>
+  <% end %>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+WARNING: If you are using `select` (or similar helpers such as `collection_select`, `select_tag`) to set a `belongs_to` association you must pass the name of the foreign key (in the example above `city_id`), not the name of association itself. If you specify `city` instead of `city_id` Active Record will raise an error along the lines of `ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch: City(#17815740) expected, got String(#1138750)` when you pass the `params` hash to `Person.new` or `update`. Another way of looking at this is that form helpers only edit attributes. You should also be aware of the potential security ramifications of allowing users to edit foreign keys directly.
 
 ### Option Tags from a Collection of Arbitrary Objects
 
-Generating options tags with `options_for_select` requires that you create an array containing the text and value for each option. But what if you had a City model (perhaps an Active Record one) and you wanted to generate option tags from a collection of those objects? One solution would be to make a nested array by iterating over them:
+Generating options tags with `options_for_select` requires that you create an array containing the text and value for each option. But what if you had a `City` model (perhaps an Active Record one) and you wanted to generate option tags from a collection of those objects? One solution would be to make a nested array by iterating over them:
 
 ```erb
 <% cities_array = City.all.map { |city| [city.name, city.id] } %>
@@ -497,6 +517,12 @@ As the name implies, this only generates option tags. To generate a working sele
 <%= collection_select(:person, :city_id, City.all, :id, :name) %>
 ```
 
+As with other helpers, if you were to use the `collection_select` helper on a form builder scoped to the `@person` object, the syntax would be:
+
+```erb
+<%= f.collection_select(:city_id, City.all, :id, :name) %>
+```
+
 To recap, `options_from_collection_for_select` is to `collection_select` what `options_for_select` is to `select`.
 
 NOTE: Pairs passed to `options_for_select` should have the name first and the id second, however with `options_from_collection_for_select` the first argument is the value method and the second the text method.
@@ -525,7 +551,7 @@ Both of these families of helpers will create a series of select boxes for the d
 
 ### Barebones Helpers
 
-The `select_*` family of helpers take as their first argument an instance of Date, Time or DateTime that is used as the currently selected value. You may omit this parameter, in which case the current date is used. For example
+The `select_*` family of helpers take as their first argument an instance of `Date`, `Time` or `DateTime` that is used as the currently selected value. You may omit this parameter, in which case the current date is used. For example:
 
 ```erb
 <%= select_date Date.today, prefix: :start_date %>
@@ -539,7 +565,7 @@ outputs (with actual option values omitted for brevity)
 <select id="start_date_day" name="start_date[day]"> ... </select>
 ```
 
-The above inputs would result in `params[:start_date]` being a hash with keys `:year`, `:month`, `:day`. To get an actual Time or Date object you would have to extract these values and pass them to the appropriate constructor, for example
+The above inputs would result in `params[:start_date]` being a hash with keys `:year`, `:month`, `:day`. To get an actual `Date`, `Time` or `DateTime` object you would have to extract these values and pass them to the appropriate constructor, for example:
 
 ```ruby
 Date.civil(params[:start_date][:year].to_i, params[:start_date][:month].to_i, params[:start_date][:day].to_i)
@@ -582,9 +608,9 @@ NOTE: In many cases the built-in date pickers are clumsy as they do not aid the
 
 ### Individual Components
 
-Occasionally you need to display just a single date component such as a year or a month. Rails provides a series of helpers for this, one for each component `select_year`, `select_month`, `select_day`, `select_hour`, `select_minute`, `select_second`. These helpers are fairly straightforward. By default they will generate an input field named after the time component (for example "year" for `select_year`, "month" for `select_month` etc.) although this can be overridden with the `:field_name` option. The `:prefix` option works in the same way that it does for `select_date` and `select_time` and has the same default value.
+Occasionally you need to display just a single date component such as a year or a month. Rails provides a series of helpers for this, one for each component `select_year`, `select_month`, `select_day`, `select_hour`, `select_minute`, `select_second`. These helpers are fairly straightforward. By default they will generate an input field named after the time component (for example, "year" for `select_year`, "month" for `select_month` etc.) although this can be overridden with the `:field_name` option. The `:prefix` option works in the same way that it does for `select_date` and `select_time` and has the same default value.
 
-The first parameter specifies which value should be selected and can either be an instance of a Date, Time or DateTime, in which case the relevant component will be extracted, or a numerical value. For example
+The first parameter specifies which value should be selected and can either be an instance of a `Date`, `Time` or `DateTime`, in which case the relevant component will be extracted, or a numerical value. For example:
 
 ```erb
 <%= select_year(2009) %>
@@ -614,7 +640,7 @@ Rails provides the usual pair of helpers: the barebones `file_field_tag` and the
 
 ### What Gets Uploaded
 
-The object in the `params` hash is an instance of a subclass of IO. Depending on the size of the uploaded file it may in fact be a StringIO or an instance of File backed by a temporary file. In both cases the object will have an `original_filename` attribute containing the name the file had on the user's computer and a `content_type` attribute containing the MIME type of the uploaded file. The following snippet saves the uploaded content in `#{Rails.root}/public/uploads` under the same name as the original file (assuming the form was the one in the previous example).
+The object in the `params` hash is an instance of a subclass of `IO`. Depending on the size of the uploaded file it may in fact be a `StringIO` or an instance of `File` backed by a temporary file. In both cases the object will have an `original_filename` attribute containing the name the file had on the user's computer and a `content_type` attribute containing the MIME type of the uploaded file. The following snippet saves the uploaded content in `#{Rails.root}/public/uploads` under the same name as the original file (assuming the form was the one in the previous example).
 
 ```ruby
 def upload
@@ -625,18 +651,18 @@ def upload
 end
 ```
 
-Once a file has been uploaded, there are a multitude of potential tasks, ranging from where to store the files (on disk, Amazon S3, etc) and associating them with models to resizing image files and generating thumbnails. The intricacies of this are beyond the scope of this guide, but there are several libraries designed to assist with these. Two of the better known ones are [CarrierWave](https://github.com/jnicklas/carrierwave) and [Paperclip](http://www.thoughtbot.com/projects/paperclip).
+Once a file has been uploaded, there are a multitude of potential tasks, ranging from where to store the files (on disk, Amazon S3, etc) and associating them with models to resizing image files and generating thumbnails. The intricacies of this are beyond the scope of this guide, but there are several libraries designed to assist with these. Two of the better known ones are [CarrierWave](https://github.com/jnicklas/carrierwave) and [Paperclip](https://github.com/thoughtbot/paperclip).
 
 NOTE: If the user has not selected a file the corresponding parameter will be an empty string.
 
 ### Dealing with Ajax
 
-Unlike other forms making an asynchronous file upload form is not as simple as providing `form_for` with `remote: true`. With an Ajax form the serialization is done by JavaScript running inside the browser and since JavaScript cannot read files from your hard drive the file cannot be uploaded. The most common workaround is to use an invisible iframe that serves as the target for the form submission.
+Unlike other forms, making an asynchronous file upload form is not as simple as providing `form_for` with `remote: true`. With an Ajax form the serialization is done by JavaScript running inside the browser and since JavaScript cannot read files from your hard drive the file cannot be uploaded. The most common workaround is to use an invisible iframe that serves as the target for the form submission.
 
 Customizing Form Builders
 -------------------------
 
-As mentioned previously the object yielded by `form_for` and `fields_for` is an instance of FormBuilder (or a subclass thereof). Form builders encapsulate the notion of displaying form elements for a single object. While you can of course write helpers for your forms in the usual way, you can also subclass FormBuilder and add the helpers there. For example
+As mentioned previously the object yielded by `form_for` and `fields_for` is an instance of `FormBuilder` (or a subclass thereof). Form builders encapsulate the notion of displaying form elements for a single object. While you can of course write helpers for your forms in the usual way, you can also subclass `FormBuilder` and add the helpers there. For example:
 
 ```erb
 <%= form_for @person do |f| %>
@@ -652,7 +678,7 @@ can be replaced with
 <% end %>
 ```
 
-by defining a LabellingFormBuilder class similar to the following:
+by defining a `LabellingFormBuilder` class similar to the following:
 
 ```ruby
 class LabellingFormBuilder < ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder
@@ -662,7 +688,14 @@ class LabellingFormBuilder < ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder
 end
 ```
 
-If you reuse this frequently you could define a `labeled_form_for` helper that automatically applies the `builder: LabellingFormBuilder` option.
+If you reuse this frequently you could define a `labeled_form_for` helper that automatically applies the `builder: LabellingFormBuilder` option:
+
+```ruby
+def labeled_form_for(record, options = {}, &block)
+  options.merge! builder: LabellingFormBuilder
+  form_for record, options, &block
+end
+```
 
 The form builder used also determines what happens when you do
 
@@ -670,26 +703,19 @@ The form builder used also determines what happens when you do
 <%= render partial: f %>
 ```
 
-If `f` is an instance of FormBuilder then this will render the `form` partial, setting the partial's object to the form builder. If the form builder is of class LabellingFormBuilder then the `labelling_form` partial would be rendered instead.
+If `f` is an instance of `FormBuilder` then this will render the `form` partial, setting the partial's object to the form builder. If the form builder is of class `LabellingFormBuilder` then the `labelling_form` partial would be rendered instead.
 
 Understanding Parameter Naming Conventions
 ------------------------------------------
 
-As you've seen in the previous sections, values from forms can be at the top level of the `params` hash or nested in another hash. For example in a standard `create`
+As you've seen in the previous sections, values from forms can be at the top level of the `params` hash or nested in another hash. For example, in a standard `create`
 action for a Person model, `params[:person]` would usually be a hash of all the attributes for the person to create. The `params` hash can also contain arrays, arrays of hashes and so on.
 
 Fundamentally HTML forms don't know about any sort of structured data, all they generate is name-value pairs, where pairs are just plain strings. The arrays and hashes you see in your application are the result of some parameter naming conventions that Rails uses.
 
-TIP: You may find you can try out examples in this section faster by using the console to directly invoke Racks' parameter parser. For example,
-
-```ruby
-Rack::Utils.parse_query "name=fred&phone=0123456789"
-# => {"name"=>"fred", "phone"=>"0123456789"}
-```
-
 ### Basic Structures
 
-The two basic structures are arrays and hashes. Hashes mirror the syntax used for accessing the value in `params`. For example if a form contains
+The two basic structures are arrays and hashes. Hashes mirror the syntax used for accessing the value in `params`. For example, if a form contains:
 
 ```html
 <input id="person_name" name="person[name]" type="text" value="Henry"/>
@@ -697,13 +723,13 @@ The two basic structures are arrays and hashes. Hashes mirror the syntax used fo
 
 the `params` hash will contain
 
-```erb
+```ruby
 {'person' => {'name' => 'Henry'}}
 ```
 
 and `params[:person][:name]` will retrieve the submitted value in the controller.
 
-Hashes can be nested as many levels as required, for example
+Hashes can be nested as many levels as required, for example:
 
 ```html
 <input id="person_address_city" name="person[address][city]" type="text" value="New York"/>
@@ -715,7 +741,7 @@ will result in the `params` hash being
 {'person' => {'address' => {'city' => 'New York'}}}
 ```
 
-Normally Rails ignores duplicate parameter names. If the parameter name contains an empty set of square brackets [] then they will be accumulated in an array. If you wanted people to be able to input multiple phone numbers, you could place this in the form:
+Normally Rails ignores duplicate parameter names. If the parameter name contains an empty set of square brackets `[]` then they will be accumulated in an array. If you wanted users to be able to input multiple phone numbers, you could place this in the form:
 
 ```html
 <input name="person[phone_number][]" type="text"/>
@@ -723,11 +749,11 @@ Normally Rails ignores duplicate parameter names. If the parameter name contains
 <input name="person[phone_number][]" type="text"/>
 ```
 
-This would result in `params[:person][:phone_number]` being an array.
+This would result in `params[:person][:phone_number]` being an array containing the inputted phone numbers.
 
 ### Combining Them
 
-We can mix and match these two concepts. For example, one element of a hash might be an array as in the previous example, or you can have an array of hashes. For example a form might let you create any number of addresses by repeating the following form fragment
+We can mix and match these two concepts. One element of a hash might be an array as in the previous example, or you can have an array of hashes. For example, a form might let you create any number of addresses by repeating the following form fragment
 
 ```html
 <input name="addresses[][line1]" type="text"/>
@@ -737,7 +763,7 @@ We can mix and match these two concepts. For example, one element of a hash migh
 
 This would result in `params[:addresses]` being an array of hashes with keys `line1`, `line2` and `city`. Rails decides to start accumulating values in a new hash whenever it encounters an input name that already exists in the current hash.
 
-There's a restriction, however, while hashes can be nested arbitrarily, only one level of "arrayness" is allowed. Arrays can be usually replaced by hashes, for example instead of having an array of model objects one can have a hash of model objects keyed by their id, an array index or some other parameter.
+There's a restriction, however, while hashes can be nested arbitrarily, only one level of "arrayness" is allowed. Arrays can usually be replaced by hashes; for example, instead of having an array of model objects, one can have a hash of model objects keyed by their id, an array index or some other parameter.
 
 WARNING: Array parameters do not play well with the `check_box` helper. According to the HTML specification unchecked checkboxes submit no value. However it is often convenient for a checkbox to always submit a value. The `check_box` helper fakes this by creating an auxiliary hidden input with the same name. If the checkbox is unchecked only the hidden input is submitted and if it is checked then both are submitted but the value submitted by the checkbox takes precedence. When working with array parameters this duplicate submission will confuse Rails since duplicate input names are how it decides when to start a new array element. It is preferable to either use `check_box_tag` or to use hashes instead of arrays.
 
@@ -809,21 +835,21 @@ As a shortcut you can append [] to the name and omit the `:index` option. This i
 
 produces exactly the same output as the previous example.
 
-Forms to external resources
+Forms to External Resources
 ---------------------------
 
-If you need to post some data to an external resource it is still great to build your form using rails form helpers. But sometimes you need to set an `authenticity_token` for this resource. You can do it by passing an `authenticity_token: 'your_external_token'` parameter to the `form_tag` options:
+Rails' form helpers can also be used to build a form for posting data to an external resource. However, at times it can be necessary to set an `authenticity_token` for the resource; this can be done by passing an `authenticity_token: 'your_external_token'` parameter to the `form_tag` options:
 
 ```erb
-<%= form_tag 'http://farfar.away/form', authenticity_token: 'external_token') do %>
+<%= form_tag 'http://farfar.away/form', authenticity_token: 'external_token' do %>
   Form contents
 <% end %>
 ```
 
-Sometimes when you submit data to an external resource, like payment gateway, fields you can use in your form are limited by an external API. So you may want not to generate an `authenticity_token` hidden field at all. For doing this just pass `false` to the `:authenticity_token` option:
+Sometimes when submitting data to an external resource, like a payment gateway, the fields that can be used in the form are limited by an external API and it may be undesirable to generate an `authenticity_token`. To not send a token, simply pass `false` to the `:authenticity_token` option:
 
 ```erb
-<%= form_tag 'http://farfar.away/form', authenticity_token: false) do %>
+<%= form_tag 'http://farfar.away/form', authenticity_token: false do %>
   Form contents
 <% end %>
 ```
@@ -847,7 +873,7 @@ Or if you don't want to render an `authenticity_token` field:
 Building Complex Forms
 ----------------------
 
-Many apps grow beyond simple forms editing a single object. For example when creating a Person you might want to allow the user to (on the same form) create multiple address records (home, work, etc.). When later editing that person the user should be able to add, remove or amend addresses as necessary.
+Many apps grow beyond simple forms editing a single object. For example, when creating a `Person` you might want to allow the user to (on the same form) create multiple address records (home, work, etc.). When later editing that person the user should be able to add, remove or amend addresses as necessary.
 
 ### Configuring the Model
 
@@ -899,7 +925,7 @@ end
 ```
 
 The `fields_for` yields a form builder. The parameters' name will be what
-`accepts_nested_attributes_for` expects. For example when creating a user with
+`accepts_nested_attributes_for` expects. For example, when creating a user with
 2 addresses, the submitted parameters would look like:
 
 ```ruby
@@ -998,4 +1024,4 @@ As a convenience you can instead pass the symbol `:all_blank` which will create
 
 ### Adding Fields on the Fly
 
-Rather than rendering multiple sets of fields ahead of time you may wish to add them only when a user clicks on an 'Add new address' button. Rails does not provide any builtin support for this. When generating new sets of fields you must ensure the key of the associated array is unique - the current JavaScript date (milliseconds after the epoch) is a common choice.
+Rather than rendering multiple sets of fields ahead of time you may wish to add them only when a user clicks on an 'Add new address' button. Rails does not provide any built-in support for this. When generating new sets of fields you must ensure the key of the associated array is unique - the current JavaScript date (milliseconds after the epoch) is a common choice.
diff --git a/guides/source/generators.md b/guides/source/generators.md
index 4a5377c206..32bbdc554a 100644
--- a/guides/source/generators.md
+++ b/guides/source/generators.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Creating and Customizing Rails Generators & Templates
 =====================================================
 
@@ -8,6 +10,7 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 * How to see which generators are available in your application.
 * How to create a generator using templates.
 * How Rails searches for generators before invoking them.
+* How Rails internally generates Rails code from the templates.
 * How to customize your scaffold by creating new generators.
 * How to customize your scaffold by changing generator templates.
 * How to use fallbacks to avoid overwriting a huge set of generators.
@@ -23,19 +26,19 @@ When you create an application using the `rails` command, you are in fact using
 ```bash
 $ rails new myapp
 $ cd myapp
-$ rails generate
+$ bin/rails generate
 ```
 
 You will get a list of all generators that comes with Rails. If you need a detailed description of the helper generator, for example, you can simply do:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate helper --help
+$ bin/rails generate helper --help
 ```
 
 Creating Your First Generator
 -----------------------------
 
-Since Rails 3.0, generators are built on top of [Thor](https://github.com/erikhuda/thor). Thor provides powerful options parsing and a great API for manipulating files. For instance, let's build a generator that creates an initializer file named `initializer.rb` inside `config/initializers`.
+Since Rails 3.0, generators are built on top of [Thor](https://github.com/erikhuda/thor). Thor provides powerful options for parsing and a great API for manipulating files. For instance, let's build a generator that creates an initializer file named `initializer.rb` inside `config/initializers`.
 
 The first step is to create a file at `lib/generators/initializer_generator.rb` with the following content:
 
@@ -54,13 +57,13 @@ Our new generator is quite simple: it inherits from `Rails::Generators::Base` an
 To invoke our new generator, we just need to do:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate initializer
+$ bin/rails generate initializer
 ```
 
 Before we go on, let's see our brand new generator description:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate initializer --help
+$ bin/rails generate initializer --help
 ```
 
 Rails is usually able to generate good descriptions if a generator is namespaced, as `ActiveRecord::Generators::ModelGenerator`, but not in this particular case. We can solve this problem in two ways. The first one is calling `desc` inside our generator:
@@ -82,7 +85,7 @@ Creating Generators with Generators
 Generators themselves have a generator:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate generator initializer
+$ bin/rails generate generator initializer
       create  lib/generators/initializer
       create  lib/generators/initializer/initializer_generator.rb
       create  lib/generators/initializer/USAGE
@@ -102,7 +105,7 @@ First, notice that we are inheriting from `Rails::Generators::NamedBase` instead
 We can see that by invoking the description of this new generator (don't forget to delete the old generator file):
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate initializer --help
+$ bin/rails generate initializer --help
 Usage:
   rails generate initializer NAME [options]
 ```
@@ -130,7 +133,7 @@ end
 And let's execute our generator:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate initializer core_extensions
+$ bin/rails generate initializer core_extensions
 ```
 
 We can see that now an initializer named core_extensions was created at `config/initializers/core_extensions.rb` with the contents of our template. That means that `copy_file` copied a file in our source root to the destination path we gave. The method `file_name` is automatically created when we inherit from `Rails::Generators::NamedBase`.
@@ -169,7 +172,7 @@ end
 Before we customize our workflow, let's first see what our scaffold looks like:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate scaffold User name:string
+$ bin/rails generate scaffold User name:string
       invoke  active_record
       create    db/migrate/20130924151154_create_users.rb
       create    app/models/user.rb
@@ -191,23 +194,21 @@ $ rails generate scaffold User name:string
       create      test/controllers/users_controller_test.rb
       invoke    helper
       create      app/helpers/users_helper.rb
-      invoke      test_unit
-      create        test/helpers/users_helper_test.rb
       invoke    jbuilder
       create      app/views/users/index.json.jbuilder
       create      app/views/users/show.json.jbuilder
       invoke  assets
       invoke    coffee
-      create      app/assets/javascripts/users.js.coffee
+      create      app/assets/javascripts/users.coffee
       invoke    scss
-      create      app/assets/stylesheets/users.css.scss
+      create      app/assets/stylesheets/users.scss
       invoke  scss
-      create    app/assets/stylesheets/scaffolds.css.scss
+      create    app/assets/stylesheets/scaffolds.scss
 ```
 
 Looking at this output, it's easy to understand how generators work in Rails 3.0 and above. The scaffold generator doesn't actually generate anything, it just invokes others to do the work. This allows us to add/replace/remove any of those invocations. For instance, the scaffold generator invokes the scaffold_controller generator, which invokes erb, test_unit and helper generators. Since each generator has a single responsibility, they are easy to reuse, avoiding code duplication.
 
-Our first customization on the workflow will be to stop generating stylesheets, javascripts and test fixtures for scaffolds. We can achieve that by changing our configuration to the following:
+Our first customization on the workflow will be to stop generating stylesheet, JavaScript and test fixture files for scaffolds. We can achieve that by changing our configuration to the following:
 
 ```ruby
 config.generators do |g|
@@ -219,12 +220,12 @@ config.generators do |g|
 end
 ```
 
-If we generate another resource with the scaffold generator, we can see that stylesheets, javascripts and fixtures are not created anymore. If you want to customize it further, for example to use DataMapper and RSpec instead of Active Record and TestUnit, it's just a matter of adding their gems to your application and configuring your generators.
+If we generate another resource with the scaffold generator, we can see that stylesheet, JavaScript and fixture files are not created anymore. If you want to customize it further, for example to use DataMapper and RSpec instead of Active Record and TestUnit, it's just a matter of adding their gems to your application and configuring your generators.
 
 To demonstrate this, we are going to create a new helper generator that simply adds some instance variable readers. First, we create a generator within the rails namespace, as this is where rails searches for generators used as hooks:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate generator rails/my_helper
+$ bin/rails generate generator rails/my_helper
       create  lib/generators/rails/my_helper
       create  lib/generators/rails/my_helper/my_helper_generator.rb
       create  lib/generators/rails/my_helper/USAGE
@@ -248,10 +249,10 @@ end
 end
 ```
 
-We can try out our new generator by creating a helper for users:
+We can try out our new generator by creating a helper for products:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate my_helper products
+$ bin/rails generate my_helper products
       create  app/helpers/products_helper.rb
 ```
 
@@ -279,10 +280,10 @@ end
 and see it in action when invoking the generator:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate scaffold Post body:text
+$ bin/rails generate scaffold Article body:text
       [...]
       invoke    my_helper
-      create      app/helpers/posts_helper.rb
+      create      app/helpers/articles_helper.rb
 ```
 
 We can notice on the output that our new helper was invoked instead of the Rails default. However one thing is missing, which is tests for our new generator and to do that, we are going to reuse old helpers test generators.
@@ -342,6 +343,22 @@ end
 
 If you generate another resource, you can see that we get exactly the same result! This is useful if you want to customize your scaffold templates and/or layout by just creating `edit.html.erb`, `index.html.erb` and so on inside `lib/templates/erb/scaffold`.
 
+Scaffold templates in Rails frequently use ERB tags; these tags need to be
+escaped so that the generated output is valid ERB code.
+
+For example, the following escaped ERB tag would be needed in the template
+(note the extra `%`)...
+
+```ruby
+<%%= stylesheet_include_tag :application %>
+```
+
+...to generate the following output:
+
+```ruby
+<%= stylesheet_include_tag :application %>
+```
+
 Adding Generators Fallbacks
 ---------------------------
 
@@ -365,7 +382,7 @@ end
 Now, if you create a Comment scaffold, you will see that the shoulda generators are being invoked, and at the end, they are just falling back to TestUnit generators:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate scaffold Comment body:text
+$ bin/rails generate scaffold Comment body:text
       invoke  active_record
       create    db/migrate/20130924143118_create_comments.rb
       create    app/models/comment.rb
@@ -387,14 +404,12 @@ $ rails generate scaffold Comment body:text
       create      test/controllers/comments_controller_test.rb
       invoke    my_helper
       create      app/helpers/comments_helper.rb
-      invoke      shoulda
-      create        test/helpers/comments_helper_test.rb
       invoke    jbuilder
       create      app/views/comments/index.json.jbuilder
       create      app/views/comments/show.json.jbuilder
       invoke  assets
       invoke    coffee
-      create      app/assets/javascripts/comments.js.coffee
+      create      app/assets/javascripts/comments.coffee
       invoke    scss
 ```
 
@@ -488,6 +503,14 @@ Adds a specified source to `Gemfile`:
 add_source "http://gems.github.com"
 ```
 
+This method also takes a block:
+
+```ruby
+add_source "http://gems.github.com" do
+  gem "rspec-rails"
+end
+```
+
 ### `inject_into_file`
 
 Injects a block of code into a defined position in your file.
@@ -507,7 +530,7 @@ Replaces text inside a file.
 gsub_file 'name_of_file.rb', 'method.to_be_replaced', 'method.the_replacing_code'
 ```
 
-Regular Expressions can be used to make this method more precise. You can also use append_file and prepend_file in the same way to place code at the beginning and end of a file respectively.
+Regular Expressions can be used to make this method more precise. You can also use `append_file` and `prepend_file` in the same way to place code at the beginning and end of a file respectively.
 
 ### `application`
 
diff --git a/guides/source/getting_started.md b/guides/source/getting_started.md
index 3ef9e04a02..1416d00de5 100644
--- a/guides/source/getting_started.md
+++ b/guides/source/getting_started.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Getting Started with Rails
 ==========================
 
@@ -21,10 +23,13 @@ application from scratch. It does not assume that you have any prior experience
 with Rails. However, to get the most out of it, you need to have some
 prerequisites installed:
 
-* The [Ruby](http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/downloads) language version 1.9.3 or newer.
-* The [RubyGems](http://rubygems.org) packaging system, which is installed with Ruby
-  versions 1.9 and later. To learn more about RubyGems, please read the [RubyGems Guides](http://guides.rubygems.org).
-* A working installation of the [SQLite3 Database](http://www.sqlite.org).
+* The [Ruby](https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/downloads) language version 2.2.2 or newer.
+* Right version of [Development Kit](http://rubyinstaller.org/downloads/), if you
+  are using Windows.
+* The [RubyGems](https://rubygems.org) packaging system, which is installed with
+  Ruby by default. To learn more about RubyGems, please read the
+  [RubyGems Guides](http://guides.rubygems.org).
+* A working installation of the [SQLite3 Database](https://www.sqlite.org).
 
 Rails is a web application framework running on the Ruby programming language.
 If you have no prior experience with Ruby, you will find a very steep learning
@@ -32,7 +37,6 @@ curve diving straight into Rails. There are several curated lists of online reso
 for learning Ruby:
 
 * [Official Ruby Programming Language website](https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/documentation/)
-* [reSRC's List of Free Programming Books](http://resrc.io/list/10/list-of-free-programming-books/#ruby)
 
 Be aware that some resources, while still excellent, cover versions of Ruby as old as
 1.6, and commonly 1.8, and will not include some syntax that you will see in day-to-day
@@ -48,7 +52,7 @@ code while accomplishing more than many other languages and frameworks.
 Experienced Rails developers also report that it makes web application
 development more fun.
 
-Rails is opinionated software. It makes the assumption that there is the "best"
+Rails is opinionated software. It makes the assumption that there is a "best"
 way to do things, and it's designed to encourage that way - and in some cases to
 discourage alternatives. If you learn "The Rails Way" you'll probably discover a
 tremendous increase in productivity. If you persist in bringing old habits from
@@ -67,16 +71,13 @@ The Rails philosophy includes two major guiding principles:
 
 Creating a New Rails Project
 ----------------------------
-
-The best way to use this guide is to follow each step as it happens, no code or
-step needed to make this example application has been left out, so you can
-literally follow along step by step. You can get the complete code
-[here](https://github.com/rails/docrails/tree/master/guides/code/getting_started).
+The best way to read this guide is to follow it step by step. All steps are
+essential to run this example application and no additional code or steps are
+needed.
 
 By following along with this guide, you'll create a Rails project called
-`blog`, a
-(very) simple weblog. Before you can start building the application, you need to
-make sure that you have Rails itself installed.
+`blog`, a (very) simple weblog. Before you can start building the application,
+you need to make sure that you have Rails itself installed.
 
 TIP: The examples below use `$` to represent your terminal prompt in a UNIX-like OS,
 though it may have been customized to appear differently. If you are using Windows,
@@ -89,21 +90,21 @@ Open up a command line prompt. On Mac OS X open Terminal.app, on Windows choose
 dollar sign `$` should be run in the command line. Verify that you have a
 current version of Ruby installed:
 
-TIP. A number of tools exist to help you quickly install Ruby and Ruby
-on Rails on your system. Windows users can use [Rails Installer](http://railsinstaller.org),
-while Mac OS X users can use [Rails One Click](http://railsoneclick.com).
-
 ```bash
 $ ruby -v
-ruby 2.0.0p353
+ruby 2.2.2p95
 ```
 
-If you don't have Ruby installed have a look at
-[ruby-lang.org](https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/downloads/) for possible ways to
-install Ruby on your platform.
-
-Many popular UNIX-like OSes ship with an acceptable version of SQLite3. Windows
-users and others can find installation instructions at [the SQLite3 website](http://www.sqlite.org).
+TIP: A number of tools exist to help you quickly install Ruby and Ruby
+on Rails on your system. Windows users can use [Rails Installer](http://railsinstaller.org),
+while Mac OS X users can use [Tokaido](https://github.com/tokaido/tokaidoapp).
+For more installation methods for most Operating Systems take a look at
+[ruby-lang.org](https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/documentation/installation/).
+
+Many popular UNIX-like OSes ship with an acceptable version of SQLite3.
+On Windows, if you installed Rails through Rails Installer, you
+already have SQLite installed. Others can find installation instructions
+at the [SQLite3 website](https://www.sqlite.org).
 Verify that it is correctly installed and in your PATH:
 
 ```bash
@@ -125,7 +126,7 @@ run the following:
 $ rails --version
 ```
 
-If it says something like "Rails 4.1.0", you are ready to continue.
+If it says something like "Rails 5.0.0", you are ready to continue.
 
 ### Creating the Blog Application
 
@@ -163,18 +164,18 @@ of the files and folders that Rails created by default:
 | File/Folder | Purpose |
 | ----------- | ------- |
 |app/|Contains the controllers, models, views, helpers, mailers and assets for your application. You'll focus on this folder for the remainder of this guide.|
-|bin/|Contains the rails script that starts your app and can contain other scripts you use to deploy or run your application.|
+|bin/|Contains the rails script that starts your app and can contain other scripts you use to setup, update, deploy or run your application.|
 |config/|Configure your application's routes, database, and more. This is covered in more detail in [Configuring Rails Applications](configuring.html).|
 |config.ru|Rack configuration for Rack based servers used to start the application.|
 |db/|Contains your current database schema, as well as the database migrations.|
-|Gemfile<br>Gemfile.lock|These files allow you to specify what gem dependencies are needed for your Rails application. These files are used by the Bundler gem. For more information about Bundler, see [the Bundler website](http://gembundler.com).|
+|Gemfile<br>Gemfile.lock|These files allow you to specify what gem dependencies are needed for your Rails application. These files are used by the Bundler gem. For more information about Bundler, see the [Bundler website](http://bundler.io).|
 |lib/|Extended modules for your application.|
 |log/|Application log files.|
 |public/|The only folder seen by the world as-is. Contains static files and compiled assets.|
 |Rakefile|This file locates and loads tasks that can be run from the command line. The task definitions are defined throughout the components of Rails. Rather than changing Rakefile, you should add your own tasks by adding files to the lib/tasks directory of your application.|
 |README.rdoc|This is a brief instruction manual for your application. You should edit this file to tell others what your application does, how to set it up, and so on.|
 |test/|Unit tests, fixtures, and other test apparatus. These are covered in [Testing Rails Applications](testing.html).|
-|tmp/|Temporary files (like cache, pid, and session files).|
+|tmp/|Temporary files (like cache and pid files).|
 |vendor/|A place for all third-party code. In a typical Rails application this includes vendored gems.|
 
 Hello, Rails!
@@ -190,17 +191,21 @@ start a web server on your development machine. You can do this by running the
 following in the `blog` directory:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails server
+$ bin/rails server
 ```
 
-TIP: Compiling CoffeeScript to JavaScript requires a JavaScript runtime and the
-absence of a runtime will give you an `execjs` error. Usually Mac OS X and
-Windows come with a JavaScript runtime installed. Rails adds the `therubyracer`
-gem to the generated `Gemfile` in a commented line for new apps and you can
-uncomment if you need it. `therubyrhino` is the recommended runtime for JRuby
-users and is added by default to the `Gemfile` in apps generated under JRuby.
-You can investigate about all the supported runtimes at
-[ExecJS](https://github.com/sstephenson/execjs#readme).
+TIP: If you are using Windows, you have to pass the scripts under the `bin`
+folder directly to the Ruby interpreter e.g. `ruby bin\rails server`.
+
+TIP: Compiling CoffeeScript and JavaScript asset compression requires you
+have a JavaScript runtime available on your system, in the absence
+of a runtime you will see an `execjs` error during asset compilation.
+Usually Mac OS X and Windows come with a JavaScript runtime installed.
+Rails adds the `therubyracer` gem to the generated `Gemfile` in a
+commented line for new apps and you can uncomment if you need it.
+`therubyrhino` is the recommended runtime for JRuby users and is added by
+default to the `Gemfile` in apps generated under JRuby. You can investigate
+all the supported runtimes at [ExecJS](https://github.com/rails/execjs#readme).
 
 This will fire up WEBrick, a web server distributed with Ruby by default. To see
 your application in action, open a browser window and navigate to
@@ -243,7 +248,7 @@ tell it you want a controller called "welcome" with an action called "index",
 just like this:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate controller welcome index
+$ bin/rails generate controller welcome index
 ```
 
 Rails will create several files and a route for you.
@@ -258,17 +263,16 @@ invoke  test_unit
 create    test/controllers/welcome_controller_test.rb
 invoke  helper
 create    app/helpers/welcome_helper.rb
-invoke    test_unit
-create      test/helpers/welcome_helper_test.rb
 invoke  assets
 invoke    coffee
-create      app/assets/javascripts/welcome.js.coffee
+create      app/assets/javascripts/welcome.coffee
 invoke    scss
-create      app/assets/stylesheets/welcome.css.scss
+create      app/assets/stylesheets/welcome.scss
 ```
 
-Most important of these are of course the controller, located at `app/controllers/welcome_controller.rb`
-and the view, located at `app/views/welcome/index.html.erb`.
+Most important of these are of course the controller, located at
+`app/controllers/welcome_controller.rb` and the view, located at
+`app/views/welcome/index.html.erb`.
 
 Open the `app/views/welcome/index.html.erb` file in your text editor. Delete all
 of the existing code in the file, and replace it with the following single line
@@ -295,6 +299,7 @@ Rails.application.routes.draw do
 
   # The priority is based upon order of creation:
   # first created -> highest priority.
+  # See how all your routes lay out with "rake routes".
   #
   # You can have the root of your site routed with "root"
   # root 'welcome#index'
@@ -302,8 +307,9 @@ Rails.application.routes.draw do
   # ...
 ```
 
-This is your application's _routing file_ which holds entries in a special DSL
-(domain-specific language) that tells Rails how to connect incoming requests to
+This is your application's _routing file_ which holds entries in a special
+[DSL (domain-specific language)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain-specific_language)
+that tells Rails how to connect incoming requests to
 controllers and actions. This file contains many sample routes on commented
 lines, and one of them actually shows you how to connect the root of your site
 to a specific controller and action. Find the line beginning with `root` and
@@ -317,9 +323,9 @@ root 'welcome#index'
 application to the welcome controller's index action and `get 'welcome/index'`
 tells Rails to map requests to <http://localhost:3000/welcome/index> to the
 welcome controller's index action. This was created earlier when you ran the
-controller generator (`rails generate controller welcome index`).
+controller generator (`bin/rails generate controller welcome index`).
 
-Launch the web server again if you stopped it to generate the controller (`rails
+Launch the web server again if you stopped it to generate the controller (`bin/rails
 server`) and navigate to <http://localhost:3000> in your browser. You'll see the
 "Hello, Rails!" message you put into `app/views/welcome/index.html.erb`,
 indicating that this new route is indeed going to `WelcomeController`'s `index`
@@ -340,11 +346,11 @@ You can create, read, update and destroy items for a resource and these
 operations are referred to as _CRUD_ operations.
 
 Rails provides a `resources` method which can be used to declare a standard REST
-resource. Here's what `config/routes.rb` should look like after the
-_article resource_ is declared.
+resource. You need to add the _article resource_ to the
+`config/routes.rb` as follows:
 
 ```ruby
-Blog::Application.routes.draw do
+Rails.application.routes.draw do
 
   resources :articles
 
@@ -352,13 +358,13 @@ Blog::Application.routes.draw do
 end
 ```
 
-If you run `rake routes`, you'll see that it has defined routes for all the
+If you run `bin/rake routes`, you'll see that it has defined routes for all the
 standard RESTful actions.  The meaning of the prefix column (and other columns)
 will be seen later, but for now notice that Rails has inferred the
 singular form `article` and makes meaningful use of the distinction.
 
 ```bash
-$ rake routes
+$ bin/rake routes
       Prefix Verb   URI Pattern                  Controller#Action
     articles GET    /articles(.:format)          articles#index
              POST   /articles(.:format)          articles#create
@@ -373,7 +379,7 @@ edit_article GET    /articles/:id/edit(.:format) articles#edit
 
 In the next section, you will add the ability to create new articles in your
 application and be able to view them. This is the "C" and the "R" from CRUD:
-creation and reading. The form for doing this will look like this:
+create and read. The form for doing this will look like this:
 
 ![The new article form](images/getting_started/new_article.png)
 
@@ -396,7 +402,7 @@ a controller called `ArticlesController`. You can do this by running this
 command:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails g controller articles
+$ bin/rails generate controller articles
 ```
 
 If you open up the newly generated `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb`
@@ -424,44 +430,45 @@ If you refresh <http://localhost:3000/articles/new> now, you'll get a new error:
 This error indicates that Rails cannot find the `new` action inside the
 `ArticlesController` that you just generated. This is because when controllers
 are generated in Rails they are empty by default, unless you tell it
-your wanted actions during the generation process.
+your desired actions during the generation process.
 
 To manually define an action inside a controller, all you need to do is to
-define a new method inside the controller.
-Open `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb` and inside the `ArticlesController`
-class, define a `new` method like this:
+define a new method inside the controller. Open
+`app/controllers/articles_controller.rb` and inside the `ArticlesController`
+class, define the `new` method so that your controller now looks like this:
 
 ```ruby
-def new
+class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
+  def new
+  end
 end
 ```
 
 With the `new` method defined in `ArticlesController`, if you refresh
 <http://localhost:3000/articles/new> you'll see another error:
 
-![Template is missing for articles/new](images/getting_started/template_is_missing_articles_new.png)
+![Template is missing for articles/new]
+(images/getting_started/template_is_missing_articles_new.png)
 
 You're getting this error now because Rails expects plain actions like this one
 to have views associated with them to display their information. With no view
-available, Rails errors out.
+available, Rails will raise an exception.
 
 In the above image, the bottom line has been truncated. Let's see what the full
-thing looks like:
+error message looks like:
 
-<blockquote>
-Missing template articles/new, application/new with {locale:[:en], formats:[:html], handlers:[:erb, :builder, :coffee]}. Searched in: * "/path/to/blog/app/views"
-</blockquote>
+>Missing template articles/new, application/new with {locale:[:en], formats:[:html], handlers:[:erb, :builder, :coffee]}. Searched in: * "/path/to/blog/app/views"
 
 That's quite a lot of text! Let's quickly go through and understand what each
-part of it does.
+part of it means.
 
-The first part identifies what template is missing. In this case, it's the
+The first part identifies which template is missing. In this case, it's the
 `articles/new` template. Rails will first look for this template. If not found,
 then it will attempt to load a template called `application/new`. It looks for
 one here because the `ArticlesController` inherits from `ApplicationController`.
 
 The next part of the message contains a hash. The `:locale` key in this hash
-simply indicates what spoken language template should be retrieved. By default,
+simply indicates which spoken language template should be retrieved. By default,
 this is the English - or "en" - template. The next key, `:formats` specifies the
 format of template to be served in response. The default format is `:html`, and
 so Rails is looking for an HTML template. The final key, `:handlers`, is telling
@@ -474,14 +481,16 @@ Templates within a basic Rails application like this are kept in a single
 location, but in more complex applications it could be many different paths.
 
 The simplest template that would work in this case would be one located at
-`app/views/articles/new.html.erb`. The extension of this file name is key: the
-first extension is the _format_ of the template, and the second extension is the
-_handler_ that will be used. Rails is attempting to find a template called
-`articles/new` within `app/views` for the application. The format for this
-template can only be `html` and the handler must be one of `erb`, `builder` or
-`coffee`. Because you want to create a new HTML form, you will be using the `ERB`
-language. Therefore the file should be called `articles/new.html.erb` and needs
-to be located inside the `app/views` directory of the application.
+`app/views/articles/new.html.erb`. The extension of this file name is important:
+the first extension is the _format_ of the template, and the second extension
+is the _handler_ that will be used. Rails is attempting to find a template
+called `articles/new` within `app/views` for the application. The format for
+this template can only be `html` and the handler must be one of `erb`,
+`builder` or `coffee`. Because you want to create a new HTML form, you will be
+using the `ERB` language which is designed to embed Ruby in HTML.
+
+Therefore the file should be called `articles/new.html.erb` and needs to be
+located inside the `app/views` directory of the application.
 
 Go ahead now and create a new file at `app/views/articles/new.html.erb` and
 write this content in it:
@@ -496,8 +505,8 @@ harmoniously! It's time to create the form for a new article.
 
 ### The first form
 
-To create a form within this template, you will use a <em>form
-builder</em>. The primary form builder for Rails is provided by a helper
+To create a form within this template, you will use a *form
+builder*. The primary form builder for Rails is provided by a helper
 method called `form_for`. To use this method, add this code into
 `app/views/articles/new.html.erb`:
 
@@ -549,10 +558,10 @@ this:
 
 In this example, the `articles_path` helper is passed to the `:url` option.
 To see what Rails will do with this, we look back at the output of
-`rake routes`:
+`bin/rake routes`:
 
 ```bash
-$ rake routes
+$ bin/rake routes
       Prefix Verb   URI Pattern                  Controller#Action
     articles GET    /articles(.:format)          articles#index
              POST   /articles(.:format)          articles#create
@@ -565,18 +574,18 @@ edit_article GET    /articles/:id/edit(.:format) articles#edit
         root GET    /                            welcome#index
 ```
 
-The `articles_path` helper tells Rails to point the form
-to the URI Pattern associated with the `articles` prefix; and
-the form will (by default) send a `POST` request
-to that route.  This is associated with the
-`create` action of the current controller, the `ArticlesController`.
+The `articles_path` helper tells Rails to point the form to the URI Pattern
+associated with the `articles` prefix; and the form will (by default) send a
+`POST` request to that route. This is associated with the `create` action of
+the current controller, the `ArticlesController`.
 
 With the form and its associated route defined, you will be able to fill in the
 form and then click the submit button to begin the process of creating a new
 article, so go ahead and do that. When you submit the form, you should see a
 familiar error:
 
-![Unknown action create for ArticlesController](images/getting_started/unknown_action_create_for_articles.png)
+![Unknown action create for ArticlesController]
+(images/getting_started/unknown_action_create_for_articles.png)
 
 You now need to create the `create` action within the `ArticlesController` for
 this to work.
@@ -585,7 +594,7 @@ this to work.
 
 To make the "Unknown action" go away, you can define a `create` action within
 the `ArticlesController` class in `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb`,
-underneath the `new` action:
+underneath the `new` action, as shown:
 
 ```ruby
 class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
@@ -612,13 +621,15 @@ def create
 end
 ```
 
-The `render` method here is taking a very simple hash with a key of `text` and
+The `render` method here is taking a very simple hash with a key of `:plain` and
 value of `params[:article].inspect`. The `params` method is the object which
 represents the parameters (or fields) coming in from the form. The `params`
 method returns an `ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess` object, which
 allows you to access the keys of the hash using either strings or symbols. In
 this situation, the only parameters that matter are the ones from the form.
 
+TIP: Ensure you have a firm grasp of the `params` method, as you'll use it fairly regularly. Let's consider an example URL: **http://www.example.com/?username=dhh&email=dhh@email.com**. In this URL, `params[:username]` would equal "dhh" and `params[:email]` would equal "dhh@email.com".
+
 If you re-submit the form one more time you'll now no longer get the missing
 template error. Instead, you'll see something that looks like the following:
 
@@ -632,13 +643,13 @@ parameters but nothing in particular is being done with them.
 
 ### Creating the Article model
 
-Models in Rails use a singular name, and their corresponding database tables use
-a plural name. Rails provides a generator for creating models, which
-most Rails developers tend to use when creating new models.
-To create the new model, run this command in your terminal:
+Models in Rails use a singular name, and their corresponding database tables
+use a plural name. Rails provides a generator for creating models, which most
+Rails developers tend to use when creating new models. To create the new model,
+run this command in your terminal:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate model Article title:string text:text
+$ bin/rails generate model Article title:string text:text
 ```
 
 With that command we told Rails that we want a `Article` model, together
@@ -646,38 +657,35 @@ with a _title_ attribute of type string, and a _text_ attribute
 of type text. Those attributes are automatically added to the `articles`
 table in the database and mapped to the `Article` model.
 
-Rails responded by creating a bunch of files. For
-now, we're only interested in `app/models/article.rb` and
-`db/migrate/20140120191729_create_articles.rb` (your name could be a bit
-different). The latter is responsible
-for creating the database structure, which is what we'll look at next.
+Rails responded by creating a bunch of files. For now, we're only interested
+in `app/models/article.rb` and `db/migrate/20140120191729_create_articles.rb`
+(your name could be a bit different). The latter is responsible for creating
+the database structure, which is what we'll look at next.
 
-TIP: Active Record is smart enough to automatically map column names to
-model attributes, which means you don't have to declare attributes
-inside Rails models, as that will be done automatically by Active
-Record.
+TIP: Active Record is smart enough to automatically map column names to model
+attributes, which means you don't have to declare attributes inside Rails
+models, as that will be done automatically by Active Record.
 
 ### Running a Migration
 
-As we've just seen, `rails generate model` created a _database
-migration_ file inside the `db/migrate` directory.
-Migrations are Ruby classes that are designed to make it simple to
-create and modify database tables. Rails uses rake commands to run migrations,
-and it's possible to undo a migration after it's been applied to your database.
-Migration filenames include a timestamp to ensure that they're processed in the
-order that they were created.
+As we've just seen, `bin/rails generate model` created a _database migration_ file
+inside the `db/migrate` directory. Migrations are Ruby classes that are
+designed to make it simple to create and modify database tables. Rails uses
+rake commands to run migrations, and it's possible to undo a migration after
+it's been applied to your database. Migration filenames include a timestamp to
+ensure that they're processed in the order that they were created.
 
-If you look in the `db/migrate/20140120191729_create_articles.rb` file (remember,
-yours will have a slightly different name), here's what you'll find:
+If you look in the `db/migrate/YYYYMMDDHHMMSS_create_articles.rb` file
+(remember, yours will have a slightly different name), here's what you'll find:
 
 ```ruby
-class CreateArticles < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class CreateArticles < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
   def change
     create_table :articles do |t|
       t.string :title
       t.text :text
 
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
   end
 end
@@ -690,13 +698,13 @@ in case you want to reverse it later. When you run this migration it will create
 an `articles` table with one string column and a text column. It also creates
 two timestamp fields to allow Rails to track article creation and update times.
 
-TIP: For more information about migrations, refer to [Rails Database
-Migrations](migrations.html).
+TIP: For more information about migrations, refer to [Rails Database Migrations]
+(migrations.html).
 
 At this point, you can use a rake command to run the migration:
 
 ```bash
-$ rake db:migrate
+$ bin/rake db:migrate
 ```
 
 Rails will execute this migration command and tell you it created the Articles
@@ -713,7 +721,7 @@ NOTE. Because you're working in the development environment by default, this
 command will apply to the database defined in the `development` section of your
 `config/database.yml` file. If you would like to execute migrations in another
 environment, for instance in production, you must explicitly pass it when
-invoking the command: `rake db:migrate RAILS_ENV=production`.
+invoking the command: `bin/rake db:migrate RAILS_ENV=production`.
 
 ### Saving data in the controller
 
@@ -733,26 +741,48 @@ end
 
 Here's what's going on: every Rails model can be initialized with its
 respective attributes, which are automatically mapped to the respective
-database columns. In the first line we do just that
-(remember that `params[:article]` contains the attributes we're interested in).
-Then, `@article.save` is responsible for saving the model in the database.
-Finally, we redirect the user to the `show` action, which we'll define later.
+database columns. In the first line we do just that (remember that
+`params[:article]` contains the attributes we're interested in). Then,
+`@article.save` is responsible for saving the model in the database. Finally,
+we redirect the user to the `show` action, which we'll define later.
+
+TIP: You might be wondering why the `A` in `Article.new` is capitalized above, whereas most other references to articles in this guide have used lowercase. In this context, we are referring to the class named `Article` that is defined in `app/models/article.rb`. Class names in Ruby must begin with a capital letter.
 
-TIP: As we'll see later, `@article.save` returns a boolean indicating
-whether the article was saved or not.
+TIP: As we'll see later, `@article.save` returns a boolean indicating whether
+the article was saved or not.
 
-If you now go to
-<http://localhost:3000/articles/new> you'll *almost* be able to create an
-article. Try it! You should get an error that looks like this:
+If you now go to <http://localhost:3000/articles/new> you'll *almost* be able
+to create an article. Try it! You should get an error that looks like this:
 
-![Forbidden attributes for new article](images/getting_started/forbidden_attributes_for_new_article.png)
+![Forbidden attributes for new article]
+(images/getting_started/forbidden_attributes_for_new_article.png)
 
 Rails has several security features that help you write secure applications,
-and you're running into one of them now. This one is called
-`strong_parameters`, which requires us to tell Rails exactly which parameters
-we want to accept in our controllers. In this case, we want to allow the
-`title` and `text` parameters, so change your `create` controller action to
-look like this:
+and you're running into one of them now. This one is called [strong parameters](action_controller_overview.html#strong-parameters),
+which requires us to tell Rails exactly which parameters are allowed into our
+controller actions.
+
+Why do you have to bother? The ability to grab and automatically assign all
+controller parameters to your model in one shot makes the programmer's job
+easier, but this convenience also allows malicious use. What if a request to
+the server was crafted to look like a new article form submit but also included
+extra fields with values that violated your applications integrity? They would
+be 'mass assigned' into your model and then into the database along with the
+good stuff - potentially breaking your application or worse.
+
+We have to whitelist our controller parameters to prevent wrongful mass
+assignment. In this case, we want to both allow and require the `title` and
+`text` parameters for valid use of `create`. The syntax for this introduces
+`require` and `permit`. The change will involve one line in the `create` action:
+
+```ruby
+  @article = Article.new(params.require(:article).permit(:title, :text))
+```
+
+This is often factored out into its own method so it can be reused by multiple
+actions in the same controller, for example `create` and `update`. Above and
+beyond mass assignment issues, the method is often made `private` to make sure
+it can't be called outside its intended context. Here is the result:
 
 ```ruby
 def create
@@ -768,22 +798,17 @@ private
   end
 ```
 
-See the `permit`? It allows us to accept both `title` and `text` in this
-action.
-
-TIP: Note that `def article_params` is private. This new approach prevents an
-attacker from setting the model's attributes by manipulating the hash passed to
-the model.
-For more information, refer to
-[this blog article about Strong Parameters](http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2012/3/21/strong-parameters/).
+TIP: For more information, refer to the reference above and
+[this blog article about Strong Parameters]
+(http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2012/3/21/strong-parameters/).
 
 ### Showing Articles
 
-If you submit the form again now, Rails will complain about not finding
-the `show` action. That's not very useful though, so let's add the
-`show` action before proceeding.
+If you submit the form again now, Rails will complain about not finding the
+`show` action. That's not very useful though, so let's add the `show` action
+before proceeding.
 
-As we have seen in the output of `rake routes`, the route for `show` action is
+As we have seen in the output of `bin/rake routes`, the route for `show` action is
 as follows:
 
 ```
@@ -796,15 +821,29 @@ parameter, which in our case will be the id of the article.
 As we did before, we need to add the `show` action in
 `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb` and its respective view.
 
+NOTE: A frequent practice is to place the standard CRUD actions in each
+controller in the following order: `index`, `show`, `new`, `edit`, `create`, `update`
+and `destroy`. You may use any order you choose, but keep in mind that these
+are public methods; as mentioned earlier in this guide, they must be placed
+before any private or protected method in the controller in order to work.
+
+Given that, let's add the `show` action, as follows:
+
 ```ruby
-def show
-  @article = Article.find(params[:id])
-end
+class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
+  def show
+    @article = Article.find(params[:id])
+  end
+
+  def new
+  end
+
+  # snippet for brevity
 ```
 
 A couple of things to note. We use `Article.find` to find the article we're
 interested in, passing in `params[:id]` to get the `:id` parameter from the
-request. We also use an instance variable (prefixed by `@`) to hold a
+request. We also use an instance variable (prefixed with `@`) to hold a
 reference to the article object. We do this because Rails will pass all instance
 variables to the view.
 
@@ -831,22 +870,34 @@ Visit <http://localhost:3000/articles/new> and give it a try!
 ### Listing all articles
 
 We still need a way to list all our articles, so let's do that.
-The route for this as per output of `rake routes` is:
+The route for this as per output of `bin/rake routes` is:
 
 ```
 articles GET    /articles(.:format)          articles#index
 ```
 
 Add the corresponding `index` action for that route inside the
-`ArticlesController` in the `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb` file:
+`ArticlesController` in the `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb` file.
+When we write an `index` action, the usual practice is to place it as the
+first method in the controller. Let's do it:
 
 ```ruby
-def index
-  @articles = Article.all
-end
+class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
+  def index
+    @articles = Article.all
+  end
+
+  def show
+    @article = Article.find(params[:id])
+  end
+
+  def new
+  end
+
+  # snippet for brevity
 ```
 
-And then finally, add view for this action, located at
+And then finally, add the view for this action, located at
 `app/views/articles/index.html.erb`:
 
 ```html+erb
@@ -862,12 +913,13 @@ And then finally, add view for this action, located at
     <tr>
       <td><%= article.title %></td>
       <td><%= article.text %></td>
+      <td><%= link_to 'Show', article_path(article) %></td>
     </tr>
   <% end %>
 </table>
 ```
 
-Now if you go to `http://localhost:3000/articles` you will see a list of all the
+Now if you go to <http://localhost:3000/articles> you will see a list of all the
 articles that you have created.
 
 ### Adding links
@@ -896,18 +948,18 @@ Let's add links to the other views as well, starting with adding this
 
 This link will allow you to bring up the form that lets you create a new article.
 
-Also add a link in `app/views/articles/new.html.erb`, underneath the form, to
-go back to the `index` action:
+Now, add another link in `app/views/articles/new.html.erb`, underneath the
+form, to go back to the `index` action:
 
 ```erb
-<%= form_for :article do |f| %>
+<%= form_for :article, url: articles_path do |f| %>
   ...
 <% end %>
 
 <%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
 ```
 
-Finally, add another link to the `app/views/articles/show.html.erb` template to
+Finally, add a link to the `app/views/articles/show.html.erb` template to
 go back to the `index` action as well, so that people who are viewing a single
 article can go back and view the whole list again:
 
@@ -925,9 +977,9 @@ article can go back and view the whole list again:
 <%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
 ```
 
-TIP: If you want to link to an action in the same controller, you don't
-need to specify the `:controller` option, as Rails will use the current
-controller by default.
+TIP: If you want to link to an action in the same controller, you don't need to
+specify the `:controller` option, as Rails will use the current controller by
+default.
 
 TIP: In development mode (which is what you're working in by default), Rails
 reloads your application with every browser request, so there's no need to stop
@@ -962,7 +1014,7 @@ These changes will ensure that all articles have a title that is at least five
 characters long. Rails can validate a variety of conditions in a model,
 including the presence or uniqueness of columns, their format, and the
 existence of associated objects. Validations are covered in detail in [Active
-Record Validations](active_record_validations.html)
+Record Validations](active_record_validations.html).
 
 With the validation now in place, when you call `@article.save` on an invalid
 article, it will return `false`. If you open
@@ -1011,17 +1063,21 @@ something went wrong. To do that, you'll modify
 
 ```html+erb
 <%= form_for :article, url: articles_path do |f| %>
+
   <% if @article.errors.any? %>
-  <div id="error_explanation">
-    <h2><%= pluralize(@article.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited
-      this article from being saved:</h2>
-    <ul>
-    <% @article.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
-      <li><%= msg %></li>
-    <% end %>
-    </ul>
-  </div>
+    <div id="error_explanation">
+      <h2>
+        <%= pluralize(@article.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited
+        this article from being saved:
+      </h2>
+      <ul>
+        <% @article.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
+          <li><%= msg %></li>
+        <% end %>
+      </ul>
+    </div>
   <% end %>
+
   <p>
     <%= f.label :title %><br>
     <%= f.text_field :title %>
@@ -1035,6 +1091,7 @@ something went wrong. To do that, you'll modify
   <p>
     <%= f.submit %>
   </p>
+
 <% end %>
 
 <%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
@@ -1058,7 +1115,7 @@ standout.
 
 Now you'll get a nice error message when saving an article without title when
 you attempt to do just that on the new article form
-[(http://localhost:3000/articles/new)](http://localhost:3000/articles/new).
+<http://localhost:3000/articles/new>:
 
 ![Form With Errors](images/getting_started/form_with_errors.png)
 
@@ -1067,12 +1124,27 @@ you attempt to do just that on the new article form
 We've covered the "CR" part of CRUD. Now let's focus on the "U" part, updating
 articles.
 
-The first step we'll take is adding an `edit` action to the `ArticlesController`.
+The first step we'll take is adding an `edit` action to the `ArticlesController`,
+generally between the `new` and `create` actions, as shown:
 
 ```ruby
+def new
+  @article = Article.new
+end
+
 def edit
   @article = Article.find(params[:id])
 end
+
+def create
+  @article = Article.new(article_params)
+
+  if @article.save
+    redirect_to @article
+  else
+    render 'new'
+  end
+end
 ```
 
 The view will contain a form similar to the one we used when creating
@@ -1083,17 +1155,21 @@ it look as follows:
 <h1>Editing article</h1>
 
 <%= form_for :article, url: article_path(@article), method: :patch do |f| %>
+
   <% if @article.errors.any? %>
-  <div id="error_explanation">
-    <h2><%= pluralize(@article.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited
-      this article from being saved:</h2>
-    <ul>
-    <% @article.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
-      <li><%= msg %></li>
-    <% end %>
-    </ul>
-  </div>
+    <div id="error_explanation">
+      <h2>
+        <%= pluralize(@article.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited
+        this article from being saved:
+      </h2>
+      <ul>
+        <% @article.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
+          <li><%= msg %></li>
+        <% end %>
+      </ul>
+    </div>
   <% end %>
+
   <p>
     <%= f.label :title %><br>
     <%= f.text_field :title %>
@@ -1107,6 +1183,7 @@ it look as follows:
   <p>
     <%= f.submit %>
   </p>
+
 <% end %>
 
 <%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
@@ -1119,16 +1196,28 @@ The `method: :patch` option tells Rails that we want this form to be submitted
 via the `PATCH` HTTP method which is the HTTP method you're expected to use to
 **update** resources according to the REST protocol.
 
-The first parameter of the `form_tag` can be an object, say, `@article` which would
+The first parameter of `form_for` can be an object, say, `@article` which would
 cause the helper to fill in the form with the fields of the object. Passing in a
-symbol (`:article`) with the same name as the instance variable (`@article`) also
-automagically leads to the same behavior. This is what is happening here. More details
-can be found in [form_for documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormHelper.html#method-i-form_for).
+symbol (`:article`) with the same name as the instance variable (`@article`)
+also automagically leads to the same behavior. This is what is happening here.
+More details can be found in [form_for documentation]
+(http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormHelper.html#method-i-form_for).
 
-Next we need to create the `update` action in
-`app/controllers/articles_controller.rb`:
+Next, we need to create the `update` action in
+`app/controllers/articles_controller.rb`.
+Add it between the `create` action and the `private` method:
 
 ```ruby
+def create
+  @article = Article.new(article_params)
+
+  if @article.save
+    redirect_to @article
+  else
+    render 'new'
+  end
+end
+
 def update
   @article = Article.find(params[:id])
 
@@ -1153,10 +1242,9 @@ article we want to show the form back to the user.
 We reuse the `article_params` method that we defined earlier for the create
 action.
 
-TIP: You don't need to pass all attributes to `update`. For
-example, if you'd call `@article.update(title: 'A new title')`
-Rails would only update the `title` attribute, leaving all other
-attributes untouched.
+TIP: It is not necessary to pass all the attributes to `update`. For example,
+if `@article.update(title: 'A new title')` was called, Rails would only update
+the `title` attribute, leaving all other attributes untouched.
 
 Finally, we want to show a link to the `edit` action in the list of all the
 articles, so let's add that now to `app/views/articles/index.html.erb` to make
@@ -1170,14 +1258,14 @@ it appear next to the "Show" link:
     <th colspan="2"></th>
   </tr>
 
-<% @articles.each do |article| %>
-  <tr>
-    <td><%= article.title %></td>
-    <td><%= article.text %></td>
-    <td><%= link_to 'Show', article_path(article) %></td>
-    <td><%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(article) %></td>
-  </tr>
-<% end %>
+  <% @articles.each do |article| %>
+    <tr>
+      <td><%= article.title %></td>
+      <td><%= article.text %></td>
+      <td><%= link_to 'Show', article_path(article) %></td>
+      <td><%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(article) %></td>
+    </tr>
+  <% end %>
 </table>
 ```
 
@@ -1188,8 +1276,8 @@ bottom of the template:
 ```html+erb
 ...
 
+<%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(@article) %> |
 <%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
-| <%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(@article) %>
 ```
 
 And here's how our app looks so far:
@@ -1198,10 +1286,10 @@ And here's how our app looks so far:
 
 ### Using partials to clean up duplication in views
 
-Our `edit` page looks very similar to the `new` page, in fact they
-both share the same code for displaying the form. Let's remove some duplication
-by using a view partial. By convention, partial files are prefixed by an
-underscore.
+Our `edit` page looks very similar to the `new` page; in fact, they
+both share the same code for displaying the form. Let's remove this
+duplication by using a view partial. By convention, partial files are
+prefixed with an underscore.
 
 TIP: You can read more about partials in the
 [Layouts and Rendering in Rails](layouts_and_rendering.html) guide.
@@ -1211,17 +1299,21 @@ content:
 
 ```html+erb
 <%= form_for @article do |f| %>
+
   <% if @article.errors.any? %>
-  <div id="error_explanation">
-    <h2><%= pluralize(@article.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited
-      this article from being saved:</h2>
-    <ul>
-    <% @article.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
-      <li><%= msg %></li>
-    <% end %>
-    </ul>
-  </div>
+    <div id="error_explanation">
+      <h2>
+        <%= pluralize(@article.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited
+        this article from being saved:
+      </h2>
+      <ul>
+        <% @article.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
+          <li><%= msg %></li>
+        <% end %>
+      </ul>
+    </div>
   <% end %>
+
   <p>
     <%= f.label :title %><br>
     <%= f.text_field :title %>
@@ -1235,6 +1327,7 @@ content:
   <p>
     <%= f.submit %>
   </p>
+
 <% end %>
 ```
 
@@ -1243,8 +1336,8 @@ The reason we can use this shorter, simpler `form_for` declaration
 to stand in for either of the other forms is that `@article` is a *resource*
 corresponding to a full set of RESTful routes, and Rails is able to infer
 which URI and method to use.
-For more information about this use of `form_for`, see
-[Resource-oriented style](//api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormHelper.html#method-i-form_for-label-Resource-oriented+style).
+For more information about this use of `form_for`, see [Resource-oriented style]
+(http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormHelper.html#method-i-form_for-label-Resource-oriented+style).
 
 Now, let's update the `app/views/articles/new.html.erb` view to use this new
 partial, rewriting it completely:
@@ -1271,7 +1364,7 @@ Then do the same for the `app/views/articles/edit.html.erb` view:
 
 We're now ready to cover the "D" part of CRUD, deleting articles from the
 database. Following the REST convention, the route for
-deleting articles as per output of `rake routes` is:
+deleting articles as per output of `bin/rake routes` is:
 
 ```ruby
 DELETE /articles/:id(.:format)      articles#destroy
@@ -1285,9 +1378,11 @@ people to craft malicious URLs like this:
 <a href='http://example.com/articles/1/destroy'>look at this cat!</a>
 ```
 
-We use the `delete` method for destroying resources, and this route is mapped to
-the `destroy` action inside `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb`, which
-doesn't exist yet, but is provided below:
+We use the `delete` method for destroying resources, and this route is mapped
+to the `destroy` action inside `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb`, which
+doesn't exist yet. The `destroy` method is generally the last CRUD action in
+the controller, and like the other public CRUD actions, it must be placed
+before any `private` or `protected` methods. Let's add it:
 
 ```ruby
 def destroy
@@ -1298,13 +1393,67 @@ def destroy
 end
 ```
 
+The complete `ArticlesController` in the
+`app/controllers/articles_controller.rb` file should now look like this:
+
+```ruby
+class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
+  def index
+    @articles = Article.all
+  end
+
+  def show
+    @article = Article.find(params[:id])
+  end
+
+  def new
+    @article = Article.new
+  end
+
+  def edit
+    @article = Article.find(params[:id])
+  end
+
+  def create
+    @article = Article.new(article_params)
+
+    if @article.save
+      redirect_to @article
+    else
+      render 'new'
+    end
+  end
+
+  def update
+    @article = Article.find(params[:id])
+
+    if @article.update(article_params)
+      redirect_to @article
+    else
+      render 'edit'
+    end
+  end
+
+  def destroy
+    @article = Article.find(params[:id])
+    @article.destroy
+
+    redirect_to articles_path
+  end
+
+  private
+    def article_params
+      params.require(:article).permit(:title, :text)
+    end
+end
+```
+
 You can call `destroy` on Active Record objects when you want to delete
 them from the database. Note that we don't need to add a view for this
 action since we're redirecting to the `index` action.
 
 Finally, add a 'Destroy' link to your `index` action template
-(`app/views/articles/index.html.erb`) to wrap everything
-together.
+(`app/views/articles/index.html.erb`) to wrap everything together.
 
 ```html+erb
 <h1>Listing Articles</h1>
@@ -1316,36 +1465,40 @@ together.
     <th colspan="3"></th>
   </tr>
 
-<% @articles.each do |article| %>
-  <tr>
-    <td><%= article.title %></td>
-    <td><%= article.text %></td>
-    <td><%= link_to 'Show', article_path(article) %></td>
-    <td><%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(article) %></td>
-    <td><%= link_to 'Destroy', article_path(article),
-                    method: :delete, data: { confirm: 'Are you sure?' } %></td>
-  </tr>
-<% end %>
+  <% @articles.each do |article| %>
+    <tr>
+      <td><%= article.title %></td>
+      <td><%= article.text %></td>
+      <td><%= link_to 'Show', article_path(article) %></td>
+      <td><%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(article) %></td>
+      <td><%= link_to 'Destroy', article_path(article),
+              method: :delete,
+              data: { confirm: 'Are you sure?' } %></td>
+    </tr>
+  <% end %>
 </table>
 ```
 
 Here we're using `link_to` in a different way. We pass the named route as the
-second argument, and then the options as another argument. The `:method` and
-`:'data-confirm'` options are used as HTML5 attributes so that when the link is
-clicked, Rails will first show a confirm dialog to the user, and then submit the
-link with method `delete`.  This is done via the JavaScript file `jquery_ujs`
-which is automatically included into your application's layout
-(`app/views/layouts/application.html.erb`) when you generated the application.
-Without this file, the confirmation dialog box wouldn't appear.
+second argument, and then the options as another argument. The `method: :delete`
+and `data: { confirm: 'Are you sure?' }` options are used as HTML5 attributes so
+that when the link is clicked, Rails will first show a confirm dialog to the
+user, and then submit the link with method `delete`.  This is done via the
+JavaScript file `jquery_ujs` which is automatically included in your
+application's layout (`app/views/layouts/application.html.erb`) when you
+generated the application. Without this file, the confirmation dialog box won't
+appear.
 
 ![Confirm Dialog](images/getting_started/confirm_dialog.png)
 
+TIP: Learn more about jQuery Unobtrusive Adapter (jQuery UJS) on
+[Working With JavaScript in Rails](working_with_javascript_in_rails.html) guide.
+
 Congratulations, you can now create, show, list, update and destroy
 articles.
 
-TIP: In general, Rails encourages the use of resources objects in place
-of declaring routes manually.
-For more information about routing, see
+TIP: In general, Rails encourages using resources objects instead of
+declaring routes manually. For more information about routing, see
 [Rails Routing from the Outside In](routing.html).
 
 Adding a Second Model
@@ -1358,10 +1511,10 @@ comments on articles.
 
 We're going to see the same generator that we used before when creating
 the `Article` model. This time we'll create a `Comment` model to hold
-reference of article comments. Run this command in your terminal:
+reference to an article. Run this command in your terminal:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate model Comment commenter:string body:text article:references
+$ bin/rails generate model Comment commenter:string body:text article:references
 ```
 
 This command will generate four files:
@@ -1370,7 +1523,7 @@ This command will generate four files:
 | -------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
 | db/migrate/20140120201010_create_comments.rb | Migration to create the comments table in your database (your name will include a different timestamp) |
 | app/models/comment.rb                        | The Comment model                                                                                      |
-| test/models/comment_test.rb                  | Testing harness for the comments model                                                                 |
+| test/models/comment_test.rb                  | Testing harness for the comment model                                                                 |
 | test/fixtures/comments.yml                   | Sample comments for use in testing                                                                     |
 
 First, take a look at `app/models/comment.rb`:
@@ -1389,27 +1542,25 @@ In addition to the model, Rails has also made a migration to create the
 corresponding database table:
 
 ```ruby
-class CreateComments < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class CreateComments < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
   def change
     create_table :comments do |t|
       t.string :commenter
       t.text :body
+      t.references :article, index: true, foreign_key: true
 
-      # this line adds an integer column called `article_id`.
-      t.references :article, index: true
-
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
   end
 end
 ```
 
-The `t.references` line sets up a foreign key column for the association between
-the two models. An index for this association is also created on this column.
-Go ahead and run the migration:
+The `t.references` line creates an integer column called `article_id`, an index
+for it, and a foreign key constraint that points to the `id` column of the `articles`
+table. Go ahead and run the migration:
 
 ```bash
-$ rake db:migrate
+$ bin/rake db:migrate
 ```
 
 Rails is smart enough to only execute the migrations that have not already been
@@ -1485,10 +1636,10 @@ With the model in hand, you can turn your attention to creating a matching
 controller. Again, we'll use the same generator we used before:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate controller Comments
+$ bin/rails generate controller Comments
 ```
 
-This creates six files and one empty directory:
+This creates five files and one empty directory:
 
 | File/Directory                               | Purpose                                  |
 | -------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------- |
@@ -1496,9 +1647,8 @@ This creates six files and one empty directory:
 | app/views/comments/                          | Views of the controller are stored here  |
 | test/controllers/comments_controller_test.rb | The test for the controller              |
 | app/helpers/comments_helper.rb               | A view helper file                       |
-| test/helpers/comments_helper_test.rb         | The test for the helper                  |
-| app/assets/javascripts/comment.js.coffee     | CoffeeScript for the controller          |
-| app/assets/stylesheets/comment.css.scss      | Cascading style sheet for the controller |
+| app/assets/javascripts/comment.coffee        | CoffeeScript for the controller          |
+| app/assets/stylesheets/comment.scss          | Cascading style sheet for the controller |
 
 Like with any blog, our readers will create their comments directly after
 reading the article, and once they have added their comment, will be sent back
@@ -1535,8 +1685,8 @@ So first, we'll wire up the Article show template
   </p>
 <% end %>
 
+<%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(@article) %> |
 <%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
-| <%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(@article) %>
 ```
 
 This adds a form on the `Article` show page that creates a new comment by
@@ -1616,8 +1766,8 @@ add that to the `app/views/articles/show.html.erb`.
   </p>
 <% end %>
 
-<%= link_to 'Edit Article', edit_article_path(@article) %> |
-<%= link_to 'Back to Articles', articles_path %>
+<%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(@article) %> |
+<%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
 ```
 
 Now you can add articles and comments to your blog and have them show up in the
@@ -1682,8 +1832,8 @@ following:
   </p>
 <% end %>
 
-<%= link_to 'Edit Article', edit_article_path(@article) %> |
-<%= link_to 'Back to Articles', articles_path %>
+<%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(@article) %> |
+<%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
 ```
 
 This will now render the partial in `app/views/comments/_comment.html.erb` once
@@ -1730,10 +1880,10 @@ Then you make the `app/views/articles/show.html.erb` look like the following:
 <%= render @article.comments %>
 
 <h2>Add a comment:</h2>
-<%= render "comments/form" %>
+<%= render 'comments/form' %>
 
-<%= link_to 'Edit Article', edit_article_path(@article) %> |
-<%= link_to 'Back to Articles', articles_path %>
+<%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(@article) %> |
+<%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
 ```
 
 The second render just defines the partial template we want to render,
@@ -1806,8 +1956,8 @@ database and send us back to the show action for the article.
 
 ### Deleting Associated Objects
 
-If you delete an article then its associated comments will also need to be
-deleted. Otherwise they would simply occupy space in the database. Rails allows
+If you delete an article, its associated comments will also need to be
+deleted, otherwise they would simply occupy space in the database. Rails allows
 you to use the `dependent` option of an association to achieve this. Modify the
 Article model, `app/models/article.rb`, as follows:
 
@@ -1824,21 +1974,21 @@ Security
 
 ### Basic Authentication
 
-If you were to publish your blog online, anybody would be able to add, edit and
+If you were to publish your blog online, anyone would be able to add, edit and
 delete articles or delete comments.
 
 Rails provides a very simple HTTP authentication system that will work nicely in
 this situation.
 
-In the `ArticlesController` we need to have a way to block access to the various
-actions if the person is not authenticated, here we can use the Rails
-`http_basic_authenticate_with` method, allowing access to the requested
+In the `ArticlesController` we need to have a way to block access to the
+various actions if the person is not authenticated. Here we can use the Rails
+`http_basic_authenticate_with` method, which allows access to the requested
 action if that method allows it.
 
 To use the authentication system, we specify it at the top of our
-`ArticlesController`, in this case, we want the user to be authenticated on
-every action, except for `index` and `show`, so we write that in
-`app/controllers/articles_controller.rb`:
+`ArticlesController` in `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb`. In our case,
+we want the user to be authenticated on every action except `index` and `show`,
+so we write that:
 
 ```ruby
 class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
@@ -1849,7 +1999,7 @@ class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
     @articles = Article.all
   end
 
-  # snipped for brevity
+  # snippet for brevity
 ```
 
 We also want to allow only authenticated users to delete comments, so in the
@@ -1862,14 +2012,14 @@ class CommentsController < ApplicationController
 
   def create
     @article = Article.find(params[:article_id])
-    ...
+    # ...
   end
 
-  # snipped for brevity
+  # snippet for brevity
 ```
 
 Now if you try to create a new article, you will be greeted with a basic HTTP
-Authentication challenge
+Authentication challenge:
 
 ![Basic HTTP Authentication Challenge](images/getting_started/challenge.png)
 
@@ -1884,35 +2034,24 @@ along with a number of others.
 
 Security, especially in web applications, is a broad and detailed area. Security
 in your Rails application is covered in more depth in
-The [Ruby on Rails Security Guide](security.html)
+the [Ruby on Rails Security Guide](security.html).
 
 
 What's Next?
 ------------
 
 Now that you've seen your first Rails application, you should feel free to
-update it and experiment on your own. But you don't have to do everything
-without help. As you need assistance getting up and running with Rails, feel
-free to consult these support resources:
+update it and experiment on your own.
+
+Remember you don't have to do everything without help. As you need assistance
+getting up and running with Rails, feel free to consult these support
+resources:
 
-* The [Ruby on Rails guides](index.html)
+* The [Ruby on Rails Guides](index.html)
 * The [Ruby on Rails Tutorial](http://railstutorial.org/book)
 * The [Ruby on Rails mailing list](http://groups.google.com/group/rubyonrails-talk)
 * The [#rubyonrails](irc://irc.freenode.net/#rubyonrails) channel on irc.freenode.net
 
-Rails also comes with built-in help that you can generate using the rake
-command-line utility:
-
-* Running `rake doc:guides` will put a full copy of the Rails Guides in the
-  `doc/guides` folder of your application. Open `doc/guides/index.html` in your
-  web browser to explore the Guides.
-* Running `rake doc:rails` will put a full copy of the API documentation for
-  Rails in the `doc/api` folder of your application. Open `doc/api/index.html`
-  in your web browser to explore the API documentation.
-
-TIP: To be able to generate the Rails Guides locally with the `doc:guides` rake
-task you need to install the RedCloth gem. Add it to your `Gemfile` and run
-`bundle install` and you're ready to go.
 
 Configuration Gotchas
 ---------------------
diff --git a/guides/source/i18n.md b/guides/source/i18n.md
index d72717fa3b..8381636196 100644
--- a/guides/source/i18n.md
+++ b/guides/source/i18n.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Rails Internationalization (I18n) API
 =====================================
 
@@ -28,7 +30,7 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-NOTE: The Ruby I18n framework provides you with all necessary means for internationalization/localization of your Rails application. You may, however, use any of various plugins and extensions available, which add additional functionality or features. See the Ruby [I18n Wiki](http://ruby-i18n.org/wiki) for more information.
+NOTE: The Ruby I18n framework provides you with all necessary means for internationalization/localization of your Rails application. You may, also use various gems available to add additional functionality or features. See the [rails-i18n gem](https://github.com/svenfuchs/rails-i18n) for more information.
 
 How I18n in Ruby on Rails Works
 -------------------------------
@@ -38,7 +40,7 @@ Internationalization is a complex problem. Natural languages differ in so many w
 * providing support for English and similar languages out of the box
 * making it easy to customize and extend everything for other languages
 
-As part of this solution, **every static string in the Rails framework** - e.g. Active Record validation messages, time and date formats - **has been internationalized**, so _localization_ of a Rails application means "over-riding" these defaults.
+As part of this solution, **every static string in the Rails framework** - e.g. Active Record validation messages, time and date formats - **has been internationalized**. _Localization_ of a Rails application means defining translated values for these strings in desired languages.
 
 ### The Overall Architecture of the Library
 
@@ -49,7 +51,7 @@ Thus, the Ruby I18n gem is split into two parts:
 
 As a user you should always only access the public methods on the I18n module, but it is useful to know about the capabilities of the backend.
 
-NOTE: It is possible (or even desirable) to swap the shipped Simple backend with a more powerful one, which would store translation data in a relational database, GetText dictionary, or similar. See section [Using different backends](#using-different-backends) below.
+NOTE: It is possible to swap the shipped Simple backend with a more powerful one, which would store translation data in a relational database, GetText dictionary, or similar. See section [Using different backends](#using-different-backends) below.
 
 ### The Public I18n API
 
@@ -82,32 +84,32 @@ So, let's internationalize a simple Rails application from the ground up in the
 Setup the Rails Application for Internationalization
 ----------------------------------------------------
 
-There are just a few simple steps to get up and running with I18n support for your application.
+There are a few steps to get up and running with I18n support for a Rails application.
 
 ### Configure the I18n Module
 
-Following the _convention over configuration_ philosophy, Rails will set up your application with reasonable defaults. If you need different settings, you can overwrite them easily.
+Following the _convention over configuration_ philosophy, Rails I18n provides reasonable default translation strings. When different translation strings are needed, they can be overridden.
 
-Rails adds all `.rb` and `.yml` files from the `config/locales` directory to your **translations load path**, automatically.
+Rails adds all `.rb` and `.yml` files from the `config/locales` directory to the **translations load path**, automatically.
 
 The default `en.yml` locale in this directory contains a sample pair of translation strings:
 
-```ruby
+```yaml
 en:
   hello: "Hello world"
 ```
 
 This means, that in the `:en` locale, the key _hello_ will map to the _Hello world_ string. Every string inside Rails is internationalized in this way, see for instance Active Model validation messages in the [`activemodel/lib/active_model/locale/en.yml`](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/activemodel/lib/active_model/locale/en.yml) file or time and date formats in the [`activesupport/lib/active_support/locale/en.yml`](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/activesupport/lib/active_support/locale/en.yml) file. You can use YAML or standard Ruby Hashes to store translations in the default (Simple) backend.
 
-The I18n library will use **English** as a **default locale**, i.e. if you don't set a different locale, `:en` will be used for looking up translations.
+The I18n library will use **English** as a **default locale**, i.e. if a different locale is not set, `:en` will be used for looking up translations.
 
-NOTE: The i18n library takes a **pragmatic approach** to locale keys (after [some discussion](http://groups.google.com/group/rails-i18n/browse_thread/thread/14dede2c7dbe9470/80eec34395f64f3c?hl=en)), including only the _locale_ ("language") part, like `:en`, `:pl`, not the _region_ part, like `:en-US` or `:en-GB`, which are traditionally used for separating "languages" and "regional setting" or "dialects". Many international applications use only the "language" element of a locale such as `:cs`, `:th` or `:es` (for Czech, Thai and Spanish). However, there are also regional differences within different language groups that may be important. For instance, in the `:en-US` locale you would have $ as a currency symbol, while in `:en-GB`, you would have £. Nothing stops you from separating regional and other settings in this way: you just have to provide full "English - United Kingdom" locale in a `:en-GB` dictionary. Various [Rails I18n plugins](http://rails-i18n.org/wiki) such as [Globalize3](https://github.com/globalize/globalize) may help you implement it.
+NOTE: The i18n library takes a **pragmatic approach** to locale keys (after [some discussion](http://groups.google.com/group/rails-i18n/browse_thread/thread/14dede2c7dbe9470/80eec34395f64f3c?hl=en)), including only the _locale_ ("language") part, like `:en`, `:pl`, not the _region_ part, like `:en-US` or `:en-GB`, which are traditionally used for separating "languages" and "regional setting" or "dialects". Many international applications use only the "language" element of a locale such as `:cs`, `:th` or `:es` (for Czech, Thai and Spanish). However, there are also regional differences within different language groups that may be important. For instance, in the `:en-US` locale you would have $ as a currency symbol, while in `:en-GB`, you would have £. Nothing stops you from separating regional and other settings in this way: you just have to provide full "English - United Kingdom" locale in a `:en-GB` dictionary. Few gems such as [Globalize3](https://github.com/globalize/globalize) may help you implement it.
 
-The **translations load path** (`I18n.load_path`) is just a Ruby Array of paths to your translation files that will be loaded automatically and available in your application. You can pick whatever directory and translation file naming scheme makes sense for you.
+The **translations load path** (`I18n.load_path`) is an array of paths to files that will be loaded automatically. Configuring this path allows for customization of translations directory structure and file naming scheme.
 
-NOTE: The backend will lazy-load these translations when a translation is looked up for the first time. This makes it possible to just swap the backend with something else even after translations have already been announced.
+NOTE: The backend lazy-loads these translations when a translation is looked up for the first time. This backend can be swapped with something else even after translations have already been announced.
 
-The default `application.rb` files has instructions on how to add locales from another directory and how to set a different default locale. Just uncomment and edit the specific lines.
+The default `config/application.rb` file has instructions on how to add locales from another directory and how to set a different default locale.
 
 ```ruby
 # The default locale is :en and all translations from config/locales/*.rb,yml are auto loaded.
@@ -115,31 +117,25 @@ The default `application.rb` files has instructions on how to add locales from a
 # config.i18n.default_locale = :de
 ```
 
-### Optional: Custom I18n Configuration Setup
-
-For the sake of completeness, let's mention that if you do not want to use the `application.rb` file for some reason, you can always wire up things manually, too.
-
-To tell the I18n library where it can find your custom translation files you can specify the load path anywhere in your application - just make sure it gets run before any translations are actually looked up. You might also want to change the default locale. The simplest thing possible is to put the following into an initializer:
+The load path must be specified before any translations are looked up. To change the default locale from an initializer instead of `config/application.rb`:
 
 ```ruby
-# in config/initializers/locale.rb
+# config/initializers/locale.rb
 
-# tell the I18n library where to find your translations
+# Where the I18n library should search for translation files
 I18n.load_path += Dir[Rails.root.join('lib', 'locale', '*.{rb,yml}')]
 
-# set default locale to something other than :en
+# Set default locale to something other than :en
 I18n.default_locale = :pt
 ```
 
-### Setting and Passing the Locale
-
-If you want to translate your Rails application to a **single language other than English** (the default locale), you can set I18n.default_locale to your locale in `application.rb` or an initializer as shown above, and it will persist through the requests.
+### Managing the Locale across Requests
 
-However, you would probably like to **provide support for more locales** in your application. In such case, you need to set and pass the locale between requests.
+The default locale is used for all translations unless `I18n.locale` is explicitly set.
 
-WARNING: You may be tempted to store the chosen locale in a _session_ or a <em>cookie</em>, however **do not do this**. The locale should be transparent and a part of the URL. This way you won't break people's basic assumptions about the web itself: if you send a URL to a friend, they should see the same page and content as you. A fancy word for this would be that you're being [<em>RESTful</em>](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_State_Transfer). Read more about the RESTful approach in [Stefan Tilkov's articles](http://www.infoq.com/articles/rest-introduction). Sometimes there are exceptions to this rule and those are discussed below.
+A localized application will likely need to provide support for multiple locales. To accomplish this, the locale should be set at the beginning of each request so that all strings are translated using the desired locale during the lifetime of that request.
 
-The _setting part_ is easy. You can set the locale in a `before_action` in the `ApplicationController` like this:
+The locale can be set in a `before_action` in the `ApplicationController`:
 
 ```ruby
 before_action :set_locale
@@ -149,11 +145,11 @@ def set_locale
 end
 ```
 
-This requires you to pass the locale as a URL query parameter as in `http://example.com/books?locale=pt`. (This is, for example, Google's approach.) So `http://localhost:3000?locale=pt` will load the Portuguese localization, whereas `http://localhost:3000?locale=de` would load the German localization, and so on. You may skip the next section and head over to the **Internationalize your application** section, if you want to try things out by manually placing the locale in the URL and reloading the page.
+This example illustrates this using a URL query parameter to set the locale (e.g. `http://example.com/books?locale=pt`). With this approach, `http://localhost:3000?locale=pt` renders the Portuguese localization, while `http://localhost:3000?locale=de` loads a German localization.
 
-Of course, you probably don't want to manually include the locale in every URL all over your application, or want the URLs look differently, e.g. the usual `http://example.com/pt/books` versus `http://example.com/en/books`. Let's discuss the different options you have.
+The locale can be set using one of many different approaches.
 
-### Setting the Locale from the Domain Name
+#### Setting the Locale from the Domain Name
 
 One option you have is to set the locale from the domain name where your application runs. For example, we want `www.example.com` to load the English (or default) locale, and `www.example.es` to load the Spanish locale. Thus the _top-level domain name_ is used for locale setting. This has several advantages:
 
@@ -179,7 +175,7 @@ end
 # in your /etc/hosts file to try this out locally
 def extract_locale_from_tld
   parsed_locale = request.host.split('.').last
-  I18n.available_locales.include?(parsed_locale.to_sym) ? parsed_locale : nil
+  I18n.available_locales.map(&:to_s).include?(parsed_locale) ? parsed_locale : nil
 end
 ```
 
@@ -192,36 +188,35 @@ We can also set the locale from the _subdomain_ in a very similar way:
 # in your /etc/hosts file to try this out locally
 def extract_locale_from_subdomain
   parsed_locale = request.subdomains.first
-  I18n.available_locales.include?(parsed_locale.to_sym) ? parsed_locale : nil
+  I18n.available_locales.map(&:to_s).include?(parsed_locale) ? parsed_locale : nil
 end
 ```
 
 If your application includes a locale switching menu, you would then have something like this in it:
 
 ```ruby
-link_to("Deutsch", "#{APP_CONFIG[:deutsch_website_url]}#{request.env['REQUEST_URI']}")
+link_to("Deutsch", "#{APP_CONFIG[:deutsch_website_url]}#{request.env['PATH_INFO']}")
 ```
 
 assuming you would set `APP_CONFIG[:deutsch_website_url]` to some value like `http://www.application.de`.
 
 This solution has aforementioned advantages, however, you may not be able or may not want to provide different localizations ("language versions") on different domains. The most obvious solution would be to include locale code in the URL params (or request path).
 
-### Setting the Locale from the URL Params
+#### Setting the Locale from URL Params
 
 The most usual way of setting (and passing) the locale would be to include it in URL params, as we did in the `I18n.locale = params[:locale]` _before_action_ in the first example. We would like to have URLs like `www.example.com/books?locale=ja` or `www.example.com/ja/books` in this case.
 
 This approach has almost the same set of advantages as setting the locale from the domain name: namely that it's RESTful and in accord with the rest of the World Wide Web. It does require a little bit more work to implement, though.
 
-Getting the locale from `params` and setting it accordingly is not hard; including it in every URL and thus **passing it through the requests** is. To include an explicit option in every URL (e.g. `link_to( books_url(locale: I18n.locale))`) would be tedious and probably impossible, of course.
+Getting the locale from `params` and setting it accordingly is not hard; including it in every URL and thus **passing it through the requests** is. To include an explicit option in every URL, e.g. `link_to(books_url(locale: I18n.locale))`, would be tedious and probably impossible, of course.
 
-Rails contains infrastructure for "centralizing dynamic decisions about the URLs" in its [`ApplicationController#default_url_options`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionController/Base.html#M000515), which is useful precisely in this scenario: it enables us to set "defaults" for [`url_for`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionController/Base.html#M000503) and helper methods dependent on it (by implementing/overriding this method).
+Rails contains infrastructure for "centralizing dynamic decisions about the URLs" in its [`ApplicationController#default_url_options`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Routing/Mapper/Base.html#method-i-default_url_options), which is useful precisely in this scenario: it enables us to set "defaults" for [`url_for`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Routing/UrlFor.html#method-i-url_for) and helper methods dependent on it (by implementing/overriding `default_url_options`).
 
 We can include something like this in our `ApplicationController` then:
 
 ```ruby
 # app/controllers/application_controller.rb
-def default_url_options(options={})
-  logger.debug "default_url_options is passed options: #{options.inspect}\n"
+def default_url_options
   { locale: I18n.locale }
 end
 ```
@@ -230,7 +225,7 @@ Every helper method dependent on `url_for` (e.g. helpers for named routes like `
 
 You may be satisfied with this. It does impact the readability of URLs, though, when the locale "hangs" at the end of every URL in your application. Moreover, from the architectural standpoint, locale is usually hierarchically above the other parts of the application domain: and URLs should reflect this.
 
-You probably want URLs to look like this: `www.example.com/en/books` (which loads the English locale) and `www.example.com/nl/books` (which loads the Dutch locale). This is achievable with the "over-riding `default_url_options`" strategy from above: you just have to set up your routes with [`scoping`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Routing/Mapper/Scoping.html) option in this way:
+You probably want URLs to look like this: `http://www.example.com/en/books` (which loads the English locale) and `http://www.example.com/nl/books` (which loads the Dutch locale). This is achievable with the "over-riding `default_url_options`" strategy from above: you just have to set up your routes with [`scope`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Routing/Mapper/Scoping.html):
 
 ```ruby
 # config/routes.rb
@@ -239,7 +234,9 @@ scope "/:locale" do
 end
 ```
 
-Now, when you call the `books_path` method you should get `"/en/books"` (for the default locale). An URL like `http://localhost:3001/nl/books` should load the Dutch locale, then, and following calls to `books_path` should return `"/nl/books"` (because the locale changed).
+Now, when you call the `books_path` method you should get `"/en/books"` (for the default locale). A URL like `http://localhost:3001/nl/books` should load the Dutch locale, then, and following calls to `books_path` should return `"/nl/books"` (because the locale changed).
+
+WARNING. Since the return value of `default_url_options` is cached per request, the URLs in a locale selector cannot be generated invoking helpers in a loop that sets the corresponding `I18n.locale` in each iteration. Instead, leave `I18n.locale` untouched, and pass an explicit `:locale` option to the helper, or edit `request.original_fullpath`.
 
 If you don't want to force the use of a locale in your routes you can use an optional path scope (denoted by the parentheses) like so:
 
@@ -252,7 +249,7 @@ end
 
 With this approach you will not get a `Routing Error` when accessing your resources such as `http://localhost:3001/books` without a locale. This is useful for when you want to use the default locale when one is not specified.
 
-Of course, you need to take special care of the root URL (usually "homepage" or "dashboard") of your application. An URL like `http://localhost:3001/nl` will not work automatically, because the `root to: "books#index"` declaration in your `routes.rb` doesn't take locale into account. (And rightly so: there's only one "root" URL.)
+Of course, you need to take special care of the root URL (usually "homepage" or "dashboard") of your application. A URL like `http://localhost:3001/nl` will not work automatically, because the `root to: "books#index"` declaration in your `routes.rb` doesn't take locale into account. (And rightly so: there's only one "root" URL.)
 
 You would probably need to map URLs like these:
 
@@ -263,16 +260,25 @@ get '/:locale' => 'dashboard#index'
 
 Do take special care about the **order of your routes**, so this route declaration does not "eat" other ones. (You may want to add it directly before the `root :to` declaration.)
 
-NOTE: Have a look at two plugins which simplify work with routes in this way: Sven Fuchs's [routing_filter](https://github.com/svenfuchs/routing-filter/tree/master) and Raul Murciano's [translate_routes](https://github.com/raul/translate_routes/tree/master).
+NOTE: Have a look at various gems which simplify working with routes: [routing_filter](https://github.com/svenfuchs/routing-filter/tree/master), [rails-translate-routes](https://github.com/francesc/rails-translate-routes), [route_translator](https://github.com/enriclluelles/route_translator).
+
+#### Setting the Locale from User Preferences
+
+An application with authenticated users may allow users to set a locale preference through the application's interface. With this approach, a user's selected locale preference is persisted in the database and used to set the locale for authenticated requests by that user.
 
-### Setting the Locale from the Client Supplied Information
+```ruby
+def set_locale
+  I18n.locale = current_user.try(:locale) || I18n.default_locale
+end
+```
 
-In specific cases, it would make sense to set the locale from client-supplied information, i.e. not from the URL. This information may come for example from the users' preferred language (set in their browser), can be based on the users' geographical location inferred from their IP, or users can provide it simply by choosing the locale in your application interface and saving it to their profile. This approach is more suitable for web-based applications or services, not for websites - see the box about _sessions_, _cookies_ and RESTful architecture above.
+#### Choosing an Implied Locale
 
+When an explicit locale has not been set for a request (e.g. via one of the above methods), an application should attempt to infer the desired locale.
 
-#### Using `Accept-Language`
+##### Inferring Locale from the Language Header
 
-One source of client supplied information would be an `Accept-Language` HTTP header. People may [set this in their browser](http://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-lang-priorities) or other clients (such as _curl_).
+The `Accept-Language` HTTP header indicates the preferred language for request's response. Browsers [set this header value based on the user's language preference settings](http://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-lang-priorities), making it a good first choice when inferring a locale.
 
 A trivial implementation of using an `Accept-Language` header would be:
 
@@ -289,28 +295,31 @@ private
   end
 ```
 
-Of course, in a production environment you would need much more robust code, and could use a plugin such as Iain Hecker's [http_accept_language](https://github.com/iain/http_accept_language/tree/master) or even Rack middleware such as Ryan Tomayko's [locale](https://github.com/rack/rack-contrib/blob/master/lib/rack/contrib/locale.rb).
 
-#### Using GeoIP (or Similar) Database
+In practice, more robust code is necessary to do this reliably. Iain Hecker's [http_accept_language](https://github.com/iain/http_accept_language/tree/master) library or Ryan Tomayko's [locale](https://github.com/rack/rack-contrib/blob/master/lib/rack/contrib/locale.rb) Rack middleware provide solutions to this problem.
+
+##### Inferring the Locale from IP Geolocation
 
-Another way of choosing the locale from client information would be to use a database for mapping the client IP to the region, such as [GeoIP Lite Country](http://www.maxmind.com/app/geolitecountry). The mechanics of the code would be very similar to the code above - you would need to query the database for the user's IP, and look up your preferred locale for the country/region/city returned.
+The IP address of the client making the request can be used to infer the client's region and thus their locale. Services such as [GeoIP Lite Country](http://www.maxmind.com/app/geolitecountry) or gems like [geocoder](https://github.com/alexreisner/geocoder) can be used to implement this approach.
 
-#### User Profile
+In general, this approach is far less reliable than using the language header and is not recommended for most web applications.
 
-You can also provide users of your application with means to set (and possibly over-ride) the locale in your application interface, as well. Again, mechanics for this approach would be very similar to the code above - you'd probably let users choose a locale from a dropdown list and save it to their profile in the database. Then you'd set the locale to this value.
+#### Storing the Locale from the Session or Cookies
 
-Internationalizing your Application
+WARNING: You may be tempted to store the chosen locale in a _session_ or a *cookie*. However, **do not do this**. The locale should be transparent and a part of the URL. This way you won't break people's basic assumptions about the web itself: if you send a URL to a friend, they should see the same page and content as you. A fancy word for this would be that you're being [*RESTful*](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_State_Transfer). Read more about the RESTful approach in [Stefan Tilkov's articles](http://www.infoq.com/articles/rest-introduction). Sometimes there are exceptions to this rule and those are discussed below.
+
+Internationalization and Localization
 -----------------------------------
 
-OK! Now you've initialized I18n support for your Ruby on Rails application and told it which locale to use and how to preserve it between requests. With that in place, you're now ready for the really interesting stuff.
+OK! Now you've initialized I18n support for your Ruby on Rails application and told it which locale to use and how to preserve it between requests.
 
-Let's _internationalize_ our application, i.e. abstract every locale-specific parts, and then _localize_ it, i.e. provide necessary translations for these abstracts.
+Next we need to _internationalize_ our application by abstracting every locale-specific element. Finally, we need to _localize_ it by providing necessary translations for these abstracts.
 
-You most probably have something like this in one of your applications:
+Given the following example:
 
 ```ruby
 # config/routes.rb
-Yourapp::Application.routes.draw do
+Rails.application.routes.draw do
   root to: "home#index"
 end
 ```
@@ -343,9 +352,9 @@ end
 
 ![rails i18n demo untranslated](images/i18n/demo_untranslated.png)
 
-### Adding Translations
+### Abstracting Localized Code
 
-Obviously there are **two strings that are localized to English**. In order to internationalize this code, **replace these strings** with calls to Rails' `#t` helper with a key that makes sense for the translation:
+There are two strings in our code that are in English and that users will be rendered in our response ("Hello Flash" and "Hello World"). In order to internationalize this code, these strings need to be replaced by calls to Rails' `#t` helper with an appropriate key for each string:
 
 ```ruby
 # app/controllers/home_controller.rb
@@ -362,15 +371,17 @@ end
 <p><%= flash[:notice] %></p>
 ```
 
-When you now render this view, it will show an error message which tells you that the translations for the keys `:hello_world` and `:hello_flash` are missing.
+Now, when this view is rendered, it will show an error message which tells you that the translations for the keys `:hello_world` and `:hello_flash` are missing.
 
 ![rails i18n demo translation missing](images/i18n/demo_translation_missing.png)
 
 NOTE: Rails adds a `t` (`translate`) helper method to your views so that you do not need to spell out `I18n.t` all the time. Additionally this helper will catch missing translations and wrap the resulting error message into a `<span class="translation_missing">`.
 
-So let's add the missing translations into the dictionary files (i.e. do the "localization" part):
+### Providing Translations for Internationalized Strings
 
-```ruby
+Add the missing translations into the translation dictionary files:
+
+```yaml
 # config/locales/en.yml
 en:
   hello_world: Hello world!
@@ -382,11 +393,11 @@ pirate:
   hello_flash: Ahoy Flash
 ```
 
-There you go. Because you haven't changed the default_locale, I18n will use English. Your application now shows:
+Because the `default_locale` hasn't changed, translations use the `:en` locale and the response renders the english strings:
 
 ![rails i18n demo translated to English](images/i18n/demo_translated_en.png)
 
-And when you change the URL to pass the pirate locale (`http://localhost:3000?locale=pirate`), you'll get:
+If the locale is set via the URL to the pirate locale (`http://localhost:3000?locale=pirate`), the response renders the pirate strings:
 
 ![rails i18n demo translated to pirate](images/i18n/demo_translated_pirate.png)
 
@@ -394,21 +405,64 @@ NOTE: You need to restart the server when you add new locale files.
 
 You may use YAML (`.yml`) or plain Ruby (`.rb`) files for storing your translations in SimpleStore. YAML is the preferred option among Rails developers. However, it has one big disadvantage. YAML is very sensitive to whitespace and special characters, so the application may not load your dictionary properly. Ruby files will crash your application on first request, so you may easily find what's wrong. (If you encounter any "weird issues" with YAML dictionaries, try putting the relevant portion of your dictionary into a Ruby file.)
 
-### Passing variables to translations
+### Passing Variables to Translations
+
+One key consideration for successfully internationalizing an application is to
+avoid making incorrect assumptions about grammar rules when abstracting localized
+code. Grammar rules that seem fundamental in one locale may not hold true in
+another one.
 
-You can use variables in the translation messages and pass their values from the view.
+Improper abstraction is shown in the following example, where assumptions are
+made about the ordering of the different parts of the translation. Note that Rails
+provides a `number_to_currency` helper to handle the following case.
 
 ```erb
-# app/views/home/index.html.erb
-<%=t 'greet_username', user: "Bill", message: "Goodbye" %>
+# app/views/products/show.html.erb
+<%= "#{t('currency')}#{@product.price}" %>
+```
+
+```yaml
+# config/locales/en.yml
+en:
+  currency: "$"
+
+# config/locales/es.yml
+es:
+  currency: "€"
+```
+
+If the product's price is 10 then the proper translation for Spanish is "10 €"
+instead of "€10" but the abstraction cannot give it.
+
+To create proper abstraction, the I18n gem ships with a feature called variable
+interpolation that allows you to use variables in translation definitions and
+pass the values for these variables to the translation method.
+
+Proper abstraction is shown in the following example:
+
+```erb
+# app/views/products/show.html.erb
+<%= t('product_price', price: @product.price) %>
 ```
 
 ```yaml
 # config/locales/en.yml
 en:
-  greet_username: "%{message}, %{user}!"
+  product_price: "$%{price}"
+
+# config/locales/es.yml
+es:
+  product_price: "%{price} €"
 ```
 
+All grammatical and punctuation decisions are made in the definition itself, so
+the abstraction can give a proper translation.
+
+NOTE: The `default` and `scope` keywords are reserved and can't be used as
+variable names. If used, an `I18n::ReservedInterpolationKey` exception is raised.
+If a translation expects an interpolation variable, but this has not been passed
+to `#translate`, an `I18n::MissingInterpolationArgument` exception is raised.
+
 ### Adding Date/Time Formats
 
 OK! Now let's add a timestamp to the view, so we can demo the **date/time localization** feature as well. To localize the time format you pass the Time object to `I18n.l` or (preferably) use Rails' `#l` helper. You can pick a format by passing the `:format` option - by default the `:default` format is used.
@@ -422,7 +476,7 @@ OK! Now let's add a timestamp to the view, so we can demo the **date/time locali
 
 And in our pirate translations file let's add a time format (it's already there in Rails' defaults for English):
 
-```ruby
+```yaml
 # config/locales/pirate.yml
 pirate:
   time:
@@ -438,17 +492,20 @@ TIP: Right now you might need to add some more date/time formats in order to mak
 
 ### Inflection Rules For Other Locales
 
-Rails 4.0 allows you to define inflection rules (such as rules for singularization and pluralization) for locales other than English. In `config/initializers/inflections.rb`, you can define these rules for multiple locales. The initializer contains a default example for specifying additional rules for English; follow that format for other locales as you see fit.
+Rails allows you to define inflection rules (such as rules for singularization and pluralization) for locales other than English. In `config/initializers/inflections.rb`, you can define these rules for multiple locales. The initializer contains a default example for specifying additional rules for English; follow that format for other locales as you see fit.
 
 ### Localized Views
 
-Rails 2.3 introduces another convenient localization feature: localized views (templates). Let's say you have a _BooksController_ in your application. Your _index_ action renders content in `app/views/books/index.html.erb` template. When you put a _localized variant_ of this template: `index.es.html.erb` in the same directory, Rails will render content in this template, when the locale is set to `:es`. When the locale is set to the default locale, the generic `index.html.erb` view will be used. (Future Rails versions may well bring this _automagic_ localization to assets in `public`, etc.)
+Let's say you have a _BooksController_ in your application. Your _index_ action renders content in `app/views/books/index.html.erb` template. When you put a _localized variant_ of this template: `index.es.html.erb` in the same directory, Rails will render content in this template, when the locale is set to `:es`. When the locale is set to the default locale, the generic `index.html.erb` view will be used. (Future Rails versions may well bring this _automagic_ localization to assets in `public`, etc.)
 
 You can make use of this feature, e.g. when working with a large amount of static content, which would be clumsy to put inside YAML or Ruby dictionaries. Bear in mind, though, that any change you would like to do later to the template must be propagated to all of them.
 
 ### Organization of Locale Files
 
-When you are using the default SimpleStore shipped with the i18n library, dictionaries are stored in plain-text files on the disc. Putting translations for all parts of your application in one file per locale could be hard to manage. You can store these files in a hierarchy which makes sense to you.
+When you are using the default SimpleStore shipped with the i18n library,
+dictionaries are stored in plain-text files on the disk. Putting translations
+for all parts of your application in one file per locale could be hard to
+manage. You can store these files in a hierarchy which makes sense to you.
 
 For example, your `config/locales` directory could look like this:
 
@@ -485,12 +542,12 @@ NOTE: The default locale loading mechanism in Rails does not load locale files i
 
 ```
 
-Do check the [Rails i18n Wiki](http://rails-i18n.org/wiki) for list of tools available for managing translations.
-
 Overview of the I18n API Features
 ---------------------------------
 
-You should have good understanding of using the i18n library now, knowing all necessary aspects of internationalizing a basic Rails application. In the following chapters, we'll cover it's features in more depth.
+You should have a good understanding of using the i18n library now and know how
+to internationalize a basic Rails application. In the following chapters, we'll
+cover its features in more depth.
 
 These chapters will show examples using both the `I18n.translate` method as well as the [`translate` view helper method](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/TranslationHelper.html#method-i-translate) (noting the additional feature provide by the view helper method).
 
@@ -531,7 +588,7 @@ Thus the following calls are equivalent:
 
 ```ruby
 I18n.t 'activerecord.errors.messages.record_invalid'
-I18n.t 'errors.messages.record_invalid', scope: :active_record
+I18n.t 'errors.messages.record_invalid', scope: :activerecord
 I18n.t :record_invalid, scope: 'activerecord.errors.messages'
 I18n.t :record_invalid, scope: [:activerecord, :errors, :messages]
 ```
@@ -589,20 +646,26 @@ you can look up the `books.index.title` value **inside** `app/views/books/index.
 
 NOTE: Automatic translation scoping by partial is only available from the `translate` view helper method.
 
-### Interpolation
+"Lazy" lookup can also be used in controllers:
 
-In many cases you want to abstract your translations so that **variables can be interpolated into the translation**. For this reason the I18n API provides an interpolation feature.
+```yaml
+en:
+  books:
+    create:
+      success: Book created!
+```
 
-All options besides `:default` and `:scope` that are passed to `#translate` will be interpolated to the translation:
+This is useful for setting flash messages for instance:
 
 ```ruby
-I18n.backend.store_translations :en, thanks: 'Thanks %{name}!'
-I18n.translate :thanks, name: 'Jeremy'
-# => 'Thanks Jeremy!'
+class BooksController < ApplicationController
+  def create
+    # ...
+    redirect_to books_url, notice: t('.success')
+  end
+end
 ```
 
-If a translation uses `:default` or `:scope` as an interpolation variable, an `I18n::ReservedInterpolationKey` exception is raised. If a translation expects an interpolation variable, but this has not been passed to `#translate`, an `I18n::MissingInterpolationArgument` exception is raised.
-
 ### Pluralization
 
 In English there are only one singular and one plural form for a given string, e.g. "1 message" and "2 messages". Other languages ([Arabic](http://unicode.org/repos/cldr-tmp/trunk/diff/supplemental/language_plural_rules.html#ar), [Japanese](http://unicode.org/repos/cldr-tmp/trunk/diff/supplemental/language_plural_rules.html#ja), [Russian](http://unicode.org/repos/cldr-tmp/trunk/diff/supplemental/language_plural_rules.html#ru) and many more) have different grammars that have additional or fewer [plural forms](http://unicode.org/repos/cldr-tmp/trunk/diff/supplemental/language_plural_rules.html). Thus, the I18n API provides a flexible pluralization feature.
@@ -629,7 +692,7 @@ entry[count == 1 ? 0 : 1]
 
 I.e. the translation denoted as `:one` is regarded as singular, the other is used as plural (including the count being zero).
 
-If the lookup for the key does not return a Hash suitable for pluralization, an `18n::InvalidPluralizationData` exception is raised.
+If the lookup for the key does not return a Hash suitable for pluralization, an `I18n::InvalidPluralizationData` exception is raised.
 
 ### Setting and Passing a Locale
 
@@ -677,58 +740,25 @@ en:
 <div><%= t('title.html') %></div>
 ```
 
-NOTE: Automatic conversion to HTML safe translate text is only available from the `translate` view helper method.
-
-![i18n demo html safe](images/i18n/demo_html_safe.png)
-
-How to Store your Custom Translations
--------------------------------------
-
-The Simple backend shipped with Active Support allows you to store translations in both plain Ruby and YAML format.[^2]
-
-For example a Ruby Hash providing translations can look like this:
-
-```ruby
-{
-  pt: {
-    foo: {
-      bar: "baz"
-    }
-  }
-}
-```
-
-The equivalent YAML file would look like this:
+Interpolation escapes as needed though. For example, given:
 
-```ruby
-pt:
-  foo:
-    bar: baz
+```yaml
+en:
+  welcome_html: "<b>Welcome %{username}!</b>"
 ```
 
-As you see, in both cases the top level key is the locale. `:foo` is a namespace key and `:bar` is the key for the translation "baz".
-
-Here is a "real" example from the Active Support `en.yml` translations YAML file:
+you can safely pass the username as set by the user:
 
-```ruby
-en:
-  date:
-    formats:
-      default: "%Y-%m-%d"
-      short: "%b %d"
-      long: "%B %d, %Y"
+```erb
+<%# This is safe, it is going to be escaped if needed. %>
+<%= t('welcome_html', username: @current_user.username) %>
 ```
 
-So, all of the following equivalent lookups will return the `:short` date format `"%b %d"`:
+Safe strings on the other hand are interpolated verbatim.
 
-```ruby
-I18n.t 'date.formats.short'
-I18n.t 'formats.short', scope: :date
-I18n.t :short, scope: 'date.formats'
-I18n.t :short, scope: [:date, :formats]
-```
+NOTE: Automatic conversion to HTML safe translate text is only available from the `translate` view helper method.
 
-Generally we recommend using YAML as a format for storing translations. There are cases, though, where you want to store Ruby lambdas as part of your locale data, e.g. for special date formats.
+![i18n demo html safe](images/i18n/demo_html_safe.png)
 
 ### Translations for Active Record Models
 
@@ -736,7 +766,7 @@ You can use the methods `Model.model_name.human` and `Model.human_attribute_name
 
 For example when you add the following translations:
 
-```ruby
+```yaml
 en:
   activerecord:
     models:
@@ -751,7 +781,7 @@ Then `User.model_name.human` will return "Dude" and `User.human_attribute_name("
 
 You can also set a plural form for model names, adding as following:
 
-```ruby
+```yaml
 en:
   activerecord:
     models:
@@ -762,6 +792,21 @@ en:
 
 Then `User.model_name.human(count: 2)` will return "Dudes". With `count: 1` or without params will return "Dude".
 
+In the event you need to access nested attributes within a given model, you should nest these under `model/attribute` at the model level of your translation file:
+
+```yaml
+en:
+  activerecord:
+    attributes:
+      user/gender:
+        female: "Female"
+        male: "Male"
+```
+
+Then `User.human_attribute_name("gender.female")` will return "Female".
+
+NOTE: If you are using a class which includes `ActiveModel` and does not inherit from `ActiveRecord::Base`, replace `activerecord` with `activemodel` in the above key paths.
+
 #### Error Message Scopes
 
 Active Record validation error messages can also be translated easily. Active Record gives you a couple of namespaces where you can place your message translations in order to provide different messages and translation for certain models, attributes, and/or validations. It also transparently takes single table inheritance into account.
@@ -830,7 +875,7 @@ So, for example, instead of the default error message `"cannot be blank"` you co
 
 | validation   | with option               | message                   | interpolation |
 | ------------ | ------------------------- | ------------------------- | ------------- |
-| confirmation | -                         | :confirmation             | -             |
+| confirmation | -                         | :confirmation             | attribute     |
 | acceptance   | -                         | :accepted                 | -             |
 | presence     | -                         | :blank                    | -             |
 | absence      | -                         | :present                  | -             |
@@ -850,6 +895,7 @@ So, for example, instead of the default error message `"cannot be blank"` you co
 | numericality | :equal_to                 | :equal_to                 | count         |
 | numericality | :less_than                | :less_than                | count         |
 | numericality | :less_than_or_equal_to    | :less_than_or_equal_to    | count         |
+| numericality | :other_than               | :other_than               | count         |
 | numericality | :only_integer             | :not_an_integer           | -             |
 | numericality | :odd                      | :odd                      | -             |
 | numericality | :even                     | :even                     | -             |
@@ -897,6 +943,24 @@ en:
       subject: "Welcome to Rails Guides!"
 ```
 
+To send parameters to interpolation use the `default_i18n_subject` method on the mailer.
+
+```ruby
+# user_mailer.rb
+class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+  def welcome(user)
+    mail(to: user.email, subject: default_i18n_subject(user: user.name))
+  end
+end
+```
+
+```yaml
+en:
+  user_mailer:
+    welcome:
+      subject: "%{user}, welcome to Rails Guides!"
+```
+
 ### Overview of Other Built-In Methods that Provide I18n Support
 
 Rails uses fixed strings and other localizations, such as format strings and other format information in a couple of helpers. Here's a brief overview.
@@ -921,6 +985,55 @@ Rails uses fixed strings and other localizations, such as format strings and oth
 
 * `Array#to_sentence` uses format settings as given in the [support.array](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/activesupport/lib/active_support/locale/en.yml#L33) scope.
 
+How to Store your Custom Translations
+-------------------------------------
+
+The Simple backend shipped with Active Support allows you to store translations in both plain Ruby and YAML format.[^2]
+
+For example a Ruby Hash providing translations can look like this:
+
+```yaml
+{
+  pt: {
+    foo: {
+      bar: "baz"
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+The equivalent YAML file would look like this:
+
+```yaml
+pt:
+  foo:
+    bar: baz
+```
+
+As you see, in both cases the top level key is the locale. `:foo` is a namespace key and `:bar` is the key for the translation "baz".
+
+Here is a "real" example from the Active Support `en.yml` translations YAML file:
+
+```yaml
+en:
+  date:
+    formats:
+      default: "%Y-%m-%d"
+      short: "%b %d"
+      long: "%B %d, %Y"
+```
+
+So, all of the following equivalent lookups will return the `:short` date format `"%b %d"`:
+
+```ruby
+I18n.t 'date.formats.short'
+I18n.t 'formats.short', scope: :date
+I18n.t :short, scope: 'date.formats'
+I18n.t :short, scope: [:date, :formats]
+```
+
+Generally we recommend using YAML as a format for storing translations. There are cases, though, where you want to store Ruby lambdas as part of your locale data, e.g. for special date formats.
+
 Customize your I18n Setup
 -------------------------
 
@@ -963,7 +1076,7 @@ In other contexts you might want to change this behavior, though. E.g. the defau
 module I18n
   class JustRaiseExceptionHandler < ExceptionHandler
     def call(exception, locale, key, options)
-      if exception.is_a?(MissingTranslation)
+      if exception.is_a?(MissingTranslationData)
         raise exception.to_exception
       else
         super
@@ -980,7 +1093,7 @@ This would re-raise only the `MissingTranslationData` exception, passing all oth
 However, if you are using `I18n::Backend::Pluralization` this handler will also raise `I18n::MissingTranslationData: translation missing: en.i18n.plural.rule` exception that should normally be ignored to fall back to the default pluralization rule for English locale. To avoid this you may use additional check for translation key:
 
 ```ruby
-if exception.is_a?(MissingTranslation) && key.to_s != 'i18n.plural.rule'
+if exception.is_a?(MissingTranslationData) && key.to_s != 'i18n.plural.rule'
   raise exception.to_exception
 else
   super
@@ -1006,9 +1119,9 @@ If you find anything missing or wrong in this guide, please file a ticket on our
 Contributing to Rails I18n
 --------------------------
 
-I18n support in Ruby on Rails was introduced in the release 2.2 and is still evolving. The project follows the good Ruby on Rails development tradition of evolving solutions in plugins and real applications first, and only then cherry-picking the best-of-breed of most widely useful features for inclusion in the core.
+I18n support in Ruby on Rails was introduced in the release 2.2 and is still evolving. The project follows the good Ruby on Rails development tradition of evolving solutions in gems and real applications first, and only then cherry-picking the best-of-breed of most widely useful features for inclusion in the core.
 
-Thus we encourage everybody to experiment with new ideas and features in plugins or other libraries and make them available to the community. (Don't forget to announce your work on our [mailing list](http://groups.google.com/group/rails-i18n!))
+Thus we encourage everybody to experiment with new ideas and features in gems or other libraries and make them available to the community. (Don't forget to announce your work on our [mailing list](http://groups.google.com/group/rails-i18n!))
 
 If you find your own locale (language) missing from our [example translations data](https://github.com/svenfuchs/rails-i18n/tree/master/rails/locale) repository for Ruby on Rails, please [_fork_](https://github.com/guides/fork-a-project-and-submit-your-modifications) the repository, add your data and send a [pull request](https://github.com/guides/pull-requests).
 
@@ -1016,7 +1129,6 @@ If you find your own locale (language) missing from our [example translations da
 Resources
 ---------
 
-* [rails-i18n.org](http://rails-i18n.org) - Homepage of the rails-i18n project. You can find lots of useful resources on the [wiki](http://rails-i18n.org/wiki).
 * [Google group: rails-i18n](http://groups.google.com/group/rails-i18n) - The project's mailing list.
 * [GitHub: rails-i18n](https://github.com/svenfuchs/rails-i18n/tree/master) - Code repository for the rails-i18n project. Most importantly you can find lots of [example translations](https://github.com/svenfuchs/rails-i18n/tree/master/rails/locale) for Rails that should work for your application in most cases.
 * [GitHub: i18n](https://github.com/svenfuchs/i18n/tree/master) - Code repository for the i18n gem.
@@ -1027,11 +1139,8 @@ Resources
 Authors
 -------
 
-* [Sven Fuchs](http://www.workingwithrails.com/person/9963-sven-fuchs) (initial author)
-* [Karel Minařík](http://www.workingwithrails.com/person/7476-karel-mina-k)
-
-If you found this guide useful, please consider recommending its authors on [workingwithrails](http://www.workingwithrails.com).
-
+* [Sven Fuchs](http://svenfuchs.com) (initial author)
+* [Karel Minařík](http://www.karmi.cz)
 
 Footnotes
 ---------
diff --git a/guides/source/index.html.erb b/guides/source/index.html.erb
index 57c224c165..2fdf18a2e9 100644
--- a/guides/source/index.html.erb
+++ b/guides/source/index.html.erb
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ Ruby on Rails Guides
 <% content_for :index_section do %>
 <div id="subCol">
   <dl>
+    <dt></dt>
     <dd class="kindle">Rails Guides are also available for <%= link_to 'Kindle', @mobi %>.</dd>
     <dd class="work-in-progress">Guides marked with this icon are currently being worked on and will not be available in the Guides Index menu. While still useful, they may contain incomplete information and even errors. You can help by reviewing them and posting your comments and corrections.</dd>
   </dl>
diff --git a/guides/source/initialization.md b/guides/source/initialization.md
index ec3cec5c6f..7bf7eebb62 100644
--- a/guides/source/initialization.md
+++ b/guides/source/initialization.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 The Rails Initialization Process
 ================================
 
@@ -32,7 +34,7 @@ Launch!
 Let's start to boot and initialize the app. A Rails application is usually
 started by running `rails console` or `rails server`.
 
-### `railties/bin/rails`
+### `railties/exe/rails`
 
 The `rails` in the command `rails server` is a ruby executable in your load
 path. This executable contains the following lines:
@@ -43,7 +45,7 @@ load Gem.bin_path('railties', 'rails', version)
 ```
 
 If you try out this command in a Rails console, you would see that this loads
-`railties/bin/rails`. A part of the file `railties/bin/rails.rb` has the
+`railties/exe/rails`. A part of the file `railties/exe/rails.rb` has the
 following code:
 
 ```ruby
@@ -51,11 +53,11 @@ require "rails/cli"
 ```
 
 The file `railties/lib/rails/cli` in turn calls
-`Rails::AppRailsLoader.exec_app_rails`.
+`Rails::AppLoader.exec_app`.
 
-### `railties/lib/rails/app_rails_loader.rb`
+### `railties/lib/rails/app_loader.rb`
 
-The primary goal of the function `exec_app_rails` is to execute your app's
+The primary goal of the function `exec_app` is to execute your app's
 `bin/rails`. If the current directory does not have a `bin/rails`, it will
 navigate upwards until it finds a `bin/rails` executable. Thus one can invoke a
 `rails` command from anywhere inside a rails application.
@@ -84,10 +86,9 @@ The `APP_PATH` constant will be used later in `rails/commands`. The `config/boot
 `config/boot.rb` contains:
 
 ```ruby
-# Set up gems listed in the Gemfile.
 ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'] ||= File.expand_path('../../Gemfile', __FILE__)
 
-require 'bundler/setup' if File.exist?(ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'])
+require 'bundler/setup' # Set up gems listed in the Gemfile.
 ```
 
 In a standard Rails application, there's a `Gemfile` which declares all
@@ -98,12 +99,13 @@ configure the load path for your Gemfile's dependencies.
 
 A standard Rails application depends on several gems, specifically:
 
-* abstract
 * actionmailer
 * actionpack
+* actionview
 * activemodel
 * activerecord
 * activesupport
+* activejob
 * arel
 * builder
 * bundler
@@ -111,7 +113,6 @@ A standard Rails application depends on several gems, specifically:
 * i18n
 * mail
 * mime-types
-* polyglot
 * rack
 * rack-cache
 * rack-mount
@@ -119,9 +120,8 @@ A standard Rails application depends on several gems, specifically:
 * rails
 * railties
 * rake
-* sqlite3-ruby
+* sqlite3
 * thor
-* treetop
 * tzinfo
 
 ### `rails/commands.rb`
@@ -139,7 +139,8 @@ aliases = {
   "c"  => "console",
   "s"  => "server",
   "db" => "dbconsole",
-  "r"  => "runner"
+  "r"  => "runner",
+  "t"  => "test"
 }
 
 command = ARGV.shift
@@ -158,18 +159,20 @@ defined here to find the matching command.
 
 ### `rails/commands/command_tasks.rb`
 
-When one types an incorrect rails command, the `run_command` is responsible for
-throwing an error message. If the command is valid, a method of the same name
-is called.
+When one types a valid Rails command, `run_command!` a method of the same name
+is called. If Rails doesn't recognize the command, it tries to run a Rake task
+of the same name.
 
 ```ruby
-COMMAND_WHITELIST = %(plugin generate destroy console server dbconsole application runner new version help)
+COMMAND_WHITELIST = %w(plugin generate destroy console server dbconsole application runner new version help)
 
 def run_command!(command)
+  command = parse_command(command)
+
   if COMMAND_WHITELIST.include?(command)
     send(command)
   else
-    write_error_message(command)
+    run_rake_task(command)
   end
 end
 ```
@@ -178,8 +181,7 @@ With the `server` command, Rails will further run the following code:
 
 ```ruby
 def set_application_directory!
-  Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('../../', APP_PATH)) unless
-  File.exist?(File.expand_path("config.ru"))
+  Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('../../', APP_PATH)) unless File.exist?(File.expand_path("config.ru"))
 end
 
 def server
@@ -187,6 +189,8 @@ def server
   require_command!("server")
 
   Rails::Server.new.tap do |server|
+    # We need to require application after the server sets environment,
+    # otherwise the --environment option given to the server won't propagate.
     require APP_PATH
     Dir.chdir(Rails.application.root)
     server.start
@@ -207,6 +211,7 @@ sets up the `Rails::Server` class.
 require 'fileutils'
 require 'optparse'
 require 'action_dispatch'
+require 'rails'
 
 module Rails
   class Server < ::Rack::Server
@@ -273,7 +278,7 @@ def parse_options(args)
   # http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/docs/cgi/cl.html
   args.clear if ENV.include?("REQUEST_METHOD")
 
-  options.merge! opt_parser.parse! args
+  options.merge! opt_parser.parse!(args)
   options[:config] = ::File.expand_path(options[:config])
   ENV["RACK_ENV"] = options[:environment]
   options
@@ -284,18 +289,21 @@ With the `default_options` set to this:
 
 ```ruby
 def default_options
+  environment  = ENV['RACK_ENV'] || 'development'
+  default_host = environment == 'development' ? 'localhost' : '0.0.0.0'
+
   {
-    environment: ENV['RACK_ENV'] || "development",
-    pid:         nil,
-    Port:        9292,
-    Host:        "0.0.0.0",
-    AccessLog:   [],
-    config:      "config.ru"
+    :environment => environment,
+    :pid         => nil,
+    :Port        => 9292,
+    :Host        => default_host,
+    :AccessLog   => [],
+    :config      => "config.ru"
   }
 end
 ```
 
-There is no `REQUEST_METHOD` key in `ENV` so we can skip over that line. The next line merges in the options from `opt_parser` which is defined plainly in `Rack::Server`
+There is no `REQUEST_METHOD` key in `ENV` so we can skip over that line. The next line merges in the options from `opt_parser` which is defined plainly in `Rack::Server`:
 
 ```ruby
 def opt_parser
@@ -348,11 +356,12 @@ private
   def print_boot_information
     ...
     puts "=> Run `rails server -h` for more startup options"
+    ...
     puts "=> Ctrl-C to shutdown server" unless options[:daemonize]
   end
 
   def create_tmp_directories
-    %w(cache pids sessions sockets).each do |dir_to_make|
+    %w(cache pids sockets).each do |dir_to_make|
       FileUtils.mkdir_p(File.join(Rails.root, 'tmp', dir_to_make))
     end
   end
@@ -368,13 +377,12 @@ private
   end
 ```
 
-This is where the first output of the Rails initialization happens. This
-method creates a trap for `INT` signals, so if you `CTRL-C` the server,
-it will exit the process. As we can see from the code here, it will
-create the `tmp/cache`, `tmp/pids`, `tmp/sessions` and `tmp/sockets`
-directories. It then calls `wrapped_app` which is responsible for
-creating the Rack app, before creating and assigning an
-instance of `ActiveSupport::Logger`.
+This is where the first output of the Rails initialization happens. This method
+creates a trap for `INT` signals, so if you `CTRL-C` the server, it will exit the
+process. As we can see from the code here, it will create the `tmp/cache`,
+`tmp/pids`, and `tmp/sockets` directories. It then calls `wrapped_app` which is
+responsible for creating the Rack app, before creating and assigning an instance
+of `ActiveSupport::Logger`.
 
 The `super` method will call `Rack::Server.start` which begins its definition like this:
 
@@ -434,7 +442,11 @@ The `app` method here is defined like so:
 
 ```ruby
 def app
-  @app ||= begin
+  @app ||= options[:builder] ? build_app_from_string : build_app_and_options_from_config
+end
+...
+private
+  def build_app_and_options_from_config
     if !::File.exist? options[:config]
       abort "configuration #{options[:config]} not found"
     end
@@ -443,7 +455,10 @@ def app
     self.options.merge! options
     app
   end
-end
+
+  def build_app_from_string
+    Rack::Builder.new_from_string(self.options[:builder])
+  end
 ```
 
 The `options[:config]` value defaults to `config.ru` which contains this:
@@ -459,8 +474,14 @@ run <%= app_const %>
 The `Rack::Builder.parse_file` method here takes the content from this `config.ru` file and parses it using this code:
 
 ```ruby
-app = eval "Rack::Builder.new {( " + cfgfile + "\n )}.to_app",
-    TOPLEVEL_BINDING, config
+app = new_from_string cfgfile, config
+
+...
+
+def self.new_from_string(builder_script, file="(rackup)")
+  eval "Rack::Builder.new {\n" + builder_script + "\n}.to_app",
+    TOPLEVEL_BINDING, file, 0
+end
 ```
 
 The `initialize` method of `Rack::Builder` will take the block here and execute it within an instance of `Rack::Builder`. This is where the majority of the initialization process of Rails happens. The `require` line for `config/environment.rb` in `config.ru` is the first to run:
@@ -473,11 +494,22 @@ require ::File.expand_path('../config/environment', __FILE__)
 
 This file is the common file required by `config.ru` (`rails server`) and Passenger. This is where these two ways to run the server meet; everything before this point has been Rack and Rails setup.
 
-This file begins with requiring `config/application.rb`.
+This file begins with requiring `config/application.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+require File.expand_path('../application', __FILE__)
+```
 
 ### `config/application.rb`
 
-This file requires `config/boot.rb`, but only if it hasn't been required before, which would be the case in `rails server` but **wouldn't** be the case with Passenger.
+This file requires `config/boot.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+require File.expand_path('../boot', __FILE__)
+```
+
+But only if it hasn't been required before, which would be the case in `rails server`
+but **wouldn't** be the case with Passenger.
 
 Then the fun begins!
 
@@ -498,11 +530,13 @@ This file is responsible for requiring all the individual frameworks of Rails:
 require "rails"
 
 %w(
-    active_record
-    action_controller
-    action_mailer
-    rails/test_unit
-    sprockets
+  active_record
+  action_controller
+  action_view
+  action_mailer
+  active_job
+  rails/test_unit
+  sprockets
 ).each do |framework|
   begin
     require "#{framework}/railtie"
@@ -524,10 +558,9 @@ I18n and Rails configuration are all being defined here.
 The rest of `config/application.rb` defines the configuration for the
 `Rails::Application` which will be used once the application is fully
 initialized. When `config/application.rb` has finished loading Rails and defined
-the application namespace, we go back to `config/environment.rb`,
-where the application is initialized. For example, if the application was called
-`Blog`, here we would find `Blog::Application.initialize!`, which is
-defined in `rails/application.rb`
+the application namespace, we go back to `config/environment.rb`. Here, the
+application is initialized with `Rails.application.initialize!`, which is
+defined in `rails/application.rb`.
 
 ### `railties/lib/rails/application.rb`
 
@@ -543,7 +576,7 @@ end
 ```
 
 As you can see, you can only initialize an app once. The initializers are run through
-the `run_initializers` method which is defined in `railties/lib/rails/initializable.rb`
+the `run_initializers` method which is defined in `railties/lib/rails/initializable.rb`:
 
 ```ruby
 def run_initializers(group=:default, *args)
@@ -555,7 +588,7 @@ def run_initializers(group=:default, *args)
 end
 ```
 
-The run_initializers code itself is tricky. What Rails is doing here is
+The `run_initializers` code itself is tricky. What Rails is doing here is
 traversing all the class ancestors looking for those that respond to an
 `initializers` method. It then sorts the ancestors by name, and runs them.
 For example, the `Engine` class will make all the engines available by
@@ -568,7 +601,7 @@ initializers (like building the middleware stack) are run last. The `railtie`
 initializers are the initializers which have been defined on the `Rails::Application`
 itself and are run between the `bootstrap` and `finishers`.
 
-After this is done we go back to `Rack::Server`
+After this is done we go back to `Rack::Server`.
 
 ### Rack: lib/rack/server.rb
 
@@ -576,7 +609,11 @@ Last time we left when the `app` method was being defined:
 
 ```ruby
 def app
-  @app ||= begin
+  @app ||= options[:builder] ? build_app_from_string : build_app_and_options_from_config
+end
+...
+private
+  def build_app_and_options_from_config
     if !::File.exist? options[:config]
       abort "configuration #{options[:config]} not found"
     end
@@ -585,7 +622,10 @@ def app
     self.options.merge! options
     app
   end
-end
+
+  def build_app_from_string
+    Rack::Builder.new_from_string(self.options[:builder])
+  end
 ```
 
 At this point `app` is the Rails app itself (a middleware), and what
@@ -603,7 +643,7 @@ def build_app(app)
 end
 ```
 
-Remember, `build_app` was called (by wrapped_app) in the last line of `Server#start`.
+Remember, `build_app` was called (by `wrapped_app`) in the last line of `Server#start`.
 Here's how it looked like when we left:
 
 ```ruby
@@ -611,40 +651,50 @@ server.run wrapped_app, options, &blk
 ```
 
 At this point, the implementation of `server.run` will depend on the
-server you're using. For example, if you were using Mongrel, here's what
+server you're using. For example, if you were using Puma, here's what
 the `run` method would look like:
 
 ```ruby
-def self.run(app, options={})
-  server = ::Mongrel::HttpServer.new(
-    options[:Host]           || '0.0.0.0',
-    options[:Port]           || 8080,
-    options[:num_processors] || 950,
-    options[:throttle]       || 0,
-    options[:timeout]        || 60)
-  # Acts like Rack::URLMap, utilizing Mongrel's own path finding methods.
-  # Use is similar to #run, replacing the app argument with a hash of
-  # { path=>app, ... } or an instance of Rack::URLMap.
-  if options[:map]
-    if app.is_a? Hash
-      app.each do |path, appl|
-        path = '/'+path unless path[0] == ?/
-        server.register(path, Rack::Handler::Mongrel.new(appl))
-      end
-    elsif app.is_a? URLMap
-      app.instance_variable_get(:@mapping).each do |(host, path, appl)|
-       next if !host.nil? && !options[:Host].nil? && options[:Host] != host
-       path = '/'+path unless path[0] == ?/
-       server.register(path, Rack::Handler::Mongrel.new(appl))
-      end
-    else
-      raise ArgumentError, "first argument should be a Hash or URLMap"
-    end
-  else
-    server.register('/', Rack::Handler::Mongrel.new(app))
+...
+DEFAULT_OPTIONS = {
+  :Host => '0.0.0.0',
+  :Port => 8080,
+  :Threads => '0:16',
+  :Verbose => false
+}
+
+def self.run(app, options = {})
+  options  = DEFAULT_OPTIONS.merge(options)
+
+  if options[:Verbose]
+    app = Rack::CommonLogger.new(app, STDOUT)
   end
+
+  if options[:environment]
+    ENV['RACK_ENV'] = options[:environment].to_s
+  end
+
+  server   = ::Puma::Server.new(app)
+  min, max = options[:Threads].split(':', 2)
+
+  puts "Puma #{::Puma::Const::PUMA_VERSION} starting..."
+  puts "* Min threads: #{min}, max threads: #{max}"
+  puts "* Environment: #{ENV['RACK_ENV']}"
+  puts "* Listening on tcp://#{options[:Host]}:#{options[:Port]}"
+
+  server.add_tcp_listener options[:Host], options[:Port]
+  server.min_threads = min
+  server.max_threads = max
   yield server if block_given?
-  server.run.join
+
+  begin
+    server.run.join
+  rescue Interrupt
+    puts "* Gracefully stopping, waiting for requests to finish"
+    server.stop(true)
+    puts "* Goodbye!"
+  end
+
 end
 ```
 
diff --git a/guides/source/kindle/layout.html.erb b/guides/source/kindle/layout.html.erb
index f0a286210b..fd8746776b 100644
--- a/guides/source/kindle/layout.html.erb
+++ b/guides/source/kindle/layout.html.erb
@@ -14,12 +14,12 @@
 
   <% if content_for? :header_section %>
     <%= yield :header_section %>
-    <div class="pagebreak">
+    <div class="pagebreak"></div>
   <% end %>
 
   <% if content_for? :index_section %>
     <%= yield :index_section %>
-    <div class="pagebreak">
+    <div class="pagebreak"></div>
   <% end %>
 
   <%= yield.html_safe %>
diff --git a/guides/source/kindle/toc.ncx.erb b/guides/source/kindle/toc.ncx.erb
index 2c6d8e3bdf..5094fea4ca 100644
--- a/guides/source/kindle/toc.ncx.erb
+++ b/guides/source/kindle/toc.ncx.erb
@@ -32,12 +32,12 @@
       </navPoint>
       <navPoint class="article" id="credits" playOrder="3">
         <navLabel><text>Credits</text></navLabel>
-        <content src="credits.html">
+        <content src="credits.html"/>
       </navPoint>
       <navPoint class="article" id="copyright" playOrder="4">
         <navLabel><text>Copyright &amp; License</text></navLabel>
-        <content src="copyright.html">
-      </navPoint> 
+        <content src="copyright.html"/>
+      </navPoint>
     </navPoint>
 
     <% play_order = 4 %>
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
           <text><%= section['name'] %></text>
         </navLabel>
         <content src="<%=section['documents'].first['url'] %>"/>
-        
+
         <% section['documents'].each_with_index do |document, document_no| %>
           <navPoint class="article" id="_<%=section_no+1%>.<%=document_no+1%>" playOrder="<%=play_order +=1 %>">
             <navLabel>
diff --git a/guides/source/kindle/welcome.html.erb b/guides/source/kindle/welcome.html.erb
index 610a71570f..ef3397f58f 100644
--- a/guides/source/kindle/welcome.html.erb
+++ b/guides/source/kindle/welcome.html.erb
@@ -2,4 +2,6 @@
 
 <h3>Kindle Edition</h3>
 
-The Kindle Edition of the Rails Guides should be considered a work in progress. Feedback is really welcome. Please see the "Feedback" section at the end of each guide for instructions.
+<div>
+  The Kindle Edition of the Rails Guides should be considered a work in progress. Feedback is really welcome. Please see the "Feedback" section at the end of each guide for instructions.
+</div>
diff --git a/guides/source/layout.html.erb b/guides/source/layout.html.erb
index 1ac4e7f40c..1005057ca9 100644
--- a/guides/source/layout.html.erb
+++ b/guides/source/layout.html.erb
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
-    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+<!DOCTYPE html>
 
 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
 <head>
@@ -36,7 +35,6 @@
         <li class="more-info"><a href="https://github.com/rails/rails">Code</a></li>
         <li class="more-info"><a href="http://rubyonrails.org/screencasts">Screencasts</a></li>
         <li class="more-info"><a href="http://rubyonrails.org/documentation">Documentation</a></li>
-        <li class="more-info"><a href="http://rubyonrails.org/ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li>
         <li class="more-info"><a href="http://rubyonrails.org/community">Community</a></li>
         <li class="more-info"><a href="http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/">Blog</a></li>
       </ul>
@@ -78,7 +76,6 @@
           </select>
         </li>
       </ul>
-      </div>
     </div>
   </div>
   <hr class="hide" />
diff --git a/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.md b/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.md
index 66ed6f2e08..71cc030f6a 100644
--- a/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.md
+++ b/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Layouts and Rendering in Rails
 ==============================
 
@@ -101,34 +103,6 @@ In most cases, the `ActionController::Base#render` method does the heavy lifting
 
 TIP: If you want to see the exact results of a call to `render` without needing to inspect it in a browser, you can call `render_to_string`. This method takes exactly the same options as `render`, but it returns a string instead of sending a response back to the browser.
 
-#### Rendering Nothing
-
-Perhaps the simplest thing you can do with `render` is to render nothing at all:
-
-```ruby
-render nothing: true
-```
-
-If you look at the response for this using cURL, you will see the following:
-
-```bash
-$ curl -i 127.0.0.1:3000/books
-HTTP/1.1 200 OK
-Connection: close
-Date: Sun, 24 Jan 2010 09:25:18 GMT
-Transfer-Encoding: chunked
-Content-Type: */*; charset=utf-8
-X-Runtime: 0.014297
-Set-Cookie: _blog_session=...snip...; path=/; HttpOnly
-Cache-Control: no-cache
-
-$
-```
-
-We see there is an empty response (no data after the `Cache-Control` line), but the request was successful because Rails has set the response to 200 OK. You can set the `:status` option on render to change this response. Rendering nothing can be useful for Ajax requests where all you want to send back to the browser is an acknowledgment that the request was completed.
-
-TIP: You should probably be using the `head` method, discussed later in this guide, instead of `render :nothing`. This provides additional flexibility and makes it explicit that you're only generating HTTP headers.
-
 #### Rendering an Action's View
 
 If you want to render the view that corresponds to a different template within the same controller, you can use `render` with the name of the view:
@@ -189,7 +163,7 @@ render file: "/u/apps/warehouse_app/current/app/views/products/show"
 
 The `:file` option takes an absolute file-system path. Of course, you need to have rights to the view that you're using to render the content.
 
-NOTE: By default, the file is rendered without using the current layout. If you want Rails to put the file into the current layout, you need to add the `layout: true` option.
+NOTE: By default, the file is rendered using the current layout.
 
 TIP: If you're running Rails on Microsoft Windows, you should use the `:file` option to render a file, because Windows filenames do not have the same format as Unix filenames.
 
@@ -248,11 +222,12 @@ service requests that are expecting something other than proper HTML.
 
 NOTE: By default, if you use the `:plain` option, the text is rendered without
 using the current layout. If you want Rails to put the text into the current
-layout, you need to add the `layout: true` option.
+layout, you need to add the `layout: true` option and use the `.txt.erb`
+extension for the layout file.
 
 #### Rendering HTML
 
-You can send a HTML string back to the browser by using the `:html` option to
+You can send an HTML string back to the browser by using the `:html` option to
 `render`:
 
 ```ruby
@@ -263,7 +238,7 @@ TIP: This is useful when you're rendering a small snippet of HTML code.
 However, you might want to consider moving it to a template file if the markup
 is complex.
 
-NOTE: This option will escape HTML entities if the string is not html safe.
+NOTE: This option will escape HTML entities if the string is not HTML safe.
 
 #### Rendering JSON
 
@@ -304,18 +279,22 @@ type, by using the `:body` option to `render`:
 render body: "raw"
 ```
 
-TIP: This option should be used only if you explicitly want the content type to
-be unset. Using `:plain` or `:html` might be more appropriate in most of the
+TIP: This option should be used only if you don't care about the content type of
+the response. Using `:plain` or `:html` might be more appropriate most of the
 time.
 
+NOTE: Unless overridden, your response returned from this render option will be
+`text/html`, as that is the default content type of Action Dispatch response.
+
 #### Options for `render`
 
-Calls to the `render` method generally accept four options:
+Calls to the `render` method generally accept five options:
 
 * `:content_type`
 * `:layout`
 * `:location`
 * `:status`
+* `:formats`
 
 ##### The `:content_type` Option
 
@@ -381,7 +360,6 @@ Rails understands both numeric status codes and the corresponding symbols shown
 |                     | 303              | :see_other                       |
 |                     | 304              | :not_modified                    |
 |                     | 305              | :use_proxy                       |
-|                     | 306              | :reserved                        |
 |                     | 307              | :temporary_redirect              |
 |                     | 308              | :permanent_redirect              |
 | **Client Error**    | 400              | :bad_request                     |
@@ -397,10 +375,10 @@ Rails understands both numeric status codes and the corresponding symbols shown
 |                     | 410              | :gone                            |
 |                     | 411              | :length_required                 |
 |                     | 412              | :precondition_failed             |
-|                     | 413              | :request_entity_too_large        |
-|                     | 414              | :request_uri_too_long            |
+|                     | 413              | :payload_too_large               |
+|                     | 414              | :uri_too_long                    |
 |                     | 415              | :unsupported_media_type          |
-|                     | 416              | :requested_range_not_satisfiable |
+|                     | 416              | :range_not_satisfiable           |
 |                     | 417              | :expectation_failed              |
 |                     | 422              | :unprocessable_entity            |
 |                     | 423              | :locked                          |
@@ -421,6 +399,19 @@ Rails understands both numeric status codes and the corresponding symbols shown
 |                     | 510              | :not_extended                    |
 |                     | 511              | :network_authentication_required |
 
+NOTE:  If you try to render content along with a non-content status code
+(100-199, 204, 205 or 304), it will be dropped from the response.
+
+##### The `:formats` Option
+
+Rails uses the format specified in the request (or `:html` by default). You can
+change this passing the `:formats` option with a symbol or an array:
+
+```ruby
+render formats: :xml
+render formats: [:json, :xml]
+```
+
 #### Finding Layouts
 
 To find the current layout, Rails first looks for a file in `app/views/layouts` with the same base name as the controller. For example, rendering actions from the `PhotosController` class will use `app/views/layouts/photos.html.erb` (or `app/views/layouts/photos.builder`). If there is no such controller-specific layout, Rails will use `app/views/layouts/application.html.erb` or `app/views/layouts/application.builder`. If there is no `.erb` layout, Rails will use a `.builder` layout if one exists. Rails also provides several ways to more precisely assign specific layouts to individual controllers and actions.
@@ -503,33 +494,33 @@ Layout declarations cascade downward in the hierarchy, and more specific layout
     end
     ```
 
-* `posts_controller.rb`
+* `articles_controller.rb`
 
     ```ruby
-    class PostsController < ApplicationController
+    class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
     end
     ```
 
-* `special_posts_controller.rb`
+* `special_articles_controller.rb`
 
     ```ruby
-    class SpecialPostsController < PostsController
+    class SpecialArticlesController < ArticlesController
       layout "special"
     end
     ```
 
-* `old_posts_controller.rb`
+* `old_articles_controller.rb`
 
     ```ruby
-    class OldPostsController < SpecialPostsController
+    class OldArticlesController < SpecialArticlesController
       layout false
 
       def show
-        @post = Post.find(params[:id])
+        @article = Article.find(params[:id])
       end
 
       def index
-        @old_posts = Post.older
+        @old_articles = Article.older
         render layout: "old"
       end
       # ...
@@ -539,10 +530,46 @@ Layout declarations cascade downward in the hierarchy, and more specific layout
 In this application:
 
 * In general, views will be rendered in the `main` layout
-* `PostsController#index` will use the `main` layout
-* `SpecialPostsController#index` will use the `special` layout
-* `OldPostsController#show` will use no layout at all
-* `OldPostsController#index` will use the `old` layout
+* `ArticlesController#index` will use the `main` layout
+* `SpecialArticlesController#index` will use the `special` layout
+* `OldArticlesController#show` will use no layout at all
+* `OldArticlesController#index` will use the `old` layout
+
+##### Template Inheritance
+
+Similar to the Layout Inheritance logic, if a template or partial is not found in the conventional path, the controller will look for a template or partial to render in its inheritance chain. For example:
+
+```ruby
+# in app/controllers/application_controller
+class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
+end
+
+# in app/controllers/admin_controller
+class AdminController < ApplicationController
+end
+
+# in app/controllers/admin/products_controller
+class Admin::ProductsController < AdminController
+  def index
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The lookup order for a `admin/products#index` action will be:
+
+* `app/views/admin/products/`
+* `app/views/admin/`
+* `app/views/application/`
+
+This makes `app/views/application/` a great place for your shared partials, which can then be rendered in your ERB as such:
+
+```erb
+<%# app/views/admin/products/index.html.erb %>
+<%= render @products || "empty_list" %>
+
+<%# app/views/application/_empty_list.html.erb %>
+There are no items in this list <em>yet</em>.
+```
 
 #### Avoiding Double Render Errors
 
@@ -754,7 +781,7 @@ The `javascript_include_tag` helper returns an HTML `script` tag for each source
 
 If you are using Rails with the [Asset Pipeline](asset_pipeline.html) enabled, this helper will generate a link to `/assets/javascripts/` rather than `public/javascripts` which was used in earlier versions of Rails. This link is then served by the asset pipeline.
 
-A JavaScript file within a Rails application or Rails engine goes in one of three locations: `app/assets`, `lib/assets` or `vendor/assets`. These locations are explained in detail in the [Asset Organization section in the Asset Pipeline Guide](asset_pipeline.html#asset-organization)
+A JavaScript file within a Rails application or Rails engine goes in one of three locations: `app/assets`, `lib/assets` or `vendor/assets`. These locations are explained in detail in the [Asset Organization section in the Asset Pipeline Guide](asset_pipeline.html#asset-organization).
 
 You can specify a full path relative to the document root, or a URL, if you prefer. For example, to link to a JavaScript file that is inside a directory called `javascripts` inside of one of `app/assets`, `lib/assets` or `vendor/assets`, you would do this:
 
@@ -900,7 +927,10 @@ You can also specify multiple videos to play by passing an array of videos to th
 This will produce:
 
 ```erb
-<video><source src="trailer.ogg" /><source src="movie.ogg" /></video>
+<video>
+  <source src="/videos/trailer.ogg">
+  <source src="/videos/movie.ogg">
+</video>
 ```
 
 #### Linking to Audio Files with the `audio_tag`
@@ -1016,7 +1046,48 @@ One way to use partials is to treat them as the equivalent of subroutines: as a
 <%= render "shared/footer" %>
 ```
 
-Here, the `_ad_banner.html.erb` and `_footer.html.erb` partials could contain content that is shared among many pages in your application. You don't need to see the details of these sections when you're concentrating on a particular page.
+Here, the `_ad_banner.html.erb` and `_footer.html.erb` partials could contain
+content that is shared by many pages in your application. You don't need to see
+the details of these sections when you're concentrating on a particular page.
+
+As seen in the previous sections of this guide, `yield` is a very powerful tool
+for cleaning up your layouts. Keep in mind that it's pure Ruby, so you can use
+it almost everywhere. For example, we can use it to DRY up form layout
+definitions for several similar resources:
+
+* `users/index.html.erb`
+
+    ```html+erb
+    <%= render "shared/search_filters", search: @q do |f| %>
+      <p>
+        Name contains: <%= f.text_field :name_contains %>
+      </p>
+    <% end %>
+    ```
+
+* `roles/index.html.erb`
+
+    ```html+erb
+    <%= render "shared/search_filters", search: @q do |f| %>
+      <p>
+        Title contains: <%= f.text_field :title_contains %>
+      </p>
+    <% end %>
+    ```
+
+* `shared/_search_filters.html.erb`
+
+    ```html+erb
+    <%= form_for(@q) do |f| %>
+      <h1>Search form:</h1>
+      <fieldset>
+        <%= yield f %>
+      </fieldset>
+      <p>
+        <%= f.submit "Search" %>
+      </p>
+    <% end %>
+    ```
 
 TIP: For content that is shared among all pages in your application, you can use partials directly from layouts.
 
@@ -1066,6 +1137,36 @@ You can also pass local variables into partials, making them even more powerful
 
 Although the same partial will be rendered into both views, Action View's submit helper will return "Create Zone" for the new action and "Update Zone" for the edit action.
 
+To pass a local variable to a partial in only specific cases use the `local_assigns`.
+
+* `index.html.erb`
+
+  ```erb
+  <%= render user.articles %>
+  ```
+
+* `show.html.erb`
+
+  ```erb
+  <%= render article, full: true %>
+  ```
+
+* `_articles.html.erb`
+
+  ```erb
+  <%= content_tag_for :article, article do |article| %>
+    <h2><%= article.title %></h2>
+
+    <% if local_assigns[:full] %>
+      <%= simple_format article.body %>
+    <% else %>
+      <%= truncate article.body %>
+    <% end %>
+  <% end %>
+  ```
+
+This way it is possible to use the partial without the need to declare all local variables.
+
 Every partial also has a local variable with the same name as the partial (minus the underscore). You can pass an object in to this local variable via the `:object` option:
 
 ```erb
diff --git a/guides/source/maintenance_policy.md b/guides/source/maintenance_policy.md
index 93729c6f72..50308f505a 100644
--- a/guides/source/maintenance_policy.md
+++ b/guides/source/maintenance_policy.md
@@ -1,12 +1,33 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Maintenance Policy for Ruby on Rails
 ====================================
 
 Support of the Rails framework is divided into four groups: New features, bug
 fixes, security issues, and severe security issues. They are handled as
-follows, all versions in x.y.z format
+follows, all versions in `X.Y.Z` format.
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+Rails follows a shifted version of [semver](http://semver.org/):
+
+**Patch `Z`**
+
+Only bug fixes, no API changes, no new features.
+Except as necessary for security fixes.
+
+**Minor `Y`**
+
+New features, may contain API changes (Serve as major versions of Semver).
+Breaking changes are paired with deprecation notices in the previous minor
+or major release.
+
+**Major `X`**
+
+New features, will likely contain API changes. The difference between Rails'
+minor and major releases is the magnitude of breaking changes, and usually
+reserved for special occasions.
+
 New Features
 ------------
 
@@ -20,7 +41,10 @@ Only the latest release series will receive bug fixes. When enough bugs are
 fixed and its deemed worthy to release a new gem, this is the branch it happens
 from.
 
-**Currently included series:** 4.0.z
+In special situations, where someone from the Core Team agrees to support more series,
+they are included in the list of supported series.
+
+**Currently included series:** `4.2.Z`, `4.1.Z` (Supported by Rafael França).
 
 Security Issues
 ---------------
@@ -35,7 +59,7 @@ be built from 1.2.2, and then added to the end of 1-2-stable. This means that
 security releases are easy to upgrade to if you're running the latest version
 of Rails.
 
-**Currently included series:** 4.0.z, 3.2.z
+**Currently included series:** `4.2.Z`, `4.1.Z`.
 
 Severe Security Issues
 ----------------------
@@ -44,7 +68,7 @@ For severe security issues we will provide new versions as above, and also the
 last major release series will receive patches and new versions. The
 classification of the security issue is judged by the core team.
 
-**Currently included series:** 4.0.z, 3.2.z
+**Currently included series:** `4.2.Z`, `4.1.Z`, `3.2.Z`.
 
 Unsupported Release Series
 --------------------------
diff --git a/guides/source/nested_model_forms.md b/guides/source/nested_model_forms.md
index 855fab18e3..121cf2b185 100644
--- a/guides/source/nested_model_forms.md
+++ b/guides/source/nested_model_forms.md
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-Rails nested model forms
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
+Rails Nested Model Forms
 ========================
 
 Creating a form for a model _and_ its associations can become quite tedious. Therefore Rails provides helpers to assist in dealing with the complexities of generating these forms _and_ the required CRUD operations to create, update, and destroy associations.
@@ -17,9 +19,9 @@ Model setup
 
 To be able to use the nested model functionality in your forms, the model will need to support some basic operations.
 
-First of all, it needs to define a writer method for the attribute that corresponds to the association you are building a nested model form for. The `fields_for` form helper will look for this method to decide whether or not a nested model form should be build.
+First of all, it needs to define a writer method for the attribute that corresponds to the association you are building a nested model form for. The `fields_for` form helper will look for this method to decide whether or not a nested model form should be built.
 
-If the associated object is an array a form builder will be yielded for each object, else only a single form builder will be yielded.
+If the associated object is an array, a form builder will be yielded for each object, else only a single form builder will be yielded.
 
 Consider a Person model with an associated Address. When asked to yield a nested FormBuilder for the `:address` attribute, the `fields_for` form helper will look for a method on the Person instance named `address_attributes=`.
 
@@ -54,6 +56,9 @@ class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 ```
 
+NOTE: For greater detail on associations see [Active Record Associations](association_basics.html).
+For a complete reference on associations please visit the API documentation for [ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/Associations/ClassMethods.html).
+
 ### Custom model
 
 As you might have inflected from this explanation, you _don't_ necessarily need an ActiveRecord::Base model to use this functionality. The following examples are sufficient to enable the nested model form behavior:
@@ -101,7 +106,7 @@ Consider the following typical RESTful controller which will prepare a new Perso
 class PeopleController < ApplicationController
   def new
     @person = Person.new
-    @person.built_address
+    @person.build_address
     2.times { @person.projects.build }
   end
 
@@ -220,6 +225,6 @@ As you can see it has generated 2 `project name` inputs, one for each new `proje
 
 You can basically see the `projects_attributes` hash as an array of attribute hashes, one for each model instance.
 
-NOTE: The reason that `fields_for` constructed a form which would result in a hash instead of an array is that it won't work for any forms nested deeper than one level deep.
+NOTE: The reason that `fields_for` constructed a hash instead of an array is that it won't work for any form nested deeper than one level deep.
 
 TIP: You _can_ however pass an array to the writer method generated by `accepts_nested_attributes_for` if you're using plain Ruby or some other API access. See (TODO) for more info and example.
diff --git a/guides/source/plugins.md b/guides/source/plugins.md
index fe4215839f..922bbb4f73 100644
--- a/guides/source/plugins.md
+++ b/guides/source/plugins.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 The Basics of Creating Rails Plugins
 ====================================
 
@@ -45,7 +47,7 @@ $ rails plugin new yaffle
 See usage and options by asking for help:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails plugin --help
+$ rails plugin new --help
 ```
 
 Testing Your Newly Generated Plugin
@@ -57,7 +59,7 @@ You can navigate to the directory that contains the plugin, run the `bundle inst
 You should see:
 
 ```bash
-  2 tests, 2 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
+  1 runs, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
 ```
 
 This will tell you that everything got generated properly and you are ready to start adding functionality.
@@ -85,9 +87,9 @@ Run `rake` to run the test. This test should fail because we haven't implemented
 
 ```bash
     1) Error:
-  test_to_squawk_prepends_the_word_squawk(CoreExtTest):
-  NoMethodError: undefined method `to_squawk' for [Hello World](String)
-      test/core_ext_test.rb:5:in `test_to_squawk_prepends_the_word_squawk'
+  CoreExtTest#test_to_squawk_prepends_the_word_squawk:
+  NoMethodError: undefined method `to_squawk' for "Hello World":String
+    /path/to/yaffle/test/core_ext_test.rb:5:in `test_to_squawk_prepends_the_word_squawk'
 ```
 
 Great - now you are ready to start development.
@@ -118,13 +120,13 @@ end
 To test that your method does what it says it does, run the unit tests with `rake` from your plugin directory.
 
 ```bash
-  3 tests, 3 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
+  2 runs, 2 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
 ```
 
 To see this in action, change to the test/dummy directory, fire up a console and start squawking:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails console
+$ bin/rails console
 >> "Hello World".to_squawk
 => "squawk! Hello World"
 ```
@@ -196,16 +198,16 @@ When you run `rake`, you should see the following:
 
 ```
     1) Error:
-  test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk(ActsAsYaffleTest):
+  ActsAsYaffleTest#test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk:
   NameError: uninitialized constant ActsAsYaffleTest::Hickwall
-      test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:6:in `test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk'
+    /path/to/yaffle/test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:6:in `test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk'
 
     2) Error:
-  test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet(ActsAsYaffleTest):
+  ActsAsYaffleTest#test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet:
   NameError: uninitialized constant ActsAsYaffleTest::Wickwall
-      test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:10:in `test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet'
+    /path/to/yaffle/test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:10:in `test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet'
 
-  5 tests, 3 assertions, 0 failures, 2 errors, 0 skips
+  4 runs, 2 assertions, 0 failures, 2 errors, 0 skips
 ```
 
 This tells us that we don't have the necessary models (Hickwall and Wickwall) that we are trying to test.
@@ -214,8 +216,8 @@ test/dummy directory:
 
 ```bash
 $ cd test/dummy
-$ rails generate model Hickwall last_squawk:string
-$ rails generate model Wickwall last_squawk:string last_tweet:string
+$ bin/rails generate model Hickwall last_squawk:string
+$ bin/rails generate model Wickwall last_squawk:string last_tweet:string
 ```
 
 Now you can create the necessary database tables in your testing database by navigating to your dummy app
@@ -223,7 +225,7 @@ and migrating the database. First, run:
 
 ```bash
 $ cd test/dummy
-$ rake db:migrate
+$ bin/rake db:migrate
 ```
 
 While you are here, change the Hickwall and Wickwall models so that they know that they are supposed to act
@@ -263,25 +265,25 @@ module Yaffle
   end
 end
 
-ActiveRecord::Base.send :include, Yaffle::ActsAsYaffle
+ActiveRecord::Base.include(Yaffle::ActsAsYaffle)
 ```
 
 You can then return to the root directory (`cd ../..`) of your plugin and rerun the tests using `rake`.
 
 ```
     1) Error:
-  test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk(ActsAsYaffleTest):
-  NoMethodError: undefined method `yaffle_text_field' for #<Class:0x000001016661b8>
-      /Users/xxx/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p136@xxx/gems/activerecord-3.0.3/lib/active_record/base.rb:1008:in `method_missing'
-      test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:5:in `test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk'
+  ActsAsYaffleTest#test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk:
+  NoMethodError: undefined method `yaffle_text_field' for #<Class:0x007fd105e3b218>
+    activerecord (4.1.5) lib/active_record/dynamic_matchers.rb:26:in `method_missing'
+    /path/to/yaffle/test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:6:in `test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk'
 
     2) Error:
-  test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet(ActsAsYaffleTest):
-  NoMethodError: undefined method `yaffle_text_field' for #<Class:0x00000101653748>
-      Users/xxx/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p136@xxx/gems/activerecord-3.0.3/lib/active_record/base.rb:1008:in `method_missing'
-      test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:9:in `test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet'
+  ActsAsYaffleTest#test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet:
+  NoMethodError: undefined method `yaffle_text_field' for #<Class:0x007fd105e409c0>
+    activerecord (4.1.5) lib/active_record/dynamic_matchers.rb:26:in `method_missing'
+    /path/to/yaffle/test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:10:in `test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet'  
 
-  5 tests, 3 assertions, 0 failures, 2 errors, 0 skips
+  4 runs, 2 assertions, 0 failures, 2 errors, 0 skips
 
 ```
 
@@ -292,7 +294,7 @@ Getting closer... Now we will implement the code of the `acts_as_yaffle` method
 
 module Yaffle
   module ActsAsYaffle
-   extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     included do
     end
@@ -306,13 +308,13 @@ module Yaffle
   end
 end
 
-ActiveRecord::Base.send :include, Yaffle::ActsAsYaffle
+ActiveRecord::Base.include(Yaffle::ActsAsYaffle)
 ```
 
 When you run `rake`, you should see the tests all pass:
 
 ```bash
-  5 tests, 5 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
+  4 runs, 4 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
 ```
 
 ### Add an Instance Method
@@ -380,13 +382,13 @@ module Yaffle
   end
 end
 
-ActiveRecord::Base.send :include, Yaffle::ActsAsYaffle
+ActiveRecord::Base.include(Yaffle::ActsAsYaffle)
 ```
 
 Run `rake` one final time and you should see:
 
 ```
-  7 tests, 7 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
+  6 runs, 6 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
 ```
 
 NOTE: The use of `write_attribute` to write to the field in model is just one example of how a plugin can interact with the model, and will not always be the right method to use. For example, you could also use:
@@ -433,12 +435,11 @@ Once your README is solid, go through and add rdoc comments to all of the method
 Once your comments are good to go, navigate to your plugin directory and run:
 
 ```bash
-$ rake rdoc
+$ bundle exec rake rdoc
 ```
 
 ### References
 
 * [Developing a RubyGem using Bundler](https://github.com/radar/guides/blob/master/gem-development.md)
 * [Using .gemspecs as Intended](http://yehudakatz.com/2010/04/02/using-gemspecs-as-intended/)
-* [Gemspec Reference](http://docs.rubygems.org/read/chapter/20)
-* [GemPlugins: A Brief Introduction to the Future of Rails Plugins](http://www.intridea.com/blog/2008/6/11/gemplugins-a-brief-introduction-to-the-future-of-rails-plugins)
+* [Gemspec Reference](http://guides.rubygems.org/specification-reference/)
diff --git a/guides/source/profiling.md b/guides/source/profiling.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ce093f78ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/profiling.md
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+*DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
+A Guide to Profiling Rails Applications
+=======================================
+
+This guide covers built-in mechanisms in Rails for profiling your application.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* Rails profiling terminology.
+* How to write benchmark tests for your application.
+* Other benchmarking approaches and plugins.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
diff --git a/guides/source/rails_application_templates.md b/guides/source/rails_application_templates.md
index e4222e1283..edd54826cf 100644
--- a/guides/source/rails_application_templates.md
+++ b/guides/source/rails_application_templates.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Rails Application Templates
 ===========================
 
@@ -23,8 +25,8 @@ $ rails new blog -m http://example.com/template.rb
 You can use the rake task `rails:template` to apply templates to an existing Rails application. The location of the template needs to be passed in to an environment variable named LOCATION. Again, this can either be path to a file or a URL.
 
 ```bash
-$ rake rails:template LOCATION=~/template.rb
-$ rake rails:template LOCATION=http://example.com/template.rb
+$ bin/rake rails:template LOCATION=~/template.rb
+$ bin/rake rails:template LOCATION=http://example.com/template.rb
 ```
 
 Template API
@@ -38,9 +40,11 @@ generate(:scaffold, "person name:string")
 route "root to: 'people#index'"
 rake("db:migrate")
 
-git :init
-git add: "."
-git commit: %Q{ -m 'Initial commit' }
+after_bundle do
+  git :init
+  git add: "."
+  git commit: %Q{ -m 'Initial commit' }
+end
 ```
 
 The following sections outline the primary methods provided by the API:
@@ -74,7 +78,7 @@ gem_group :development, :test do
 end
 ```
 
-### add_source(source, options = {})
+### add_source(source, options={}, &block)
 
 Adds the given source to the generated application's `Gemfile`.
 
@@ -84,6 +88,14 @@ For example, if you need to source a gem from `"http://code.whytheluckystiff.net
 add_source "http://code.whytheluckystiff.net"
 ```
 
+If block is given, gem entries in block are wrapped into the source group.
+
+```ruby
+add_source "http://gems.github.com/" do
+  gem "rspec-rails"
+end
+```
+
 ### environment/application(data=nil, options={}, &block)
 
 Adds a line inside the `Application` class for `config/application.rb`.
@@ -211,7 +223,7 @@ CODE
 
 ### yes?(question) or no?(question)
 
-These methods let you ask questions from templates and decide the flow based on the user's answer. Let's say you want to freeze rails only if the user wants to:
+These methods let you ask questions from templates and decide the flow based on the user's answer. Let's say you want to Freeze Rails only if the user wants to:
 
 ```ruby
 rake("rails:freeze:gems") if yes?("Freeze rails gems?")
@@ -228,6 +240,22 @@ git add: "."
 git commit: "-a -m 'Initial commit'"
 ```
 
+### after_bundle(&block)
+
+Registers a callback to be executed after the gems are bundled and binstubs
+are generated. Useful for all generated files to version control:
+
+```ruby
+after_bundle do
+  git :init
+  git add: '.'
+  git commit: "-a -m 'Initial commit'"
+end
+```
+
+The callbacks gets executed even if `--skip-bundle` and/or `--skip-spring` has
+been passed.
+
 Advanced Usage
 --------------
 
diff --git a/guides/source/rails_on_rack.md b/guides/source/rails_on_rack.md
index 9c92cf3aea..273fbc08e2 100644
--- a/guides/source/rails_on_rack.md
+++ b/guides/source/rails_on_rack.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Rails on Rack
 =============
 
@@ -18,7 +20,7 @@ Introduction to Rack
 
 Rack provides a minimal, modular and adaptable interface for developing web applications in Ruby. By wrapping HTTP requests and responses in the simplest way possible, it unifies and distills the API for web servers, web frameworks, and software in between (the so-called middleware) into a single method call.
 
-- [Rack API Documentation](http://rack.rubyforge.org/doc/)
+* [Rack API Documentation](http://rack.github.io/)
 
 Explaining Rack is not really in the scope of this guide. In case you are not familiar with Rack's basics, you should check out the [Resources](#resources) section below.
 
@@ -27,10 +29,9 @@ Rails on Rack
 
 ### Rails Application's Rack Object
 
-`ApplicationName::Application` is the primary Rack application object of a Rails
+`Rails.application` is the primary Rack application object of a Rails
 application. Any Rack compliant web server should be using
-`ApplicationName::Application` object to serve a Rails
-application. `Rails.application` refers to the same application object.
+`Rails.application` object to serve a Rails application.
 
 ### `rails server`
 
@@ -57,24 +58,6 @@ class Server < ::Rack::Server
 end
 ```
 
-Here's how it loads the middlewares:
-
-```ruby
-def middleware
-  middlewares = []
-  middlewares << [Rails::Rack::Debugger] if options[:debugger]
-  middlewares << [::Rack::ContentLength]
-  Hash.new(middlewares)
-end
-```
-
-`Rails::Rack::Debugger` is primarily useful only in the development environment. The following table explains the usage of the loaded middlewares:
-
-| Middleware              | Purpose                                                                           |
-| ----------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
-| `Rails::Rack::Debugger` | Starts Debugger                                                                   |
-| `Rack::ContentLength`   | Counts the number of bytes in the response and set the HTTP Content-Length header |
-
 ### `rackup`
 
 To use `rackup` instead of Rails' `rails server`, you can put the following inside `config.ru` of your Rails application's root directory:
@@ -82,9 +65,6 @@ To use `rackup` instead of Rails' `rails server`, you can put the following insi
 ```ruby
 # Rails.root/config.ru
 require ::File.expand_path('../config/environment', __FILE__)
-
-use Rails::Rack::Debugger
-use Rack::ContentLength
 run Rails.application
 ```
 
@@ -100,6 +80,10 @@ To find out more about different `rackup` options:
 $ rackup --help
 ```
 
+### Development and auto-reloading
+
+Middlewares are loaded once and are not monitored for changes. You will have to restart the server for changes to be reflected in the running application.
+
 Action Dispatcher Middleware Stack
 ----------------------------------
 
@@ -112,7 +96,7 @@ NOTE: `ActionDispatch::MiddlewareStack` is Rails equivalent of `Rack::Builder`,
 Rails has a handy rake task for inspecting the middleware stack in use:
 
 ```bash
-$ rake middleware
+$ bin/rake middleware
 ```
 
 For a freshly generated Rails application, this might produce something like:
@@ -137,11 +121,10 @@ use ActiveRecord::QueryCache
 use ActionDispatch::Cookies
 use ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore
 use ActionDispatch::Flash
-use ActionDispatch::ParamsParser
 use Rack::Head
 use Rack::ConditionalGet
 use Rack::ETag
-run MyApp::Application.routes
+run Rails.application.routes
 ```
 
 The default middlewares shown here (and some others) are each summarized in the [Internal Middlewares](#internal-middleware-stack) section, below.
@@ -188,36 +171,36 @@ Add the following lines to your application configuration:
 
 ```ruby
 # config/application.rb
-config.middleware.delete "Rack::Lock"
+config.middleware.delete Rack::Lock
 ```
 
 And now if you inspect the middleware stack, you'll find that `Rack::Lock` is
 not a part of it.
 
 ```bash
-$ rake middleware
+$ bin/rake middleware
 (in /Users/lifo/Rails/blog)
 use ActionDispatch::Static
 use #<ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache::Middleware:0x00000001c304c8>
 use Rack::Runtime
 ...
-run Blog::Application.routes
+run Rails.application.routes
 ```
 
 If you want to remove session related middleware, do the following:
 
 ```ruby
 # config/application.rb
-config.middleware.delete "ActionDispatch::Cookies"
-config.middleware.delete "ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore"
-config.middleware.delete "ActionDispatch::Flash"
+config.middleware.delete ActionDispatch::Cookies
+config.middleware.delete ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore
+config.middleware.delete ActionDispatch::Flash
 ```
 
 And to remove browser related middleware,
 
 ```ruby
 # config/application.rb
-config.middleware.delete "Rack::MethodOverride"
+config.middleware.delete Rack::MethodOverride
 ```
 
 ### Internal Middleware Stack
@@ -230,7 +213,7 @@ Much of Action Controller's functionality is implemented as Middlewares. The fol
 
 **`ActionDispatch::Static`**
 
-* Used to serve static assets. Disabled if `config.serve_static_assets` is `false`.
+* Used to serve static files from the public directory. Disabled if `config.public_file_server.enabled` is `false`.
 
 **`Rack::Lock`**
 
@@ -250,7 +233,7 @@ Much of Action Controller's functionality is implemented as Middlewares. The fol
 
 **`ActionDispatch::RequestId`**
 
-* Makes a unique `X-Request-Id` header available to the response and enables the `ActionDispatch::Request#uuid` method.
+* Makes a unique `X-Request-Id` header available to the response and enables the `ActionDispatch::Request#request_id` method.
 
 **`Rails::Rack::Logger`**
 
@@ -274,7 +257,7 @@ Much of Action Controller's functionality is implemented as Middlewares. The fol
 
 **`ActionDispatch::Callbacks`**
 
-* Runs the prepare callbacks before serving the request.
+* Provides callbacks to be executed before and after dispatching the request.
 
 **`ActiveRecord::Migration::CheckPending`**
 
@@ -300,11 +283,7 @@ Much of Action Controller's functionality is implemented as Middlewares. The fol
 
 * Sets up the flash keys. Only available if `config.action_controller.session_store` is set to a value.
 
-**`ActionDispatch::ParamsParser`**
-
-* Parses out parameters from the request into `params`.
-
-**`ActionDispatch::Head`**
+**`Rack::Head`**
 
 * Converts HEAD requests to `GET` requests and serves them as so.
 
@@ -325,8 +304,6 @@ Resources
 
 * [Official Rack Website](http://rack.github.io)
 * [Introducing Rack](http://chneukirchen.org/blog/archive/2007/02/introducing-rack.html)
-* [Ruby on Rack #1 - Hello Rack!](http://m.onkey.org/ruby-on-rack-1-hello-rack)
-* [Ruby on Rack #2 - The Builder](http://m.onkey.org/ruby-on-rack-2-the-builder)
 
 ### Understanding Middlewares
 
diff --git a/guides/source/routing.md b/guides/source/routing.md
index 9c495bf09d..fc756d00b3 100644
--- a/guides/source/routing.md
+++ b/guides/source/routing.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Rails Routing from the Outside In
 =================================
 
@@ -5,7 +7,7 @@ This guide covers the user-facing features of Rails routing.
 
 After reading this guide, you will know:
 
-* How to interpret the code in `routes.rb`.
+* How to interpret the code in `config/routes.rb`.
 * How to construct your own routes, using either the preferred resourceful style or the `match` method.
 * What parameters to expect an action to receive.
 * How to automatically create paths and URLs using route helpers.
@@ -77,11 +79,13 @@ it asks the router to map it to a controller action. If the first matching route
 resources :photos
 ```
 
-Rails would dispatch that request to the `destroy` method on the `photos` controller with `{ id: '17' }` in `params`.
+Rails would dispatch that request to the `destroy` action on the `photos` controller with `{ id: '17' }` in `params`.
 
 ### CRUD, Verbs, and Actions
 
-In Rails, a resourceful route provides a mapping between HTTP verbs and URLs to controller actions. By convention, each action also maps to particular CRUD operations in a database. A single entry in the routing file, such as:
+In Rails, a resourceful route provides a mapping between HTTP verbs and URLs to
+controller actions. By convention, each action also maps to a specific CRUD
+operation in a database. A single entry in the routing file, such as:
 
 ```ruby
 resources :photos
@@ -138,10 +142,10 @@ Sometimes, you have a resource that clients always look up without referencing a
 get 'profile', to: 'users#show'
 ```
 
-Passing a `String` to `get` will expect a `controller#action` format, while passing a `Symbol` will map directly to an action:
+Passing a `String` to `get` will expect a `controller#action` format, while passing a `Symbol` will map directly to an action but you must also specify the `controller:` to use:
 
 ```ruby
-get 'profile', to: :show
+get 'profile', to: :show, controller: 'users'
 ```
 
 This resourceful route:
@@ -175,6 +179,8 @@ WARNING: A [long-standing bug](https://github.com/rails/rails/issues/1769) preve
 
 ```ruby
 form_for @geocoder, url: geocoder_path do |f|
+
+# snippet for brevity
 ```
 
 ### Controller Namespaces and Routing
@@ -183,61 +189,61 @@ You may wish to organize groups of controllers under a namespace. Most commonly,
 
 ```ruby
 namespace :admin do
-  resources :posts, :comments
+  resources :articles, :comments
 end
 ```
 
-This will create a number of routes for each of the `posts` and `comments` controller. For `Admin::PostsController`, Rails will create:
+This will create a number of routes for each of the `articles` and `comments` controller. For `Admin::ArticlesController`, Rails will create:
 
-| HTTP Verb | Path                  | Controller#Action   | Named Helper              |
-| --------- | --------------------- | ------------------- | ------------------------- |
-| GET       | /admin/posts          | admin/posts#index   | admin_posts_path          |
-| GET       | /admin/posts/new      | admin/posts#new     | new_admin_post_path       |
-| POST      | /admin/posts          | admin/posts#create  | admin_posts_path          |
-| GET       | /admin/posts/:id      | admin/posts#show    | admin_post_path(:id)      |
-| GET       | /admin/posts/:id/edit | admin/posts#edit    | edit_admin_post_path(:id) |
-| PATCH/PUT | /admin/posts/:id      | admin/posts#update  | admin_post_path(:id)      |
-| DELETE    | /admin/posts/:id      | admin/posts#destroy | admin_post_path(:id)      |
+| HTTP Verb | Path                     | Controller#Action      | Named Helper              |
+| --------- | ------------------------ | ---------------------- | ---------------------------- |
+| GET       | /admin/articles          | admin/articles#index   | admin_articles_path          |
+| GET       | /admin/articles/new      | admin/articles#new     | new_admin_article_path       |
+| POST      | /admin/articles          | admin/articles#create  | admin_articles_path          |
+| GET       | /admin/articles/:id      | admin/articles#show    | admin_article_path(:id)      |
+| GET       | /admin/articles/:id/edit | admin/articles#edit    | edit_admin_article_path(:id) |
+| PATCH/PUT | /admin/articles/:id      | admin/articles#update  | admin_article_path(:id)      |
+| DELETE    | /admin/articles/:id      | admin/articles#destroy | admin_article_path(:id)      |
 
-If you want to route `/posts` (without the prefix `/admin`) to `Admin::PostsController`, you could use:
+If you want to route `/articles` (without the prefix `/admin`) to `Admin::ArticlesController`, you could use:
 
 ```ruby
 scope module: 'admin' do
-  resources :posts, :comments
+  resources :articles, :comments
 end
 ```
 
 or, for a single case:
 
 ```ruby
-resources :posts, module: 'admin'
+resources :articles, module: 'admin'
 ```
 
-If you want to route `/admin/posts` to `PostsController` (without the `Admin::` module prefix), you could use:
+If you want to route `/admin/articles` to `ArticlesController` (without the `Admin::` module prefix), you could use:
 
 ```ruby
 scope '/admin' do
-  resources :posts, :comments
+  resources :articles, :comments
 end
 ```
 
 or, for a single case:
 
 ```ruby
-resources :posts, path: '/admin/posts'
+resources :articles, path: '/admin/articles'
 ```
 
-In each of these cases, the named routes remain the same as if you did not use `scope`. In the last case, the following paths map to `PostsController`:
+In each of these cases, the named routes remain the same as if you did not use `scope`. In the last case, the following paths map to `ArticlesController`:
 
-| HTTP Verb | Path                  | Controller#Action | Named Helper        |
-| --------- | --------------------- | ----------------- | ------------------- |
-| GET       | /admin/posts          | posts#index       | posts_path          |
-| GET       | /admin/posts/new      | posts#new         | new_post_path       |
-| POST      | /admin/posts          | posts#create      | posts_path          |
-| GET       | /admin/posts/:id      | posts#show        | post_path(:id)      |
-| GET       | /admin/posts/:id/edit | posts#edit        | edit_post_path(:id) |
-| PATCH/PUT | /admin/posts/:id      | posts#update      | post_path(:id)      |
-| DELETE    | /admin/posts/:id      | posts#destroy     | post_path(:id)      |
+| HTTP Verb | Path                     | Controller#Action    | Named Helper           |
+| --------- | ------------------------ | -------------------- | ---------------------- |
+| GET       | /admin/articles          | articles#index       | articles_path          |
+| GET       | /admin/articles/new      | articles#new         | new_article_path       |
+| POST      | /admin/articles          | articles#create      | articles_path          |
+| GET       | /admin/articles/:id      | articles#show        | article_path(:id)      |
+| GET       | /admin/articles/:id/edit | articles#edit        | edit_article_path(:id) |
+| PATCH/PUT | /admin/articles/:id      | articles#update      | article_path(:id)      |
+| DELETE    | /admin/articles/:id      | articles#destroy     | article_path(:id)      |
 
 TIP: _If you need to use a different controller namespace inside a `namespace` block you can specify an absolute controller path, e.g: `get '/foo' => '/foo#index'`._
 
@@ -304,7 +310,7 @@ TIP: _Resources should never be nested more than 1 level deep._
 One way to avoid deep nesting (as recommended above) is to generate the collection actions scoped under the parent, so as to get a sense of the hierarchy, but to not nest the member actions. In other words, to only build routes with the minimal amount of information to uniquely identify the resource, like this:
 
 ```ruby
-resources :posts do
+resources :articles do
   resources :comments, only: [:index, :new, :create]
 end
 resources :comments, only: [:show, :edit, :update, :destroy]
@@ -313,7 +319,7 @@ resources :comments, only: [:show, :edit, :update, :destroy]
 This idea strikes a balance between descriptive routes and deep nesting. There exists shorthand syntax to achieve just that, via the `:shallow` option:
 
 ```ruby
-resources :posts do
+resources :articles do
   resources :comments, shallow: true
 end
 ```
@@ -321,7 +327,7 @@ end
 This will generate the exact same routes as the first example. You can also specify the `:shallow` option in the parent resource, in which case all of the nested resources will be shallow:
 
 ```ruby
-resources :posts, shallow: true do
+resources :articles, shallow: true do
   resources :comments
   resources :quotes
   resources :drafts
@@ -332,7 +338,7 @@ The `shallow` method of the DSL creates a scope inside of which every nesting is
 
 ```ruby
 shallow do
-  resources :posts do
+  resources :articles do
     resources :comments
     resources :quotes
     resources :drafts
@@ -344,7 +350,7 @@ There exist two options for `scope` to customize shallow routes. `:shallow_path`
 
 ```ruby
 scope shallow_path: "sekret" do
-  resources :posts do
+  resources :articles do
     resources :comments, shallow: true
   end
 end
@@ -352,21 +358,21 @@ end
 
 The comments resource here will have the following routes generated for it:
 
-| HTTP Verb | Path                                   | Controller#Action | Named Helper        |
-| --------- | -------------------------------------- | ----------------- | ------------------- |
-| GET       | /posts/:post_id/comments(.:format)     | comments#index    | post_comments       |
-| POST      | /posts/:post_id/comments(.:format)     | comments#create   | post_comments       |
-| GET       | /posts/:post_id/comments/new(.:format) | comments#new      | new_post_comment    |
-| GET       | /sekret/comments/:id/edit(.:format)    | comments#edit     | edit_comment        |
-| GET       | /sekret/comments/:id(.:format)         | comments#show     | comment             |
-| PATCH/PUT | /sekret/comments/:id(.:format)         | comments#update   | comment             |
-| DELETE    | /sekret/comments/:id(.:format)         | comments#destroy  | comment             |
+| HTTP Verb | Path                                         | Controller#Action | Named Helper             |
+| --------- | -------------------------------------------- | ----------------- | ------------------------ |
+| GET       | /articles/:article_id/comments(.:format)     | comments#index    | article_comments_path    |
+| POST      | /articles/:article_id/comments(.:format)     | comments#create   | article_comments_path    |
+| GET       | /articles/:article_id/comments/new(.:format) | comments#new      | new_article_comment_path |
+| GET       | /sekret/comments/:id/edit(.:format)          | comments#edit     | edit_comment_path        |
+| GET       | /sekret/comments/:id(.:format)               | comments#show     | comment_path             |
+| PATCH/PUT | /sekret/comments/:id(.:format)               | comments#update   | comment_path             |
+| DELETE    | /sekret/comments/:id(.:format)               | comments#destroy  | comment_path             |
 
 The `:shallow_prefix` option adds the specified parameter to the named helpers:
 
 ```ruby
 scope shallow_prefix: "sekret" do
-  resources :posts do
+  resources :articles do
     resources :comments, shallow: true
   end
 end
@@ -374,15 +380,15 @@ end
 
 The comments resource here will have the following routes generated for it:
 
-| HTTP Verb | Path                                   | Controller#Action | Named Helper        |
-| --------- | -------------------------------------- | ----------------- | ------------------- |
-| GET       | /posts/:post_id/comments(.:format)     | comments#index    | post_comments       |
-| POST      | /posts/:post_id/comments(.:format)     | comments#create   | post_comments       |
-| GET       | /posts/:post_id/comments/new(.:format) | comments#new      | new_post_comment    |
-| GET       | /comments/:id/edit(.:format)           | comments#edit     | edit_sekret_comment |
-| GET       | /comments/:id(.:format)                | comments#show     | sekret_comment      |
-| PATCH/PUT | /comments/:id(.:format)                | comments#update   | sekret_comment      |
-| DELETE    | /comments/:id(.:format)                | comments#destroy  | sekret_comment      |
+| HTTP Verb | Path                                         | Controller#Action | Named Helper                |
+| --------- | -------------------------------------------- | ----------------- | --------------------------- |
+| GET       | /articles/:article_id/comments(.:format)     | comments#index    | article_comments_path       |
+| POST      | /articles/:article_id/comments(.:format)     | comments#create   | article_comments_path       |
+| GET       | /articles/:article_id/comments/new(.:format) | comments#new      | new_article_comment_path    |
+| GET       | /comments/:id/edit(.:format)                 | comments#edit     | edit_sekret_comment_path    |
+| GET       | /comments/:id(.:format)                      | comments#show     | sekret_comment_path         |
+| PATCH/PUT | /comments/:id(.:format)                      | comments#update   | sekret_comment_path         |
+| DELETE    | /comments/:id(.:format)                      | comments#destroy  | sekret_comment_path         |
 
 ### Routing concerns
 
@@ -403,7 +409,7 @@ These concerns can be used in resources to avoid code duplication and share beha
 ```ruby
 resources :messages, concerns: :commentable
 
-resources :posts, concerns: [:commentable, :image_attachable]
+resources :articles, concerns: [:commentable, :image_attachable]
 ```
 
 The above is equivalent to:
@@ -413,7 +419,7 @@ resources :messages do
   resources :comments
 end
 
-resources :posts do
+resources :articles do
   resources :comments
   resources :images, only: :index
 end
@@ -422,7 +428,7 @@ end
 Also you can use them in any place that you want inside the routes, for example in a scope or namespace call:
 
 ```ruby
-namespace :posts do
+namespace :articles do
   concerns :commentable
 end
 ```
@@ -611,6 +617,8 @@ get 'photos/:id', to: 'photos#show', defaults: { format: 'jpg' }
 
 Rails would match `photos/12` to the `show` action of `PhotosController`, and set `params[:format]` to `"jpg"`.
 
+NOTE: You cannot override defaults via query parameters - this is for security reasons. The only defaults that can be overridden are dynamic segments via substitution in the URL path.
+
 ### Naming Routes
 
 You can specify a name for any route using the `:as` option:
@@ -645,6 +653,8 @@ match 'photos', to: 'photos#show', via: :all
 
 NOTE: Routing both `GET` and `POST` requests to a single action has security implications. In general, you should avoid routing all verbs to an action unless you have a good reason to.
 
+NOTE: 'GET' in Rails won't check for CSRF token. You should never write to the database from 'GET' requests, for more information see the [security guide](security.html#csrf-countermeasures) on CSRF countermeasures.
+
 ### Segment Constraints
 
 You can use the `:constraints` option to enforce a format for a dynamic segment:
@@ -662,26 +672,26 @@ get 'photos/:id', to: 'photos#show', id: /[A-Z]\d{5}/
 `:constraints` takes regular expressions with the restriction that regexp anchors can't be used. For example, the following route will not work:
 
 ```ruby
-get '/:id', to: 'posts#show', constraints: {id: /^\d/}
+get '/:id', to: 'articles#show', constraints: { id: /^\d/ }
 ```
 
 However, note that you don't need to use anchors because all routes are anchored at the start.
 
-For example, the following routes would allow for `posts` with `to_param` values like `1-hello-world` that always begin with a number and `users` with `to_param` values like `david` that never begin with a number to share the root namespace:
+For example, the following routes would allow for `articles` with `to_param` values like `1-hello-world` that always begin with a number and `users` with `to_param` values like `david` that never begin with a number to share the root namespace:
 
 ```ruby
-get '/:id', to: 'posts#show', constraints: { id: /\d.+/ }
+get '/:id', to: 'articles#show', constraints: { id: /\d.+/ }
 get '/:username', to: 'users#show'
 ```
 
 ### Request-Based Constraints
 
-You can also constrain a route based on any method on the <a href="action_controller_overview.html#the-request-object">Request</a> object that returns a `String`.
+You can also constrain a route based on any method on the [Request object](action_controller_overview.html#the-request-object) that returns a `String`.
 
 You specify a request-based constraint the same way that you specify a segment constraint:
 
 ```ruby
-get 'photos', constraints: {subdomain: 'admin'}
+get 'photos', to: 'photos#index', constraints: { subdomain: 'admin' }
 ```
 
 You can also specify constraints in a block form:
@@ -694,6 +704,8 @@ namespace :admin do
 end
 ```
 
+NOTE: Request constraints work by calling a method on the [Request object](action_controller_overview.html#the-request-object) with the same name as the hash key and then compare the return value with the hash value. Therefore, constraint values should match the corresponding Request object method return type. For example: `constraints: { subdomain: 'api' }` will match an `api` subdomain as expected, however using a symbol `constraints: { subdomain: :api }` will not, because `request.subdomain` returns `'api'` as a String.
+
 ### Advanced Constraints
 
 If you have a more advanced constraint, you can provide an object that responds to `matches?` that Rails should use. Let's say you wanted to route all users on a blacklist to the `BlacklistController`. You could do:
@@ -709,7 +721,7 @@ class BlacklistConstraint
   end
 end
 
-TwitterClone::Application.routes.draw do
+Rails.application.routes.draw do
   get '*path', to: 'blacklist#index',
     constraints: BlacklistConstraint.new
 end
@@ -718,7 +730,7 @@ end
 You can also specify constraints as a lambda:
 
 ```ruby
-TwitterClone::Application.routes.draw do
+Rails.application.routes.draw do
   get '*path', to: 'blacklist#index',
     constraints: lambda { |request| Blacklist.retrieve_ips.include?(request.remote_ip) }
 end
@@ -752,7 +764,7 @@ get '*a/foo/*b', to: 'test#index'
 
 would match `zoo/woo/foo/bar/baz` with `params[:a]` equals `'zoo/woo'`, and `params[:b]` equals `'bar/baz'`.
 
-NOTE: By requesting `'/foo/bar.json'`, your `params[:pages]` will be equals to `'foo/bar'` with the request format of JSON. If you want the old 3.0.x behavior back, you could supply `format: false` like this:
+NOTE: By requesting `'/foo/bar.json'`, your `params[:pages]` will be equal to `'foo/bar'` with the request format of JSON. If you want the old 3.0.x behavior back, you could supply `format: false` like this:
 
 ```ruby
 get '*pages', to: 'pages#show', format: false
@@ -769,29 +781,33 @@ get '*pages', to: 'pages#show', format: true
 You can redirect any path to another path using the `redirect` helper in your router:
 
 ```ruby
-get '/stories', to: redirect('/posts')
+get '/stories', to: redirect('/articles')
 ```
 
 You can also reuse dynamic segments from the match in the path to redirect to:
 
 ```ruby
-get '/stories/:name', to: redirect('/posts/%{name}')
+get '/stories/:name', to: redirect('/articles/%{name}')
 ```
 
 You can also provide a block to redirect, which receives the symbolized path parameters and the request object:
 
 ```ruby
-get '/stories/:name', to: redirect {|path_params, req| "/posts/#{path_params[:name].pluralize}" }
-get '/stories', to: redirect {|path_params, req| "/posts/#{req.subdomain}" }
+get '/stories/:name', to: redirect { |path_params, req| "/articles/#{path_params[:name].pluralize}" }
+get '/stories', to: redirect { |path_params, req| "/articles/#{req.subdomain}" }
 ```
 
-Please note that this redirection is a 301 "Moved Permanently" redirect. Keep in mind that some web browsers or proxy servers will cache this type of redirect, making the old page inaccessible.
+Please note that default redirection is a 301 "Moved Permanently" redirect. Keep in mind that some web browsers or proxy servers will cache this type of redirect, making the old page inaccessible. You can use the `:status` option to change the response status:
+
+```ruby
+get '/stories/:name', to: redirect('/articles/%{name}', status: 302)
+```
 
 In all of these cases, if you don't provide the leading host (`http://www.example.com`), Rails will take those details from the current request.
 
 ### Routing to Rack Applications
 
-Instead of a String like `'posts#index'`, which corresponds to the `index` action in the `PostsController`, you can specify any <a href="rails_on_rack.html">Rack application</a> as the endpoint for a matcher:
+Instead of a String like `'articles#index'`, which corresponds to the `index` action in the `ArticlesController`, you can specify any [Rack application](rails_on_rack.html) as the endpoint for a matcher:
 
 ```ruby
 match '/application.js', to: Sprockets, via: :all
@@ -799,7 +815,22 @@ match '/application.js', to: Sprockets, via: :all
 
 As long as `Sprockets` responds to `call` and returns a `[status, headers, body]`, the router won't know the difference between the Rack application and an action. This is an appropriate use of `via: :all`, as you will want to allow your Rack application to handle all verbs as it considers appropriate.
 
-NOTE: For the curious, `'posts#index'` actually expands out to `PostsController.action(:index)`, which returns a valid Rack application.
+NOTE: For the curious, `'articles#index'` actually expands out to `ArticlesController.action(:index)`, which returns a valid Rack application.
+
+If you specify a Rack application as the endpoint for a matcher, remember that
+the route will be unchanged in the receiving application. With the following
+route your Rack application should expect the route to be '/admin':
+
+```ruby
+match '/admin', to: AdminApp, via: :all
+```
+
+If you would prefer to have your Rack application receive requests at the root
+path instead, use mount:
+
+```ruby
+mount AdminApp, at: '/admin'
+```
 
 ### Using `root`
 
@@ -835,7 +866,7 @@ get '�ん���', to: 'welcome#index'
 Customizing Resourceful Routes
 ------------------------------
 
-While the default routes and helpers generated by `resources :posts` will usually serve you well, you may want to customize them in some way. Rails allows you to customize virtually any generic part of the resourceful helpers.
+While the default routes and helpers generated by `resources :articles` will usually serve you well, you may want to customize them in some way. Rails allows you to customize virtually any generic part of the resourceful helpers.
 
 ### Specifying a Controller to Use
 
@@ -877,7 +908,7 @@ a warning.
 You can use the `:constraints` option to specify a required format on the implicit `id`. For example:
 
 ```ruby
-resources :photos, constraints: {id: /[A-Z][A-Z][0-9]+/}
+resources :photos, constraints: { id: /[A-Z][A-Z][0-9]+/ }
 ```
 
 This declaration constrains the `:id` parameter to match the supplied regular expression. So, in this case, the router would no longer match `/photos/1` to this route. Instead, `/photos/RR27` would match.
@@ -903,7 +934,7 @@ The `:as` option lets you override the normal naming for the named route helpers
 resources :photos, as: 'images'
 ```
 
-will recognize incoming paths beginning with `/photos` and route the requests to `PhotosController`, but use the value of the :as option to name the helpers.
+will recognize incoming paths beginning with `/photos` and route the requests to `PhotosController`, but use the value of the `:as` option to name the helpers.
 
 | HTTP Verb | Path             | Controller#Action | Named Helper         |
 | --------- | ---------------- | ----------------- | -------------------- |
@@ -917,7 +948,7 @@ will recognize incoming paths beginning with `/photos` and route the requests to
 
 ### Overriding the `new` and `edit` Segments
 
-The `:path_names` option lets you override the automatically-generated "new" and "edit" segments in paths:
+The `:path_names` option lets you override the automatically-generated `new` and `edit` segments in paths:
 
 ```ruby
 resources :photos, path_names: { new: 'make', edit: 'change' }
@@ -952,7 +983,7 @@ end
 resources :photos
 ```
 
-This will provide route helpers such as `admin_photos_path`, `new_admin_photo_path` etc.
+This will provide route helpers such as `admin_photos_path`, `new_admin_photo_path`, etc.
 
 To prefix a group of route helpers, use `:as` with `scope`:
 
@@ -972,15 +1003,15 @@ You can prefix routes with a named parameter also:
 
 ```ruby
 scope ':username' do
-  resources :posts
+  resources :articles
 end
 ```
 
-This will provide you with URLs such as `/bob/posts/1` and will allow you to reference the `username` part of the path as `params[:username]` in controllers, helpers and views.
+This will provide you with URLs such as `/bob/articles/1` and will allow you to reference the `username` part of the path as `params[:username]` in controllers, helpers and views.
 
 ### Restricting the Routes Created
 
-By default, Rails creates routes for the seven default actions (index, show, new, create, edit, update, and destroy) for every RESTful route in your application. You can use the `:only` and `:except` options to fine-tune this behavior. The `:only` option tells Rails to create only the specified routes:
+By default, Rails creates routes for the seven default actions (`index`, `show`, `new`, `create`, `edit`, `update`, and `destroy`) for every RESTful route in your application. You can use the `:only` and `:except` options to fine-tune this behavior. The `:only` option tells Rails to create only the specified routes:
 
 ```ruby
 resources :photos, only: [:index, :show]
@@ -1000,7 +1031,7 @@ TIP: If your application has many RESTful routes, using `:only` and `:except` to
 
 ### Translated Paths
 
-Using `scope`, we can alter path names generated by resources:
+Using `scope`, we can alter path names generated by `resources`:
 
 ```ruby
 scope(path_names: { new: 'neu', edit: 'bearbeiten' }) do
@@ -1042,6 +1073,42 @@ end
 
 This will create routing helpers such as `magazine_periodical_ads_url` and `edit_magazine_periodical_ad_path`.
 
+### Overriding Named Route Parameters
+
+The `:param` option overrides the default resource identifier `:id` (name of
+the [dynamic segment](routing.html#dynamic-segments) used to generate the
+routes). You can access that segment from your controller using
+`params[<:param>]`.
+
+```ruby
+resources :videos, param: :identifier
+```
+
+```
+     videos GET  /videos(.:format)                  videos#index
+            POST /videos(.:format)                  videos#create
+ new_videos GET  /videos/new(.:format)              videos#new
+edit_videos GET  /videos/:identifier/edit(.:format) videos#edit
+```
+
+```ruby
+Video.find_by(identifier: params[:identifier])
+```
+
+You can override `ActiveRecord::Base#to_param` of a related model to construct
+a URL:
+
+```ruby
+class Video < ActiveRecord::Base
+  def to_param
+    identifier
+  end
+end
+
+video = Video.find_by(identifier: "Roman-Holiday")
+edit_videos_path(video) # => "/videos/Roman-Holiday"
+```
+
 Inspecting and Testing Routes
 -----------------------------
 
@@ -1051,7 +1118,7 @@ Rails offers facilities for inspecting and testing your routes.
 
 To get a complete list of the available routes in your application, visit `http://localhost:3000/rails/info/routes` in your browser while your server is running in the **development** environment. You can also execute the `rake routes` command in your terminal to produce the same output.
 
-Both methods will list all of your routes, in the same order that they appear in `routes.rb`. For each route, you'll see:
+Both methods will list all of your routes, in the same order that they appear in `config/routes.rb`. For each route, you'll see:
 
 * The route name (if any)
 * The HTTP verb used (if the route doesn't respond to all verbs)
@@ -1070,7 +1137,7 @@ edit_user GET    /users/:id/edit(.:format) users#edit
 You may restrict the listing to the routes that map to a particular controller setting the `CONTROLLER` environment variable:
 
 ```bash
-$ CONTROLLER=users rake routes
+$ CONTROLLER=users bin/rake routes
 ```
 
 TIP: You'll find that the output from `rake routes` is much more readable if you widen your terminal window until the output lines don't wrap.
diff --git a/guides/source/ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.md b/guides/source/ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.md
index 8faf03e58c..50866350f8 100644
--- a/guides/source/ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.md
+++ b/guides/source/ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Ruby on Rails Guides Guidelines
 ===============================
 
@@ -13,17 +15,17 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 Markdown
 -------
 
-Guides are written in [GitHub Flavored Markdown](http://github.github.com/github-flavored-markdown/). There is comprehensive [documentation for Markdown](http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/syntax), a [cheatsheet](http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/basics), and [additional documentation](http://github.github.com/github-flavored-markdown/) on the differences from traditional Markdown.
+Guides are written in [GitHub Flavored Markdown](https://help.github.com/articles/github-flavored-markdown). There is comprehensive [documentation for Markdown](http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/syntax), as well as a [cheatsheet](http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/basics).
 
 Prologue
 --------
 
-Each guide should start with motivational text at the top (that's the little introduction in the blue area). The prologue should tell the reader what the guide is about, and what they will learn. See for example the [Routing Guide](routing.html).
+Each guide should start with motivational text at the top (that's the little introduction in the blue area). The prologue should tell the reader what the guide is about, and what they will learn. As an example, see the [Routing Guide](routing.html).
 
-Titles
+Headings
 ------
 
-The title of every guide uses `h1`; guide sections use `h2`; subsections `h3`; etc. However, the generated HTML output will have the heading tag starting from `<h2>`.
+The title of every guide uses an `h1` heading; guide sections use `h2` headings; subsections use `h3` headings; etc. Note that the generated HTML output will use heading tags starting with `<h2>`.
 
 ```
 Guide Title
@@ -35,14 +37,14 @@ Section
 ### Sub Section
 ```
 
-Capitalize all words except for internal articles, prepositions, conjunctions, and forms of the verb to be:
+When writing headings, capitalize all words except for prepositions, conjunctions, internal articles, and forms of the verb "to be":
 
 ```
 #### Middleware Stack is an Array
 #### When are Objects Saved?
 ```
 
-Use the same typography as in regular text:
+Use the same inline formatting as regular text:
 
 ```
 ##### The `:content_type` Option
@@ -51,25 +53,26 @@ Use the same typography as in regular text:
 API Documentation Guidelines
 ----------------------------
 
-The guides and the API should be coherent and consistent where appropriate. Please have a look at these particular sections of the [API Documentation Guidelines](api_documentation_guidelines.html):
+The guides and the API should be coherent and consistent where appropriate. In particular, these sections of the [API Documentation Guidelines](api_documentation_guidelines.html) also apply to the guides:
 
 * [Wording](api_documentation_guidelines.html#wording)
+* [English](api_documentation_guidelines.html#english)
 * [Example Code](api_documentation_guidelines.html#example-code)
-* [Filenames](api_documentation_guidelines.html#filenames)
+* [Filenames](api_documentation_guidelines.html#file-names)
 * [Fonts](api_documentation_guidelines.html#fonts)
 
-Those guidelines apply also to guides.
-
 HTML Guides
 -----------
 
-Before generating the guides, make sure that you have the latest version of Bundler installed on your system. As of this writing, you must install Bundler 1.3.5 on your device.
+Before generating the guides, make sure that you have the latest version of
+Bundler installed on your system. As of this writing, you must install Bundler
+1.3.5 or later on your device.
 
-To install the latest version of Bundler, simply run the `gem install bundler` command
+To install the latest version of Bundler, run `gem install bundler`.
 
 ### Generation
 
-To generate all the guides, just `cd` into the `guides` directory, run `bundle install` and execute:
+To generate all the guides, just `cd` into the `guides` directory, run `bundle install`, and execute:
 
 ```
 bundle exec rake guides:generate
@@ -81,6 +84,8 @@ or
 bundle exec rake guides:generate:html
 ```
 
+Resulting HTML files can be found in the `./output` directory.
+
 To process `my_guide.md` and nothing else use the `ONLY` environment variable:
 
 ```
diff --git a/guides/source/security.md b/guides/source/security.md
index ece431dae7..df8c24864e 100644
--- a/guides/source/security.md
+++ b/guides/source/security.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Ruby on Rails Security Guide
 ============================
 
@@ -17,7 +19,7 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 Introduction
 ------------
 
-Web application frameworks are made to help developers build web applications. Some of them also help you with securing the web application. In fact one framework is not more secure than another: If you use it correctly, you will be able to build secure apps with many frameworks. Ruby on Rails has some clever helper methods, for example against SQL injection, so that this is hardly a problem. It's nice to see that all of the Rails applications I audited had a good level of security.
+Web application frameworks are made to help developers build web applications. Some of them also help you with securing the web application. In fact one framework is not more secure than another: If you use it correctly, you will be able to build secure apps with many frameworks. Ruby on Rails has some clever helper methods, for example against SQL injection, so that this is hardly a problem.
 
 In general there is no such thing as plug-n-play security. Security depends on the people using the framework, and sometimes on the development method. And it depends on all layers of a web application environment: The back-end storage, the web server and the web application itself (and possibly other layers or applications).
 
@@ -25,7 +27,7 @@ The Gartner Group however estimates that 75% of attacks are at the web applicati
 
 The threats against web applications include user account hijacking, bypass of access control, reading or modifying sensitive data, or presenting fraudulent content. Or an attacker might be able to install a Trojan horse program or unsolicited e-mail sending software, aim at financial enrichment or cause brand name damage by modifying company resources. In order to prevent attacks, minimize their impact and remove points of attack, first of all, you have to fully understand the attack methods in order to find the correct countermeasures. That is what this guide aims at.
 
-In order to develop secure web applications you have to keep up to date on all layers and know your enemies. To keep up to date subscribe to security mailing lists, read security blogs and make updating and security checks a habit (check the <a href="#additional-resources">Additional Resources</a> chapter). I do it manually because that's how you find the nasty logical security problems.
+In order to develop secure web applications you have to keep up to date on all layers and know your enemies. To keep up to date subscribe to security mailing lists, read security blogs and make updating and security checks a habit (check the [Additional Resources](#additional-resources) chapter). It is done manually because that's how you find the nasty logical security problems.
 
 Sessions
 --------
@@ -60,7 +62,7 @@ Many web applications have an authentication system: a user provides a user name
 
 Hence, the cookie serves as temporary authentication for the web application. Anyone who seizes a cookie from someone else, may use the web application as this user - with possibly severe consequences. Here are some ways to hijack a session, and their countermeasures:
 
-* Sniff the cookie in an insecure network. A wireless LAN can be an example of such a network. In an unencrypted wireless LAN it is especially easy to listen to the traffic of all connected clients. This is one more reason not to work from a coffee shop. For the web application builder this means to _provide a secure connection over SSL_. In Rails 3.1 and later, this could be accomplished by always forcing SSL connection in your application config file:
+* Sniff the cookie in an insecure network. A wireless LAN can be an example of such a network. In an unencrypted wireless LAN it is especially easy to listen to the traffic of all connected clients. For the web application builder this means to _provide a secure connection over SSL_. In Rails 3.1 and later, this could be accomplished by always forcing SSL connection in your application config file:
 
     ```ruby
     config.force_ssl = true
@@ -68,7 +70,7 @@ Hence, the cookie serves as temporary authentication for the web application. An
 
 * Most people don't clear out the cookies after working at a public terminal. So if the last user didn't log out of a web application, you would be able to use it as this user. Provide the user with a _log-out button_ in the web application, and _make it prominent_.
 
-* Many cross-site scripting (XSS) exploits aim at obtaining the user's cookie. You'll read <a href="#cross-site-scripting-xss">more about XSS</a> later.
+* Many cross-site scripting (XSS) exploits aim at obtaining the user's cookie. You'll read [more about XSS](#cross-site-scripting-xss) later.
 
 * Instead of stealing a cookie unknown to the attacker, they fix a user's session identifier (in the cookie) known to them. Read more about this so-called session fixation later.
 
@@ -91,13 +93,27 @@ Rails 2 introduced a new default session storage, CookieStore. CookieStore saves
 
 * Cookies imply a strict size limit of 4kB. This is fine as you should not store large amounts of data in a session anyway, as described before. _Storing the current user's database id in a session is usually ok_.
 
-* The client can see everything you store in a session, because it is stored in clear-text (actually Base64-encoded, so not encrypted). So, of course, _you don't want to store any secrets here_. To prevent session hash tampering, a digest is calculated from the session with a server-side secret and inserted into the end of the cookie.
+* The client can see everything you store in a session, because it is stored in clear-text (actually Base64-encoded, so not encrypted). So, of course, _you don't want to store any secrets here_. To prevent session hash tampering, a digest is calculated from the session with a server-side secret (`secrets.secret_token`) and inserted into the end of the cookie.
+
+However, since Rails 4, the default store is EncryptedCookieStore. With
+EncryptedCookieStore the session is encrypted before being stored in a cookie.
+This prevents the user from accessing and tampering the content of the cookie.
+Thus the session becomes a more secure place to store data. The encryption is
+done using a server-side secret key `secrets.secret_key_base` stored in
+`config/secrets.yml`.
+
+That means the security of this storage depends on this secret (and on the digest algorithm, which defaults to SHA1, for compatibility). So _don't use a trivial secret, i.e. a word from a dictionary, or one which is shorter than 30 characters, use `rake secret` instead_.
 
-That means the security of this storage depends on this secret (and on the digest algorithm, which defaults to SHA1, for compatibility). So _don't use a trivial secret, i.e. a word from a dictionary, or one which is shorter than 30 characters_.
+`secrets.secret_key_base` is used for specifying a key which allows sessions for the application to be verified against a known secure key to prevent tampering. Applications get `secrets.secret_key_base` initialized to a random key present in `config/secrets.yml`, e.g.:
 
-`config.secret_key_base` is used for specifying a key which allows sessions for the application to be verified against a known secure key to prevent tampering. Applications get `config.secret_key_base` initialized to a random key in `config/initializers/secret_token.rb`, e.g.:
+    development:
+      secret_key_base: a75d...
 
-    YourApp::Application.config.secret_key_base = '49d3f3de9ed86c74b94ad6bd0...'
+    test:
+      secret_key_base: 492f...
+
+    production:
+      secret_key_base: <%= ENV["SECRET_KEY_BASE"] %>
 
 Older versions of Rails use CookieStore, which uses `secret_token` instead of `secret_key_base` that is used by EncryptedCookieStore. Read the upgrade documentation for more information.
 
@@ -111,9 +127,9 @@ It works like this:
 
 * A user receives credits, the amount is stored in a session (which is a bad idea anyway, but we'll do this for demonstration purposes).
 * The user buys something.
-* Their new, lower credit will be stored in the session.
-* The dark side of the user forces them to take the cookie from the first step (which they copied) and replace the current cookie in the browser.
-* The user has their credit back.
+* The new adjusted credit value is stored in the session.
+* The user takes the cookie from the first step (which they previously copied) and replaces the current cookie in the browser.
+* The user has their original credit back.
 
 Including a nonce (a random value) in the session solves replay attacks. A nonce is valid only once, and the server has to keep track of all the valid nonces. It gets even more complicated if you have several application servers (mongrels). Storing nonces in a database table would defeat the entire purpose of CookieStore (avoiding accessing the database).
 
@@ -128,8 +144,8 @@ NOTE: _Apart from stealing a user's session id, the attacker may fix a session i
 This attack focuses on fixing a user's session id known to the attacker, and forcing the user's browser into using this id. It is therefore not necessary for the attacker to steal the session id afterwards. Here is how this attack works:
 
 * The attacker creates a valid session id: They load the login page of the web application where they want to fix the session, and take the session id in the cookie from the response (see number 1 and 2 in the image).
-* They possibly maintains the session. Expiring sessions, for example every 20 minutes, greatly reduces the time-frame for attack. Therefore they access the web application from time to time in order to keep the session alive.
-* Now the attacker will force the user's browser into using this session id (see number 3 in the image). As you may not change a cookie of another domain (because of the same origin policy), the attacker has to run a JavaScript from the domain of the target web application. Injecting the JavaScript code into the application by XSS accomplishes this attack. Here is an example: `<script>document.cookie="_session_id=16d5b78abb28e3d6206b60f22a03c8d9";</script>`. Read more about XSS and injection later on.
+* They maintain the session by accessing the web application periodically in order to keep an expiring session alive.
+* The attacker forces the user's browser into using this session id (see number 3 in the image). As you may not change a cookie of another domain (because of the same origin policy), the attacker has to run a JavaScript from the domain of the target web application. Injecting the JavaScript code into the application by XSS accomplishes this attack. Here is an example: `<script>document.cookie="_session_id=16d5b78abb28e3d6206b60f22a03c8d9";</script>`. Read more about XSS and injection later on.
 * The attacker lures the victim to the infected page with the JavaScript code. By viewing the page, the victim's browser will change the session id to the trap session id.
 * As the new trap session is unused, the web application will require the user to authenticate.
 * From now on, the victim and the attacker will co-use the web application with the same session: The session became valid and the victim didn't notice the attack.
@@ -144,7 +160,7 @@ The most effective countermeasure is to _issue a new session identifier_ and dec
 reset_session
 ```
 
-If you use the popular RestfulAuthentication plugin for user management, add reset\_session to the SessionsController#create action. Note that this removes any value from the session, _you have to transfer them to the new session_.
+If you use the popular RestfulAuthentication plugin for user management, add reset_session to the SessionsController#create action. Note that this removes any value from the session, _you have to transfer them to the new session_.
 
 Another countermeasure is to _save user-specific properties in the session_, verify them every time a request comes in, and deny access, if the information does not match. Such properties could be the remote IP address or the user agent (the web browser name), though the latter is less user-specific. When saving the IP address, you have to bear in mind that there are Internet service providers or large organizations that put their users behind proxies. _These might change over the course of a session_, so these users will not be able to use your application, or only in a limited way.
 
@@ -180,18 +196,17 @@ This attack method works by including malicious code or a link in a page that ac
 
 ![](images/csrf.png)
 
-In the <a href="#sessions">session chapter</a> you have learned that most Rails applications use cookie-based sessions. Either they store the session id in the cookie and have a server-side session hash, or the entire session hash is on the client-side. In either case the browser will automatically send along the cookie on every request to a domain, if it can find a cookie for that domain. The controversial point is, that it will also send the cookie, if the request comes from a site of a different domain. Let's start with an example:
+In the [session chapter](#sessions) you have learned that most Rails applications use cookie-based sessions. Either they store the session id in the cookie and have a server-side session hash, or the entire session hash is on the client-side. In either case the browser will automatically send along the cookie on every request to a domain, if it can find a cookie for that domain. The controversial point is that if the request comes from a site of a different domain, it will also send the cookie. Let's start with an example:
 
-* Bob browses a message board and views a post from a hacker where there is a crafted HTML image element. The element references a command in Bob's project management application, rather than an image file.
-* `<img src="http://www.webapp.com/project/1/destroy">`
-* Bob's session at www.webapp.com is still alive, because he didn't log out a few minutes ago.
-* By viewing the post, the browser finds an image tag. It tries to load the suspected image from www.webapp.com. As explained before, it will also send along the cookie with the valid session id.
-* The web application at www.webapp.com verifies the user information in the corresponding session hash and destroys the project with the ID 1. It then returns a result page which is an unexpected result for the browser, so it will not display the image.
+* Bob browses a message board and views a post from a hacker where there is a crafted HTML image element. The element references a command in Bob's project management application, rather than an image file: `<img src="http://www.webapp.com/project/1/destroy">`
+* Bob's session at `www.webapp.com` is still alive, because he didn't log out a few minutes ago.
+* By viewing the post, the browser finds an image tag. It tries to load the suspected image from `www.webapp.com`. As explained before, it will also send along the cookie with the valid session id.
+* The web application at `www.webapp.com` verifies the user information in the corresponding session hash and destroys the project with the ID 1. It then returns a result page which is an unexpected result for the browser, so it will not display the image.
 * Bob doesn't notice the attack - but a few days later he finds out that project number one is gone.
 
 It is important to notice that the actual crafted image or link doesn't necessarily have to be situated in the web application's domain, it can be anywhere - in a forum, blog post or email.
 
-CSRF appears very rarely in CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures) - less than 0.1% in 2006 - but it really is a 'sleeping giant' [Grossman]. This is in stark contrast to the results in my (and others) security contract work - _CSRF is an important security issue_.
+CSRF appears very rarely in CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures) - less than 0.1% in 2006 - but it really is a 'sleeping giant' [Grossman]. This is in stark contrast to the results in many security contract works - _CSRF is an important security issue_.
 
 ### CSRF Countermeasures
 
@@ -209,9 +224,9 @@ The HTTP protocol basically provides two main types of requests - GET and POST (
 * The interaction _changes the state_ of the resource in a way that the user would perceive (e.g., a subscription to a service), or
 * The user is _held accountable for the results_ of the interaction.
 
-If your web application is RESTful, you might be used to additional HTTP verbs, such as PATCH, PUT or DELETE. Most of today's web browsers, however do not support them - only GET and POST. Rails uses a hidden `_method` field to handle this barrier.
+If your web application is RESTful, you might be used to additional HTTP verbs, such as PATCH, PUT or DELETE. Most of today's web browsers, however, do not support them - only GET and POST. Rails uses a hidden `_method` field to handle this barrier.
 
-_POST requests can be sent automatically, too_. Here is an example for a link which displays www.harmless.com as destination in the browser's status bar. In fact it dynamically creates a new form that sends a POST request.
+_POST requests can be sent automatically, too_. In this example, the link www.harmless.com is shown as the destination in the browser's status bar. But it has actually dynamically created a new form that sends a POST request.
 
 ```html
 <a href="http://www.harmless.com/" onclick="
@@ -230,28 +245,38 @@ Or the attacker places the code into the onmouseover event handler of an image:
 <img src="http://www.harmless.com/img" width="400" height="400" onmouseover="..." />
 ```
 
-There are many other possibilities, like using a `<script>` tag to make a cross-site request to a URL with a JSONP or JavaScript response. The response is executable code that the attacker can find a way to run, possibly extracting sensitive data. To protect against this data leakage, we disallow cross-site `<script>` tags. Only Ajax requests may have JavaScript responses since XmlHttpRequest is subject to the browser Same-Origin policy - meaning only your site can initiate the request.
+There are many other possibilities, like using a `<script>` tag to make a cross-site request to a URL with a JSONP or JavaScript response. The response is executable code that the attacker can find a way to run, possibly extracting sensitive data. To protect against this data leakage, we must disallow cross-site `<script>` tags. Ajax requests, however, obey the browser's same-origin policy (only your own site is allowed to initiate `XmlHttpRequest`) so we can safely allow them to return JavaScript responses.
+
+Note: We can't distinguish a `<script>` tag's origin—whether it's a tag on your own site or on some other malicious site—so we must block all `<script>` across the board, even if it's actually a safe same-origin script served from your own site. In these cases, explicitly skip CSRF protection on actions that serve JavaScript meant for a `<script>` tag.
 
-To protect against all other forged requests, we introduce a _required security token_ that our site knows but other sites don't know. We include the security token in requests and verify it on the server. This is a one-liner in your application controller:
+To protect against all other forged requests, we introduce a _required security token_ that our site knows but other sites don't know. We include the security token in requests and verify it on the server. This is a one-liner in your application controller, and is the default for newly created rails applications:
 
 ```ruby
-protect_from_forgery
+protect_from_forgery with: :exception
 ```
 
-This will automatically include a security token in all forms and Ajax requests generated by Rails. If the security token doesn't match what was expected, the session will be reset.
+This will automatically include a security token in all forms and Ajax requests generated by Rails. If the security token doesn't match what was expected, an exception will be thrown.
+
+NOTE: By default, Rails includes jQuery and an [unobtrusive scripting adapter for
+jQuery](https://github.com/rails/jquery-ujs), which adds a header called
+`X-CSRF-Token` on every non-GET Ajax call made by jQuery with the security token.
+Without this header, non-GET Ajax requests won't be accepted by Rails. When using
+another library to make Ajax calls, it is necessary to add the security token as
+a default header for Ajax calls in your library. To get the token, have a look at
+`<meta name='csrf-token' content='THE-TOKEN'>` tag printed by
+`<%= csrf_meta_tags %>` in your application view.
 
 It is common to use persistent cookies to store user information, with `cookies.permanent` for example. In this case, the cookies will not be cleared and the out of the box CSRF protection will not be effective. If you are using a different cookie store than the session for this information, you must handle what to do with it yourself:
 
 ```ruby
-def handle_unverified_request
-  super
-  sign_out_user # Example method that will destroy the user cookies.
+rescue_from ActionController::InvalidAuthenticityToken do |exception|
+  sign_out_user # Example method that will destroy the user cookies
 end
 ```
 
-The above method can be placed in the `ApplicationController` and will be called when a CSRF token is not present on a non-GET request.
+The above method can be placed in the `ApplicationController` and will be called when a CSRF token is not present or is incorrect on a non-GET request.
 
-Note that _cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities bypass all CSRF protections_. XSS gives the attacker access to all elements on a page, so they can read the CSRF security token from a form or directly submit the form. Read <a href="#cross-site-scripting-xss">more about XSS</a> later.
+Note that _cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities bypass all CSRF protections_. XSS gives the attacker access to all elements on a page, so they can read the CSRF security token from a form or directly submit the form. Read [more about XSS](#cross-site-scripting-xss) later.
 
 Redirection and Files
 ---------------------
@@ -276,7 +301,7 @@ This will redirect the user to the main action if they tried to access a legacy
 http://www.example.com/site/legacy?param1=xy&param2=23&host=www.attacker.com
 ```
 
-If it is at the end of the URL it will hardly be noticed and redirects the user to the attacker.com host. A simple countermeasure would be to _include only the expected parameters in a legacy action_ (again a whitelist approach, as opposed to removing unexpected parameters). _And if you redirect to an URL, check it with a whitelist or a regular expression_.
+If it is at the end of the URL it will hardly be noticed and redirects the user to the attacker.com host. A simple countermeasure would be to _include only the expected parameters in a legacy action_ (again a whitelist approach, as opposed to removing unexpected parameters). _And if you redirect to a URL, check it with a whitelist or a regular expression_.
 
 #### Self-contained XSS
 
@@ -307,7 +332,7 @@ def sanitize_filename(filename)
 end
 ```
 
-A significant disadvantage of synchronous processing of file uploads (as the attachment\_fu plugin may do with images), is its _vulnerability to denial-of-service attacks_. An attacker can synchronously start image file uploads from many computers which increases the server load and may eventually crash or stall the server.
+A significant disadvantage of synchronous processing of file uploads (as the attachment_fu plugin may do with images), is its _vulnerability to denial-of-service attacks_. An attacker can synchronously start image file uploads from many computers which increases the server load and may eventually crash or stall the server.
 
 The solution to this is best to _process media files asynchronously_: Save the media file and schedule a processing request in the database. A second process will handle the processing of the file in the background.
 
@@ -356,7 +381,7 @@ Refer to the Injection section for countermeasures against XSS. It is _recommend
 
 **CSRF** Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF), also known as Cross-Site Reference Forgery (XSRF), is a gigantic attack method, it allows the attacker to do everything the administrator or Intranet user may do. As you have already seen above how CSRF works, here are a few examples of what attackers can do in the Intranet or admin interface.
 
-A real-world example is a [router reconfiguration by CSRF](http://www.h-online.com/security/Symantec-reports-first-active-attack-on-a-DSL-router--/news/102352). The attackers sent a malicious e-mail, with CSRF in it, to Mexican users. The e-mail claimed there was an e-card waiting for them, but it also contained an image tag that resulted in a HTTP-GET request to reconfigure the user's router (which is a popular model in Mexico). The request changed the DNS-settings so that requests to a Mexico-based banking site would be mapped to the attacker's site. Everyone who accessed the banking site through that router saw the attacker's fake web site and had their credentials stolen.
+A real-world example is a [router reconfiguration by CSRF](http://www.h-online.com/security/news/item/Symantec-reports-first-active-attack-on-a-DSL-router-735883.html). The attackers sent a malicious e-mail, with CSRF in it, to Mexican users. The e-mail claimed there was an e-card waiting for them, but it also contained an image tag that resulted in a HTTP-GET request to reconfigure the user's router (which is a popular model in Mexico). The request changed the DNS-settings so that requests to a Mexico-based banking site would be mapped to the attacker's site. Everyone who accessed the banking site through that router saw the attacker's fake web site and had their credentials stolen.
 
 Another example changed Google Adsense's e-mail address and password by. If the victim was logged into Google Adsense, the administration interface for Google advertisements campaigns, an attacker could change their credentials.

 
@@ -368,7 +393,7 @@ For _countermeasures against CSRF in administration interfaces and Intranet appl
 
 The common admin interface works like this: it's located at www.example.com/admin, may be accessed only if the admin flag is set in the User model, re-displays user input and allows the admin to delete/add/edit whatever data desired. Here are some thoughts about this:
 
-* It is very important to _think about the worst case_: What if someone really got hold of my cookie or user credentials. You could _introduce roles_ for the admin interface to limit the possibilities of the attacker. Or how about _special login credentials_ for the admin interface, other than the ones used for the public part of the application. Or a _special password for very serious actions_?
+* It is very important to _think about the worst case_: What if someone really got hold of your cookies or user credentials. You could _introduce roles_ for the admin interface to limit the possibilities of the attacker. Or how about _special login credentials_ for the admin interface, other than the ones used for the public part of the application. Or a _special password for very serious actions_?
 
 * Does the admin really have to access the interface from everywhere in the world? Think about _limiting the login to a bunch of source IP addresses_. Examine request.remote_ip to find out about the user's IP address. This is not bullet-proof, but a great barrier. Remember that there might be a proxy in use, though.
 
@@ -381,7 +406,7 @@ NOTE: _Almost every web application has to deal with authorization and authentic
 
 There are a number of authentication plug-ins for Rails available. Good ones, such as the popular [devise](https://github.com/plataformatec/devise) and [authlogic](https://github.com/binarylogic/authlogic), store only encrypted passwords, not plain-text passwords. In Rails 3.1 you can use the built-in `has_secure_password` method which has similar features.
 
-Every new user gets an activation code to activate their account when they get an e-mail with a link in it. After activating the account, the activation_code columns will be set to NULL in the database. If someone requested an URL like these, they would be logged in as the first activated user found in the database (and chances are that this is the administrator):
+Every new user gets an activation code to activate their account when they get an e-mail with a link in it. After activating the account, the activation_code columns will be set to NULL in the database. If someone requested a URL like these, they would be logged in as the first activated user found in the database (and chances are that this is the administrator):
 
 ```
 http://localhost:3006/user/activate
@@ -400,7 +425,7 @@ If the parameter was nil, the resulting SQL query will be
 SELECT * FROM users WHERE (users.activation_code IS NULL) LIMIT 1
 ```
 
-And thus it found the first user in the database, returned it and logged them in. You can find out more about it in [my blog post](http://www.rorsecurity.info/2007/10/28/restful_authentication-login-security/). _It is advisable to update your plug-ins from time to time_. Moreover, you can review your application to find more flaws like this.
+And thus it found the first user in the database, returned it and logged them in. You can find out more about it in [this blog post](http://www.rorsecurity.info/2007/10/28/restful_authentication-login-security/). _It is advisable to update your plug-ins from time to time_. Moreover, you can review your application to find more flaws like this.
 
 ### Brute-Forcing Accounts
 
@@ -432,14 +457,16 @@ Depending on your web application, there may be more ways to hijack the user's a
 
 ### CAPTCHAs
 
-INFO: _A CAPTCHA is a challenge-response test to determine that the response is not generated by a computer. It is often used to protect comment forms from automatic spam bots by asking the user to type the letters of a distorted image. The idea of a negative CAPTCHA is not for a user to prove that they are human, but reveal that a robot is a robot._
+INFO: _A CAPTCHA is a challenge-response test to determine that the response is not generated by a computer. It is often used to protect registration forms from attackers and comment forms from automatic spam bots by asking the user to type the letters of a distorted image. This is the positive CAPTCHA, but there is also the negative CAPTCHA. The idea of a negative CAPTCHA is not for a user to prove that they are human, but reveal that a robot is a robot._
 
-But not only spam robots (bots) are a problem, but also automatic login bots. A popular CAPTCHA API is [reCAPTCHA](http://recaptcha.net/) which displays two distorted images of words from old books. It also adds an angled line, rather than a distorted background and high levels of warping on the text as earlier CAPTCHAs did, because the latter were broken. As a bonus, using reCAPTCHA helps to digitize old books. [ReCAPTCHA](https://github.com/ambethia/recaptcha/) is also a Rails plug-in with the same name as the API.
+A popular positive CAPTCHA API is [reCAPTCHA](http://recaptcha.net/) which displays two distorted images of words from old books. It also adds an angled line, rather than a distorted background and high levels of warping on the text as earlier CAPTCHAs did, because the latter were broken. As a bonus, using reCAPTCHA helps to digitize old books. [ReCAPTCHA](https://github.com/ambethia/recaptcha/) is also a Rails plug-in with the same name as the API.
 
 You will get two keys from the API, a public and a private key, which you have to put into your Rails environment. After that you can use the recaptcha_tags method in the view, and the verify_recaptcha method in the controller. Verify_recaptcha will return false if the validation fails.
-The problem with CAPTCHAs is, they are annoying. Additionally, some visually impaired users have found certain kinds of distorted CAPTCHAs difficult to read. The idea of negative CAPTCHAs is not to ask a user to proof that they are human, but reveal that a spam robot is a bot.
+The problem with CAPTCHAs is that they have a negative impact on the user experience. Additionally, some visually impaired users have found certain kinds of distorted CAPTCHAs difficult to read. Still, positive CAPTCHAs are one of the best methods to prevent all kinds of bots from submitting forms.
+
+Most bots are really dumb. They crawl the web and put their spam into every form's field they can find. Negative CAPTCHAs take advantage of that and include a "honeypot" field in the form which will be hidden from the human user by CSS or JavaScript.
 
-Most bots are really dumb, they crawl the web and put their spam into every form's field they can find. Negative CAPTCHAs take advantage of that and include a "honeypot" field in the form which will be hidden from the human user by CSS or JavaScript.
+Note that negative CAPTCHAs are only effective against dumb bots and won't suffice to protect critical applications from targeted bots. Still, the negative and positive CAPTCHAs can be combined to increase the performance, e.g.,  if the "honeypot" field is not empty (bot detected), you won't need to verify the positive CAPTCHA, which would require a HTTPS request to Google ReCaptcha before computing the response.
 
 Here are some ideas how to hide honeypot fields by JavaScript and/or CSS:
 
@@ -471,7 +498,7 @@ config.filter_parameters << :password
 
 INFO: _Do you find it hard to remember all your passwords? Don't write them down, but use the initial letters of each word in an easy to remember sentence._
 
-Bruce Schneier, a security technologist, [has analyzed](http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/12/realworld_passw.html) 34,000 real-world user names and passwords from the MySpace phishing attack mentioned <a href="#examples-from-the-underground">below</a>. It turns out that most of the passwords are quite easy to crack. The 20 most common passwords are:
+Bruce Schneier, a security technologist, [has analyzed](http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/12/realworld_passw.html) 34,000 real-world user names and passwords from the MySpace phishing attack mentioned [below](#examples-from-the-underground). It turns out that most of the passwords are quite easy to crack. The 20 most common passwords are:
 
 password1, abc123, myspace1, password, blink182, qwerty1, ****you, 123abc, baseball1, football1, 123456, soccer, monkey1, liverpool1, princess1, jordan23, slipknot1, superman1, iloveyou1, and monkey.
 
@@ -553,7 +580,7 @@ NOTE: _When sanitizing, protecting or verifying something, prefer whitelists ove
 
 A blacklist can be a list of bad e-mail addresses, non-public actions or bad HTML tags. This is opposed to a whitelist which lists the good e-mail addresses, public actions, good HTML tags and so on. Although sometimes it is not possible to create a whitelist (in a SPAM filter, for example), _prefer to use whitelist approaches_:
 
-* Use before_action only: [...] instead of except: [...]. This way you don't forget to turn it off for newly added actions.
+* Use before_action except: [...] instead of only: [...] for security-related actions. This way you don't forget to enable security checks for newly added actions.
 * Allow &lt;strong&gt; instead of removing &lt;script&gt; against Cross-Site Scripting (XSS). See below for details.
 * Don't try to correct user input by blacklists:
     * This will make the attack work: "&lt;sc&lt;script&gt;ript&gt;".gsub("&lt;script&gt;", "")
@@ -624,7 +651,7 @@ Also, the second query renames some columns with the AS statement so that the we
 
 #### Countermeasures
 
-Ruby on Rails has a built-in filter for special SQL characters, which will escape ' , " , NULL character and line breaks. <em class="highlight">Using `Model.find(id)` or `Model.find_by_some thing(something)` automatically applies this countermeasure</em>. But in SQL fragments, especially <em class="highlight">in conditions fragments (`where("...")`), the `connection.execute()` or `Model.find_by_sql()` methods, it has to be applied manually</em>.
+Ruby on Rails has a built-in filter for special SQL characters, which will escape ' , " , NULL character and line breaks. *Using `Model.find(id)` or `Model.find_by_some thing(something)` automatically applies this countermeasure*. But in SQL fragments, especially *in conditions fragments (`where("...")`), the `connection.execute()` or `Model.find_by_sql()` methods, it has to be applied manually*.
 
 Instead of passing a string to the conditions option, you can pass an array to sanitize tainted strings like this:
 
@@ -693,7 +720,7 @@ The log files on www.attacker.com will read like this:
 GET http://www.attacker.com/_app_session=836c1c25278e5b321d6bea4f19cb57e2
 ```
 
-You can mitigate these attacks (in the obvious way) by adding the [httpOnly](http://dev.rubyonrails.org/ticket/8895) flag to cookies, so that document.cookie may not be read by JavaScript. Http only cookies can be used from IE v6.SP1, Firefox v2.0.0.5 and Opera 9.5. Safari is still considering, it ignores the option. But other, older browsers (such as WebTV and IE 5.5 on Mac) can actually cause the page to fail to load. Be warned that cookies [will still be visible using Ajax](http://ha.ckers.org/blog/20070719/firefox-implements-httponly-and-is-vulnerable-to-xmlhttprequest/), though.
+You can mitigate these attacks (in the obvious way) by adding the **httpOnly** flag to cookies, so that document.cookie may not be read by JavaScript. Http only cookies can be used from IE v6.SP1, Firefox v2.0.0.5 and Opera 9.5. Safari is still considering, it ignores the option. But other, older browsers (such as WebTV and IE 5.5 on Mac) can actually cause the page to fail to load. Be warned that cookies [will still be visible using Ajax](https://www.owasp.org/index.php/HTTPOnly#Browsers_Supporting_HttpOnly), though.
 
 ##### Defacement
 
@@ -726,7 +753,7 @@ Imagine a blacklist deletes "script" from the user input. Now the attacker injec
 strip_tags("some<<b>script>alert('hello')<</b>/script>")
 ```
 
-This returned "some&lt;script&gt;alert('hello')&lt;/script&gt;", which makes an attack work. That's why I vote for a whitelist approach, using the updated Rails 2 method sanitize():
+This returned "some&lt;script&gt;alert('hello')&lt;/script&gt;", which makes an attack work. That's why a whitelist approach is better, using the updated Rails 2 method sanitize():
 
 ```ruby
 tags = %w(a acronym b strong i em li ul ol h1 h2 h3 h4 h5 h6 blockquote br cite sub sup ins p)
@@ -735,7 +762,7 @@ s = sanitize(user_input, tags: tags, attributes: %w(href title))
 
 This allows only the given tags and does a good job, even against all kinds of tricks and malformed tags.
 
-As a second step, _it is good practice to escape all output of the application_, especially when re-displaying user input, which hasn't been input-filtered (as in the search form example earlier on). _Use `escapeHTML()` (or its alias `h()`) method_ to replace the HTML input characters &amp;, &quot;, &lt;, &gt; by their uninterpreted representations in HTML (`&amp;`, `&quot;`, `&lt`;, and `&gt;`). However, it can easily happen that the programmer forgets to use it, so _it is recommended to use the [SafeErb](http://safe-erb.rubyforge.org/svn/plugins/safe_erb/) plugin_. SafeErb reminds you to escape strings from external sources.
+As a second step, _it is good practice to escape all output of the application_, especially when re-displaying user input, which hasn't been input-filtered (as in the search form example earlier on). _Use `escapeHTML()` (or its alias `h()`) method_ to replace the HTML input characters &amp;, &quot;, &lt;, and &gt; by their uninterpreted representations in HTML (`&amp;`, `&quot;`, `&lt;`, and `&gt;`). However, it can easily happen that the programmer forgets to use it, so _it is recommended to use the SafeErb gem. SafeErb reminds you to escape strings from external sources.
 
 ##### Obfuscation and Encoding Injection
 
@@ -766,15 +793,13 @@ Another proof-of-concept webmail worm is Nduja, a cross-domain worm for four Ita
 
 In December 2006, 34,000 actual user names and passwords were stolen in a [MySpace phishing attack](http://news.netcraft.com/archives/2006/10/27/myspace_accounts_compromised_by_phishers.html). The idea of the attack was to create a profile page named "login_home_index_html", so the URL looked very convincing. Specially-crafted HTML and CSS was used to hide the genuine MySpace content from the page and instead display its own login form.
 
-The MySpace Samy worm will be discussed in the CSS Injection section.
-
 ### CSS Injection
 
 INFO: _CSS Injection is actually JavaScript injection, because some browsers (IE, some versions of Safari and others) allow JavaScript in CSS. Think twice about allowing custom CSS in your web application._
 
-CSS Injection is explained best by a well-known worm, the [MySpace Samy worm](http://namb.la/popular/tech.html). This worm automatically sent a friend request to Samy (the attacker) simply by visiting his profile. Within several hours he had over 1 million friend requests, but it creates too much traffic on MySpace, so that the site goes offline. The following is a technical explanation of the worm.
+CSS Injection is explained best by the well-known [MySpace Samy worm](http://namb.la/popular/tech.html). This worm automatically sent a friend request to Samy (the attacker) simply by visiting his profile. Within several hours he had over 1 million friend requests, which created so much traffic that MySpace went offline. The following is a technical explanation of that worm.
 
-MySpace blocks many tags, however it allows CSS. So the worm's author put JavaScript into CSS like this:
+MySpace blocked many tags, but allowed CSS. So the worm's author put JavaScript into CSS like this:
 
 ```html
 <div style="background:url('javascript:alert(1)')">
@@ -798,7 +823,7 @@ The next problem was MySpace filtering the word "javascript", so the author used
 <div id="mycode" expr="alert('hah!')" style="background:url('java↵
script:eval(document.all.mycode.expr)')">
 ```
 
-Another problem for the worm's author were CSRF security tokens. Without them he couldn't send a friend request over POST. He got around it by sending a GET to the page right before adding a user and parsing the result for the CSRF token.
+Another problem for the worm's author was the [CSRF security tokens](#cross-site-request-forgery-csrf). Without them he couldn't send a friend request over POST. He got around it by sending a GET to the page right before adding a user and parsing the result for the CSRF token.
 
 In the end, he got a 4 KB worm, which he injected into his profile page.
 
@@ -806,7 +831,7 @@ The [moz-binding](http://www.securiteam.com/securitynews/5LP051FHPE.html) CSS pr
 
 #### Countermeasures
 
-This example, again, showed that a blacklist filter is never complete. However, as custom CSS in web applications is a quite rare feature, I am not aware of a whitelist CSS filter. _If you want to allow custom colors or images, you can allow the user to choose them and build the CSS in the web application_. Use Rails' `sanitize()` method as a model for a whitelist CSS filter, if you really need one.
+This example, again, showed that a blacklist filter is never complete. However, as custom CSS in web applications is a quite rare feature, it may be hard to find a good whitelist CSS filter. _If you want to allow custom colors or images, you can allow the user to choose them and build the CSS in the web application_. Use Rails' `sanitize()` method as a model for a whitelist CSS filter, if you really need one.
 
 ### Textile Injection
 
@@ -841,7 +866,7 @@ It is recommended to _use RedCloth in combination with a whitelist input filter_
 
 NOTE: _The same security precautions have to be taken for Ajax actions as for "normal" ones. There is at least one exception, however: The output has to be escaped in the controller already, if the action doesn't render a view._
 
-If you use the [in_place_editor plugin](http://dev.rubyonrails.org/browser/plugins/in_place_editing), or actions that return a string, rather than rendering a view, _you have to escape the return value in the action_. Otherwise, if the return value contains a XSS string, the malicious code will be executed upon return to the browser. Escape any input value using the h() method.
+If you use the [in_place_editor plugin](https://rubygems.org/gems/in_place_editing), or actions that return a string, rather than rendering a view, _you have to escape the return value in the action_. Otherwise, if the return value contains a XSS string, the malicious code will be executed upon return to the browser. Escape any input value using the h() method.
 
 ### Command Line Injection
 
@@ -906,7 +931,7 @@ HTTP/1.1 200 OK [Second New response created by attacker begins]
 Content-Type: text/html
 
 
-&lt;html&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;hey&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/html&gt; [Arbitary malicious input is
+&lt;html&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;hey&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/html&gt; [Arbitrary malicious input is
 Keep-Alive: timeout=15, max=100         shown as the redirected page]
 Connection: Keep-Alive
 Transfer-Encoding: chunked
@@ -936,7 +961,7 @@ unless params[:token].nil?
 end
 ```
 
-When `params[:token]` is one of: `[]`, `[nil]`, `[nil, nil, ...]` or
+When `params[:token]` is one of: `[nil]`, `[nil, nil, ...]` or
 `['foo', nil]` it will bypass the test for `nil`, but `IS NULL` or
 `IN ('foo', NULL)` where clauses still will be added to the SQL query.
 
@@ -947,12 +972,12 @@ request:
 | JSON                              | Parameters               |
 |-----------------------------------|--------------------------|
 | `{ "person": null }`              | `{ :person => nil }`     |
-| `{ "person": [] }`                | `{ :person => nil }`     |
-| `{ "person": [null] }`            | `{ :person => nil }`     |
-| `{ "person": [null, null, ...] }` | `{ :person => nil }`     |
+| `{ "person": [] }`                | `{ :person => [] }`     |
+| `{ "person": [null] }`            | `{ :person => [] }`     |
+| `{ "person": [null, null, ...] }` | `{ :person => [] }`     |
 | `{ "person": ["foo", null] }`     | `{ :person => ["foo"] }` |
 
-It is possible to return to old behaviour and disable `deep_munge` configuring
+It is possible to return to old behavior and disable `deep_munge` configuring
 your application if you are aware of the risk and know how to handle it:
 
 ```ruby
@@ -989,30 +1014,46 @@ config.action_dispatch.default_headers.clear
 
 Here is a list of common headers:
 
-* X-Frame-Options
-_'SAMEORIGIN' in Rails by default_ - allow framing on same domain. Set it to 'DENY' to deny framing at all or 'ALLOWALL' if you want to allow framing for all website.
-* X-XSS-Protection
-_'1; mode=block' in Rails by default_ - use XSS Auditor and block page if XSS attack is detected. Set it to '0;' if you want to switch XSS Auditor off(useful if response contents scripts from request parameters)
-* X-Content-Type-Options
-_'nosniff' in Rails by default_ - stops the browser from guessing the MIME type of a file.
-* X-Content-Security-Policy
-[A powerful mechanism for controlling which sites certain content types can be loaded from](http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/content-security-policy/raw-file/tip/csp-specification.dev.html)
-* Access-Control-Allow-Origin
-Used to control which sites are allowed to bypass same origin policies and send cross-origin requests.
-* Strict-Transport-Security
-[Used to control if the browser is allowed to only access a site over a secure connection](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_Strict_Transport_Security)
+* **X-Frame-Options:** _'SAMEORIGIN' in Rails by default_ - allow framing on same domain. Set it to 'DENY' to deny framing at all or 'ALLOWALL' if you want to allow framing for all website.
+* **X-XSS-Protection:** _'1; mode=block' in Rails by default_ - use XSS Auditor and block page if XSS attack is detected. Set it to '0;' if you want to switch XSS Auditor off(useful if response contents scripts from request parameters)
+* **X-Content-Type-Options:** _'nosniff' in Rails by default_ - stops the browser from guessing the MIME type of a file.
+* **X-Content-Security-Policy:** [A powerful mechanism for controlling which sites certain content types can be loaded from](http://w3c.github.io/webappsec/specs/content-security-policy/csp-specification.dev.html)
+* **Access-Control-Allow-Origin:** Used to control which sites are allowed to bypass same origin policies and send cross-origin requests.
+* **Strict-Transport-Security:** [Used to control if the browser is allowed to only access a site over a secure connection](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_Strict_Transport_Security)
 
 Environmental Security
 ----------------------
 
-It is beyond the scope of this guide to inform you on how to secure your application code and environments. However, please secure your database configuration, e.g. `config/database.yml`, and your server-side secret, e.g. stored in `config/initializers/secret_token.rb`. You may want to further restrict access, using environment-specific versions of these files and any others that may contain sensitive information.
+It is beyond the scope of this guide to inform you on how to secure your application code and environments. However, please secure your database configuration, e.g. `config/database.yml`, and your server-side secret, e.g. stored in `config/secrets.yml`. You may want to further restrict access, using environment-specific versions of these files and any others that may contain sensitive information.
+
+### Custom secrets
+
+Rails generates a `config/secrets.yml`. By default, this file contains the
+application's `secret_key_base`, but it could also be used to store other
+secrets such as access keys for external APIs.
+
+The secrets added to this file are accessible via `Rails.application.secrets`.
+For example, with the following `config/secrets.yml`:
+
+    development:
+      secret_key_base: 3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c3
+      some_api_key: SOMEKEY
+
+`Rails.application.secrets.some_api_key` returns `SOMEKEY` in the development
+environment.
+
+If you want an exception to be raised when some key is blank, use the bang
+version:
+
+```ruby
+Rails.application.secrets.some_api_key! # => raises KeyError: key not found: :some_api_key
+```
 
 Additional Resources
 --------------------
 
 The security landscape shifts and it is important to keep up to date, because missing a new vulnerability can be catastrophic. You can find additional resources about (Rails) security here:
 
-* The Ruby on Rails security project posts security news regularly: [http://www.rorsecurity.info](http://www.rorsecurity.info)
 * Subscribe to the Rails security [mailing list](http://groups.google.com/group/rubyonrails-security)
 * [Keep up to date on the other application layers](http://secunia.com/) (they have a weekly newsletter, too)
-* A [good security blog](http://ha.ckers.org/blog/) including the [Cross-Site scripting Cheat Sheet](http://ha.ckers.org/xss.html)
+* A [good security blog](https://www.owasp.org) including the [Cross-Site scripting Cheat Sheet](https://www.owasp.org/index.php/DOM_based_XSS_Prevention_Cheat_Sheet)
diff --git a/guides/source/testing.md b/guides/source/testing.md
index aa37115d14..58524fd6c5 100644
--- a/guides/source/testing.md
+++ b/guides/source/testing.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 A Guide to Testing Rails Applications
 =====================================
 
@@ -23,17 +25,11 @@ Rails tests can also simulate browser requests and thus you can test your applic
 Introduction to Testing
 -----------------------
 
-Testing support was woven into the Rails fabric from the beginning. It wasn't an "oh! let's bolt on support for running tests because they're new and cool" epiphany. Just about every Rails application interacts heavily with a database and, as a result, your tests will need a database to interact with as well. To write efficient tests, you'll need to understand how to set up this database and populate it with sample data.
-
-### The Test Environment
-
-By default, every Rails application has three environments: development, test, and production. The database for each one of them is configured in `config/database.yml`.
-
-A dedicated test database allows you to set up and interact with test data in isolation. Tests can mangle test data with confidence, that won't touch the data in the development or production databases.
+Testing support was woven into the Rails fabric from the beginning. It wasn't an "oh! let's bolt on support for running tests because they're new and cool" epiphany.
 
 ### Rails Sets up for Testing from the Word Go
 
-Rails creates a `test` folder for you as soon as you create a Rails project using `rails new` _application_name_. If you list the contents of this folder then you shall see:
+Rails creates a `test` directory for you as soon as you create a Rails project using `rails new` _application_name_. If you list the contents of this directory then you shall see:
 
 ```bash
 $ ls -F test
@@ -41,120 +37,42 @@ controllers/    helpers/        mailers/        test_helper.rb
 fixtures/       integration/    models/
 ```
 
-The `models` directory is meant to hold tests for your models, the `controllers` directory is meant to hold tests for your controllers and the `integration` directory is meant to hold tests that involve any number of controllers interacting.
+The `models` directory is meant to hold tests for your models, the `controllers` directory is meant to hold tests for your controllers and the `integration` directory is meant to hold tests that involve any number of controllers interacting. There is also a directory for testing your mailers and one for testing view helpers.
 
-Fixtures are a way of organizing test data; they reside in the `fixtures` folder.
+Fixtures are a way of organizing test data; they reside in the `fixtures` directory.
 
 The `test_helper.rb` file holds the default configuration for your tests.
 
-### The Low-Down on Fixtures
-
-For good tests, you'll need to give some thought to setting up test data. In Rails, you can handle this by defining and customizing fixtures.
-
-#### What Are Fixtures?
-
-_Fixtures_ is a fancy word for sample data. Fixtures allow you to populate your testing database with predefined data before your tests run. Fixtures are database independent written in YAML. There is one file per model.
-
-You'll find fixtures under your `test/fixtures` directory. When you run `rails generate model` to create a new model fixture stubs will be automatically created and placed in this directory.
-
-#### YAML
-
-YAML-formatted fixtures are a very human-friendly way to describe your sample data. These types of fixtures have the **.yml** file extension (as in `users.yml`).
-
-Here's a sample YAML fixture file:
-
-```yaml
-# lo & behold! I am a YAML comment!
-david:
-  name: David Heinemeier Hansson
-  birthday: 1979-10-15
-  profession: Systems development
-
-steve:
-  name: Steve Ross Kellock
-  birthday: 1974-09-27
-  profession: guy with keyboard
-```
-
-Each fixture is given a name followed by an indented list of colon-separated key/value pairs. Records are typically separated by a blank space. You can place comments in a fixture file by using the # character in the first column. Keys which resemble YAML keywords such as 'yes' and 'no' are quoted so that the YAML Parser correctly interprets them.
-
-If you are working with [associations](/association_basics.html), you can simply
-define a reference node between two different fixtures. Here's an example with
-a belongs_to/has_many association:
-
-```yaml
-# In fixtures/categories.yml
-about:
-  name: About
-
-# In fixtures/articles.yml
-one:
-  title: Welcome to Rails!
-  body: Hello world!
-  category: about
-```
-
-#### ERB'in It Up
-
-ERB allows you to embed Ruby code within templates. The YAML fixture format is pre-processed with ERB when Rails loads fixtures. This allows you to use Ruby to help you generate some sample data. For example, the following code generates a thousand users:
-
-```erb
-<% 1000.times do |n| %>
-user_<%= n %>:
-  username: <%= "user#{n}" %>
-  email: <%= "user#{n}@example.com" %>
-<% end %>
-```
-
-#### Fixtures in Action
-
-Rails by default automatically loads all fixtures from the `test/fixtures` folder for your models and controllers test. Loading involves three steps:
-
-* Remove any existing data from the table corresponding to the fixture
-* Load the fixture data into the table
-* Dump the fixture data into a variable in case you want to access it directly
-
-#### Fixtures are Active Record objects
-
-Fixtures are instances of Active Record. As mentioned in point #3 above, you can access the object directly because it is automatically setup as a local variable of the test case. For example:
-
-```ruby
-# this will return the User object for the fixture named david
-users(:david)
 
-# this will return the property for david called id
-users(:david).id
-
-# one can also access methods available on the User class
-email(david.girlfriend.email, david.location_tonight)
-```
+### The Test Environment
 
-Unit Testing your Models
-------------------------
+By default, every Rails application has three environments: development, test, and production.
 
-In Rails, models tests are what you write to test your models.
+Each environment's configuration can be modified similarly. In this case, we can modify our test environment by changing the options found in `config/environments/test.rb`.
 
-For this guide we will be using Rails _scaffolding_. It will create the model, a migration, controller and views for the new resource in a single operation. It will also create a full test suite following Rails best practices. I will be using examples from this generated code and will be supplementing it with additional examples where necessary.
+NOTE: Your tests are run under `RAILS_ENV=test`.
 
-NOTE: For more information on Rails <i>scaffolding</i>, refer to [Getting Started with Rails](getting_started.html)
+### Rails meets Minitest
 
-When you use `rails generate scaffold`, for a resource among other things it creates a test stub in the `test/models` folder:
+If you remember when you used the `rails generate model` command from the
+[Getting Started with Rails](getting_started.html) guide. We created our first
+model among other things it created test stubs in the `test` directory:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate scaffold post title:string body:text
+$ bin/rails generate model article title:string body:text
 ...
-create  app/models/post.rb
-create  test/models/post_test.rb
-create  test/fixtures/posts.yml
+create  app/models/article.rb
+create  test/models/article_test.rb
+create  test/fixtures/articles.yml
 ...
 ```
 
-The default test stub in `test/models/post_test.rb` looks like this:
+The default test stub in `test/models/article_test.rb` looks like this:
 
 ```ruby
 require 'test_helper'
 
-class PostTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+class ArticleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   # test "the truth" do
   #   assert true
   # end
@@ -167,18 +85,18 @@ A line by line examination of this file will help get you oriented to Rails test
 require 'test_helper'
 ```
 
-As you know by now, `test_helper.rb` specifies the default configuration to run our tests. This is included with all the tests, so any methods added to this file are available to all your tests.
+By requiring this file, `test_helper.rb` the default configuration to run our tests is loaded. We will include this with all the tests we write, so any methods added to this file are available to all your tests.
 
 ```ruby
-class PostTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+class ArticleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 ```
 
-The `PostTest` class defines a _test case_ because it inherits from `ActiveSupport::TestCase`. `PostTest` thus has all the methods available from `ActiveSupport::TestCase`. You'll see those methods a little later in this guide.
+The `ArticleTest` class defines a _test case_ because it inherits from `ActiveSupport::TestCase`. `ArticleTest` thus has all the methods available from `ActiveSupport::TestCase`. Later in this guide, you'll see some of the methods it gives you.
 
-Any method defined within a class inherited from `MiniTest::Unit::TestCase`
-(which is the superclass of `ActiveSupport::TestCase`) that begins with `test` (case sensitive) is simply called a test. So, `test_password`, `test_valid_password` and `testValidPassword` all are legal test names and are run automatically when the test case is run.
+Any method defined within a class inherited from `Minitest::Test`
+(which is the superclass of `ActiveSupport::TestCase`) that begins with `test_` (case sensitive) is simply called a test. So, methods defined as `test_password` and `test_valid_password` are legal test names and are run automatically when the test case is run.
 
-Rails adds a `test` method that takes a test name and a block. It generates a normal `MiniTest::Unit` test with method names prefixed with `test_`. So,
+Rails also adds a `test` method that takes a test name and a block. It generates a normal `Minitest::Unit` test with method names prefixed with `test_`. So you don't have to worry about naming the methods, and you can write something like:
 
 ```ruby
 test "the truth" do
@@ -186,7 +104,7 @@ test "the truth" do
 end
 ```
 
-acts as if you had written
+Which is approximately the same as writing this:
 
 ```ruby
 def test_the_truth
@@ -194,85 +112,57 @@ def test_the_truth
 end
 ```
 
-only the `test` macro allows a more readable test name. You can still use regular method definitions though.
+However only the `test` macro allows a more readable test name. You can still use regular method definitions though.
 
-NOTE: The method name is generated by replacing spaces with underscores. The result does not need to be a valid Ruby identifier though, the name may contain punctuation characters etc. That's because in Ruby technically any string may be a method name. Odd ones need `define_method` and `send` calls, but formally there's no restriction.
+NOTE: The method name is generated by replacing spaces with underscores. The result does not need to be a valid Ruby identifier though, the name may contain punctuation characters etc. That's because in Ruby technically any string may be a method name. This may require use of `define_method` and `send` calls to function properly, but formally there's little restriction on the name.
+
+Next, let's look at our first assertion:
 
 ```ruby
 assert true
 ```
 
-This line of code is called an _assertion_. An assertion is a line of code that evaluates an object (or expression) for expected results. For example, an assertion can check:
+An assertion is a line of code that evaluates an object (or expression) for expected results. For example, an assertion can check:
 
 * does this value = that value?
 * is this object nil?
 * does this line of code throw an exception?
 * is the user's password greater than 5 characters?
 
-Every test contains one or more assertions. Only when all the assertions are successful will the test pass.
-
-### Maintaining the test database schema
-
-In order to run your tests, your test database will need to have the current structure. The test helper checks whether your test database has any pending migrations. If so, it will try to load your `db/schema.rb` or `db/structure.sql` into the test database. If migrations are still pending, an error will be raised.
-
-### Running Tests
-
-Running a test is as simple as invoking the file containing the test cases through `rake test` command.
-
-```bash
-$ rake test test/models/post_test.rb
-.
-
-Finished tests in 0.009262s, 107.9680 tests/s, 107.9680 assertions/s.
-
-1 tests, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
-```
-
-You can also run a particular test method from the test case by running the test and providing the `test method name`.
-
-```bash
-$ rake test test/models/post_test.rb test_the_truth
-.
-
-Finished tests in 0.009064s, 110.3266 tests/s, 110.3266 assertions/s.
-
-1 tests, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
-```
-
-This will run all test methods from the test case. Note that `test_helper.rb` is in the `test` directory, hence this directory needs to be added to the load path using the `-I` switch.
+Every test must contain at least one assertion, with no restriction as to how many assertions are allowed. Only when all the assertions are successful will the test pass.
 
-The `.` (dot) above indicates a passing test. When a test fails you see an `F`; when a test throws an error you see an `E` in its place. The last line of the output is the summary.
+#### Your first failing test
 
-To see how a test failure is reported, you can add a failing test to the `post_test.rb` test case.
+To see how a test failure is reported, you can add a failing test to the `article_test.rb` test case.
 
 ```ruby
-test "should not save post without title" do
-  post = Post.new
-  assert_not post.save
+test "should not save article without title" do
+  article = Article.new
+  assert_not article.save
 end
 ```
 
-Let us run this newly added test.
+Let us run this newly added test (where `6` is the number of line where the test is defined).
 
 ```bash
-$ rake test test/models/post_test.rb test_should_not_save_post_without_title
+$ bin/rails test test/models/article_test.rb:6
 F
 
 Finished tests in 0.044632s, 22.4054 tests/s, 22.4054 assertions/s.
 
   1) Failure:
-test_should_not_save_post_without_title(PostTest) [test/models/post_test.rb:6]:
+test_should_not_save_article_without_title(ArticleTest) [test/models/article_test.rb:6]:
 Failed assertion, no message given.
 
 1 tests, 1 assertions, 1 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
 ```
 
-In the output, `F` denotes a failure. You can see the corresponding trace shown under `1)` along with the name of the failing test. The next few lines contain the stack trace followed by a message which mentions the actual value and the expected value by the assertion. The default assertion messages provide just enough information to help pinpoint the error. To make the assertion failure message more readable, every assertion provides an optional message parameter, as shown here:
+In the output, `F` denotes a failure. You can see the corresponding trace shown under `1)` along with the name of the failing test. The next few lines contain the stack trace followed by a message that mentions the actual value and the expected value by the assertion. The default assertion messages provide just enough information to help pinpoint the error. To make the assertion failure message more readable, every assertion provides an optional message parameter, as shown here:
 
 ```ruby
-test "should not save post without title" do
-  post = Post.new
-  assert_not post.save, "Saved the post without a title"
+test "should not save article without title" do
+  article = Article.new
+  assert_not article.save, "Saved the article without a title"
 end
 ```
 
@@ -280,14 +170,14 @@ Running this test shows the friendlier assertion message:
 
 ```bash
   1) Failure:
-test_should_not_save_post_without_title(PostTest) [test/models/post_test.rb:6]:
-Saved the post without a title
+test_should_not_save_article_without_title(ArticleTest) [test/models/article_test.rb:6]:
+Saved the article without a title
 ```
 
 Now to get this test to pass we can add a model level validation for the _title_ field.
 
 ```ruby
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   validates :title, presence: true
 end
 ```
@@ -295,7 +185,7 @@ end
 Now the test should pass. Let us verify by running the test again:
 
 ```bash
-$ rake test test/models/post_test.rb test_should_not_save_post_without_title
+$ bin/rails test test/models/article_test.rb:6
 .
 
 Finished tests in 0.047721s, 20.9551 tests/s, 20.9551 assertions/s.
@@ -303,9 +193,13 @@ Finished tests in 0.047721s, 20.9551 tests/s, 20.9551 assertions/s.
 1 tests, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
 ```
 
-Now, if you noticed, we first wrote a test which fails for a desired functionality, then we wrote some code which adds the functionality and finally we ensured that our test passes. This approach to software development is referred to as _Test-Driven Development_ (TDD).
+Now, if you noticed, we first wrote a test which fails for a desired
+functionality, then we wrote some code which adds the functionality and finally
+we ensured that our test passes. This approach to software development is
+referred to as
+[_Test-Driven Development_ (TDD)](http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?TestDrivenDevelopment).
 
-TIP: Many Rails developers practice _Test-Driven Development_ (TDD). This is an excellent way to build up a test suite that exercises every part of your application. TDD is beyond the scope of this guide, but one place to start is with [15 TDD steps to create a Rails application](http://andrzejonsoftware.blogspot.com/2007/05/15-tdd-steps-to-create-rails.html).
+#### What an error looks like
 
 To see how an error gets reported, here's a test containing an error:
 
@@ -320,44 +214,58 @@ end
 Now you can see even more output in the console from running the tests:
 
 ```bash
-$ rake test test/models/post_test.rb test_should_report_error
+$ bin/rails test test/models/article_test.rb
 E
 
 Finished tests in 0.030974s, 32.2851 tests/s, 0.0000 assertions/s.
 
   1) Error:
-test_should_report_error(PostTest):
-NameError: undefined local variable or method `some_undefined_variable' for #<PostTest:0x007fe32e24afe0>
-    test/models/post_test.rb:10:in `block in <class:PostTest>'
+test_should_report_error(ArticleTest):
+NameError: undefined local variable or method `some_undefined_variable' for #<ArticleTest:0x007fe32e24afe0>
+    test/models/article_test.rb:10:in `block in <class:ArticleTest>'
 
 1 tests, 0 assertions, 0 failures, 1 errors, 0 skips
 ```
 
 Notice the 'E' in the output. It denotes a test with error.
 
-NOTE: The execution of each test method stops as soon as any error or an assertion failure is encountered, and the test suite continues with the next method. All test methods are executed in alphabetical order.
+NOTE: The execution of each test method stops as soon as any error or an
+assertion failure is encountered, and the test suite continues with the next
+method. All test methods are executed in random order. The
+[`config.active_support.test_order` option](configuring.html#configuring-active-support)
+can be used to configure test order.
 
 When a test fails you are presented with the corresponding backtrace. By default
 Rails filters that backtrace and will only print lines relevant to your
 application. This eliminates the framework noise and helps to focus on your
 code. However there are situations when you want to see the full
-backtrace. simply set the `BACKTRACE` environment variable to enable this
-behavior:
+backtrace. Simply set the `-b` (or `--backtrace`) argument to enable this behavior:
 
 ```bash
-$ BACKTRACE=1 rake test test/models/post_test.rb
+$ bin/rails test -b test/models/article_test.rb
 ```
 
-### What to Include in Your Unit Tests
+If we want this test to pass we can modify it to use `assert_raises` like so:
 
-Ideally, you would like to include a test for everything which could possibly break. It's a good practice to have at least one test for each of your validations and at least one test for every method in your model.
+```ruby
+test "should report error" do
+  # some_undefined_variable is not defined elsewhere in the test case
+  assert_raises(NameError) do
+    some_undefined_variable
+  end
+end
+```
+
+This test should now pass.
 
 ### Available Assertions
 
 By now you've caught a glimpse of some of the assertions that are available. Assertions are the worker bees of testing. They are the ones that actually perform the checks to ensure that things are going as planned.
 
-There are a bunch of different types of assertions you can use.
-Here's an extract of the assertions you can use with `minitest`, the default testing library used by Rails. The `[msg]` parameter is an optional string message you can specify to make your test failure messages clearer. It's not required.
+Here's an extract of the assertions you can use with
+[`Minitest`](https://github.com/seattlerb/minitest), the default testing library
+used by Rails. The `[msg]` parameter is an optional string message you can
+specify to make your test failure messages clearer. It's not required.
 
 | Assertion                                                        | Purpose |
 | ---------------------------------------------------------------- | ------- |
@@ -369,48 +277,368 @@ Here's an extract of the assertions you can use with `minitest`, the default tes
 | `assert_not_same( expected, actual, [msg] )`                     | Ensures that `expected.equal?(actual)` is false.|
 | `assert_nil( obj, [msg] )`                                       | Ensures that `obj.nil?` is true.|
 | `assert_not_nil( obj, [msg] )`                                   | Ensures that `obj.nil?` is false.|
+| `assert_empty( obj, [msg] )`                                     | Ensures that `obj` is `empty?`.|
+| `assert_not_empty( obj, [msg] )`                                 | Ensures that `obj` is not `empty?`.|
 | `assert_match( regexp, string, [msg] )`                          | Ensures that a string matches the regular expression.|
 | `assert_no_match( regexp, string, [msg] )`                       | Ensures that a string doesn't match the regular expression.|
-| `assert_in_delta( expecting, actual, [delta], [msg] )`           | Ensures that the numbers `expected` and `actual` are within `delta` of each other.|
-| `assert_not_in_delta( expecting, actual, [delta], [msg] )`       | Ensures that the numbers `expected` and `actual` are not within `delta` of each other.|
+| `assert_includes( collection, obj, [msg] )`                      | Ensures that `obj` is in `collection`.|
+| `assert_not_includes( collection, obj, [msg] )`                  | Ensures that `obj` is not in `collection`.|
+| `assert_in_delta( expected, actual, [delta], [msg] )`            | Ensures that the numbers `expected` and `actual` are within `delta` of each other.|
+| `assert_not_in_delta( expected, actual, [delta], [msg] )`        | Ensures that the numbers `expected` and `actual` are not within `delta` of each other.|
 | `assert_throws( symbol, [msg] ) { block }`                       | Ensures that the given block throws the symbol.|
 | `assert_raises( exception1, exception2, ... ) { block }`         | Ensures that the given block raises one of the given exceptions.|
 | `assert_nothing_raised( exception1, exception2, ... ) { block }` | Ensures that the given block doesn't raise one of the given exceptions.|
 | `assert_instance_of( class, obj, [msg] )`                        | Ensures that `obj` is an instance of `class`.|
 | `assert_not_instance_of( class, obj, [msg] )`                    | Ensures that `obj` is not an instance of `class`.|
-| `assert_kind_of( class, obj, [msg] )`                            | Ensures that `obj` is or descends from `class`.|
+| `assert_kind_of( class, obj, [msg] )`                            | Ensures that `obj` is an instance of `class` or is descending from it.|
 | `assert_not_kind_of( class, obj, [msg] )`                        | Ensures that `obj` is not an instance of `class` and is not descending from it.|
 | `assert_respond_to( obj, symbol, [msg] )`                        | Ensures that `obj` responds to `symbol`.|
 | `assert_not_respond_to( obj, symbol, [msg] )`                    | Ensures that `obj` does not respond to `symbol`.|
 | `assert_operator( obj1, operator, [obj2], [msg] )`               | Ensures that `obj1.operator(obj2)` is true.|
 | `assert_not_operator( obj1, operator, [obj2], [msg] )`           | Ensures that `obj1.operator(obj2)` is false.|
+| `assert_predicate ( obj, predicate, [msg] )`                     | Ensures that `obj.predicate` is true, e.g. `assert_predicate str, :empty?`|
+| `assert_not_predicate ( obj, predicate, [msg] )`                 | Ensures that `obj.predicate` is false, e.g. `assert_not_predicate str, :empty?`|
 | `assert_send( array, [msg] )`                                    | Ensures that executing the method listed in `array[1]` on the object in `array[0]` with the parameters of `array[2 and up]` is true. This one is weird eh?|
 | `flunk( [msg] )`                                                 | Ensures failure. This is useful to explicitly mark a test that isn't finished yet.|
 
+The above are a subset of assertions that minitest supports. For an exhaustive &
+more up-to-date list, please check
+[Minitest API documentation](http://docs.seattlerb.org/minitest/), specifically
+[`Minitest::Assertions`](http://docs.seattlerb.org/minitest/Minitest/Assertions.html).
+
 Because of the modular nature of the testing framework, it is possible to create your own assertions. In fact, that's exactly what Rails does. It includes some specialized assertions to make your life easier.
 
 NOTE: Creating your own assertions is an advanced topic that we won't cover in this tutorial.
 
 ### Rails Specific Assertions
 
-Rails adds some custom assertions of its own to the `test/unit` framework:
+Rails adds some custom assertions of its own to the `minitest` framework:
 
 | Assertion                                                                         | Purpose |
 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------- |
 | `assert_difference(expressions, difference = 1, message = nil) {...}`             | Test numeric difference between the return value of an expression as a result of what is evaluated in the yielded block.|
-| `assert_no_difference(expressions, message = nil, &amp;block)`                    | Asserts that the numeric result of evaluating an expression is not changed before and after invoking the passed in block.|
+| `assert_no_difference(expressions, message = nil, &block)`                        | Asserts that the numeric result of evaluating an expression is not changed before and after invoking the passed in block.|
 | `assert_recognizes(expected_options, path, extras={}, message=nil)`               | Asserts that the routing of the given path was handled correctly and that the parsed options (given in the expected_options hash) match path. Basically, it asserts that Rails recognizes the route given by expected_options.|
 | `assert_generates(expected_path, options, defaults={}, extras = {}, message=nil)` | Asserts that the provided options can be used to generate the provided path. This is the inverse of assert_recognizes. The extras parameter is used to tell the request the names and values of additional request parameters that would be in a query string. The message parameter allows you to specify a custom error message for assertion failures.|
 | `assert_response(type, message = nil)`                                            | Asserts that the response comes with a specific status code. You can specify `:success` to indicate 200-299, `:redirect` to indicate 300-399, `:missing` to indicate 404, or `:error` to match the 500-599 range. You can also pass an explicit status number or its symbolic equivalent. For more information, see [full list of status codes](http://rubydoc.info/github/rack/rack/master/Rack/Utils#HTTP_STATUS_CODES-constant) and how their [mapping](http://rubydoc.info/github/rack/rack/master/Rack/Utils#SYMBOL_TO_STATUS_CODE-constant) works.|
-| `assert_redirected_to(options = {}, message=nil)`                                 | Assert that the redirection options passed in match those of the redirect called in the latest action. This match can be partial, such that `assert_redirected_to(controller: "weblog")` will also match the redirection of `redirect_to(controller: "weblog", action: "show")` and so on. You can also pass named routes such as `assert_redirected_to root_path` and Active Record objects such as `assert_redirected_to @article`.|
-| `assert_template(expected = nil, message=nil)`                                    | Asserts that the request was rendered with the appropriate template file.|
+| `assert_redirected_to(options = {}, message=nil)`                                 | Asserts that the redirection options passed in match those of the redirect called in the latest action. This match can be partial, such that `assert_redirected_to(controller: "weblog")` will also match the redirection of `redirect_to(controller: "weblog", action: "show")` and so on. You can also pass named routes such as `assert_redirected_to root_path` and Active Record objects such as `assert_redirected_to @article`.|
 
 You'll see the usage of some of these assertions in the next chapter.
 
+### A Brief Note About Test Cases
+
+All the basic assertions such as `assert_equal` defined in `Minitest::Assertions` are also available in the classes we use in our own test cases. In fact, Rails provides the following classes for you to inherit from:
+
+* `ActiveSupport::TestCase`
+* `ActionMailer::TestCase`
+* `ActionView::TestCase`
+* `ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest`
+* `ActiveJob::TestCase`
+
+Each of these classes include `Minitest::Assertions`, allowing us to use all of the basic assertions in our tests.
+
+NOTE: For more information on `Minitest`, refer to [its
+documentation](http://docs.seattlerb.org/minitest).
+
+### The Rails Test Runner
+
+We can run all of our tests at once by using the `rails test` command.
+
+Or we can run a single test by passing the `rails test` command the filename containing the test cases.
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails test test/models/article_test.rb
+.
+
+Finished tests in 0.009262s, 107.9680 tests/s, 107.9680 assertions/s.
+
+1 tests, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
+```
+
+This will run all test methods from the test case.
+
+You can also run a particular test method from the test case by providing the
+`-n` or `--name` flag and the test's method name.
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails test test/models/article_test.rb -n test_the_truth
+.
+
+Finished tests in 0.009064s, 110.3266 tests/s, 110.3266 assertions/s.
+
+1 tests, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
+```
+
+You can also run a test at a specific line by providing the line number.
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails test test/models/post_test.rb:44 # run specific test and line
+```
+
+You can also run an entire directory of tests by providing the path to the directory.
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails test test/controllers # run all tests from specific directory
+```
+
+
+The Test Database
+-----------------
+
+Just about every Rails application interacts heavily with a database and, as a result, your tests will need a database to interact with as well. To write efficient tests, you'll need to understand how to set up this database and populate it with sample data.
+
+By default, every Rails application has three environments: development, test, and production. The database for each one of them is configured in `config/database.yml`.
+
+A dedicated test database allows you to set up and interact with test data in isolation. This way your tests can mangle test data with confidence, without worrying about the data in the development or production databases.
+
+
+### Maintaining the test database schema
+
+In order to run your tests, your test database will need to have the current
+structure. The test helper checks whether your test database has any pending
+migrations. If so, it will try to load your `db/schema.rb` or `db/structure.sql`
+into the test database. If migrations are still pending, an error will be
+raised. Usually this indicates that your schema is not fully migrated. Running
+the migrations against the development database (`bin/rake db:migrate`) will
+bring the schema up to date.
+
+NOTE: If existing migrations required modifications, the test database needs to
+be rebuilt. This can be done by executing `bin/rake db:test:prepare`.
+
+### The Low-Down on Fixtures
+
+For good tests, you'll need to give some thought to setting up test data.
+In Rails, you can handle this by defining and customizing fixtures.
+You can find comprehensive documentation in the [Fixtures API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/FixtureSet.html).
+
+#### What Are Fixtures?
+
+_Fixtures_ is a fancy word for sample data. Fixtures allow you to populate your testing database with predefined data before your tests run. Fixtures are database independent and written in YAML. There is one file per model.
+
+You'll find fixtures under your `test/fixtures` directory. When you run `rails generate model` to create a new model, Rails automatically creates fixture stubs in this directory.
+
+#### YAML
+
+YAML-formatted fixtures are a human-friendly way to describe your sample data. These types of fixtures have the **.yml** file extension (as in `users.yml`).
+
+Here's a sample YAML fixture file:
+
+```yaml
+# lo & behold! I am a YAML comment!
+david:
+  name: David Heinemeier Hansson
+  birthday: 1979-10-15
+  profession: Systems development
+
+steve:
+  name: Steve Ross Kellock
+  birthday: 1974-09-27
+  profession: guy with keyboard
+```
+
+Each fixture is given a name followed by an indented list of colon-separated key/value pairs. Records are typically separated by a blank line. You can place comments in a fixture file by using the # character in the first column.
+
+If you are working with [associations](/association_basics.html), you can simply
+define a reference node between two different fixtures. Here's an example with
+a `belongs_to`/`has_many` association:
+
+```yaml
+# In fixtures/categories.yml
+about:
+  name: About
+
+# In fixtures/articles.yml
+one:
+  title: Welcome to Rails!
+  body: Hello world!
+  category: about
+```
+
+Notice the `category` key of the `one` article found in `fixtures/articles.yml` has a value of `about`. This tells Rails to load the category `about` found in `fixtures/categories.yml`.
+
+NOTE: For associations to reference one another by name, you cannot specify the `id:` attribute on the associated fixtures. Rails will auto assign a primary key to be consistent between runs. For more information on this association behavior please read the [Fixtures API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/FixtureSet.html).
+
+#### ERB'in It Up
+
+ERB allows you to embed Ruby code within templates. The YAML fixture format is pre-processed with ERB when Rails loads fixtures. This allows you to use Ruby to help you generate some sample data. For example, the following code generates a thousand users:
+
+```erb
+<% 1000.times do |n| %>
+user_<%= n %>:
+  username: <%= "user#{n}" %>
+  email: <%= "user#{n}@example.com" %>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+#### Fixtures in Action
+
+Rails automatically loads all fixtures from the `test/fixtures` directory by
+default. Loading involves three steps:
+
+1. Remove any existing data from the table corresponding to the fixture
+2. Load the fixture data into the table
+3. Dump the fixture data into a method in case you want to access it directly
+
+TIP: In order to remove existing data from the database, Rails tries to disable referential integrity triggers (like foreign keys and check constraints). If you are getting annoying permission errors on running tests, make sure the database user has privilege to disable these triggers in testing environment. (In PostgreSQL, only superusers can disable all triggers. Read more about PostgreSQL permissions [here](http://blog.endpoint.com/2012/10/postgres-system-triggers-error.html)).
+
+#### Fixtures are Active Record objects
+
+Fixtures are instances of Active Record. As mentioned in point #3 above, you can access the object directly because it is automatically available as a method whose scope is local of the test case. For example:
+
+```ruby
+# this will return the User object for the fixture named david
+users(:david)
+
+# this will return the property for david called id
+users(:david).id
+
+# one can also access methods available on the User class
+email(david.partner.email, david.location_tonight)
+```
+
+To get multiple fixtures at once, you can pass in a list of fixture names. For example:
+
+```ruby
+# this will return an array containing the fixtures david and steve
+users(:david, :steve)
+```
+
+
+Model Testing
+-------------
+
+Model tests are used to test the various models of your application.
+
+Rails model tests are stored under the `test/models` directory. Rails provides
+a generator to create a model test skeleton for you.
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate test_unit:model article title:string body:text
+create  test/models/article_test.rb
+create  test/fixtures/articles.yml
+```
+
+Model tests don't have their own superclass like `ActionMailer::TestCase` instead they inherit from `ActiveSupport::TestCase`.
+
+
+Integration Testing
+-------------------
+
+Integration tests are used to test how various parts of your application interact. They are generally used to test important workflows within your application.
+
+For creating Rails integration tests, we use the 'test/integration' directory for your application. Rails provides a generator to create an integration test skeleton for you.
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate integration_test user_flows
+      exists  test/integration/
+      create  test/integration/user_flows_test.rb
+```
+
+Here's what a freshly-generated integration test looks like:
+
+```ruby
+require 'test_helper'
+
+class UserFlowsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  # test "the truth" do
+  #   assert true
+  # end
+end
+```
+
+Inheriting from `ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest` comes with some advantages. This makes available some additional helpers to use in your integration tests.
+
+### Helpers Available for Integration Tests
+
+In addition to the standard testing helpers, inheriting `ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest` comes with some additional helpers available when writing integration tests. Let's briefly introduce you to the three categories of helpers you get to choose from.
+
+For dealing with the integration test runner, see [`ActionDispatch::Integration::Runner`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Integration/Runner.html).
+
+When performing requests, you will have [`ActionDispatch::Integration::RequestHelpers`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Integration/RequestHelpers.html) available for your use.
+
+If you'd like to modify the session, or state of your integration test you should look for [`ActionDispatch::Integration::Session`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Integration/Session.html) to help.
+
+### Implementing an integration test
+
+Let's add an integration test to our blog application. We'll start with a basic workflow of creating a new blog article, to verify that everything is working properly.
+
+We'll start by generating our integration test skeleton:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate integration_test blog_flow
+```
+
+It should have created a test file placeholder for us. With the output of the
+previous command you should see:
+
+```bash
+      invoke  test_unit
+      create    test/integration/blog_flow_test.rb
+```
+
+Now let's open that file and write our first assertion:
+
+```ruby
+require 'test_helper'
+
+class BlogFlowTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  test "can see the welcome page" do
+    get "/"
+    assert_select "h1", "Welcome#index"
+  end
+end
+```
+
+If you remember from earlier in the "Testing Views" section we covered `assert_select` to query the resulting HTML of a request.
+
+When visit our root path, we should see `welcome/index.html.erb` rendered for the view. So this assertion should pass.
+
+#### Creating articles integration
+
+How about testing our ability to create a new article in our blog and see the resulting article.
+
+```ruby
+test "can create an article" do
+  get "/articles/new"
+  assert_response :success
+
+  post "/articles",
+    params: { article: { title: "can create", body: "article successfully." } }
+  assert_response :redirect
+  follow_redirect!
+  assert_response :success
+  assert_select "p", "Title:\n  can create"
+end
+```
+
+Let's break this test down so we can understand it.
+
+We start by calling the `:new` action on our Articles controller. This response should be successful.
+
+After this we make a post request to the `:create` action of our Articles controller:
+
+```ruby
+post "/articles",
+  params: { article: { title: "can create", body: "article successfully." } }
+assert_response :redirect
+follow_redirect!
+```
+
+The two lines following the request are to handle the redirect we setup when creating a new article.
+
+NOTE: Don't forget to call `follow_redirect!` if you plan to make subsequent requests after a redirect is made.
+
+Finally we can assert that our response was successful and our new article is readable on the page.
+
+#### Taking it further
+
+We were able to successfully test a very small workflow for visiting our blog and creating a new article. If we wanted to take this further we could add tests for commenting, removing articles, or editing comments. Integration tests are a great place to experiment with all kinds of use-cases for our applications.
+
+
 Functional Tests for Your Controllers
 -------------------------------------
 
-In Rails, testing the various actions of a single controller is called writing functional tests for that controller. Controllers handle the incoming web requests to your application and eventually respond with a rendered view.
+In Rails, testing the various actions of a controller is a form of writing functional tests. Remember your controllers handle the incoming web requests to your application and eventually respond with a rendered view. When writing functional tests, you're testing how your actions handle the requests and the expected result, or response in some cases an HTML view.
 
 ### What to Include in your Functional Tests
 
@@ -422,52 +650,86 @@ You should test for things such as:
 * was the correct object stored in the response template?
 * was the appropriate message displayed to the user in the view?
 
-Now that we have used Rails scaffold generator for our `Post` resource, it has already created the controller code and tests. You can take look at the file `posts_controller_test.rb` in the `test/controllers` directory.
+The easiest way to see functional tests in action is to generate a controller
+scaffold:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate scaffold_controller article title:string body:test
+...
+create  app/controllers/articles_controller.rb
+...
+invoke  test_unit
+create    test/controllers/articles_controller_test.rb
+...
+```
+
+This will generate the controller code and tests for an `Article` resource.
+You can take look at the file `articles_controller_test.rb` in the `test/controllers` directory.
 
-Let me take you through one such test, `test_should_get_index` from the file `posts_controller_test.rb`.
+If you already have a controller and just want to generate the test scaffold code for
+each of the seven default actions, you can use the following command:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate test_unit:scaffold article
+...
+invoke  test_unit
+create test/controllers/articles_controller_test.rb
+...
+```
+
+Let me take you through one such test, `test_should_get_index` from the file `articles_controller_test.rb`.
 
 ```ruby
-class PostsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
+# articles_controller_test.rb
+class ArticlesControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   test "should get index" do
-    get :index
+    get '/articles'
     assert_response :success
-    assert_not_nil assigns(:posts)
+    assert_includes @response.body, 'Articles'
   end
 end
 ```
 
-In the `test_should_get_index` test, Rails simulates a request on the action called `index`, making sure the request was successful and also ensuring that it assigns a valid `posts` instance variable.
+In the `test_should_get_index` test, Rails simulates a request on the action called `index`, making sure the request was successful
+and also ensuring that the right response body has been generated.
 
 The `get` method kicks off the web request and populates the results into the response. It accepts 4 arguments:
 
-* The action of the controller you are requesting. This can be in the form of a string or a symbol.
-* An optional hash of request parameters to pass into the action (eg. query string parameters or post variables).
-* An optional hash of session variables to pass along with the request.
-* An optional hash of flash values.
+* The action of the controller you are requesting.
+  This can be in the form of a string or a route (i.e. `articles_url`).
+
+* `params`: option with a hash of request parameters to pass into the action
+  (e.g. query string parameters or article variables).
+
+* `session`: option with a hash of session variables to pass along with the request.
+
+* `flash`: option with a hash of flash values.
+
+All the keyword arguments are optional.
 
 Example: Calling the `:show` action, passing an `id` of 12 as the `params` and setting a `user_id` of 5 in the session:
 
 ```ruby
-get(:show, {'id' => "12"}, {'user_id' => 5})
+get(:show, params: { id: 12 }, session: { user_id: 5 })
 ```
 
 Another example: Calling the `:view` action, passing an `id` of 12 as the `params`, this time with no session, but with a flash message.
 
 ```ruby
-get(:view, {'id' => '12'}, nil, {'message' => 'booya!'})
+get(view_url, params: { id: 12 }, flash: { message: 'booya!' })
 ```
 
-NOTE: If you try running `test_should_create_post` test from `posts_controller_test.rb` it will fail on account of the newly added model level validation and rightly so.
+NOTE: If you try running `test_should_create_article` test from `articles_controller_test.rb` it will fail on account of the newly added model level validation and rightly so.
 
-Let us modify `test_should_create_post` test in `posts_controller_test.rb` so that all our test pass:
+Let us modify `test_should_create_article` test in `articles_controller_test.rb` so that all our test pass:
 
 ```ruby
-test "should create post" do
-  assert_difference('Post.count') do
-    post :create, post: {title: 'Some title'}
+test "should create article" do
+  assert_difference('Article.count') do
+    post '/article', params: { article: { title: 'Some title' } }
   end
 
-  assert_redirected_to post_path(assigns(:post))
+  assert_redirected_to article_path(Article.last)
 end
 ```
 
@@ -484,28 +746,39 @@ If you're familiar with the HTTP protocol, you'll know that `get` is a type of r
 * `head`
 * `delete`
 
-All of request types are methods that you can use, however, you'll probably end up using the first two more often than the others.
+All of request types have equivalent methods that you can use. In a typical C.R.U.D. application you'll be using `get`, `post`, `put` and `delete` more often.
+
+NOTE: Functional tests do not verify whether the specified request type is accepted by the action, we're more concerned with the result. Request tests exist for this use case to make your tests more purposeful.
+
+### Testing XHR (AJAX) requests
 
-NOTE: Functional tests do not verify whether the specified request type should be accepted by the action. Request types in this context exist to make your tests more descriptive.
+To test AJAX requests, you can specify the `xhr: true` option to `get`, `post`,
+`patch`, `put`, and `delete` methods:
+
+```ruby
+test "ajax request" do
+  article = articles(:first)
+  get article_url(article), xhr: true
+
+  assert_equal 'hello world', @response.body
+  assert_equal "text/javascript", @response.content_type
+end
+```
 
-### The Four Hashes of the Apocalypse
+### The Three Hashes of the Apocalypse
 
-After a request has been made using one of the 6 methods (`get`, `post`, etc.) and processed, you will have 4 Hash objects ready for use:
+After a request has been made and processed, you will have 3 Hash objects ready for use:
 
-* `assigns` - Any objects that are stored as instance variables in actions for use in views.
-* `cookies` - Any cookies that are set.
-* `flash` - Any objects living in the flash.
-* `session` - Any object living in session variables.
+* `cookies` - Any cookies that are set
+* `flash` - Any objects living in the flash
+* `session` - Any object living in session variables
 
-As is the case with normal Hash objects, you can access the values by referencing the keys by string. You can also reference them by symbol name, except for `assigns`. For example:
+As is the case with normal Hash objects, you can access the values by referencing the keys by string. You can also reference them by symbol name. For example:
 
 ```ruby
 flash["gordon"]               flash[:gordon]
 session["shmession"]          session[:shmession]
 cookies["are_good_for_u"]     cookies[:are_good_for_u]
-
-# Because you can't use assigns[:something] for historical reasons:
-assigns["something"]          assigns(:something)
 ```
 
 ### Instance Variables Available
@@ -513,8 +786,8 @@ assigns["something"]          assigns(:something)
 You also have access to three instance variables in your functional tests:
 
 * `@controller` - The controller processing the request
-* `@request` - The request
-* `@response` - The response
+* `@request` - The request object
+* `@response` - The response object
 
 ### Setting Headers and CGI variables
 
@@ -526,382 +799,303 @@ can be set directly on the `@request` instance variable:
 ```ruby
 # setting a HTTP Header
 @request.headers["Accept"] = "text/plain, text/html"
-get :index # simulate the request with custom header
+get articles_url # simulate the request with custom header
 
 # setting a CGI variable
 @request.headers["HTTP_REFERER"] = "http://example.com/home"
-post :create # simulate the request with custom env variable
+post article_url # simulate the request with custom env variable
 ```
 
-### Testing Templates and Layouts
+### Testing `flash` notices
 
-If you want to make sure that the response rendered the correct template and layout, you can use the `assert_template`
-method:
+If you remember from earlier one of the Three Hashes of the Apocalypse was `flash`.
 
-```ruby
-test "index should render correct template and layout" do
-  get :index
-  assert_template :index
-  assert_template layout: "layouts/application"
-end
-```
+We want to add a `flash` message to our blog application whenever someone
+successfully creates a new Article.
 
-Note that you cannot test for template and layout at the same time, with one call to `assert_template` method.
-Also, for the `layout` test, you can give a regular expression instead of a string, but using the string, makes
-things clearer. On the other hand, you have to include the "layouts" directory name even if you save your layout
-file in this standard layout directory. Hence,
+Let's start by adding this assertion to our `test_should_create_article` test:
 
 ```ruby
-assert_template layout: "application"
+test "should create article" do
+  assert_difference('Article.count') do
+    post article_url, params: { article: { title: 'Some title' } }
+  end
+
+  assert_redirected_to article_path(Article.last)
+  assert_equal 'Article was successfully created.', flash[:notice]
+end
 ```
 
-will not work.
+If we run our test now, we should see a failure:
 
-If your view renders any partial, when asserting for the layout, you have to assert for the partial at the same time.
-Otherwise, assertion will fail.
+```bash
+$ bin/rails test test/controllers/articles_controller_test.rb test_should_create_article
+Run options: -n test_should_create_article --seed 32266
 
-Hence:
+# Running:
 
-```ruby
-test "new should render correct layout" do
-  get :new
-  assert_template layout: "layouts/application", partial: "_form"
-end
-```
+F
 
-is the correct way to assert for the layout when the view renders a partial with name `_form`. Omitting the `:partial` key in your `assert_template` call will complain.
+Finished in 0.114870s, 8.7055 runs/s, 34.8220 assertions/s.
 
-### A Fuller Functional Test Example
+  1) Failure:
+ArticlesControllerTest#test_should_create_article [/Users/zzak/code/bench/sharedapp/test/controllers/articles_controller_test.rb:16]:
+--- expected
++++ actual
+@@ -1 +1 @@
+-"Article was successfully created."
++nil
+
+1 runs, 4 assertions, 1 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
+```
 
-Here's another example that uses `flash`, `assert_redirected_to`, and `assert_difference`:
+Let's implement the flash message now in our controller. Our `:create` action should now look like this:
 
 ```ruby
-test "should create post" do
-  assert_difference('Post.count') do
-    post :create, post: {title: 'Hi', body: 'This is my first post.'}
+def create
+  @article = Article.new(article_params)
+
+  if @article.save
+    flash[:notice] = 'Article was successfully created.'
+    redirect_to @article
+  else
+    render 'new'
   end
-  assert_redirected_to post_path(assigns(:post))
-  assert_equal 'Post was successfully created.', flash[:notice]
 end
 ```
 
-### Testing Views
+Now if we run our tests, we should see it pass:
 
-Testing the response to your request by asserting the presence of key HTML elements and their content is a useful way to test the views of your application. The `assert_select` assertion allows you to do this by using a simple yet powerful syntax.
+```bash
+$ bin/rails test test/controllers/articles_controller_test.rb test_should_create_article
+Run options: -n test_should_create_article --seed 18981
 
-NOTE: You may find references to `assert_tag` in other documentation, but this is now deprecated in favor of `assert_select`.
+# Running:
 
-There are two forms of `assert_select`:
+.
 
-`assert_select(selector, [equality], [message])` ensures that the equality condition is met on the selected elements through the selector. The selector may be a CSS selector expression (String), an expression with substitution values, or an `HTML::Selector` object.
+Finished in 0.081972s, 12.1993 runs/s, 48.7972 assertions/s.
 
-`assert_select(element, selector, [equality], [message])` ensures that the equality condition is met on all the selected elements through the selector starting from the _element_ (instance of `HTML::Node`) and its descendants.
+1 runs, 4 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
+```
 
-For example, you could verify the contents on the title element in your response with:
+### Putting it together
 
-```ruby
-assert_select 'title', "Welcome to Rails Testing Guide"
-```
+At this point our Articles controller tests the `:index` as well as `:new` and `:create` actions. What about dealing with existing data?
 
-You can also use nested `assert_select` blocks. In this case the inner `assert_select` runs the assertion on the complete collection of elements selected by the outer `assert_select` block:
+Let's write a test for the `:show` action:
 
 ```ruby
-assert_select 'ul.navigation' do
-  assert_select 'li.menu_item'
+test "should show article" do
+  article = articles(:one)
+  get '/article', params: { id: article.id }
+  assert_response :success
 end
 ```
 
-Alternatively the collection of elements selected by the outer `assert_select` may be iterated through so that `assert_select` may be called separately for each element. Suppose for example that the response contains two ordered lists, each with four list elements then the following tests will both pass.
+Remember from our discussion earlier on fixtures the `articles()` method will give us access to our Articles fixtures.
+
+How about deleting an existing Article?
 
 ```ruby
-assert_select "ol" do |elements|
-  elements.each do |element|
-    assert_select element, "li", 4
+test "should destroy article" do
+  article = articles(:one)
+  assert_difference('Article.count', -1) do
+    delete article_url(article)
   end
-end
 
-assert_select "ol" do
-  assert_select "li", 8
+  assert_redirected_to articles_path
 end
 ```
 
-The `assert_select` assertion is quite powerful. For more advanced usage, refer to its [documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Assertions/SelectorAssertions.html).
-
-#### Additional View-Based Assertions
-
-There are more assertions that are primarily used in testing views:
-
-| Assertion                                                 | Purpose |
-| --------------------------------------------------------- | ------- |
-| `assert_select_email`                                     | Allows you to make assertions on the body of an e-mail. |
-| `assert_select_encoded`                                   | Allows you to make assertions on encoded HTML. It does this by un-encoding the contents of each element and then calling the block with all the un-encoded elements.|
-| `css_select(selector)` or `css_select(element, selector)` | Returns an array of all the elements selected by the _selector_. In the second variant it first matches the base _element_ and tries to match the _selector_ expression on any of its children. If there are no matches both variants return an empty array.|
-
-Here's an example of using `assert_select_email`:
+We can also add a test for updating an existing Article.
 
 ```ruby
-assert_select_email do
-  assert_select 'small', 'Please click the "Unsubscribe" link if you want to opt-out.'
+test "should update article" do
+  article = articles(:one)
+  patch '/article', params: { id: article.id, article: { title: "updated" } }
+  assert_redirected_to article_path(article)
 end
 ```
 
-Integration Testing
--------------------
+Notice we're starting to see some duplication in these three tests, they both access the same Article fixture data. We can D.R.Y. this up by using the `setup` and `teardown` methods provided by `ActiveSupport::Callbacks`.
 
-Integration tests are used to test the interaction among any number of controllers. They are generally used to test important work flows within your application.
-
-Unlike Unit and Functional tests, integration tests have to be explicitly created under the 'test/integration' folder within your application. Rails provides a generator to create an integration test skeleton for you.
-
-```bash
-$ rails generate integration_test user_flows
-      exists  test/integration/
-      create  test/integration/user_flows_test.rb
-```
-
-Here's what a freshly-generated integration test looks like:
+Our test should now look something like this, disregard the other tests we're leaving them out for brevity.
 
 ```ruby
 require 'test_helper'
 
-class UserFlowsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
-  # test "the truth" do
-  #   assert true
-  # end
-end
-```
-
-Integration tests inherit from `ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest`. This makes available some additional helpers to use in your integration tests. Also you need to explicitly include the fixtures to be made available to the test.
+class ArticlesControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  # called before every single test
+  setup do
+    @article = articles(:one)
+  end
 
-### Helpers Available for Integration Tests
+  # called after every single test
+  teardown do
+    # when controller is using cache it may be a good idea to reset it afterwards
+    Rails.cache.clear
+  end
 
-In addition to the standard testing helpers, there are some additional helpers available to integration tests:
+  test "should show article" do
+    # Reuse the @article instance variable from setup
+    get article_url(@article)
+    assert_response :success
+  end
 
-| Helper                                                             | Purpose |
-| ------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------- |
-| `https?`                                                           | Returns `true` if the session is mimicking a secure HTTPS request.|
-| `https!`                                                           | Allows you to mimic a secure HTTPS request.|
-| `host!`                                                            | Allows you to set the host name to use in the next request.|
-| `redirect?`                                                        | Returns `true` if the last request was a redirect.|
-| `follow_redirect!`                                                 | Follows a single redirect response.|
-| `request_via_redirect(http_method, path, [parameters], [headers])` | Allows you to make an HTTP request and follow any subsequent redirects.|
-| `post_via_redirect(path, [parameters], [headers])`                 | Allows you to make an HTTP POST request and follow any subsequent redirects.|
-| `get_via_redirect(path, [parameters], [headers])`                  | Allows you to make an HTTP GET request and follow any subsequent redirects.|
-| `patch_via_redirect(path, [parameters], [headers])`                | Allows you to make an HTTP PATCH request and follow any subsequent redirects.|
-| `put_via_redirect(path, [parameters], [headers])`                  | Allows you to make an HTTP PUT request and follow any subsequent redirects.|
-| `delete_via_redirect(path, [parameters], [headers])`               | Allows you to make an HTTP DELETE request and follow any subsequent redirects.|
-| `open_session`                                                     | Opens a new session instance.|
+  test "should destroy article" do
+    assert_difference('Article.count', -1) do
+      delete article_url(@article)
+    end
 
-### Integration Testing Examples
+    assert_redirected_to articles_path
+  end
 
-A simple integration test that exercises multiple controllers:
+  test "should update article" do
+    patch article_url(@article), params: { article: { title: "updated" } }
+    assert_redirected_to article_path(@article)
+  end
+end
+```
 
-```ruby
-require 'test_helper'
+Similar to other callbacks in Rails, the `setup` and `teardown` methods can also be used by passing a block, lambda, or method name as a symbol to call.
 
-class UserFlowsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
-  fixtures :users
+### Test helpers
 
-  test "login and browse site" do
-    # login via https
-    https!
-    get "/login"
-    assert_response :success
+To avoid code duplication, you can add your own test helpers.
+Sign in helper can be a good example:
 
-    post_via_redirect "/login", username: users(:david).username, password: users(:david).password
-    assert_equal '/welcome', path
-    assert_equal 'Welcome david!', flash[:notice]
+```ruby
+test/test_helper.rb
 
-    https!(false)
-    get "/posts/all"
-    assert_response :success
-    assert assigns(:products)
+module SignInHelper
+  def sign_in(user)
+    session[:user_id] = user.id
   end
 end
-```
-
-As you can see the integration test involves multiple controllers and exercises the entire stack from database to dispatcher. In addition you can have multiple session instances open simultaneously in a test and extend those instances with assertion methods to create a very powerful testing DSL (domain-specific language) just for your application.
 
-Here's an example of multiple sessions and custom DSL in an integration test
+class ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  include SignInHelper
+end
+```
 
 ```ruby
 require 'test_helper'
 
-class UserFlowsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
-  fixtures :users
-
-  test "login and browse site" do
+class ProfileControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
-    # User david logs in
-    david = login(:david)
-    # User guest logs in
-    guest = login(:guest)
+  test "should show profile" do
+    # helper is now reusable from any controller test case
+    sign_in users(:david)
 
-    # Both are now available in different sessions
-    assert_equal 'Welcome david!', david.flash[:notice]
-    assert_equal 'Welcome guest!', guest.flash[:notice]
-
-    # User david can browse site
-    david.browses_site
-    # User guest can browse site as well
-    guest.browses_site
-
-    # Continue with other assertions
+    get profile_url
+    assert_response :success
   end
-
-  private
-
-    module CustomDsl
-      def browses_site
-        get "/products/all"
-        assert_response :success
-        assert assigns(:products)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def login(user)
-      open_session do |sess|
-        sess.extend(CustomDsl)
-        u = users(user)
-        sess.https!
-        sess.post "/login", username: u.username, password: u.password
-        assert_equal '/welcome', sess.path
-        sess.https!(false)
-      end
-    end
 end
 ```
 
-Rake Tasks for Running your Tests
----------------------------------
-
-You don't need to set up and run your tests by hand on a test-by-test basis.
-Rails comes with a number of commands to help in testing.
-The table below lists all commands that come along in the default Rakefile
-when you initiate a Rails project.
+Testing Routes
+--------------
 
-| Tasks                   | Description |
-| ----------------------- | ----------- |
-| `rake test`             | Runs all unit, functional and integration tests. You can also simply run `rake` as Rails will run all the tests by default |
-| `rake test:controllers` | Runs all the controller tests from `test/controllers` |
-| `rake test:functionals` | Runs all the functional tests from `test/controllers`, `test/mailers`, and `test/functional` |
-| `rake test:helpers`     | Runs all the helper tests from `test/helpers` |
-| `rake test:integration` | Runs all the integration tests from `test/integration` |
-| `rake test:mailers`     | Runs all the mailer tests from `test/mailers` |
-| `rake test:models`      | Runs all the model tests from `test/models` |
-| `rake test:units`       | Runs all the unit tests from `test/models`, `test/helpers`, and `test/unit` |
-| `rake test:all`         | Runs all tests quickly by merging all types and not resetting db |
-| `rake test:all:db`      | Runs all tests quickly by merging all types and resetting db |
+Like everything else in your Rails application, you can test your routes.
 
+For more information on routing assertions available in Rails, see the API documentation for [`ActionDispatch::Assertions::RoutingAssertions`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Assertions/RoutingAssertions.html).
 
-Brief Note About `MiniTest`
------------------------------
+Testing Views
+-------------
 
-Ruby ships with a boat load of libraries. Ruby 1.8 provides `Test::Unit`, a framework for unit testing in Ruby. All the basic assertions discussed above are actually defined in `Test::Unit::Assertions`. The class `ActiveSupport::TestCase` which we have been using in our unit and functional tests extends `Test::Unit::TestCase`, allowing
-us to use all of the basic assertions in our tests.
+Testing the response to your request by asserting the presence of key HTML elements and their content is a common way to test the views of your application. Like route tests, view tests reside in `test/controllers/` or are part of controller tests. The `assert_select` method allows you to query HTML elements of the response by using a simple yet powerful syntax.
 
-Ruby 1.9 introduced `MiniTest`, an updated version of `Test::Unit` which provides a backwards compatible API for `Test::Unit`. You could also use `MiniTest` in Ruby 1.8 by installing the `minitest` gem.
+There are two forms of `assert_select`:
 
-NOTE: For more information on `Test::Unit`, refer to [test/unit Documentation](http://ruby-doc.org/stdlib/libdoc/test/unit/rdoc/)
-For more information on `MiniTest`, refer to [Minitest](http://www.ruby-doc.org/stdlib-1.9.3/libdoc/minitest/unit/rdoc/)
+`assert_select(selector, [equality], [message])` ensures that the equality condition is met on the selected elements through the selector. The selector may be a CSS selector expression (String) or an expression with substitution values.
 
-Setup and Teardown
-------------------
+`assert_select(element, selector, [equality], [message])` ensures that the equality condition is met on all the selected elements through the selector starting from the _element_ (instance of `Nokogiri::XML::Node` or `Nokogiri::XML::NodeSet`) and its descendants.
 
-If you would like to run a block of code before the start of each test and another block of code after the end of each test you have two special callbacks for your rescue. Let's take note of this by looking at an example for our functional test in `Posts` controller:
+For example, you could verify the contents on the title element in your response with:
 
 ```ruby
-require 'test_helper'
+assert_select 'title', "Welcome to Rails Testing Guide"
+```
 
-class PostsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
+You can also use nested `assert_select` blocks for deeper investigation.
 
-  # called before every single test
-  def setup
-    @post = posts(:one)
-  end
+In the following example, the inner `assert_select` for `li.menu_item` runs
+within the collection of elements selected by the outer block:
 
-  # called after every single test
-  def teardown
-    # as we are re-initializing @post before every test
-    # setting it to nil here is not essential but I hope
-    # you understand how you can use the teardown method
-    @post = nil
-  end
+```ruby
+assert_select 'ul.navigation' do
+  assert_select 'li.menu_item'
+end
+```
 
-  test "should show post" do
-    get :show, id: @post.id
-    assert_response :success
-  end
+A collection of selected elements may be iterated through so that `assert_select` may be called separately for each element.
 
-  test "should destroy post" do
-    assert_difference('Post.count', -1) do
-      delete :destroy, id: @post.id
-    end
+For example if the response contains two ordered lists, each with four nested list elements then the following tests will both pass.
 
-    assert_redirected_to posts_path
+```ruby
+assert_select "ol" do |elements|
+  elements.each do |element|
+    assert_select element, "li", 4
   end
+end
 
+assert_select "ol" do
+  assert_select "li", 8
 end
 ```
 
-Above, the `setup` method is called before each test and so `@post` is available for each of the tests. Rails implements `setup` and `teardown` as `ActiveSupport::Callbacks`. Which essentially means you need not only use `setup` and `teardown` as methods in your tests. You could specify them by using:
-
-* a block
-* a method (like in the earlier example)
-* a method name as a symbol
-* a lambda
-
-Let's see the earlier example by specifying `setup` callback by specifying a method name as a symbol:
+This assertion is quite powerful. For more advanced usage, refer to its [documentation](http://www.rubydoc.info/github/rails/rails-dom-testing).
 
-```ruby
-require 'test_helper'
+#### Additional View-Based Assertions
 
-class PostsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
+There are more assertions that are primarily used in testing views:
 
-  # called before every single test
-  setup :initialize_post
+| Assertion                                                 | Purpose |
+| --------------------------------------------------------- | ------- |
+| `assert_select_email`                                     | Allows you to make assertions on the body of an e-mail. |
+| `assert_select_encoded`                                   | Allows you to make assertions on encoded HTML. It does this by un-encoding the contents of each element and then calling the block with all the un-encoded elements.|
+| `css_select(selector)` or `css_select(element, selector)` | Returns an array of all the elements selected by the _selector_. In the second variant it first matches the base _element_ and tries to match the _selector_ expression on any of its children. If there are no matches both variants return an empty array.|
 
-  # called after every single test
-  def teardown
-    @post = nil
-  end
+Here's an example of using `assert_select_email`:
 
-  test "should show post" do
-    get :show, id: @post.id
-    assert_response :success
-  end
+```ruby
+assert_select_email do
+  assert_select 'small', 'Please click the "Unsubscribe" link if you want to opt-out.'
+end
+```
 
-  test "should update post" do
-    patch :update, id: @post.id, post: {}
-    assert_redirected_to post_path(assigns(:post))
-  end
+Testing Helpers
+---------------
 
-  test "should destroy post" do
-    assert_difference('Post.count', -1) do
-      delete :destroy, id: @post.id
-    end
+In order to test helpers, all you need to do is check that the output of the
+helper method matches what you'd expect. Tests related to the helpers are
+located under the `test/helpers` directory.
 
-    assert_redirected_to posts_path
-  end
+A helper test looks like so:
 
-  private
+```ruby
+require 'test_helper'
 
-    def initialize_post
-      @post = posts(:one)
-    end
+class UserHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 end
 ```
 
-Testing Routes
---------------
-
-Like everything else in your Rails application, it is recommended that you test your routes. An example test for a route in the default `show` action of `Posts` controller above should look like:
+A helper is just a simple module where you can define methods which are
+available into your views. To test the output of the helper's methods, you just
+have to use a mixin like this:
 
 ```ruby
-test "should route to post" do
-  assert_routing '/posts/1', {controller: "posts", action: "show", id: "1"}
+class UserHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
+  test "should return the user name" do
+    # ...
+  end
 end
 ```
 
+Moreover, since the test class extends from `ActionView::TestCase`, you have
+access to Rails' helper methods such as `link_to` or `pluralize`.
+
 Testing Your Mailers
 --------------------
 
@@ -909,7 +1103,7 @@ Testing mailer classes requires some specific tools to do a thorough job.
 
 ### Keeping the Postman in Check
 
-Your mailer classes - like every other part of your Rails application - should be tested to ensure that it is working as expected.
+Your mailer classes - like every other part of your Rails application - should be tested to ensure that they are working as expected.
 
 The goals of testing your mailer classes are to ensure that:
 
@@ -940,10 +1134,14 @@ require 'test_helper'
 
 class UserMailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
   test "invite" do
-    # Send the email, then test that it got queued
+    # Create the email and store it for further assertions
     email = UserMailer.create_invite('me@example.com',
-                                     'friend@example.com', Time.now).deliver
-    assert_not ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.empty?
+                                     'friend@example.com', Time.now)
+
+    # Send the email, then test that it got queued
+    assert_emails 1 do
+      email.deliver_now
+    end
 
     # Test the body of the sent email contains what we expect it to
     assert_equal ['me@example.com'], email.from
@@ -988,70 +1186,89 @@ Functional testing for mailers involves more than just checking that the email b
 ```ruby
 require 'test_helper'
 
-class UserControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
+class UserControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   test "invite friend" do
     assert_difference 'ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.size', +1 do
-      post :invite_friend, email: 'friend@example.com'
+      post invite_friend_url, params: { email: 'friend@example.com' }
     end
     invite_email = ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.last
 
     assert_equal "You have been invited by me@example.com", invite_email.subject
     assert_equal 'friend@example.com', invite_email.to[0]
-    assert_match(/Hi friend@example.com/, invite_email.body)
+    assert_match(/Hi friend@example.com/, invite_email.body.to_s)
   end
 end
 ```
 
-Testing helpers
----------------
+Testing Jobs
+------------
 
-In order to test helpers, all you need to do is check that the output of the
-helper method matches what you'd expect. Tests related to the helpers are
-located under the `test/helpers` directory. Rails provides a generator which
-generates both the helper and the test file:
+Since your custom jobs can be queued at different levels inside your application,
+you'll need to test both jobs themselves (their behavior when they get enqueued)
+and that other entities correctly enqueue them.
 
-```bash
-$ rails generate helper User
-      create  app/helpers/user_helper.rb
-      invoke  test_unit
-      create    test/helpers/user_helper_test.rb
-```
+### A Basic Test Case
 
-The generated test file contains the following code:
+By default, when you generate a job, an associated test will be generated as well
+under the `test/jobs` directory. Here's an example test with a billing job:
 
 ```ruby
 require 'test_helper'
 
-class UserHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
+class BillingJobTest < ActiveJob::TestCase
+  test 'that account is charged' do
+    BillingJob.perform_now(account, product)
+    assert account.reload.charged_for?(product)
+  end
 end
 ```
 
-A helper is just a simple module where you can define methods which are
-available into your views. To test the output of the helper's methods, you just
-have to use a mixin like this:
+This test is pretty simple and only asserts that the job get the work done
+as expected.
+
+By default, `ActiveJob::TestCase` will set the queue adapter to `:test` so that
+your jobs are performed inline. It will also ensure that all previously performed
+and enqueued jobs are cleared before any test run so you can safely assume that
+no jobs have already been executed in the scope of each test.
+
+### Custom Assertions And Testing Jobs Inside Other Components
+
+Active Job ships with a bunch of custom assertions that can be used to lessen the verbosity of tests. For a full list of available assertions, see the API documentation for [`ActiveJob::TestHelper`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveJob/TestHelper.html).
+
+It's a good practice to ensure that your jobs correctly get enqueued or performed
+wherever you invoke them (e.g. inside your controllers). This is precisely where
+the custom assertions provided by Active Job are pretty useful. For instance,
+within a model:
 
 ```ruby
-class UserHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
-  include UserHelper
+require 'test_helper'
 
-  test "should return the user name" do
-    # ...
+class ProductTest < ActiveJob::TestCase
+  test 'billing job scheduling' do
+    assert_enqueued_with(job: BillingJob) do
+      product.charge(account)
+    end
   end
 end
 ```
 
-Moreover, since the test class extends from `ActionView::TestCase`, you have
-access to Rails' helper methods such as `link_to` or `pluralize`.
+Testing Time-Dependent Code
+---------------------------
 
-Other Testing Approaches
-------------------------
+Rails provides inbuilt helper methods that enable you to assert that your time-sensitve code works as expected.
 
-The built-in `test/unit` based testing is not the only way to test Rails applications. Rails developers have come up with a wide variety of other approaches and aids for testing, including:
+Here is an example using the [`travel_to`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/Testing/TimeHelpers.html#method-i-travel_to) helper:
+
+```ruby
+# Lets say that a user is eligible for gifting a month after they register.
+user = User.create(name: 'Gaurish', activation_date: Date.new(2004, 10, 24))
+assert_not user.applicable_for_gifting?
+travel_to Date.new(2004, 11, 24) do
+  assert_equal Date.new(2004, 10, 24), user.activation_date # inside the travel_to block `Date.current` is mocked
+  assert user.applicable_for_gifting?
+end
+assert_equal Date.new(2004, 10, 24), user.activation_date # The change was visible only inside the `travel_to` block.
+```
 
-* [NullDB](http://avdi.org/projects/nulldb/), a way to speed up testing by avoiding database use.
-* [Factory Girl](https://github.com/thoughtbot/factory_girl/tree/master), a replacement for fixtures.
-* [Machinist](https://github.com/notahat/machinist/tree/master), another replacement for fixtures.
-* [Fixture Builder](https://github.com/rdy/fixture_builder), a tool that compiles Ruby factories into fixtures before a test run.
-* [MiniTest::Spec Rails](https://github.com/metaskills/minitest-spec-rails), use the MiniTest::Spec DSL within your rails tests.
-* [Shoulda](http://www.thoughtbot.com/projects/shoulda), an extension to `test/unit` with additional helpers, macros, and assertions.
-* [RSpec](http://relishapp.com/rspec), a behavior-driven development framework
+Please see [`ActiveSupport::TimeHelpers` API Documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/Testing/TimeHelpers.html)
+for in-depth information about the available time helpers.
diff --git a/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md b/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md
index da124e21a4..fa6a01671b 100644
--- a/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md
+++ b/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md
@@ -1,12 +1,16 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 A Guide for Upgrading Ruby on Rails
 ===================================
 
 This guide provides steps to be followed when you upgrade your applications to a newer version of Ruby on Rails. These steps are also available in individual release guides.
 
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 General Advice
 --------------
 
-Before attempting to upgrade an existing application, you should be sure you have a good reason to upgrade. You need to balance out several factors: the need for new features, the increasing difficulty of finding support for old code, and your available time and skills, to name a few.
+Before attempting to upgrade an existing application, you should be sure you have a good reason to upgrade. You need to balance several factors: the need for new features, the increasing difficulty of finding support for old code, and your available time and skills, to name a few.
 
 ### Test Coverage
 
@@ -16,24 +20,308 @@ The best way to be sure that your application still works after upgrading is to
 
 Rails generally stays close to the latest released Ruby version when it's released:
 
-* Rails 3 and above require Ruby 1.8.7 or higher. Support for all of the previous Ruby versions has been dropped officially. You should upgrade as early as possible.
-* Rails 3.2.x is the last branch to support Ruby 1.8.7.
+* Rails 5 requires Ruby 2.2.2 or newer.
 * Rails 4 prefers Ruby 2.0 and requires 1.9.3 or newer.
+* Rails 3.2.x is the last branch to support Ruby 1.8.7.
+* Rails 3 and above require Ruby 1.8.7 or higher. Support for all of the previous Ruby versions has been dropped officially. You should upgrade as early as possible.
 
 TIP: Ruby 1.8.7 p248 and p249 have marshaling bugs that crash Rails. Ruby Enterprise Edition has these fixed since the release of 1.8.7-2010.02. On the 1.9 front, Ruby 1.9.1 is not usable because it outright segfaults, so if you want to use 1.9.x, jump straight to 1.9.3 for smooth sailing.
 
-Upgrading from Rails 4.0 to Rails 4.1
+### The Rake Task
+
+Rails provides the `rails:update` rake task. After updating the Rails version
+in the Gemfile, run this rake task.
+This will help you with the creation of new files and changes of old files in an
+interactive session.
+
+```bash
+$ rake rails:update
+   identical  config/boot.rb
+       exist  config
+    conflict  config/routes.rb
+Overwrite /myapp/config/routes.rb? (enter "h" for help) [Ynaqdh]
+       force  config/routes.rb
+    conflict  config/application.rb
+Overwrite /myapp/config/application.rb? (enter "h" for help) [Ynaqdh]
+       force  config/application.rb
+    conflict  config/environment.rb
+...
+```
+
+Don't forget to review the difference, to see if there were any unexpected changes.
+
+Upgrading from Rails 4.2 to Rails 5.0
 -------------------------------------
 
-NOTE: This section is a work in progress.
+### Halting callback chains by returning `false`
+
+In Rails 4.2, when a 'before' callback returns `false` in Active Record
+and Active Model, then the entire callback chain is halted. In other words,
+successive 'before' callbacks are not executed, and neither is the action wrapped
+in callbacks.
+
+In Rails 5.0, returning `false` in an Active Record or Active Model callback
+will not have this side effect of halting the callback chain. Instead, callback
+chains must be explicitly halted by calling `throw(:abort)`.
+
+When you upgrade from Rails 4.2 to Rails 5.0, returning `false` in those kind of
+callbacks will still halt the callback chain, but you will receive a deprecation
+warning about this upcoming change.
+
+When you are ready, you can opt into the new behavior and remove the deprecation
+warning by adding the following configuration to your `config/application.rb`:
+
+    ActiveSupport.halt_callback_chains_on_return_false = false
+
+Note that this option will not affect Active Support callbacks since they never
+halted the chain when any value was returned.
+
+See [#17227](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/17227) for more details.
+
+### ActiveJob jobs now inherit from ApplicationJob by default
+
+In Rails 4.2 an ActiveJob inherits from `ActiveJob::Base`. In Rails 5.0 this
+behavior has changed to now inherit from `ApplicationJob`.
+
+When upgrading from Rails 4.2 to Rails 5.0 you need to create an
+`application_job.rb` file in `app/jobs/` and add the following content:
+
+```
+class ApplicationJob < ActiveJob::Base
+end
+```
+
+Then make sure that all your job classes inherit from it.
+
+See [#19034](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/19034) for more details.
+
+Upgrading from Rails 4.1 to Rails 4.2
+-------------------------------------
+
+### Web Console
+
+First, add `gem 'web-console', '~> 2.0'` to the `:development` group in your Gemfile and run `bundle install` (it won't have been included when you upgraded Rails). Once it's been installed, you can simply drop a reference to the console helper (i.e., `<%= console %>`) into any view you want to enable it for. A console will also be provided on any error page you view in your development environment.
+
+### Responders
+
+`respond_with` and the class-level `respond_to` methods have been extracted to the `responders` gem. To use them, simply add `gem 'responders', '~> 2.0'` to your Gemfile. Calls to `respond_with` and `respond_to` (again, at the class level) will no longer work without having included the `responders` gem in your dependencies:
+
+```ruby
+# app/controllers/users_controller.rb
+
+class UsersController < ApplicationController
+  respond_to :html, :json
+
+  def show
+    @user = User.find(params[:id])
+    respond_with @user
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Instance-level `respond_to` is unaffected and does not require the additional gem:
+
+```ruby
+# app/controllers/users_controller.rb
+
+class UsersController < ApplicationController
+  def show
+    @user = User.find(params[:id])
+    respond_to do |format|
+      format.html
+      format.json { render json: @user }
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+See [#16526](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16526) for more details.
+
+### Error handling in transaction callbacks
+
+Currently, Active Record suppresses errors raised
+within `after_rollback` or `after_commit` callbacks and only prints them to
+the logs. In the next version, these errors will no longer be suppressed.
+Instead, the errors will propagate normally just like in other Active
+Record callbacks.
+
+When you define a `after_rollback` or `after_commit` callback, you
+will receive a deprecation warning about this upcoming change. When
+you are ready, you can opt into the new behavior and remove the
+deprecation warning by adding following configuration to your
+`config/application.rb`:
+
+    config.active_record.raise_in_transactional_callbacks = true
+
+See [#14488](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14488) and
+[#16537](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16537) for more details.
+
+### Ordering of test cases
+
+In Rails 5.0, test cases will be executed in random order by default. In
+anticipation of this change, Rails 4.2 introduced a new configuration option
+`active_support.test_order` for explicitly specifying the test ordering. This
+allows you to either lock down the current behavior by setting the option to
+`:sorted`, or opt into the future behavior by setting the option to `:random`.
+
+If you do not specify a value for this option, a deprecation warning will be
+emitted. To avoid this, add the following line to your test environment:
+
+```ruby
+# config/environments/test.rb
+Rails.application.configure do
+  config.active_support.test_order = :sorted # or `:random` if you prefer
+end
+```
+
+### Serialized attributes
+
+When using a custom coder (e.g. `serialize :metadata, JSON`),
+assigning `nil` to a serialized attribute will save it to the database
+as `NULL` instead of passing the `nil` value through the coder (e.g. `"null"`
+when using the `JSON` coder).
+
+### Production log level
+
+In Rails 5, the default log level for the production environment will be changed
+to `:debug` (from `:info`). To preserve the current default, add the following
+line to your `production.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+# Set to `:info` to match the current default, or set to `:debug` to opt-into
+# the future default.
+config.log_level = :info
+```
+
+### `after_bundle` in Rails templates
+
+If you have a Rails template that adds all the files in version control, it
+fails to add the generated binstubs because it gets executed before Bundler:
+
+```ruby
+# template.rb
+generate(:scaffold, "person name:string")
+route "root to: 'people#index'"
+rake("db:migrate")
+
+git :init
+git add: "."
+git commit: %Q{ -m 'Initial commit' }
+```
+
+You can now wrap the `git` calls in an `after_bundle` block. It will be run
+after the binstubs have been generated.
+
+```ruby
+# template.rb
+generate(:scaffold, "person name:string")
+route "root to: 'people#index'"
+rake("db:migrate")
+
+after_bundle do
+  git :init
+  git add: "."
+  git commit: %Q{ -m 'Initial commit' }
+end
+```
+
+### Rails HTML Sanitizer
+
+There's a new choice for sanitizing HTML fragments in your applications. The
+venerable html-scanner approach is now officially being deprecated in favor of
+[`Rails HTML Sanitizer`](https://github.com/rails/rails-html-sanitizer).
+
+This means the methods `sanitize`, `sanitize_css`, `strip_tags` and
+`strip_links` are backed by a new implementation.
+
+This new sanitizer uses [Loofah](https://github.com/flavorjones/loofah) internally. Loofah in turn uses Nokogiri, which
+wraps XML parsers written in both C and Java, so sanitization should be faster
+no matter which Ruby version you run.
+
+The new version updates `sanitize`, so it can take a `Loofah::Scrubber` for
+powerful scrubbing.
+[See some examples of scrubbers here](https://github.com/flavorjones/loofah#loofahscrubber).
+
+Two new scrubbers have also been added: `PermitScrubber` and `TargetScrubber`.
+Read the [gem's readme](https://github.com/rails/rails-html-sanitizer) for more information.
+
+The documentation for `PermitScrubber` and `TargetScrubber` explains how you
+can gain complete control over when and how elements should be stripped.
+
+If your application needs to use the old sanitizer implementation, include `rails-deprecated_sanitizer` in your Gemfile:
+
+```ruby
+gem 'rails-deprecated_sanitizer'
+```
+
+### Rails DOM Testing
+
+The [`TagAssertions` module](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Assertions/TagAssertions.html) (containing methods such as `assert_tag`), [has been deprecated](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/6061472b8c310158a2a2e8e9a6b81a1aef6b60fe/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/dom.rb) in favor of the `assert_select` methods from the `SelectorAssertions` module, which has been extracted into the [rails-dom-testing gem](https://github.com/rails/rails-dom-testing).
+
+
+### Masked Authenticity Tokens
+
+In order to mitigate SSL attacks, `form_authenticity_token` is now masked so that it varies with each request.  Thus, tokens are validated by unmasking and then decrypting.  As a result, any strategies for verifying requests from non-rails forms that relied on a static session CSRF token have to take this into account.
+
+### Action Mailer
+
+Previously, calling a mailer method on a mailer class will result in the
+corresponding instance method being executed directly. With the introduction of
+Active Job and `#deliver_later`, this is no longer true. In Rails 4.2, the
+invocation of the instance methods are deferred until either `deliver_now` or
+`deliver_later` is called. For example:
+
+```ruby
+class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+  def notify(user, ...)
+    puts "Called"
+    mail(to: user.email, ...)
+  end
+end
+
+mail = Notifier.notify(user, ...) # Notifier#notify is not yet called at this point
+mail = mail.deliver_now           # Prints "Called"
+```
+
+This should not result in any noticeable differences for most applications.
+However, if you need some non-mailer methods to be executed synchronously, and
+you were previously relying on the synchronous proxying behavior, you should
+define them as class methods on the mailer class directly:
+
+```ruby
+class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+  def self.broadcast_notifications(users, ...)
+    users.each { |user| Notifier.notify(user, ...) }
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### Foreign Key Support
+
+The migration DSL has been expanded to support foreign key definitions. If
+you've been using the Foreigner gem, you might want to consider removing it.
+Note that the foreign key support of Rails is a subset of Foreigner. This means
+that not every Foreigner definition can be fully replaced by its Rails
+migration DSL counterpart.
+
+The migration procedure is as follows:
+
+1. remove `gem "foreigner"` from the Gemfile.
+2. run `bundle install`.
+3. run `bin/rake db:schema:dump`.
+4. make sure that `db/schema.rb` contains every foreign key definition with
+the necessary options.
+
+Upgrading from Rails 4.0 to Rails 4.1
+-------------------------------------
 
 ### CSRF protection from remote `<script>` tags
 
-Or, "whaaat my tests are failing!!!?"
+Or, "whaaat my tests are failing!!!?" or "my `<script>` widget is busted!!"
 
 Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) protection now covers GET requests with
-JavaScript responses, too. That prevents a third-party site from referencing
-your JavaScript URL and attempting to run it to extract sensitive data.
+JavaScript responses, too. This prevents a third-party site from remotely
+referencing your JavaScript with a `<script>` tag to extract sensitive data.
 
 This means that your functional and integration tests that use
 
@@ -47,10 +335,11 @@ will now trigger CSRF protection. Switch to
 xhr :get, :index, format: :js
 ```
 
-to explicitly test an XmlHttpRequest.
+to explicitly test an `XmlHttpRequest`.
 
-If you really mean to load JavaScript from remote `<script>` tags, skip CSRF
-protection on that action.
+Note: Your own `<script>` tags are treated as cross-origin and blocked by
+default, too. If you really mean to load JavaScript from `<script>` tags,
+you must now explicitly skip CSRF protection on those actions.
 
 ### Spring
 
@@ -79,11 +368,14 @@ secrets, you need to:
       secret_key_base:
 
     production:
-      secret_key_base:
+      secret_key_base: <%= ENV["SECRET_KEY_BASE"] %>
     ```
 
-2. Copy the existing `secret_key_base` from the `secret_token.rb` initializer to
-   `secrets.yml` under the `production` section.
+2. Use your existing `secret_key_base` from the `secret_token.rb` initializer to
+   set the SECRET_KEY_BASE environment variable for whichever users running the
+   Rails application in production mode. Alternatively, you can simply copy the existing
+   `secret_key_base` from the `secret_token.rb` initializer to `secrets.yml`
+   under the `production` section, replacing '<%= ENV["SECRET_KEY_BASE"] %>'.
 
 3. Remove the `secret_token.rb` initializer.
 
@@ -95,7 +387,7 @@ secrets, you need to:
 
 If your test helper contains a call to
 `ActiveRecord::Migration.check_pending!` this can be removed. The check
-is now done automatically when you `require 'test_help'`, although
+is now done automatically when you `require 'rails/test_help'`, although
 leaving this line in your helper is not harmful in any way.
 
 ### Cookies serializer
@@ -104,13 +396,57 @@ Applications created before Rails 4.1 uses `Marshal` to serialize cookie values
 the signed and encrypted cookie jars. If you want to use the new `JSON`-based format
 in your application, you can add an initializer file with the following content:
 
-  ```ruby
-  Rails.application.config.cookies_serializer :hybrid
-  ```
+```ruby
+Rails.application.config.action_dispatch.cookies_serializer = :hybrid
+```
 
 This would transparently migrate your existing `Marshal`-serialized cookies into the
 new `JSON`-based format.
 
+When using the `:json` or `:hybrid` serializer, you should beware that not all
+Ruby objects can be serialized as JSON. For example, `Date` and `Time` objects
+will be serialized as strings, and `Hash`es will have their keys stringified.
+
+```ruby
+class CookiesController < ApplicationController
+  def set_cookie
+    cookies.encrypted[:expiration_date] = Date.tomorrow # => Thu, 20 Mar 2014
+    redirect_to action: 'read_cookie'
+  end
+
+  def read_cookie
+    cookies.encrypted[:expiration_date] # => "2014-03-20"
+  end
+end
+```
+
+It's advisable that you only store simple data (strings and numbers) in cookies.
+If you have to store complex objects, you would need to handle the conversion
+manually when reading the values on subsequent requests.
+
+If you use the cookie session store, this would apply to the `session` and
+`flash` hash as well.
+
+### Flash structure changes
+
+Flash message keys are
+[normalized to strings](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/a668beffd64106a1e1fedb71cc25eaaa11baf0c1). They
+can still be accessed using either symbols or strings. Looping through the flash
+will always yield string keys:
+
+```ruby
+flash["string"] = "a string"
+flash[:symbol] = "a symbol"
+
+# Rails < 4.1
+flash.keys # => ["string", :symbol]
+
+# Rails >= 4.1
+flash.keys # => ["string", "symbol"]
+```
+
+Make sure you are comparing Flash message keys against strings.
+
 ### Changes in JSON handling
 
 There are a few major changes related to JSON handling in Rails 4.1.
@@ -128,7 +464,7 @@ If your application currently depend on MultiJSON directly, you have a few optio
 
 WARNING: Do not simply replace `MultiJson.dump` and `MultiJson.load` with
 `JSON.dump` and `JSON.load`. These JSON gem APIs are meant for serializing and
-deserializing arbitrary Ruby objects and are generally [unsafe](http://www.ruby-doc.org/stdlib-2.0.0/libdoc/json/rdoc/JSON.html#method-i-load).
+deserializing arbitrary Ruby objects and are generally [unsafe](http://www.ruby-doc.org/stdlib-2.2.2/libdoc/json/rdoc/JSON.html#method-i-load).
 
 #### JSON gem compatibility
 
@@ -165,6 +501,16 @@ If your application depends on one of these features, you can get them back by
 adding the [`activesupport-json_encoder`](https://github.com/rails/activesupport-json_encoder)
 gem to your Gemfile.
 
+#### JSON representation of Time objects
+
+`#as_json` for objects with time component (`Time`, `DateTime`, `ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone`)
+now returns millisecond precision by default. If you need to keep old behavior with no millisecond
+precision, set the following in an initializer:
+
+```
+ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision = 0
+```
+
 ### Usage of `return` within inline callback blocks
 
 Previously, Rails allowed inline callback blocks to use `return` this way:
@@ -175,7 +521,7 @@ class ReadOnlyModel < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 ```
 
-This behaviour was never intentionally supported. Due to a change in the internals
+This behavior was never intentionally supported. Due to a change in the internals
 of `ActiveSupport::Callbacks`, this is no longer allowed in Rails 4.1. Using a
 `return` statement in an inline callback block causes a `LocalJumpError` to
 be raised when the callback is executed.
@@ -220,18 +566,18 @@ included in the newly introduced `ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.context_class`, in
 `test_helper.rb`.
 
 ```ruby
-class FixtureFileHelpers
+module FixtureFileHelpers
   def file_sha(path)
     Digest::SHA2.hexdigest(File.read(Rails.root.join('test/fixtures', path)))
   end
 end
-ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.context_class.send :include, FixtureFileHelpers
+ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.context_class.include FixtureFileHelpers
 ```
 
 ### I18n enforcing available locales
 
-Rails 4.1 now defaults the I18n option `enforce_available_locales` to `true`,
-meaning that it will make sure that all locales passed to it must be declared in
+Rails 4.1 now defaults the I18n option `enforce_available_locales` to `true`. This
+means that it will make sure that all locales passed to it must be declared in
 the `available_locales` list.
 
 To disable it (and allow I18n to accept *any* locale option) add the following
@@ -241,9 +587,10 @@ configuration to your application:
 config.i18n.enforce_available_locales = false
 ```
 
-Note that this option was added as a security measure, to ensure user input could
-not be used as locale information unless previously known, so it's recommended not
-to disable this option unless you have a strong reason for doing so.
+Note that this option was added as a security measure, to ensure user input
+cannot be used as locale information unless it is previously known. Therefore,
+it's recommended not to disable this option unless you have a strong reason for
+doing so.
 
 ### Mutator methods called on Relation
 
@@ -264,10 +611,10 @@ authors.compact!
 
 ### Changes on Default Scopes
 
-Default scopes are no longer overriden by chained conditions.
+Default scopes are no longer overridden by chained conditions.
 
 In previous versions when you defined a `default_scope` in a model
-it was overriden by chained conditions in the same field. Now it
+it was overridden by chained conditions in the same field. Now it
 is merged like any other scope.
 
 Before:
@@ -344,10 +691,32 @@ response body, you should be using `render :plain` as most browsers will escape
 unsafe content in the response for you.
 
 We will be deprecating the use of `render :text` in a future version. So please
-start using the more precise `:plain:`, `:html`, and `:body` options instead.
+start using the more precise `:plain`, `:html`, and `:body` options instead.
 Using `render :text` may pose a security risk, as the content is sent as
 `text/html`.
 
+### PostgreSQL json and hstore datatypes
+
+Rails 4.1 will map `json` and `hstore` columns to a string-keyed Ruby `Hash`.
+In earlier versions, a `HashWithIndifferentAccess` was used. This means that
+symbol access is no longer supported. This is also the case for
+`store_accessors` based on top of `json` or `hstore` columns. Make sure to use
+string keys consistently.
+
+### Explicit block use for `ActiveSupport::Callbacks`
+
+Rails 4.1 now expects an explicit block to be passed when calling
+`ActiveSupport::Callbacks.set_callback`. This change stems from
+`ActiveSupport::Callbacks` being largely rewritten for the 4.1 release.
+
+```ruby
+# Previously in Rails 4.0
+set_callback :save, :around, ->(r, &block) { stuff; result = block.call; stuff }
+
+# Now in Rails 4.1
+set_callback :save, :around, ->(r, block) { stuff; result = block.call; stuff }
+```
+
 Upgrading from Rails 3.2 to Rails 4.0
 -------------------------------------
 
@@ -435,7 +804,7 @@ def update
   respond_to do |format|
     format.json do
       # perform a partial update
-      @post.update params[:post]
+      @article.update params[:article]
     end
 
     format.json_patch do
@@ -462,7 +831,7 @@ file (in `config/application.rb`):
 ```ruby
 # Require the gems listed in Gemfile, including any gems
 # you've limited to :test, :development, or :production.
-Bundler.require(:default, Rails.env)
+Bundler.require(*Rails.groups)
 ```
 
 ### vendor/plugins
@@ -479,6 +848,9 @@ Rails 4.0 no longer supports loading plugins from `vendor/plugins`. You must rep
 
 * Rails 4.0 has changed `serialized_attributes` and `attr_readonly` to class methods only. You shouldn't use instance methods since it's now deprecated. You should change them to use class methods, e.g. `self.serialized_attributes` to `self.class.serialized_attributes`.
 
+* When using the default coder, assigning `nil` to a serialized attribute will save it
+to the database as `NULL` instead of passing the `nil` value through YAML (`"--- \n...\n"`).
+
 * Rails 4.0 has removed `attr_accessible` and `attr_protected` feature in favor of Strong Parameters. You can use the [Protected Attributes gem](https://github.com/rails/protected_attributes) for a smooth upgrade path.
 
 * If you are not using Protected Attributes, you can remove any options related to
@@ -498,7 +870,7 @@ this gem such as `whitelist_attributes` or `mass_assignment_sanitizer` options.
 * Rails 4.0 has deprecated `ActiveRecord::TestCase` in favor of `ActiveSupport::TestCase`.
 
 * Rails 4.0 has deprecated the old-style hash based finder API. This means that
-  methods which previously accepted "finder options" no longer do.
+  methods which previously accepted "finder options" no longer do.  For example, `Book.find(:all, conditions: { name: '1984' })` has been deprecated in favor of `Book.where(name: '1984')`
 
 * All dynamic methods except for `find_by_...` and `find_by_...!` are deprecated.
   Here's how you can handle the changes:
@@ -515,6 +887,20 @@ this gem such as `whitelist_attributes` or `mass_assignment_sanitizer` options.
 
 * To re-enable the old finders, you can use the [activerecord-deprecated_finders gem](https://github.com/rails/activerecord-deprecated_finders).
 
+* Rails 4.0 has changed to default join table for `has_and_belongs_to_many` relations to strip the common prefix off the second table name. Any existing `has_and_belongs_to_many` relationship between models with a common prefix must be specified with the `join_table` option. For example:
+
+```ruby
+CatalogCategory < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :catalog_products, join_table: 'catalog_categories_catalog_products'
+end
+
+CatalogProduct < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :catalog_categories, join_table: 'catalog_categories_catalog_products'
+end
+```
+
+* Note that the prefix takes scopes into account as well, so relations between `Catalog::Category` and `Catalog::Product` or `Catalog::Category` and `CatalogProduct` need to be updated similarly.
+
 ### Active Resource
 
 Rails 4.0 extracted Active Resource to its own gem. If you still need the feature you can add the [Active Resource gem](https://github.com/rails/activeresource) in your Gemfile.
@@ -523,7 +909,7 @@ Rails 4.0 extracted Active Resource to its own gem. If you still need the featur
 
 * Rails 4.0 has changed how errors attach with the `ActiveModel::Validations::ConfirmationValidator`. Now when confirmation validations fail, the error will be attached to `:#{attribute}_confirmation` instead of `attribute`.
 
-* Rails 4.0 has changed `ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON.include_root_in_json` default value to `false`. Now, Active Model Serializers and Active Record objects have the same default behaviour. This means that you can comment or remove the following option in the `config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb` file:
+* Rails 4.0 has changed `ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON.include_root_in_json` default value to `false`. Now, Active Model Serializers and Active Record objects have the same default behavior. This means that you can comment or remove the following option in the `config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb` file:
 
 ```ruby
 # Disable root element in JSON by default.
@@ -544,7 +930,7 @@ Rails 4.0 extracted Active Resource to its own gem. If you still need the featur
 
 Please note that you should wait to set `secret_key_base` until you have 100% of your userbase on Rails 4.x and are reasonably sure you will not need to rollback to Rails 3.x. This is because cookies signed based on the new `secret_key_base` in Rails 4.x are not backwards compatible with Rails 3.x. You are free to leave your existing `secret_token` in place, not set the new `secret_key_base`, and ignore the deprecation warnings until you are reasonably sure that your upgrade is otherwise complete.
 
-If you are relying on the ability for external applications or Javascript to be able to read your Rails app's signed session cookies (or signed cookies in general) you should not set `secret_key_base` until you have decoupled these concerns.
+If you are relying on the ability for external applications or JavaScript to be able to read your Rails app's signed session cookies (or signed cookies in general) you should not set `secret_key_base` until you have decoupled these concerns.
 
 * Rails 4.0 encrypts the contents of cookie-based sessions if `secret_key_base` has been set. Rails 3.x signed, but did not encrypt, the contents of cookie-based session. Signed cookies are "secure" in that they are verified to have been generated by your app and are tamper-proof. However, the contents can be viewed by end users, and encrypting the contents eliminates this caveat/concern without a significant performance penalty.
 
@@ -558,6 +944,8 @@ Please read [Pull Request #9978](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/9978) for d
 
 * Rails 4.0 has removed the XML parameters parser. You will need to add the `actionpack-xml_parser` gem if you require this feature.
 
+* Rails 4.0 changes the default `layout` lookup set using symbols or procs that return nil. To get the "no layout" behavior, return false instead of nil. 
+
 * Rails 4.0 changes the default memcached client from `memcache-client` to `dalli`. To upgrade, simply add `gem 'dalli'` to your `Gemfile`.
 
 * Rails 4.0 deprecates the `dom_id` and `dom_class` methods in controllers (they are fine in views). You will need to include the `ActionView::RecordIdentifier` module in controllers requiring this feature.
@@ -649,7 +1037,7 @@ The order in which helpers from more than one directory are loaded has changed i
 
 ### Active Record Observer and Action Controller Sweeper
 
-Active Record Observer and Action Controller Sweeper have been extracted to the `rails-observers` gem. You will need to add the `rails-observers` gem if you require these features.
+`ActiveRecord::Observer` and `ActionController::Caching::Sweeper` have been extracted to the `rails-observers` gem. You will need to add the `rails-observers` gem if you require these features.
 
 ### sprockets-rails
 
@@ -667,17 +1055,18 @@ config.assets.js_compressor = :uglifier
 Upgrading from Rails 3.1 to Rails 3.2
 -------------------------------------
 
-If your application is currently on any version of Rails older than 3.1.x, you should upgrade to Rails 3.1 before attempting an update to Rails 3.2.
+If your application is currently on any version of Rails older than 3.1.x, you
+should upgrade to Rails 3.1 before attempting an update to Rails 3.2.
 
-The following changes are meant for upgrading your application to Rails 3.2.17,
-the last 3.2.x version of Rails.
+The following changes are meant for upgrading your application to the latest
+3.2.x version of Rails.
 
 ### Gemfile
 
 Make the following changes to your `Gemfile`.
 
 ```ruby
-gem 'rails', '3.2.17'
+gem 'rails', '3.2.21'
 
 group :assets do
   gem 'sass-rails',   '~> 3.2.6'
@@ -701,7 +1090,7 @@ config.active_record.auto_explain_threshold_in_seconds = 0.5
 
 ### config/environments/test.rb
 
-The `mass_assignment_sanitizer` configuration setting should also be be added to `config/environments/test.rb`:
+The `mass_assignment_sanitizer` configuration setting should also be added to `config/environments/test.rb`:
 
 ```ruby
 # Raise exception on mass assignment protection for Active Record models
@@ -802,8 +1191,10 @@ You can help test performance with these additions to your test environment:
 
 ```ruby
 # Configure static asset server for tests with Cache-Control for performance
-config.serve_static_assets = true
-config.static_cache_control = 'public, max-age=3600'
+config.public_file_server.enabled = true
+config.public_file_server.headers = {
+  'Cache-Control' => 'public, max-age=3600'
+}
 ```
 
 ### config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb
@@ -838,7 +1229,7 @@ AppName::Application.config.session_store :cookie_store, key: 'SOMETHINGNEW'
 or
 
 ```bash
-$ rake db:sessions:clear
+$ bin/rake db:sessions:clear
 ```
 
 ### Remove :cache and :concat options in asset helpers references in views
diff --git a/guides/source/working_with_javascript_in_rails.md b/guides/source/working_with_javascript_in_rails.md
index a8695ec034..48fc6bc9c0 100644
--- a/guides/source/working_with_javascript_in_rails.md
+++ b/guides/source/working_with_javascript_in_rails.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Working with JavaScript in Rails
 ================================
 
@@ -79,7 +81,7 @@ Awkward, right? We could pull the function definition out of the click handler,
 and turn it into CoffeeScript:
 
 ```coffeescript
-paintIt = (element, backgroundColor, textColor) ->
+@paintIt = (element, backgroundColor, textColor) ->
   element.style.backgroundColor = backgroundColor
   if textColor?
     element.style.color = textColor
@@ -105,13 +107,15 @@ attribute to our link, and then bind a handler to the click event of every link
 that has that attribute:
 
 ```coffeescript
-paintIt = (element, backgroundColor, textColor) ->
+@paintIt = (element, backgroundColor, textColor) ->
   element.style.backgroundColor = backgroundColor
   if textColor?
     element.style.color = textColor
 
 $ ->
-  $("a[data-background-color]").click ->
+  $("a[data-background-color]").click (e) ->
+    e.preventDefault()
+
     backgroundColor = $(this).data("background-color")
     textColor = $(this).data("text-color")
     paintIt(this, backgroundColor, textColor)
@@ -156,7 +160,7 @@ is a helper that assists with writing forms. `form_for` takes a `:remote`
 option. It works like this:
 
 ```erb
-<%= form_for(@post, remote: true) do |f| %>
+<%= form_for(@article, remote: true) do |f| %>
   ...
 <% end %>
 ```
@@ -164,7 +168,7 @@ option. It works like this:
 This will generate the following HTML:
 
 ```html
-<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/posts" class="new_post" data-remote="true" id="new_post" method="post">
+<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/articles" class="new_article" data-remote="true" id="new_article" method="post">
   ...
 </form>
 ```
@@ -178,10 +182,10 @@ bind to the `ajax:success` event. On failure, use `ajax:error`. Check it out:
 
 ```coffeescript
 $(document).ready ->
-  $("#new_post").on("ajax:success", (e, data, status, xhr) ->
-    $("#new_post").append xhr.responseText
+  $("#new_article").on("ajax:success", (e, data, status, xhr) ->
+    $("#new_article").append xhr.responseText
   ).on "ajax:error", (e, xhr, status, error) ->
-    $("#new_post").append "<p>ERROR</p>"
+    $("#new_article").append "<p>ERROR</p>"
 ```
 
 Obviously, you'll want to be a bit more sophisticated than that, but it's a
@@ -194,7 +198,7 @@ is very similar to `form_for`. It has a `:remote` option that you can use like
 this:
 
 ```erb
-<%= form_tag('/posts', remote: true) do %>
+<%= form_tag('/articles', remote: true) do %>
   ...
 <% end %>
 ```
@@ -202,7 +206,7 @@ this:
 This will generate the following HTML:
 
 ```html
-<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/posts" data-remote="true" method="post">
+<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/articles" data-remote="true" method="post">
   ...
 </form>
 ```
@@ -217,21 +221,21 @@ is a helper that assists with generating links. It has a `:remote` option you
 can use like this:
 
 ```erb
-<%= link_to "a post", @post, remote: true %>
+<%= link_to "an article", @article, remote: true %>
 ```
 
 which generates
 
 ```html
-<a href="/posts/1" data-remote="true">a post</a>
+<a href="/articles/1" data-remote="true">an article</a>
 ```
 
 You can bind to the same Ajax events as `form_for`. Here's an example. Let's
-assume that we have a list of posts that can be deleted with just one
+assume that we have a list of articles that can be deleted with just one
 click. We would generate some HTML like this:
 
 ```erb
-<%= link_to "Delete post", @post, remote: true, method: :delete %>
+<%= link_to "Delete article", @article, remote: true, method: :delete %>
 ```
 
 and write some CoffeeScript like this:
@@ -239,7 +243,7 @@ and write some CoffeeScript like this:
 ```coffeescript
 $ ->
   $("a[data-remote]").on "ajax:success", (e, data, status, xhr) ->
-    alert "The post was deleted."
+    alert "The article was deleted."
 ```
 
 ### button_to
@@ -247,14 +251,14 @@ $ ->
 [`button_to`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/UrlHelper.html#method-i-button_to) is a helper that helps you create buttons. It has a `:remote` option that you can call like this:
 
 ```erb
-<%= button_to "A post", @post, remote: true %>
+<%= button_to "An article", @article, remote: true %>
 ```
 
 this generates
 
 ```html
-<form action="/posts/1" class="button_to" data-remote="true" method="post">
-  <div><input type="submit" value="A post"></div>
+<form action="/articles/1" class="button_to" data-remote="true" method="post">
+  <input type="submit" value="An article" />
 </form>
 ```
 
@@ -353,7 +357,7 @@ This gem uses Ajax to speed up page rendering in most applications.
 
 Turbolinks attaches a click handler to all `<a>` on the page. If your browser
 supports
-[PushState](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/DOM/Manipulating_the_browser_history#The_pushState(\).C2.A0method),
+[PushState](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Guide/API/DOM/Manipulating_the_browser_history#The_pushState%28%29_method),
 Turbolinks will make an Ajax request for the page, parse the response, and
 replace the entire `<body>` of the page with the `<body>` of the response. It
 will then use PushState to change the URL to the correct one, preserving
diff --git a/guides/w3c_validator.rb b/guides/w3c_validator.rb
index 6ef3df45a9..71f044b9c4 100644
--- a/guides/w3c_validator.rb
+++ b/guides/w3c_validator.rb
@@ -60,6 +60,8 @@ module RailsGuides
     def guides_to_validate
       guides = Dir["./output/*.html"]
       guides.delete("./output/layout.html")
+      guides.delete("./output/_license.html")
+      guides.delete("./output/_welcome.html")
       ENV.key?('ONLY') ? select_only(guides) : guides
     end
 
diff --git a/install.rb b/install.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index bff8fee934..0000000000
--- a/install.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-version = ARGV.pop
-
-if version.nil?
-  puts "Usage: ruby install.rb version"
-  exit(64)
-end
-
-%w( activesupport activemodel activerecord actionpack actionview actionmailer railties ).each do |framework|
-  puts "Installing #{framework}..."
-  `cd #{framework} && gem build #{framework}.gemspec && gem install #{framework}-#{version}.gem --no-ri --no-rdoc && rm #{framework}-#{version}.gem`
-end
-
-puts "Installing rails..."
-`gem build rails.gemspec`
-`gem install rails-#{version}.gem --no-ri --no-rdoc `
-`rm rails-#{version}.gem`
diff --git a/rails.gemspec b/rails.gemspec
index d1c199a97a..0286af0a57 100644
--- a/rails.gemspec
+++ b/rails.gemspec
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.summary     = 'Full-stack web application framework.'
   s.description = 'Ruby on Rails is a full-stack web framework optimized for programmer happiness and sustainable productivity. It encourages beautiful code by favoring convention over configuration.'
 
-  s.required_ruby_version     = '>= 1.9.3'
+  s.required_ruby_version     = '>= 2.2.2'
   s.required_rubygems_version = '>= 1.8.11'
 
   s.license = 'MIT'
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.email    = 'david@loudthinking.com'
   s.homepage = 'http://www.rubyonrails.org'
 
-  s.files = ['README.md'] + Dir['guides/**/*']
+  s.files = ['README.md']
 
   s.add_dependency 'activesupport', version
   s.add_dependency 'actionpack',    version
@@ -24,8 +24,9 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.add_dependency 'activemodel',   version
   s.add_dependency 'activerecord',  version
   s.add_dependency 'actionmailer',  version
+  s.add_dependency 'activejob',     version
   s.add_dependency 'railties',      version
 
   s.add_dependency 'bundler',         '>= 1.3.0', '< 2.0'
-  s.add_dependency 'sprockets-rails', '~> 2.0.0'
+  s.add_dependency 'sprockets-rails', '>= 2.0.0'
 end
diff --git a/railties/CHANGELOG.md b/railties/CHANGELOG.md
index 18f2546c73..b9d2db773a 100644
--- a/railties/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/railties/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1 +1,427 @@
-Please check [4-1-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-1-stable/railties/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+*   The generated config file for the development environment includes a new
+    config line, commented out, showing how to enable the evented file watcher.
+
+    *Xavier Noria*
+
+*   `config.debug_exception_response_format` configures the format used
+    in responses when errors occur in development mode.
+
+    Set `config.debug_exception_response_format` to render an HTML page with
+    debug info (using the value `:default`) or render debug info preserving
+    the response format (using the value `:api`).
+
+    *Jorge Bejar*
+
+*   Fix setting exit status code for rake test tasks. The exit status code
+    was not set when tests were fired with `rake`. Now, it is being set and it matches
+    behavior of running tests via `rails` command (`rails test`), so no matter if
+    `rake test` or `rails test` command is used the exit code will be set.
+
+    *Arkadiusz Fal*
+
+*   Add Command infrastructure to replace rake.
+
+    Also move `rake dev:cache` to new infrastructure. You'll need to use
+    `rails dev:cache` to toggle development caching from now on.
+
+    *Chuck Callebs*
+
+*   Allow use of minitest-rails gem with Rails test runner.
+
+    Fixes #22455.
+
+    *Chris Kottom*
+
+*   Add `bin/test` script to rails plugin.
+
+    `bin/test` can use the same API as `bin/rails test`.
+
+    *Yuji Yaginuma*
+
+*   Make `static_index` part of the `config.public_file_server` config and
+    call it `public_file_server.index_name`.
+
+    *Yuki Nishijima*
+
+*   Deprecate `serve_static_files` in favor of `public_file_server.enabled`.
+
+    Unifies the static asset options under `public_file_server`.
+
+    To upgrade, replace occurrences of:
+
+    ```
+    config.serve_static_files = # false or true
+    ```
+
+    in your environment files, with:
+
+    ```
+    config.public_file_server.enabled = # false or true
+    ```
+
+    *Kasper Timm Hansen*
+
+*   Deprecate `config.static_cache_control` in favor of
+    `config.public_file_server.headers`.
+
+    To upgrade, replace occurrences of:
+
+    ```
+    config.static_cache_control = 'public, max-age=60'
+    ```
+
+    in your environment files, with:
+
+    ```
+    config.public_file_server.headers = {
+      'Cache-Control' => 'public, max-age=60'
+    }
+    ```
+
+    `config.public_file_server.headers` can set arbitrary headers, sent along when
+    a response is delivered.
+
+    *Yuki Nishijima*
+
+*   Route generator should be idempotent
+    running generators several times no longer require you to cleanup routes.rb
+
+    *Thiago Pinto*
+
+*   Allow passing an environment to `config_for`.
+
+    *Simon Eskildsen*
+
+*   Allow rake:stats to account for rake tasks in lib/tasks
+
+    *Kevin Deisz*
+
+*   Added javascript to update the URL on mailer previews with the currently
+    selected email format. Reloading the page now keeps you on your selected
+    format rather than going back to the default html version.
+
+    *James Kerr*
+
+*   Add fail fast to `bin/rails test`
+
+    Adding `--fail-fast` or `-f` when running tests will interrupt the run on
+    the first failure:
+
+    ```
+    # Running:
+
+    ................................................S......E
+
+    ArgumentError: Wups! Bet you didn't expect this!
+        test/models/bunny_test.rb:19:in `block in <class:BunnyTest>'
+
+    bin/rails test test/models/bunny_test.rb:18
+
+    ....................................F
+
+    This failed
+
+    bin/rails test test/models/bunny_test.rb:14
+
+    Interrupted. Exiting...
+
+
+    Finished in 0.051427s, 1808.3872 runs/s, 1769.4972 assertions/s.
+
+    ```
+
+    Note that any unexpected errors don't abort the run.
+
+    *Kasper Timm Hansen*
+
+*   Add inline output to `bin/rails test`
+
+    Any failures or errors (and skips if running in verbose mode) are output
+    during a test run:
+
+    ```
+    # Running:
+
+    .....S..........................................F
+
+    This failed
+
+    bin/rails test test/models/bunny_test.rb:14
+
+    .................................E
+
+    ArgumentError: Wups! Bet you didn't expect this!
+        test/models/bunny_test.rb:19:in `block in <class:BunnyTest>'
+
+    bin/rails test test/models/bunny_test.rb:18
+
+    ....................
+
+    Finished in 0.069708s, 1477.6019 runs/s, 1448.9106 assertions/s.
+    ```
+
+    Output can be deferred to after a run with the `--defer-output` option.
+
+    *Kasper Timm Hansen*
+
+*   Fix displaying mailer previews on non local requests when config
+    `action_mailer.show_previews` is set
+
+    *Wojciech Wnętrzak*
+
+*   `rails server` will now honour the `PORT` environment variable
+
+    *David Cornu*
+
+*   Plugins generated using `rails plugin new` are now generated with the
+    version number set to 0.1.0.
+
+    *Daniel Morris*
+
+*   `I18n.load_path` is now reloaded under development so there's no need to
+    restart the server to make new locale files available. Also, I18n will no
+    longer raise for deleted locale files.
+
+    *Kir Shatrov*
+
+*   Add `bin/update` script to update development environment automatically.
+
+    *Mehmet Emin İNAÇ*
+
+*   Fix STATS_DIRECTORIES already defined warning when running rake from within
+    the top level directory of an engine that has a test app.
+
+    Fixes #20510
+
+    *Ersin Akinci*
+
+*   Make enabling or disabling caching in development mode possible with
+    rake dev:cache.
+
+    Running rake dev:cache will create or remove tmp/caching-dev.txt. When this
+    file exists config.action_controller.perform_caching will be set to true in
+    config/environments/development.rb.
+
+    Additionally, a server can be started with either --dev-caching or
+    --no-dev-caching included to toggle caching on startup.
+
+    *Jussi Mertanen*, *Chuck Callebs*
+
+*   Add a `--api` option in order to generate plugins that can be added
+    inside an API application.
+
+    *Robin Dupret*
+
+*   Fix `NoMethodError` when generating a scaffold inside a full engine.
+
+    *Yuji Yaginuma*
+
+*   Adding support for passing a block to the `add_source` action of a custom generator
+
+    *Mike Dalton*, *Hirofumi Wakasugi*
+
+*   `assert_file` understands paths with special characters
+    (eg. `v0.1.4~alpha+nightly`).
+
+    *Diego Carrion*
+
+*   Remove ContentLength middleware from the defaults.  If you want it, just
+    add it as a middleware in your config.
+
+    *Egg McMuffin*
+
+*   Make it possible to customize the executable inside rerun snippets.
+
+    *Yves Senn*
+
+*   Add support for API only apps.
+    Middleware stack was slimmed down and it has only the needed
+    middleware for API apps & generators generates the right files,
+    folders and configurations.
+
+    *Santiago Pastorino & Jorge Bejar*
+
+*   Make generated scaffold functional tests work inside engines.
+
+    *Yuji Yaginuma*
+
+*   Generator a `.keep` file in the `tmp` folder by default as many scripts
+    assume the existence of this folder and most would fail if it is absent.
+
+    See #20299.
+
+    *Yoong Kang Lim*, *Sunny Juneja*
+
+*   `config.static_index` configures directory `index.html` filename
+
+    Set `config.static_index` to serve a static directory index file not named
+    `index`. E.g. to serve `main.html` instead of `index.html` for directory
+    requests, set `config.static_index` to `"main"`.
+
+    *Eliot Sykes*
+
+*   `bin/setup` uses built-in rake tasks (`log:clear`, `tmp:clear`).
+
+    *Mohnish Thallavajhula*
+
+*   Fix mailer previews with attachments by using the mail gem's own API to
+    locate the first part of the correct mime type.
+
+    Fixes #14435.
+
+    *Andrew White*
+
+*   Remove sqlite support from `rails dbconsole`.
+
+    *Andrew White*
+
+*   Rename `railties/bin` to `railties/exe` to match the new Bundler executables
+    convention.
+
+    *Islam Wazery*
+
+*   Print `bundle install` output in `rails new` as soon as it's available.
+
+    Running `rails new` will now print the output of `bundle install` as
+    it is available, instead of waiting until all gems finish installing.
+
+    *Max Holder*
+
+*   Respect `pluralize_table_names` when generating fixture file.
+
+    Fixes #19519.
+
+    *Yuji Yaginuma*
+
+*   Add a new-line to the end of route method generated code.
+
+    We need to add a `\n`, because we cannot have two routes
+    in the same line.
+
+    *arthurnn*
+
+*   Add `rake initializers`.
+
+    This task prints out all defined initializers in the order they are invoked
+    by Rails. This is helpful for debugging issues related to the initialization
+    process.
+
+    *Naoto Kaneko*
+
+*   Created rake restart task. Restarts your Rails app by touching the
+    `tmp/restart.txt`.
+
+    Fixes #18876.
+
+    *Hyonjee Joo*
+
+*   Add `config/initializers/active_record_belongs_to_required_by_default.rb`.
+
+    Newly generated Rails apps have a new initializer called
+    `active_record_belongs_to_required_by_default.rb` which sets the value of
+    the configuration option `config.active_record.belongs_to_required_by_default`
+    to `true` when ActiveRecord is not skipped.
+
+    As a result, new Rails apps require `belongs_to` association on model
+    to be valid.
+
+    This initializer is *not* added when running `rake rails:update`, so
+    old apps ported to Rails 5 will work without any change.
+
+    *Josef Šimánek*
+
+*   `delete` operations in configurations are run last in order to eliminate
+    'No such middleware' errors when `insert_before` or `insert_after` are added
+    after the `delete` operation for the middleware being deleted.
+
+    Fixes #16433.
+
+    *Guo Xiang Tan*
+
+*   Newly generated applications get a `README.md` in Markdown.
+
+    *Xavier Noria*
+
+*   Remove the documentation tasks `doc:app`, `doc:rails`, and `doc:guides`.
+
+    *Xavier Noria*
+
+*   Force generated routes to be inserted into `config/routes.rb`.
+
+    *Andrew White*
+
+*   Don't remove all line endings from `config/routes.rb` when revoking scaffold.
+
+    Fixes #15913.
+
+    *Andrew White*
+
+*   Rename `--skip-test-unit` option to `--skip-test` in app generator
+
+    *Melanie Gilman*
+
+*   Add the `method_source` gem to the default Gemfile for apps.
+
+    *Sean Griffin*
+
+*   Drop old test locations from `rake stats`:
+
+    - test/functional
+    - test/unit
+
+    *Ravil Bayramgalin*
+
+*   Update `rake stats` to  correctly count declarative tests
+    as methods in `_test.rb` files.
+
+    *Ravil Bayramgalin*
+
+*   Remove deprecated `test:all` and `test:all:db` tasks.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Remove deprecated `Rails::Rack::LogTailer`.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Remove deprecated `RAILS_CACHE` constant.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Remove deprecated `serve_static_assets` configuration.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Use local variables in `_form.html.erb` partial generated by scaffold.
+
+    *Andrew Kozlov*
+
+*   Add `config/initializers/callback_terminator.rb`.
+
+    Newly generated Rails apps have a new initializer called
+    `callback_terminator.rb` which sets the value of the configuration option
+    `ActiveSupport.halt_callback_chains_on_return_false` to `false`.
+
+    As a result, new Rails apps do not halt Active Record and Active Model
+    callback chains when a callback returns `false`; only when they are
+    explicitly halted with `throw(:abort)`.
+
+    The terminator is *not* added when running `rake rails:update`, so returning
+    `false` will still work on old apps ported to Rails 5, displaying a
+    deprecation warning to prompt users to update their code to the new syntax.
+
+    *claudiob*
+
+*   Generated fixtures won't use the id when generated with references attributes.
+
+    *Pablo Olmos de Aguilera Corradini*
+
+*   Add `--skip-action-mailer` option to the app generator.
+
+    *claudiob*
+
+*   Autoload any second level directories called `app/*/concerns`.
+
+    *Alex Robbin*
+
+Please check [4-2-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/railties/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/railties/MIT-LICENSE b/railties/MIT-LICENSE
index 2950f05b11..7c2197229d 100644
--- a/railties/MIT-LICENSE
+++ b/railties/MIT-LICENSE
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright (c) 2004-2014 David Heinemeier Hansson
+Copyright (c) 2004-2015 David Heinemeier Hansson
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
diff --git a/railties/RDOC_MAIN.rdoc b/railties/RDOC_MAIN.rdoc
index eccdee7b07..8d847eaa1c 100644
--- a/railties/RDOC_MAIN.rdoc
+++ b/railties/RDOC_MAIN.rdoc
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 == Welcome to \Rails
 
 \Rails is a web-application framework that includes everything needed to create
-database-backed web applications according to the {Model-View-Controller (MVC)}[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%E2%80%93view%E2%80%93controller] pattern.
+database-backed web applications according to the {Model-View-Controller (MVC)}[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model-view-controller] pattern.
 
 Understanding the MVC pattern is key to understanding \Rails. MVC divides your application
 into three layers, each with a specific responsibility.
diff --git a/railties/README.rdoc b/railties/README.rdoc
index 6248b5feed..a25658668c 100644
--- a/railties/README.rdoc
+++ b/railties/README.rdoc
@@ -31,7 +31,11 @@ API documentation is at
 
 * http://api.rubyonrails.org
 
-Bug reports and feature requests can be filed with the rest for the Ruby on Rails project here:
+Bug reports can be filed for the Ruby on Rails project here:
 
 * https://github.com/rails/rails/issues
 
+Feature requests should be discussed on the rails-core mailing list here:
+
+* https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/rubyonrails-core
+
diff --git a/railties/Rakefile b/railties/Rakefile
index a899d069b5..cf130a5f14 100644
--- a/railties/Rakefile
+++ b/railties/Rakefile
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 require 'rake/testtask'
-require 'rubygems/package_task'
 
 task :default => :test
 
@@ -27,23 +26,7 @@ end
 Rake::TestTask.new('test:regular') do |t|
   t.libs << 'test' << "#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/../activesupport/lib"
   t.pattern = 'test/**/*_test.rb'
-  t.warning = true
+  t.warning = false
   t.verbose = true
-end
-
-# Generate GEM ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-spec = eval(File.read('railties.gemspec'))
-
-Gem::PackageTask.new(spec) do |pkg|
-  pkg.gem_spec = spec
-end
-
-# Publishing -------------------------------------------------------
-
-desc "Release to rubygems"
-task :release => :package do
-  require 'rake/gemcutter'
-  Rake::Gemcutter::Tasks.new(spec).define
-  Rake::Task['gem:push'].invoke
+  t.ruby_opts = ["--dev"] if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
 end
diff --git a/railties/bin/rails b/railties/exe/rails
index 82c17cabce..82c17cabce 100755
--- a/railties/bin/rails
+++ b/railties/exe/rails
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails.rb b/railties/lib/rails.rb
index be7570a5ba..fe789f3c2a 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails.rb
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ require 'rails/version'
 require 'active_support/railtie'
 require 'action_dispatch/railtie'
 
-# For Ruby 1.9, UTF-8 is the default internal and external encoding.
+# UTF-8 is the default internal and external encoding.
 silence_warnings do
   Encoding.default_external = Encoding::UTF_8
   Encoding.default_internal = Encoding::UTF_8
@@ -29,7 +29,13 @@ module Rails
   autoload :WelcomeController
 
   class << self
-    attr_accessor :application, :cache, :logger
+    @application = @app_class = nil
+
+    attr_writer :application
+    attr_accessor :app_class, :cache, :logger
+    def application
+      @application ||= (app_class.instance if app_class)
+    end
 
     delegate :initialize!, :initialized?, to: :application
 
@@ -46,14 +52,27 @@ module Rails
       end
     end
 
+    # Returns a Pathname object of the current rails project,
+    # otherwise it returns nil if there is no project:
+    #
+    #   Rails.root
+    #     # => #<Pathname:/Users/someuser/some/path/project>
     def root
       application && application.config.root
     end
 
+    # Returns the current Rails environment.
+    #
+    #   Rails.env # => "development"
+    #   Rails.env.development? # => true
+    #   Rails.env.production? # => false
     def env
       @_env ||= ActiveSupport::StringInquirer.new(ENV["RAILS_ENV"] || ENV["RACK_ENV"] || "development")
     end
 
+    # Sets the Rails environment.
+    #
+    #   Rails.env = "staging" # => "staging"
     def env=(environment)
       @_env = ActiveSupport::StringInquirer.new(environment)
     end
@@ -80,10 +99,11 @@ module Rails
       groups
     end
 
-    def version
-      VERSION::STRING
-    end
-
+    # Returns a Pathname object of the public folder of the current
+    # rails project, otherwise it returns nil if there is no project:
+    #
+    #   Rails.public_path
+    #     # => #<Pathname:/Users/someuser/some/path/project/public>
     def public_path
       application && Pathname.new(application.paths["public"].first)
     end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/all.rb b/railties/lib/rails/all.rb
index 2e83c0fe14..45361fca83 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/all.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/all.rb
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ require "rails"
   action_controller
   action_view
   action_mailer
+  active_job
   rails/test_unit
   sprockets
 ).each do |framework|
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/api/task.rb b/railties/lib/rails/api/task.rb
index 3e32576040..a082932632 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/api/task.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/api/task.rb
@@ -50,6 +50,13 @@ module Rails
           )
         },
 
+        'activejob' => {
+          :include => %w(
+            README.md
+            lib/active_job/**/*.rb
+          )
+        },
+
         'railties' => {
           :include => %w(
             README.rdoc
@@ -145,19 +152,5 @@ module Rails
         File.read('RAILS_VERSION').strip
       end
     end
-
-    class AppTask < Task
-      def component_root_dir(gem_name)
-        $:.grep(%r{#{gem_name}[\w.-]*/lib\z}).first[0..-5]
-      end
-
-      def api_dir
-        'doc/api'
-      end
-
-      def rails_version
-        Rails::VERSION::STRING
-      end
-    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/app_rails_loader.rb b/railties/lib/rails/app_loader.rb
index 56f05b3844..a9fe21824e 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/app_rails_loader.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/app_loader.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,16 @@
 require 'pathname'
+require 'rails/version'
 
 module Rails
-  module AppRailsLoader
+  module AppLoader # :nodoc:
+    extend self
+
     RUBY = Gem.ruby
     EXECUTABLES = ['bin/rails', 'script/rails']
     BUNDLER_WARNING = <<EOS
 Looks like your app's ./bin/rails is a stub that was generated by Bundler.
 
-In Rails 4, your app's bin/ directory contains executables that are versioned
+In Rails #{Rails::VERSION::MAJOR}, your app's bin/ directory contains executables that are versioned
 like any other source code, rather than stubs that are generated on demand.
 
 Here's how to upgrade:
@@ -26,7 +29,7 @@ generate it and add it to source control:
 
 EOS
 
-    def self.exec_app_rails
+    def exec_app
       original_cwd = Dir.pwd
 
       loop do
@@ -54,7 +57,7 @@ EOS
       end
     end
 
-    def self.find_executable
+    def find_executable
       EXECUTABLES.find { |exe| File.file?(exe) }
     end
   end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/application.rb b/railties/lib/rails/application.rb
index e37347b576..77efe3248d 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/application.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/application.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'fileutils'
+require 'yaml'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
 require 'active_support/key_generator'
@@ -6,8 +7,7 @@ require 'active_support/message_verifier'
 require 'rails/engine'
 
 module Rails
-  # In Rails 3.0, a Rails::Application object was introduced which is nothing more than
-  # an Engine but with the responsibility of coordinating the whole boot process.
+  # An Engine with the responsibility of coordinating the whole boot process.
   #
   # == Initialization
   #
@@ -87,7 +87,20 @@ module Rails
     class << self
       def inherited(base)
         super
-        Rails.application ||= base.instance
+        Rails.app_class = base
+        add_lib_to_load_path!(find_root(base.called_from))
+      end
+
+      def instance
+        super.run_load_hooks!
+      end
+
+      def create(initial_variable_values = {}, &block)
+        new(initial_variable_values, &block).run_load_hooks!
+      end
+
+      def find_root(from)
+        find_root_with_flag "config.ru", from, Dir.pwd
       end
 
       # Makes the +new+ method public.
@@ -116,17 +129,11 @@ module Rails
       @ordered_railties  = nil
       @railties          = nil
       @message_verifiers = {}
+      @ran_load_hooks    = false
 
-      add_lib_to_load_path!
-      ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:before_configuration, self)
-
-      initial_variable_values.each do |variable_name, value|
-        if INITIAL_VARIABLES.include?(variable_name)
-          instance_variable_set("@#{variable_name}", value)
-        end
-      end
-
-      instance_eval(&block) if block_given?
+      # are these actually used?
+      @initial_variable_values = initial_variable_values
+      @block = block
     end
 
     # Returns true if the application is initialized.
@@ -134,12 +141,19 @@ module Rails
       @initialized
     end
 
-    # Implements call according to the Rack API. It simply
-    # dispatches the request to the underlying middleware stack.
-    def call(env)
-      env["ORIGINAL_FULLPATH"] = build_original_fullpath(env)
-      env["ORIGINAL_SCRIPT_NAME"] = env["SCRIPT_NAME"]
-      super(env)
+    def run_load_hooks! # :nodoc:
+      return self if @ran_load_hooks
+      @ran_load_hooks = true
+      ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:before_configuration, self)
+
+      @initial_variable_values.each do |variable_name, value|
+        if INITIAL_VARIABLES.include?(variable_name)
+          instance_variable_set("@#{variable_name}", value)
+        end
+      end
+
+      instance_eval(&@block) if @block
+      self
     end
 
     # Reload application routes regardless if they changed or not.
@@ -147,18 +161,20 @@ module Rails
       routes_reloader.reload!
     end
 
-    # Return the application's KeyGenerator
+    # Returns the application's KeyGenerator
     def key_generator
       # number of iterations selected based on consultation with the google security
       # team. Details at https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/6952#issuecomment-7661220
-      @caching_key_generator ||= begin
+      @caching_key_generator ||=
         if secrets.secret_key_base
+          unless secrets.secret_key_base.kind_of?(String)
+            raise ArgumentError, "`secret_key_base` for #{Rails.env} environment must be a type of String, change this value in `config/secrets.yml`"
+          end
           key_generator = ActiveSupport::KeyGenerator.new(secrets.secret_key_base, iterations: 1000)
           ActiveSupport::CachingKeyGenerator.new(key_generator)
         else
-          ActiveSupport::LegacyKeyGenerator.new(config.secret_token)
+          ActiveSupport::LegacyKeyGenerator.new(secrets.secret_token)
         end
-      end
     end
 
     # Returns a message verifier object.
@@ -186,6 +202,37 @@ module Rails
       end
     end
 
+    # Convenience for loading config/foo.yml for the current Rails env.
+    #
+    # Example:
+    #
+    #     # config/exception_notification.yml:
+    #     production:
+    #       url: http://127.0.0.1:8080
+    #       namespace: my_app_production
+    #     development:
+    #       url: http://localhost:3001
+    #       namespace: my_app_development
+    #
+    #     # config/production.rb
+    #     Rails.application.configure do
+    #       config.middleware.use ExceptionNotifier, config_for(:exception_notification)
+    #     end
+    def config_for(name, env: Rails.env)
+      yaml = Pathname.new("#{paths["config"].existent.first}/#{name}.yml")
+
+      if yaml.exist?
+        require "erb"
+        (YAML.load(ERB.new(yaml.read).result) || {})[env] || {}
+      else
+        raise "Could not load configuration. No such file - #{yaml}"
+      end
+    rescue Psych::SyntaxError => e
+      raise "YAML syntax error occurred while parsing #{yaml}. " \
+        "Please note that YAML must be consistently indented using spaces. Tabs are not allowed. " \
+        "Error: #{e.message}"
+    end
+
     # Stores some of the Rails initial environment parameters which
     # will be used by middlewares and engines to configure themselves.
     def env_config
@@ -195,7 +242,7 @@ module Rails
         super.merge({
           "action_dispatch.parameter_filter" => config.filter_parameters,
           "action_dispatch.redirect_filter" => config.filter_redirect,
-          "action_dispatch.secret_token" => config.secret_token,
+          "action_dispatch.secret_token" => secrets.secret_token,
           "action_dispatch.secret_key_base" => secrets.secret_key_base,
           "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions,
           "action_dispatch.show_detailed_exceptions" => config.consider_all_requests_local,
@@ -206,7 +253,8 @@ module Rails
           "action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt" => config.action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt,
           "action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt" => config.action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt,
           "action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt" => config.action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt,
-          "action_dispatch.cookies_serializer" => config.action_dispatch.cookies_serializer
+          "action_dispatch.cookies_serializer" => config.action_dispatch.cookies_serializer,
+          "action_dispatch.cookies_digest" => config.action_dispatch.cookies_digest
         })
       end
     end
@@ -230,6 +278,18 @@ module Rails
       self.class.runner(&blk)
     end
 
+    # Sends any console called in the instance of a new application up
+    # to the +console+ method defined in Rails::Railtie.
+    def console(&blk)
+      self.class.console(&blk)
+    end
+
+    # Sends any generators called in the instance of a new application up
+    # to the +generators+ method defined in Rails::Railtie.
+    def generators(&blk)
+      self.class.generators(&blk)
+    end
+
     # Sends the +isolate_namespace+ method up to the class method.
     def isolate_namespace(mod)
       self.class.isolate_namespace(mod)
@@ -250,8 +310,8 @@ module Rails
     # are changing config.root inside your application definition or having a custom
     # Rails application, you will need to add lib to $LOAD_PATH on your own in case
     # you need to load files in lib/ during the application configuration as well.
-    def add_lib_to_load_path! #:nodoc:
-      path = File.join config.root, 'lib'
+    def self.add_lib_to_load_path!(root) #:nodoc:
+      path = File.join root, 'lib'
       if File.exist?(path) && !$LOAD_PATH.include?(path)
         $LOAD_PATH.unshift(path)
       end
@@ -295,14 +355,28 @@ module Rails
     end
 
     def config #:nodoc:
-      @config ||= Application::Configuration.new(find_root_with_flag("config.ru", Dir.pwd))
+      @config ||= Application::Configuration.new(self.class.find_root(self.class.called_from))
     end
 
     def config=(configuration) #:nodoc:
       @config = configuration
     end
 
-    def secrets #:nodoc:
+    # Returns secrets added to config/secrets.yml.
+    #
+    # Example:
+    #
+    #     development:
+    #       secret_key_base: 836fa3665997a860728bcb9e9a1e704d427cfc920e79d847d79c8a9a907b9e965defa4154b2b86bdec6930adbe33f21364523a6f6ce363865724549fdfc08553
+    #     test:
+    #       secret_key_base: 5a37811464e7d378488b0f073e2193b093682e4e21f5d6f3ae0a4e1781e61a351fdc878a843424e81c73fb484a40d23f92c8dafac4870e74ede6e5e174423010
+    #     production:
+    #       secret_key_base: <%= ENV["SECRET_KEY_BASE"] %>
+    #       namespace: my_app_production
+    #
+    # +Rails.application.secrets.namespace+ returns +my_app_production+ in the
+    # production environment.
+    def secrets
       @secrets ||= begin
         secrets = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
         yaml = config.paths["config/secrets"].first
@@ -315,6 +389,8 @@ module Rails
 
         # Fallback to config.secret_key_base if secrets.secret_key_base isn't set
         secrets.secret_key_base ||= config.secret_key_base
+        # Fallback to config.secret_token if secrets.secret_token isn't set
+        secrets.secret_token ||= config.secret_token
 
         secrets
       end
@@ -332,6 +408,26 @@ module Rails
       config.helpers_paths
     end
 
+    console do
+      require "pp"
+    end
+
+    console do
+      unless ::Kernel.private_method_defined?(:y)
+        require "psych/y"
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Return an array of railties respecting the order they're loaded
+    # and the order specified by the +railties_order+ config.
+    #
+    # While running initializers we need engines in reverse order here when
+    # copying migrations from railties ; we need them in the order given by
+    # +railties_order+.
+    def migration_railties # :nodoc:
+      ordered_railties.flatten - [self]
+    end
+
   protected
 
     alias :build_middleware_stack :app
@@ -381,13 +477,13 @@ module Rails
 
         index = order.index(:all)
         order[index] = all
-        order.reverse.flatten
+        order
       end
     end
 
     def railties_initializers(current) #:nodoc:
       initializers = []
-      ordered_railties.each do |r|
+      ordered_railties.reverse.flatten.each do |r|
         if r == self
           initializers += current
         else
@@ -402,22 +498,28 @@ module Rails
       default_stack.build_stack
     end
 
-    def build_original_fullpath(env) #:nodoc:
-      path_info    = env["PATH_INFO"]
-      query_string = env["QUERY_STRING"]
-      script_name  = env["SCRIPT_NAME"]
+    def validate_secret_key_config! #:nodoc:
+      if secrets.secret_key_base.blank?
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "You didn't set `secret_key_base`. " +
+          "Read the upgrade documentation to learn more about this new config option."
 
-      if query_string.present?
-        "#{script_name}#{path_info}?#{query_string}"
-      else
-        "#{script_name}#{path_info}"
+        if secrets.secret_token.blank?
+          raise "Missing `secret_key_base` for '#{Rails.env}' environment, set this value in `config/secrets.yml`"
+        end
       end
     end
 
-    def validate_secret_key_config! #:nodoc:
-      if secrets.secret_key_base.blank? && config.secret_token.blank?
-        raise "Missing `secret_key_base` for '#{Rails.env}' environment, set this value in `config/secrets.yml`"
-      end
+    private
+
+    def build_request(env)
+      req = super
+      env["ORIGINAL_FULLPATH"] = req.fullpath
+      env["ORIGINAL_SCRIPT_NAME"] = req.script_name
+      req
+    end
+
+    def build_middleware
+      config.app_middleware + super
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/application/bootstrap.rb b/railties/lib/rails/application/bootstrap.rb
index a26d41c0cf..9baf8aa742 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/application/bootstrap.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/application/bootstrap.rb
@@ -47,7 +47,8 @@ INFO
           logger = ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging.new(ActiveSupport::Logger.new(STDERR))
           logger.level = ActiveSupport::Logger::WARN
           logger.warn(
-            "Rails Error: Unable to access log file. Please ensure that #{path} exists and is chmod 0666. " +
+            "Rails Error: Unable to access log file. Please ensure that #{path} exists and is writable " +
+            "(ie, make it writable for user and group: chmod 0664 #{path}). " +
             "The log level has been raised to WARN and the output directed to STDERR until the problem is fixed."
           )
           logger
@@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ INFO
           Rails.cache = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store(config.cache_store)
 
           if Rails.cache.respond_to?(:middleware)
-            config.middleware.insert_before("Rack::Runtime", Rails.cache.middleware)
+            config.middleware.insert_before(::Rack::Runtime, Rails.cache.middleware)
           end
         end
       end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/application/configuration.rb b/railties/lib/rails/application/configuration.rb
index 20e3de32aa..65cff1561a 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/application/configuration.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/application/configuration.rb
@@ -1,67 +1,88 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting'
 require 'active_support/file_update_checker'
 require 'rails/engine/configuration'
+require 'rails/source_annotation_extractor'
+
+require 'active_support/deprecation'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/strip' # for strip_heredoc
 
 module Rails
   class Application
     class Configuration < ::Rails::Engine::Configuration
-      attr_accessor :allow_concurrency, :asset_host, :assets, :autoflush_log,
+      attr_accessor :allow_concurrency, :asset_host, :autoflush_log,
                     :cache_classes, :cache_store, :consider_all_requests_local, :console,
                     :eager_load, :exceptions_app, :file_watcher, :filter_parameters,
                     :force_ssl, :helpers_paths, :logger, :log_formatter, :log_tags,
                     :railties_order, :relative_url_root, :secret_key_base, :secret_token,
-                    :serve_static_assets, :ssl_options, :static_cache_control, :session_options,
-                    :time_zone, :reload_classes_only_on_change,
-                    :beginning_of_week, :filter_redirect
+                    :ssl_options, :public_file_server,
+                    :session_options, :time_zone, :reload_classes_only_on_change,
+                    :beginning_of_week, :filter_redirect, :x
 
       attr_writer :log_level
-      attr_reader :encoding
+      attr_reader :encoding, :api_only, :static_cache_control
 
       def initialize(*)
         super
         self.encoding = "utf-8"
-        @allow_concurrency             = nil
-        @consider_all_requests_local   = false
-        @filter_parameters             = []
-        @filter_redirect               = []
-        @helpers_paths                 = []
-        @serve_static_assets           = true
-        @static_cache_control          = nil
-        @force_ssl                     = false
-        @ssl_options                   = {}
-        @session_store                 = :cookie_store
-        @session_options               = {}
-        @time_zone                     = "UTC"
-        @beginning_of_week             = :monday
-        @log_level                     = nil
-        @middleware                    = app_middleware
-        @generators                    = app_generators
-        @cache_store                   = [ :file_store, "#{root}/tmp/cache/" ]
-        @railties_order                = [:all]
-        @relative_url_root             = ENV["RAILS_RELATIVE_URL_ROOT"]
-        @reload_classes_only_on_change = true
-        @file_watcher                  = ActiveSupport::FileUpdateChecker
-        @exceptions_app                = nil
-        @autoflush_log                 = true
-        @log_formatter                 = ActiveSupport::Logger::SimpleFormatter.new
-        @eager_load                    = nil
-        @secret_token                  = nil
-        @secret_key_base               = nil
-
-        @assets = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
-        @assets.enabled                  = true
-        @assets.paths                    = []
-        @assets.precompile               = [ Proc.new { |path, fn| fn =~ /app\/assets/ && !%w(.js .css).include?(File.extname(path)) },
-                                             /(?:\/|\\|\A)application\.(css|js)$/ ]
-        @assets.prefix                   = "/assets"
-        @assets.version                  = '1.0'
-        @assets.debug                    = false
-        @assets.compile                  = true
-        @assets.digest                   = false
-        @assets.cache_store              = [ :file_store, "#{root}/tmp/cache/assets/#{Rails.env}/" ]
-        @assets.js_compressor            = nil
-        @assets.css_compressor           = nil
-        @assets.logger                   = nil
+        @allow_concurrency               = nil
+        @consider_all_requests_local     = false
+        @filter_parameters               = []
+        @filter_redirect                 = []
+        @helpers_paths                   = []
+        @public_file_server              = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
+        @public_file_server.enabled      = true
+        @public_file_server.index_name   = "index"
+        @force_ssl                       = false
+        @ssl_options                     = {}
+        @session_store                   = :cookie_store
+        @session_options                 = {}
+        @time_zone                       = "UTC"
+        @beginning_of_week               = :monday
+        @log_level                       = nil
+        @generators                      = app_generators
+        @cache_store                     = [ :file_store, "#{root}/tmp/cache/" ]
+        @railties_order                  = [:all]
+        @relative_url_root               = ENV["RAILS_RELATIVE_URL_ROOT"]
+        @reload_classes_only_on_change   = true
+        @file_watcher                    = ActiveSupport::FileUpdateChecker
+        @exceptions_app                  = nil
+        @autoflush_log                   = true
+        @log_formatter                   = ActiveSupport::Logger::SimpleFormatter.new
+        @eager_load                      = nil
+        @secret_token                    = nil
+        @secret_key_base                 = nil
+        @api_only                        = false
+        @debug_exception_response_format = nil
+        @x                               = Custom.new
+      end
+
+      def static_cache_control=(value)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn <<-eow.strip_heredoc
+          `static_cache_control` is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.1.
+          Please use
+          `config.public_file_server.headers = { 'Cache-Control' => '#{value}' }`
+          instead.
+        eow
+
+        @static_cache_control = value
+      end
+
+      def serve_static_files
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn <<-eow.strip_heredoc
+          `serve_static_files` is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.1.
+          Please use `public_file_server.enabled` instead.
+        eow
+
+        @public_file_server.enabled
+      end
+
+      def serve_static_files=(value)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn <<-eow.strip_heredoc
+          `serve_static_files` is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.1.
+          Please use `public_file_server.enabled = #{value}` instead.
+        eow
+
+        @public_file_server.enabled = value
       end
 
       def encoding=(value)
@@ -72,6 +93,21 @@ module Rails
         end
       end
 
+      def api_only=(value)
+        @api_only = value
+        generators.api_only = value
+
+        @debug_exception_response_format ||= :api
+      end
+
+      def debug_exception_response_format
+        @debug_exception_response_format || :default
+      end
+
+      def debug_exception_response_format=(value)
+        @debug_exception_response_format = value
+      end
+
       def paths
         @paths ||= begin
           paths = super
@@ -91,9 +127,11 @@ module Rails
       # Loads and returns the entire raw configuration of database from
       # values stored in `config/database.yml`.
       def database_configuration
-        yaml = Pathname.new(paths["config/database"].first || "")
+        path = paths["config/database"].existent.first
+        yaml = Pathname.new(path) if path
 
-        config = if yaml.exist?
+        config = if yaml && yaml.exist?
+          require "yaml"
           require "erb"
           YAML.load(ERB.new(yaml.read).result) || {}
         elsif ENV['DATABASE_URL']
@@ -101,7 +139,7 @@ module Rails
           # by Active Record.
           {}
         else
-          raise "Could not load database configuration. No such file - #{yaml}"
+          raise "Could not load database configuration. No such file - #{paths["config/database"].instance_variable_get(:@paths)}"
         end
 
         config
@@ -114,7 +152,7 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def log_level
-        @log_level ||= Rails.env.production? ? :info : :debug
+        @log_level ||= (Rails.env.production? ? :info : :debug)
       end
 
       def colorize_logging
@@ -149,6 +187,25 @@ module Rails
         end
       end
 
+      def annotations
+        SourceAnnotationExtractor::Annotation
+      end
+
+      class Custom #:nodoc:
+        def initialize
+          @configurations = Hash.new
+        end
+
+        def method_missing(method, *args)
+          if method =~ /=$/
+            @configurations[$`.to_sym] = args.first
+          else
+            @configurations.fetch(method) {
+              @configurations[method] = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
+            }
+          end
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/application/default_middleware_stack.rb b/railties/lib/rails/application/default_middleware_stack.rb
index a00afe008c..ed6a1f82d3 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/application/default_middleware_stack.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/application/default_middleware_stack.rb
@@ -17,8 +17,11 @@ module Rails
 
           middleware.use ::Rack::Sendfile, config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header
 
-          if config.serve_static_assets
-            middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::Static, paths["public"].first, config.static_cache_control
+          if config.public_file_server.enabled
+            headers = config.public_file_server.headers || {}
+            headers['Cache-Control'.freeze] = config.static_cache_control if config.static_cache_control
+
+            middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::Static, paths["public"].first, index: config.public_file_server.index_name, headers: headers
           end
 
           if rack_cache = load_rack_cache
@@ -26,15 +29,35 @@ module Rails
             middleware.use ::Rack::Cache, rack_cache
           end
 
-          middleware.use ::Rack::Lock unless allow_concurrency?
+          if config.allow_concurrency == false
+            # User has explicitly opted out of concurrent request
+            # handling: presumably their code is not threadsafe
+
+            middleware.use ::Rack::Lock
+
+          elsif config.allow_concurrency == :unsafe
+            # Do nothing, even if we know this is dangerous. This is the
+            # historical behaviour for true.
+
+          else
+            # Default concurrency setting: enabled, but safe
+
+            unless config.cache_classes && config.eager_load
+              # Without cache_classes + eager_load, the load interlock
+              # is required for proper operation
+
+              middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::LoadInterlock
+            end
+          end
+
           middleware.use ::Rack::Runtime
-          middleware.use ::Rack::MethodOverride
+          middleware.use ::Rack::MethodOverride unless config.api_only
           middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::RequestId
 
           # Must come after Rack::MethodOverride to properly log overridden methods
           middleware.use ::Rails::Rack::Logger, config.log_tags
           middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions, show_exceptions_app
-          middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions, app
+          middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions, app, config.debug_exception_response_format
           middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::RemoteIp, config.action_dispatch.ip_spoofing_check, config.action_dispatch.trusted_proxies
 
           unless config.cache_classes
@@ -42,9 +65,9 @@ module Rails
           end
 
           middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::Callbacks
-          middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::Cookies
+          middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::Cookies unless config.api_only
 
-          if config.session_store
+          if !config.api_only && config.session_store
             if config.force_ssl && !config.session_options.key?(:secure)
               config.session_options[:secure] = true
             end
@@ -52,7 +75,6 @@ module Rails
             middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::Flash
           end
 
-          middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::ParamsParser
           middleware.use ::Rack::Head
           middleware.use ::Rack::ConditionalGet
           middleware.use ::Rack::ETag, "no-cache"
@@ -65,10 +87,6 @@ module Rails
           config.reload_classes_only_on_change != true || app.reloaders.map(&:updated?).any?
         end
 
-        def allow_concurrency?
-          config.allow_concurrency.nil? ? config.cache_classes : config.allow_concurrency
-        end
-
         def load_rack_cache
           rack_cache = config.action_dispatch.rack_cache
           return unless rack_cache
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/application/finisher.rb b/railties/lib/rails/application/finisher.rb
index 5b8509b2e9..404e3c3e23 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/application/finisher.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/application/finisher.rb
@@ -22,8 +22,6 @@ module Rails
       initializer :add_builtin_route do |app|
         if Rails.env.development?
           app.routes.append do
-            get '/rails/mailers'         => "rails/mailers#index"
-            get '/rails/mailers/*path'   => "rails/mailers#preview"
             get '/rails/info/properties' => "rails/info#properties"
             get '/rails/info/routes'     => "rails/info#routes"
             get '/rails/info'            => "rails/info#index"
@@ -88,8 +86,10 @@ module Rails
       # added in the hook are taken into account.
       initializer :set_clear_dependencies_hook, group: :all do
         callback = lambda do
-          ActiveSupport::DescendantsTracker.clear
-          ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
+          ActiveSupport::Dependencies.interlock.attempt_unloading do
+            ActiveSupport::DescendantsTracker.clear
+            ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
+          end
         end
 
         if config.reload_classes_only_on_change
@@ -110,6 +110,13 @@ module Rails
           ActionDispatch::Reloader.to_cleanup(&callback)
         end
       end
+
+      # Disable dependency loading during request cycle
+      initializer :disable_dependency_loading do
+        if config.eager_load && config.cache_classes
+          ActiveSupport::Dependencies.unhook!
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/application/routes_reloader.rb b/railties/lib/rails/application/routes_reloader.rb
index 737977adf9..cf0a4e128f 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/application/routes_reloader.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/application/routes_reloader.rb
@@ -41,9 +41,7 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def finalize!
-        route_sets.each do |routes|
-          routes.finalize!
-        end
+        route_sets.each(&:finalize!)
       end
 
       def revert
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/application_controller.rb b/railties/lib/rails/application_controller.rb
index 9a29ec21cf..618a09a5b3 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/application_controller.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/application_controller.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ class Rails::ApplicationController < ActionController::Base # :nodoc:
 
   def require_local!
     unless local_request?
-      render text: '<p>For security purposes, this information is only available to local requests.</p>', status: :forbidden
+      render html: '<p>For security purposes, this information is only available to local requests.</p>'.html_safe, status: :forbidden
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/backtrace_cleaner.rb b/railties/lib/rails/backtrace_cleaner.rb
index 8cc8eb1103..5276eb33c9 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/backtrace_cleaner.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/backtrace_cleaner.rb
@@ -4,12 +4,16 @@ module Rails
   class BacktraceCleaner < ActiveSupport::BacktraceCleaner
     APP_DIRS_PATTERN = /^\/?(app|config|lib|test)/
     RENDER_TEMPLATE_PATTERN = /:in `_render_template_\w*'/
+    EMPTY_STRING = ''.freeze
+    SLASH        = '/'.freeze
+    DOT_SLASH    = './'.freeze
 
     def initialize
       super
-      add_filter   { |line| line.sub("#{Rails.root}/", '') }
-      add_filter   { |line| line.sub(RENDER_TEMPLATE_PATTERN, '') }
-      add_filter   { |line| line.sub('./', '/') } # for tests
+      @root = "#{Rails.root}/".freeze
+      add_filter { |line| line.sub(@root, EMPTY_STRING) }
+      add_filter { |line| line.sub(RENDER_TEMPLATE_PATTERN, EMPTY_STRING) }
+      add_filter { |line| line.sub(DOT_SLASH, SLASH) } # for tests
 
       add_gem_filters
       add_silencer { |line| line !~ APP_DIRS_PATTERN }
@@ -21,7 +25,8 @@ module Rails
         return if gems_paths.empty?
 
         gems_regexp = %r{(#{gems_paths.join('|')})/gems/([^/]+)-([\w.]+)/(.*)}
-        add_filter { |line| line.sub(gems_regexp, '\2 (\3) \4') }
+        gems_result = '\2 (\3) \4'.freeze
+        add_filter { |line| line.sub(gems_regexp, gems_result) }
       end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/cli.rb b/railties/lib/rails/cli.rb
index dd70c272c6..a8794bc0de 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/cli.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/cli.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-require 'rails/app_rails_loader'
+require 'rails/app_loader'
 
 # If we are inside a Rails application this method performs an exec and thus
 # the rest of this script is not run.
-Rails::AppRailsLoader.exec_app_rails
+Rails::AppLoader.exec_app
 
 require 'rails/ruby_version_check'
 Signal.trap("INT") { puts; exit(1) }
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/code_statistics.rb b/railties/lib/rails/code_statistics.rb
index 0ae6d2a455..8e9097e1ef 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/code_statistics.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/code_statistics.rb
@@ -6,9 +6,8 @@ class CodeStatistics #:nodoc:
                 'Helper tests',
                 'Model tests',
                 'Mailer tests',
-                'Integration tests',
-                'Functional tests (old)',
-                'Unit tests (old)']
+                'Job tests',
+                'Integration tests']
 
   def initialize(*pairs)
     @pairs      = pairs
@@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ class CodeStatistics #:nodoc:
       Hash[@pairs.map{|pair| [pair.first, calculate_directory_statistics(pair.last)]}]
     end
 
-    def calculate_directory_statistics(directory, pattern = /.*\.(rb|js|coffee)$/)
+    def calculate_directory_statistics(directory, pattern = /.*\.(rb|js|coffee|rake)$/)
       stats = CodeStatisticsCalculator.new
 
       Dir.foreach(directory) do |file_name|
@@ -42,11 +41,9 @@ class CodeStatistics #:nodoc:
 
         if File.directory?(path) && (/^\./ !~ file_name)
           stats.add(calculate_directory_statistics(path, pattern))
+        elsif file_name =~ pattern
+          stats.add_by_file_path(path)
         end
-
-        next unless file_name =~ pattern
-
-        stats.add_by_file_path(path)
       end
 
       stats
@@ -72,12 +69,12 @@ class CodeStatistics #:nodoc:
 
     def print_header
       print_splitter
-      puts "| Name                 | Lines |   LOC | Classes | Methods | M/C | LOC/M |"
+      puts "| Name                 |  Lines |   LOC  | Classes | Methods | M/C | LOC/M |"
       print_splitter
     end
 
     def print_splitter
-      puts "+----------------------+-------+-------+---------+---------+-----+-------+"
+      puts "+----------------------+--------+--------+---------+---------+-----+-------+"
     end
 
     def print_line(name, statistics)
@@ -85,8 +82,8 @@ class CodeStatistics #:nodoc:
       loc_over_m = (statistics.code_lines / statistics.methods) - 2 rescue loc_over_m = 0
 
       puts "| #{name.ljust(20)} " \
-           "| #{statistics.lines.to_s.rjust(5)} " \
-           "| #{statistics.code_lines.to_s.rjust(5)} " \
+           "| #{statistics.lines.to_s.rjust(6)} " \
+           "| #{statistics.code_lines.to_s.rjust(6)} " \
            "| #{statistics.classes.to_s.rjust(7)} " \
            "| #{statistics.methods.to_s.rjust(7)} " \
            "| #{m_over_c.to_s.rjust(3)} " \
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/code_statistics_calculator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/code_statistics_calculator.rb
index 60e4aef9b7..fad13e8517 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/code_statistics_calculator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/code_statistics_calculator.rb
@@ -24,6 +24,9 @@ class CodeStatisticsCalculator #:nodoc:
     }
   }
 
+  PATTERNS[:minitest] = PATTERNS[:rb].merge method: /^\s*(def|test)\s+['"_a-z]/
+  PATTERNS[:rake] = PATTERNS[:rb]
+
   def initialize(lines = 0, code_lines = 0, classes = 0, methods = 0)
     @lines = lines
     @code_lines = code_lines
@@ -74,6 +77,10 @@ class CodeStatisticsCalculator #:nodoc:
 
   private
     def file_type(file_path)
-      File.extname(file_path).sub(/\A\./, '').downcase.to_sym
+      if file_path.end_with? '_test.rb'
+        :minitest
+      else
+        File.extname(file_path).sub(/\A\./, '').downcase.to_sym
+      end
     end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/command.rb b/railties/lib/rails/command.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f7753cbb83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/command.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+require 'rails/commands/commands_tasks'
+
+module Rails
+  class Command #:nodoc:
+    attr_reader :argv
+
+    def initialize(argv = [])
+      @argv = argv
+
+      @option_parser = build_option_parser
+      @options = {}
+    end
+
+    def self.run(task_name, argv)
+      command_name = command_name_for(task_name)
+
+      if command = command_for(command_name)
+        command.new(argv).run(command_name)
+      else
+        Rails::CommandsTasks.new(argv).run_command!(task_name)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def run(command_name)
+      parse_options_for(command_name)
+      @option_parser.parse! @argv
+
+      public_send(command_name)
+    end
+
+    def self.options_for(command_name, &options_to_parse)
+      @@command_options[command_name] = options_to_parse
+    end
+
+    def self.set_banner(command_name, banner)
+      options_for(command_name) { |opts, _| opts.banner = banner }
+    end
+
+    private
+      @@commands = []
+      @@command_options = {}
+
+      def parse_options_for(command_name)
+        @@command_options.fetch(command_name, proc {}).call(@option_parser, @options)
+      end
+
+      def build_option_parser
+        OptionParser.new do |opts|
+          opts.on('-h', '--help', 'Show this help.') do
+            puts opts
+            exit
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def self.inherited(command)
+        @@commands << command
+      end
+
+      def self.command_name_for(task_name)
+        task_name.gsub(':', '_').to_sym
+      end
+
+      def self.command_for(command_name)
+        @@commands.find do |command|
+          command.public_instance_methods.include?(command_name)
+        end
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands.rb
index f32bf772a5..7627fcf5a0 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands.rb
@@ -6,12 +6,14 @@ aliases = {
   "c"  => "console",
   "s"  => "server",
   "db" => "dbconsole",
-  "r"  => "runner"
+  "r"  => "runner",
+  "t"  => "test"
 }
 
 command = ARGV.shift
 command = aliases[command] || command
 
-require 'rails/commands/commands_tasks'
+require 'rails/command'
+require 'rails/commands/dev_cache'
 
-Rails::CommandsTasks.new(ARGV).run_command!(command)
+Rails::Command.run(command, ARGV)
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/commands_tasks.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/commands_tasks.rb
index de60423784..da3b9452d5 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/commands_tasks.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/commands_tasks.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'rails/commands/rake_proxy'
+
 module Rails
   # This is a class which takes in a rails command and initiates the appropriate
   # initiation sequence.
@@ -5,6 +7,8 @@ module Rails
   # Warning: This class mutates ARGV because some commands require manipulating
   # it before they are run.
   class CommandsTasks # :nodoc:
+    include Rails::RakeProxy
+
     attr_reader :argv
 
     HELP_MESSAGE = <<-EOT
@@ -14,21 +18,25 @@ The most common rails commands are:
  generate    Generate new code (short-cut alias: "g")
  console     Start the Rails console (short-cut alias: "c")
  server      Start the Rails server (short-cut alias: "s")
+ test        Run tests (short-cut alias: "t")
  dbconsole   Start a console for the database specified in config/database.yml
              (short-cut alias: "db")
  new         Create a new Rails application. "rails new my_app" creates a
              new application called MyApp in "./my_app"
 
-In addition to those, there are:
- application  Generate the Rails application code
- destroy      Undo code generated with "generate" (short-cut alias: "d")
- plugin new   Generates skeleton for developing a Rails plugin
- runner       Run a piece of code in the application environment (short-cut alias: "r")
-
 All commands can be run with -h (or --help) for more information.
+
+In addition to those commands, there are:
 EOT
 
-    COMMAND_WHITELIST = %(plugin generate destroy console server dbconsole application runner new version help)
+    ADDITIONAL_COMMANDS = [
+      [ 'destroy', 'Undo code generated with "generate" (short-cut alias: "d")' ],
+      [ 'plugin new', 'Generates skeleton for developing a Rails plugin' ],
+      [ 'runner',
+        'Run a piece of code in the application environment (short-cut alias: "r")' ]
+    ]
+
+    COMMAND_WHITELIST = %w(plugin generate destroy console server dbconsole runner new version help test)
 
     def initialize(argv)
       @argv = argv
@@ -36,10 +44,11 @@ EOT
 
     def run_command!(command)
       command = parse_command(command)
+
       if COMMAND_WHITELIST.include?(command)
         send(command)
       else
-        write_error_message(command)
+        run_rake_task(command)
       end
     end
 
@@ -82,15 +91,15 @@ EOT
       end
     end
 
+    def test
+      require_command!("test")
+    end
+
     def dbconsole
       require_command!("dbconsole")
       Rails::DBConsole.start
     end
 
-    def application
-      require_command!("application")
-    end
-
     def runner
       require_command!("runner")
     end
@@ -110,6 +119,7 @@ EOT
 
     def help
       write_help_message
+      write_commands ADDITIONAL_COMMANDS + formatted_rake_tasks
     end
 
     private
@@ -132,7 +142,7 @@ EOT
         require 'rails/generators'
         require_application_and_environment!
         Rails.application.load_generators
-        require "rails/commands/#{command}"
+        require_command!(command)
       end
 
       # Change to the application's path if there is no config.ru file in current directory.
@@ -151,13 +161,9 @@ EOT
         puts HELP_MESSAGE
       end
 
-      def write_error_message(command)
-        puts "Error: Command '#{command}' not recognized"
-        if %x{rake #{command} --dry-run 2>&1 } && $?.success?
-          puts "Did you mean: `$ rake #{command}` ?\n\n"
-        end
-        write_help_message
-        exit(1)
+      def write_commands(commands)
+        width = commands.map { |name, _| name.size }.max || 10
+        commands.each { |command| printf(" %-#{width}s   %s\n", *command) }
       end
 
       def parse_command(command)
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/console.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/console.rb
index f6bdf129d6..ea5d20ea24 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/console.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/console.rb
@@ -1,14 +1,13 @@
 require 'optparse'
 require 'irb'
 require 'irb/completion'
+require 'rails/commands/console_helper'
 
 module Rails
   class Console
-    class << self
-      def start(*args)
-        new(*args).start
-      end
+    include ConsoleHelper
 
+    class << self
       def parse_arguments(arguments)
         options = {}
 
@@ -18,27 +17,11 @@ module Rails
           opt.on("-e", "--environment=name", String,
                   "Specifies the environment to run this console under (test/development/production).",
                   "Default: development") { |v| options[:environment] = v.strip }
-          opt.on("--debugger", 'Enable the debugger.') { |v| options[:debugger] = v }
           opt.parse!(arguments)
         end
 
-        if arguments.first && arguments.first[0] != '-'
-          env = arguments.first
-          if available_environments.include? env
-            options[:environment] = env
-          else
-            options[:environment] = %w(production development test).detect {|e| e =~ /^#{env}/} || env
-          end
-        end
-
-        options
+        set_options_env(arguments, options)
       end
-
-      private
-
-        def available_environments
-          Dir['config/environments/*.rb'].map { |fname| File.basename(fname, '.*') }
-        end
     end
 
     attr_reader :options, :app, :console
@@ -58,23 +41,15 @@ module Rails
     end
 
     def environment
-      options[:environment] ||= ENV['RAILS_ENV'] || ENV['RACK_ENV'] || 'development'
-    end
-
-    def environment?
-      environment
+      options[:environment] ||= super
     end
+    alias_method :environment?, :environment
 
     def set_environment!
       Rails.env = environment
     end
 
-    def debugger?
-      options[:debugger]
-    end
-
     def start
-      require_debugger if debugger?
       set_environment! if environment?
 
       if sandbox?
@@ -85,17 +60,9 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       if defined?(console::ExtendCommandBundle)
-        console::ExtendCommandBundle.send :include, Rails::ConsoleMethods
+        console::ExtendCommandBundle.include(Rails::ConsoleMethods)
       end
       console.start
     end
-
-    def require_debugger
-      require 'debugger'
-      puts "=> Debugger enabled"
-    rescue LoadError
-      puts "You're missing the 'debugger' gem. Add it to your Gemfile, bundle it and try again."
-      exit(1)
-    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/console_helper.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/console_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8ee0b60012
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/console_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+require 'active_support/concern'
+
+module Rails
+  module ConsoleHelper # :nodoc:
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    module ClassMethods
+      def start(*args)
+        new(*args).start
+      end
+      
+      private
+        def set_options_env(arguments, options)
+          if arguments.first && arguments.first[0] != '-'
+            env = arguments.first
+            if available_environments.include? env
+              options[:environment] = env
+            else
+              options[:environment] = %w(production development test).detect { |e| e =~ /^#{env}/ } || env
+            end
+          end
+          options
+        end
+
+        def available_environments
+          Dir['config/environments/*.rb'].map { |fname| File.basename(fname, '.*') }
+        end  
+    end
+
+    def environment
+      ENV["RAILS_ENV"] || ENV["RACK_ENV"] || "development"
+    end
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/dbconsole.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/dbconsole.rb
index f6d8aec30d..2c36edfa3f 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/dbconsole.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/dbconsole.rb
@@ -1,14 +1,49 @@
 require 'erb'
 require 'yaml'
 require 'optparse'
-require 'rbconfig'
+require 'rails/commands/console_helper'
 
 module Rails
   class DBConsole
+    include ConsoleHelper
+
     attr_reader :arguments
 
-    def self.start
-      new.start
+    class << self
+      def parse_arguments(arguments)
+        options = {}
+
+        OptionParser.new do |opt|
+          opt.banner = "Usage: rails dbconsole [environment] [options]"
+          opt.on("-p", "--include-password", "Automatically provide the password from database.yml") do |v|
+            options['include_password'] = true
+          end
+
+          opt.on("--mode [MODE]", ['html', 'list', 'line', 'column'],
+            "Automatically put the sqlite3 database in the specified mode (html, list, line, column).") do |mode|
+              options['mode'] = mode
+          end
+
+          opt.on("--header") do |h|
+            options['header'] = h
+          end
+
+          opt.on("-h", "--help", "Show this help message.") do
+            puts opt
+            exit
+          end
+
+          opt.on("-e", "--environment=name", String,
+            "Specifies the environment to run this console under (test/development/production).",
+            "Default: development"
+          ) { |v| options[:environment] = v.strip }
+
+          opt.parse!(arguments)
+          abort opt.to_s unless (0..1).include?(arguments.size)
+        end
+
+        set_options_env(arguments, options)
+      end
     end
 
     def initialize(arguments = ARGV)
@@ -16,11 +51,11 @@ module Rails
     end
 
     def start
-      options = parse_arguments(arguments)
+      options = self.class.parse_arguments(arguments)
       ENV['RAILS_ENV'] = options[:environment] || environment
 
       case config["adapter"]
-      when /^mysql/
+      when /^(jdbc)?mysql/
         args = {
           'host'      => '--host',
           'port'      => '--port',
@@ -30,7 +65,7 @@ module Rails
           'sslca'     => '--ssl-ca',
           'sslcert'   => '--ssl-cert',
           'sslcapath' => '--ssl-capath',
-          'sslcipher' => '--ssh-cipher',
+          'sslcipher' => '--ssl-cipher',
           'sslkey'    => '--ssl-key'
         }.map { |opt, arg| "#{arg}=#{config[opt]}" if config[opt] }.compact
 
@@ -44,16 +79,13 @@ module Rails
 
         find_cmd_and_exec(['mysql', 'mysql5'], *args)
 
-      when "postgresql", "postgres", "postgis"
+      when /^postgres|^postgis/
         ENV['PGUSER']     = config["username"] if config["username"]
         ENV['PGHOST']     = config["host"] if config["host"]
         ENV['PGPORT']     = config["port"].to_s if config["port"]
         ENV['PGPASSWORD'] = config["password"].to_s if config["password"] && options['include_password']
         find_cmd_and_exec('psql', config["database"])
 
-      when "sqlite"
-        find_cmd_and_exec('sqlite', config["database"])
-
       when "sqlite3"
         args = []
 
@@ -74,8 +106,23 @@ module Rails
 
         find_cmd_and_exec('sqlplus', logon)
 
+      when "sqlserver"
+        args = []
+
+        args += ["-D", "#{config['database']}"] if config['database']
+        args += ["-U", "#{config['username']}"] if config['username']
+        args += ["-P", "#{config['password']}"] if config['password']
+
+        if config['host']
+          host_arg = "#{config['host']}"
+          host_arg << ":#{config['port']}" if config['port']
+          args += ["-S", host_arg]
+        end
+
+        find_cmd_and_exec("sqsh", *args)
+
       else
-        abort "Unknown command-line client for #{config['database']}. Submit a Rails patch to add support!"
+        abort "Unknown command-line client for #{config['database']}."
       end
     end
 
@@ -90,88 +137,37 @@ module Rails
     end
 
     def environment
-      if Rails.respond_to?(:env)
-        Rails.env
-      else
-        ENV["RAILS_ENV"] || ENV["RACK_ENV"] || "development"
-      end
+      Rails.respond_to?(:env) ? Rails.env : super
     end
 
     protected
+      def configurations
+        require APP_PATH
+        ActiveRecord::Base.configurations = Rails.application.config.database_configuration
+        ActiveRecord::Base.configurations
+      end
 
-    def configurations
-      require APP_PATH
-      ActiveRecord::Base.configurations = Rails.application.config.database_configuration
-      ActiveRecord::Base.configurations
-    end
-
-    def parse_arguments(arguments)
-      options = {}
-
-      OptionParser.new do |opt|
-        opt.banner = "Usage: rails dbconsole [environment] [options]"
-        opt.on("-p", "--include-password", "Automatically provide the password from database.yml") do |v|
-          options['include_password'] = true
-        end
-
-        opt.on("--mode [MODE]", ['html', 'list', 'line', 'column'],
-          "Automatically put the sqlite3 database in the specified mode (html, list, line, column).") do |mode|
-            options['mode'] = mode
-        end
+      def find_cmd_and_exec(commands, *args)
+        commands = Array(commands)
 
-        opt.on("--header") do |h|
-          options['header'] = h
+        dirs_on_path = ENV['PATH'].to_s.split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR)
+        unless (ext = RbConfig::CONFIG['EXEEXT']).empty?
+          commands = commands.map{|cmd| "#{cmd}#{ext}"}
         end
 
-        opt.on("-h", "--help", "Show this help message.") do
-          puts opt
-          exit
+        full_path_command = nil
+        found = commands.detect do |cmd|
+          dirs_on_path.detect do |path|
+            full_path_command = File.join(path, cmd)
+            File.file?(full_path_command) && File.executable?(full_path_command)
+          end
         end
 
-        opt.on("-e", "--environment=name", String,
-          "Specifies the environment to run this console under (test/development/production).",
-          "Default: development"
-        ) { |v| options[:environment] = v.strip }
-
-        opt.parse!(arguments)
-        abort opt.to_s unless (0..1).include?(arguments.size)
-      end
-
-      if arguments.first && arguments.first[0] != '-'
-        env = arguments.first
-        if available_environments.include? env
-          options[:environment] = env
+        if found
+          exec full_path_command, *args
         else
-          options[:environment] = %w(production development test).detect {|e| e =~ /^#{env}/} || env
-        end
-      end
-
-      options
-    end
-
-    def available_environments
-      Dir['config/environments/*.rb'].map { |fname| File.basename(fname, '.*') }
-    end
-
-    def find_cmd_and_exec(commands, *args)
-      commands = Array(commands)
-
-      dirs_on_path = ENV['PATH'].to_s.split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR)
-      commands += commands.map{|cmd| "#{cmd}.exe"} if RbConfig::CONFIG['host_os'] =~ /mswin|mingw/
-
-      full_path_command = nil
-      found = commands.detect do |cmd|
-        dirs_on_path.detect do |path|
-          full_path_command = File.join(path, cmd)
-          File.executable? full_path_command
+          abort("Couldn't find database client: #{commands.join(', ')}. Check your $PATH and try again.")
         end
       end
-
-      if found
-        exec full_path_command, *args
-      else
-        abort("Couldn't find database client: #{commands.join(', ')}. Check your $PATH and try again.")
-      end
-    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/destroy.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/destroy.rb
index 5479da86a0..ce26cc3fde 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/destroy.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/destroy.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 require 'rails/generators'
 
+#if no argument/-h/--help is passed to rails destroy command, then
+#it generates the help associated.
 if [nil, "-h", "--help"].include?(ARGV.first)
   Rails::Generators.help 'destroy'
   exit
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/dev_cache.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/dev_cache.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ec96e8f630
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/dev_cache.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+require 'rails/command'
+
+module Rails
+  module Commands
+    # This is a wrapper around the Rails dev:cache command
+    class DevCache < Command
+      set_banner :dev_cache, 'Toggle development mode caching on/off'
+      def dev_cache
+        if File.exist? 'tmp/caching-dev.txt'
+          File.delete 'tmp/caching-dev.txt'
+          puts 'Development mode is no longer being cached.'
+        else
+          FileUtils.touch 'tmp/caching-dev.txt'
+          puts 'Development mode is now being cached.'
+        end
+
+        FileUtils.touch 'tmp/restart.txt'
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/generate.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/generate.rb
index 351c59c645..926c36b967 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/generate.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/generate.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 require 'rails/generators'
 
+#if no argument/-h/--help is passed to rails generate command, then
+#it generates the help associated.
 if [nil, "-h", "--help"].include?(ARGV.first)
   Rails::Generators.help 'generate'
   exit
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/plugin.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/plugin.rb
index f7a0b99005..52d8966ead 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/plugin.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/plugin.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ else
               end
     if File.exist?(railsrc)
       extra_args_string = File.read(railsrc)
-      extra_args = extra_args_string.split(/\n+/).map {|l| l.split}.flatten
+      extra_args = extra_args_string.split(/\n+/).flat_map(&:split)
       puts "Using #{extra_args.join(" ")} from #{railsrc}"
       ARGV.insert(1, *extra_args)
     end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/rake_proxy.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/rake_proxy.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f7d5df6b2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/rake_proxy.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+require 'rake'
+require 'active_support'
+
+module Rails
+  module RakeProxy #:nodoc:
+    private
+      def run_rake_task(command)
+        ARGV.unshift(command) # Prepend the command, so Rake knows how to run it.
+
+        Rake.application.standard_exception_handling do
+          Rake.application.init('rails')
+          Rake.application.load_rakefile
+          Rake.application.top_level
+        end
+      end
+
+      def rake_tasks
+        return @rake_tasks if defined?(@rake_tasks)
+
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+          require_application_and_environment!
+        end
+
+        Rake::TaskManager.record_task_metadata = true
+        Rake.application.instance_variable_set(:@name, 'rails')
+        Rails.application.load_tasks
+        @rake_tasks = Rake.application.tasks.select(&:comment)
+      end
+
+      def formatted_rake_tasks
+        rake_tasks.map { |t| [ t.name_with_args, t.comment ] }
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/runner.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/runner.rb
index 3a71f8d3f8..86bce9b2fe 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/runner.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/runner.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 require 'optparse'
-require 'rbconfig'
 
 options = { environment: (ENV['RAILS_ENV'] || ENV['RACK_ENV'] || "development").dup }
 code_or_file = nil
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/server.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/server.rb
index fec4962fb5..d3ea441f8e 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/server.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/server.rb
@@ -9,33 +9,39 @@ module Rails
       def parse!(args)
         args, options = args.dup, {}
 
-        opt_parser = OptionParser.new do |opts|
-          opts.banner = "Usage: rails server [mongrel, thin, etc] [options]"
+        option_parser(options).parse! args
+
+        options[:log_stdout] = options[:daemonize].blank? && (options[:environment] || Rails.env) == "development"
+        options[:server]     = args.shift
+        options
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def option_parser(options)
+        OptionParser.new do |opts|
+          opts.banner = "Usage: rails server [mongrel, thin etc] [options]"
           opts.on("-p", "--port=port", Integer,
                   "Runs Rails on the specified port.", "Default: 3000") { |v| options[:Port] = v }
-          opts.on("-b", "--binding=ip", String,
-                  "Binds Rails to the specified ip.", "Default: 0.0.0.0") { |v| options[:Host] = v }
+          opts.on("-b", "--binding=IP", String,
+                  "Binds Rails to the specified IP.", "Default: localhost") { |v| options[:Host] = v }
           opts.on("-c", "--config=file", String,
-                  "Use custom rackup configuration file") { |v| options[:config] = v }
-          opts.on("-d", "--daemon", "Make server run as a Daemon.") { options[:daemonize] = true }
-          opts.on("-u", "--debugger", "Enable the debugger") { options[:debugger] = true }
+                  "Uses a custom rackup configuration.") { |v| options[:config] = v }
+          opts.on("-d", "--daemon", "Runs server as a Daemon.") { options[:daemonize] = true }
           opts.on("-e", "--environment=name", String,
                   "Specifies the environment to run this server under (test/development/production).",
                   "Default: development") { |v| options[:environment] = v }
           opts.on("-P", "--pid=pid", String,
                   "Specifies the PID file.",
                   "Default: tmp/pids/server.pid") { |v| options[:pid] = v }
+          opts.on("-C", "--[no-]dev-caching",
+                  "Specifies whether to perform caching in development.",
+                  "true or false") { |v| options[:caching] = v }
 
           opts.separator ""
 
-          opts.on("-h", "--help", "Show this help message.") { puts opts; exit }
+          opts.on("-h", "--help", "Shows this help message.") { puts opts; exit }
         end
-
-        opt_parser.parse! args
-
-        options[:log_stdout] = options[:daemonize].blank? && (options[:environment] || Rails.env) == "development"
-        options[:server]     = args.shift
-        options
       end
     end
 
@@ -64,6 +70,7 @@ module Rails
       print_boot_information
       trap(:INT) { exit }
       create_tmp_directories
+      setup_dev_caching
       log_to_stdout if options[:log_stdout]
 
       super
@@ -74,54 +81,51 @@ module Rails
     end
 
     def middleware
-      middlewares = []
-      middlewares << [Rails::Rack::Debugger] if options[:debugger]
-      middlewares << [::Rack::ContentLength]
-
-      # FIXME: add Rack::Lock in the case people are using webrick.
-      # This is to remain backwards compatible for those who are
-      # running webrick in production. We should consider removing this
-      # in development.
-      if server.name == 'Rack::Handler::WEBrick'
-        middlewares << [::Rack::Lock]
-      end
-
-      Hash.new(middlewares)
-    end
-
-    def log_path
-      "log/#{options[:environment]}.log"
+      Hash.new([])
     end
 
     def default_options
       super.merge({
-        Port:               3000,
+        Port:               ENV.fetch('PORT', 3000).to_i,
         DoNotReverseLookup: true,
         environment:        (ENV['RAILS_ENV'] || ENV['RACK_ENV'] || "development").dup,
         daemonize:          false,
-        debugger:           false,
-        pid:                File.expand_path("tmp/pids/server.pid"),
-        config:             File.expand_path("config.ru")
+        caching:            false,
+        pid:                File.expand_path("tmp/pids/server.pid")
       })
     end
 
     private
 
+      def setup_dev_caching
+        return unless options[:environment] == "development"
+
+        if options[:caching] == false
+          delete_cache_file
+        elsif options[:caching]
+          create_cache_file
+        end
+      end
+
       def print_boot_information
         url = "#{options[:SSLEnable] ? 'https' : 'http'}://#{options[:Host]}:#{options[:Port]}"
         puts "=> Booting #{ActiveSupport::Inflector.demodulize(server)}"
         puts "=> Rails #{Rails.version} application starting in #{Rails.env} on #{url}"
         puts "=> Run `rails server -h` for more startup options"
 
-        if options[:Host].to_s.match(/0\.0\.0\.0/)
-          puts "=> Notice: server is listening on all interfaces (#{options[:Host]}). Consider using 127.0.0.1 (--binding option)"
-        end
-
         puts "=> Ctrl-C to shutdown server" unless options[:daemonize]
       end
 
+      def create_cache_file
+        FileUtils.touch("tmp/caching-dev.txt")
+      end
+
+      def delete_cache_file
+        FileUtils.rm("tmp/caching-dev.txt") if File.exist?("tmp/caching-dev.txt")
+      end
+
       def create_tmp_directories
-        %w(cache pids sessions sockets).each do |dir_to_make|
+        %w(cache pids sockets).each do |dir_to_make|
           FileUtils.mkdir_p(File.join(Rails.root, 'tmp', dir_to_make))
         end
       end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/test.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dd069f081f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+require "rails/test_unit/minitest_plugin"
+
+if defined?(ENGINE_ROOT)
+  $: << File.expand_path('test', ENGINE_ROOT)
+else
+  $: << File.expand_path('../../test', APP_PATH)
+end
+
+exit Minitest.run(ARGV)
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/update.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/update.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 59fae5c337..0000000000
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/update.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-require File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '..', 'generators'))
-
-if ARGV.size == 0
-  Rails::Generators.help
-  exit
-end
-
-name = ARGV.shift
-Rails::Generators.invoke name, ARGV, behavior: :skip
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/configuration.rb b/railties/lib/rails/configuration.rb
index f5d7dede66..30eafd59f2 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/configuration.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/configuration.rb
@@ -18,11 +18,11 @@ module Rails
     # This will put the <tt>Magical::Unicorns</tt> middleware on the end of the stack.
     # You can use +insert_before+ if you wish to add a middleware before another:
     #
-    #     config.middleware.insert_before ActionDispatch::Head, Magical::Unicorns
+    #     config.middleware.insert_before Rack::Head, Magical::Unicorns
     #
     # There's also +insert_after+ which will insert a middleware after another:
     #
-    #     config.middleware.insert_after ActionDispatch::Head, Magical::Unicorns
+    #     config.middleware.insert_after Rack::Head, Magical::Unicorns
     #
     # Middlewares can also be completely swapped out and replaced with others:
     #
@@ -33,8 +33,9 @@ module Rails
     #     config.middleware.delete ActionDispatch::Flash
     #
     class MiddlewareStackProxy
-      def initialize
-        @operations = []
+      def initialize(operations = [], delete_operations = [])
+        @operations = operations
+        @delete_operations = delete_operations
       end
 
       def insert_before(*args, &block)
@@ -56,7 +57,7 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def delete(*args, &block)
-        @operations << [__method__, args, block]
+        @delete_operations << [__method__, args, block]
       end
 
       def unshift(*args, &block)
@@ -64,15 +65,29 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def merge_into(other) #:nodoc:
-        @operations.each do |operation, args, block|
+        (@operations + @delete_operations).each do |operation, args, block|
           other.send(operation, *args, &block)
         end
+
         other
       end
+
+      def +(other) # :nodoc:
+        MiddlewareStackProxy.new(@operations + other.operations, @delete_operations + other.delete_operations)
+      end
+
+      protected
+        def operations
+          @operations
+        end
+
+        def delete_operations
+          @delete_operations
+        end
     end
 
     class Generators #:nodoc:
-      attr_accessor :aliases, :options, :templates, :fallbacks, :colorize_logging
+      attr_accessor :aliases, :options, :templates, :fallbacks, :colorize_logging, :api_only
       attr_reader :hidden_namespaces
 
       def initialize
@@ -81,6 +96,7 @@ module Rails
         @fallbacks = {}
         @templates = []
         @colorize_logging = true
+        @api_only = false
         @hidden_namespaces = []
       end
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/console/app.rb b/railties/lib/rails/console/app.rb
index 2a69c26deb..ac5836a588 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/console/app.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/console/app.rb
@@ -18,6 +18,11 @@ module Rails
       app = Rails.application
       session = ActionDispatch::Integration::Session.new(app)
       yield session if block_given?
+
+      # This makes app.url_for and app.foo_path available in the console
+      session.extend(app.routes.url_helpers)
+      session.extend(app.routes.mounted_helpers)
+
       session
     end
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/console/helpers.rb b/railties/lib/rails/console/helpers.rb
index b775f1ff8d..a33f71dc5b 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/console/helpers.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/console/helpers.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ module Rails
     #
     # This method assumes an +ApplicationController+ exists, and it extends +ActionController::Base+
     def helper
-      @helper ||= ApplicationController.helpers
+      ApplicationController.helpers
     end
 
     # Gets a new instance of a controller object.
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/deprecation.rb b/railties/lib/rails/deprecation.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 89f54069e9..0000000000
--- a/railties/lib/rails/deprecation.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-require 'active_support/deprecation/proxy_wrappers'
-
-module Rails
-  class DeprecatedConstant < ActiveSupport::Deprecation::DeprecatedConstantProxy
-    def self.deprecate(old, current)
-      # double assignment is used to avoid "assigned but unused variable" warning
-      constant = constant = new(old, current)
-      eval "::#{old} = constant"
-    end
-
-    private
-
-    def target
-      ::Kernel.eval @new_const.to_s
-    end
-  end
-
-  DeprecatedConstant.deprecate('RAILS_CACHE', '::Rails.cache')
-end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/engine.rb b/railties/lib/rails/engine.rb
index 5c54cdaa70..5757d235d2 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/engine.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/engine.rb
@@ -2,11 +2,12 @@ require 'rails/railtie'
 require 'rails/engine/railties'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/delegation'
 require 'pathname'
+require 'thread'
 
 module Rails
   # <tt>Rails::Engine</tt> allows you to wrap a specific Rails application or subset of
   # functionality and share it with other applications or within a larger packaged application.
-  # Since Rails 3.0, every <tt>Rails::Application</tt> is just an engine, which allows for simple
+  # Every <tt>Rails::Application</tt> is just an engine, which allows for simple
   # feature and application sharing.
   #
   # Any <tt>Rails::Engine</tt> is also a <tt>Rails::Railtie</tt>, so the same
@@ -15,10 +16,9 @@ module Rails
   #
   # == Creating an Engine
   #
-  # In Rails versions prior to 3.0, your gems automatically behaved as engines, however,
-  # this coupled Rails to Rubygems. Since Rails 3.0, if you want a gem to automatically
-  # behave as an engine, you have to specify an +Engine+ for it somewhere inside
-  # your plugin's +lib+ folder (similar to how we specify a +Railtie+):
+  # If you want a gem to behave as an engine, you have to specify an +Engine+
+  # for it somewhere inside your plugin's +lib+ folder (similar to how we
+  # specify a +Railtie+):
   #
   #   # lib/my_engine.rb
   #   module MyEngine
@@ -69,10 +69,9 @@ module Rails
   #
   # == Paths
   #
-  # Since Rails 3.0, applications and engines have more flexible path configuration (as
-  # opposed to the previous hardcoded path configuration). This means that you are not
-  # required to place your controllers at <tt>app/controllers</tt>, but in any place
-  # which you find convenient.
+  # Applications and engines have flexible path configuration, meaning that you
+  # are not required to place your controllers at <tt>app/controllers</tt>, but
+  # in any place which you find convenient.
   #
   # For example, let's suppose you want to place your controllers in <tt>lib/controllers</tt>.
   # You can set that as an option:
@@ -110,8 +109,8 @@ module Rails
   #
   # == Endpoint
   #
-  # An engine can be also a rack application. It can be useful if you have a rack application that
-  # you would like to wrap with +Engine+ and provide some of the +Engine+'s features.
+  # An engine can also be a rack application. It can be useful if you have a rack application that
+  # you would like to wrap with +Engine+ and provide with some of the +Engine+'s features.
   #
   # To do that, use the +endpoint+ method:
   #
@@ -206,42 +205,51 @@ module Rails
   # With such an engine, everything that is inside the +MyEngine+ module will be isolated from
   # the application.
   #
-  # Consider such controller:
+  # Consider this controller:
   #
   #   module MyEngine
   #     class FooController < ActionController::Base
   #     end
   #   end
   #
-  # If an engine is marked as isolated, +FooController+ has access only to helpers from +Engine+ and
-  # <tt>url_helpers</tt> from <tt>MyEngine::Engine.routes</tt>.
+  # If the +MyEngine+ engine is marked as isolated, +FooController+ only has
+  # access to helpers from +MyEngine+, and <tt>url_helpers</tt> from
+  # <tt>MyEngine::Engine.routes</tt>.
   #
-  # The next thing that changes in isolated engines is the behavior of routes. Normally, when you namespace
-  # your controllers, you also need to do namespace all your routes. With an isolated engine,
-  # the namespace is applied by default, so you can ignore it in routes:
+  # The next thing that changes in isolated engines is the behavior of routes.
+  # Normally, when you namespace your controllers, you also need to namespace
+  # the related routes. With an isolated engine, the engine's namespace is
+  # automatically applied, so you don't need to specify it explicity in your
+  # routes:
   #
   #   MyEngine::Engine.routes.draw do
   #     resources :articles
   #   end
   #
-  # The routes above will automatically point to <tt>MyEngine::ArticlesController</tt>. Furthermore, you don't
-  # need to use longer url helpers like <tt>my_engine_articles_path</tt>. Instead, you should simply use
-  # <tt>articles_path</tt> as you would do with your application.
+  # If +MyEngine+ is isolated, The routes above will point to
+  # <tt>MyEngine::ArticlesController</tt>. You also don't need to use longer
+  # url helpers like +my_engine_articles_path+. Instead, you should simply use
+  # +articles_path+, like you would do with your main application.
   #
-  # To make that behavior consistent with other parts of the framework, an isolated engine also has influence on
-  # <tt>ActiveModel::Naming</tt>. When you use a namespaced model, like <tt>MyEngine::Article</tt>, it will normally
-  # use the prefix "my_engine". In an isolated engine, the prefix will be omitted in url helpers and
-  # form fields for convenience.
+  # To make this behavior consistent with other parts of the framework,
+  # isolated engines also have an effect on <tt>ActiveModel::Naming</tt>. In a
+  # normal Rails app, when you use a namespaced model such as
+  # <tt>Namespace::Article</tt>, <tt>ActiveModel::Naming</tt> will generate
+  # names with the prefix "namespace". In an isolated engine, the prefix will
+  # be omitted in url helpers and form fields, for convenience.
   #
-  #   polymorphic_url(MyEngine::Article.new) # => "articles_path"
+  #   polymorphic_url(MyEngine::Article.new)
+  #   # => "articles_path" # not "my_engine_articles_path"
   #
   #   form_for(MyEngine::Article.new) do
   #     text_field :title # => <input type="text" name="article[title]" id="article_title" />
   #   end
   #
-  # Additionally, an isolated engine will set its name according to namespace, so
-  # MyEngine::Engine.engine_name will be "my_engine". It will also set MyEngine.table_name_prefix
-  # to "my_engine_", changing the MyEngine::Article model to use the my_engine_articles table.
+  # Additionally, an isolated engine will set its own name according to its
+  # namespace, so <tt>MyEngine::Engine.engine_name</tt> will return
+  # "my_engine". It will also set +MyEngine.table_name_prefix+ to "my_engine_",
+  # meaning for example that <tt>MyEngine::Article</tt> will use the
+  # +my_engine_articles+ database table by default.
   #
   # == Using Engine's routes outside Engine
   #
@@ -296,7 +304,7 @@ module Rails
   #     helper MyEngine::SharedEngineHelper
   #   end
   #
-  # If you want to include all of the engine's helpers, you can use #helper method on an engine's
+  # If you want to include all of the engine's helpers, you can use the #helper method on an engine's
   # instance:
   #
   #   class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
@@ -312,7 +320,7 @@ module Rails
   # Engines can have their own migrations. The default path for migrations is exactly the same
   # as in application: <tt>db/migrate</tt>
   #
-  # To use engine's migrations in application you can use rake task, which copies them to
+  # To use engine's migrations in application you can use the rake task below, which copies them to
   # application's dir:
   #
   #   rake ENGINE_NAME:install:migrations
@@ -328,7 +336,7 @@ module Rails
   #
   # == Loading priority
   #
-  # In order to change engine's priority you can use +config.railties_order+ in main application.
+  # In order to change engine's priority you can use +config.railties_order+ in the main application.
   # It will affect the priority of loading views, helpers, assets and all the other files
   # related to engine or application.
   #
@@ -350,12 +358,7 @@ module Rails
           Rails::Railtie::Configuration.eager_load_namespaces << base
 
           base.called_from = begin
-            call_stack = if Kernel.respond_to?(:caller_locations)
-              caller_locations.map(&:path)
-            else
-              # Remove the line number from backtraces making sure we don't leave anything behind
-              caller.map { |p| p.sub(/:\d+.*/, '') }
-            end
+            call_stack = caller_locations.map { |l| l.absolute_path || l.path }
 
             File.dirname(call_stack.detect { |p| p !~ %r[railties[\w.-]*/lib/rails|rack[\w.-]*/lib/rack] })
           end
@@ -364,6 +367,10 @@ module Rails
         super
       end
 
+      def find_root(from)
+        find_root_with_flag "lib", from
+      end
+
       def endpoint(endpoint = nil)
         @endpoint ||= nil
         @endpoint = endpoint if endpoint
@@ -371,7 +378,7 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def isolate_namespace(mod)
-        engine_name(generate_railtie_name(mod))
+        engine_name(generate_railtie_name(mod.name))
 
         self.routes.default_scope = { module: ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore(mod.name) }
         self.isolated = true
@@ -395,13 +402,13 @@ module Rails
             end
 
             unless mod.respond_to?(:railtie_routes_url_helpers)
-              define_method(:railtie_routes_url_helpers) { railtie.routes.url_helpers }
+              define_method(:railtie_routes_url_helpers) {|include_path_helpers = true| railtie.routes.url_helpers(include_path_helpers) }
             end
           end
         end
       end
 
-      # Finds engine with given path
+      # Finds engine with given path.
       def find(path)
         expanded_path = File.expand_path path
         Rails::Engine.subclasses.each do |klass|
@@ -423,13 +430,13 @@ module Rails
       @env_config          = nil
       @helpers             = nil
       @routes              = nil
+      @app_build_lock      = Mutex.new
       super
     end
 
     # Load console and invoke the registered hooks.
     # Check <tt>Rails::Railtie.console</tt> for more info.
     def load_console(app=self)
-      require "pp"
       require "rails/console/app"
       require "rails/console/helpers"
       run_console_blocks(app)
@@ -481,7 +488,7 @@ module Rails
         helpers = Module.new
         all = ActionController::Base.all_helpers_from_path(helpers_paths)
         ActionController::Base.modules_for_helpers(all).each do |mod|
-          helpers.send(:include, mod)
+          helpers.include(mod)
         end
         helpers
       end
@@ -494,10 +501,13 @@ module Rails
 
     # Returns the underlying rack application for this engine.
     def app
-      @app ||= begin
-        config.middleware = config.middleware.merge_into(default_middleware_stack)
-        config.middleware.build(endpoint)
-      end
+      @app || @app_build_lock.synchronize {
+        @app ||= begin
+          stack = default_middleware_stack
+          config.middleware = build_middleware.merge_into(stack)
+          config.middleware.build(endpoint)
+        end
+      }
     end
 
     # Returns the endpoint for this engine. If none is registered,
@@ -508,31 +518,26 @@ module Rails
 
     # Define the Rack API for this engine.
     def call(env)
-      env.merge!(env_config)
-      if env['SCRIPT_NAME']
-        env.merge! "ROUTES_#{routes.object_id}_SCRIPT_NAME" => env['SCRIPT_NAME'].dup
-      end
-      app.call(env)
+      req = build_request env
+      app.call req.env
     end
 
     # Defines additional Rack env configuration that is added on each call.
     def env_config
-      @env_config ||= {
-        'action_dispatch.routes' => routes
-      }
+      @env_config ||= {}
     end
 
     # Defines the routes for this engine. If a block is given to
     # routes, it is appended to the engine.
     def routes
-      @routes ||= ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+      @routes ||= ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new_with_config(config)
       @routes.append(&Proc.new) if block_given?
       @routes
     end
 
     # Define the configuration object for the engine.
     def config
-      @config ||= Engine::Configuration.new(find_root_with_flag("lib"))
+      @config ||= Engine::Configuration.new(self.class.find_root(self.class.called_from))
     end
 
     # Load data from db/seeds.rb file. It can be used in to load engines'
@@ -556,7 +561,7 @@ module Rails
     # and the load_once paths.
     #
     # This needs to be an initializer, since it needs to run once
-    # per engine and get the engine as a block parameter
+    # per engine and get the engine as a block parameter.
     initializer :set_autoload_paths, before: :bootstrap_hook do
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths.unshift(*_all_autoload_paths)
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_once_paths.unshift(*_all_autoload_once_paths)
@@ -568,10 +573,10 @@ module Rails
     end
 
     initializer :add_routing_paths do |app|
-      paths = self.paths["config/routes.rb"].existent
+      routing_paths = self.paths["config/routes.rb"].existent
 
-      if routes? || paths.any?
-        app.routes_reloader.paths.unshift(*paths)
+      if routes? || routing_paths.any?
+        app.routes_reloader.paths.unshift(*routing_paths)
         app.routes_reloader.route_sets << routes
       end
     end
@@ -579,7 +584,7 @@ module Rails
     # I18n load paths are a special case since the ones added
     # later have higher priority.
     initializer :add_locales do
-      config.i18n.railties_load_path.concat(paths["config/locales"].existent)
+      config.i18n.railties_load_path << paths["config/locales"]
     end
 
     initializer :add_view_paths do
@@ -596,12 +601,6 @@ module Rails
       end
     end
 
-    initializer :append_assets_path, group: :all do |app|
-      app.config.assets.paths.unshift(*paths["vendor/assets"].existent_directories)
-      app.config.assets.paths.unshift(*paths["lib/assets"].existent_directories)
-      app.config.assets.paths.unshift(*paths["app/assets"].existent_directories)
-    end
-
     initializer :prepend_helpers_path do |app|
       if !isolated? || (app == self)
         app.config.helpers_paths.unshift(*paths["app/helpers"].existent)
@@ -659,8 +658,7 @@ module Rails
       paths["db/migrate"].existent.any?
     end
 
-    def find_root_with_flag(flag, default=nil) #:nodoc:
-      root_path = self.class.called_from
+    def self.find_root_with_flag(flag, root_path, default=nil) #:nodoc:
 
       while root_path && File.directory?(root_path) && !File.exist?("#{root_path}/#{flag}")
         parent = File.dirname(root_path)
@@ -688,5 +686,19 @@ module Rails
     def _all_load_paths #:nodoc:
       @_all_load_paths ||= (config.paths.load_paths + _all_autoload_paths).uniq
     end
+
+    private
+
+    def build_request(env)
+      env.merge!(env_config)
+      req = ActionDispatch::Request.new env
+      req.routes = routes
+      req.engine_script_name = req.script_name
+      req
+    end
+
+    def build_middleware
+      config.middleware
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/engine/commands.rb b/railties/lib/rails/engine/commands.rb
index f39f926109..a6d87b78e4 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/engine/commands.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/engine/commands.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@ ARGV << '--help' if ARGV.empty?
 
 aliases = {
   "g" => "generate",
-  "d" => "destroy"
+  "d" => "destroy",
+  "t" => "test"
 }
 
 command = ARGV.shift
@@ -12,7 +13,7 @@ require ENGINE_PATH
 engine = ::Rails::Engine.find(ENGINE_ROOT)
 
 case command
-when 'generate', 'destroy'
+when 'generate', 'destroy', 'test'
   require 'rails/generators'
   Rails::Generators.namespace = engine.railtie_namespace
   engine.load_generators
@@ -30,6 +31,7 @@ Usage: rails COMMAND [ARGS]
 The common Rails commands available for engines are:
  generate    Generate new code (short-cut alias: "g")
  destroy     Undo code generated with "generate" (short-cut alias: "d")
+ test        Run tests (short-cut alias: "t")
 
 All commands can be run with -h for more information.
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/engine/configuration.rb b/railties/lib/rails/engine/configuration.rb
index 10d1821709..8cadbc3ddd 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/engine/configuration.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/engine/configuration.rb
@@ -4,17 +4,14 @@ module Rails
   class Engine
     class Configuration < ::Rails::Railtie::Configuration
       attr_reader :root
-      attr_writer :middleware, :eager_load_paths, :autoload_once_paths, :autoload_paths
+      attr_accessor :middleware
+      attr_writer :eager_load_paths, :autoload_once_paths, :autoload_paths
 
       def initialize(root=nil)
         super()
         @root = root
         @generators = app_generators.dup
-      end
-
-      # Returns the middleware stack for the engine.
-      def middleware
-        @middleware ||= Rails::Configuration::MiddlewareStackProxy.new
+        @middleware = Rails::Configuration::MiddlewareStackProxy.new
       end
 
       # Holds generators configuration:
@@ -29,7 +26,7 @@ module Rails
       #
       #   config.generators.colorize_logging = false
       #
-      def generators #:nodoc:
+      def generators
         @generators ||= Rails::Configuration::Generators.new
         yield(@generators) if block_given?
         @generators
@@ -39,7 +36,7 @@ module Rails
         @paths ||= begin
           paths = Rails::Paths::Root.new(@root)
 
-          paths.add "app",                 eager_load: true, glob: "*"
+          paths.add "app",                 eager_load: true, glob: "{*,*/concerns}"
           paths.add "app/assets",          glob: "*"
           paths.add "app/controllers",     eager_load: true
           paths.add "app/helpers",         eager_load: true
@@ -47,9 +44,6 @@ module Rails
           paths.add "app/mailers",         eager_load: true
           paths.add "app/views"
 
-          paths.add "app/controllers/concerns", eager_load: true
-          paths.add "app/models/concerns",      eager_load: true
-
           paths.add "lib",                 load_path: true
           paths.add "lib/assets",          glob: "*"
           paths.add "lib/tasks",           glob: "**/*.rake"
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/gem_version.rb b/railties/lib/rails/gem_version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7d74b1bfe5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/gem_version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module Rails
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded Rails as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
+  def self.gem_version
+    Gem::Version.new VERSION::STRING
+  end
+
+  module VERSION
+    MAJOR = 5
+    MINOR = 0
+    TINY  = 0
+    PRE   = "alpha"
+
+    STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE].compact.join(".")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators.rb
index dce734b54e..e3d79521e7 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators.rb
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ module Rails
         scaffold_controller: '-c',
         stylesheets: '-y',
         stylesheet_engine: '-se',
+        scaffold_stylesheet: '-ss',
         template_engine: '-e',
         test_framework: '-t'
       },
@@ -44,6 +45,7 @@ module Rails
 
     DEFAULT_OPTIONS = {
       rails: {
+        api: false,
         assets: true,
         force_plural: false,
         helper: true,
@@ -56,12 +58,14 @@ module Rails
         scaffold_controller: :scaffold_controller,
         stylesheets: true,
         stylesheet_engine: :css,
+        scaffold_stylesheet: true,
         test_framework: false,
         template_engine: :erb
       }
     }
 
     def self.configure!(config) #:nodoc:
+      api_only! if config.api_only
       no_color! unless config.colorize_logging
       aliases.deep_merge! config.aliases
       options.deep_merge! config.options
@@ -99,6 +103,21 @@ module Rails
       @fallbacks ||= {}
     end
 
+    # Configure generators for API only applications. It basically hides
+    # everything that is usually browser related, such as assets and session
+    # migration generators, and completely disable views, helpers and assets
+    # so generators such as scaffold won't create them.
+    def self.api_only!
+      hide_namespaces "assets", "helper", "css", "js"
+
+      options[:rails].merge!(
+        api: true,
+        assets: false,
+        helper: false,
+        template_engine: nil
+      )
+    end
+
     # Remove the color from output.
     def self.no_color!
       Thor::Base.shell = Thor::Shell::Basic
@@ -153,13 +172,23 @@ module Rails
     def self.invoke(namespace, args=ARGV, config={})
       names = namespace.to_s.split(':')
       if klass = find_by_namespace(names.pop, names.any? && names.join(':'))
-        args << "--help" if args.empty? && klass.arguments.any? { |a| a.required? }
+        args << "--help" if args.empty? && klass.arguments.any?(&:required?)
         klass.start(args, config)
       else
-        puts "Could not find generator #{namespace}."
+        options     = sorted_groups.flat_map(&:last)
+        suggestions = options.sort_by {|suggested| levenshtein_distance(namespace.to_s, suggested) }.first(3)
+        msg =  "Could not find generator '#{namespace}'. "
+        msg << "Maybe you meant #{ suggestions.map {|s| "'#{s}'"}.to_sentence(last_word_connector: " or ", locale: :en) }\n"
+        msg << "Run `rails generate --help` for more options."
+        puts msg
       end
     end
 
+    # Returns an array of generator namespaces that are hidden.
+    # Generator namespaces may be hidden for a variety of reasons.
+    # Some are aliased such as "rails:migration" and can be
+    # invoked with the shorter "migration", others are private to other generators
+    # such as "css:scaffold".
     def self.hidden_namespaces
       @hidden_namespaces ||= begin
         orm      = options[:rails][:orm]
@@ -179,6 +208,7 @@ module Rails
           "#{test}:model",
           "#{test}:scaffold",
           "#{test}:view",
+          "#{test}:job",
           "#{template}:controller",
           "#{template}:scaffold",
           "#{template}:mailer",
@@ -199,17 +229,6 @@ module Rails
 
     # Show help message with available generators.
     def self.help(command = 'generate')
-      lookup!
-
-      namespaces = subclasses.map{ |k| k.namespace }
-      namespaces.sort!
-
-      groups = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = [] }
-      namespaces.each do |namespace|
-        base = namespace.split(':').first
-        groups[base] << namespace
-      end
-
       puts "Usage: rails #{command} GENERATOR [args] [options]"
       puts
       puts "General options:"
@@ -222,20 +241,75 @@ module Rails
       puts "Please choose a generator below."
       puts
 
-      # Print Rails defaults first.
+      print_generators
+    end
+
+    def self.public_namespaces
+      lookup!
+      subclasses.map(&:namespace)
+    end
+
+    def self.print_generators
+      sorted_groups.each { |b, n| print_list(b, n) }
+    end
+
+    def self.sorted_groups
+      namespaces = public_namespaces
+      namespaces.sort!
+      groups = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = [] }
+      namespaces.each do |namespace|
+        base = namespace.split(':').first
+        groups[base] << namespace
+      end
       rails = groups.delete("rails")
       rails.map! { |n| n.sub(/^rails:/, '') }
       rails.delete("app")
       rails.delete("plugin")
-      print_list("rails", rails)
 
       hidden_namespaces.each { |n| groups.delete(n.to_s) }
 
-      groups.sort.each { |b, n| print_list(b, n) }
+      [["rails", rails]] + groups.sort.to_a
     end
 
     protected
 
+      # This code is based directly on the Text gem implementation
+      # Returns a value representing the "cost" of transforming str1 into str2
+      def self.levenshtein_distance str1, str2
+        s = str1
+        t = str2
+        n = s.length
+        m = t.length
+
+        return m if (0 == n)
+        return n if (0 == m)
+
+        d = (0..m).to_a
+        x = nil
+
+        # avoid duplicating an enumerable object in the loop
+        str2_codepoint_enumerable = str2.each_codepoint
+
+        str1.each_codepoint.with_index do |char1, i|
+          e = i+1
+
+          str2_codepoint_enumerable.with_index do |char2, j|
+            cost = (char1 == char2) ? 0 : 1
+            x = [
+                 d[j+1] + 1, # insertion
+                 e + 1,      # deletion
+                 d[j] + cost # substitution
+                ].min
+            d[j] = e
+            e = x
+          end
+
+          d[m] = x
+        end
+
+        x
+      end
+
       # Prints a list of generators.
       def self.print_list(base, namespaces) #:nodoc:
         namespaces = namespaces.reject do |n|
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/actions.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/actions.rb
index afdbf5c241..5bbd2f1aed 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/actions.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/actions.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 require 'open-uri'
-require 'rbconfig'
 
 module Rails
   module Generators
@@ -7,6 +6,7 @@ module Rails
       def initialize(*) # :nodoc:
         super
         @in_group = nil
+        @after_bundle_callbacks = []
       end
 
       # Adds an entry into +Gemfile+ for the supplied gem.
@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ module Rails
 
         # Set the message to be shown in logs. Uses the git repo if one is given,
         # otherwise use name (version).
-        parts, message = [ name.inspect ], name
+        parts, message = [ quote(name) ], name
         if version ||= options.delete(:version)
-          parts   << version.inspect
+          parts   << quote(version)
           message << " (#{version})"
         end
         message = options[:git] if options[:git]
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ module Rails
         log :gemfile, message
 
         options.each do |option, value|
-          parts << "#{option}: #{value.inspect}"
+          parts << "#{option}: #{quote(value)}"
         end
 
         in_root do
@@ -63,12 +63,26 @@ module Rails
 
       # Add the given source to +Gemfile+
       #
+      # If block is given, gem entries in block are wrapped into the source group.
+      #
       #   add_source "http://gems.github.com/"
-      def add_source(source, options={})
+      #
+      #   add_source "http://gems.github.com/" do
+      #     gem "rspec-rails"
+      #   end
+      def add_source(source, options={}, &block)
         log :source, source
 
         in_root do
-          prepend_file "Gemfile", "source #{source.inspect}\n", verbose: false
+          if block
+            append_file "Gemfile", "source #{quote(source)} do", force: true
+            @in_group = true
+            instance_eval(&block)
+            @in_group = false
+            append_file "Gemfile", "\nend\n", force: true
+          else
+            prepend_file "Gemfile", "source #{quote(source)}\n", verbose: false
+          end
         end
       end
 
@@ -78,16 +92,16 @@ module Rails
       # file in <tt>config/environments</tt>.
       #
       #   environment do
-      #     "config.autoload_paths += %W(#{config.root}/extras)"
+      #     "config.action_controller.asset_host = 'cdn.provider.com'"
       #   end
       #
       #   environment(nil, env: "development") do
-      #     "config.autoload_paths += %W(#{config.root}/extras)"
+      #     "config.action_controller.asset_host = 'localhost:3000'"
       #   end
-      def environment(data=nil, options={}, &block)
+      def environment(data=nil, options={})
         sentinel = /class [a-z_:]+ < Rails::Application/i
         env_file_sentinel = /Rails\.application\.configure do/
-        data = block.call if !data && block_given?
+        data = yield if !data && block_given?
 
         in_root do
           if options[:env].nil?
@@ -188,7 +202,7 @@ module Rails
       #   generate(:authenticated, "user session")
       def generate(what, *args)
         log :generate, what
-        argument = args.map {|arg| arg.to_s }.flatten.join(" ")
+        argument = args.flat_map(&:to_s).join(" ")
 
         in_root { run_ruby_script("bin/rails generate #{what} #{argument}", verbose: false) }
       end
@@ -218,10 +232,10 @@ module Rails
       #   route "root 'welcome#index'"
       def route(routing_code)
         log :route, routing_code
-        sentinel = /\.routes\.draw do\s*$/
+        sentinel = /\.routes\.draw do\s*\n/m
 
         in_root do
-          inject_into_file 'config/routes.rb', "\n  #{routing_code}", { after: sentinel, verbose: false }
+          inject_into_file 'config/routes.rb', "  #{routing_code}\n", { after: sentinel, verbose: false, force: false }
         end
       end
 
@@ -232,6 +246,16 @@ module Rails
         log File.read(find_in_source_paths(path))
       end
 
+      # Registers a callback to be executed after bundle and spring binstubs
+      # have run.
+      #
+      #   after_bundle do
+      #     git add: '.'
+      #   end
+      def after_bundle(&block)
+        @after_bundle_callbacks << block
+      end
+
       protected
 
         # Define log for backwards compatibility. If just one argument is sent,
@@ -255,6 +279,17 @@ module Rails
           end
         end
 
+        # Surround string with single quotes if there is no quotes.
+        # Otherwise fall back to double quotes
+        def quote(value)
+          return value.inspect unless value.is_a? String
+
+          if value.include?("'")
+            value.inspect
+          else
+            "'#{value}'"
+          end
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/actions/create_migration.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/actions/create_migration.rb
index 9c3332927f..cffdef6ec9 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/actions/create_migration.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/actions/create_migration.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-require 'thor/actions/create_file'
+require 'thor/actions'
 
 module Rails
   module Generators
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ module Rails
 
         protected
 
-        def on_conflict_behavior(&block)
+        def on_conflict_behavior
           options = base.options.merge(config)
           if identical?
             say_status :identical, :blue, relative_existing_migration
@@ -48,14 +48,15 @@ module Rails
             say_status :create, :green
             unless pretend?
               ::FileUtils.rm_rf(existing_migration)
-              block.call
+              yield
             end
           elsif options[:skip]
             say_status :skip, :yellow
           else
             say_status :conflict, :red
             raise Error, "Another migration is already named #{migration_file_name}: " +
-                         "#{existing_migration}. Use --force to replace this migration file."
+              "#{existing_migration}. Use --force to replace this migration " +
+              "or --skip to ignore conflicted file."
           end
         end
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/app_base.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/app_base.rb
index b2ecc22294..56c9d3e354 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/app_base.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/app_base.rb
@@ -38,12 +38,13 @@ module Rails
         class_option :skip_keeps,         type: :boolean, default: false,
                                           desc: 'Skip source control .keep files'
 
+        class_option :skip_action_mailer, type: :boolean, aliases: "-M",
+                                          default: false,
+                                          desc: "Skip Action Mailer files"
+
         class_option :skip_active_record, type: :boolean, aliases: '-O', default: false,
                                           desc: 'Skip Active Record files'
 
-        class_option :skip_action_view,   type: :boolean, aliases: '-V', default: false,
-                                          desc: 'Skip Action View files'
-
         class_option :skip_sprockets,     type: :boolean, aliases: '-S', default: false,
                                           desc: 'Skip Sprockets files'
 
@@ -65,8 +66,11 @@ module Rails
         class_option :edge,               type: :boolean, default: false,
                                           desc: "Setup the #{name} with Gemfile pointing to Rails repository"
 
-        class_option :skip_test_unit,     type: :boolean, aliases: '-T', default: false,
-                                          desc: 'Skip Test::Unit files'
+        class_option :skip_turbolinks,    type: :boolean, default: false,
+                                          desc: 'Skip turbolinks gem'
+
+        class_option :skip_test,          type: :boolean, aliases: '-T', default: false,
+                                          desc: 'Skip test files'
 
         class_option :rc,                 type: :string, default: false,
                                           desc: "Path to file containing extra configuration options for rails command"
@@ -79,7 +83,6 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def initialize(*args)
-        @original_wd   = Dir.pwd
         @gem_filter    = lambda { |gem| true }
         @extra_entries = []
         super
@@ -105,14 +108,13 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def gemfile_entries
-        [ rails_gemfile_entry,
-          database_gemfile_entry,
-          assets_gemfile_entry,
-          javascript_gemfile_entry,
-          jbuilder_gemfile_entry,
-          sdoc_gemfile_entry,
-          spring_gemfile_entry,
-          @extra_entries].flatten.find_all(&@gem_filter)
+        [rails_gemfile_entry,
+         database_gemfile_entry,
+         assets_gemfile_entry,
+         javascript_gemfile_entry,
+         jbuilder_gemfile_entry,
+         psych_gemfile_entry,
+         @extra_entries].flatten.find_all(&@gem_filter)
       end
 
       def add_gem_entry_filter
@@ -124,7 +126,7 @@ module Rails
       def builder
         @builder ||= begin
           builder_class = get_builder_class
-          builder_class.send(:include, ActionMethods)
+          builder_class.include(ActionMethods)
           builder_class.new(self)
         end
       end
@@ -160,25 +162,38 @@ module Rails
 
       def database_gemfile_entry
         return [] if options[:skip_active_record]
-        GemfileEntry.version gem_for_database, nil,
+        gem_name, gem_version = gem_for_database
+        GemfileEntry.version gem_name, gem_version,
                             "Use #{options[:database]} as the database for Active Record"
       end
 
       def include_all_railties?
-        !options[:skip_active_record] && !options[:skip_action_view] && !options[:skip_test_unit] && !options[:skip_sprockets]
+        options.values_at(:skip_active_record, :skip_action_mailer, :skip_test, :skip_sprockets).none?
       end
 
       def comment_if(value)
         options[value] ? '# ' : ''
       end
 
+      def keeps?
+        !options[:skip_keeps]
+      end
+
+      def sqlite3?
+        !options[:skip_active_record] && options[:database] == 'sqlite3'
+      end
+
       class GemfileEntry < Struct.new(:name, :version, :comment, :options, :commented_out)
         def initialize(name, version, comment, options = {}, commented_out = false)
           super
         end
 
-        def self.github(name, github, comment = nil)
-          new(name, nil, comment, github: github)
+        def self.github(name, github, branch = nil, comment = nil)
+          if branch
+            new(name, nil, comment, github: github, branch: branch)
+          else
+            new(name, nil, comment, github: github)
+          end
         end
 
         def self.version(name, version, comment = nil)
@@ -189,18 +204,33 @@ module Rails
           new(name, nil, comment, path: path)
         end
 
-        def padding(max_width)
-          ' ' * (max_width - name.length + 2)
+        def version
+          version = super
+
+          if version.is_a?(Array)
+            version.join("', '")
+          else
+            version
+          end
         end
       end
 
       def rails_gemfile_entry
+        dev_edge_common = [
+            GemfileEntry.github('sprockets-rails', 'rails/sprockets-rails'),
+            GemfileEntry.github('sprockets', 'rails/sprockets'),
+            GemfileEntry.github('sass-rails', 'rails/sass-rails'),
+            GemfileEntry.github('arel', 'rails/arel'),
+            GemfileEntry.github('rack', 'rack/rack')
+          ]
         if options.dev?
-          [GemfileEntry.path('rails', Rails::Generators::RAILS_DEV_PATH),
-           GemfileEntry.github('arel', 'rails/arel')]
+          [
+            GemfileEntry.path('rails', Rails::Generators::RAILS_DEV_PATH)
+          ] + dev_edge_common
         elsif options.edge?
-          [GemfileEntry.github('rails', 'rails/rails'),
-           GemfileEntry.github('arel', 'rails/arel')]
+          [
+            GemfileEntry.github('rails', 'rails/rails')
+          ] + dev_edge_common
         else
           [GemfileEntry.version('rails',
                             Rails::VERSION::STRING,
@@ -211,16 +241,16 @@ module Rails
       def gem_for_database
         # %w( mysql oracle postgresql sqlite3 frontbase ibm_db sqlserver jdbcmysql jdbcsqlite3 jdbcpostgresql )
         case options[:database]
-        when "oracle"         then "ruby-oci8"
-        when "postgresql"     then "pg"
-        when "frontbase"      then "ruby-frontbase"
-        when "mysql"          then "mysql2"
-        when "sqlserver"      then "activerecord-sqlserver-adapter"
-        when "jdbcmysql"      then "activerecord-jdbcmysql-adapter"
-        when "jdbcsqlite3"    then "activerecord-jdbcsqlite3-adapter"
-        when "jdbcpostgresql" then "activerecord-jdbcpostgresql-adapter"
-        when "jdbc"           then "activerecord-jdbc-adapter"
-        else options[:database]
+        when "oracle"         then ["ruby-oci8", nil]
+        when "postgresql"     then ["pg", ["~> 0.18"]]
+        when "frontbase"      then ["ruby-frontbase", nil]
+        when "mysql"          then ["mysql2", [">= 0.3.18", "< 0.5"]]
+        when "sqlserver"      then ["activerecord-sqlserver-adapter", nil]
+        when "jdbcmysql"      then ["activerecord-jdbcmysql-adapter", nil]
+        when "jdbcsqlite3"    then ["activerecord-jdbcsqlite3-adapter", nil]
+        when "jdbcpostgresql" then ["activerecord-jdbcpostgresql-adapter", nil]
+        when "jdbc"           then ["activerecord-jdbc-adapter", nil]
+        else [options[:database], nil]
         end
       end
 
@@ -239,16 +269,6 @@ module Rails
         return [] if options[:skip_sprockets]
 
         gems = []
-        if options.dev? || options.edge?
-          gems << GemfileEntry.github('sprockets-rails', 'rails/sprockets-rails',
-                                    'Use edge version of sprockets-rails')
-          gems << GemfileEntry.github('sass-rails', 'rails/sass-rails',
-                                    'Use SCSS for stylesheets')
-        else
-          gems << GemfileEntry.version('sass-rails',
-                                     '~> 4.0.1',
-                                     'Use SCSS for stylesheets')
-        end
 
         gems << GemfileEntry.version('uglifier',
                                    '>= 1.3.0',
@@ -258,21 +278,18 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def jbuilder_gemfile_entry
+        return [] if options[:api]
+
         comment = 'Build JSON APIs with ease. Read more: https://github.com/rails/jbuilder'
         GemfileEntry.version('jbuilder', '~> 2.0', comment)
       end
 
-      def sdoc_gemfile_entry
-        comment = 'bundle exec rake doc:rails generates the API under doc/api.'
-        GemfileEntry.new('sdoc', '~> 0.4.0', comment, group: :doc)
-      end
-
       def coffee_gemfile_entry
-        comment = 'Use CoffeeScript for .js.coffee assets and views'
+        comment = 'Use CoffeeScript for .coffee assets and views'
         if options.dev? || options.edge?
-          GemfileEntry.github 'coffee-rails', 'rails/coffee-rails', comment
+          GemfileEntry.github 'coffee-rails', 'rails/coffee-rails', nil, comment
         else
-          GemfileEntry.version 'coffee-rails', '~> 4.0.0', comment
+          GemfileEntry.version 'coffee-rails', '~> 4.1.0', comment
         end
       end
 
@@ -282,16 +299,19 @@ module Rails
         else
           gems = [coffee_gemfile_entry, javascript_runtime_gemfile_entry]
           gems << GemfileEntry.version("#{options[:javascript]}-rails", nil,
-                                 "Use #{options[:javascript]} as the JavaScript library")
+                                       "Use #{options[:javascript]} as the JavaScript library")
+
+          unless options[:skip_turbolinks]
+            gems << GemfileEntry.version("turbolinks", nil,
+             "Turbolinks makes following links in your web application faster. Read more: https://github.com/rails/turbolinks")
+          end
 
-          gems << GemfileEntry.version("turbolinks", nil,
-            "Turbolinks makes following links in your web application faster. Read more: https://github.com/rails/turbolinks")
           gems
         end
       end
 
       def javascript_runtime_gemfile_entry
-        comment = 'See https://github.com/sstephenson/execjs#readme for more supported runtimes'
+        comment = 'See https://github.com/rails/execjs#readme for more supported runtimes'
         if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
           GemfileEntry.version 'therubyrhino', nil, comment
         else
@@ -299,10 +319,12 @@ module Rails
         end
       end
 
-      def spring_gemfile_entry
-        return [] unless spring_install?
-        comment = 'Spring speeds up development by keeping your application running in the background. Read more: https://github.com/rails/spring'
-        GemfileEntry.new('spring', nil, comment, group: :development)
+      def psych_gemfile_entry
+        return [] unless defined?(Rubinius)
+
+        comment = 'Use Psych as the YAML engine, instead of Syck, so serialized ' \
+                  'data can be read safely from different rubies (see http://git.io/uuLVag)'
+        GemfileEntry.new('psych', '~> 2.0', comment, platforms: :rbx)
       end
 
       def bundle_command(command)
@@ -313,10 +335,6 @@ module Rails
         # its own vendored Thor, which could be a different version. Running both
         # things in the same process is a recipe for a night with paracetamol.
         #
-        # We use backticks and #print here instead of vanilla #system because it
-        # is easier to silence stdout in the existing test suite this way. The
-        # end-user gets the bundler commands called anyway, so no big deal.
-        #
         # We unset temporary bundler variables to load proper bundler and Gemfile.
         #
         # Thanks to James Tucker for the Gem tricks involved in this call.
@@ -324,8 +342,12 @@ module Rails
 
         require 'bundler'
         Bundler.with_clean_env do
-          output = `"#{Gem.ruby}" "#{_bundle_command}" #{command}`
-          print output unless options[:quiet]
+          full_command = %Q["#{Gem.ruby}" "#{_bundle_command}" #{command}]
+          if options[:quiet]
+            system(full_command, out: File::NULL)
+          else
+            system(full_command)
+          end
         end
       end
 
@@ -334,7 +356,7 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def spring_install?
-        !options[:skip_spring] && Process.respond_to?(:fork)
+        !options[:skip_spring] && !options.dev? && Process.respond_to?(:fork) && !RUBY_PLATFORM.include?("cygwin")
       end
 
       def run_bundle
@@ -353,7 +375,7 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def keep_file(destination)
-        create_file("#{destination}/.keep") unless options[:skip_keeps]
+        create_file("#{destination}/.keep") if keeps?
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/base.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/base.rb
index 67bab96a22..c72ec400a0 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/base.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/base.rb
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ module Rails
       #
       # The first and last part used to find the generator to be invoked are
       # guessed based on class invokes hook_for, as noticed in the example above.
-      # This can be customized with two options: :base and :as.
+      # This can be customized with two options: :in and :as.
       #
       # Let's suppose you are creating a generator that needs to invoke the
       # controller generator from test unit. Your first attempt is:
@@ -103,12 +103,12 @@ module Rails
       #     hook_for :test_framework, as: :controller
       #   end
       #
-      # And now it will lookup at:
+      # And now it will look up at:
       #
       #   "test_unit:controller", "test_unit"
       #
-      # Similarly, if you want it to also lookup in the rails namespace, you just
-      # need to provide the :base value:
+      # Similarly, if you want it to also look up in the rails namespace, you
+      # just need to provide the :in value:
       #
       #   class AwesomeGenerator < Rails::Generators::Base
       #     hook_for :test_framework, in: :rails, as: :controller
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ module Rails
 
         # Use Rails default banner.
         def self.banner
-          "rails generate #{namespace.sub(/^rails:/,'')} #{self.arguments.map{ |a| a.usage }.join(' ')} [options]".gsub(/\s+/, ' ')
+          "rails generate #{namespace.sub(/^rails:/,'')} #{self.arguments.map(&:usage).join(' ')} [options]".gsub(/\s+/, ' ')
         end
 
         # Sets the base_name taking into account the current class namespace.
@@ -302,13 +302,13 @@ module Rails
           default_for_option(Rails::Generators.options, name, options, options[:default])
         end
 
-        # Return default aliases for the option name given doing a lookup in
+        # Returns default aliases for the option name given doing a lookup in
         # Rails::Generators.aliases.
         def self.default_aliases_for_option(name, options)
           default_for_option(Rails::Generators.aliases, name, options, options[:aliases])
         end
 
-        # Return default for the option name given doing a lookup in config.
+        # Returns default for the option name given doing a lookup in config.
         def self.default_for_option(config, name, options, default)
           if generator_name and c = config[generator_name.to_sym] and c.key?(name)
             c[name]
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb.rb
index cfd77097d5..0755ac335c 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ module Erb # :nodoc:
       protected
 
       def formats
-        format
+        [format]
       end
 
       def format
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ module Erb # :nodoc:
         :erb
       end
 
-      def filename_with_extensions(name, format)
+      def filename_with_extensions(name, format = self.format)
         [name, format, handler].compact.join(".")
       end
     end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/controller/controller_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/controller/controller_generator.rb
index e62aece7c5..94c1b835d1 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/controller/controller_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/controller/controller_generator.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ module Erb # :nodoc:
 
         actions.each do |action|
           @action = action
-          Array(formats).each do |format|
+          formats.each do |format|
             @path = File.join(base_path, filename_with_extensions(action, format))
             template filename_with_extensions(:view, format), @path
           end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/mailer_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/mailer_generator.rb
index 66b17bd10e..65563aa6db 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/mailer_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/mailer_generator.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,40 @@
-require 'rails/generators/erb/controller/controller_generator'
+require 'rails/generators/erb'
 
 module Erb # :nodoc:
   module Generators # :nodoc:
-    class MailerGenerator < ControllerGenerator # :nodoc:
+    class MailerGenerator < Base # :nodoc:
+      argument :actions, type: :array, default: [], banner: "method method"
+
+      def copy_view_files
+        view_base_path = File.join("app/views", class_path, file_name + '_mailer')
+        empty_directory view_base_path
+
+        if self.behavior == :invoke
+          formats.each do |format|
+            layout_path = File.join("app/views/layouts", filename_with_extensions("mailer", format))
+            template filename_with_extensions(:layout, format), layout_path
+          end
+        end
+
+        actions.each do |action|
+          @action = action
+
+          formats.each do |format|
+            @path = File.join(view_base_path, filename_with_extensions(action, format))
+            template filename_with_extensions(:view, format), @path
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
       protected
 
       def formats
         [:text, :html]
       end
+
+      def file_name
+        @_file_name ||= super.gsub(/\_mailer/i, '')
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/templates/layout.html.erb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/templates/layout.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..93110e74ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/templates/layout.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+<html>
+  <body>
+    <%%= yield %>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/templates/layout.text.erb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/templates/layout.text.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6363733e6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/templates/layout.text.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%%= yield %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/scaffold_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/scaffold_generator.rb
index b219f459ac..c94829a0ae 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/scaffold_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/scaffold_generator.rb
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ module Erb # :nodoc:
 
       def copy_view_files
         available_views.each do |view|
-          Array(formats).each do |format|
+          formats.each do |format|
             filename = filename_with_extensions(view, format)
             template filename, File.join("app/views", controller_file_path, filename)
           end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/_form.html.erb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/_form.html.erb
index 69c10efa47..519b6c8603 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/_form.html.erb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/_form.html.erb
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-<%%= form_for(@<%= singular_table_name %>) do |f| %>
-  <%% if @<%= singular_table_name %>.errors.any? %>
+<%%= form_for(<%= singular_table_name %>) do |f| %>
+  <%% if <%= singular_table_name %>.errors.any? %>
     <div id="error_explanation">
-      <h2><%%= pluralize(@<%= singular_table_name %>.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited this <%= singular_table_name %> from being saved:</h2>
+      <h2><%%= pluralize(<%= singular_table_name %>.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited this <%= singular_table_name %> from being saved:</h2>
 
       <ul>
-      <%% @<%= singular_table_name %>.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
-        <li><%%= msg %></li>
+      <%% <%= singular_table_name %>.errors.full_messages.each do |message| %>
+        <li><%%= message %></li>
       <%% end %>
       </ul>
     </div>
@@ -14,22 +14,19 @@
 <% attributes.each do |attribute| -%>
   <div class="field">
 <% if attribute.password_digest? -%>
-    <%%= f.label :password %><br>
+    <%%= f.label :password %>
     <%%= f.password_field :password %>
   </div>
-  <div>
-    <%%= f.label :password_confirmation %><br>
+
+  <div class="field">
+    <%%= f.label :password_confirmation %>
     <%%= f.password_field :password_confirmation %>
 <% else -%>
-  <%- if attribute.reference? -%>
-    <%%= f.label :<%= attribute.column_name %> %><br>
+    <%%= f.label :<%= attribute.column_name %> %>
     <%%= f.<%= attribute.field_type %> :<%= attribute.column_name %> %>
-  <%- else -%>
-    <%%= f.label :<%= attribute.name %> %><br>
-    <%%= f.<%= attribute.field_type %> :<%= attribute.name %> %>
-  <%- end -%>
 <% end -%>
   </div>
+
 <% end -%>
   <div class="actions">
     <%%= f.submit %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/edit.html.erb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/edit.html.erb
index e58b9fbd08..81329473d9 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/edit.html.erb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/edit.html.erb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-<h1>Editing <%= singular_table_name %></h1>
+<h1>Editing <%= singular_table_name.titleize %></h1>
 
-<%%= render 'form' %>
+<%%= render 'form', <%= singular_table_name %>: @<%= singular_table_name %> %>
 
 <%%= link_to 'Show', @<%= singular_table_name %> %> |
 <%%= link_to 'Back', <%= index_helper %>_path %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/index.html.erb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/index.html.erb
index 814d6fdb0e..5f4904fee1 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/index.html.erb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/index.html.erb
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-<h1>Listing <%= plural_table_name %></h1>
+<p id="notice"><%%= notice %></p>
+
+<h1><%= plural_table_name.titleize %></h1>
 
 <table>
   <thead>
@@ -26,4 +28,4 @@
 
 <br>
 
-<%%= link_to 'New <%= human_name %>', new_<%= singular_table_name %>_path %>
+<%%= link_to 'New <%= singular_table_name.titleize %>', new_<%= singular_table_name %>_path %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/new.html.erb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/new.html.erb
index 02ae4d015e..9b2b2f4875 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/new.html.erb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/new.html.erb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-<h1>New <%= singular_table_name %></h1>
+<h1>New <%= singular_table_name.titleize %></h1>
 
-<%%= render 'form' %>
+<%%= render 'form', <%= singular_table_name %>: @<%= singular_table_name %> %>
 
 <%%= link_to 'Back', <%= index_helper %>_path %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/generated_attribute.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/generated_attribute.rb
index 5e2784c4b0..8145a26e22 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/generated_attribute.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/generated_attribute.rb
@@ -44,8 +44,11 @@ module Rails
             return $1, limit: $2.to_i
           when /decimal\{(\d+)[,.-](\d+)\}/
             return :decimal, precision: $1.to_i, scale: $2.to_i
-          when /(references|belongs_to)\{polymorphic\}/
-            return $1, polymorphic: true
+          when /(references|belongs_to)\{(.+)\}/
+            type = $1
+            provided_options = $2.split(/[,.-]/)
+            options = Hash[provided_options.map { |opt| [opt.to_sym, true] }]
+            return type, options
           else
             return type, {}
           end
@@ -94,6 +97,10 @@ module Rails
         name.sub(/_id$/, '').pluralize
       end
 
+      def singular_name
+        name.sub(/_id$/, '').singularize
+      end
+
       def human_name
         name.humanize
       end
@@ -119,7 +126,11 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def polymorphic?
-        self.attr_options.has_key?(:polymorphic)
+        self.attr_options[:polymorphic]
+      end
+
+      def required?
+        self.attr_options[:required]
       end
 
       def has_index?
@@ -131,16 +142,33 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def password_digest?
-        name == 'password' && type == :digest 
+        name == 'password' && type == :digest
+      end
+
+      def token?
+        type == :token
       end
 
       def inject_options
-        "".tap { |s| @attr_options.each { |k,v| s << ", #{k}: #{v.inspect}" } }
+        "".tap { |s| options_for_migration.each { |k,v| s << ", #{k}: #{v.inspect}" } }
       end
 
       def inject_index_options
         has_uniq_index? ? ", unique: true" : ""
       end
+
+      def options_for_migration
+        @attr_options.dup.tap do |options|
+          if required?
+            options.delete(:required)
+            options[:null] = false
+          end
+
+          if reference? && !polymorphic?
+            options[:foreign_key] = true
+          end
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/migration.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/migration.rb
index cd388e590a..87f2e1d42b 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/migration.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/migration.rb
@@ -3,29 +3,29 @@ require 'rails/generators/actions/create_migration'
 
 module Rails
   module Generators
-    # Holds common methods for migrations. It assumes that migrations has the
-    # [0-9]*_name format and can be used by another frameworks (like Sequel)
+    # Holds common methods for migrations. It assumes that migrations have the
+    # [0-9]*_name format and can be used by other frameworks (like Sequel)
     # just by implementing the next migration version method.
     module Migration
       extend ActiveSupport::Concern
       attr_reader :migration_number, :migration_file_name, :migration_class_name
 
-      module ClassMethods
-        def migration_lookup_at(dirname) #:nodoc:
+      module ClassMethods #:nodoc:
+        def migration_lookup_at(dirname)
           Dir.glob("#{dirname}/[0-9]*_*.rb")
         end
 
-        def migration_exists?(dirname, file_name) #:nodoc:
+        def migration_exists?(dirname, file_name)
           migration_lookup_at(dirname).grep(/\d+_#{file_name}.rb$/).first
         end
 
-        def current_migration_number(dirname) #:nodoc:
+        def current_migration_number(dirname)
           migration_lookup_at(dirname).collect do |file|
             File.basename(file).split("_").first.to_i
           end.max.to_i
         end
 
-        def next_migration_number(dirname) #:nodoc:
+        def next_migration_number(dirname)
           raise NotImplementedError
         end
       end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/model_helpers.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/model_helpers.rb
index c4f45d344b..42c646543e 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/model_helpers.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/model_helpers.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ require 'rails/generators/active_model'
 module Rails
   module Generators
     module ModelHelpers # :nodoc:
-      PLURAL_MODEL_NAME_WARN_MESSAGE = "The model name '%s' was recognized as a plural, using the singular '%s'. " \
+      PLURAL_MODEL_NAME_WARN_MESSAGE = "[WARNING] The model name '%s' was recognized as a plural, using the singular '%s' instead. " \
                                        "Override with --force-plural or setup custom inflection rules for this noun before running the generator."
       mattr_accessor :skip_warn
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/named_base.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/named_base.rb
index 5a92ab3e95..243694f38e 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/named_base.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/named_base.rb
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ module Rails
         parse_attributes! if respond_to?(:attributes)
       end
 
-      # Defines the template that would be used for the migration file.
-      # The arguments include the source template file, the migration filename etc.
+      # Overrides <tt>Thor::Actions#template</tt> so it can tell if
+      # a template is currently being created.
       no_tasks do
         def template(source, *args, &block)
           inside_template do
@@ -30,7 +30,12 @@ module Rails
 
       protected
         attr_reader :file_name
-        alias :singular_name :file_name
+
+        # FIXME: We are avoiding to use alias because a bug on thor that make
+        # this method public and add it to the task list.
+        def singular_name
+          file_name
+        end
 
         # Wrap block with namespace of current application
         # if namespace exists and is not skipped
@@ -94,7 +99,7 @@ module Rails
         end
 
         def class_name
-          (class_path + [file_name]).map!{ |m| m.camelize }.join('::')
+          (class_path + [file_name]).map!(&:camelize).join('::')
         end
 
         def human_name
@@ -136,11 +141,15 @@ module Rails
           @plural_file_name ||= file_name.pluralize
         end
 
+        def fixture_file_name
+          @fixture_file_name ||= (pluralize_table_names? ? plural_file_name : file_name)
+        end
+
         def route_url
           @route_url ||= class_path.collect {|dname| "/" + dname }.join + "/" + plural_file_name
         end
 
-        # Tries to retrieve the application name or simple return application.
+        # Tries to retrieve the application name or simply return application.
         def application_name
           if defined?(Rails) && Rails.application
             Rails.application.class.name.split('::').first.underscore
@@ -151,7 +160,7 @@ module Rails
 
         def assign_names!(name) #:nodoc:
           @class_path = name.include?('/') ? name.split('/') : name.split('::')
-          @class_path.map! { |m| m.underscore }
+          @class_path.map!(&:underscore)
           @file_name = @class_path.pop
         end
 
@@ -174,6 +183,10 @@ module Rails
           !defined?(ActiveRecord::Base) || ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names
         end
 
+        def mountable_engine?
+          defined?(ENGINE_ROOT) && namespaced?
+        end
+
         # Add a class collisions name to be checked on class initialization. You
         # can supply a hash with a :prefix or :suffix to be tested.
         #
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator.rb
index 83cb1dc0d5..889154494d 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator.rb
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ module Rails
     end
 
     def readme
-      copy_file "README.rdoc", "README.rdoc"
+      copy_file "README.md", "README.md"
     end
 
     def gemfile
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ module Rails
     end
 
     def gitignore
-      copy_file "gitignore", ".gitignore"
+      template "gitignore", ".gitignore"
     end
 
     def app
@@ -86,6 +86,26 @@ module Rails
       end
     end
 
+    def config_when_updating
+      cookie_serializer_config_exist = File.exist?('config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb')
+      callback_terminator_config_exist = File.exist?('config/initializers/callback_terminator.rb')
+      active_record_belongs_to_required_by_default_config_exist = File.exist?('config/initializers/active_record_belongs_to_required_by_default.rb')
+
+      config
+
+      unless callback_terminator_config_exist
+        remove_file 'config/initializers/callback_terminator.rb'
+      end
+
+      unless cookie_serializer_config_exist
+        gsub_file 'config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb', /json/, 'marshal'
+      end
+
+      unless active_record_belongs_to_required_by_default_config_exist
+        remove_file 'config/initializers/active_record_belongs_to_required_by_default.rb'
+      end
+    end
+
     def database_yml
       template "config/databases/#{options[:database]}.yml", "config/database.yml"
     end
@@ -110,6 +130,7 @@ module Rails
 
     def test
       empty_directory_with_keep_file 'test/fixtures'
+      empty_directory_with_keep_file 'test/fixtures/files'
       empty_directory_with_keep_file 'test/controllers'
       empty_directory_with_keep_file 'test/mailers'
       empty_directory_with_keep_file 'test/models'
@@ -120,6 +141,7 @@ module Rails
     end
 
     def tmp
+      empty_directory_with_keep_file "tmp"
       empty_directory "tmp/cache"
       empty_directory "tmp/cache/assets"
     end
@@ -153,6 +175,9 @@ module Rails
       class_option :version, type: :boolean, aliases: "-v", group: :rails,
                              desc: "Show Rails version number and quit"
 
+      class_option :api, type: :boolean,
+                         desc: "Preconfigure smaller stack for API only apps"
+
       def initialize(*args)
         super
 
@@ -163,6 +188,10 @@ module Rails
         if !options[:skip_active_record] && !DATABASES.include?(options[:database])
           raise Error, "Invalid value for --database option. Supported for preconfiguration are: #{DATABASES.join(", ")}."
         end
+
+        # Force sprockets to be skipped when generating API only apps.
+        # Can't modify options hash as it's frozen by default.
+        self.options = options.merge(skip_sprockets: true, skip_javascript: true).freeze if options[:api]
       end
 
       public_task :set_default_accessors!
@@ -188,6 +217,11 @@ module Rails
         build(:config)
       end
 
+      def update_config_files
+        build(:config_when_updating)
+      end
+      remove_task :update_config_files
+
       def create_boot_file
         template "config/boot.rb"
       end
@@ -214,7 +248,7 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def create_test_files
-        build(:test) unless options[:skip_test_unit]
+        build(:test) unless options[:skip_test]
       end
 
       def create_tmp_files
@@ -225,12 +259,54 @@ module Rails
         build(:vendor)
       end
 
+      def delete_app_assets_if_api_option
+        if options[:api]
+          remove_dir 'app/assets'
+          remove_dir 'lib/assets'
+          remove_dir 'tmp/cache/assets'
+          remove_dir 'vendor/assets'
+        end
+      end
+
+      def delete_app_helpers_if_api_option
+        if options[:api]
+          remove_dir 'app/helpers'
+          remove_dir 'test/helpers'
+        end
+      end
+
+      def delete_app_views_if_api_option
+        if options[:api]
+          remove_dir 'app/views'
+        end
+      end
+
       def delete_js_folder_skipping_javascript
         if options[:skip_javascript]
           remove_dir 'app/assets/javascripts'
         end
       end
 
+      def delete_assets_initializer_skipping_sprockets
+        if options[:skip_sprockets]
+          remove_file 'config/initializers/assets.rb'
+        end
+      end
+
+      def delete_active_record_initializers_skipping_active_record
+        if options[:skip_active_record]
+          remove_file 'config/initializers/active_record_belongs_to_required_by_default.rb'
+        end
+      end
+
+      def delete_non_api_initializers_if_api_option
+        if options[:api]
+          remove_file 'config/initializers/session_store.rb'
+          remove_file 'config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb'
+          remove_file 'config/initializers/request_forgery_protection.rb'
+        end
+      end
+
       def finish_template
         build(:leftovers)
       end
@@ -238,6 +314,10 @@ module Rails
       public_task :apply_rails_template, :run_bundle
       public_task :generate_spring_binstubs
 
+      def run_after_bundle_callbacks
+        @after_bundle_callbacks.each(&:call)
+      end
+
     protected
 
       def self.banner
@@ -277,7 +357,9 @@ module Rails
         if app_const =~ /^\d/
           raise Error, "Invalid application name #{app_name}. Please give a name which does not start with numbers."
         elsif RESERVED_NAMES.include?(app_name)
-          raise Error, "Invalid application name #{app_name}. Please give a name which does not match one of the reserved rails words."
+          raise Error, "Invalid application name #{app_name}. Please give a " \
+                       "name which does not match one of the reserved rails " \
+                       "words: #{RESERVED_NAMES.join(", ")}"
         elsif Object.const_defined?(app_const_base)
           raise Error, "Invalid application name #{app_name}, constant #{app_const_base} is already in use. Please choose another application name."
         end
@@ -313,7 +395,7 @@ module Rails
     #
     # This class should be called before the AppGenerator is required and started
     # since it configures and mutates ARGV correctly.
-    class ARGVScrubber # :nodoc
+    class ARGVScrubber # :nodoc:
       def initialize(argv = ARGV)
         @argv = argv
       end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/Gemfile b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/Gemfile
index a9b6787894..2f7ffc055d 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/Gemfile
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/Gemfile
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 source 'https://rubygems.org'
 
-<% max_width = gemfile_entries.map { |g| g.name.length }.max -%>
 <% gemfile_entries.each do |gem| -%>
 <% if gem.comment -%>
 
@@ -8,7 +7,7 @@ source 'https://rubygems.org'
 <% end -%>
 <%= gem.commented_out ? '# ' : '' %>gem '<%= gem.name %>'<%= %(, '#{gem.version}') if gem.version -%>
 <% if gem.options.any? -%>
-,<%= gem.padding(max_width) %><%= gem.options.map { |k,v|
+, <%= gem.options.map { |k,v|
   "#{k}: #{v.inspect}" }.join(', ') %>
 <% end -%>
 <% end -%>
@@ -16,18 +15,41 @@ source 'https://rubygems.org'
 # Use ActiveModel has_secure_password
 # gem 'bcrypt', '~> 3.1.7'
 
-# Use unicorn as the app server
+# Use Unicorn as the app server
 # gem 'unicorn'
 
 # Use Capistrano for deployment
 # gem 'capistrano-rails', group: :development
 
-<% unless defined?(JRUBY_VERSION) -%>
-# Use debugger
-# gem 'debugger', group: [:development, :test]
+<%- if options.api? -%>
+# Use ActiveModelSerializers to serialize JSON responses
+gem 'active_model_serializers', '~> 0.10.0.rc2'
+
+# Use Rack CORS for handling Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS), making cross-origin AJAX possible
+# gem 'rack-cors'
+
+<%- end -%>
+<% if RUBY_ENGINE == 'ruby' -%>
+group :development, :test do
+  # Call 'byebug' anywhere in the code to stop execution and get a debugger console
+  gem 'byebug'
+end
+
+group :development do
+<%- unless options.api? -%>
+  # Access an IRB console on exception pages or by using <%%= console %> in views
+  <%- if options.dev? || options.edge? -%>
+  gem 'web-console', github: 'rails/web-console'
+  <%- else -%>
+  gem 'web-console', '~> 3.0'
+  <%- end -%>
+<%- end -%>
+<% if spring_install? -%>
+  # Spring speeds up development by keeping your application running in the background. Read more: https://github.com/rails/spring
+  gem 'spring'
+<% end -%>
+end
 <% end -%>
 
-<% if RUBY_PLATFORM.match(/bccwin|cygwin|emx|mingw|mswin|wince/) -%>
 # Windows does not include zoneinfo files, so bundle the tzinfo-data gem
-gem 'tzinfo-data', platforms: [:mingw, :mswin]
-<% end -%>
+gem 'tzinfo-data', platforms: [:mingw, :mswin, :x64_mingw, :jruby]
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/README.rdoc b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/README.md
index dd4e97e22e..55e144da18 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/README.rdoc
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/README.md
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-== README
+## README
 
 This README would normally document whatever steps are necessary to get the
 application up and running.
@@ -22,7 +22,3 @@ Things you may want to cover:
 * Deployment instructions
 
 * ...
-
-
-Please feel free to use a different markup language if you do not plan to run
-<tt>rake doc:app</tt>.
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/assets/config/manifest.js.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/assets/config/manifest.js.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f80631bac6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/assets/config/manifest.js.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+
+<% unless options.api? -%>
+//= link_tree ../images
+<% end -%>
+<% unless options.skip_javascript -%>
+//= link_directory ../javascripts .js
+<% end -%>
+//= link_directory ../stylesheets .css
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/assets/javascripts/application.js.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/assets/javascripts/application.js.tt
index 07ea09cdbd..c88426ec06 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/assets/javascripts/application.js.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/assets/javascripts/application.js.tt
@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@
 // listed below.
 //
 // Any JavaScript/Coffee file within this directory, lib/assets/javascripts, vendor/assets/javascripts,
-// or vendor/assets/javascripts of plugins, if any, can be referenced here using a relative path.
+// or any plugin's vendor/assets/javascripts directory can be referenced here using a relative path.
 //
 // It's not advisable to add code directly here, but if you do, it'll appear at the bottom of the
-// compiled file.
+// compiled file. JavaScript code in this file should be added after the last require_* statement.
 //
-// Read Sprockets README (https://github.com/sstephenson/sprockets#sprockets-directives) for details
+// Read Sprockets README (https://github.com/rails/sprockets#sprockets-directives) for details
 // about supported directives.
 //
 <% unless options[:skip_javascript] -%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css
index a443db3401..0ebd7fe829 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css
@@ -3,12 +3,12 @@
  * listed below.
  *
  * Any CSS and SCSS file within this directory, lib/assets/stylesheets, vendor/assets/stylesheets,
- * or vendor/assets/stylesheets of plugins, if any, can be referenced here using a relative path.
+ * or any plugin's vendor/assets/stylesheets directory can be referenced here using a relative path.
  *
  * You're free to add application-wide styles to this file and they'll appear at the bottom of the
- * compiled file so the styles you add here take precedence over styles defined in any styles
- * defined in the other CSS/SCSS files in this directory. It is generally better to create a new
- * file per style scope.
+ * compiled file so the styles you add here take precedence over styles defined in any other CSS/SCSS
+ * files in this directory. Styles in this file should be added after the last require_* statement.
+ * It is generally better to create a new file per style scope.
  *
  *= require_tree .
  *= require_self
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/controllers/application_controller.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/controllers/application_controller.rb.tt
index d83690e1b9..f726fd6305 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/controllers/application_controller.rb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/controllers/application_controller.rb.tt
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
-class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
+class ApplicationController < ActionController::<%= options[:api] ? "API" : "Base" %>
+<%- unless options[:api] -%>
   # Prevent CSRF attacks by raising an exception.
   # For APIs, you may want to use :null_session instead.
   protect_from_forgery with: :exception
+<%- end -%>
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/jobs/application_job.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/jobs/application_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a009ace51c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/jobs/application_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+class ApplicationJob < ActiveJob::Base
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb.tt
index 75ea52828e..8bb4440f55 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb.tt
@@ -1,23 +1,24 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
-<head>
-  <title><%= camelized %></title>
-  <%- if options[:skip_javascript] -%>
-  <%%= stylesheet_link_tag    'application', media: 'all' %>
-  <%- else -%>
-    <%- if gemfile_entries.any? { |m| m.name == 'turbolinks' } -%>
-  <%%= stylesheet_link_tag    'application', media: 'all', 'data-turbolinks-track' => true %>
-  <%%= javascript_include_tag 'application', 'data-turbolinks-track' => true %>
+  <head>
+    <title><%= camelized %></title>
+    <%- if options[:skip_javascript] -%>
+    <%%= stylesheet_link_tag    'application', media: 'all' %>
     <%- else -%>
-  <%%= stylesheet_link_tag    'application', media: 'all' %>
-  <%%= javascript_include_tag 'application' %>
+      <%- if gemfile_entries.any? { |m| m.name == 'turbolinks' } -%>
+    <%%= stylesheet_link_tag    'application', media: 'all', 'data-turbolinks-track' => true %>
+    <%%= javascript_include_tag 'application', 'data-turbolinks-track' => true %>
+      <%- else -%>
+    <%%= stylesheet_link_tag    'application', media: 'all' %>
+    <%%= javascript_include_tag 'application' %>
+      <%- end -%>
     <%- end -%>
-  <%- end -%>
-  <%%= csrf_meta_tags %>
-</head>
-<body>
+    <%%= csrf_meta_tags %>
+  </head>
 
-<%%= yield %>
+  <body>
 
-</body>
+    <%%= yield %>
+
+  </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/bin/rails b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/bin/rails
index 6a128b95e5..80ec8080ab 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/bin/rails
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/bin/rails
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-APP_PATH = File.expand_path('../../config/application',  __FILE__)
+APP_PATH = File.expand_path('../../config/application', __FILE__)
 require_relative '../config/boot'
 require 'rails/commands'
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/bin/setup b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/bin/setup
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0c8b179827
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/bin/setup
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+require 'pathname'
+require 'fileutils'
+include FileUtils
+
+# path to your application root.
+APP_ROOT = Pathname.new File.expand_path('../../', __FILE__)
+
+def system!(*args)
+  system(*args) || abort("\n== Command #{args} failed ==")
+end
+
+chdir APP_ROOT do
+  # This script is a starting point to setup your application.
+  # Add necessary setup steps to this file.
+
+  puts '== Installing dependencies =='
+  system! 'gem install bundler --conservative'
+  system('bundle check') or system!('bundle install')
+
+  # puts "\n== Copying sample files =="
+  # unless File.exist?('config/database.yml')
+  #   cp 'config/database.yml.sample', 'config/database.yml'
+  # end
+
+  puts "\n== Preparing database =="
+  system! 'ruby bin/rake db:setup'
+
+  puts "\n== Removing old logs and tempfiles =="
+  system! 'ruby bin/rake log:clear tmp:clear'
+
+  puts "\n== Restarting application server =="
+  system! 'ruby bin/rake restart'
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/bin/update b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/bin/update
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9830e6b29a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/bin/update
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+require 'pathname'
+require 'fileutils'
+include FileUtils
+
+# path to your application root.
+APP_ROOT = Pathname.new File.expand_path('../../', __FILE__)
+
+def system!(*args)
+  system(*args) || abort("\n== Command #{args} failed ==")
+end
+
+chdir APP_ROOT do
+  # This script is a way to update your development environment automatically.
+  # Add necessary update steps to this file.
+
+  puts '== Installing dependencies =='
+  system! 'gem install bundler --conservative'
+  system 'bundle check' or system! 'bundle install'
+
+  puts "\n== Updating database =="
+  system! 'bin/rake db:migrate'
+
+  puts "\n== Removing old logs and tempfiles =="
+  system! 'bin/rake log:clear tmp:clear'
+
+  puts "\n== Restarting application server =="
+  system! 'bin/rake restart'
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config.ru b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config.ru
index 5bc2a619e8..bd83b25412 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config.ru
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config.ru
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 # This file is used by Rack-based servers to start the application.
 
-require ::File.expand_path('../config/environment',  __FILE__)
+require ::File.expand_path('../config/environment', __FILE__)
 run Rails.application
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/application.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/application.rb
index 16fe50bab8..ddd0fcade1 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/application.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/application.rb
@@ -3,14 +3,16 @@ require File.expand_path('../boot', __FILE__)
 <% if include_all_railties? -%>
 require 'rails/all'
 <% else -%>
+require "rails"
 # Pick the frameworks you want:
 require "active_model/railtie"
+require "active_job/railtie"
 <%= comment_if :skip_active_record %>require "active_record/railtie"
 require "action_controller/railtie"
-require "action_mailer/railtie"
-<%= comment_if :skip_action_view %>require "action_view/railtie"
+<%= comment_if :skip_action_mailer %>require "action_mailer/railtie"
+require "action_view/railtie"
 <%= comment_if :skip_sprockets %>require "sprockets/railtie"
-<%= comment_if :skip_test_unit %>require "rails/test_unit/railtie"
+<%= comment_if :skip_test %>require "rails/test_unit/railtie"
 <% end -%>
 
 # Require the gems listed in Gemfile, including any gems
@@ -24,11 +26,18 @@ module <%= app_const_base %>
     # -- all .rb files in that directory are automatically loaded.
 
     # Set Time.zone default to the specified zone and make Active Record auto-convert to this zone.
-    # Run "rake -D time" for a list of tasks for finding time zone names. Default is UTC.
+    # Run "rake time:zones:all" for a time zone names list. Default is UTC.
     # config.time_zone = 'Central Time (US & Canada)'
 
     # The default locale is :en and all translations from config/locales/*.rb,yml are auto loaded.
     # config.i18n.load_path += Dir[Rails.root.join('my', 'locales', '*.{rb,yml}').to_s]
     # config.i18n.default_locale = :de
+<%- if options[:api] -%>
+
+    # Only loads a smaller set of middleware suitable for API only apps.
+    # Middleware like session, flash, cookies can be added back manually.
+    # Skip views, helpers and assets when generating a new resource.
+    config.api_only = true
+<%- end -%>
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/boot.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/boot.rb
index 5e5f0c1fac..6b750f00b1 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/boot.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/boot.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# Set up gems listed in the Gemfile.
 ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'] ||= File.expand_path('../../Gemfile', __FILE__)
 
-require 'bundler/setup' if File.exist?(ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'])
+require 'bundler/setup' # Set up gems listed in the Gemfile.
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/frontbase.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/frontbase.yml
index 138e3a8664..34fc0e3465 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/frontbase.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/frontbase.yml
@@ -23,7 +23,27 @@ test:
   <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_test
 
-# Do not keep production credentials in the repository,
-# instead read the configuration from the environment.
+# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
+# ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
+#
+# Instead, provide the password as a unix environment variable when you boot
+# the app. Read http://guides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#configuring-a-database
+# for a full rundown on how to provide these environment variables in a
+# production deployment.
+#
+# On Heroku and other platform providers, you may have a full connection URL
+# available as an environment variable. For example:
+#
+#   DATABASE_URL="frontbase://myuser:mypass@localhost/somedatabase"
+#
+# You can use this database configuration with:
+#
+#   production:
+#     url: <%%= ENV['DATABASE_URL'] %>
+#
 production:
-  url: <%%= ENV["DATABASE_URL"] %>
+  <<: *default
+  database: <%= app_name %>_production
+  username: <%= app_name %>
+  password: <%%= ENV['<%= app_name.upcase %>_DATABASE_PASSWORD'] %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/ibm_db.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/ibm_db.yml
index 2cdb592eeb..187ff01bac 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/ibm_db.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/ibm_db.yml
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # IBM Dataservers
 #
 # Home Page
-#   http://rubyforge.org/projects/rubyibm/
+#   https://github.com/dparnell/ibm_db
 #
 # To install the ibm_db gem:
 #
@@ -31,8 +31,6 @@
 # Configure Using Gemfile
 # gem 'ibm_db'
 #
-# For more details on the installation and the connection parameters below,
-# please refer to the latest documents at http://rubyforge.org/docman/?group_id=2361
 #
 default: &default
   adapter: ibm_db
@@ -61,7 +59,27 @@ test:
   <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name[0,4] %>_tst
 
-# Do not keep production credentials in the repository,
-# instead read the configuration from the environment.
+# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
+# ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
+#
+# Instead, provide the password as a unix environment variable when you boot
+# the app. Read http://guides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#configuring-a-database
+# for a full rundown on how to provide these environment variables in a
+# production deployment.
+#
+# On Heroku and other platform providers, you may have a full connection URL
+# available as an environment variable. For example:
+#
+#   DATABASE_URL="ibm-db://myuser:mypass@localhost/somedatabase"
+#
+# You can use this database configuration with:
+#
+#   production:
+#     url: <%%= ENV['DATABASE_URL'] %>
+#
 production:
-  url: <%%= ENV["DATABASE_URL"] %>
+  <<: *default
+  database: <%= app_name %>_production
+  username: <%= app_name %>
+  password: <%%= ENV['<%= app_name.upcase %>_DATABASE_PASSWORD'] %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbc.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbc.yml
index cefd30d519..db0a429753 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbc.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbc.yml
@@ -53,7 +53,16 @@ test:
   <<: *default
   url: jdbc:db://localhost/<%= app_name %>_test
 
-# Do not keep production credentials in the repository,
-# instead read the configuration from the environment.
+# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
+# ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
+#
+# Instead, provide the password as a unix environment variable when you boot
+# the app. Read http://guides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#configuring-a-database
+# for a full rundown on how to provide these environment variables in a
+# production deployment.
+#
 production:
-  url: <%%= ENV["DATABASE_URL"] %>
+  url: jdbc:db://localhost/<%= app_name %>_production
+  username: <%= app_name %>
+  password: <%%= ENV['<%= app_name.upcase %>_DATABASE_PASSWORD'] %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcmysql.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcmysql.yml
index d31761349c..5ca549a8c8 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcmysql.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcmysql.yml
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 # gem 'activerecord-jdbcmysql-adapter'
 #
 # And be sure to use new-style password hashing:
-#   http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/old-client.html
+#   http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/old-client.html
 #
 default: &default
   adapter: mysql
@@ -26,6 +26,27 @@ test:
   <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_test
 
-# Do not keep production credentials in the repository,
-# instead read the configuration from the environment.
-production: <%%= ENV["DATABASE_URL"] %>
+# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
+# ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
+#
+# Instead, provide the password as a unix environment variable when you boot
+# the app. Read http://guides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#configuring-a-database
+# for a full rundown on how to provide these environment variables in a
+# production deployment.
+#
+# On Heroku and other platform providers, you may have a full connection URL
+# available as an environment variable. For example:
+#
+#   DATABASE_URL="mysql://myuser:mypass@localhost/somedatabase"
+#
+# You can use this database configuration with:
+#
+#   production:
+#     url: <%%= ENV['DATABASE_URL'] %>
+#
+production:
+  <<: *default
+  database: <%= app_name %>_production
+  username: <%= app_name %>
+  password: <%%= ENV['<%= app_name.upcase %>_DATABASE_PASSWORD'] %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcpostgresql.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcpostgresql.yml
index 0d248dc197..9e99264d33 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcpostgresql.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcpostgresql.yml
@@ -42,7 +42,27 @@ test:
   <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_test
 
-# Do not keep production credentials in the repository,
-# instead read the configuration from the environment.
+# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
+# ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
+#
+# Instead, provide the password as a unix environment variable when you boot
+# the app. Read http://guides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#configuring-a-database
+# for a full rundown on how to provide these environment variables in a
+# production deployment.
+#
+# On Heroku and other platform providers, you may have a full connection URL
+# available as an environment variable. For example:
+#
+#   DATABASE_URL="postgres://myuser:mypass@localhost/somedatabase"
+#
+# You can use this database configuration with:
+#
+#   production:
+#     url: <%%= ENV['DATABASE_URL'] %>
+#
 production:
-  url: <%%= ENV["DATABASE_URL"] %>
+  <<: *default
+  database: <%= app_name %>_production
+  username: <%= app_name %>
+  password: <%%= ENV['<%= app_name.upcase %>_DATABASE_PASSWORD'] %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcsqlite3.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcsqlite3.yml
index 66eba3bf0d..28c36eb82f 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcsqlite3.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcsqlite3.yml
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ test:
   <<: *default
   database: db/test.sqlite3
 
-# Do not keep production credentials in the repository,
-# instead read the configuration from the environment.
 production:
-  url: <%%= ENV["DATABASE_URL"] %>
+  <<: *default
+  database: db/production.sqlite3
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/mysql.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/mysql.yml
index d618fc28a6..119c2fe2c3 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/mysql.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/mysql.yml
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 # MySQL.  Versions 5.0+ are recommended.
 #
-# Install the MYSQL driver
+# Install the MySQL driver
 #   gem install mysql2
 #
 # Ensure the MySQL gem is defined in your Gemfile
 #   gem 'mysql2'
 #
 # And be sure to use new-style password hashing:
-#   http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/old-client.html
+#   http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/old-client.html
 #
 default: &default
   adapter: mysql2
@@ -32,11 +32,27 @@ test:
   <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_test
 
-# Avoid production credentials in the repository,
-# instead read the configuration from the environment.
+# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
+# ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
 #
-# Example:
-#   mysql2://myuser:mypass@localhost/somedatabase
+# Instead, provide the password as a unix environment variable when you boot
+# the app. Read http://guides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#configuring-a-database
+# for a full rundown on how to provide these environment variables in a
+# production deployment.
+#
+# On Heroku and other platform providers, you may have a full connection URL
+# available as an environment variable. For example:
+#
+#   DATABASE_URL="mysql2://myuser:mypass@localhost/somedatabase"
+#
+# You can use this database configuration with:
+#
+#   production:
+#     url: <%%= ENV['DATABASE_URL'] %>
 #
 production:
-  url: <%%= ENV["DATABASE_URL"] %>
+  <<: *default
+  database: <%= app_name %>_production
+  username: <%= app_name %>
+  password: <%%= ENV['<%= app_name.upcase %>_DATABASE_PASSWORD'] %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/oracle.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/oracle.yml
index d469ec0f99..9aedcc15cb 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/oracle.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/oracle.yml
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # Oracle/OCI 8i, 9, 10g
 #
 # Requires Ruby/OCI8:
-#  http://rubyforge.org/projects/ruby-oci8/
+#  https://github.com/kubo/ruby-oci8
 #
 # Specify your database using any valid connection syntax, such as a
 # tnsnames.ora service name, or an SQL connect string of the form:
@@ -32,7 +32,27 @@ test:
   <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_test
 
-# Do not keep production credentials in the repository,
-# instead read the configuration from the environment.
+# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
+# ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
+#
+# Instead, provide the password as a unix environment variable when you boot
+# the app. Read http://guides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#configuring-a-database
+# for a full rundown on how to provide these environment variables in a
+# production deployment.
+#
+# On Heroku and other platform providers, you may have a full connection URL
+# available as an environment variable. For example:
+#
+#   DATABASE_URL="oracle://myuser:mypass@localhost/somedatabase"
+#
+# You can use this database configuration with:
+#
+#   production:
+#     url: <%%= ENV['DATABASE_URL'] %>
+#
 production:
-  url: <%%= ENV["DATABASE_URL"] %>
+  <<: *default
+  database: <%= app_name %>_production
+  username: <%= app_name %>
+  password: <%%= ENV['<%= app_name.upcase %>_DATABASE_PASSWORD'] %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/postgresql.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/postgresql.yml
index 93f48656b2..feb25bbc6b 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/postgresql.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/postgresql.yml
@@ -59,11 +59,27 @@ test:
   <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_test
 
-# Do not keep production credentials in the repository,
-# instead read the configuration from the environment.
+# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
+# ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
 #
-# Example:
-#   postgres://myuser:mypass@localhost/somedatabase
+# Instead, provide the password as a unix environment variable when you boot
+# the app. Read http://guides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#configuring-a-database
+# for a full rundown on how to provide these environment variables in a
+# production deployment.
+#
+# On Heroku and other platform providers, you may have a full connection URL
+# available as an environment variable. For example:
+#
+#   DATABASE_URL="postgres://myuser:mypass@localhost/somedatabase"
+#
+# You can use this database configuration with:
+#
+#   production:
+#     url: <%%= ENV['DATABASE_URL'] %>
 #
 production:
-  url: <%%= ENV["DATABASE_URL"] %>
+  <<: *default
+  database: <%= app_name %>_production
+  username: <%= app_name %>
+  password: <%%= ENV['<%= app_name.upcase %>_DATABASE_PASSWORD'] %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/sqlite3.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/sqlite3.yml
index 7312ddb6cd..1c1a37ca8d 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/sqlite3.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/sqlite3.yml
@@ -20,11 +20,6 @@ test:
   <<: *default
   database: db/test.sqlite3
 
-# Do not keep production credentials in the repository,
-# instead read the configuration from the environment.
-#
-# Example:
-#   sqlite3://myuser:mypass@localhost/full/path/to/somedatabase
-#
 production:
-  url: <%%= ENV["DATABASE_URL"] %>
+  <<: *default
+  database: db/production.sqlite3
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/sqlserver.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/sqlserver.yml
index aa960e493e..30b0df34a8 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/sqlserver.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/sqlserver.yml
@@ -42,7 +42,27 @@ test:
   <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_test
 
-# Do not keep production credentials in the repository,
-# instead read the configuration from the environment.
+# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
+# ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
+#
+# Instead, provide the password as a unix environment variable when you boot
+# the app. Read http://guides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#configuring-a-database
+# for a full rundown on how to provide these environment variables in a
+# production deployment.
+#
+# On Heroku and other platform providers, you may have a full connection URL
+# available as an environment variable. For example:
+#
+#   DATABASE_URL="sqlserver://myuser:mypass@localhost/somedatabase"
+#
+# You can use this database configuration with:
+#
+#   production:
+#     url: <%%= ENV['DATABASE_URL'] %>
+#
 production:
-  url: <%%= ENV["DATABASE_URL"] %>
+  <<: *default
+  database: <%= app_name %>_production
+  username: <%= app_name %>
+  password: <%%= ENV['<%= app_name.upcase %>_DATABASE_PASSWORD'] %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/development.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/development.rb.tt
index de12565a73..65c6aeb694 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/development.rb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/development.rb.tt
@@ -9,12 +9,25 @@ Rails.application.configure do
   # Do not eager load code on boot.
   config.eager_load = false
 
-  # Show full error reports and disable caching.
+  # Show full error reports.
   config.consider_all_requests_local       = true
-  config.action_controller.perform_caching = false
+
+  # Enable/disable caching. By default caching is disabled.
+  if Rails.root.join('tmp/caching-dev.txt').exist?
+    config.action_controller.perform_caching = true
+    config.cache_store = :memory_store
+    config.public_file_server.headers = {
+      'Cache-Control' => 'public, max-age=172800'
+    }
+  else
+    config.action_controller.perform_caching = false
+    config.cache_store = :null_store
+  end
+  <%- unless options.skip_action_mailer? -%>
 
   # Don't care if the mailer can't send.
   config.action_mailer.raise_delivery_errors = false
+  <%- end -%>
 
   # Print deprecation notices to the Rails logger.
   config.active_support.deprecation = :log
@@ -30,6 +43,10 @@ Rails.application.configure do
   # number of complex assets.
   config.assets.debug = true
 
+  # Asset digests allow you to set far-future HTTP expiration dates on all assets,
+  # yet still be able to expire them through the digest params.
+  config.assets.digest = true
+
   # Adds additional error checking when serving assets at runtime.
   # Checks for improperly declared sprockets dependencies.
   # Raises helpful error messages.
@@ -38,4 +55,8 @@ Rails.application.configure do
 
   # Raises error for missing translations
   # config.action_view.raise_on_missing_translations = true
+
+  # Use an evented file watcher to asynchronously detect changes in source code,
+  # routes, locales, etc. This feature depends on the listen gem.
+  # config.file_watcher = ActiveSupport::EventedFileUpdateChecker
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/production.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/production.rb.tt
index b789ed9a94..a5302550fa 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/production.rb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/production.rb.tt
@@ -14,13 +14,9 @@ Rails.application.configure do
   config.consider_all_requests_local       = false
   config.action_controller.perform_caching = true
 
-  # Enable Rack::Cache to put a simple HTTP cache in front of your application
-  # Add `rack-cache` to your Gemfile before enabling this.
-  # For large-scale production use, consider using a caching reverse proxy like nginx, varnish or squid.
-  # config.action_dispatch.rack_cache = true
-
-  # Disable Rails's static asset server (Apache or nginx will already do this).
-  config.serve_static_assets = false
+  # Disable serving static files from the `/public` folder by default since
+  # Apache or NGINX already handles this.
+  config.public_file_server.enabled = ENV['RAILS_SERVE_STATIC_FILES'].present?
 
   <%- unless options.skip_sprockets? -%>
   # Compress JavaScripts and CSS.
@@ -30,42 +26,46 @@ Rails.application.configure do
   # Do not fallback to assets pipeline if a precompiled asset is missed.
   config.assets.compile = false
 
-  # Generate digests for assets URLs.
+  # Asset digests allow you to set far-future HTTP expiration dates on all assets,
+  # yet still be able to expire them through the digest params.
   config.assets.digest = true
 
-  # Version of your assets, change this if you want to expire all your assets.
-  config.assets.version = '1.0'
-
-  # Precompile additional assets.
-  # application.js, application.css, and all non-JS/CSS in app/assets folder are already added.
-  # config.assets.precompile += %w( search.js )
+  # `config.assets.precompile` and `config.assets.version` have moved to config/initializers/assets.rb
   <%- end -%>
 
+  # Enable serving of images, stylesheets, and JavaScripts from an asset server.
+  # config.action_controller.asset_host = 'http://assets.example.com'
+
   # Specifies the header that your server uses for sending files.
-  # config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = "X-Sendfile" # for apache
-  # config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = 'X-Accel-Redirect' # for nginx
+  # config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = 'X-Sendfile' # for Apache
+  # config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = 'X-Accel-Redirect' # for NGINX
 
   # Force all access to the app over SSL, use Strict-Transport-Security, and use secure cookies.
   # config.force_ssl = true
 
-  # Set to :debug to see everything in the log.
-  config.log_level = :info
+  # Use the lowest log level to ensure availability of diagnostic information
+  # when problems arise.
+  config.log_level = :debug
 
   # Prepend all log lines with the following tags.
-  # config.log_tags = [ :subdomain, :uuid ]
+  # config.log_tags = [ :subdomain, :request_id ]
 
   # Use a different logger for distributed setups.
-  # config.logger = ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging.new(SyslogLogger.new)
+  # require 'syslog/logger'
+  # config.logger = ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging.new(Syslog::Logger.new 'app-name')
 
   # Use a different cache store in production.
   # config.cache_store = :mem_cache_store
 
-  # Enable serving of images, stylesheets, and JavaScripts from an asset server.
-  # config.action_controller.asset_host = "http://assets.example.com"
+  # Use a real queuing backend for Active Job (and separate queues per environment)
+  # config.active_job.queue_adapter     = :resque
+  # config.active_job.queue_name_prefix = "<%= app_name %>_#{Rails.env}"
+  <%- unless options.skip_action_mailer? -%>
 
   # Ignore bad email addresses and do not raise email delivery errors.
   # Set this to true and configure the email server for immediate delivery to raise delivery errors.
   # config.action_mailer.raise_delivery_errors = false
+  <%- end -%>
 
   # Enable locale fallbacks for I18n (makes lookups for any locale fall back to
   # the I18n.default_locale when a translation cannot be found).
@@ -74,9 +74,6 @@ Rails.application.configure do
   # Send deprecation notices to registered listeners.
   config.active_support.deprecation = :notify
 
-  # Disable automatic flushing of the log to improve performance.
-  # config.autoflush_log = false
-
   # Use default logging formatter so that PID and timestamp are not suppressed.
   config.log_formatter = ::Logger::Formatter.new
   <%- unless options.skip_active_record? -%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/test.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/test.rb.tt
index 053f5b66d7..8133917591 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/test.rb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/test.rb.tt
@@ -12,9 +12,11 @@ Rails.application.configure do
   # preloads Rails for running tests, you may have to set it to true.
   config.eager_load = false
 
-  # Configure static asset server for tests with Cache-Control for performance.
-  config.serve_static_assets  = true
-  config.static_cache_control = 'public, max-age=3600'
+  # Configure public file server for tests with Cache-Control for performance.
+  config.public_file_server.enabled = true
+  config.public_file_server.headers = {
+    'Cache-Control' => 'public, max-age=3600'
+  }
 
   # Show full error reports and disable caching.
   config.consider_all_requests_local       = true
@@ -25,11 +27,16 @@ Rails.application.configure do
 
   # Disable request forgery protection in test environment.
   config.action_controller.allow_forgery_protection = false
+  <%- unless options.skip_action_mailer? -%>
 
   # Tell Action Mailer not to deliver emails to the real world.
   # The :test delivery method accumulates sent emails in the
   # ActionMailer::Base.deliveries array.
   config.action_mailer.delivery_method = :test
+  <%- end -%>
+
+  # Randomize the order test cases are executed.
+  config.active_support.test_order = :random
 
   # Print deprecation notices to the stderr.
   config.active_support.deprecation = :stderr
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/active_record_belongs_to_required_by_default.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/active_record_belongs_to_required_by_default.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..30c4f89792
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/active_record_belongs_to_required_by_default.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
+
+# Require `belongs_to` associations by default.
+Rails.application.config.active_record.belongs_to_required_by_default = true
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/application_controller_renderer.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/application_controller_renderer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ea930f54da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/application_controller_renderer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+## Change renderer defaults here.
+#
+# ApplicationController.renderer.defaults.merge!(
+#   http_host: 'example.org',
+#   https: false
+# )
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/assets.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/assets.rb.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..01ef3e6630
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/assets.rb.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
+
+# Version of your assets, change this if you want to expire all your assets.
+Rails.application.config.assets.version = '1.0'
+
+# Add additional assets to the asset load path
+# Rails.application.config.assets.paths << Emoji.images_path
+
+# Precompile additional assets.
+# application.js, application.css, and all non-JS/CSS in app/assets folder are already added.
+# Rails.application.config.assets.precompile += %w( search.js )
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/callback_terminator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/callback_terminator.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a70a1b9cde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/callback_terminator.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
+
+# Do not halt callback chains when a callback returns false.
+ActiveSupport.halt_callback_chains_on_return_false = false
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb
index 7a06a89f0f..7f70458dee 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 # Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
 
-Rails.application.config.action_dispatch.cookies_serializer = :json
\ No newline at end of file
+Rails.application.config.action_dispatch.cookies_serializer = :json
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/cors.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/cors.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3b1c1b5ed1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/cors.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
+
+# Avoid CORS issues when API is called from the frontend app.
+# Handle Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS) in order to accept cross-origin AJAX requests.
+
+# Read more: https://github.com/cyu/rack-cors
+
+# Rails.application.config.middleware.insert_before 0, Rack::Cors do
+#   allow do
+#     origins 'example.com'
+#
+#     resource '*',
+#       headers: :any,
+#       methods: [:get, :post, :put, :patch, :delete, :options, :head]
+#   end
+# end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/mime_types.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/mime_types.rb
index 72aca7e441..dc1899682b 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/mime_types.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/mime_types.rb
@@ -2,4 +2,3 @@
 
 # Add new mime types for use in respond_to blocks:
 # Mime::Type.register "text/richtext", :rtf
-# Mime::Type.register_alias "text/html", :iphone
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/request_forgery_protection.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/request_forgery_protection.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3eab78a885
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/request_forgery_protection.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
+
+# Enable origin-checking CSRF mitigation.
+Rails.application.config.action_controller.forgery_protection_origin_check = true
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb.tt
index f2110c2c70..cadc85cfac 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb.tt
@@ -5,12 +5,12 @@
 
 # Enable parameter wrapping for JSON. You can disable this by setting :format to an empty array.
 ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_controller) do
-  wrap_parameters format: [:json] if respond_to?(:wrap_parameters)
+  wrap_parameters format: [:json]
 end
 <%- unless options.skip_active_record? -%>
 
 # To enable root element in JSON for ActiveRecord objects.
 # ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
-#  self.include_root_in_json = true
+#   self.include_root_in_json = true
 # end
 <%- end -%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/routes.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/routes.rb
index 3f66539d54..787824f888 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/routes.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/routes.rb
@@ -1,56 +1,3 @@
 Rails.application.routes.draw do
-  # The priority is based upon order of creation: first created -> highest priority.
-  # See how all your routes lay out with "rake routes".
-
-  # You can have the root of your site routed with "root"
-  # root 'welcome#index'
-
-  # Example of regular route:
-  #   get 'products/:id' => 'catalog#view'
-
-  # Example of named route that can be invoked with purchase_url(id: product.id)
-  #   get 'products/:id/purchase' => 'catalog#purchase', as: :purchase
-
-  # Example resource route (maps HTTP verbs to controller actions automatically):
-  #   resources :products
-
-  # Example resource route with options:
-  #   resources :products do
-  #     member do
-  #       get 'short'
-  #       post 'toggle'
-  #     end
-  #
-  #     collection do
-  #       get 'sold'
-  #     end
-  #   end
-
-  # Example resource route with sub-resources:
-  #   resources :products do
-  #     resources :comments, :sales
-  #     resource :seller
-  #   end
-
-  # Example resource route with more complex sub-resources:
-  #   resources :products do
-  #     resources :comments
-  #     resources :sales do
-  #       get 'recent', on: :collection
-  #     end
-  #   end
-
-  # Example resource route with concerns:
-  #   concern :toggleable do
-  #     post 'toggle'
-  #   end
-  #   resources :posts, concerns: :toggleable
-  #   resources :photos, concerns: :toggleable
-
-  # Example resource route within a namespace:
-  #   namespace :admin do
-  #     # Directs /admin/products/* to Admin::ProductsController
-  #     # (app/controllers/admin/products_controller.rb)
-  #     resources :products
-  #   end
+  # For details on the DSL available within this file, see http://guides.rubyonrails.org/routing.html
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/db/seeds.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/db/seeds.rb.tt
index 4edb1e857e..1a289be5e8 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/db/seeds.rb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/db/seeds.rb.tt
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@
 #
 # Examples:
 #
-#   cities = City.create([{ name: 'Chicago' }, { name: 'Copenhagen' }])
-#   Mayor.create(name: 'Emanuel', city: cities.first)
+#   movies = Movie.create([{ name: 'Star Wars' }, { name: 'Lord of the Rings' }])
+#   Character.create(name: 'Luke', movie: movies.first)
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/gitignore b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/gitignore
index 6a502e997f..1b8cf8a9fa 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/gitignore
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/gitignore
@@ -7,10 +7,16 @@
 # Ignore bundler config.
 /.bundle
 
+<% if sqlite3? -%>
 # Ignore the default SQLite database.
 /db/*.sqlite3
 /db/*.sqlite3-journal
 
+<% end -%>
 # Ignore all logfiles and tempfiles.
-/log/*.log
-/tmp
+/log/*
+/tmp/*
+<% if keeps? -%>
+!/log/.keep
+!/tmp/.keep
+<% end -%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/test/test_helper.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/test/test_helper.rb
index 6b011e577a..87b8fe3516 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/test/test_helper.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/test/test_helper.rb
@@ -5,9 +5,6 @@ require 'rails/test_help'
 class ActiveSupport::TestCase
 <% unless options[:skip_active_record] -%>
   # Setup all fixtures in test/fixtures/*.yml for all tests in alphabetical order.
-  #
-  # Note: You'll currently still have to declare fixtures explicitly in integration tests
-  # -- they do not yet inherit this setting
   fixtures :all
 
 <% end -%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/controller/USAGE b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/controller/USAGE
index de33900e0a..64239ad599 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/controller/USAGE
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/controller/USAGE
@@ -16,4 +16,3 @@ Example:
         Test:       test/controllers/credit_cards_controller_test.rb
         Views:      app/views/credit_cards/debit.html.erb [...]
         Helper:     app/helpers/credit_cards_helper.rb
-        Test:       test/helpers/credit_cards_helper_test.rb
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/controller/controller_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/controller/controller_generator.rb
index 33a0d81bf6..0a4c509a31 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/controller/controller_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/controller/controller_generator.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ module Rails
   module Generators
     class ControllerGenerator < NamedBase # :nodoc:
       argument :actions, type: :array, default: [], banner: "action action"
+      class_option :skip_routes, type: :boolean, desc: "Don't add routes to config/routes.rb."
+
       check_class_collision suffix: "Controller"
 
       def create_controller_files
@@ -9,12 +11,16 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def add_routes
-        actions.reverse.each do |action|
-          route generate_routing_code(action)
+        unless options[:skip_routes]
+          actions.reverse_each do |action|
+            # route prepends two spaces onto the front of the string that is passed, this corrects that.
+            route generate_routing_code(action)[2..-1]
+          end
         end
       end
 
-      hook_for :template_engine, :test_framework, :helper, :assets
+      hook_for :template_engine, :test_framework
+      hook_for :helper, :assets, hide: true
 
       private
 
@@ -27,17 +33,17 @@ module Rails
         #   end
         # end
         def generate_routing_code(action)
-          depth = class_path.length
+          depth = regular_class_path.length
           # Create 'namespace' ladder
           # namespace :foo do
           #   namespace :bar do
-          namespace_ladder = class_path.each_with_index.map do |ns, i|
-            indent("namespace :#{ns} do\n", i * 2)
+          namespace_ladder = regular_class_path.each_with_index.map do |ns, i|
+            indent("  namespace :#{ns} do\n", i * 2)
           end.join
 
           # Create route
           #     get 'baz/index'
-          route = indent(%{get '#{file_name}/#{action}'\n}, depth * 2)
+          route = indent(%{  get '#{file_name}/#{action}'\n}, depth * 2)
 
           # Create `end` ladder
           #   end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/helper/USAGE b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/helper/USAGE
index 30e323a858..8855ef3b01 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/helper/USAGE
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/helper/USAGE
@@ -5,13 +5,9 @@ Description:
     To create a helper within a module, specify the helper name as a
     path like 'parent_module/helper_name'.
 
-    This generates a helper class in app/helpers and invokes the configured
-    test framework.
-
 Example:
     `rails generate helper CreditCard`
 
     Credit card helper.
         Helper:     app/helpers/credit_card_helper.rb
-        Test:       test/helpers/credit_card_helper_test.rb
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/migration/migration_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/migration/migration_generator.rb
index 965c42db36..fca2a8fef4 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/migration/migration_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/migration/migration_generator.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ module Rails
   module Generators
     class MigrationGenerator < NamedBase # :nodoc:
       argument :attributes, type: :array, default: [], banner: "field[:type][:index] field[:type][:index]"
-      hook_for :orm, required: true
+      hook_for :orm, required: true, desc: "ORM to be invoked"
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/model/USAGE b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/model/USAGE
index 833b7beb7f..11daa5c3cb 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/model/USAGE
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/model/USAGE
@@ -6,6 +6,11 @@ Description:
     model's attributes. Timestamps are added by default, so you don't have to
     specify them by hand as 'created_at:datetime updated_at:datetime'.
 
+    As a special case, specifying 'password:digest' will generate a
+    password_digest field of string type, and configure your generated model and
+    tests for use with ActiveModel has_secure_password (assuming the default ORM
+    and test framework are being used).
+
     You don't have to think up every attribute up front, but it helps to
     sketch out a few so you can start working with the model immediately.
 
@@ -17,7 +22,7 @@ Description:
 
     If you pass a namespaced model name (e.g. admin/account or Admin::Account)
     then the generator will create a module with a table_name_prefix method
-    to prefix the model's table name with the module name (e.g. admin_account)
+    to prefix the model's table name with the module name (e.g. admin_accounts)
 
 Available field types:
 
@@ -27,7 +32,8 @@ Available field types:
         `rails generate model post title:string body:text`
 
     will generate a title column with a varchar type and a body column with a text
-    type. You can use the following types:
+    type. If no type is specified the string type will be used by default.
+    You can use the following types:
 
         integer
         primary_key
@@ -40,7 +46,6 @@ Available field types:
         date
         time
         datetime
-        timestamp
 
     You can also consider `references` as a kind of type. For instance, if you run:
 
@@ -73,6 +78,15 @@ Available field types:
         `rails generate model user username:string{30}:uniq`
         `rails generate model product supplier:references{polymorphic}:index`
 
+    If you require a `password_digest` string column for use with
+    has_secure_password, you can specify `password:digest`:
+
+        `rails generate model user password:digest`
+
+    If you require a `token` string column for use with
+    has_secure_token, you can specify `auth_token:token`:
+
+        `rails generate model user auth_token:token`
 
 Examples:
     `rails generate model account`
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/model/model_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/model/model_generator.rb
index 87bab129bb..ec78fd855d 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/model/model_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/model/model_generator.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ module Rails
       include Rails::Generators::ModelHelpers
 
       argument :attributes, type: :array, default: [], banner: "field[:type][:index] field[:type][:index]"
-      hook_for :orm, required: true
+      hook_for :orm, required: true, desc: "ORM to be invoked"
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/plugin_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/plugin_generator.rb
index f6f529b80a..776019a6a0 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/plugin_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/plugin_generator.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ module Rails
   # generator.
   #
   # This allows you to override entire operations, like the creation of the
-  # Gemfile, README, or JavaScript files, without needing to know exactly
+  # Gemfile, \README, or JavaScript files, without needing to know exactly
   # what those operations do so you can create another template action.
   class PluginBuilder
     def rakefile
@@ -17,15 +17,22 @@ module Rails
 
     def app
       if mountable?
-        directory 'app'
-        empty_directory_with_keep_file "app/assets/images/#{name}"
+        if api?
+          directory 'app', exclude_pattern: %r{app/(views|helpers)}
+        else
+          directory 'app'
+          empty_directory_with_keep_file "app/assets/images/#{namespaced_name}"
+        end
       elsif full?
         empty_directory_with_keep_file 'app/models'
         empty_directory_with_keep_file 'app/controllers'
-        empty_directory_with_keep_file 'app/views'
-        empty_directory_with_keep_file 'app/helpers'
         empty_directory_with_keep_file 'app/mailers'
-        empty_directory_with_keep_file "app/assets/images/#{name}"
+
+        unless api?
+          empty_directory_with_keep_file "app/assets/images/#{namespaced_name}"
+          empty_directory_with_keep_file 'app/helpers'
+          empty_directory_with_keep_file 'app/views'
+        end
       end
     end
 
@@ -50,10 +57,10 @@ module Rails
     end
 
     def lib
-      template "lib/%name%.rb"
-      template "lib/tasks/%name%_tasks.rake"
-      template "lib/%name%/version.rb"
-      template "lib/%name%/engine.rb" if engine?
+      template "lib/%namespaced_name%.rb"
+      template "lib/tasks/%namespaced_name%_tasks.rake"
+      template "lib/%namespaced_name%/version.rb"
+      template "lib/%namespaced_name%/engine.rb" if engine?
     end
 
     def config
@@ -62,7 +69,7 @@ module Rails
 
     def test
       template "test/test_helper.rb"
-      template "test/%name%_test.rb"
+      template "test/%namespaced_name%_test.rb"
       append_file "Rakefile", <<-EOF
 #{rakefile_test_tasks}
 
@@ -74,13 +81,15 @@ task default: :test
     end
 
     PASSTHROUGH_OPTIONS = [
-      :skip_active_record, :skip_javascript, :database, :javascript, :quiet, :pretend, :force, :skip
+      :skip_active_record, :skip_action_mailer, :skip_javascript, :database,
+      :javascript, :quiet, :pretend, :force, :skip
     ]
 
     def generate_test_dummy(force = false)
       opts = (options || {}).slice(*PASSTHROUGH_OPTIONS)
       opts[:force] = force
       opts[:skip_bundle] = true
+      opts[:api] = options.api?
 
       invoke Rails::Generators::AppGenerator,
         [ File.expand_path(dummy_path, destination_root) ], opts
@@ -95,8 +104,9 @@ task default: :test
     end
 
     def test_dummy_assets
-      template "rails/javascripts.js",  "#{dummy_path}/app/assets/javascripts/application.js", force: true
-      template "rails/stylesheets.css", "#{dummy_path}/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css", force: true
+      template "rails/javascripts.js",    "#{dummy_path}/app/assets/javascripts/application.js", force: true
+      template "rails/stylesheets.css",   "#{dummy_path}/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css", force: true
+      template "rails/dummy_manifest.js", "#{dummy_path}/app/assets/config/manifest.js", force: true
     end
 
     def test_dummy_clean
@@ -107,18 +117,22 @@ task default: :test
         remove_file "Gemfile"
         remove_file "lib/tasks"
         remove_file "public/robots.txt"
-        remove_file "README"
+        remove_file "README.md"
         remove_file "test"
         remove_file "vendor"
       end
     end
 
+    def assets_manifest
+      template "rails/engine_manifest.js", "app/assets/config/#{underscored_name}_manifest.js"
+    end
+
     def stylesheets
       if mountable?
         copy_file "rails/stylesheets.css",
-                  "app/assets/stylesheets/#{name}/application.css"
+                  "app/assets/stylesheets/#{namespaced_name}/application.css"
       elsif full?
-        empty_directory_with_keep_file "app/assets/stylesheets/#{name}"
+        empty_directory_with_keep_file "app/assets/stylesheets/#{namespaced_name}"
       end
     end
 
@@ -127,16 +141,15 @@ task default: :test
 
       if mountable?
         template "rails/javascripts.js",
-                 "app/assets/javascripts/#{name}/application.js"
+                 "app/assets/javascripts/#{namespaced_name}/application.js"
       elsif full?
-        empty_directory_with_keep_file "app/assets/javascripts/#{name}"
+        empty_directory_with_keep_file "app/assets/javascripts/#{namespaced_name}"
       end
     end
 
     def bin(force = false)
-      return unless engine?
-
-      directory "bin", force: force do |content|
+      bin_file = engine? ? 'bin/rails.tt' : 'bin/test.tt'
+      template bin_file, force: force do |content|
         "#{shebang}\n" + content
       end
       chmod "bin", 0755, verbose: false
@@ -175,6 +188,9 @@ task default: :test
                                         desc: "If creating plugin in application's directory " +
                                                  "skip adding entry to Gemfile"
 
+      class_option :api,          type: :boolean, default: false,
+                                  desc: "Generate a smaller stack for API application plugins"
+
       def initialize(*args)
         @dummy_path = nil
         super
@@ -208,16 +224,16 @@ task default: :test
         build(:lib)
       end
 
-      def create_public_stylesheets_files
-        build(:stylesheets)
+      def create_assets_manifest_file
+        build(:assets_manifest) if !api? && engine?
       end
 
-      def create_javascript_files
-        build(:javascripts)
+      def create_public_stylesheets_files
+        build(:stylesheets) unless api?
       end
 
-      def create_images_directory
-        build(:images)
+      def create_javascript_files
+        build(:javascripts) unless api?
       end
 
       def create_bin_files
@@ -225,7 +241,7 @@ task default: :test
       end
 
       def create_test_files
-        build(:test) unless options[:skip_test_unit]
+        build(:test) unless options[:skip_test]
       end
 
       def create_test_dummy_files
@@ -255,6 +271,14 @@ task default: :test
         end
       end
 
+      def underscored_name
+        @underscored_name ||= original_name.underscore
+      end
+
+      def namespaced_name
+        @namespaced_name ||= name.gsub('-', '/')
+      end
+
     protected
 
       def app_templates_dir
@@ -288,8 +312,16 @@ task default: :test
         options[:mountable]
       end
 
+      def skip_git?
+        options[:skip_git]
+      end
+
       def with_dummy_app?
-        options[:skip_test_unit].blank? || options[:dummy_path] != 'test/dummy'
+        options[:skip_test].blank? || options[:dummy_path] != 'test/dummy'
+      end
+
+      def api?
+        options[:api]
       end
 
       def self.banner
@@ -300,17 +332,60 @@ task default: :test
         @original_name ||= File.basename(destination_root)
       end
 
+      def modules
+        @modules ||= namespaced_name.camelize.split("::")
+      end
+
+      def wrap_in_modules(unwrapped_code)
+        unwrapped_code = "#{unwrapped_code}".strip.gsub(/\W$\n/, '')
+        modules.reverse.inject(unwrapped_code) do |content, mod|
+          str = "module #{mod}\n"
+          str += content.lines.map { |line| "  #{line}" }.join
+          str += content.present? ? "\nend" : "end"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def camelized_modules
+        @camelized_modules ||= namespaced_name.camelize
+      end
+
+      def humanized
+        @humanized ||= original_name.underscore.humanize
+      end
+
       def camelized
         @camelized ||= name.gsub(/\W/, '_').squeeze('_').camelize
       end
 
+      def author
+        default = "TODO: Write your name"
+        if skip_git?
+          @author = default
+        else
+          @author = `git config user.name`.chomp rescue default
+        end
+      end
+
+      def email
+        default = "TODO: Write your email address"
+        if skip_git?
+          @email = default
+        else
+          @email = `git config user.email`.chomp rescue default
+        end
+      end
+
       def valid_const?
-        if original_name =~ /[^0-9a-zA-Z_]+/
-          raise Error, "Invalid plugin name #{original_name}. Please give a name which use only alphabetic or numeric or \"_\" characters."
+        if original_name =~ /-\d/
+          raise Error, "Invalid plugin name #{original_name}. Please give a name which does not contain a namespace starting with numeric characters."
+        elsif original_name =~ /[^\w-]+/
+          raise Error, "Invalid plugin name #{original_name}. Please give a name which uses only alphabetic, numeric, \"_\" or \"-\" characters."
         elsif camelized =~ /^\d/
           raise Error, "Invalid plugin name #{original_name}. Please give a name which does not start with numbers."
         elsif RESERVED_NAMES.include?(name)
-          raise Error, "Invalid plugin name #{original_name}. Please give a name which does not match one of the reserved rails words."
+          raise Error, "Invalid plugin name #{original_name}. Please give a " \
+                       "name which does not match one of the reserved rails " \
+                       "words: #{RESERVED_NAMES.join(", ")}"
         elsif Object.const_defined?(camelized)
           raise Error, "Invalid plugin name #{original_name}, constant #{camelized} is already in use. Please choose another plugin name."
         end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/%name%.gemspec b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/%name%.gemspec
index 5fdf0e1554..3f5682b0c1 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/%name%.gemspec
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/%name%.gemspec
@@ -1,27 +1,24 @@
 $:.push File.expand_path("../lib", __FILE__)
 
 # Maintain your gem's version:
-require "<%= name %>/version"
+require "<%= namespaced_name %>/version"
 
 # Describe your gem and declare its dependencies:
 Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.name        = "<%= name %>"
-  s.version     = <%= camelized %>::VERSION
-  s.authors     = ["TODO: Your name"]
-  s.email       = ["TODO: Your email"]
+  s.version     = <%= camelized_modules %>::VERSION
+  s.authors     = ["<%= author %>"]
+  s.email       = ["<%= email %>"]
   s.homepage    = "TODO"
-  s.summary     = "TODO: Summary of <%= camelized %>."
-  s.description = "TODO: Description of <%= camelized %>."
+  s.summary     = "TODO: Summary of <%= camelized_modules %>."
+  s.description = "TODO: Description of <%= camelized_modules %>."
   s.license     = "MIT"
 
   s.files = Dir["{app,config,db,lib}/**/*", "MIT-LICENSE", "Rakefile", "README.rdoc"]
-<% unless options.skip_test_unit? -%>
-  s.test_files = Dir["test/**/*"]
-<% end -%>
 
   <%= '# ' if options.dev? || options.edge? -%>s.add_dependency "rails", "~> <%= Rails::VERSION::STRING %>"
 <% unless options[:skip_active_record] -%>
 
-  s.add_development_dependency "<%= gem_for_database %>"
+  s.add_development_dependency "<%= gem_for_database[0] %>"
 <% end -%>
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/Gemfile b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/Gemfile
index f0a832f783..f085a2577a 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/Gemfile
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/Gemfile
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-source "https://rubygems.org"
+source 'https://rubygems.org'
 
 <% if options[:skip_gemspec] -%>
-<%= '# ' if options.dev? || options.edge? -%>gem "rails", "~> <%= Rails::VERSION::STRING %>"
+<%= '# ' if options.dev? || options.edge? -%>gem 'rails', '~> <%= Rails::VERSION::STRING %>'
 <% else -%>
 # Declare your gem's dependencies in <%= name %>.gemspec.
 # Bundler will treat runtime dependencies like base dependencies, and
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ gemspec
 
 <% if options[:skip_gemspec] -%>
 group :development do
-  gem "<%= gem_for_database %>"
+  gem '<%= gem_for_database[0] %>'
 end
 <% else -%>
 # Declare any dependencies that are still in development here instead of in
@@ -31,13 +31,17 @@ end
 <% end -%>
 <%= gem.commented_out ? '# ' : '' %>gem '<%= gem.name %>'<%= %(, '#{gem.version}') if gem.version -%>
 <% if gem.options.any? -%>
-,<%= gem.padding(max_width) %><%= gem.options.map { |k,v|
+, <%= gem.options.map { |k,v|
   "#{k}: #{v.inspect}" }.join(', ') %>
 <% end -%>
 <% end -%>
 
 <% end -%>
-<% unless defined?(JRUBY_VERSION) -%>
-# To use debugger
-# gem 'debugger'
+<% if RUBY_ENGINE == 'ruby' -%>
+# To use a debugger
+# gem 'byebug', group: [:development, :test]
+<% end -%>
+<% if RUBY_PLATFORM.match(/bccwin|cygwin|emx|mingw|mswin|wince|java/) -%>
+
+gem 'tzinfo-data', platforms: [:mingw, :mswin, :x64_mingw, :jruby]
 <% end -%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/MIT-LICENSE b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/MIT-LICENSE
index d7a9109894..ff2fb3ba4e 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/MIT-LICENSE
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/MIT-LICENSE
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright <%= Date.today.year %> YOURNAME
+Copyright <%= Date.today.year %> <%= author %>
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/README.rdoc b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/README.rdoc
index 301d647731..25983ca5da 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/README.rdoc
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/README.rdoc
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-= <%= camelized %>
+= <%= camelized_modules %>
 
 This project rocks and uses MIT-LICENSE.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/Rakefile b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/Rakefile
index 0ba899176c..bda55bae29 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/Rakefile
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/Rakefile
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ require 'rdoc/task'
 
 RDoc::Task.new(:rdoc) do |rdoc|
   rdoc.rdoc_dir = 'rdoc'
-  rdoc.title    = '<%= camelized %>'
+  rdoc.title    = '<%= camelized_modules %>'
   rdoc.options << '--line-numbers'
   rdoc.rdoc_files.include('README.rdoc')
   rdoc.rdoc_files.include('lib/**/*.rb')
@@ -19,6 +19,10 @@ APP_RAKEFILE = File.expand_path("../<%= dummy_path -%>/Rakefile", __FILE__)
 load 'rails/tasks/engine.rake'
 <% end %>
 
+<% if engine? -%>
+load 'rails/tasks/statistics.rake'
+<% end %>
+
 <% unless options[:skip_gemspec] -%>
 
 Bundler::GemHelper.install_tasks
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/controllers/%name%/application_controller.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/controllers/%name%/application_controller.rb.tt
deleted file mode 100644
index 448ad7f989..0000000000
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/controllers/%name%/application_controller.rb.tt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-module <%= camelized %>
-  class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
-  end
-end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/controllers/%namespaced_name%/application_controller.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/controllers/%namespaced_name%/application_controller.rb.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7fe4e5034d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/controllers/%namespaced_name%/application_controller.rb.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+<%= wrap_in_modules <<-rb.strip_heredoc
+  class ApplicationController < ActionController::#{api? ? "API" : "Base"}
+  end
+rb
+%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/helpers/%name%/application_helper.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/helpers/%name%/application_helper.rb.tt
deleted file mode 100644
index 40ae9f52c2..0000000000
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/helpers/%name%/application_helper.rb.tt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-module <%= camelized %>
-  module ApplicationHelper
-  end
-end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/helpers/%namespaced_name%/application_helper.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/helpers/%namespaced_name%/application_helper.rb.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..25d692732d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/helpers/%namespaced_name%/application_helper.rb.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+<%= wrap_in_modules <<-rb.strip_heredoc
+  module ApplicationHelper
+  end
+rb
+%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/jobs/%namespaced_name%/application_job.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/jobs/%namespaced_name%/application_job.rb.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bad1ff2d16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/jobs/%namespaced_name%/application_job.rb.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+<%= wrap_in_modules <<-rb.strip_heredoc
+  class ApplicationJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  end
+rb
+%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/views/layouts/%name%/application.html.erb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/views/layouts/%name%/application.html.erb.tt
deleted file mode 100644
index 1d380420b4..0000000000
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/views/layouts/%name%/application.html.erb.tt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html>
-<head>
-  <title><%= camelized %></title>
-  <%%= stylesheet_link_tag    "<%= name %>/application", media: "all" %>
-  <%%= javascript_include_tag "<%= name %>/application" %>
-  <%%= csrf_meta_tags %>
-</head>
-<body>
-
-<%%= yield %>
-
-</body>
-</html>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/views/layouts/%namespaced_name%/application.html.erb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/views/layouts/%namespaced_name%/application.html.erb.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6bc480161d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/views/layouts/%namespaced_name%/application.html.erb.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+  <title><%= humanized %></title>
+  <%%= stylesheet_link_tag    "<%= namespaced_name %>/application", media: "all" %>
+  <%%= javascript_include_tag "<%= namespaced_name %>/application" %>
+  <%%= csrf_meta_tags %>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<%%= yield %>
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/bin/rails.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/bin/rails.tt
index c3314d7e68..3edaac35c9 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/bin/rails.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/bin/rails.tt
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # This command will automatically be run when you run "rails" with Rails 4 gems installed from the root of your application.
 
 ENGINE_ROOT = File.expand_path('../..', __FILE__)
-ENGINE_PATH = File.expand_path('../../lib/<%= name -%>/engine', __FILE__)
+ENGINE_PATH = File.expand_path('../../lib/<%= namespaced_name -%>/engine', __FILE__)
 
 # Set up gems listed in the Gemfile.
 ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'] ||= File.expand_path('../../Gemfile', __FILE__)
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/bin/test.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/bin/test.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..62b94618fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/bin/test.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+$: << File.expand_path(File.expand_path('../../test', __FILE__))
+
+require 'bundler/setup'
+require 'rails/test_unit/minitest_plugin'
+
+Rails::TestUnitReporter.executable = 'bin/test'
+
+exit Minitest.run(ARGV)
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/config/routes.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/config/routes.rb
index 8e158d5831..154452bfe5 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/config/routes.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/config/routes.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <% if mountable? -%>
-<%= camelized %>::Engine.routes.draw do
+<%= camelized_modules %>::Engine.routes.draw do
 <% else -%>
 Rails.application.routes.draw do
 <% end -%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/gitignore b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/gitignore
index 086d87818a..54c78d7927 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/gitignore
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/gitignore
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 .bundle/
 log/*.log
 pkg/
-<% unless options[:skip_test_unit] && options[:dummy_path] == 'test/dummy' -%>
+<% unless options[:skip_test] && options[:dummy_path] == 'test/dummy' -%>
 <%= dummy_path %>/db/*.sqlite3
 <%= dummy_path %>/db/*.sqlite3-journal
 <%= dummy_path %>/log/*.log
 <%= dummy_path %>/tmp/
-<%= dummy_path %>/.sass-cache
-<% end -%>
\ No newline at end of file
+<% end -%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/%name%.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/%name%.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 40c074cced..0000000000
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/%name%.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-<% if engine? -%>
-require "<%= name %>/engine"
-
-<% end -%>
-module <%= camelized %>
-end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/%name%/engine.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/%name%/engine.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 967668fe66..0000000000
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/%name%/engine.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-module <%= camelized %>
-  class Engine < ::Rails::Engine
-<% if mountable? -%>
-    isolate_namespace <%= camelized %>
-<% end -%>
-  end
-end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/%name%/version.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/%name%/version.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index ef07ef2e19..0000000000
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/%name%/version.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-module <%= camelized %>
-  VERSION = "0.0.1"
-end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/%namespaced_name%.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/%namespaced_name%.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..40b1c4cee7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/%namespaced_name%.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+<% if engine? -%>
+require "<%= namespaced_name %>/engine"
+
+<% end -%>
+<%= wrap_in_modules "# Your code goes here..." %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/%namespaced_name%/engine.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/%namespaced_name%/engine.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8938770fc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/%namespaced_name%/engine.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+<%= wrap_in_modules <<-rb.strip_heredoc
+  class Engine < ::Rails::Engine
+  #{mountable? ? '  isolate_namespace ' + camelized_modules : ' '}
+  #{api? ? "  config.generators.api_only = true" : ' '}
+  end
+rb
+%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/%namespaced_name%/version.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/%namespaced_name%/version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b08f4ef9ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/%namespaced_name%/version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= wrap_in_modules "VERSION = '0.1.0'" %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/tasks/%name%_tasks.rake b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/tasks/%namespaced_name%_tasks.rake
index 7121f5ae23..88a2c4120f 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/tasks/%name%_tasks.rake
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/tasks/%namespaced_name%_tasks.rake
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 # desc "Explaining what the task does"
-# task :<%= name %> do
+# task :<%= underscored_name %> do
 #   # Task goes here
 # end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/application.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/application.rb
index 5508829f6b..b1038c839e 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/application.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/application.rb
@@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ require 'rails/all'
 # Pick the frameworks you want:
 <%= comment_if :skip_active_record %>require "active_record/railtie"
 require "action_controller/railtie"
-require "action_mailer/railtie"
-<%= comment_if :skip_action_view %>require "action_view/railtie"
+<%= comment_if :skip_action_mailer %>require "action_mailer/railtie"
+require "action_view/railtie"
 <%= comment_if :skip_sprockets %>require "sprockets/railtie"
-<%= comment_if :skip_test_unit %>require "rails/test_unit/railtie"
+<%= comment_if :skip_test %>require "rails/test_unit/railtie"
 <% end -%>
 
 Bundler.require(*Rails.groups)
-require "<%= name %>"
+require "<%= namespaced_name %>"
 
 <%= application_definition %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/dummy_manifest.js b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/dummy_manifest.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8d21b2b6fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/dummy_manifest.js
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+
+<% unless api? -%>
+//= link_tree ../images
+<% end -%>
+<% unless options.skip_javascript -%>
+//= link_directory ../javascripts .js
+<% end -%>
+//= link_directory ../stylesheets .css
+<% if mountable? && !api? -%>
+//= link <%= underscored_name %>_manifest.js
+<% end -%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/engine_manifest.js b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/engine_manifest.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2f23844f5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/engine_manifest.js
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+<% if mountable? -%>
+<% if !options.skip_javascript -%>
+//= link_directory ../javascripts/<%= namespaced_name %> .js
+<% end -%>
+//= link_directory ../stylesheets/<%= namespaced_name %> .css
+<% end -%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/javascripts.js b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/javascripts.js
index 5bc2e1c8b5..e54c6461cc 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/javascripts.js
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/javascripts.js
@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@
 // listed below.
 //
 // Any JavaScript/Coffee file within this directory, lib/assets/javascripts, vendor/assets/javascripts,
-// or vendor/assets/javascripts of plugins, if any, can be referenced here using a relative path.
+// or any plugin's vendor/assets/javascripts directory can be referenced here using a relative path.
 //
 // It's not advisable to add code directly here, but if you do, it'll appear at the bottom of the
-// compiled file.
+// compiled file. JavaScript code in this file should be added after the last require_* statement.
 //
-// Read Sprockets README (https://github.com/sstephenson/sprockets#sprockets-directives) for details
+// Read Sprockets README (https://github.com/rails/sprockets#sprockets-directives) for details
 // about supported directives.
 //
 //= require_tree .
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/routes.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/routes.rb
index 730ee31c3d..694510edc0 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/routes.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/routes.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
 Rails.application.routes.draw do
-
-  mount <%= camelized %>::Engine => "/<%= name %>"
+  mount <%= camelized_modules %>::Engine => "/<%= name %>"
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/stylesheets.css b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/stylesheets.css
index a443db3401..0ebd7fe829 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/stylesheets.css
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/stylesheets.css
@@ -3,12 +3,12 @@
  * listed below.
  *
  * Any CSS and SCSS file within this directory, lib/assets/stylesheets, vendor/assets/stylesheets,
- * or vendor/assets/stylesheets of plugins, if any, can be referenced here using a relative path.
+ * or any plugin's vendor/assets/stylesheets directory can be referenced here using a relative path.
  *
  * You're free to add application-wide styles to this file and they'll appear at the bottom of the
- * compiled file so the styles you add here take precedence over styles defined in any styles
- * defined in the other CSS/SCSS files in this directory. It is generally better to create a new
- * file per style scope.
+ * compiled file so the styles you add here take precedence over styles defined in any other CSS/SCSS
+ * files in this directory. Styles in this file should be added after the last require_* statement.
+ * It is generally better to create a new file per style scope.
  *
  *= require_tree .
  *= require_self
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/test/%name%_test.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/test/%name%_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 0a8bbd4aaf..0000000000
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/test/%name%_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-require 'test_helper'
-
-class <%= camelized %>Test < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  test "truth" do
-    assert_kind_of Module, <%= camelized %>
-  end
-end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/test/%namespaced_name%_test.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/test/%namespaced_name%_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1ee05d7871
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/test/%namespaced_name%_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+require 'test_helper'
+
+class <%= camelized_modules %>::Test < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test "truth" do
+    assert_kind_of Module, <%= camelized_modules %>
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/test/integration/navigation_test.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/test/integration/navigation_test.rb
index 824caecb24..f5d1ec2046 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/test/integration/navigation_test.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/test/integration/navigation_test.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
 require 'test_helper'
 
 class NavigationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
-<% unless options[:skip_active_record] -%>
-  fixtures :all
-<% end -%>
-
   # test "the truth" do
   #   assert true
   # end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/test/test_helper.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/test/test_helper.rb
index 1e26a313cd..a0b00fc5c5 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/test/test_helper.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/test/test_helper.rb
@@ -1,15 +1,27 @@
 # Configure Rails Environment
 ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = "test"
 
-require File.expand_path("../dummy/config/environment.rb",  __FILE__)
+require File.expand_path("../../<%= options[:dummy_path] -%>/config/environment.rb",  __FILE__)
+<% unless options[:skip_active_record] -%>
+ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths = [File.expand_path("../../<%= options[:dummy_path] -%>/db/migrate", __FILE__)]
+<% if options[:mountable] -%>
+ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths << File.expand_path('../../db/migrate', __FILE__)
+<% end -%>
+<% end -%>
 require "rails/test_help"
 
-Rails.backtrace_cleaner.remove_silencers!
+# Filter out Minitest backtrace while allowing backtrace from other libraries
+# to be shown.
+Minitest.backtrace_filter = Minitest::BacktraceFilter.new
 
-# Load support files
-Dir["#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/support/**/*.rb"].each { |f| require f }
+<% unless engine? -%>
+Rails::TestUnitReporter.executable = 'bin/test'
+<% end -%>
 
 # Load fixtures from the engine
-if ActiveSupport::TestCase.method_defined?(:fixture_path=)
+if ActiveSupport::TestCase.respond_to?(:fixture_path=)
   ActiveSupport::TestCase.fixture_path = File.expand_path("../fixtures", __FILE__)
+  ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest.fixture_path = ActiveSupport::TestCase.fixture_path
+  ActiveSupport::TestCase.file_fixture_path = ActiveSupport::TestCase.fixture_path + "/files"
+  ActiveSupport::TestCase.fixtures :all
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/resource/resource_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/resource/resource_generator.rb
index 8014feb75f..3acf21df13 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/resource/resource_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/resource/resource_generator.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 require 'rails/generators/resource_helpers'
 require 'rails/generators/rails/model/model_generator'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
 
 module Rails
   module Generators
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/resource_route/resource_route_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/resource_route/resource_route_generator.rb
index e4a2bc2b0f..42705107ae 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/resource_route/resource_route_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/resource_route/resource_route_generator.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 module Rails
   module Generators
     class ResourceRouteGenerator < NamedBase # :nodoc:
-
       # Properly nests namespaces passed into a generator
       #
       #   $ rails generate resource admin/users/products
@@ -29,8 +28,10 @@ module Rails
           write("end", route_length - index)
         end
 
-        # route prepends two spaces onto the front of the string that is passed, this corrects that
-        route route_string[2..-1]
+        # route prepends two spaces onto the front of the string that is passed, this corrects that.
+        # Also it adds a \n to the end of each line, as route already adds that
+        # we need to correct that too.
+        route route_string[2..-2]
       end
 
       private
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold/USAGE b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold/USAGE
index 4a3eb2c7c7..d2e495758d 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold/USAGE
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold/USAGE
@@ -9,11 +9,16 @@ Description:
 
     Attributes are field arguments specifying the model's attributes. You can
     optionally pass the type and an index to each field. For instance:
-    "title body:text tracking_id:integer:uniq" will generate a title field of
+    'title body:text tracking_id:integer:uniq' will generate a title field of
     string type, a body with text type and a tracking_id as an integer with an
     unique index. "index" could also be given instead of "uniq" if one desires
     a non unique index.
 
+    As a special case, specifying 'password:digest' will generate a
+    password_digest field of string type, and configure your generated model,
+    controller, views, and test suite for use with ActiveModel
+    has_secure_password (assuming they are using Rails defaults).
+
     Timestamps are added by default, so you don't have to specify them by hand
     as 'created_at:datetime updated_at:datetime'.
 
@@ -31,5 +36,6 @@ Description:
 
 Examples:
     `rails generate scaffold post`
-    `rails generate scaffold post title body:text published:boolean`
+    `rails generate scaffold post title:string body:text published:boolean`
     `rails generate scaffold purchase amount:decimal tracking_id:integer:uniq`
+    `rails generate scaffold user email:uniq password:digest`
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold/scaffold_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold/scaffold_generator.rb
index e89789e72b..17c32bfdb3 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold/scaffold_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold/scaffold_generator.rb
@@ -10,10 +10,11 @@ module Rails
       class_option :stylesheet_engine, desc: "Engine for Stylesheets"
       class_option :assets, type: :boolean
       class_option :resource_route, type: :boolean
+      class_option :scaffold_stylesheet, type: :boolean
 
       def handle_skip
         @options = @options.merge(stylesheets: false) unless options[:assets]
-        @options = @options.merge(stylesheet_engine: false) unless options[:stylesheets]
+        @options = @options.merge(stylesheet_engine: false) unless options[:stylesheets] && options[:scaffold_stylesheet]
       end
 
       hook_for :scaffold_controller, required: true
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold/templates/scaffold.css b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold/templates/scaffold.css
index 1ae7000299..79f8b7f96f 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold/templates/scaffold.css
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold/templates/scaffold.css
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
-body { background-color: #fff; color: #333; }
+body {
+  background-color: #fff;
+  color: #333;
+}
 
 body, p, ol, ul, td {
   font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;
-  font-size:   13px;
+  font-size: 13px;
   line-height: 18px;
+  margin: 33px;
 }
 
 pre {
@@ -12,11 +16,31 @@ pre {
   font-size: 11px;
 }
 
-a { color: #000; }
-a:visited { color: #666; }
-a:hover { color: #fff; background-color:#000; }
+a {
+  color: #000;
+}
+
+a:visited {
+  color: #666;
+}
+
+a:hover {
+  color: #fff;
+  background-color: #000;
+}
 
-div.field, div.actions {
+th {
+  padding-bottom: 5px;
+}
+
+td {
+  padding-bottom: 7px;
+  padding-left: 5px;
+  padding-right: 5px;
+}
+
+div.field,
+div.actions {
   margin-bottom: 10px;
 }
 
@@ -45,7 +69,7 @@ div.field, div.actions {
   padding: 5px 5px 5px 15px;
   font-size: 12px;
   margin: -7px;
-  margin-bottom: 0px;
+  margin-bottom: 0;
   background-color: #c00;
   color: #fff;
 }
@@ -54,3 +78,7 @@ div.field, div.actions {
   font-size: 12px;
   list-style: square;
 }
+
+label {
+  display: block;
+}
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/scaffold_controller_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/scaffold_controller_generator.rb
index 6bf0a33a5f..d0b8cad896 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/scaffold_controller_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/scaffold_controller_generator.rb
@@ -7,13 +7,17 @@ module Rails
 
       check_class_collision suffix: "Controller"
 
+      class_option :helper, type: :boolean
       class_option :orm, banner: "NAME", type: :string, required: true,
                          desc: "ORM to generate the controller for"
+      class_option :api, type: :boolean,
+                         desc: "Generates API controller"
 
       argument :attributes, type: :array, default: [], banner: "field:type field:type"
 
       def create_controller_files
-        template "controller.rb", File.join('app/controllers', controller_class_path, "#{controller_file_name}_controller.rb")
+        template_file = options.api? ? "api_controller.rb" : "controller.rb"
+        template template_file, File.join('app/controllers', controller_class_path, "#{controller_file_name}_controller.rb")
       end
 
       hook_for :template_engine, :test_framework, as: :scaffold
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/templates/api_controller.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/templates/api_controller.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..400afec6dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/templates/api_controller.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+<% if namespaced? -%>
+require_dependency "<%= namespaced_path %>/application_controller"
+
+<% end -%>
+<% module_namespacing do -%>
+class <%= controller_class_name %>Controller < ApplicationController
+  before_action :set_<%= singular_table_name %>, only: [:show, :update, :destroy]
+
+  # GET <%= route_url %>
+  def index
+    @<%= plural_table_name %> = <%= orm_class.all(class_name) %>
+
+    render json: <%= "@#{plural_table_name}" %>
+  end
+
+  # GET <%= route_url %>/1
+  def show
+    render json: <%= "@#{singular_table_name}" %>
+  end
+
+  # POST <%= route_url %>
+  def create
+    @<%= singular_table_name %> = <%= orm_class.build(class_name, "#{singular_table_name}_params") %>
+
+    if @<%= orm_instance.save %>
+      render json: <%= "@#{singular_table_name}" %>, status: :created, location: <%= "@#{singular_table_name}" %>
+    else
+      render json: <%= "@#{orm_instance.errors}" %>, status: :unprocessable_entity
+    end
+  end
+
+  # PATCH/PUT <%= route_url %>/1
+  def update
+    if @<%= orm_instance.update("#{singular_table_name}_params") %>
+      render json: <%= "@#{singular_table_name}" %>
+    else
+      render json: <%= "@#{orm_instance.errors}" %>, status: :unprocessable_entity
+    end
+  end
+
+  # DELETE <%= route_url %>/1
+  def destroy
+    @<%= orm_instance.destroy %>
+  end
+
+  private
+    # Use callbacks to share common setup or constraints between actions.
+    def set_<%= singular_table_name %>
+      @<%= singular_table_name %> = <%= orm_class.find(class_name, "params[:id]") %>
+    end
+
+    # Only allow a trusted parameter "white list" through.
+    def <%= "#{singular_table_name}_params" %>
+      <%- if attributes_names.empty? -%>
+      params.fetch(:<%= singular_table_name %>, {})
+      <%- else -%>
+      params.require(:<%= singular_table_name %>).permit(<%= attributes_names.map { |name| ":#{name}" }.join(', ') %>)
+      <%- end -%>
+    end
+end
+<% end -%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/templates/controller.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/templates/controller.rb
index 0e69aa101f..42b9e34274 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/templates/controller.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/templates/controller.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <% if namespaced? -%>
-require_dependency "<%= namespaced_file_path %>/application_controller"
+require_dependency "<%= namespaced_path %>/application_controller"
 
 <% end -%>
 <% module_namespacing do -%>
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class <%= controller_class_name %>Controller < ApplicationController
     if @<%= orm_instance.save %>
       redirect_to @<%= singular_table_name %>, notice: <%= "'#{human_name} was successfully created.'" %>
     else
-      render action: 'new'
+      render :new
     end
   end
 
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class <%= controller_class_name %>Controller < ApplicationController
     if @<%= orm_instance.update("#{singular_table_name}_params") %>
       redirect_to @<%= singular_table_name %>, notice: <%= "'#{human_name} was successfully updated.'" %>
     else
-      render action: 'edit'
+      render :edit
     end
   end
 
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ class <%= controller_class_name %>Controller < ApplicationController
     # Only allow a trusted parameter "white list" through.
     def <%= "#{singular_table_name}_params" %>
       <%- if attributes_names.empty? -%>
-      params[:<%= singular_table_name %>]
+      params.fetch(:<%= singular_table_name %>, {})
       <%- else -%>
       params.require(:<%= singular_table_name %>).permit(<%= attributes_names.map { |name| ":#{name}" }.join(', ') %>)
       <%- end -%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/resource_helpers.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/resource_helpers.rb
index 4669935156..9c2037783e 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/resource_helpers.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/resource_helpers.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ module Rails
     module ResourceHelpers # :nodoc:
 
       def self.included(base) #:nodoc:
-        base.send :include, Rails::Generators::ModelHelpers
+        base.include(Rails::Generators::ModelHelpers)
         base.class_option :model_name, type: :string, desc: "ModelName to be used"
       end
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ module Rails
         def assign_controller_names!(name)
           @controller_name = name
           @controller_class_path = name.include?('/') ? name.split('/') : name.split('::')
-          @controller_class_path.map! { |m| m.underscore }
+          @controller_class_path.map!(&:underscore)
           @controller_file_name = @controller_class_path.pop
         end
 
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ module Rails
         end
 
         def controller_class_name
-          (controller_class_path + [controller_file_name]).map!{ |m| m.camelize }.join('::')
+          (controller_class_path + [controller_file_name]).map!(&:camelize).join('::')
         end
 
         def controller_i18n_scope
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/controller/templates/functional_test.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/controller/templates/functional_test.rb
index 509bd60564..5a8a3ca5e0 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/controller/templates/functional_test.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/controller/templates/functional_test.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,12 @@ require 'test_helper'
 
 <% module_namespacing do -%>
 class <%= class_name %>ControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
+<% if mountable_engine? -%>
+  setup do
+    @routes = Engine.routes
+  end
+
+<% end -%>
 <% if actions.empty? -%>
   # test "the truth" do
   #   assert true
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/helper/helper_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/helper/helper_generator.rb
index 0db76f9eaf..bde4e88915 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/helper/helper_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/helper/helper_generator.rb
@@ -3,11 +3,7 @@ require 'rails/generators/test_unit'
 module TestUnit # :nodoc:
   module Generators # :nodoc:
     class HelperGenerator < Base # :nodoc:
-      check_class_collision suffix: "HelperTest"
-
-      def create_helper_files
-        template 'helper_test.rb', File.join('test/helpers', class_path, "#{file_name}_helper_test.rb")
-      end
+      # Rails does not generate anything here.
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/helper/templates/helper_test.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/helper/templates/helper_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7d37bda0f9..0000000000
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/helper/templates/helper_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-require 'test_helper'
-
-<% module_namespacing do -%>
-class <%= class_name %>HelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
-end
-<% end -%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/job/job_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/job/job_generator.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..566b61ca66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/job/job_generator.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+require 'rails/generators/test_unit'
+
+module TestUnit # :nodoc:
+  module Generators # :nodoc:
+    class JobGenerator < Base # :nodoc:
+      check_class_collision suffix: 'JobTest'
+
+      def create_test_file
+        template 'unit_test.rb.erb', File.join('test/jobs', class_path, "#{file_name}_job_test.rb")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/job/templates/unit_test.rb.erb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/job/templates/unit_test.rb.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f5351d0ec6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/job/templates/unit_test.rb.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+require 'test_helper'
+
+<% module_namespacing do -%>
+class <%= class_name %>JobTest < ActiveJob::TestCase
+  # test "the truth" do
+  #   assert true
+  # end
+end
+<% end -%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/mailer/mailer_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/mailer/mailer_generator.rb
index 85dee1a066..343c8a3949 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/mailer/mailer_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/mailer/mailer_generator.rb
@@ -6,16 +6,21 @@ module TestUnit # :nodoc:
       argument :actions, type: :array, default: [], banner: "method method"
 
       def check_class_collision
-        class_collisions "#{class_name}Test", "#{class_name}Preview"
+        class_collisions "#{class_name}MailerTest", "#{class_name}MailerPreview"
       end
 
       def create_test_files
-        template "functional_test.rb", File.join('test/mailers', class_path, "#{file_name}_test.rb")
+        template "functional_test.rb", File.join('test/mailers', class_path, "#{file_name}_mailer_test.rb")
       end
 
       def create_preview_files
-        template "preview.rb", File.join('test/mailers/previews', class_path, "#{file_name}_preview.rb")
+        template "preview.rb", File.join('test/mailers/previews', class_path, "#{file_name}_mailer_preview.rb")
       end
+
+      protected
+        def file_name
+          @_file_name ||= super.gsub(/\_mailer/i, '')
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/mailer/templates/functional_test.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/mailer/templates/functional_test.rb
index 7e204105a3..a2f2d30de5 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/mailer/templates/functional_test.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/mailer/templates/functional_test.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 require 'test_helper'
 
 <% module_namespacing do -%>
-class <%= class_name %>Test < ActionMailer::TestCase
+class <%= class_name %>MailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
 <% actions.each do |action| -%>
   test "<%= action %>" do
-    mail = <%= class_name %>.<%= action %>
+    mail = <%= class_name %>Mailer.<%= action %>
     assert_equal <%= action.to_s.humanize.inspect %>, mail.subject
     assert_equal ["to@example.org"], mail.to
     assert_equal ["from@example.com"], mail.from
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/mailer/templates/preview.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/mailer/templates/preview.rb
index 3bfd5426e8..b063cbc47b 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/mailer/templates/preview.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/mailer/templates/preview.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 <% module_namespacing do -%>
-# Preview all emails at http://localhost:3000/rails/mailers/<%= file_path %>
-class <%= class_name %>Preview < ActionMailer::Preview
+# Preview all emails at http://localhost:3000/rails/mailers/<%= file_path %>_mailer
+class <%= class_name %>MailerPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
 <% actions.each do |action| -%>
 
-  # Preview this email at http://localhost:3000/rails/mailers/<%= file_path %>/<%= action %>
+  # Preview this email at http://localhost:3000/rails/mailers/<%= file_path %>_mailer/<%= action %>
   def <%= action %>
-    <%= class_name %>.<%= action %>
+    <%= class_name %>Mailer.<%= action %>
   end
 <% end -%>
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/model/model_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/model/model_generator.rb
index 2826a3ffa1..086588750e 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/model/model_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/model/model_generator.rb
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ module TestUnit # :nodoc:
 
       def create_fixture_file
         if options[:fixture] && options[:fixture_replacement].nil?
-          template 'fixtures.yml', File.join('test/fixtures', class_path, "#{plural_file_name}.yml")
+          template 'fixtures.yml', File.join('test/fixtures', class_path, "#{fixture_file_name}.yml")
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/model/templates/fixtures.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/model/templates/fixtures.yml
index f19e9d1d87..50ca61a35b 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/model/templates/fixtures.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/model/templates/fixtures.yml
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
 <% attributes.each do |attribute| -%>
   <%- if attribute.password_digest? -%>
   password_digest: <%%= BCrypt::Password.create('secret') %>
+  <%- elsif attribute.reference? -%>
+  <%= yaml_key_value(attribute.column_name.sub(/_id$/, ''), attribute.default) %>
   <%- else -%>
   <%= yaml_key_value(attribute.column_name, attribute.default) %>
   <%- end -%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/scaffold/scaffold_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/scaffold/scaffold_generator.rb
index 2e1f55f2a6..0171da7cc7 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/scaffold/scaffold_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/scaffold/scaffold_generator.rb
@@ -8,13 +8,26 @@ module TestUnit # :nodoc:
 
       check_class_collision suffix: "ControllerTest"
 
+      class_option :api, type: :boolean,
+                         desc: "Generates API functional tests"
+
       argument :attributes, type: :array, default: [], banner: "field:type field:type"
 
       def create_test_files
-        template "functional_test.rb",
+        template_file = options.api? ? "api_functional_test.rb" : "functional_test.rb"
+        template template_file,
                  File.join("test/controllers", controller_class_path, "#{controller_file_name}_controller_test.rb")
       end
 
+      def fixture_name
+        @fixture_name ||=
+          if mountable_engine?
+            "%s_%s" % [namespaced_path, table_name]
+          else
+            table_name
+          end
+      end
+
       private
 
         def attributes_hash
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/scaffold/templates/api_functional_test.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/scaffold/templates/api_functional_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f302cd6c3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/scaffold/templates/api_functional_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+require 'test_helper'
+
+<% module_namespacing do -%>
+class <%= controller_class_name %>ControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  setup do
+    @<%= singular_table_name %> = <%= fixture_name %>(:one)
+<% if mountable_engine? -%>
+    @routes = Engine.routes
+<% end -%>
+  end
+
+  test "should get index" do
+    get :index
+    assert_response :success
+  end
+
+  test "should create <%= singular_table_name %>" do
+    assert_difference('<%= class_name %>.count') do
+      post :create, params: { <%= "#{singular_table_name}: { #{attributes_hash} }" %> }
+    end
+
+    assert_response 201
+  end
+
+  test "should show <%= singular_table_name %>" do
+    get :show, params: { id: <%= "@#{singular_table_name}" %> }
+    assert_response :success
+  end
+
+  test "should update <%= singular_table_name %>" do
+    patch :update, params: { id: <%= "@#{singular_table_name}" %>, <%= "#{singular_table_name}: { #{attributes_hash} }" %> }
+    assert_response 200
+  end
+
+  test "should destroy <%= singular_table_name %>" do
+    assert_difference('<%= class_name %>.count', -1) do
+      delete :destroy, params: { id: <%= "@#{singular_table_name}" %> }
+    end
+
+    assert_response 204
+  end
+end
+<% end -%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/scaffold/templates/functional_test.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/scaffold/templates/functional_test.rb
index 18bd1ece9d..50b98b2631 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/scaffold/templates/functional_test.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/scaffold/templates/functional_test.rb
@@ -3,13 +3,15 @@ require 'test_helper'
 <% module_namespacing do -%>
 class <%= controller_class_name %>ControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   setup do
-    @<%= singular_table_name %> = <%= table_name %>(:one)
+    @<%= singular_table_name %> = <%= fixture_name %>(:one)
+<% if mountable_engine? -%>
+    @routes = Engine.routes
+<% end -%>
   end
 
   test "should get index" do
     get :index
     assert_response :success
-    assert_not_nil assigns(:<%= table_name %>)
   end
 
   test "should get new" do
@@ -19,30 +21,30 @@ class <%= controller_class_name %>ControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   test "should create <%= singular_table_name %>" do
     assert_difference('<%= class_name %>.count') do
-      post :create, <%= "#{singular_table_name}: { #{attributes_hash} }" %>
+      post :create, params: { <%= "#{singular_table_name}: { #{attributes_hash} }" %> }
     end
 
-    assert_redirected_to <%= singular_table_name %>_path(assigns(:<%= singular_table_name %>))
+    assert_redirected_to <%= singular_table_name %>_path(<%= class_name %>.last)
   end
 
   test "should show <%= singular_table_name %>" do
-    get :show, id: <%= "@#{singular_table_name}" %>
+    get :show, params: { id: <%= "@#{singular_table_name}" %> }
     assert_response :success
   end
 
   test "should get edit" do
-    get :edit, id: <%= "@#{singular_table_name}" %>
+    get :edit, params: { id: <%= "@#{singular_table_name}" %> }
     assert_response :success
   end
 
   test "should update <%= singular_table_name %>" do
-    patch :update, id: <%= "@#{singular_table_name}" %>, <%= "#{singular_table_name}: { #{attributes_hash} }" %>
-    assert_redirected_to <%= singular_table_name %>_path(assigns(:<%= singular_table_name %>))
+    patch :update, params: { id: <%= "@#{singular_table_name}" %>, <%= "#{singular_table_name}: { #{attributes_hash} }" %> }
+    assert_redirected_to <%= singular_table_name %>_path(<%= "@#{singular_table_name}" %>)
   end
 
   test "should destroy <%= singular_table_name %>" do
     assert_difference('<%= class_name %>.count', -1) do
-      delete :destroy, id: <%= "@#{singular_table_name}" %>
+      delete :destroy, params: { id: <%= "@#{singular_table_name}" %> }
     end
 
     assert_redirected_to <%= index_helper %>_path
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/testing/assertions.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/testing/assertions.rb
index 2e877f8762..76758df86d 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/testing/assertions.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/testing/assertions.rb
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ module Rails
         #     end
         #   end
         def assert_file(relative, *contents)
-          absolute = File.expand_path(relative, destination_root).shellescape
+          absolute = File.expand_path(relative, destination_root)
           assert File.exist?(absolute), "Expected file #{relative.inspect} to exist, but does not"
 
           read = File.read(absolute) if block_given? || !contents.empty?
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/testing/behaviour.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/testing/behaviour.rb
index 7576eba6e0..94b5e52224 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/testing/behaviour.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/testing/behaviour.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/delegation'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/reverse_merge'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting'
+require 'active_support/testing/stream'
 require 'active_support/concern'
 require 'rails/generators'
 
@@ -10,6 +11,7 @@ module Rails
     module Testing
       module Behaviour
         extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+        include ActiveSupport::Testing::Stream
 
         included do
           class_attribute :destination_root, :current_path, :generator_class, :default_arguments
@@ -50,7 +52,7 @@ module Rails
         #   class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
         #     tests AppGenerator
         #     destination File.expand_path("../tmp", File.dirname(__FILE__))
-        #     teardown :cleanup_destination_root
+        #     setup :prepare_destination
         #
         #     test "database.yml is not created when skipping Active Record" do
         #       run_generator %w(myapp --skip-active-record)
@@ -90,7 +92,8 @@ module Rails
             cd current_path
           end
 
-          def prepare_destination # :nodoc:
+          # Clears all files and directories in destination.
+          def prepare_destination
             rm_rf(destination_root)
             mkdir_p(destination_root)
           end
@@ -100,6 +103,7 @@ module Rails
             dirname, file_name = File.dirname(absolute), File.basename(absolute).sub(/\.rb$/, '')
             Dir.glob("#{dirname}/[0-9]*_*.rb").grep(/\d+_#{file_name}.rb$/).first
           end
+
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/info.rb b/railties/lib/rails/info.rb
index edadeaca0e..5909446b66 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/info.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/info.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
 require "cgi"
 
 module Rails
+  # This module helps build the runtime properties used to display in the
+  # Rails::InfoController responses. Including the active Rails version, Ruby
+  # version, Rack version, and so on.
   module Info
     mattr_accessor :properties
     class << (@@properties = [])
       def names
-        map {|val| val.first }
+        map(&:first)
       end
 
       def value_for(property_name)
@@ -22,19 +25,8 @@ module Rails
       rescue Exception
       end
 
-      def frameworks
-        %w( active_record action_pack action_view action_mailer active_support )
-      end
-
-      def framework_version(framework)
-        if Object.const_defined?(framework.classify)
-          require "#{framework}/version"
-          framework.classify.constantize.version.to_s
-        end
-      end
-
       def to_s
-        column_width = properties.names.map {|name| name.length}.max
+        column_width = properties.names.map(&:length).max
         info = properties.map do |name, value|
           value = value.join(", ") if value.is_a?(Array)
           "%-#{column_width}s   %s" % [name, value]
@@ -61,6 +53,11 @@ module Rails
       end
     end
 
+    # The Rails version.
+    property 'Rails version' do
+      Rails.version.to_s
+    end
+
     # The Ruby version and platform, e.g. "2.0.0-p247 (x86_64-darwin12.4.0)".
     property 'Ruby version' do
       "#{RUBY_VERSION}-p#{RUBY_PATCHLEVEL} (#{RUBY_PLATFORM})"
@@ -75,23 +72,10 @@ module Rails
       ::Rack.release
     end
 
-    # The Rails version.
-    property 'Rails version' do
-      Rails.version.to_s
-    end
-
     property 'JavaScript Runtime' do
       ExecJS.runtime.name
     end
 
-    # Versions of each Rails framework (Active Record, Action Pack,
-    # Action Mailer, and Active Support).
-    frameworks.each do |framework|
-      property "#{framework.titlecase} version" do
-        framework_version(framework)
-      end
-    end
-
     property 'Middleware' do
       Rails.configuration.middleware.map(&:inspect)
     end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/info_controller.rb b/railties/lib/rails/info_controller.rb
index 908c4ce65e..778105c5f7 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/info_controller.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/info_controller.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ class Rails::InfoController < Rails::ApplicationController # :nodoc:
   prepend_view_path ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions::RESCUES_TEMPLATE_PATH
   layout -> { request.xhr? ? false : 'application' }
 
-  before_filter :require_local!
+  before_action :require_local!
 
   def index
     redirect_to action: :routes
@@ -17,7 +17,28 @@ class Rails::InfoController < Rails::ApplicationController # :nodoc:
   end
 
   def routes
-    @routes_inspector = ActionDispatch::Routing::RoutesInspector.new(_routes.routes)
-    @page_title = 'Routes'
+    if path = params[:path]
+      path = URI.parser.escape path
+      normalized_path = with_leading_slash path
+      render json: {
+        exact: match_route {|it| it.match normalized_path },
+        fuzzy: match_route {|it| it.spec.to_s.match path }
+      }
+    else
+      @routes_inspector = ActionDispatch::Routing::RoutesInspector.new(_routes.routes)
+      @page_title = 'Routes'
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def match_route
+    _routes.routes.select {|route|
+      yield route.path
+    }.map {|route| route.path.spec.to_s }
+  end
+
+  def with_leading_slash(path)
+    ('/' + path).squeeze('/')
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/mailers_controller.rb b/railties/lib/rails/mailers_controller.rb
index dd318f52e5..6143cf2dd9 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/mailers_controller.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/mailers_controller.rb
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ require 'rails/application_controller'
 class Rails::MailersController < Rails::ApplicationController # :nodoc:
   prepend_view_path ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions::RESCUES_TEMPLATE_PATH
 
-  before_filter :require_local!
-  before_filter :find_preview, only: :preview
+  before_action :require_local!, unless: :show_previews?
+  before_action :find_preview, only: :preview
 
   def index
     @previews = ActionMailer::Preview.all
@@ -16,31 +16,35 @@ class Rails::MailersController < Rails::ApplicationController # :nodoc:
       @page_title = "Mailer Previews for #{@preview.preview_name}"
       render action: 'mailer'
     else
-      email = File.basename(params[:path])
+      @email_action = File.basename(params[:path])
 
-      if @preview.email_exists?(email)
-        @email = @preview.call(email)
+      if @preview.email_exists?(@email_action)
+        @email = @preview.call(@email_action)
 
         if params[:part]
           part_type = Mime::Type.lookup(params[:part])
 
           if part = find_part(part_type)
             response.content_type = part_type
-            render text: part.respond_to?(:decoded) ? part.decoded : part
+            render plain: part.respond_to?(:decoded) ? part.decoded : part
           else
-            raise AbstractController::ActionNotFound, "Email part '#{part_type}' not found in #{@preview.name}##{email}"
+            raise AbstractController::ActionNotFound, "Email part '#{part_type}' not found in #{@preview.name}##{@email_action}"
           end
         else
-          @part = find_preferred_part(request.format, Mime::HTML, Mime::TEXT)
+          @part = find_preferred_part(request.format, Mime[:html], Mime[:text])
           render action: 'email', layout: false, formats: %w[html]
         end
       else
-        raise AbstractController::ActionNotFound, "Email '#{email}' not found in #{@preview.name}"
+        raise AbstractController::ActionNotFound, "Email '#{@email_action}' not found in #{@preview.name}"
       end
     end
   end
 
   protected
+    def show_previews?
+      ActionMailer::Base.show_previews
+    end
+
     def find_preview
       candidates = []
       params[:path].to_s.scan(%r{/|$}){ candidates << $` }
@@ -54,20 +58,22 @@ class Rails::MailersController < Rails::ApplicationController # :nodoc:
     end
 
     def find_preferred_part(*formats)
-      if @email.multipart?
-        formats.each do |format|
-          return find_part(format) if @email.parts.any?{ |p| p.mime_type == format }
+      formats.each do |format|
+        if part = @email.find_first_mime_type(format)
+          return part
         end
-      else
+      end
+
+      if formats.any?{ |f| @email.mime_type == f }
         @email
       end
     end
 
     def find_part(format)
-      if @email.multipart?
-        @email.parts.find{ |p| p.mime_type == format }
+      if part = @email.find_first_mime_type(format)
+        part
       elsif @email.mime_type == format
         @email
       end
     end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/paths.rb b/railties/lib/rails/paths.rb
index 117bb37487..e47616a87f 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/paths.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/paths.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ module Rails
     #   root = Root.new "/rails"
     #   root.add "app/controllers", eager_load: true
     #
-    # The command above creates a new root object and add "app/controllers" as a path.
+    # The command above creates a new root object and adds "app/controllers" as a path.
     # This means we can get a <tt>Rails::Paths::Path</tt> object back like below:
     #
     #   path = root["app/controllers"]
@@ -77,23 +77,23 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def all_paths
-        values.tap { |v| v.uniq! }
+        values.tap(&:uniq!)
       end
 
       def autoload_once
-        filter_by { |p| p.autoload_once? }
+        filter_by(&:autoload_once?)
       end
 
       def eager_load
-        filter_by { |p| p.eager_load? }
+        filter_by(&:eager_load?)
       end
 
       def autoload_paths
-        filter_by { |p| p.autoload? }
+        filter_by(&:autoload?)
       end
 
       def load_paths
-        filter_by { |p| p.load_path? }
+        filter_by(&:load_path?)
       end
 
     private
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ module Rails
       def filter_by(&block)
         all_paths.find_all(&block).flat_map { |path|
           paths = path.existent
-          paths - path.children.map { |p| yield(p) ? [] : p.existent }.flatten
+          paths - path.children.flat_map { |p| yield(p) ? [] : p.existent }
         }.uniq
       end
     end
@@ -123,6 +123,10 @@ module Rails
         options[:load_path]     ? load_path!     : skip_load_path!
       end
 
+      def absolute_current # :nodoc:
+        File.expand_path(@current, @root.path)
+      end
+
       def children
         keys = @root.keys.find_all { |k|
           k.start_with?(@current) && k != @current
@@ -167,14 +171,18 @@ module Rails
         @paths.concat paths
       end
 
-      def unshift(path)
-        @paths.unshift path
+      def unshift(*paths)
+        @paths.unshift(*paths)
       end
 
       def to_ary
         @paths
       end
 
+      def extensions # :nodoc:
+        $1.split(',') if @glob =~ /\{([\S]+)\}/
+      end
+
       # Expands all paths against the root and return all unique values.
       def expanded
         raise "You need to set a path root" unless @root.path
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/rack.rb b/railties/lib/rails/rack.rb
index d1ee96f7fd..a4c4527a72 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/rack.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/rack.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 module Rails
   module Rack
-    autoload :Debugger,      "rails/rack/debugger"
-    autoload :Logger,        "rails/rack/logger"
-    autoload :LogTailer,     "rails/rack/log_tailer"
+    autoload :Logger, "rails/rack/logger"
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/rack/debugger.rb b/railties/lib/rails/rack/debugger.rb
index f7b77bcb3b..1fde3db070 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/rack/debugger.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/rack/debugger.rb
@@ -1,24 +1,3 @@
-module Rails
-  module Rack
-    class Debugger
-      def initialize(app)
-        @app = app
+require 'active_support/deprecation'
 
-        ARGV.clear # clear ARGV so that rails server options aren't passed to IRB
-
-        require 'debugger'
-
-        ::Debugger.start
-        ::Debugger.settings[:autoeval] = true if ::Debugger.respond_to?(:settings)
-        puts "=> Debugger enabled"
-      rescue LoadError
-        puts "You're missing the 'debugger' gem. Add it to your Gemfile, bundle it and try again."
-        exit(1)
-      end
-
-      def call(env)
-        @app.call(env)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
+ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("This file is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.1 with no replacement.")
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/rack/log_tailer.rb b/railties/lib/rails/rack/log_tailer.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 50d0eb96fc..0000000000
--- a/railties/lib/rails/rack/log_tailer.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-module Rails
-  module Rack
-    class LogTailer
-      def initialize(app, log = nil)
-        @app = app
-
-        path = Pathname.new(log || "#{::File.expand_path(Rails.root)}/log/#{Rails.env}.log").cleanpath
-
-        @cursor = @file = nil
-        if ::File.exist?(path)
-          @cursor = ::File.size(path)
-          @file = ::File.open(path, 'r')
-        end
-      end
-
-      def call(env)
-        response = @app.call(env)
-        tail!
-        response
-      end
-
-      def tail!
-        return unless @cursor
-        @file.seek @cursor
-
-        unless @file.eof?
-          contents = @file.read
-          @cursor = @file.tell
-          $stdout.print contents
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/rack/logger.rb b/railties/lib/rails/rack/logger.rb
index 3b35798679..12676b18bc 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/rack/logger.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/rack/logger.rb
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ require 'rack/body_proxy'
 module Rails
   module Rack
     # Sets log tags, logs the request, calls the app, and flushes the logs.
+    #
+    # Log tags (+taggers+) can be an Array containing: methods that the +request+
+    # object responds to, objects that respond to +to_s+ or Proc objects that accept
+    # an instance of the +request+ object.
     class Logger < ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber
       def initialize(app, taggers = nil)
         @app          = app
@@ -34,7 +38,7 @@ module Rails
 
         instrumenter = ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrumenter
         instrumenter.start 'request.action_dispatch', request: request
-        logger.info started_request_message(request)
+        logger.info { started_request_message(request) }
         resp = @app.call(env)
         resp[2] = ::Rack::BodyProxy.new(resp[2]) { finish(request) }
         resp
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/railtie.rb b/railties/lib/rails/railtie.rb
index c63e0c0758..8c24d1d56d 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/railtie.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/railtie.rb
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ module Rails
   #     end
   #   end
   #
-  # By default, Rails load generators from your load path. However, if you want to place
+  # By default, Rails loads generators from your load path. However, if you want to place
   # your generators at a different location, you can specify in your Railtie a block which
   # will load them during normal generators lookup:
   #
@@ -183,8 +183,8 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       protected
-        def generate_railtie_name(class_or_module)
-          ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore(class_or_module).tr("/", "_")
+        def generate_railtie_name(string)
+          ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore(string).tr("/", "_")
         end
 
         # If the class method does not have a method, then send the method call
@@ -221,26 +221,28 @@ module Rails
     protected
 
     def run_console_blocks(app) #:nodoc:
-      self.class.console.each { |block| block.call(app) }
+      each_registered_block(:console) { |block| block.call(app) }
     end
 
     def run_generators_blocks(app) #:nodoc:
-      self.class.generators.each { |block| block.call(app) }
+      each_registered_block(:generators) { |block| block.call(app) }
     end
 
     def run_runner_blocks(app) #:nodoc:
-      self.class.runner.each { |block| block.call(app) }
+      each_registered_block(:runner) { |block| block.call(app) }
     end
 
     def run_tasks_blocks(app) #:nodoc:
       extend Rake::DSL
-      self.class.rake_tasks.each { |block| instance_exec(app, &block) }
+      each_registered_block(:rake_tasks) { |block| instance_exec(app, &block) }
+    end
 
-      # Load also tasks from all superclasses
-      klass = self.class.superclass
+    private
 
-      while klass.respond_to?(:rake_tasks)
-        klass.rake_tasks.each { |t| instance_exec(app, &t) }
+    def each_registered_block(type, &block)
+      klass = self.class
+      while klass.respond_to?(type)
+        klass.public_send(type).each(&block)
         klass = klass.superclass
       end
     end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/ruby_version_check.rb b/railties/lib/rails/ruby_version_check.rb
index 3b7f358a5b..67a19d8a94 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/ruby_version_check.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/ruby_version_check.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-if RUBY_VERSION < '1.9.3'
+if RUBY_VERSION < '2.2.2' && RUBY_ENGINE == 'ruby'
   desc = defined?(RUBY_DESCRIPTION) ? RUBY_DESCRIPTION : "ruby #{RUBY_VERSION} (#{RUBY_RELEASE_DATE})"
   abort <<-end_message
 
-    Rails 4 prefers to run on Ruby 2.0.
+    Rails 5 requires Ruby 2.2.2 or newer.
 
     You're running
       #{desc}
 
-    Please upgrade to Ruby 1.9.3 or newer to continue.
+    Please upgrade to Ruby 2.2.2 or newer to continue.
 
   end_message
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/rubyprof_ext.rb b/railties/lib/rails/rubyprof_ext.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 017eba3a76..0000000000
--- a/railties/lib/rails/rubyprof_ext.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-require 'prof'
-
-module Prof #:nodoc:
-  # Adapted from Shugo Maeda's unprof.rb
-  def self.print_profile(results, io = $stderr)
-    total = results.detect { |i|
-      i.method_class.nil? && i.method_id == :"#toplevel"
-    }.total_time
-    total = 0.001 if total < 0.001
-
-    io.puts "  %%   cumulative   self              self     total"
-    io.puts " time   seconds   seconds    calls  ms/call  ms/call  name"
-
-    sum = 0.0
-    results.each do |r|
-      sum += r.self_time
-
-      name =  if r.method_class.nil?
-                r.method_id.to_s
-              elsif r.method_class.is_a?(Class)
-                "#{r.method_class}##{r.method_id}"
-              else
-                "#{r.method_class}.#{r.method_id}"
-              end
-      io.printf "%6.2f %8.3f  %8.3f %8d %8.2f %8.2f  %s\n",
-        r.self_time / total * 100,
-        sum,
-        r.self_time,
-        r.count,
-        r.self_time * 1000 / r.count,
-        r.total_time * 1000 / r.count,
-        name
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/source_annotation_extractor.rb b/railties/lib/rails/source_annotation_extractor.rb
index 3cf6a005ea..8dd87b6cc5 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/source_annotation_extractor.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/source_annotation_extractor.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 #   rake notes
 #   rake notes:optimize
 #
-# and friends. See <tt>rake -T notes</tt> and <tt>railties/lib/tasks/annotations.rake</tt>.
+# and friends. See <tt>rake -T notes</tt> and <tt>railties/lib/rails/tasks/annotations.rake</tt>.
 #
 # Annotation objects are triplets <tt>:line</tt>, <tt>:tag</tt>, <tt>:text</tt> that
 # represent the line where the annotation lives, its tag, and its text. Note
@@ -18,6 +18,20 @@ class SourceAnnotationExtractor
       @@directories ||= %w(app config db lib test) + (ENV['SOURCE_ANNOTATION_DIRECTORIES'] || '').split(',')
     end
 
+    def self.extensions
+      @@extensions ||= {}
+    end
+
+    # Registers new Annotations File Extensions
+    #   SourceAnnotationExtractor::Annotation.register_extensions("css", "scss", "sass", "less", "js") { |tag| /\/\/\s*(#{tag}):?\s*(.*)$/ }
+    def self.register_extensions(*exts, &block)
+      extensions[/\.(#{exts.join("|")})$/] = block
+    end
+
+    register_extensions("builder", "rb", "rake", "yml", "yaml", "ruby") { |tag| /#\s*(#{tag}):?\s*(.*)$/ }
+    register_extensions("css", "js") { |tag| /\/\/\s*(#{tag}):?\s*(.*)$/ }
+    register_extensions("erb") { |tag| /<%\s*#\s*(#{tag}):?\s*(.*?)\s*%>/ }
+
     # Returns a representation of the annotation that looks like this:
     #
     #   [126] [TODO] This algorithm is simple and clearly correct, make it faster.
@@ -66,9 +80,8 @@ class SourceAnnotationExtractor
 
   # Returns a hash that maps filenames under +dir+ (recursively) to arrays
   # with their annotations. Only files with annotations are included. Files
-  # with extension +.builder+, +.rb+, +.erb+, +.haml+, +.slim+, +.css+,
-  # +.scss+, +.js+, +.coffee+, +.rake+, +.sass+ and +.less+
-  # are taken into account.
+  # with extension +.builder+, +.rb+, +.rake+, +.yml+, +.yaml+, +.ruby+,
+  # +.css+, +.js+ and +.erb+ are taken into account.
   def find_in(dir)
     results = {}
 
@@ -78,21 +91,14 @@ class SourceAnnotationExtractor
       if File.directory?(item)
         results.update(find_in(item))
       else
-        pattern =
-            case item
-            when /\.(builder|rb|coffee|rake)$/
-              /#\s*(#{tag}):?\s*(.*)$/
-            when /\.(css|scss|sass|less|js)$/
-              /\/\/\s*(#{tag}):?\s*(.*)$/
-            when /\.erb$/
-              /<%\s*#\s*(#{tag}):?\s*(.*?)\s*%>/
-            when /\.haml$/
-              /-\s*#\s*(#{tag}):?\s*(.*)$/
-            when /\.slim$/
-              /\/\s*\s*(#{tag}):?\s*(.*)$/
-            else nil
-            end
-        results.update(extract_annotations_from(item, pattern)) if pattern
+        extension = Annotation.extensions.detect do |regexp, _block|
+          regexp.match(item)
+        end
+
+        if extension
+          pattern = extension.last.call(tag)
+          results.update(extract_annotations_from(item, pattern)) if pattern
+        end
       end
     end
 
@@ -115,7 +121,7 @@ class SourceAnnotationExtractor
   # Prints the mapping from filenames to annotations in +results+ ordered by filename.
   # The +options+ hash is passed to each annotation's +to_s+.
   def display(results, options={})
-    options[:indent] = results.map { |f, a| a.map(&:line) }.flatten.max.to_s.size
+    options[:indent] = results.flat_map { |f, a| a.map(&:line) }.max.to_s.size
     results.keys.sort.each do |file|
       puts "#{file}:"
       results[file].each do |note|
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/tasks.rb b/railties/lib/rails/tasks.rb
index af5f2707b1..d60eaf6f4f 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/tasks.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/tasks.rb
@@ -1,14 +1,18 @@
+require 'rake'
+
 # Load Rails Rakefile extensions
 %w(
   annotations
-  documentation
   framework
+  initializers
   log
   middleware
   misc
+  restart
   routes
-  statistics
   tmp
-).each do |task|
+).tap { |arr|
+  arr << 'statistics' if Rake.application.current_scope.empty?
+}.each do |task|
   load "rails/tasks/#{task}.rake"
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/documentation.rake b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/documentation.rake
deleted file mode 100644
index 8544890553..0000000000
--- a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/documentation.rake
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
-begin
-  require 'rdoc/task'
-rescue LoadError
-  # Rubinius installs RDoc as a gem, and for this interpreter "rdoc/task" is
-  # available only if the application bundle includes "rdoc" (normally as a
-  # dependency of the "sdoc" gem.)
-  #
-  # If RDoc is not available it is fine that we do not generate the tasks that
-  # depend on it. Just be robust to this gotcha and go on.
-else
-  require 'rails/api/task'
-
-  # Monkey-patch to remove redoc'ing and clobber descriptions to cut down on rake -T noise
-  class RDocTaskWithoutDescriptions < RDoc::Task
-    include ::Rake::DSL
-
-    def define
-      task rdoc_task_name
-
-      task rerdoc_task_name => [clobber_task_name, rdoc_task_name]
-
-      task clobber_task_name do
-        rm_r rdoc_dir rescue nil
-      end
-
-      task :clobber => [clobber_task_name]
-
-      directory @rdoc_dir
-      task rdoc_task_name => [rdoc_target]
-      file rdoc_target => @rdoc_files + [Rake.application.rakefile] do
-        rm_r @rdoc_dir rescue nil
-        @before_running_rdoc.call if @before_running_rdoc
-        args = option_list + @rdoc_files
-        if @external
-          argstring = args.join(' ')
-          sh %{ruby -Ivendor vendor/rd #{argstring}}
-        else
-          require 'rdoc/rdoc'
-          RDoc::RDoc.new.document(args)
-        end
-      end
-      self
-    end
-  end
-
-  namespace :doc do
-    RDocTaskWithoutDescriptions.new("app") { |rdoc|
-      rdoc.rdoc_dir = 'doc/app'
-      rdoc.template = ENV['template'] if ENV['template']
-      rdoc.title    = ENV['title'] || "Rails Application Documentation"
-      rdoc.options << '--line-numbers'
-      rdoc.options << '--charset' << 'utf-8'
-      rdoc.rdoc_files.include('README.rdoc')
-      rdoc.rdoc_files.include('app/**/*.rb')
-      rdoc.rdoc_files.include('lib/**/*.rb')
-    }
-    Rake::Task['doc:app'].comment = "Generate docs for the app -- also available doc:rails, doc:guides (options: TEMPLATE=/rdoc-template.rb, TITLE=\"Custom Title\")"
-
-    # desc 'Generate documentation for the Rails framework.'
-    Rails::API::AppTask.new('rails')
-  end
-end
-
-namespace :doc do
-  task :guides do
-    rails_gem_dir = Gem::Specification.find_by_name("rails").gem_dir
-    require File.expand_path(File.join(rails_gem_dir, "/guides/rails_guides"))
-    RailsGuides::Generator.new(Rails.root.join("doc/guides")).generate
-  end
-end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/engine.rake b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/engine.rake
index 16ad1bfc84..c51524f8f6 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/engine.rake
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/engine.rake
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ namespace :db do
   desc "Rolls the schema back to the previous version (specify steps w/ STEP=n)."
   app_task "rollback"
 
-  desc "Create a db/schema.rb file that can be portably used against any DB supported by AR"
+  desc "Create a db/schema.rb file that can be portably used against any DB supported by Active Record"
   app_task "schema:dump"
 
   desc "Load a schema.rb file into the database"
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/framework.rake b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/framework.rake
index e669315934..904b9d9ad6 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/framework.rake
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/framework.rake
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ namespace :rails do
   task update: [ "update:configs", "update:bin" ]
 
   desc "Applies the template supplied by LOCATION=(/path/to/template) or URL"
-  task :template do
+  task template: :environment do
     template = ENV["LOCATION"]
     raise "No LOCATION value given. Please set LOCATION either as path to a file or a URL" if template.blank?
     template = File.expand_path(template) if template !~ %r{\A[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9+\-\.]*://}
@@ -32,35 +32,37 @@ namespace :rails do
           FileUtils.cp_r src_name, dst_name
         end
       end
-     end
+    end
   end
 
   namespace :update do
-    def invoke_from_app_generator(method)
-      app_generator.send(method)
-    end
+    class RailsUpdate
+      def self.invoke_from_app_generator(method)
+        app_generator.send(method)
+      end
 
-    def app_generator
-      @app_generator ||= begin
-        require 'rails/generators'
-        require 'rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator'
-        gen = Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.new ["rails"], { with_dispatchers: true },
-                                                             destination_root: Rails.root
-        File.exist?(Rails.root.join("config", "application.rb")) ?
-          gen.send(:app_const) : gen.send(:valid_const?)
-        gen
+      def self.app_generator
+        @app_generator ||= begin
+          require 'rails/generators'
+          require 'rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator'
+          gen = Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.new ["rails"], { with_dispatchers: true },
+            destination_root: Rails.root
+          File.exist?(Rails.root.join("config", "application.rb")) ?
+            gen.send(:app_const) : gen.send(:valid_const?)
+          gen
+        end
       end
     end
 
     # desc "Update config/boot.rb from your current rails install"
     task :configs do
-      invoke_from_app_generator :create_boot_file
-      invoke_from_app_generator :create_config_files
+      RailsUpdate.invoke_from_app_generator :create_boot_file
+      RailsUpdate.invoke_from_app_generator :update_config_files
     end
 
     # desc "Adds new executables to the application bin/ directory"
     task :bin do
-      invoke_from_app_generator :create_bin_files
+      RailsUpdate.invoke_from_app_generator :create_bin_files
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/initializers.rake b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/initializers.rake
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2968b5cb53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/initializers.rake
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+desc "Print out all defined initializers in the order they are invoked by Rails."
+task initializers: :environment do
+  Rails.application.initializers.tsort_each do |initializer|
+    puts initializer.name
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/restart.rake b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/restart.rake
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f36c86d81b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/restart.rake
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+desc "Restart app by touching tmp/restart.txt"
+task :restart do
+  FileUtils.mkdir_p('tmp')
+  FileUtils.touch('tmp/restart.txt')
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/statistics.rake b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/statistics.rake
index c1674c72ad..a919d36939 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/statistics.rake
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/statistics.rake
@@ -1,21 +1,27 @@
+# While global constants are bad, many 3rd party tools depend on this one (e.g
+# rspec-rails & cucumber-rails). So a deprecation warning is needed if we want
+# to remove it.
 STATS_DIRECTORIES = [
   %w(Controllers        app/controllers),
   %w(Helpers            app/helpers),
+  %w(Jobs               app/jobs),
   %w(Models             app/models),
   %w(Mailers            app/mailers),
   %w(Javascripts        app/assets/javascripts),
   %w(Libraries          lib/),
+  %w(Tasks              lib/tasks),
   %w(APIs               app/apis),
   %w(Controller\ tests  test/controllers),
   %w(Helper\ tests      test/helpers),
   %w(Model\ tests       test/models),
   %w(Mailer\ tests      test/mailers),
+  %w(Job\ tests         test/jobs),
   %w(Integration\ tests test/integration),
-  %w(Functional\ tests\ (old)  test/functional),
-  %w(Unit\ tests \ (old)       test/unit)
-].collect { |name, dir| [ name, "#{Rails.root}/#{dir}" ] }.select { |name, dir| File.directory?(dir) }
+].collect do |name, dir|
+  [ name, "#{File.dirname(Rake.application.rakefile_location)}/#{dir}" ]
+end.select { |name, dir| File.directory?(dir) }
 
-desc "Report code statistics (KLOCs, etc) from the application"
+desc "Report code statistics (KLOCs, etc) from the application or engine"
 task :stats do
   require 'rails/code_statistics'
   CodeStatistics.new(*STATS_DIRECTORIES).to_s
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/tmp.rake b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/tmp.rake
index 116988665f..9162ef234a 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/tmp.rake
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/tmp.rake
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 namespace :tmp do
-  desc "Clear session, cache, and socket files from tmp/ (narrow w/ tmp:sessions:clear, tmp:cache:clear, tmp:sockets:clear)"
-  task clear: [ "tmp:sessions:clear",  "tmp:cache:clear", "tmp:sockets:clear"]
+  desc "Clear cache and socket files from tmp/ (narrow w/ tmp:cache:clear, tmp:sockets:clear)"
+  task clear: ["tmp:cache:clear", "tmp:sockets:clear"]
 
-  tmp_dirs = [ 'tmp/sessions',
-               'tmp/cache',
+  tmp_dirs = [ 'tmp/cache',
                'tmp/sockets',
                'tmp/pids',
                'tmp/cache/assets/development',
@@ -12,16 +11,9 @@ namespace :tmp do
 
   tmp_dirs.each { |d| directory d }
 
-  desc "Creates tmp directories for sessions, cache, sockets, and pids"
+  desc "Creates tmp directories for cache, sockets, and pids"
   task create: tmp_dirs
 
-  namespace :sessions do
-    # desc "Clears all files in tmp/sessions"
-    task :clear do
-      FileUtils.rm(Dir['tmp/sessions/[^.]*'])
-    end
-  end
-
   namespace :cache do
     # desc "Clears all files and directories in tmp/cache"
     task :clear do
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/mailers/email.html.erb b/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/mailers/email.html.erb
index 977feb922b..fed96fbc85 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/mailers/email.html.erb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/mailers/email.html.erb
@@ -2,6 +2,14 @@
 <html><head>
 <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" />
 <style type="text/css">
+  html, body, iframe {
+    height: 100%;
+  }
+
+  body {
+    margin: 0;
+  }
+
   header {
     width: 100%;
     padding: 10px 0 0 0;
@@ -31,10 +39,13 @@
     padding: 1px;
   }
 
+  dd:empty:before {
+    content: "\00a0"; // &nbsp;
+  }
+
   iframe {
     border: 0;
     width: 100%;
-    height: 800px;
   }
 </style>
 </head>
@@ -77,22 +88,43 @@
     <% unless @email.attachments.nil? || @email.attachments.empty? %>
       <dt>Attachments:</dt>
       <dd>
-        <%= @email.attachments.map { |a| a.respond_to?(:original_filename) ? a.original_filename : a.filename }.inspect %>
+        <%= @email.attachments.map { |a| a.respond_to?(:original_filename) ? a.original_filename : a.filename }.join(', ') %>
       </dd>
     <% end %>
 
     <% if @email.multipart? %>
       <dd>
-        <select onchange="document.getElementsByName('messageBody')[0].src=this.options[this.selectedIndex].value;">
-          <option <%= request.format == Mime::HTML ? 'selected' : '' %> value="?part=text%2Fhtml">View as HTML email</option>
-          <option <%= request.format == Mime::TEXT ? 'selected' : '' %> value="?part=text%2Fplain">View as plain-text email</option>
+        <select onchange="formatChanged(this);">
+          <option <%= request.format == Mime[:html] ? 'selected' : '' %> value="?part=text%2Fhtml">View as HTML email</option>
+          <option <%= request.format == Mime[:text] ? 'selected' : '' %> value="?part=text%2Fplain">View as plain-text email</option>
         </select>
       </dd>
     <% end %>
   </dl>
 </header>
 
-<iframe seamless name="messageBody" src="?part=<%= Rack::Utils.escape(@part.mime_type) %>"></iframe>
+<% if @part && @part.mime_type %>
+  <iframe seamless name="messageBody" src="?part=<%= Rack::Utils.escape(@part.mime_type) %>"></iframe>
+<% else %>
+  <p>
+    You are trying to preview an email that does not have any content.
+    This is probably because the <em>mail</em> method has not been called in <em><%= @preview.preview_name %>#<%= @email_action %></em>.
+  </p>
+<% end %>
+
+<script>
+  function formatChanged(form) {
+    var part_name = form.options[form.selectedIndex].value
+    var iframe =document.getElementsByName('messageBody')[0];
+    iframe.contentWindow.location.replace(part_name);
+
+    if (history.replaceState) {
+      var url    = location.pathname.replace(/\.(txt|html)$/, '');
+      var format = /html/.test(part_name) ? '.html' : '.txt';
+      window.history.replaceState({}, '', url + format);
+    }
+  }
+</script>
 
 </body>
-</html>
\ No newline at end of file
+</html>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/mailers/index.html.erb b/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/mailers/index.html.erb
index c4c9757d57..000930c039 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/mailers/index.html.erb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/mailers/index.html.erb
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 <% @previews.each do |preview| %>
-<h3><%= link_to preview.preview_name.titleize, "/rails/mailers/#{preview.preview_name}" %></h3>
+<h3><%= link_to preview.preview_name.titleize, url_for(controller: "rails/mailers", action: "preview", path: preview.preview_name) %></h3>
 <ul>
 <% preview.emails.each do |email| %>
-<li><%= link_to email, "/rails/mailers/#{preview.preview_name}/#{email}" %></li>
+<li><%= link_to email, url_for(controller: "rails/mailers", action: "preview", path: "#{preview.preview_name}/#{email}") %></li>
 <% end %>
 </ul>
 <% end %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/mailers/mailer.html.erb b/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/mailers/mailer.html.erb
index 607c8d1677..c12ead0f90 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/mailers/mailer.html.erb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/mailers/mailer.html.erb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 <h3><%= @preview.preview_name.titleize %></h3>
 <ul>
 <% @preview.emails.each do |email| %>
-<li><%= link_to email, "/rails/mailers/#{@preview.preview_name}/#{email}" %></li>
+<li><%= link_to email, url_for(controller: "rails/mailers", action: "preview", path: "#{@preview.preview_name}/#{email}") %></li>
 <% end %>
 </ul>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/welcome/index.html.erb b/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/welcome/index.html.erb
index eb620caa00..acf04af416 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/welcome/index.html.erb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/welcome/index.html.erb
@@ -18,14 +18,16 @@
         color: #000;
       }
 
-      a  {color: #03c}
+      a {
+        color: #03c;
+      }
+
       a:hover {
         background-color: #03c;
         color: white;
         text-decoration: none;
       }
 
-
       #page {
         background-color: #f0f0f0;
         width: 750px;
@@ -57,21 +59,24 @@
         padding-right: 30px;
       }
 
-
       #header {
         background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAADIAAABACAYAAABY1SR7AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAGZhJREFUeNqsWwmUXGWV/t5Sr9aurl6qO0l3Z9/DEoJh18gZQGAUxPHIyQHH7eioZ8bjnAFHZ0RndNxxRBhGcUbxoKIHBkTEcUYREIHIGpKQjUDS6U660/tSVV3Lq/fefPf/Xy2dBFGYx3npqvde/e/e/97v3u/e/8e4Lt2L8DCCAFcGwF8ZBjYbgM1rAZoO+WLwZhDMu9y4+YcOozbAqzwXNA3GdzX/5hV+KnKO2+GXFj/AvzmW8e72iG202CYiphbY403f9/k3QHZtJ9oWtyCQe7wGX79TKVb7rP9pXJPDVxf0Rz+oyxm4HNWrahFNixdk3EAJbERMWOm4ulctVODNVeEVK0DeRVDgb1wfJgcqUo6duaKnFOH7bm6JmH+5LOEgZprwRIHAV3JYfLjKM55Noz3bBqdcgt0Wg52Kq/cHHkXns0qIukKBlltk9rU2QaiouiefPQ+RdBuseAJeqYTK1CTH8mE4NsyIpRWu8nssCs+xULWpjGVwTvieKl/sV6mIXzOib/OftzuG8d6l8SiVMODyRb46oazg8YPP2Wnvy9ISNqplzsxYAW6hjGhHEmYiBoPC+hRMfFMrESgrBC5n0KS+lq1nPahZh2OXymg9bSNWX/u3FKyKI//7Exx96B4Y8RiCEseq8t0VznyxjMDidFIJ8QSf3hJEOFbZEAHVhIkFTX54fxtnIW5pJUQIeZ8ooZShkInuDOLpFIX1ldtCBix7KI/k4E7OwbTjcNIdiCQzsONp2LEk7GgUnZsuQN9lW2En45xlukrUghWzeZq8FsXsi8+gND6MSCqD9k3nwulIUShKZxt0LYPWortRSY0NXreC8J6pZNDChEDh53PT1NIPLaEnLbQKNTETEaR7sycA0jD1INXZAnzObjTbiWh7Vr1A3Knn4nciu+lCvstUig09cp96cVCtcELoFpEIFUjjyIM/osWIg+IMXS3DcfNwZ3NQHmmKU9OqroX2jWdgatduuPkpmA4ViZrK9RqKABEBtg9tDeW+oUIyTIYuFaX7eCG4aqbU+hhKocD3UBoZISBLiC9cpAQKyq5SQo6OjVswtec5VHLTiHUuIN4WonXlqUj2riS0DIUXwZlERFHSK+SQGzqI3MHdmNm7CzMvvowF527B8qvejZ3/+iXk9vVTao5tiTKN0OUHISZEGS/8W6UbRdoTSHe3E1f+CRaR3xhBLVJSIQ7qleZQGBigZYoYdR+ElUjBaW3H6JMPIrV0Hdo2bEayZ7my0KsdLctPBS64EuWZMYw/9wTGnvod0mtzWH71Vuz66o10bVpK8FIx6orUMejpCKYBTvfM9HXBJtA8z3/1BKDivaksVJmaYsgsYPDnd6LzzAuw8I1XUIGleC1HtDWLnguv5BiX4+jDD2D4sQeV1bQvNXBi6vAb1MGtrEEHjRPgqfZ0qMRJElYYSudfq12nmzAvtJ2yib69iRadRGnySD0Uv5bDtCPou/gqnPY3N6DnLRczgtHxCf4aVnUeUdgw6i6FqM1w292Ujo/TJdB5wHcJ2iDCaBTRmVfw4rkw4yksuvQyJJf0YvrgNiayvBLESS9AYuFqJLLLCPb4SQWulosojhxmeCeoDeaQSoVuy8lPtSKxYKnC2Bmf+DwtvBgv3/qfTI6uEtGuJV7PCBTIq5zNtt5uxBgyvap30pf55TISfX1Y/PatGPrVvcgPvEyAJ1GenaPZLSy//G2IL+qki43CNCMwk620iovy9FGUJgYwm8gwpK/guRJOS5dyD688h+n9z2L28F4Ujx2ia04jEl8Ad3oGVTePaGcnQ3sKLb1rkD3nIqx594dRIh733n6PmmrrvGj671sjVlxczRWAkxZ0r+rTrhfMJ0uEM8xKUYXONR+5nr57BdpP24TCsX6M/f5F5AYLWPauK9F11htUwjOIL8GNZH1qpKwiyVGELk0OoDj2EtziFOaODSN3aC/v24xmZzAU51TgcJKd/DktHo9jyRXvg0Or7PvejTj22KPKiyafew6zg8MYypVLNsLkJ2bxaZXM4i5EmCBPsEaoWJUUpfeSK7DgvEtQmh4ihTDQdf5FOHDHr7HqPVeh99KL4OVzpE50N18CtqnCdBCY6rsEcTsqIGUGD6rY9e3bMPzIHmTWLsbqa7ai84wL6YrTqEyOqEmwonEExSoO//R7dLcJWiWCueF+7P7mjZAUY8YdJZqySMo24j5zQSybQdeyhdrX5imho4NhEEnkRbkDQyjSRVJLeziCgef/6avIrFuOtR95P2lJNSSshg4l6rdm+Ht9inWsqIOX7voN+u/eRoEM5PvHMbbjGcwcfg7jO3YxbCcRiaaYQOXnpEaFGeahGQaMCidJRidt8RghS6Q344XQIowmFq2QXdLNdwsx8zUFqCOQNIECVqdp8pESB53Fvhdux9T2FxBb1AWX4XbjDX/HFzjEmgedB4XYKT5D4T0VTLRCtIiTwOBvfovpvS8T+Bm4MyW6jw13tIIDt/9G/TTWk8HKvzgbmd4+YldYQIdixgHJYkC82Ul6UDnQSbEGdsFGZlEWyUyLyiEyYwajRVAoAXNlEjR+pjUCUmiDQcKOORwwgpFfP4cg5mPzTZ9FoqePdGVWuZRPYQNPcgrd0/dCpqpdy3DIsQ4fxtiTu7Hxkx8iRXkcB+94iM86/K0Jx4opi5aOzGJs14toWeLAdYXWxFQCtJlkA+LUq+bI7QR3mj3YoqVNgGcXd5NWUOiZAk9GH86S4jK25jWBLVREl1uK5Voywz6WXf1WLHjTm0lPigSyxoUpnEqU8c26Wyk/Y24RMjhw/yMoj+cQbWvH0isuwuijL6BwaJwcyq7XUTaBP7N3HOU3ke7HSONJb8RTBGoGKZPFyTE8saTZyCPtrC2coxOoTuY5+x4UTzHNsNjR6d6Qa8JJ5BIV8ksVtKzpwcr3v5dyOrzHKMWXizsZAnK6k1ImPDmAqjOmdr9AwXcodzr4kwfQfuY6VKbzyhpGU96S75WxIqb2DaPnvNWKklQD4WSuzB+sVILjOYjm/VARSWKTBQQzlZCFmErYeubzVJJR14SlQtVQMjO0xrXvoulXkq3OKnxAXqSsoSmNUbOM/BV35RjDDz9JrBXpnnEM3vsYjj38LLyZihI8QNAgQhITOCmTO46i+6w1MPm86RVIiC09/RJUGcECCe2UU0G6QIyUjEC5hGaCNd4RqHKU6VuDylQlI2N8hfXDWibEdyhCKXREuZUVUX8lyhh2+Jl5Q/6akSgT4izGn3wBFu+JwYOKj8qwtsbJaYmJuYEZ5AYmFOWXPCN1jTodzeuqM0WtSI1rzXrV0LSNKRFuZLYQ2EYVPjEQVuQUMsCya65GvL1HWUwJS+FNUcBsUiZUQv7aLGlndr+I8ug4XUMVAJw4U7FmI8SFETTmUaGK2gas1SeeP8znoizIEso9DaUIy2FWkNU5V0VYs/azWXKncuCHqgQq1CHiY831H8TGr34erRvXKdD6LD3b+HnRn12qGgdqlmxHZe2aRcy6NbQScl8y8dSOfWQE1yK9YYmqXYww3xhNObemUI2IWraF2d1HMTeeh83MbkUiylKiiMdy2wjzXBjxWYdRiSkhfDVVKGSstxM9l16JxZe/E2+848c49bPXK9D2vPUyEsBOVZMINmpCW6HgEOuIQjXF6FYuAV2aHsWyrVfj9C9er5SR5Kms0PTf8QoZtIo7WSJW+mmRJLGSpDK2ipzV2bK6X6fxtWOCicYVqyhGXkXn+WeTcfape5ZDsPGM91C5iy8LI0s445bd9FkrAFHICt1N8DE+gdyeQczs34+uzeei68LNLGfdea50st6VbiyYmHq+nxTFRSSRVsD3ii7xyeQbdt/M5h/MERMT4i6GjlAWeUxh6HCN8+LIz+5H5zlUbtHSOnVp4MCa51JaIQ16i0kwP9CP0uExPP+JL2DggfuYN8jTJClYxnH4aNimdpp0r7nDkyx9h5gE0+RqSVTyZXXTsMz5FaJyMJrrGLNopyWUIImj//1LjPzuUZLCC5gzVqMwPIglV7/rxCaihFaCPCDOxDUl1EoylFP4mUlFCgPDStLKWB47PnUjrSSsNqrJsa/zR02ZwGjYRoVkEZh0ZHzbfmTPXE85SWrnKip6GeFE2I1iKVBCzNK9pmiVhS1x+Axx7myRJesvgHvvR3rNKmQ3n/OKPVGND1MVXTqHiFK6qVFiwlXgTVDhkq+ChhnyJCW9GeaoIGQOdV0M9YhYZWbvUXrIJJ+rKL6lJ9CYj5Fai0iKqyPkx0HcUsJYrBbtREIJ2H72GxTI/2CL1zAbLkZ8WIxYgUvsKebq6Zl3rEZvymx6echo1N+au9XcS3oHsxWMPrGTFH+CLhsmbhMNRWrNB4SZVSwyJ5WDFRb3DAAmaXf2rPP+6BpbkmStkBLAWwkHmdNWKfYqFaZRp2GGdo+mhpv6bBkNhepRzERpdASeW1aKSZ5RidpoUsRAvQ+NJCnJHHl+bcZ80vjkij661vo/rWMQSitWskgnNv7LP+MNN38NadYuCPtYCItIFTjMRgfeqClkhkFZ+FXCQmpFuyKXii7xNI93LT9szdrUMsNZnJkuwZX6zlKdaqRXrESiq/e19kBC3NisLt+Gc/7jW0gtZ51Bl1MCmUaoM//aRv0aapnF0l362KIUnI6EyuhCUOuWrIVfAZcRAj5NJWJ0C5epP19y1awJLWhdt/a1t3KcGF8Yxb5bbsLItoeYmxZRkRWq46IrR9StX/tcw4oKsYH+nlrZpmbcZQ7R1tDPBvMbdIwofLpVKIfcJy5nCa5WRhnDFkVOx+s5kr29GPzpfUxsuxg0zlQUxSZudG/CqNOSIJxYCclGCA7fDRDpiCK6gIVfidVmWXrHRh0fmBd+eSYIIEcWdRhdJJsWp+aQT1vI9nYjnl3wuhSJLuhAJJ1WQWDisadUELCi0bD1WlscMpq6lrV1Ft0riC9tVcFD8odfDVS9bod5pNGgC3+XFnxsXA2rsw25/gHMTcwiRxdbvLgPsY7s61IktWSZinw6l8SbupNGvUlphB1yZY3aIhfZtRmz4XS3oMoA5JP6BywdvBIr24ytMdzsWjHaMcnI0nXRG5FkdCrnS6gy6QzccxeMZDsJW+r1KbJ4pbKAVy6huXoyauVUaAUjRK5WjN9cH05PCiZl84VfsXaSVTKf191C6F61qCXjtjAORtvTSPb0sgYoEi/UmEmnMj6JkpXA6z2cTAbxxV26GdEEZB12DVVV63BrIuwYaWpCGZyuJBWSFSxPLTB5PH1+rhDDKlQbuvajNUzE+UVyRTTdQt+zWIrGWIJOozo8hjmashq8PkXsZAoty1Yqi/gVnq6ru+p1pUKFTM3dENJzu421TiqKKq3hhUp45apSyM1VGMH0xOi+liz0yOxUyijs2w2DlRjI+8tHB3XUIP+fGBxA9+LFr1kRgwV769p1fPkEQ+9KRq+dKE9MsGKc1BmxltEC7W6CEdW0aUtocIvw0tcSt5JGu3R4OA+zIxW1uKoUOUZzFxmxRp/ai+iz+xi9CK5EVJGdqBNBlG4xdvBlRq9eTQteawhm0MgPLsSGj92gVqjKk8ew/TOfxPjjz8BKxhvLFGHjWUBuJh0Cu6pqD7WCTGz4BDqKpE30rIlj05rw6sKFxuCXPP9O8MEjxQqOTuQwNjJLa1mItaRRGB3GLHnO6znaNmxC/nA/cocPKNoS61iEZVdfEy5LBHVKUieCLY5eeKIiXp6RapJuNVJFMCamYGnOUFyslBo0Xronai0dIfXmnZIqtKhgNIaj/F3ULSLx4j60dnXXy8s/OZe0dyGW7cLOL34arevXI9rayWgYhZPtoJtNqsTbyPKUgwzamyCw867MtG5NBUF9bSBXLCkeKOzDroUutaZODax52yUk5sfgsyrL897+PXtQHTmK7vWnomPpCkSTf3pI7j7/Qmz/5HWY3r5LNziYeC3WPlYsovOJJ7VKVbuPENcgXEyvuV3IbKXpPlcqqh0acqGe2S1oq1jzqmZ+b0mGDJNaM2bnjrHuPnYUifZOtDMKda9ah1RnZ30F99WO9jM2MzouZw0vLdJIuCsiUInOz0vbiVNa9DSBtITyWo3VAV/XG/KmPEuBKrmard7rNxKiyCoN7EBnpXlLCiYTmfibuEHSSSkLV4uzGNr5NEYP7EZb31J0rd6AzMIevtf+g4oIg+7e8iYM3H03J5muw9n3ZquqfwU3aGDdMBqdztr+lXBbhyg+R2xYTb5jN7YG6SKnyh870r8Ki6Py0CiO3fcTNWaCBU3E8FVDr7ZPRjbcDLHO30N/TmazdLk+JFMxVoZh6errUrcmnDQp5o4MocrI4o3N6dmXhp1hoHkOFV2R5CXtVwm3Qc0aBip8Z6lY0HtRpJ8GYz5pVFgxgkaHiaCuDE1gfOAhFdNbJIKxplCKNJqqyoqi0CT9tp9/IyyPE2SryYyDKD9LVKxKUqXbuFOM+yVDN/Rq+0ia1mLmtYNqK8rhTiSpLLNbLkDLuZvQ0X8QBoG+//5fIMjP4AQ/kJkuM+vW+sS1wkgiVSTi0Fq2XqoLFfFYMMkyHSFL2mOpHQmy+aU4xXHoLk6rrIkYiE1JNpZOJjO1ivduOLSkZeuk6/YBwR54jaVv6chXpmZQmJnEssveQjwVcPCXv1IWt4//sUVB7K4WpGTREqhvJCrO5MhtGLMTKWU5pUSpDKs1glhbB4W3VCSpTM6gOl2GQzxJt+RQUMFcOoENrXG0FEhESSvMmIVIZ6uaHL9QZn6Y067VNJueV4bdmYDdktJ7pAJNKKfG+pG/cz8GH/gfGLIARF4o9fs8RWSrUmZxN7Z+9za0sooTPiRuI22bsUMHsevWW1B+iFnYdOgqFWTPPxWnXPdxtK5eV8fB9IH92Pn1m1hz7MQh00Xm/C34+K23MiOXsPvLX8bgbXej5bz1OPs7tzIhduHgnXfghX/8OplEsr6U4ZtV9G69HMvf8wEkKUfgaUeWbs4zX/8Sxm/+AbzxCRVF1VpFM9hrvS2ZmZbuRUh2LpxPw7t60EWK8vgHPoCZ5w4i1pvBps99Bu2nbJ73XLyzB4kvLcAPt27F2LFR9MTjSKbb1L1h4mIq4iNL14u2ZRFJysazZCNHqA0DZXRcuBGnf+bz6v4JLDqVgk3r247DnMdJDkOzffJtDfoY2b0dg08/gbZlq7BiyyWk+MuQ2bAGU9v2snTtQnxBj3pu9OnfYXr/Hiq1EZ0bz0ZsUS+sFUvgDB+DFfh1v3X9Kg4xknfLRNZ21h2/RYTX29avU0pUSwUcuP07KLw0oBZrA5bGozt2MlA5updgzGuJnYyp6rt7778HP37fX+OJW77ZaKzKoo5eOdfRhMehO3+EbXzu8H/dXW/SOTwj0gZqeoVck+h3xES9LDjpVp3QXeRdqSVLkDllrepy5oeHMPH0brq2qdteRmNJwj7pYKFVlr75YrztKw6ya9aFTzF8Tk+pBZrmXRGRdCsSLMiQbKlfE7PLrjarCcSSA0QZvQQevGKncnrfXpVwZTde3+XvqN9b8d4PYfuNn8O+b9zO56K6oGpOiMYreNfSc7eoE+FO00P334XJx3fQzM685zd8/Hqs/uCHGGEy9QEslaT0Cm9t7rVyYqnGWogEGIl+nqUTmyxwTj62HTs/91ks3XqN2u8VBLKZoVt14pe/42oc/O6dzB2+qnEMNGHEPHHbSfiSqloakGP7D7+Dpz79BfT6cRXu5rHatk51Nh9aEaOJu2mOZIf36uDu6EDi3PVoIQGV5efiwSG1Rjny8COY3P4sI1WM2HKx4bpPYdEFlzA9RMOlhCAsLJssYqGxRbcZI8//9MfIrliDvjPOwqqL/xwD996P6rY9zGHWPNMNPf8UJl9+Cdm169G9YWOdapjB8auShsJMc85YdekVWL7lQgroKHd68qMfRcAEu+lrX1GdSdmBKjQn0aOrU9lso5bK53uSLiyscNu10tAy66FganAQD9zwD6jM5ZBe2IeLbvoGWs5YofZQyfKXxbpejl133omfXfth7P/Fz8NRLbXgb0nGNe26GhGST5MzFmEYll2oCl+sd2IZCcWtTKxd6rokwdYVpyK9fB1z1KnIrD0NDt1WiNGB738X3kxJVapiWVmR5pCurc2iSaIkmNJ0Hr+9+WYkMu0YfHI7Dv9+J+766Eew8vSNiFP4WGsGBanhh6bw1K3fRjSdwfSel5FikTT67At4+t9vgVssojA0Rp6VwOyhfjx9262qABrfw1KaJW15YprXvsVcEG1sT5eCji40fXSURVyAvTd9TSmv6nTVifQx/uwzmHiU7kb3Clu+GC27MsY247p07+SihN0m/Kgc6EXRIjmMgDvCF9mcsXJxDgniZSnN3xFLIcc6Yormd1mhCX2QpWc7SteolNUpNUQkIUvJpDkUrsrfqy1L8ZjaFSTrJKLsCbvz6BqxaBwdBReWbJmF3kTa2NYRVYFGHEYKqqFKFXtzMg6uUhaJyzZyQ/d/FdUm8LwmAuYwO/vhQBU+m+ddmy+NpBKNWpIzF7EdRSxrOygMMl6LruUw2tQXOTy1akNFk/XtU/V70H3g6YyNNk5GtOIp/DYvlKp9LoJLWuIl2fADfJ/X71PQ8Jo2Vzbv620OAFI9jtIqCQ7tnfC/JxhNT4dShds4UKvB66s1ftPnRqOh/l13hDDqWGhxqUgTsIV1Fzg5Y7TEpKsK+B/w+sdqUWuqv1CxUN8K/MqHLMnhj/g/J/4/juDky9VSg0kh/zQj322897Pao/8nwAC+AZicLeuzngAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==);
         background-repeat: no-repeat;
         background-position: top left;
         height: 64px;
       }
-      #header h1, #header h2 {margin: 0}
+
+      #header h1,
+      #header h2 {
+        margin: 0;
+      }
+
       #header h2 {
         color: #888;
         font-weight: normal;
         font-size: 16px;
       }
 
-
       #about h3 {
         margin: 0;
         margin-bottom: 10px;
@@ -84,19 +89,29 @@
         margin-left: -55px;
         margin-right: -10px;
       }
+
       #about-content table {
         margin-top: 10px;
         margin-bottom: 10px;
         font-size: 11px;
         border-collapse: collapse;
       }
+
       #about-content td {
         padding: 10px;
         padding-top: 3px;
         padding-bottom: 3px;
       }
-      #about-content td.name  {color: #555}
-      #about-content td.value {color: #000}
+
+      #about-content td.name  {
+        font-weight: bold;
+        vertical-align: top;
+        color: #555;
+      }
+
+      #about-content td.value {
+        color: #000;
+      }
 
       #about-content ul {
         padding: 0;
@@ -107,21 +122,23 @@
         background-color: #fcc;
         border: 1px solid #f00;
       }
+
       #about-content.failure p {
         margin: 0;
         padding: 10px;
       }
 
-
       #getting-started {
         border-top: 1px solid #ccc;
         margin-top: 25px;
         padding-top: 15px;
       }
+
       #getting-started h1 {
         margin: 0;
         font-size: 20px;
       }
+
       #getting-started h2 {
         margin: 0;
         font-size: 14px;
@@ -129,40 +146,46 @@
         color: #333;
         margin-bottom: 25px;
       }
+
       #getting-started ol {
         margin-left: 0;
         padding-left: 0;
       }
+
       #getting-started li {
         font-size: 18px;
         color: #888;
         margin-bottom: 25px;
       }
+
       #getting-started li h2 {
         margin: 0;
         font-weight: normal;
         font-size: 18px;
         color: #333;
       }
+
       #getting-started li p {
         color: #555;
         font-size: 13px;
       }
 
-
       #sidebar ul {
         margin-left: 0;
         padding-left: 0;
       }
+
       #sidebar ul h3 {
         margin-top: 25px;
         font-size: 16px;
         padding-bottom: 10px;
         border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;
       }
+
       #sidebar li {
         list-style-type: none;
       }
+
       #sidebar ul.links li {
         margin-bottom: 5px;
       }
@@ -221,7 +244,7 @@
 
           <ol>
             <li>
-              <h2>Use <code>rails generate</code> to create your models and controllers</h2>
+              <h2>Use <code>bin/rails generate</code> to create your models and controllers</h2>
               <p>To see all available options, run it without parameters.</p>
             </li>
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/test_help.rb b/railties/lib/rails/test_help.rb
index 2e6356343d..5cc1b5b219 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/test_help.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/test_help.rb
@@ -2,17 +2,14 @@
 # so fixtures aren't loaded into that environment
 abort("Abort testing: Your Rails environment is running in production mode!") if Rails.env.production?
 
-require 'active_support/testing/autorun'
+require "rails/test_unit/minitest_plugin"
 require 'active_support/test_case'
+require 'action_controller'
 require 'action_controller/test_case'
 require 'action_dispatch/testing/integration'
 require 'rails/generators/test_case'
 
-# Config Rails backtrace in tests.
-require 'rails/backtrace_cleaner'
-if ENV["BACKTRACE"].nil?
-  Minitest.backtrace_filter = Rails.backtrace_cleaner
-end
+require 'active_support/testing/autorun'
 
 if defined?(ActiveRecord::Base)
   ActiveRecord::Migration.maintain_test_schema!
@@ -20,6 +17,7 @@ if defined?(ActiveRecord::Base)
   class ActiveSupport::TestCase
     include ActiveRecord::TestFixtures
     self.fixture_path = "#{Rails.root}/test/fixtures/"
+    self.file_fixture_path = self.fixture_path + "files"
   end
 
   ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest.fixture_path = ActiveSupport::TestCase.fixture_path
@@ -30,13 +28,15 @@ if defined?(ActiveRecord::Base)
 end
 
 class ActionController::TestCase
-  setup do
+  def before_setup # :nodoc:
     @routes = Rails.application.routes
+    super
   end
 end
 
 class ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
-  setup do
+  def before_setup # :nodoc:
     @routes = Rails.application.routes
+    super
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/minitest_plugin.rb b/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/minitest_plugin.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d39d2f32bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/minitest_plugin.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+require "active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors"
+require "rails/test_unit/reporter"
+require "rails/test_unit/test_requirer"
+
+module Minitest
+  mattr_accessor(:hide_aggregated_results) { false }
+
+  module AggregatedResultSuppresion
+    def aggregated_results
+      super unless Minitest.hide_aggregated_results
+    end
+  end
+
+  SummaryReporter.prepend AggregatedResultSuppresion
+
+  def self.plugin_rails_options(opts, options)
+    executable = ::Rails::TestUnitReporter.executable
+    opts.separator ""
+    opts.separator "Usage: #{executable} [options] [files or directories]"
+    opts.separator "You can run a single test by appending a line number to a filename:"
+    opts.separator ""
+    opts.separator "    #{executable} test/models/user_test.rb:27"
+    opts.separator ""
+    opts.separator "You can run multiple files and directories at the same time:"
+    opts.separator ""
+    opts.separator "    #{executable} test/controllers test/integration/login_test.rb"
+    opts.separator ""
+    opts.separator "By default test failures and errors are reported inline during a run."
+    opts.separator ""
+
+    opts.separator "Rails options:"
+    opts.on("-e", "--environment ENV",
+            "Run tests in the ENV environment") do |env|
+      options[:environment] = env.strip
+    end
+
+    opts.on("-b", "--backtrace",
+            "Show the complete backtrace") do
+      options[:full_backtrace] = true
+    end
+
+    opts.on("-d", "--defer-output",
+            "Output test failures and errors after the test run") do
+      options[:output_inline] = false
+    end
+
+    opts.on("-f", "--fail-fast",
+            "Abort test run on first failure") do
+      options[:fail_fast] = true
+    end
+
+    options[:output_inline] = true
+    options[:patterns] = opts.order!
+  end
+
+  # Running several Rake tasks in a single command would trip up the runner,
+  # as the patterns would also contain the other Rake tasks.
+  def self.rake_run(patterns) # :nodoc:
+    @rake_patterns = patterns
+    passed = run
+    exit passed unless passed
+    passed
+  end
+
+  def self.plugin_rails_init(options)
+    self.run_with_rails_extension = true
+
+    ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = options[:environment] || "test"
+
+    unless run_with_autorun
+      patterns = defined?(@rake_patterns) ? @rake_patterns : options[:patterns]
+      ::Rails::TestRequirer.require_files(patterns)
+    end
+
+    unless options[:full_backtrace] || ENV["BACKTRACE"]
+      # Plugin can run without Rails loaded, check before filtering.
+      Minitest.backtrace_filter = ::Rails.backtrace_cleaner if ::Rails.respond_to?(:backtrace_cleaner)
+    end
+
+    # Disable the extra failure output after a run, unless output is deferred.
+    self.hide_aggregated_results = options[:output_inline]
+
+    self.reporter << ::Rails::TestUnitReporter.new(options[:io], options)
+  end
+
+  mattr_accessor(:run_with_autorun)         { false }
+  mattr_accessor(:run_with_rails_extension) { false }
+end
+
+Minitest.load_plugins
+Minitest.extensions << 'rails'
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/reporter.rb b/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/reporter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..00ea32d1b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/reporter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+require "active_support/core_ext/class/attribute"
+require "minitest"
+
+module Rails
+  class TestUnitReporter < Minitest::StatisticsReporter
+    class_attribute :executable
+    self.executable = "bin/rails test"
+
+    def record(result)
+      super
+
+      if output_inline? && result.failure && (!result.skipped? || options[:verbose])
+        io.puts
+        io.puts
+        io.puts result.failures.map(&:message)
+        io.puts
+        io.puts format_rerun_snippet(result)
+        io.puts
+      end
+
+      if fail_fast? && result.failure && !result.error? && !result.skipped?
+        raise Interrupt
+      end
+    end
+
+    def report
+      return if output_inline? || filtered_results.empty?
+      io.puts
+      io.puts "Failed tests:"
+      io.puts
+      io.puts aggregated_results
+    end
+
+    def aggregated_results # :nodoc:
+      filtered_results.map { |result| format_rerun_snippet(result) }.join "\n"
+    end
+
+    def filtered_results
+      if options[:verbose]
+        results
+      else
+        results.reject(&:skipped?)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def relative_path_for(file)
+      file.sub(/^#{app_root}\/?/, '')
+    end
+
+    private
+      def output_inline?
+        options[:output_inline]
+      end
+
+      def fail_fast?
+        options[:fail_fast]
+      end
+
+      def format_rerun_snippet(result)
+        # Try to extract path to assertion from backtrace.
+        if result.location =~ /\[(.*)\]\z/
+          assertion_path = $1
+        else
+          assertion_path = result.method(result.name).source_location.join(':')
+        end
+
+        "#{self.executable} #{relative_path_for(assertion_path)}"
+      end
+
+      def app_root
+        @app_root ||= defined?(ENGINE_ROOT) ? ENGINE_ROOT : Rails.root
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/sub_test_task.rb b/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/sub_test_task.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d9bffba4d7..0000000000
--- a/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/sub_test_task.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,126 +0,0 @@
-require 'rake/testtask'
-
-module Rails
-  class TestTask < Rake::TestTask # :nodoc: all
-    # A utility class which is used primarily in "rails/test_unit/testing.rake"
-    # to help define rake tasks corresponding to <tt>rake test</tt>.
-    #
-    # This class takes a TestInfo class and defines the appropriate rake task
-    # based on the information, then invokes it.
-    class TestCreator
-      def initialize(info)
-        @info = info
-      end
-
-      def invoke_rake_task
-        if @info.files.any?
-          create_and_run_single_test
-          reset_application_tasks
-        else
-          Rake::Task[ENV['TEST'] ? 'test:single' : 'test:run'].invoke
-        end
-      end
-
-      private
-
-        def create_and_run_single_test
-          Rails::TestTask.new('test:single') { |t|
-            t.test_files = @info.files
-          }
-          ENV['TESTOPTS'] ||= @info.opts
-          Rake::Task['test:single'].invoke
-        end
-
-        def reset_application_tasks
-          Rake.application.top_level_tasks.replace @info.tasks
-        end
-    end
-
-    # This is a utility class used by the <tt>TestTask::TestCreator</tt> class.
-    # This class takes a set of test tasks and checks to see if they correspond
-    # to test files (or can be transformed into test files). Calling <tt>files</tt>
-    # provides the set of test files and is used when initializing tests after
-    # a call to <tt>rake test</tt>.
-    class TestInfo
-      def initialize(tasks)
-        @tasks = tasks
-        @files = nil
-      end
-
-      def files
-        @files ||= @tasks.map { |task|
-          [task, translate(task)].find { |file| test_file?(file) }
-        }.compact
-      end
-
-      def translate(file)
-        if file =~ /^app\/(.*)$/
-          "test/#{$1.sub(/\.rb$/, '')}_test.rb"
-        else
-          "test/#{file}_test.rb"
-        end
-      end
-
-      def tasks
-        @tasks - test_file_tasks - opt_names
-      end
-
-      def opts
-        opts = opt_names
-        if opts.any?
-          "-n #{opts.join ' '}"
-        end
-      end
-
-      private
-
-      def test_file_tasks
-        @tasks.find_all { |task|
-          [task, translate(task)].any? { |file| test_file?(file) }
-        }
-      end
-
-      def test_file?(file)
-        file =~ /^test/ && File.file?(file) && !File.directory?(file)
-      end
-
-      def opt_names
-        (@tasks - test_file_tasks).reject { |t| task_defined? t }
-      end
-
-      def task_defined?(task)
-        Rake::Task.task_defined? task
-      end
-    end
-
-    def self.test_creator(tasks)
-      info = TestInfo.new(tasks)
-      TestCreator.new(info)
-    end
-
-    def initialize(name = :test)
-      super
-      @libs << "test" # lib *and* test seem like a better default
-    end
-
-    def define
-      task @name do
-        if ENV['TESTOPTS']
-          ARGV.replace Shellwords.split ENV['TESTOPTS']
-        end
-        libs = @libs - $LOAD_PATH
-        $LOAD_PATH.unshift(*libs)
-        file_list.each { |fl|
-          FileList[fl].to_a.each { |f| require File.expand_path f }
-        }
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  # Silence the default description to cut down on `rake -T` noise.
-  class SubTestTask < Rake::TestTask # :nodoc:
-    def desc(string)
-      # Ignore the description.
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/test_requirer.rb b/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/test_requirer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..83d2c55ffd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/test_requirer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
+require 'rake/file_list'
+
+module Rails
+  class TestRequirer # :nodoc:
+    class << self
+      def require_files(patterns)
+        patterns = expand_patterns(patterns)
+
+        Rake::FileList[patterns.compact.presence || 'test/**/*_test.rb'].to_a.each do |file|
+          require File.expand_path(file)
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+        def expand_patterns(patterns)
+          patterns.map do |arg|
+            arg = arg.gsub(/:(\d+)?$/, '')
+            if Dir.exist?(arg)
+              "#{arg}/**/*_test.rb"
+            else
+              arg
+            end
+          end
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/testing.rake b/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/testing.rake
index 285e2ce846..6676c6a079 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/testing.rake
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/testing.rake
@@ -1,48 +1,45 @@
-require 'rake/testtask'
-require 'rails/test_unit/sub_test_task'
+gem 'minitest'
+require 'minitest'
+require 'rails/test_unit/minitest_plugin'
 
 task default: :test
 
-desc 'Runs test:units, test:functionals, test:generators, test:integration together'
+desc "Runs all tests in test folder"
 task :test do
-  Rails::TestTask.test_creator(Rake.application.top_level_tasks).invoke_rake_task
+  $: << "test"
+  Minitest.rake_run(["test"])
 end
 
 namespace :test do
   task :prepare do
-    # Placeholder task for other Railtie and plugins to enhance. See Active Record for an example.
+    # Placeholder task for other Railtie and plugins to enhance.
+    # If used with Active Record, this task runs before the database schema is synchronized.
   end
 
-  task :run => ['test:units', 'test:functionals', 'test:generators', 'test:integration']
+  task :run => %w[test]
 
-  # Inspired by: http://ngauthier.com/2012/02/quick-tests-with-bash.html
-  desc "Run tests quickly by merging all types and not resetting db"
-  Rails::TestTask.new(:all) do |t|
-    t.pattern = "test/**/*_test.rb"
-  end
-
-  namespace :all do
-    desc "Run tests quickly, but also reset db"
-    task :db => %w[db:test:prepare test:all]
-  end
-
-  Rails::TestTask.new(single: "test:prepare")
+  desc "Run tests quickly, but also reset db"
+  task :db => %w[db:test:prepare test]
 
-  ["models", "helpers", "controllers", "mailers", "integration"].each do |name|
-    Rails::TestTask.new(name => "test:prepare") do |t|
-      t.pattern = "test/#{name}/**/*_test.rb"
+  ["models", "helpers", "controllers", "mailers", "integration", "jobs"].each do |name|
+    task name => "test:prepare" do
+      $: << "test"
+      Minitest.rake_run(["test/#{name}"])
     end
   end
 
-  Rails::TestTask.new(generators: "test:prepare") do |t|
-    t.pattern = "test/lib/generators/**/*_test.rb"
+  task :generators => "test:prepare" do
+    $: << "test"
+    Minitest.rake_run(["test/lib/generators"])
   end
 
-  Rails::TestTask.new(units: "test:prepare") do |t|
-    t.pattern = 'test/{models,helpers,unit}/**/*_test.rb'
+  task :units => "test:prepare" do
+    $: << "test"
+    Minitest.rake_run(["test/models", "test/helpers", "test/unit"])
   end
 
-  Rails::TestTask.new(functionals: "test:prepare") do |t|
-    t.pattern = 'test/{controllers,mailers,functional}/**/*_test.rb'
+  task :functionals => "test:prepare" do
+    $: << "test"
+    Minitest.rake_run(["test/controllers", "test/mailers", "test/functional"])
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/version.rb b/railties/lib/rails/version.rb
index 79313c936a..df351c4238 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/version.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/version.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
-module Rails
-  module VERSION
-    MAJOR = 4
-    MINOR = 2
-    TINY  = 0
-    PRE   = "alpha"
+require_relative 'gem_version'
 
-    STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE].compact.join(".")
+module Rails
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded Rails as a string.
+  def self.version
+    VERSION::STRING
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/railties.gemspec b/railties/railties.gemspec
index 56b8736800..a06336f698 100644
--- a/railties/railties.gemspec
+++ b/railties/railties.gemspec
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.summary     = 'Tools for creating, working with, and running Rails applications.'
   s.description = 'Rails internals: application bootup, plugins, generators, and rake tasks.'
 
-  s.required_ruby_version = '>= 1.9.3'
+  s.required_ruby_version = '>= 2.2.2'
 
   s.license = 'MIT'
 
@@ -15,10 +15,10 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.email    = 'david@loudthinking.com'
   s.homepage = 'http://www.rubyonrails.org'
 
-  s.files        = Dir['CHANGELOG.md', 'README.rdoc', 'RDOC_MAIN.rdoc', 'bin/**/*', 'lib/**/{*,.[a-z]*}']
+  s.files        = Dir['CHANGELOG.md', 'README.rdoc', 'MIT-LICENSE', 'RDOC_MAIN.rdoc', 'exe/**/*', 'lib/**/{*,.[a-z]*}']
   s.require_path = 'lib'
 
-  s.bindir      = 'bin'
+  s.bindir      = 'exe'
   s.executables = ['rails']
 
   s.rdoc_options << '--exclude' << '.'
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
 
   s.add_dependency 'rake', '>= 0.8.7'
   s.add_dependency 'thor', '>= 0.18.1', '< 2.0'
+  s.add_dependency 'method_source'
 
   s.add_development_dependency 'actionview', version
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/abstract_unit.rb b/railties/test/abstract_unit.rb
index 9ccc286b4e..794d180e5d 100644
--- a/railties/test/abstract_unit.rb
+++ b/railties/test/abstract_unit.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ require File.expand_path("../../../load_paths", __FILE__)
 
 require 'stringio'
 require 'active_support/testing/autorun'
+require 'active_support/testing/stream'
 require 'fileutils'
 
 require 'active_support'
@@ -26,3 +27,7 @@ end
 def jruby_skip(message = '')
   skip message if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
 end
+
+class ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include ActiveSupport::Testing::Stream
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/app_rails_loader_test.rb b/railties/test/app_loader_test.rb
index 1d3b80253a..5946c8fd4c 100644
--- a/railties/test/app_rails_loader_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/app_loader_test.rb
@@ -1,15 +1,29 @@
 require 'tmpdir'
 require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'rails/app_rails_loader'
+require 'rails/app_loader'
+
+class AppLoaderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def loader
+    @loader ||= Class.new do
+      extend Rails::AppLoader
+
+      def self.exec_arguments
+        @exec_arguments
+      end
+
+      def self.exec(*args)
+        @exec_arguments = args
+      end
+    end
+  end
 
-class AppRailsLoaderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def write(filename, contents=nil)
     FileUtils.mkdir_p(File.dirname(filename))
     File.write(filename, contents)
   end
 
   def expects_exec(exe)
-    Rails::AppRailsLoader.expects(:exec).with(Rails::AppRailsLoader::RUBY, exe)
+    assert_equal [Rails::AppLoader::RUBY, exe], loader.exec_arguments
   end
 
   setup do
@@ -22,30 +36,30 @@ class AppRailsLoaderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     exe = "#{script_dir}/rails"
 
     test "is not in a Rails application if #{exe} is not found in the current or parent directories" do
-      File.stubs(:file?).with('bin/rails').returns(false)
-      File.stubs(:file?).with('script/rails').returns(false)
+      def loader.find_executables; end
 
-      assert !Rails::AppRailsLoader.exec_app_rails
+      assert !loader.exec_app
     end
 
     test "is not in a Rails application if #{exe} exists but is a folder" do
       FileUtils.mkdir_p(exe)
 
-      assert !Rails::AppRailsLoader.exec_app_rails
+      assert !loader.exec_app
     end
 
     ['APP_PATH', 'ENGINE_PATH'].each do |keyword|
       test "is in a Rails application if #{exe} exists and contains #{keyword}" do
         write exe, keyword
 
+        loader.exec_app
+
         expects_exec exe
-        Rails::AppRailsLoader.exec_app_rails
       end
 
       test "is not in a Rails application if #{exe} exists but doesn't contain #{keyword}" do
         write exe
 
-        assert !Rails::AppRailsLoader.exec_app_rails
+        assert !loader.exec_app
       end
 
       test "is in a Rails application if parent directory has #{exe} containing #{keyword} and chdirs to the root directory" do
@@ -54,8 +68,9 @@ class AppRailsLoaderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
         Dir.chdir('foo/bar')
 
+        loader.exec_app
+
         expects_exec exe
-        Rails::AppRailsLoader.exec_app_rails
 
         # Compare the realpath in case either of them has symlinks.
         #
diff --git a/railties/test/application/asset_debugging_test.rb b/railties/test/application/asset_debugging_test.rb
index 9a571fac3a..8b83784ed6 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/asset_debugging_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/asset_debugging_test.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,10 @@ module ApplicationTests
     include Rack::Test::Methods
 
     def setup
-      build_app(initializers: true)
+      # FIXME: shush Sass warning spam, not relevant to testing Railties
+      Kernel.silence_warnings do
+        build_app(initializers: true)
+      end
 
       app_file "app/assets/javascripts/application.js", "//= require_tree ."
       app_file "app/assets/javascripts/xmlhr.js", "function f1() { alert(); }"
@@ -33,12 +36,19 @@ module ApplicationTests
       teardown_app
     end
 
+    # FIXME: shush Sass warning spam, not relevant to testing Railties
+    def get(*)
+      Kernel.silence_warnings { super }
+    end
+
     test "assets are concatenated when debug is off and compile is off either if debug_assets param is provided" do
       # config.assets.debug and config.assets.compile are false for production environment
       ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = "production"
-      output = Dir.chdir(app_path){ `bundle exec rake assets:precompile --trace 2>&1` }
+      output = Dir.chdir(app_path){ `bin/rake assets:precompile --trace 2>&1` }
       assert $?.success?, output
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      # Load app env
+      app "production"
 
       class ::PostsController < ActionController::Base ; end
 
@@ -48,17 +58,16 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_no_match(/<script src="\/assets\/xmlhr-([0-z]+)\.js"><\/script>/, last_response.body)
     end
 
-    test "assets aren't concatenated when compile is true is on and debug_assets params is true" do
+    test "assets are served with sourcemaps when compile is true and debug_assets params is true" do
       add_to_env_config "production", "config.assets.compile = true"
 
-      ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = "production"
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      # Load app env
+      app "production"
 
       class ::PostsController < ActionController::Base ; end
 
       get '/posts?debug_assets=true'
-      assert_match(/<script src="\/assets\/application-([0-z]+)\.js\?body=1"><\/script>/, last_response.body)
-      assert_match(/<script src="\/assets\/xmlhr-([0-z]+)\.js\?body=1"><\/script>/, last_response.body)
+      assert_match(/<script src="\/assets\/application(\.debug)?-([0-z]+)\.js"><\/script>/, last_response.body)
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/assets_test.rb b/railties/test/application/assets_test.rb
index b235b51d90..18882e1855 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/assets_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/assets_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 require 'isolation/abstract_unit'
 require 'rack/test'
 require 'active_support/json'
@@ -18,22 +17,32 @@ module ApplicationTests
     end
 
     def precompile!(env = nil)
-      quietly do
-        precompile_task = "bundle exec rake assets:precompile #{env} --trace 2>&1"
-        output = Dir.chdir(app_path) { %x[ #{precompile_task} ] }
-        assert $?.success?, output
-        output
+      with_env env.to_h do
+        quietly do
+          precompile_task = "bin/rake assets:precompile --trace 2>&1"
+          output = Dir.chdir(app_path) { %x[ #{precompile_task} ] }
+          assert $?.success?, output
+          output
+        end
       end
     end
 
+    def with_env(env)
+      env.each { |k, v| ENV[k.to_s] = v }
+      yield
+    ensure
+      env.each_key { |k| ENV.delete k.to_s }
+    end
+
     def clean_assets!
       quietly do
-        assert Dir.chdir(app_path) { system('bundle exec rake assets:clobber') }
+        assert Dir.chdir(app_path) { system('bin/rake assets:clobber') }
       end
     end
 
     def assert_file_exists(filename)
-      assert Dir[filename].first, "missing #{filename}"
+      globbed = Dir[filename]
+      assert globbed.one?, "Found #{globbed.size} files matching #{filename}. All files in the directory: #{Dir.entries(File.dirname(filename)).inspect}"
     end
 
     def assert_no_file_exists(filename)
@@ -50,7 +59,12 @@ module ApplicationTests
         end
       RUBY
 
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      add_to_env_config "development", "config.assets.digest = false"
+
+      # FIXME: shush Sass warning spam, not relevant to testing Railties
+      Kernel.silence_warnings do
+        require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      end
 
       get "/assets/demo.js"
       assert_equal 'a = "/assets/rails.png";', last_response.body.strip
@@ -59,9 +73,10 @@ module ApplicationTests
     test "assets do not require compressors until it is used" do
       app_file "app/assets/javascripts/demo.js.erb", "<%= :alert %>();"
       add_to_env_config "production", "config.assets.compile = true"
+      add_to_env_config "production", "config.assets.precompile = []"
 
-      ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = "production"
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      # Load app env
+      app "production"
 
       assert !defined?(Uglifier)
       get "/assets/demo.js"
@@ -70,10 +85,10 @@ module ApplicationTests
     end
 
     test "precompile creates the file, gives it the original asset's content and run in production as default" do
+      app_file "app/assets/config/manifest.js", "//= link_tree ../javascripts"
       app_file "app/assets/javascripts/application.js", "alert();"
       app_file "app/assets/javascripts/foo/application.js", "alert();"
 
-      ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = nil
       precompile!
 
       files = Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/application-*.js"]
@@ -85,6 +100,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
     end
 
     def test_precompile_does_not_hit_the_database
+      app_file "app/assets/config/manifest.js", "//= link_tree ../javascripts"
       app_file "app/assets/javascripts/application.js", "alert();"
       app_file "app/assets/javascripts/foo/application.js", "alert();"
       app_file "app/controllers/users_controller.rb", <<-eoruby
@@ -94,10 +110,9 @@ module ApplicationTests
         class User < ActiveRecord::Base; raise 'should not be reached'; end
       eoruby
 
-      ENV['RAILS_ENV']  = 'production'
-      ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = 'postgresql://baduser:badpass@127.0.0.1/dbname'
-
-      precompile!
+      precompile! \
+        RAILS_ENV: 'production',
+        DATABASE_URL: 'postgresql://baduser:badpass@127.0.0.1/dbname'
 
       files = Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/application-*.js"]
       files << Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/foo/application-*.js"].first
@@ -105,9 +120,6 @@ module ApplicationTests
         assert_not_nil file, "Expected application.js asset to be generated, but none found"
         assert_equal "alert();".strip, File.read(file).strip
       end
-    ensure
-      ENV.delete 'RAILS_ENV'
-      ENV.delete 'DATABASE_URL'
     end
 
     test "precompile application.js and application.css and all other non JS/CSS files" do
@@ -167,46 +179,49 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     test 'precompile use assets defined in app env config' do
       add_to_env_config 'production', 'config.assets.precompile = [ "something.js" ]'
-
       app_file 'app/assets/javascripts/something.js.erb', 'alert();'
 
-      precompile! 'RAILS_ENV=production'
+      precompile! RAILS_ENV: 'production'
 
       assert_file_exists("#{app_path}/public/assets/something-*.js")
     end
 
     test 'precompile use assets defined in app config and reassigned in app env config' do
-      add_to_config 'config.assets.precompile = [ "something.js" ]'
-      add_to_env_config 'production', 'config.assets.precompile += [ "another.js" ]'
+      add_to_config 'config.assets.precompile = [ "something_manifest.js" ]'
+      add_to_env_config 'production', 'config.assets.precompile += [ "another_manifest.js" ]'
+
+      app_file 'app/assets/config/something_manifest.js', '//= link something.js'
+      app_file 'app/assets/config/another_manifest.js', '//= link another.js'
 
       app_file 'app/assets/javascripts/something.js.erb', 'alert();'
       app_file 'app/assets/javascripts/another.js.erb', 'alert();'
 
-      precompile! 'RAILS_ENV=production'
+      precompile! RAILS_ENV: 'production'
 
+      assert_file_exists("#{app_path}/public/assets/something_manifest-*.js")
       assert_file_exists("#{app_path}/public/assets/something-*.js")
+      assert_file_exists("#{app_path}/public/assets/another_manifest-*.js")
       assert_file_exists("#{app_path}/public/assets/another-*.js")
     end
 
-    test "asset pipeline should use a Sprockets::Index when config.assets.digest is true" do
-      add_to_config "config.assets.digest = true"
+    test "asset pipeline should use a Sprockets::CachedEnvironment when config.assets.digest is true" do
       add_to_config "config.action_controller.perform_caching = false"
+      add_to_env_config "production", "config.assets.compile = true"
 
-      ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = "production"
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      # Load app env
+      app "production"
 
-      assert_equal Sprockets::Index, Rails.application.assets.class
+      assert_equal Sprockets::CachedEnvironment, Rails.application.assets.class
     end
 
     test "precompile creates a manifest file with all the assets listed" do
+      app_file "app/assets/images/rails.png", "notactuallyapng"
       app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css.erb", "<%= asset_path('rails.png') %>"
       app_file "app/assets/javascripts/application.js", "alert();"
-      # digest is default in false, we must enable it for test environment
-      add_to_config "config.assets.digest = true"
 
       precompile!
-      manifest = Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/manifest-*.json"].first
 
+      manifest = Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/.sprockets-manifest-*.json"].first
       assets = ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(File.read(manifest))
       assert_match(/application-([0-z]+)\.js/, assets["assets"]["application.js"])
       assert_match(/application-([0-z]+)\.css/, assets["assets"]["application.css"])
@@ -214,29 +229,27 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     test "the manifest file should be saved by default in the same assets folder" do
       app_file "app/assets/javascripts/application.js", "alert();"
-      # digest is default in false, we must enable it for test environment
-      add_to_config "config.assets.digest = true"
       add_to_config "config.assets.prefix = '/x'"
 
       precompile!
 
-      manifest = Dir["#{app_path}/public/x/manifest-*.json"].first
+      manifest = Dir["#{app_path}/public/x/.sprockets-manifest-*.json"].first
       assets = ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(File.read(manifest))
       assert_match(/application-([0-z]+)\.js/, assets["assets"]["application.js"])
     end
 
     test "assets do not require any assets group gem when manifest file is present" do
       app_file "app/assets/javascripts/application.js", "alert();"
-      add_to_env_config "production", "config.serve_static_assets = true"
+      add_to_env_config "production", "config.public_file_server.enabled = true"
 
-      ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = "production"
-      precompile!
+      precompile! RAILS_ENV: 'production'
 
-      manifest = Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/manifest-*.json"].first
+      manifest = Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/.sprockets-manifest-*.json"].first
       assets = ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(File.read(manifest))
       asset_path = assets["assets"]["application.js"]
 
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      # Load app env
+      app "production"
 
       # Checking if Uglifier is defined we can know if Sprockets was reached or not
       assert !defined?(Uglifier)
@@ -245,13 +258,11 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert !defined?(Uglifier)
     end
 
-    test "precompile properly refers files referenced with asset_path and runs in the provided RAILS_ENV" do
+    test "precompile properly refers files referenced with asset_path" do
       app_file "app/assets/images/rails.png", "notactuallyapng"
-      app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css.erb", "<%= asset_path('rails.png') %>"
-      # digest is default in false, we must enable it for test environment
-      add_to_env_config "test", "config.assets.digest = true"
+      app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css.erb", "p { background-image: url(<%= asset_path('rails.png') %>) }"
 
-      precompile!('RAILS_ENV=test')
+      precompile!
 
       file = Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/application-*.css"].first
       assert_match(/\/assets\/rails-([0-z]+)\.png/, File.read(file))
@@ -260,32 +271,27 @@ module ApplicationTests
     test "precompile shouldn't use the digests present in manifest.json" do
       app_file "app/assets/images/rails.png", "notactuallyapng"
 
-      app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css.erb", "//= depend_on rails.png\np { url: <%= asset_path('rails.png') %> }"
+      app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css.erb", "p { background-image: url(<%= asset_path('rails.png') %>) }"
 
-      ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = "production"
-      precompile!
+      precompile! RAILS_ENV: 'production'
 
-      manifest = Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/manifest-*.json"].first
+      manifest = Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/.sprockets-manifest-*.json"].first
       assets = ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(File.read(manifest))
       asset_path = assets["assets"]["application.css"]
 
       app_file "app/assets/images/rails.png", "p { url: change }"
 
       precompile!
-      assets = ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(File.read(manifest))
 
+      assets = ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(File.read(manifest))
       assert_not_equal asset_path, assets["assets"]["application.css"]
     end
 
     test "precompile appends the md5 hash to files referenced with asset_path and run in production with digest true" do
       app_file "app/assets/images/rails.png", "notactuallyapng"
-      app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css.erb", "<%= asset_path('rails.png') %>"
-      add_to_config "config.assets.compile = true"
-      add_to_config "config.assets.digest = true"
-
-      ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = nil
+      app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css.erb", "p { background-image: url(<%= asset_path('rails.png') %>) }"
 
-      precompile!('RAILS_GROUPS=assets')
+      precompile! RAILS_ENV: 'production'
 
       file = Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/application-*.css"].first
       assert_match(/\/assets\/rails-([0-z]+)\.png/, File.read(file))
@@ -294,15 +300,17 @@ module ApplicationTests
     test "precompile should handle utf8 filenames" do
       filename = "レイルズ.png"
       app_file "app/assets/images/#{filename}", "not an image really"
-      add_to_config "config.assets.precompile = [ /\.png$/, /application.(css|js)$/ ]"
+      app_file "app/assets/config/manifest.js", "//= link_tree ../images"
+      add_to_config "config.assets.precompile = %w(manifest.js)"
 
       precompile!
 
-      manifest = Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/manifest-*.json"].first
+      manifest = Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/.sprockets-manifest-*.json"].first
       assets = ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(File.read(manifest))
       assert asset_path = assets["assets"].find { |(k, _)| k && k =~ /.png/ }[1]
 
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      # Load app env
+      app "development"
 
       get "/assets/#{URI.parser.escape(asset_path)}"
       assert_match "not an image really", last_response.body
@@ -325,8 +333,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
       app_file "app/assets/javascripts/demo.js.erb", "<%= :alert %>();"
       add_to_config "config.assets.compile = false"
 
-      ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = "production"
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      # Load app env
+      app "production"
 
       get "/assets/demo.js"
       assert_equal 404, last_response.status
@@ -341,7 +349,10 @@ module ApplicationTests
         end
       RUBY
 
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      add_to_env_config "development", "config.assets.digest = false"
+
+      # Load app env
+      app "development"
 
       class ::OmgController < ActionController::Base
         def index
@@ -365,7 +376,10 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       app_file "app/assets/javascripts/demo.js", "alert();"
 
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      add_to_env_config "development", "config.assets.digest = false"
+
+      # Load app env
+      app "development"
 
       get "/assets/demo.js"
       assert_match "alert();", last_response.body
@@ -376,10 +390,10 @@ module ApplicationTests
       app_with_assets_in_view
 
       # config.assets.debug and config.assets.compile are false for production environment
-      ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = "production"
-      precompile!
+      precompile! RAILS_ENV: 'production'
 
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      # Load app env
+      app "production"
 
       class ::PostsController < ActionController::Base ; end
 
@@ -394,9 +408,9 @@ module ApplicationTests
       app_file "app/assets/javascripts/application.js", "//= require_tree ."
       app_file "app/assets/javascripts/xmlhr.js.erb", "<%= Post.name %>"
 
-      add_to_config "config.assets.digest = false"
       precompile!
-      assert_equal "Post;\n", File.read(Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/application-*.js"].first)
+
+      assert_equal "Post\n;\n", File.read(Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/application-*.js"].first)
     end
 
     test "initialization on the assets group should set assets_dir" do
@@ -414,7 +428,6 @@ module ApplicationTests
     test "digested assets are not mistakenly removed" do
       app_file "app/assets/application.js", "alert();"
       add_to_config "config.assets.compile = true"
-      add_to_config "config.assets.digest = true"
 
       precompile!
 
@@ -437,45 +450,41 @@ module ApplicationTests
     test "asset urls should use the request's protocol by default" do
       app_with_assets_in_view
       add_to_config "config.asset_host = 'example.com'"
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      add_to_env_config "development", "config.assets.digest = false"
+
+      # Load app env
+      app "development"
+
       class ::PostsController < ActionController::Base; end
 
       get '/posts', {}, {'HTTPS'=>'off'}
-      assert_match('src="http://example.com/assets/application.js', last_response.body)
+      assert_match('src="http://example.com/assets/application.debug.js', last_response.body)
       get '/posts', {}, {'HTTPS'=>'on'}
-      assert_match('src="https://example.com/assets/application.js', last_response.body)
+      assert_match('src="https://example.com/assets/application.debug.js', last_response.body)
     end
 
     test "asset urls should be protocol-relative if no request is in scope" do
       app_file "app/assets/images/rails.png", "notreallyapng"
-      app_file "app/assets/javascripts/image_loader.js.erb", 'var src="<%= image_path("rails.png") %>";'
-      add_to_config "config.assets.precompile = %w{image_loader.js}"
+      app_file "app/assets/javascripts/image_loader.js.erb", "var src='<%= image_path('rails.png') %>';"
+      add_to_config "config.assets.precompile = %w{rails.png image_loader.js}"
       add_to_config "config.asset_host = 'example.com'"
+      add_to_env_config "development", "config.assets.digest = false"
+
       precompile!
 
-      assert_match 'src="//example.com/assets/rails.png"', File.read(Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/image_loader-*.js"].first)
+      assert_match "src='//example.com/assets/rails.png'", File.read(Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/image_loader-*.js"].first)
     end
 
     test "asset paths should use RAILS_RELATIVE_URL_ROOT by default" do
       ENV["RAILS_RELATIVE_URL_ROOT"] = "/sub/uri"
       app_file "app/assets/images/rails.png", "notreallyapng"
+      app_file "app/assets/javascripts/app.js.erb", "var src='<%= image_path('rails.png') %>';"
+      add_to_config "config.assets.precompile = %w{rails.png app.js}"
+      add_to_env_config "development", "config.assets.digest = false"
 
-      app_file "app/assets/javascripts/app.js.erb", 'var src="<%= image_path("rails.png") %>";'
-      add_to_config "config.assets.precompile = %w{app.js}"
       precompile!
 
-      assert_match 'src="/sub/uri/assets/rails.png"', File.read(Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/app-*.js"].first)
-    end
-
-    test "assets:cache:clean should clean cache" do
-      ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = "production"
-      precompile!
-
-      quietly do
-        Dir.chdir(app_path){ `bundle exec rake assets:clobber` }
-      end
-
-      assert !File.exist?("#{app_path}/tmp/cache/assets")
+      assert_match "src='/sub/uri/assets/rails.png'", File.read(Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/app-*.js"].first)
     end
 
     private
diff --git a/railties/test/application/bin_setup_test.rb b/railties/test/application/bin_setup_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1bdced02e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/application/bin_setup_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+require 'isolation/abstract_unit'
+
+module ApplicationTests
+  class BinSetupTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+    include ActiveSupport::Testing::Isolation
+
+    def setup
+      build_app
+    end
+
+    def teardown
+      teardown_app
+    end
+
+    def test_bin_setup
+      Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+        app_file 'db/schema.rb', <<-RUBY
+          ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: 20140423102712) do
+            create_table(:articles) {}
+          end
+        RUBY
+
+        list_tables = lambda { `bin/rails runner 'p ActiveRecord::Base.connection.tables'`.strip }
+        File.write("log/my.log", "zomg!")
+
+        assert_equal '[]', list_tables.call
+        assert_equal 5, File.size("log/my.log")
+        assert_not File.exist?("tmp/restart.txt")
+        `bin/setup 2>&1`
+        assert_equal 0, File.size("log/my.log")
+        assert_equal '["articles", "schema_migrations"]', list_tables.call
+        assert File.exist?("tmp/restart.txt")
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_bin_setup_output
+      Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+        app_file 'db/schema.rb', ""
+
+        output = `bin/setup 2>&1`
+        assert_equal(<<-OUTPUT, output)
+== Installing dependencies ==
+The Gemfile's dependencies are satisfied
+
+== Preparing database ==
+
+== Removing old logs and tempfiles ==
+
+== Restarting application server ==
+        OUTPUT
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/build_original_fullpath_test.rb b/railties/test/application/build_original_fullpath_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 647ffb097a..0000000000
--- a/railties/test/application/build_original_fullpath_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-require "abstract_unit"
-
-module ApplicationTests
-  class BuildOriginalPathTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-    def test_include_original_PATH_info_in_ORIGINAL_FULLPATH
-      env = { 'PATH_INFO' => '/foo/' }
-      assert_equal "/foo/", Rails.application.send(:build_original_fullpath, env)
-    end
-
-    def test_include_SCRIPT_NAME
-      env = {
-        'SCRIPT_NAME' => '/foo',
-        'PATH_INFO' => '/bar'
-      }
-
-      assert_equal "/foo/bar", Rails.application.send(:build_original_fullpath, env)
-    end
-
-    def test_include_QUERY_STRING
-      env = {
-        'PATH_INFO' => '/foo',
-        'QUERY_STRING' => 'bar',
-      }
-      assert_equal "/foo?bar", Rails.application.send(:build_original_fullpath, env)
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/configuration/custom_test.rb b/railties/test/application/configuration/custom_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..28b3b2f2d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/application/configuration/custom_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+require 'isolation/abstract_unit'
+
+module ApplicationTests
+  module ConfigurationTests
+    class CustomTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+      def setup
+        build_app
+        boot_rails
+        FileUtils.rm_rf("#{app_path}/config/environments")
+      end
+
+      def teardown
+        teardown_app
+        FileUtils.rm_rf(new_app) if File.directory?(new_app)
+      end
+
+      test 'access custom configuration point' do
+        add_to_config <<-RUBY
+          config.x.payment_processing.schedule = :daily
+          config.x.payment_processing.retries  = 3
+          config.x.super_debugger              = true
+          config.x.hyper_debugger              = false
+          config.x.nil_debugger                = nil
+        RUBY
+        require_environment
+
+        x = Rails.configuration.x
+        assert_equal :daily, x.payment_processing.schedule
+        assert_equal 3, x.payment_processing.retries
+        assert_equal true, x.super_debugger
+        assert_equal false, x.hyper_debugger
+        assert_equal nil, x.nil_debugger
+        assert_nil x.i_do_not_exist.zomg
+      end
+
+      private
+        def new_app
+          File.expand_path("#{app_path}/../new_app")
+        end
+
+        def copy_app
+          FileUtils.cp_r(app_path, new_app)
+        end
+
+        def app
+          @app ||= Rails.application
+        end
+
+        def require_environment
+          require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/configuration_test.rb b/railties/test/application/configuration_test.rb
index b39cd3747b..25e749ac14 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/configuration_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/configuration_test.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,12 @@ end
 
 class ::MyOtherMailInterceptor < ::MyMailInterceptor; end
 
+class ::MyPreviewMailInterceptor
+  def self.previewing_email(email); email; end
+end
+
+class ::MyOtherPreviewMailInterceptor < ::MyPreviewMailInterceptor; end
+
 class ::MyMailObserver
   def self.delivered_email(email); email; end
 end
@@ -28,14 +34,25 @@ module ApplicationTests
       FileUtils.cp_r(app_path, new_app)
     end
 
-    def app
-      @app ||= Rails.application
+    def app(env = 'development')
+      @app ||= begin
+        ENV['RAILS_ENV'] = env
+
+        # FIXME: shush Sass warning spam, not relevant to testing Railties
+        Kernel.silence_warnings do
+          require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+        end
+
+        Rails.application
+      ensure
+        ENV.delete 'RAILS_ENV'
+      end
     end
 
     def setup
       build_app
       boot_rails
-      FileUtils.rm_rf("#{app_path}/config/environments")
+      supress_default_config
     end
 
     def teardown
@@ -43,6 +60,15 @@ module ApplicationTests
       FileUtils.rm_rf(new_app) if File.directory?(new_app)
     end
 
+    def supress_default_config
+      FileUtils.mv("#{app_path}/config/environments", "#{app_path}/config/__environments__")
+    end
+
+    def restore_default_config
+      FileUtils.rm_rf("#{app_path}/config/environments")
+      FileUtils.mv("#{app_path}/config/__environments__", "#{app_path}/config/environments")
+    end
+
     test "Rails.env does not set the RAILS_ENV environment variable which would leak out into rake tasks" do
       require "rails"
 
@@ -53,6 +79,22 @@ module ApplicationTests
       end
     end
 
+    test "lib dir is on LOAD_PATH during config" do
+      app_file 'lib/my_logger.rb', <<-RUBY
+        require "logger"
+        class MyLogger < ::Logger
+        end
+      RUBY
+      add_to_top_of_config <<-RUBY
+        require 'my_logger'
+        config.logger = MyLogger.new STDOUT
+      RUBY
+
+      app 'development'
+
+      assert_equal 'MyLogger', Rails.application.config.logger.class.name
+    end
+
     test "a renders exception on pending migration" do
       add_to_config <<-RUBY
         config.active_record.migration_error    = :page_load
@@ -60,13 +102,25 @@ module ApplicationTests
         config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions  = true
       RUBY
 
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.stubs(:needs_migration?).returns(true)
-      ActiveRecord::NullMigration.any_instance.stubs(:mtime).returns(1)
+      app_file 'db/migrate/20140708012246_create_user.rb', <<-RUBY
+        class CreateUser < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
+          def change
+            create_table :users
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app 'development'
+
+      ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths = ["#{app_path}/db/migrate"]
 
-      get "/foo"
-      assert_equal 500, last_response.status
-      assert_match "ActiveRecord::PendingMigrationError", last_response.body
+      begin
+        get "/foo"
+        assert_equal 500, last_response.status
+        assert_match "ActiveRecord::PendingMigrationError", last_response.body
+      ensure
+        ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths = nil
+      end
     end
 
     test "Rails.groups returns available groups" do
@@ -87,29 +141,29 @@ module ApplicationTests
     test "Rails.application is nil until app is initialized" do
       require 'rails'
       assert_nil Rails.application
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      app 'development'
       assert_equal AppTemplate::Application.instance, Rails.application
     end
 
     test "Rails.application responds to all instance methods" do
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      app 'development'
       assert_respond_to Rails.application, :routes_reloader
       assert_equal Rails.application.routes_reloader, AppTemplate::Application.routes_reloader
     end
 
     test "Rails::Application responds to paths" do
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      app 'development'
       assert_respond_to AppTemplate::Application, :paths
-      assert_equal AppTemplate::Application.paths["app/views"].expanded, ["#{app_path}/app/views"]
+      assert_equal ["#{app_path}/app/views"], AppTemplate::Application.paths["app/views"].expanded
     end
 
     test "the application root is set correctly" do
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      app 'development'
       assert_equal Pathname.new(app_path), Rails.application.root
     end
 
     test "the application root can be seen from the application singleton" do
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      app 'development'
       assert_equal Pathname.new(app_path), AppTemplate::Application.root
     end
 
@@ -121,7 +175,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       use_frameworks []
 
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      app 'development'
+
       assert_equal Pathname.new(new_app), Rails.application.root
     end
 
@@ -131,7 +186,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       use_frameworks []
 
       Dir.chdir("#{app_path}") do
-        require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+        app 'development'
         assert_equal Pathname.new("#{app_path}"), Rails.application.root
       end
     end
@@ -140,7 +195,9 @@ module ApplicationTests
       add_to_config <<-RUBY
         config.root = "#{app_path}"
       RUBY
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      app 'development'
+
       assert_instance_of Pathname, Rails.root
     end
 
@@ -148,7 +205,9 @@ module ApplicationTests
       add_to_config <<-RUBY
         config.paths["public"] = "somewhere"
       RUBY
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      app 'development'
+
       assert_instance_of Pathname, Rails.public_path
     end
 
@@ -158,13 +217,14 @@ module ApplicationTests
         config.cache_classes = true
       RUBY
 
-      require "#{app_path}/config/application"
-      assert Rails.application.initialize!
+      app 'development'
+
+      assert_equal :require, ActiveSupport::Dependencies.mechanism
     end
 
     test "application is always added to eager_load namespaces" do
-      require "#{app_path}/config/application"
-      assert Rails.application, Rails.application.config.eager_load_namespaces
+      app 'development'
+      assert_includes Rails.application.config.eager_load_namespaces, AppTemplate::Application
     end
 
     test "the application can be eager loaded even when there are no frameworks" do
@@ -177,7 +237,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       use_frameworks []
 
       assert_nothing_raised do
-        require "#{app_path}/config/application"
+        app 'development'
       end
     end
 
@@ -189,7 +249,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       RUBY
 
       assert_nothing_raised do
-        require "#{app_path}/config/application"
+        app 'development'
       end
     end
 
@@ -198,7 +258,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
         Rails.application.config.filter_parameters += [ :password, :foo, 'bar' ]
       RUBY
 
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      app 'development'
 
       assert_equal [:password, :foo, 'bar'], Rails.application.env_config['action_dispatch.parameter_filter']
     end
@@ -214,7 +274,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       assert !$prepared
 
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      app 'development'
 
       get "/"
       assert $prepared
@@ -226,7 +286,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
     end
 
     test "skipping config.encoding still results in 'utf-8' as the default" do
-      require "#{app_path}/config/application"
+      app 'development'
       assert_utf8
     end
 
@@ -235,7 +295,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
         config.encoding = "utf-8"
       RUBY
 
-      require "#{app_path}/config/application"
+      app 'development'
       assert_utf8
     end
 
@@ -244,14 +304,65 @@ module ApplicationTests
         config.paths["public"] = "somewhere"
       RUBY
 
-      require "#{app_path}/config/application"
+      app 'development'
       assert_equal Pathname.new(app_path).join("somewhere"), Rails.public_path
     end
 
+    test "In production mode, config.public_file_server.enabled is off by default" do
+      restore_default_config
+
+      with_rails_env "production" do
+        app 'production'
+        assert_not app.config.public_file_server.enabled
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "In production mode, config.public_file_server.enabled is enabled when RAILS_SERVE_STATIC_FILES is set" do
+      restore_default_config
+
+      with_rails_env "production" do
+        switch_env "RAILS_SERVE_STATIC_FILES", "1" do
+          app 'production'
+          assert app.config.public_file_server.enabled
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "In production mode, config.public_file_server.enabled is disabled when RAILS_SERVE_STATIC_FILES is blank" do
+      restore_default_config
+
+      with_rails_env "production" do
+        switch_env "RAILS_SERVE_STATIC_FILES", " " do
+          app 'production'
+          assert_not app.config.public_file_server.enabled
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "config.serve_static_files is deprecated" do
+      make_basic_app do |application|
+        assert_deprecated do
+          application.config.serve_static_files = true
+        end
+
+        assert application.config.public_file_server.enabled
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "config.static_cache_control is deprecated" do
+      make_basic_app do |application|
+        assert_deprecated do
+          application.config.static_cache_control = "public, max-age=60"
+        end
+
+        assert_equal application.config.static_cache_control, "public, max-age=60"
+      end
+    end
+
     test "Use key_generator when secret_key_base is set" do
-      make_basic_app do |app|
-        app.secrets.secret_key_base = 'b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33'
-        app.config.session_store :disabled
+      make_basic_app do |application|
+        application.secrets.secret_key_base = 'b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33'
+        application.config.session_store :disabled
       end
 
       class ::OmgController < ActionController::Base
@@ -269,9 +380,9 @@ module ApplicationTests
     end
 
     test "application verifier can be used in the entire application" do
-      make_basic_app do |app|
-        app.secrets.secret_key_base = 'b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33'
-        app.config.session_store :disabled
+      make_basic_app do |application|
+        application.secrets.secret_key_base = 'b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33'
+        application.config.session_store :disabled
       end
 
       message = app.message_verifier(:sensitive_value).generate("some_value")
@@ -283,10 +394,70 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_equal 'some_value', verifier.verify(message)
     end
 
+    test "application message verifier can be used when the key_generator is ActiveSupport::LegacyKeyGenerator" do
+      app_file 'config/initializers/secret_token.rb', <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.config.secret_token = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
+      RUBY
+      app_file 'config/secrets.yml', <<-YAML
+        development:
+          secret_key_base:
+      YAML
+
+      app 'development'
+
+      assert_equal app.env_config['action_dispatch.key_generator'], Rails.application.key_generator
+      assert_equal app.env_config['action_dispatch.key_generator'].class, ActiveSupport::LegacyKeyGenerator
+      message = app.message_verifier(:sensitive_value).generate("some_value")
+      assert_equal 'some_value', Rails.application.message_verifier(:sensitive_value).verify(message)
+    end
+
+    test "warns when secrets.secret_key_base is blank and config.secret_token is set" do
+      app_file 'config/initializers/secret_token.rb', <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.config.secret_token = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
+      RUBY
+      app_file 'config/secrets.yml', <<-YAML
+        development:
+          secret_key_base:
+      YAML
+
+      app 'development'
+
+      assert_deprecated(/You didn't set `secret_key_base`./) do
+        app.env_config
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "raise when secrets.secret_key_base is not a type of string" do
+      app_file 'config/secrets.yml', <<-YAML
+        development:
+          secret_key_base: 123
+      YAML
+
+      app 'development'
+
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+        app.key_generator
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "prefer secrets.secret_token over config.secret_token" do
+      app_file 'config/initializers/secret_token.rb', <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.config.secret_token = ""
+      RUBY
+      app_file 'config/secrets.yml', <<-YAML
+        development:
+          secret_token: 3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c3
+      YAML
+
+      app 'development'
+
+      assert_equal '3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c3', app.secrets.secret_token
+    end
+
     test "application verifier can build different verifiers" do
-      make_basic_app do |app|
-        app.secrets.secret_key_base = 'b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33'
-        app.config.session_store :disabled
+      make_basic_app do |application|
+        application.secrets.secret_key_base = 'b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33'
+        application.config.session_store :disabled
       end
 
       default_verifier = app.message_verifier(:sensitive_value)
@@ -309,7 +480,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
           secret_key_base: 3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c3
       YAML
 
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      app 'development'
       assert_equal '3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c3', app.secrets.secret_key_base
     end
 
@@ -319,10 +490,26 @@ module ApplicationTests
         Rails.application.config.secret_key_base = "3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c3"
       RUBY
 
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      app 'development'
       assert_equal '3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c3', app.secrets.secret_key_base
     end
 
+    test "config.secret_token over-writes a blank secrets.secret_token" do
+      app_file 'config/initializers/secret_token.rb', <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.config.secret_token = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
+      RUBY
+      app_file 'config/secrets.yml', <<-YAML
+        development:
+          secret_key_base:
+          secret_token:
+      YAML
+
+      app 'development'
+
+      assert_equal 'b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33', app.secrets.secret_token
+      assert_equal 'b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33', app.config.secret_token
+    end
+
     test "custom secrets saved in config/secrets.yml are loaded in app secrets" do
       app_file 'config/secrets.yml', <<-YAML
         development:
@@ -331,7 +518,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
           aws_secret_access_key: myamazonsecretaccesskey
       YAML
 
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      app 'development'
+
       assert_equal 'myamazonaccesskeyid', app.secrets.aws_access_key_id
       assert_equal 'myamazonsecretaccesskey', app.secrets.aws_secret_access_key
     end
@@ -339,11 +527,60 @@ module ApplicationTests
     test "blank config/secrets.yml does not crash the loading process" do
       app_file 'config/secrets.yml', <<-YAML
       YAML
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      app 'development'
 
       assert_nil app.secrets.not_defined
     end
 
+    test "config.secret_key_base over-writes a blank secrets.secret_key_base" do
+      app_file 'config/initializers/secret_token.rb', <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.config.secret_key_base = "iaminallyoursecretkeybase"
+      RUBY
+      app_file 'config/secrets.yml', <<-YAML
+        development:
+          secret_key_base:
+      YAML
+
+      app 'development'
+
+      assert_equal "iaminallyoursecretkeybase", app.secrets.secret_key_base
+    end
+
+    test "uses ActiveSupport::LegacyKeyGenerator as app.key_generator when secrets.secret_key_base is blank" do
+      app_file 'config/initializers/secret_token.rb', <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.config.secret_token = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
+      RUBY
+      app_file 'config/secrets.yml', <<-YAML
+        development:
+          secret_key_base:
+      YAML
+
+      app 'development'
+
+      assert_equal 'b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33', app.config.secret_token
+      assert_equal nil, app.secrets.secret_key_base
+      assert_equal app.key_generator.class, ActiveSupport::LegacyKeyGenerator
+    end
+
+    test "uses ActiveSupport::LegacyKeyGenerator with config.secret_token as app.key_generator when secrets.secret_key_base is blank" do
+      app_file 'config/initializers/secret_token.rb', <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.config.secret_token = ""
+      RUBY
+      app_file 'config/secrets.yml', <<-YAML
+        development:
+          secret_key_base:
+      YAML
+
+      app 'development'
+
+      assert_equal '', app.config.secret_token
+      assert_equal nil, app.secrets.secret_key_base
+      assert_raise ArgumentError, /\AA secret is required/ do
+        app.key_generator
+      end
+    end
+
     test "protect from forgery is the default in a new app" do
       make_basic_app
 
@@ -357,15 +594,55 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert last_response.body =~ /csrf\-param/
     end
 
+    test "default form builder specified as a string" do
+      app_file 'config/initializers/form_builder.rb', <<-RUBY
+      class CustomFormBuilder < ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder
+        def text_field(attribute, *args)
+          label(attribute) + super(attribute, *args)
+        end
+      end
+      Rails.configuration.action_view.default_form_builder = "CustomFormBuilder"
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file 'app/models/post.rb', <<-RUBY
+      class Post
+        include ActiveModel::Model
+        attr_accessor :name
+      end
+      RUBY
+
+
+      app_file 'app/controllers/posts_controller.rb', <<-RUBY
+      class PostsController < ApplicationController
+        def index
+          render inline: "<%= begin; form_for(Post.new) {|f| f.text_field(:name)}; rescue => e; e.to_s; end %>"
+        end
+      end
+      RUBY
+
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        routes.prepend do
+          resources :posts
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app 'development'
+
+      get "/posts"
+      assert_match(/label/, last_response.body)
+    end
+
     test "default method for update can be changed" do
       app_file 'app/models/post.rb', <<-RUBY
       class Post
-        extend ActiveModel::Naming
+        include ActiveModel::Model
         def to_key; [1]; end
         def persisted?; true; end
       end
       RUBY
 
+      token = "cf50faa3fe97702ca1ae"
+
       app_file 'app/controllers/posts_controller.rb', <<-RUBY
       class PostsController < ApplicationController
         def show
@@ -375,6 +652,10 @@ module ApplicationTests
         def update
           render text: "update"
         end
+
+        private
+
+        def form_authenticity_token; token; end # stub the authenticy token
       end
       RUBY
 
@@ -384,11 +665,9 @@ module ApplicationTests
         end
       RUBY
 
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      app 'development'
 
-      token = "cf50faa3fe97702ca1ae"
-      PostsController.any_instance.stubs(:form_authenticity_token).returns(token)
-      params = {authenticity_token: token}
+      params = { authenticity_token: token }
 
       get "/posts/1"
       assert_match(/patch/, last_response.body)
@@ -407,8 +686,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
     end
 
     test "request forgery token param can be changed" do
-      make_basic_app do
-        app.config.action_controller.request_forgery_protection_token = '_xsrf_token_here'
+      make_basic_app do |application|
+        application.config.action_controller.request_forgery_protection_token = '_xsrf_token_here'
       end
 
       class ::OmgController < ActionController::Base
@@ -418,7 +697,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       end
 
       get "/"
-      assert last_response.body =~ /_xsrf_token_here/
+      assert_match "_xsrf_token_here", last_response.body
     end
 
     test "sets ActionDispatch.test_app" do
@@ -427,8 +706,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
     end
 
     test "sets ActionDispatch::Response.default_charset" do
-      make_basic_app do |app|
-        app.config.action_dispatch.default_charset = "utf-16"
+      make_basic_app do |application|
+        application.config.action_dispatch.default_charset = "utf-16"
       end
 
       assert_equal "utf-16", ActionDispatch::Response.default_charset
@@ -439,9 +718,9 @@ module ApplicationTests
         config.action_mailer.interceptors = MyMailInterceptor
       RUBY
 
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
-      require "mail"
+      app 'development'
 
+      require "mail"
       _ = ActionMailer::Base
 
       assert_equal [::MyMailInterceptor], ::Mail.send(:class_variable_get, "@@delivery_interceptors")
@@ -452,22 +731,61 @@ module ApplicationTests
         config.action_mailer.interceptors = [MyMailInterceptor, "MyOtherMailInterceptor"]
       RUBY
 
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
-      require "mail"
+      app 'development'
 
+      require "mail"
       _ = ActionMailer::Base
 
       assert_equal [::MyMailInterceptor, ::MyOtherMailInterceptor], ::Mail.send(:class_variable_get, "@@delivery_interceptors")
     end
 
+    test "registers preview interceptors with ActionMailer" do
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.action_mailer.preview_interceptors = MyPreviewMailInterceptor
+      RUBY
+
+      app 'development'
+
+      require "mail"
+      _ = ActionMailer::Base
+
+      assert_equal [ActionMailer::InlinePreviewInterceptor, ::MyPreviewMailInterceptor], ActionMailer::Base.preview_interceptors
+    end
+
+    test "registers multiple preview interceptors with ActionMailer" do
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.action_mailer.preview_interceptors = [MyPreviewMailInterceptor, "MyOtherPreviewMailInterceptor"]
+      RUBY
+
+      app 'development'
+
+      require "mail"
+      _ = ActionMailer::Base
+
+      assert_equal [ActionMailer::InlinePreviewInterceptor, MyPreviewMailInterceptor, MyOtherPreviewMailInterceptor], ActionMailer::Base.preview_interceptors
+    end
+
+    test "default preview interceptor can be removed" do
+      app_file 'config/initializers/preview_interceptors.rb', <<-RUBY
+        ActionMailer::Base.preview_interceptors.delete(ActionMailer::InlinePreviewInterceptor)
+      RUBY
+
+      app 'development'
+
+      require "mail"
+      _ = ActionMailer::Base
+
+      assert_equal [], ActionMailer::Base.preview_interceptors
+    end
+
     test "registers observers with ActionMailer" do
       add_to_config <<-RUBY
         config.action_mailer.observers = MyMailObserver
       RUBY
 
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
-      require "mail"
+      app 'development'
 
+      require "mail"
       _ = ActionMailer::Base
 
       assert_equal [::MyMailObserver], ::Mail.send(:class_variable_get, "@@delivery_notification_observers")
@@ -478,21 +796,34 @@ module ApplicationTests
         config.action_mailer.observers = [MyMailObserver, "MyOtherMailObserver"]
       RUBY
 
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
-      require "mail"
+      app 'development'
 
+      require "mail"
       _ = ActionMailer::Base
 
       assert_equal [::MyMailObserver, ::MyOtherMailObserver], ::Mail.send(:class_variable_get, "@@delivery_notification_observers")
     end
 
+    test "allows setting the queue name for the ActionMailer::DeliveryJob" do
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.action_mailer.deliver_later_queue_name = 'test_default'
+      RUBY
+
+      app 'development'
+
+      require "mail"
+      _ = ActionMailer::Base
+
+      assert_equal 'test_default', ActionMailer::Base.send(:class_variable_get, "@@deliver_later_queue_name")
+    end
+
     test "valid timezone is setup correctly" do
       add_to_config <<-RUBY
         config.root = "#{app_path}"
-          config.time_zone = "Wellington"
+        config.time_zone = "Wellington"
       RUBY
 
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      app 'development'
 
       assert_equal "Wellington", Rails.application.config.time_zone
     end
@@ -500,21 +831,21 @@ module ApplicationTests
     test "raises when an invalid timezone is defined in the config" do
       add_to_config <<-RUBY
         config.root = "#{app_path}"
-          config.time_zone = "That big hill over yonder hill"
+        config.time_zone = "That big hill over yonder hill"
       RUBY
 
       assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
-        require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+        app 'development'
       end
     end
 
     test "valid beginning of week is setup correctly" do
       add_to_config <<-RUBY
         config.root = "#{app_path}"
-          config.beginning_of_week = :wednesday
+        config.beginning_of_week = :wednesday
       RUBY
 
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      app 'development'
 
       assert_equal :wednesday, Rails.application.config.beginning_of_week
     end
@@ -522,17 +853,18 @@ module ApplicationTests
     test "raises when an invalid beginning of week is defined in the config" do
       add_to_config <<-RUBY
         config.root = "#{app_path}"
-          config.beginning_of_week = :invalid
+        config.beginning_of_week = :invalid
       RUBY
 
       assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
-        require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+        app 'development'
       end
     end
 
     test "config.action_view.cache_template_loading with cache_classes default" do
       add_to_config "config.cache_classes = true"
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      app 'development'
       require 'action_view/base'
 
       assert_equal true, ActionView::Resolver.caching?
@@ -540,7 +872,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     test "config.action_view.cache_template_loading without cache_classes default" do
       add_to_config "config.cache_classes = false"
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      app 'development'
       require 'action_view/base'
 
       assert_equal false, ActionView::Resolver.caching?
@@ -551,7 +884,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
         config.cache_classes = true
         config.action_view.cache_template_loading = false
       RUBY
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      app 'development'
       require 'action_view/base'
 
       assert_equal false, ActionView::Resolver.caching?
@@ -562,7 +896,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
         config.cache_classes = false
         config.action_view.cache_template_loading = true
       RUBY
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      app 'development'
       require 'action_view/base'
 
       assert_equal true, ActionView::Resolver.caching?
@@ -577,14 +912,14 @@ module ApplicationTests
       require 'action_view/railtie'
       require 'action_view/base'
 
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      app 'development'
 
       assert_equal false, ActionView::Resolver.caching?
     end
 
     test "config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions is sent in env" do
-      make_basic_app do |app|
-        app.config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions = true
+      make_basic_app do |application|
+        application.config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions = true
       end
 
       class ::OmgController < ActionController::Base
@@ -630,7 +965,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
         end
       RUBY
 
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      app 'development'
 
       post "/posts.json", '{ "title": "foo", "name": "bar" }', "CONTENT_TYPE" => "application/json"
       assert_equal '{"title"=>"foo"}', last_response.body
@@ -652,7 +987,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
         config.action_controller.permit_all_parameters = true
       RUBY
 
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      app 'development'
 
       post "/posts", {post: {"title" =>"zomg"}}
       assert_equal 'permitted', last_response.body
@@ -674,7 +1009,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
         config.action_controller.action_on_unpermitted_parameters = :raise
       RUBY
 
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      app 'development'
 
       assert_equal :raise, ActionController::Parameters.action_on_unpermitted_parameters
 
@@ -682,33 +1017,67 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_match "We're sorry, but something went wrong", last_response.body
     end
 
-    test "config.action_controller.action_on_unpermitted_parameters is :log by default on development" do
-      ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = "development"
+    test "config.action_controller.always_permitted_parameters are: controller, action by default" do
+      app 'development'
+      assert_equal %w(controller action), ActionController::Parameters.always_permitted_parameters
+    end
 
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+    test "config.action_controller.always_permitted_parameters = ['controller', 'action', 'format']" do
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.action_controller.always_permitted_parameters = %w( controller action format )
+      RUBY
+
+      app 'development'
+
+      assert_equal %w( controller action format ), ActionController::Parameters.always_permitted_parameters
+    end
+
+    test "config.action_controller.always_permitted_parameters = ['controller','action','format'] does not raise exeception" do
+      app_file 'app/controllers/posts_controller.rb', <<-RUBY
+      class PostsController < ActionController::Base
+        def create
+          render text: params.permit(post: [:title])
+        end
+      end
+      RUBY
+
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        routes.prepend do
+          resources :posts
+        end
+        config.action_controller.always_permitted_parameters = %w( controller action format )
+        config.action_controller.action_on_unpermitted_parameters = :raise
+      RUBY
+
+      app 'development'
+
+      assert_equal :raise, ActionController::Parameters.action_on_unpermitted_parameters
+
+      post "/posts", {post: {"title" =>"zomg"}, format: "json"}
+      assert_equal 200, last_response.status
+    end
+
+    test "config.action_controller.action_on_unpermitted_parameters is :log by default on development" do
+      app 'development'
 
       assert_equal :log, ActionController::Parameters.action_on_unpermitted_parameters
     end
 
     test "config.action_controller.action_on_unpermitted_parameters is :log by default on test" do
-      ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = "test"
-
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      app 'test'
 
       assert_equal :log, ActionController::Parameters.action_on_unpermitted_parameters
     end
 
     test "config.action_controller.action_on_unpermitted_parameters is false by default on production" do
-      ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = "production"
-
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      app 'production'
 
       assert_equal false, ActionController::Parameters.action_on_unpermitted_parameters
     end
 
     test "config.action_dispatch.ignore_accept_header" do
-      make_basic_app do |app|
-        app.config.action_dispatch.ignore_accept_header = true
+      make_basic_app do |application|
+        application.config.action_dispatch.ignore_accept_header = true
       end
 
       class ::OmgController < ActionController::Base
@@ -745,9 +1114,9 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     test "config.session_store with :active_record_store with activerecord-session_store gem" do
       begin
-        make_basic_app do |app|
+        make_basic_app do |application|
           ActionDispatch::Session::ActiveRecordStore = Class.new(ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore)
-          app.config.session_store :active_record_store
+          application.config.session_store :active_record_store
         end
       ensure
         ActionDispatch::Session.send :remove_const, :ActiveRecordStore
@@ -756,16 +1125,16 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     test "config.session_store with :active_record_store without activerecord-session_store gem" do
       assert_raise RuntimeError, /activerecord-session_store/ do
-        make_basic_app do |app|
-          app.config.session_store :active_record_store
+        make_basic_app do |application|
+          application.config.session_store :active_record_store
         end
       end
     end
 
     test "config.log_level with custom logger" do
-      make_basic_app do |app|
-        app.config.logger = Logger.new(STDOUT)
-        app.config.log_level = :info
+      make_basic_app do |application|
+        application.config.logger = Logger.new(STDOUT)
+        application.config.log_level = :info
       end
       assert_equal Logger::INFO, Rails.logger.level
     end
@@ -779,19 +1148,290 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     test "config.active_record.dump_schema_after_migration is false on production" do
       build_app
-      ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = "production"
 
-      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      app 'production'
 
       assert_not ActiveRecord::Base.dump_schema_after_migration
     end
 
     test "config.active_record.dump_schema_after_migration is true by default on development" do
-      ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = "development"
+      app 'development'
+
+      assert ActiveRecord::Base.dump_schema_after_migration
+    end
+
+    test "config.annotations wrapping SourceAnnotationExtractor::Annotation class" do
+      make_basic_app do |application|
+        application.config.annotations.register_extensions("coffee") do |tag|
+          /#\s*(#{tag}):?\s*(.*)$/
+        end
+      end
+
+      assert_not_nil SourceAnnotationExtractor::Annotation.extensions[/\.(coffee)$/]
+    end
+
+    test "rake_tasks block works at instance level" do
+      app_file "config/environments/development.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.configure do
+          config.ran_block = false
+
+          rake_tasks do
+            config.ran_block = true
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app 'development'
+      assert_not Rails.configuration.ran_block
+
+      require 'rake'
+      require 'rake/testtask'
+      require 'rdoc/task'
+
+      Rails.application.load_tasks
+      assert Rails.configuration.ran_block
+    end
+
+    test "generators block works at instance level" do
+      app_file "config/environments/development.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.configure do
+          config.ran_block = false
+
+          generators do
+            config.ran_block = true
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app 'development'
+      assert_not Rails.configuration.ran_block
+
+      Rails.application.load_generators
+      assert Rails.configuration.ran_block
+    end
+
+    test "console block works at instance level" do
+      app_file "config/environments/development.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.configure do
+          config.ran_block = false
+
+          console do
+            config.ran_block = true
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app 'development'
+      assert_not Rails.configuration.ran_block
+
+      Rails.application.load_console
+      assert Rails.configuration.ran_block
+    end
 
+    test "runner block works at instance level" do
+      app_file "config/environments/development.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.configure do
+          config.ran_block = false
+
+          runner do
+            config.ran_block = true
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app 'development'
+      assert_not Rails.configuration.ran_block
+
+      Rails.application.load_runner
+      assert Rails.configuration.ran_block
+    end
+
+    test "loading the first existing database configuration available" do
+      app_file 'config/environments/development.rb', <<-RUBY
+
+      Rails.application.configure do
+        config.paths.add 'config/database', with: 'config/nonexistent.yml'
+        config.paths['config/database'] << 'config/database.yml'
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app 'development'
+
+      assert_kind_of Hash, Rails.application.config.database_configuration
+    end
+
+    test 'raises with proper error message if no database configuration found' do
+      FileUtils.rm("#{app_path}/config/database.yml")
+      app 'development'
+      err = assert_raises RuntimeError do
+        Rails.application.config.database_configuration
+      end
+      assert_match 'config/database', err.message
+    end
+
+    test 'config.action_mailer.show_previews defaults to true in development' do
+      app 'development'
+
+      assert Rails.application.config.action_mailer.show_previews
+    end
+
+    test 'config.action_mailer.show_previews defaults to false in production' do
+      app 'production'
+
+      assert_equal false, Rails.application.config.action_mailer.show_previews
+    end
+
+    test 'config.action_mailer.show_previews can be set in the configuration file' do
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.action_mailer.show_previews = true
+      RUBY
+
+      app 'production'
+
+      assert_equal true, Rails.application.config.action_mailer.show_previews
+    end
+
+    test "config_for loads custom configuration from yaml files" do
+      app_file 'config/custom.yml', <<-RUBY
+      development:
+        key: 'custom key'
+      RUBY
+
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.my_custom_config = config_for('custom')
+      RUBY
+
+      app 'development'
+
+      assert_equal 'custom key', Rails.application.config.my_custom_config['key']
+    end
+
+    test "config_for raises an exception if the file does not exist" do
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.my_custom_config = config_for('custom')
+      RUBY
+
+      exception = assert_raises(RuntimeError) do
+        app 'development'
+      end
+
+      assert_equal "Could not load configuration. No such file - #{app_path}/config/custom.yml", exception.message
+    end
+
+    test "config_for without the environment configured returns an empty hash" do
+      app_file 'config/custom.yml', <<-RUBY
+      test:
+        key: 'custom key'
+      RUBY
+
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.my_custom_config = config_for('custom')
+      RUBY
+
+      app 'development'
+
+      assert_equal({}, Rails.application.config.my_custom_config)
+    end
+
+    test "config_for with empty file returns an empty hash" do
+      app_file 'config/custom.yml', <<-RUBY
+      RUBY
+
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.my_custom_config = config_for('custom')
+      RUBY
+
+      app 'development'
+
+      assert_equal({}, Rails.application.config.my_custom_config)
+    end
+
+    test "config_for containing ERB tags should evaluate" do
+      app_file 'config/custom.yml', <<-RUBY
+      development:
+        key: <%= 'custom key' %>
+      RUBY
+
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.my_custom_config = config_for('custom')
+      RUBY
+
+      app 'development'
+
+      assert_equal 'custom key', Rails.application.config.my_custom_config['key']
+    end
+
+    test "config_for with syntax error show a more descriptive exception" do
+      app_file 'config/custom.yml', <<-RUBY
+      development:
+        key: foo:
+      RUBY
+
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.my_custom_config = config_for('custom')
+      RUBY
+
+      exception = assert_raises(RuntimeError) do
+        app 'development'
+      end
+
+      assert_match 'YAML syntax error occurred while parsing', exception.message
+    end
+
+    test "config_for allows overriding the environment" do
+      app_file 'config/custom.yml', <<-RUBY
+        test:
+          key: 'walrus'
+        production:
+            key: 'unicorn'
+      RUBY
+
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+          config.my_custom_config = config_for('custom', env: 'production')
+      RUBY
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
 
-      assert ActiveRecord::Base.dump_schema_after_migration
+      assert_equal 'unicorn', Rails.application.config.my_custom_config['key']
+    end
+
+    test "api_only is false by default" do
+      app 'development'
+      refute Rails.application.config.api_only
+    end
+
+    test "api_only generator config is set when api_only is set" do
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.api_only = true
+      RUBY
+      app 'development'
+
+      Rails.application.load_generators
+      assert Rails.configuration.api_only
+    end
+
+    test "debug_exception_response_format is :api by default if only_api is enabled" do
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.api_only = true
+      RUBY
+      app 'development'
+
+      assert_equal :api, Rails.configuration.debug_exception_response_format
+    end
+
+    test "debug_exception_response_format can be override" do
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.api_only = true
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file 'config/environments/development.rb', <<-RUBY
+      Rails.application.configure do
+        config.debug_exception_response_format = :default
+      end
+      RUBY
+
+      app 'development'
+
+      assert_equal :default, Rails.configuration.debug_exception_response_format
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/console_test.rb b/railties/test/application/console_test.rb
index 31bc003dcb..7bf123d12b 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/console_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/console_test.rb
@@ -29,6 +29,18 @@ class ConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_instance_of ActionDispatch::Integration::Session, console_session
   end
 
+  def test_app_can_access_path_helper_method
+    app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
+      Rails.application.routes.draw do
+        get 'foo', to: 'foo#index'
+      end
+    RUBY
+
+    load_environment
+    console_session = irb_context.app
+    assert_equal '/foo', console_session.foo_path
+  end
+
   def test_new_session_should_return_integration_session
     load_environment
     session = irb_context.new_session
diff --git a/railties/test/application/generators_test.rb b/railties/test/application/generators_test.rb
index 78ada58ec8..84cc6e120b 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/generators_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/generators_test.rb
@@ -125,5 +125,40 @@ module ApplicationTests
         assert_equal expected, c.generators.options
       end
     end
+
+    test "api only generators hide assets, helper, js and css namespaces and set api option" do
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.api_only = true
+      RUBY
+
+      # Initialize the application
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      Rails.application.load_generators
+
+      assert Rails::Generators.hidden_namespaces.include?("assets")
+      assert Rails::Generators.hidden_namespaces.include?("helper")
+      assert Rails::Generators.hidden_namespaces.include?("js")
+      assert Rails::Generators.hidden_namespaces.include?("css")
+      assert Rails::Generators.options[:rails][:api]
+      assert_equal false, Rails::Generators.options[:rails][:assets]
+      assert_equal false, Rails::Generators.options[:rails][:helper]
+      assert_nil Rails::Generators.options[:rails][:template_engine]
+    end
+
+    test "api only generators allow overriding generator options" do
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+      config.generators.helper = true
+      config.api_only = true
+      config.generators.template_engine = :my_template
+      RUBY
+
+      # Initialize the application
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      Rails.application.load_generators
+
+      assert Rails::Generators.options[:rails][:api]
+      assert Rails::Generators.options[:rails][:helper]
+      assert_equal :my_template, Rails::Generators.options[:rails][:template_engine]
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/initializers/frameworks_test.rb b/railties/test/application/initializers/frameworks_test.rb
index 3601a58f67..13f3250f5b 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/initializers/frameworks_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/initializers/frameworks_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 require "isolation/abstract_unit"
-require 'set'
 
 module ApplicationTests
   class FrameworksTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
@@ -35,8 +34,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
 
       expanded_path = File.expand_path("app/views", app_path)
-      assert_equal ActionController::Base.view_paths[0].to_s, expanded_path
-      assert_equal ActionMailer::Base.view_paths[0].to_s, expanded_path
+      assert_equal expanded_path, ActionController::Base.view_paths[0].to_s
+      assert_equal expanded_path, ActionMailer::Base.view_paths[0].to_s
     end
 
     test "allows me to configure default url options for ActionMailer" do
@@ -50,7 +49,18 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_equal "test.rails", ActionMailer::Base.default_url_options[:host]
     end
 
-    test "does not include url helpers as action methods" do
+    test "Default to HTTPS for ActionMailer URLs when force_ssl is on" do
+      app_file "config/environments/development.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.configure do
+          config.force_ssl = true
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      assert_equal "https", ActionMailer::Base.default_url_options[:protocol]
+    end
+
+    test "includes url helpers as action methods" do
       app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
         Rails.application.routes.draw do
           get "/foo", :to => lambda { |env| [200, {}, []] }, :as => :foo
@@ -65,9 +75,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
       RUBY
 
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
-      assert Foo.method_defined?(:foo_path)
+      assert Foo.method_defined?(:foo_url)
       assert Foo.method_defined?(:main_app)
-      assert_equal Set.new(["notify"]), Foo.action_methods
     end
 
     test "allows to not load all helpers for controllers" do
@@ -130,6 +139,35 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_equal "false", last_response.body
     end
 
+    test "action_controller api executes using all the middleware stack" do
+      add_to_config "config.api_only = true"
+
+      app_file "app/controllers/application_controller.rb", <<-RUBY
+        class ApplicationController < ActionController::API
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file "app/controllers/omg_controller.rb", <<-RUBY
+        class OmgController < ApplicationController
+          def show
+            render json: { omg: 'omg' }
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
+          get "/:controller(/:action)"
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      require 'rack/test'
+      extend Rack::Test::Methods
+
+      get 'omg/show'
+      assert_equal '{"omg":"omg"}', last_response.body
+    end
+
     # AD
     test "action_dispatch extensions are applied to ActionDispatch" do
       add_to_config "config.action_dispatch.tld_length = 2"
@@ -178,7 +216,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
     test "use schema cache dump" do
       Dir.chdir(app_path) do
         `rails generate model post title:string;
-         bundle exec rake db:migrate db:schema:cache:dump`
+         bin/rake db:migrate db:schema:cache:dump`
       end
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
       ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table("posts") # force drop posts table for test.
@@ -188,7 +226,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
     test "expire schema cache dump" do
       Dir.chdir(app_path) do
         `rails generate model post title:string;
-         bundle exec rake db:migrate db:schema:cache:dump db:rollback`
+         bin/rake db:migrate db:schema:cache:dump db:rollback`
       end
       silence_warnings {
         require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
@@ -216,8 +254,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
         require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
         orig_database_url = ENV.delete("DATABASE_URL")
         orig_rails_env, Rails.env = Rails.env, 'development'
-        database_url_db_name = File.join(app_path, "db/database_url_db.sqlite3")
-        ENV["DATABASE_URL"] = "sqlite3://:@localhost/#{database_url_db_name}"
+        database_url_db_name = "db/database_url_db.sqlite3"
+        ENV["DATABASE_URL"] = "sqlite3:#{database_url_db_name}"
         ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection
         assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection
         assert_match(/#{database_url_db_name}/, ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config[:database])
diff --git a/railties/test/application/initializers/i18n_test.rb b/railties/test/application/initializers/i18n_test.rb
index bc34897cdf..ab7f29b0f2 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/initializers/i18n_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/initializers/i18n_test.rb
@@ -132,6 +132,79 @@ en:
       assert_equal "2", last_response.body
     end
 
+    test "new locale files are loaded" do
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.cache_classes = false
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file "config/locales/en.yml", <<-YAML
+en:
+  foo: "1"
+      YAML
+
+      app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
+          get '/i18n',   :to => lambda { |env| [200, {}, [I18n.t(:foo)]] }
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      require 'rack/test'
+      extend Rack::Test::Methods
+      load_app
+
+      get "/i18n"
+      assert_equal "1", last_response.body
+
+      # Wait a full second so we have time for changes to propagate
+      sleep(1)
+
+      remove_file "config/locales/en.yml"
+      app_file "config/locales/custom.en.yml", <<-YAML
+en:
+  foo: "2"
+      YAML
+
+      get "/i18n"
+      assert_equal "2", last_response.body
+    end
+
+    test "I18n.load_path is reloaded" do
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.cache_classes = false
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file "config/locales/en.yml", <<-YAML
+en:
+  foo: "1"
+      YAML
+
+      app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
+          get '/i18n',   :to => lambda { |env| [200, {}, [I18n.load_path.inspect]] }
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      require 'rack/test'
+      extend Rack::Test::Methods
+      load_app
+
+      get "/i18n"
+
+      assert_match "en.yml", last_response.body
+
+      # Wait a full second so we have time for changes to propagate
+      sleep(1)
+
+      app_file "config/locales/fr.yml", <<-YAML
+fr:
+  foo: "2"
+      YAML
+
+      get "/i18n"
+      assert_match "fr.yml", last_response.body
+      assert_match "en.yml", last_response.body
+    end
+
     # Fallbacks
     test "not using config.i18n.fallbacks does not initialize I18n.fallbacks" do
       I18n.backend = Class.new(I18n::Backend::Simple).new
@@ -184,28 +257,13 @@ en:
       assert_fallbacks ca: [:ca, :"es-ES", :es, :'en-US', :en]
     end
 
-    test "config.i18n.enforce_available_locales is set to true by default and avoids I18n warnings" do
-      add_to_config <<-RUBY
-        config.i18n.default_locale = :it
-      RUBY
-
-      output = capture(:stderr) { load_app }
-      assert_no_match %r{deprecated.*enforce_available_locales}, output
-      assert_equal true, I18n.enforce_available_locales
-
-      assert_raise I18n::InvalidLocale do
-        I18n.locale = :es
-      end
-    end
-
     test "disable config.i18n.enforce_available_locales" do
       add_to_config <<-RUBY
         config.i18n.enforce_available_locales = false
         config.i18n.default_locale = :fr
       RUBY
 
-      output = capture(:stderr) { load_app }
-      assert_no_match %r{deprecated.*enforce_available_locales}, output
+      load_app
       assert_equal false, I18n.enforce_available_locales
 
       assert_nothing_raised do
@@ -220,8 +278,7 @@ en:
         config.i18n.default_locale = :fr
       RUBY
 
-      output = capture(:stderr) { load_app }
-      assert_no_match %r{deprecated.*enforce_available_locales}, output
+      load_app
       assert_equal false, I18n.enforce_available_locales
 
       assert_nothing_raised do
diff --git a/railties/test/application/loading_test.rb b/railties/test/application/loading_test.rb
index 4f30f30f95..2cc599ca6f 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/loading_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/loading_test.rb
@@ -33,6 +33,35 @@ class LoadingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 'omg', p.title
   end
 
+  test "concerns in app are autoloaded" do
+    app_file "app/controllers/concerns/trackable.rb", <<-CONCERN
+      module Trackable
+      end
+    CONCERN
+
+    app_file "app/mailers/concerns/email_loggable.rb", <<-CONCERN
+      module EmailLoggable
+      end
+    CONCERN
+
+    app_file "app/models/concerns/orderable.rb", <<-CONCERN
+      module Orderable
+      end
+    CONCERN
+
+    app_file "app/validators/concerns/matchable.rb", <<-CONCERN
+      module Matchable
+      end
+    CONCERN
+
+    require "#{rails_root}/config/environment"
+
+    assert_nothing_raised(NameError) { Trackable }
+    assert_nothing_raised(NameError) { EmailLoggable }
+    assert_nothing_raised(NameError) { Orderable }
+    assert_nothing_raised(NameError) { Matchable }
+  end
+
   test "models without table do not panic on scope definitions when loaded" do
     app_file "app/models/user.rb", <<-MODEL
       class User < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -140,6 +169,8 @@ class LoadingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       config.file_watcher = Class.new do
         def initialize(*); end
         def updated?; false; end
+        def execute; end
+        def execute_if_updated; false; end
       end
     RUBY
 
@@ -181,7 +212,7 @@ class LoadingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
       $counter ||= 0
       Rails.application.routes.draw do
-        get '/c', to: lambda { |env| User; [200, {"Content-Type" => "text/plain"}, [$counter.to_s]] }
+        get '/c', to: lambda { |env| User.name; [200, {"Content-Type" => "text/plain"}, [$counter.to_s]] }
       end
     RUBY
 
@@ -214,7 +245,7 @@ class LoadingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       $counter ||= 1
       $counter  *= 2
       Rails.application.routes.draw do
-        get '/c', to: lambda { |env| User; [200, {"Content-Type" => "text/plain"}, [$counter.to_s]] }
+        get '/c', to: lambda { |env| User.name; [200, {"Content-Type" => "text/plain"}, [$counter.to_s]] }
       end
     RUBY
 
@@ -259,7 +290,7 @@ class LoadingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     extend Rack::Test::Methods
 
     app_file "db/migrate/1_create_posts.rb", <<-MIGRATION
-      class CreatePosts < ActiveRecord::Migration
+      class CreatePosts < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
         def change
           create_table :posts do |t|
             t.string :title, default: "TITLE"
@@ -275,7 +306,7 @@ class LoadingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "TITLE", last_response.body
 
     app_file "db/migrate/2_add_body_to_posts.rb", <<-MIGRATION
-      class AddBodyToPosts < ActiveRecord::Migration
+      class AddBodyToPosts < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
         def change
           add_column :posts, :body, :text, default: "BODY"
         end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/mailer_previews_test.rb b/railties/test/application/mailer_previews_test.rb
index c588fd7012..643d876a26 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/mailer_previews_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/mailer_previews_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 require 'isolation/abstract_unit'
 require 'rack/test'
+require 'base64'
+
 module ApplicationTests
   class MailerPreviewsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     include ActiveSupport::Testing::Isolation
@@ -26,6 +28,31 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_equal 404, last_response.status
     end
 
+    test "/rails/mailers is accessible with correct configuraiton" do
+      add_to_config "config.action_mailer.show_previews = true"
+      app("production")
+      get "/rails/mailers", {}, {"REMOTE_ADDR" => "4.2.42.42"}
+      assert_equal 200, last_response.status
+    end
+
+    test "/rails/mailers is not accessible with show_previews = false" do
+      add_to_config "config.action_mailer.show_previews = false"
+      app("development")
+      get "/rails/mailers"
+      assert_equal 404, last_response.status
+    end
+
+    test "/rails/mailers is accessible with globbing route present" do
+      app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
+          get '*foo', to: 'foo#index'
+        end
+      RUBY
+      app("development")
+      get "/rails/mailers"
+      assert_equal 200, last_response.status
+    end
+
     test "mailer previews are loaded from the default preview_path" do
       mailer 'notifier', <<-RUBY
         class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
@@ -302,6 +329,32 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_match "Email &#39;bar&#39; not found in NotifierPreview", last_response.body
     end
 
+    test "mailer preview NullMail" do
+      mailer 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+          default from: "from@example.com"
+
+          def foo
+            # does not call +mail+
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      mailer_preview 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class NotifierPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
+          def foo
+            Notifier.foo
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app('development')
+
+      get "/rails/mailers/notifier/foo"
+      assert_match "You are trying to preview an email that does not have any content.", last_response.body
+      assert_match "notifier#foo", last_response.body
+    end
+
     test "mailer preview email part not found" do
       mailer 'notifier', <<-RUBY
         class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
@@ -403,6 +456,222 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_match '<option selected value="?part=text%2Fplain">View as plain-text email</option>', last_response.body
     end
 
+    test "mailer previews create correct links when loaded on a subdirectory" do
+      mailer 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+          default from: "from@example.com"
+
+          def foo
+            mail to: "to@example.org"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      text_template 'notifier/foo', <<-RUBY
+        Hello, World!
+      RUBY
+
+      mailer_preview 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class NotifierPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
+          def foo
+            Notifier.foo
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app('development')
+
+      get "/rails/mailers", {}, 'SCRIPT_NAME' => '/my_app'
+      assert_match '<h3><a href="/my_app/rails/mailers/notifier">Notifier</a></h3>', last_response.body
+      assert_match '<li><a href="/my_app/rails/mailers/notifier/foo">foo</a></li>', last_response.body
+    end
+
+    test "plain text mailer preview with attachment" do
+      image_file "pixel.png", "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEWzIioca/JlAAAACklEQVQI12NgAAAAAgAB4iG8MwAAAABJRU5ErkJgggo="
+
+      mailer 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+          default from: "from@example.com"
+
+          def foo
+            attachments['pixel.png'] = File.read("#{app_path}/public/images/pixel.png", mode: 'rb')
+            mail to: "to@example.org"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      text_template 'notifier/foo', <<-RUBY
+        Hello, World!
+      RUBY
+
+      mailer_preview 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class NotifierPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
+          def foo
+            Notifier.foo
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app('development')
+
+      get "/rails/mailers/notifier/foo"
+      assert_equal 200, last_response.status
+      assert_match %r[<iframe seamless name="messageBody"], last_response.body
+
+      get "/rails/mailers/notifier/foo?part=text/plain"
+      assert_equal 200, last_response.status
+      assert_match %r[Hello, World!], last_response.body
+    end
+
+    test "multipart mailer preview with attachment" do
+      image_file "pixel.png", "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEWzIioca/JlAAAACklEQVQI12NgAAAAAgAB4iG8MwAAAABJRU5ErkJgggo="
+
+      mailer 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+          default from: "from@example.com"
+
+          def foo
+            attachments['pixel.png'] = File.read("#{app_path}/public/images/pixel.png", mode: 'rb')
+            mail to: "to@example.org"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      text_template 'notifier/foo', <<-RUBY
+        Hello, World!
+      RUBY
+
+      html_template 'notifier/foo', <<-RUBY
+        <p>Hello, World!</p>
+      RUBY
+
+      mailer_preview 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class NotifierPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
+          def foo
+            Notifier.foo
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app('development')
+
+      get "/rails/mailers/notifier/foo"
+      assert_equal 200, last_response.status
+      assert_match %r[<iframe seamless name="messageBody"], last_response.body
+
+      get "/rails/mailers/notifier/foo?part=text/plain"
+      assert_equal 200, last_response.status
+      assert_match %r[Hello, World!], last_response.body
+
+      get "/rails/mailers/notifier/foo?part=text/html"
+      assert_equal 200, last_response.status
+      assert_match %r[<p>Hello, World!</p>], last_response.body
+    end
+
+    test "multipart mailer preview with inline attachment" do
+      image_file "pixel.png", "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEWzIioca/JlAAAACklEQVQI12NgAAAAAgAB4iG8MwAAAABJRU5ErkJgggo="
+
+      mailer 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+          default from: "from@example.com"
+
+          def foo
+            attachments['pixel.png'] = File.read("#{app_path}/public/images/pixel.png", mode: 'rb')
+            mail to: "to@example.org"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      text_template 'notifier/foo', <<-RUBY
+        Hello, World!
+      RUBY
+
+      html_template 'notifier/foo', <<-RUBY
+        <p>Hello, World!</p>
+        <%= image_tag attachments['pixel.png'].url %>
+      RUBY
+
+      mailer_preview 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class NotifierPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
+          def foo
+            Notifier.foo
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app('development')
+
+      get "/rails/mailers/notifier/foo"
+      assert_equal 200, last_response.status
+      assert_match %r[<iframe seamless name="messageBody"], last_response.body
+
+      get "/rails/mailers/notifier/foo?part=text/plain"
+      assert_equal 200, last_response.status
+      assert_match %r[Hello, World!], last_response.body
+
+      get "/rails/mailers/notifier/foo?part=text/html"
+      assert_equal 200, last_response.status
+      assert_match %r[<p>Hello, World!</p>], last_response.body
+      assert_match %r[src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEWzIioca/JlAAAACklEQVQI12NgAAAAAgAB4iG8MwAAAABJRU5ErkJgggo="], last_response.body
+    end
+
+    test "multipart mailer preview with attached email" do
+      mailer 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+          default from: "from@example.com"
+
+          def foo
+            message = ::Mail.new do
+              from    'foo@example.com'
+              to      'bar@example.com'
+              subject 'Important Message'
+
+              text_part do
+                body 'Goodbye, World!'
+              end
+
+              html_part do
+                body '<p>Goodbye, World!</p>'
+              end
+            end
+
+            attachments['message.eml'] = message.to_s
+            mail to: "to@example.org"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      text_template 'notifier/foo', <<-RUBY
+        Hello, World!
+      RUBY
+
+      html_template 'notifier/foo', <<-RUBY
+        <p>Hello, World!</p>
+      RUBY
+
+      mailer_preview 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class NotifierPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
+          def foo
+            Notifier.foo
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app('development')
+
+      get "/rails/mailers/notifier/foo"
+      assert_equal 200, last_response.status
+      assert_match %r[<iframe seamless name="messageBody"], last_response.body
+
+      get "/rails/mailers/notifier/foo?part=text/plain"
+      assert_equal 200, last_response.status
+      assert_match %r[Hello, World!], last_response.body
+
+      get "/rails/mailers/notifier/foo?part=text/html"
+      assert_equal 200, last_response.status
+      assert_match %r[<p>Hello, World!</p>], last_response.body
+    end
+
     private
       def build_app
         super
@@ -424,5 +693,9 @@ module ApplicationTests
       def text_template(name, contents)
         app_file("app/views/#{name}.text.erb", contents)
       end
+
+      def image_file(name, contents)
+        app_file("public/images/#{name}", Base64.strict_decode64(contents), 'wb')
+      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/middleware/cache_test.rb b/railties/test/application/middleware/cache_test.rb
index b4db840e68..c951dabd6c 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/middleware/cache_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/middleware/cache_test.rb
@@ -81,8 +81,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
       add_to_config "config.action_dispatch.rack_cache = true"
 
       get "/expires/expires_header"
-      assert_equal "miss, ignore, store", last_response.headers["X-Rack-Cache"]
-      assert_equal "max-age=10, public",  last_response.headers["Cache-Control"]
+      assert_equal "miss, store", last_response.headers["X-Rack-Cache"]
+      assert_equal "max-age=10, public", last_response.headers["Cache-Control"]
 
       body = last_response.body
 
@@ -115,8 +115,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
       add_to_config "config.action_dispatch.rack_cache = true"
 
       get "/expires/expires_etag"
-      assert_equal "miss, ignore, store", last_response.headers["X-Rack-Cache"]
-      assert_equal "public",              last_response.headers["Cache-Control"]
+      assert_equal "miss, store", last_response.headers["X-Rack-Cache"]
+      assert_equal "public", last_response.headers["Cache-Control"]
 
       body = last_response.body
       etag = last_response.headers["ETag"]
@@ -149,8 +149,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
       add_to_config "config.action_dispatch.rack_cache = true"
 
       get "/expires/expires_last_modified"
-      assert_equal "miss, ignore, store", last_response.headers["X-Rack-Cache"]
-      assert_equal "public",              last_response.headers["Cache-Control"]
+      assert_equal "miss, store", last_response.headers["X-Rack-Cache"]
+      assert_equal "public", last_response.headers["Cache-Control"]
 
       body = last_response.body
       last = last_response.headers["Last-Modified"]
diff --git a/railties/test/application/middleware/exceptions_test.rb b/railties/test/application/middleware/exceptions_test.rb
index 42096cfec4..7b4babb13b 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/middleware/exceptions_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/middleware/exceptions_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'isolation/abstract_unit'
 require 'rack/test'
 
@@ -49,7 +48,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
     test "uses custom exceptions app" do
       add_to_config <<-RUBY
         config.exceptions_app = lambda do |env|
-          [404, { "Content-Type" => "text/plain" }, ["YOU FAILED BRO"]]
+          [404, { "Content-Type" => "text/plain" }, ["YOU FAILED"]]
         end
       RUBY
 
@@ -57,7 +56,22 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       get "/foo"
       assert_equal 404, last_response.status
-      assert_equal "YOU FAILED BRO", last_response.body
+      assert_equal "YOU FAILED", last_response.body
+    end
+
+    test "url generation error when action_dispatch.show_exceptions is set raises an exception" do
+      controller :foo, <<-RUBY
+        class FooController < ActionController::Base
+          def index
+            raise ActionController::UrlGenerationError
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app.config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions = true
+
+      get '/foo'
+      assert_equal 500, last_response.status
     end
 
     test "unspecified route when action_dispatch.show_exceptions is not set raises an exception" do
diff --git a/railties/test/application/middleware/remote_ip_test.rb b/railties/test/application/middleware/remote_ip_test.rb
index 946b82eeb3..97d5b5c698 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/middleware/remote_ip_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/middleware/remote_ip_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+require 'ipaddr'
 require 'isolation/abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/key_generator'
 
@@ -53,12 +54,25 @@ module ApplicationTests
       end
     end
 
+    test "remote_ip works with HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR" do
+      make_basic_app
+      assert_equal "4.2.42.42", remote_ip("REMOTE_ADDR" => "1.1.1.1", "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR" => "4.2.42.42")
+    end
+
     test "the user can set trusted proxies" do
       make_basic_app do |app|
         app.config.action_dispatch.trusted_proxies = /^4\.2\.42\.42$/
       end
 
-      assert_equal "1.1.1.1", remote_ip("REMOTE_ADDR" => "4.2.42.42,1.1.1.1")
+      assert_equal "1.1.1.1", remote_ip("REMOTE_ADDR" => "1.1.1.1", "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR" => "4.2.42.42")
+    end
+
+    test "the user can set trusted proxies with an IPAddr argument" do
+      make_basic_app do |app|
+        app.config.action_dispatch.trusted_proxies = IPAddr.new('4.2.42.0/24')
+      end
+
+      assert_equal "1.1.1.1", remote_ip("REMOTE_ADDR" => "1.1.1.1", "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR" => "10.0.0.0,4.2.42.42")
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/middleware/sendfile_test.rb b/railties/test/application/middleware/sendfile_test.rb
index eb791f5687..be86f1a3b8 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/middleware/sendfile_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/middleware/sendfile_test.rb
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
     test "files handled by ActionDispatch::Static are handled by Rack::Sendfile" do
       make_basic_app do |app|
         app.config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = 'X-Sendfile'
-        app.config.serve_static_assets = true
+        app.config.public_file_server.enabled = true
         app.paths["public"] = File.join(rails_root, "public")
       end
 
diff --git a/railties/test/application/middleware/session_test.rb b/railties/test/application/middleware/session_test.rb
index 31a64c2f5a..25eadfc387 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/middleware/session_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/middleware/session_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'isolation/abstract_unit'
 require 'rack/test'
 
@@ -36,7 +35,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
             flash[:notice] = "notice"
           end
 
-          render nothing: true
+          head :ok
         end
       end
 
@@ -61,7 +60,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
           def write_session
             session[:foo] = 1
-            render nothing: true
+            head :ok
           end
 
           def read_session
@@ -102,7 +101,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
           def write_cookie
             cookies[:foo] = '1'
-            render nothing: true
+            head :ok
           end
 
           def read_cookie
@@ -140,7 +139,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
         class FooController < ActionController::Base
           def write_session
             session[:foo] = 1
-            render nothing: true
+            head :ok
           end
 
           def read_session
@@ -185,7 +184,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
         class FooController < ActionController::Base
           def write_session
             session[:foo] = 1
-            render nothing: true
+            head :ok
           end
 
           def read_session
@@ -203,7 +202,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       RUBY
 
       add_to_config <<-RUBY
-        config.secret_token = "3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c4"
+        secrets.secret_token = "3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c4"
       RUBY
 
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
@@ -235,12 +234,12 @@ module ApplicationTests
           def write_raw_session
             # {"session_id"=>"1965d95720fffc123941bdfb7d2e6870", "foo"=>1}
             cookies[:_myapp_session] = "BAh7B0kiD3Nlc3Npb25faWQGOgZFRkkiJTE5NjVkOTU3MjBmZmZjMTIzOTQxYmRmYjdkMmU2ODcwBjsAVEkiCGZvbwY7AEZpBg==--315fb9931921a87ae7421aec96382f0294119749"
-            render nothing: true
+            head :ok
           end
 
           def write_session
             session[:foo] = session[:foo] + 1
-            render nothing: true
+            head :ok
           end
 
           def read_session
@@ -258,7 +257,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       RUBY
 
       add_to_config <<-RUBY
-        config.secret_token = "3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c4"
+        secrets.secret_token = "3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c4"
       RUBY
 
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
@@ -294,12 +293,12 @@ module ApplicationTests
           def write_raw_session
             # {"session_id"=>"1965d95720fffc123941bdfb7d2e6870", "foo"=>1}
             cookies[:_myapp_session] = "BAh7B0kiD3Nlc3Npb25faWQGOgZFRkkiJTE5NjVkOTU3MjBmZmZjMTIzOTQxYmRmYjdkMmU2ODcwBjsAVEkiCGZvbwY7AEZpBg==--315fb9931921a87ae7421aec96382f0294119749"
-            render nothing: true
+            head :ok
           end
 
           def write_session
             session[:foo] = session[:foo] + 1
-            render nothing: true
+            head :ok
           end
 
           def read_session
@@ -317,7 +316,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       RUBY
 
       add_to_config <<-RUBY
-        config.secret_token = "3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c4"
+        secrets.secret_token = "3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c4"
         secrets.secret_key_base = nil
       RUBY
 
@@ -334,7 +333,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       get '/foo/read_signed_cookie'
       assert_equal '2', last_response.body
 
-      verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(app.config.secret_token)
+      verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(app.secrets.secret_token)
 
       get '/foo/read_raw_cookie'
       assert_equal 2, verifier.verify(last_response.body)['foo']
diff --git a/railties/test/application/middleware/static_test.rb b/railties/test/application/middleware/static_test.rb
index 0a793f8f60..1246e20d94 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/middleware/static_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/middleware/static_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'isolation/abstract_unit'
 require 'rack/test'
 
@@ -27,5 +26,43 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       assert_not last_response.headers.has_key?('Cache-Control'), "Cache-Control should not be set"
     end
+
+    test "headers for static files are configurable" do
+      app_file "public/about.html", 'static'
+      add_to_config <<-CONFIG
+        config.public_file_server.headers = {
+          "Access-Control-Allow-Origin" => "http://rubyonrails.org",
+          "Cache-Control"               => "public, max-age=60"
+        }
+      CONFIG
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      get '/about.html'
+
+      assert_equal 'http://rubyonrails.org', last_response.headers["Access-Control-Allow-Origin"]
+      assert_equal 'public, max-age=60',     last_response.headers["Cache-Control"]
+    end
+
+    test "public_file_server.index_name defaults to 'index'" do
+      app_file "public/index.html", "/index.html"
+      
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      get '/'
+      
+      assert_equal "/index.html\n", last_response.body
+    end
+
+    test "public_file_server.index_name configurable" do
+      app_file "public/other-index.html", "/other-index.html"
+      add_to_config "config.public_file_server.index_name = 'other-index'"
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      get '/'
+
+      assert_equal "/other-index.html\n", last_response.body
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/middleware_test.rb b/railties/test/application/middleware_test.rb
index 1557b90d27..1434522cce 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/middleware_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/middleware_test.rb
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_equal [
         "Rack::Sendfile",
         "ActionDispatch::Static",
-        "Rack::Lock",
+        "ActionDispatch::LoadInterlock",
         "ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache",
         "Rack::Runtime",
         "Rack::MethodOverride",
@@ -43,7 +43,32 @@ module ApplicationTests
         "ActionDispatch::Cookies",
         "ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore",
         "ActionDispatch::Flash",
-        "ActionDispatch::ParamsParser",
+        "Rack::Head",
+        "Rack::ConditionalGet",
+        "Rack::ETag"
+      ], middleware
+    end
+
+    test "api middleware stack" do
+      add_to_config "config.api_only = true"
+
+      boot!
+
+      assert_equal [
+        "Rack::Sendfile",
+        "ActionDispatch::Static",
+        "ActionDispatch::LoadInterlock",
+        "ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache",
+        "Rack::Runtime",
+        "ActionDispatch::RequestId",
+        "Rails::Rack::Logger", # must come after Rack::MethodOverride to properly log overridden methods
+        "ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions",
+        "ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions",
+        "ActionDispatch::RemoteIp",
+        "ActionDispatch::Reloader",
+        "ActionDispatch::Callbacks",
+        "ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionManagement",
+        "ActiveRecord::QueryCache",
         "Rack::Head",
         "Rack::ConditionalGet",
         "Rack::ETag"
@@ -83,7 +108,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       add_to_config "config.ssl_options = { host: 'example.com' }"
       boot!
 
-      assert_equal Rails.application.middleware.first.args, [{host: 'example.com'}]
+      assert_equal [{host: 'example.com'}], Rails.application.middleware.first.args
     end
 
     test "removing Active Record omits its middleware" do
@@ -94,20 +119,44 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert !middleware.include?("ActiveRecord::Migration::CheckPending")
     end
 
-    test "removes lock if cache classes is set" do
+    test "includes interlock if cache_classes is set but eager_load is not" do
+      add_to_config "config.cache_classes = true"
+      boot!
+      assert_not_includes middleware, "Rack::Lock"
+      assert_includes middleware, "ActionDispatch::LoadInterlock"
+    end
+
+    test "includes interlock if cache_classes is off" do
+      add_to_config "config.cache_classes = false"
+      boot!
+      assert_not_includes middleware, "Rack::Lock"
+      assert_includes middleware, "ActionDispatch::LoadInterlock"
+    end
+
+    test "does not include lock if cache_classes is set and so is eager_load" do
       add_to_config "config.cache_classes = true"
+      add_to_config "config.eager_load = true"
       boot!
-      assert !middleware.include?("Rack::Lock")
+      assert_not_includes middleware, "Rack::Lock"
+      assert_not_includes middleware, "ActionDispatch::LoadInterlock"
     end
 
-    test "removes lock if allow concurrency is set" do
-      add_to_config "config.allow_concurrency = true"
+    test "does not include lock if allow_concurrency is set to :unsafe" do
+      add_to_config "config.allow_concurrency = :unsafe"
       boot!
-      assert !middleware.include?("Rack::Lock")
+      assert_not_includes middleware, "Rack::Lock"
+      assert_not_includes middleware, "ActionDispatch::LoadInterlock"
     end
 
-    test "removes static asset server if serve_static_assets is disabled" do
-      add_to_config "config.serve_static_assets = false"
+    test "includes lock if allow_concurrency is disabled" do
+      add_to_config "config.allow_concurrency = false"
+      boot!
+      assert_includes middleware, "Rack::Lock"
+      assert_not_includes middleware, "ActionDispatch::LoadInterlock"
+    end
+
+    test "removes static asset server if public_file_server.enabled is disabled" do
+      add_to_config "config.public_file_server.enabled = false"
       boot!
       assert !middleware.include?("ActionDispatch::Static")
     end
@@ -118,6 +167,22 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert !middleware.include?("ActionDispatch::Static")
     end
 
+    test "can delete a middleware from the stack even if insert_before is added after delete" do
+      add_to_config "config.middleware.delete Rack::Runtime"
+      add_to_config "config.middleware.insert_before(Rack::Runtime, Rack::Config)"
+      boot!
+      assert middleware.include?("Rack::Config")
+      assert_not middleware.include?("Rack::Runtime")
+    end
+
+    test "can delete a middleware from the stack even if insert_after is added after delete" do
+      add_to_config "config.middleware.delete Rack::Runtime"
+      add_to_config "config.middleware.insert_after(Rack::Runtime, Rack::Config)"
+      boot!
+      assert middleware.include?("Rack::Config")
+      assert_not middleware.include?("Rack::Runtime")
+    end
+
     test "includes exceptions middlewares even if action_dispatch.show_exceptions is disabled" do
       add_to_config "config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions = false"
       boot!
@@ -188,7 +253,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
         end
       end
 
-      etag = "5af83e3196bf99f440f31f2e1a6c9afe".inspect
+      etag = "W/" + "5af83e3196bf99f440f31f2e1a6c9afe".inspect
 
       get "/"
       assert_equal 200, last_response.status
diff --git a/railties/test/application/multiple_applications_test.rb b/railties/test/application/multiple_applications_test.rb
index 5bfea599e0..f2770a9cb4 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/multiple_applications_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/multiple_applications_test.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       build_app(initializers: true)
       boot_rails
       require "#{rails_root}/config/environment"
+      Rails.application.config.some_setting = 'something_or_other'
     end
 
     def teardown
@@ -18,7 +19,13 @@ module ApplicationTests
       clone = Rails.application.clone
 
       assert_equal Rails.application.config, clone.config, "The cloned application should get a copy of the config"
-      assert_equal Rails.application.config.secret_key_base, clone.config.secret_key_base, "The base secret key on the config should be the same"
+      assert_equal Rails.application.config.some_setting, clone.config.some_setting, "The some_setting on the config should be the same"
+    end
+
+    def test_inheriting_multiple_times_from_application
+      new_application_class = Class.new(Rails::Application)
+
+      assert_not_equal Rails.application.object_id, new_application_class.instance.object_id
     end
 
     def test_initialization_of_multiple_copies_of_same_application
@@ -30,23 +37,23 @@ module ApplicationTests
     end
 
     def test_initialization_of_application_with_previous_config
-      application1 = AppTemplate::Application.new(config: Rails.application.config)
-      application2 = AppTemplate::Application.new
+      application1 = AppTemplate::Application.create(config: Rails.application.config)
+      application2 = AppTemplate::Application.create
 
       assert_equal Rails.application.config, application1.config, "Creating a new application while setting an initial config should result in the same config"
       assert_not_equal Rails.application.config, application2.config, "New applications without setting an initial config should not have the same config"
     end
 
     def test_initialization_of_application_with_previous_railties
-      application1 = AppTemplate::Application.new(railties: Rails.application.railties)
-      application2 = AppTemplate::Application.new
+      application1 = AppTemplate::Application.create(railties: Rails.application.railties)
+      application2 = AppTemplate::Application.create
 
       assert_equal Rails.application.railties, application1.railties
       assert_not_equal Rails.application.railties, application2.railties
     end
 
     def test_initialize_new_application_with_all_previous_initialization_variables
-      application1 = AppTemplate::Application.new(
+      application1 = AppTemplate::Application.create(
         config:           Rails.application.config,
         railties:         Rails.application.railties,
         routes_reloader:  Rails.application.routes_reloader,
@@ -66,26 +73,26 @@ module ApplicationTests
     end
 
     def test_rake_tasks_defined_on_different_applications_go_to_the_same_class
-      $run_count = 0
+      run_count = 0
 
       application1 = AppTemplate::Application.new
       application1.rake_tasks do
-        $run_count += 1
+        run_count += 1
       end
 
       application2 = AppTemplate::Application.new
       application2.rake_tasks do
-        $run_count += 1
+        run_count += 1
       end
 
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
 
-      assert_equal 0, $run_count, "The count should stay at zero without any calls to the rake tasks"
+      assert_equal 0, run_count, "The count should stay at zero without any calls to the rake tasks"
       require 'rake'
       require 'rake/testtask'
       require 'rdoc/task'
       Rails.application.load_tasks
-      assert_equal 2, $run_count, "Calling a rake task should result in two increments to the count"
+      assert_equal 2, run_count, "Calling a rake task should result in two increments to the count"
     end
 
     def test_multiple_applications_can_be_initialized
@@ -94,36 +101,56 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     def test_initializers_run_on_different_applications_go_to_the_same_class
       application1 = AppTemplate::Application.new
-      $run_count = 0
+      run_count = 0
 
       AppTemplate::Application.initializer :init0 do
-        $run_count += 1
+        run_count += 1
       end
 
       application1.initializer :init1 do
-        $run_count += 1
+        run_count += 1
       end
 
       AppTemplate::Application.new.initializer :init2 do
-        $run_count += 1
+        run_count += 1
       end
 
-      assert_equal 0, $run_count, "Without loading the initializers, the count should be 0"
+      assert_equal 0, run_count, "Without loading the initializers, the count should be 0"
 
       # Set config.eager_load to false so that an eager_load warning doesn't pop up
-      AppTemplate::Application.new { config.eager_load = false }.initialize!
+      AppTemplate::Application.create { config.eager_load = false }.initialize!
+
+      assert_equal 3, run_count, "There should have been three initializers that incremented the count"
+    end
 
-      assert_equal 3, $run_count, "There should have been three initializers that incremented the count"
+    def test_consoles_run_on_different_applications_go_to_the_same_class
+      run_count = 0
+      AppTemplate::Application.console { run_count += 1 }
+      AppTemplate::Application.new.console { run_count += 1 }
+
+      assert_equal 0, run_count, "Without loading the consoles, the count should be 0"
+      Rails.application.load_console
+      assert_equal 2, run_count, "There should have been two consoles that increment the count"
+    end
+
+    def test_generators_run_on_different_applications_go_to_the_same_class
+      run_count = 0
+      AppTemplate::Application.generators { run_count += 1 }
+      AppTemplate::Application.new.generators { run_count += 1 }
+
+      assert_equal 0, run_count, "Without loading the generators, the count should be 0"
+      Rails.application.load_generators
+      assert_equal 2, run_count, "There should have been two generators that increment the count"
     end
 
     def test_runners_run_on_different_applications_go_to_the_same_class
-      $run_count = 0
-      AppTemplate::Application.runner { $run_count += 1 }
-      AppTemplate::Application.new.runner { $run_count += 1 }
+      run_count = 0
+      AppTemplate::Application.runner { run_count += 1 }
+      AppTemplate::Application.new.runner { run_count += 1 }
 
-      assert_equal 0, $run_count, "Without loading the runners, the count should be 0"
+      assert_equal 0, run_count, "Without loading the runners, the count should be 0"
       Rails.application.load_runner
-      assert_equal 2, $run_count, "There should have been two runners that increment the count"
+      assert_equal 2, run_count, "There should have been two runners that increment the count"
     end
 
     def test_isolate_namespace_on_an_application
@@ -134,13 +161,14 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     def test_inserting_configuration_into_application
       app = AppTemplate::Application.new(config: Rails.application.config)
-      new_config = Rails::Application::Configuration.new("root_of_application")
-      new_config.secret_key_base = "some_secret_key_dude"
-      app.config.secret_key_base = "a_different_secret_key"
+      app.config.some_setting = "a_different_setting"
+      assert_equal "a_different_setting", app.config.some_setting, "The configuration's some_setting should be set."
 
-      assert_equal "a_different_secret_key", app.config.secret_key_base, "The configuration's secret key should be set."
+      new_config = Rails::Application::Configuration.new("root_of_application")
+      new_config.some_setting = "some_setting_dude"
       app.config = new_config
-      assert_equal "some_secret_key_dude", app.config.secret_key_base, "The configuration's secret key should have changed."
+
+      assert_equal "some_setting_dude", app.config.some_setting, "The configuration's some_setting should have changed."
       assert_equal "root_of_application", app.config.root, "The root should have changed to the new config's root."
       assert_equal new_config, app.config, "The application's config should have changed to the new config."
     end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/per_request_digest_cache_test.rb b/railties/test/application/per_request_digest_cache_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3198e12662
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/application/per_request_digest_cache_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+require 'isolation/abstract_unit'
+require 'rack/test'
+require 'minitest/mock'
+
+require 'action_view'
+require 'active_support/testing/method_call_assertions'
+
+class PerRequestDigestCacheTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include ActiveSupport::Testing::Isolation
+  include ActiveSupport::Testing::MethodCallAssertions
+  include Rack::Test::Methods
+
+  setup do
+    build_app
+    add_to_config 'config.consider_all_requests_local = true'
+
+    app_file 'app/models/customer.rb', <<-RUBY
+      class Customer < Struct.new(:name, :id)
+        extend ActiveModel::Naming
+        include ActiveModel::Conversion
+      end
+    RUBY
+
+    app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
+      Rails.application.routes.draw do
+        resources :customers, only: :index
+      end
+    RUBY
+
+    app_file 'app/controllers/customers_controller.rb', <<-RUBY
+      class CustomersController < ApplicationController
+        def index
+          render [ Customer.new('david', 1), Customer.new('dingus', 2) ]
+        end
+      end
+    RUBY
+
+    app_file 'app/views/customers/_customer.html.erb', <<-RUBY
+      <% cache customer do %>
+        <%= customer.name %>
+      <% end %>
+    RUBY
+
+    require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+  end
+
+  teardown :teardown_app
+
+  test "digests are reused when rendering the same template twice" do
+    get '/customers'
+    assert_equal 200, last_response.status
+
+    assert_equal [ '8ba099b7749542fe765ff34a6824d548' ], ActionView::Digestor.cache.values
+    assert_equal %w(david dingus), last_response.body.split.map(&:strip)
+  end
+
+  test "template digests are cleared before a request" do
+    assert_called(ActionView::Digestor.cache, :clear) do
+      get '/customers'
+      assert_equal 200, last_response.status
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/rack/logger_test.rb b/railties/test/application/rack/logger_test.rb
index 701843a6fd..0082ec9cd2 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/rack/logger_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/rack/logger_test.rb
@@ -11,10 +11,12 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       def setup
         build_app
+        add_to_config <<-RUBY
+          config.logger = ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber::TestHelper::MockLogger.new
+        RUBY
+
         require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
         super
-        @logger = MockLogger.new
-        Rails.stubs(:logger).returns(@logger)
       end
 
       def teardown
@@ -23,7 +25,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       end
 
       def logs
-        @logs ||= @logger.logged(:info).join("\n")
+        @logs ||= Rails.logger.logged(:info).join("\n")
       end
 
       test "logger logs proper HTTP GET verb and path" do
diff --git a/railties/test/application/rake/dbs_test.rb b/railties/test/application/rake/dbs_test.rb
index 35d9c31c1e..0b0fb50fe1 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/rake/dbs_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/rake/dbs_test.rb
@@ -17,72 +17,115 @@ module ApplicationTests
       end
 
       def database_url_db_name
-        File.join(app_path, "db/database_url_db.sqlite3")
+        "db/database_url_db.sqlite3"
       end
 
       def set_database_url
-        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = File.join("sqlite3://:@localhost", database_url_db_name)
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "sqlite3:#{database_url_db_name}"
         # ensure it's using the DATABASE_URL
         FileUtils.rm_rf("#{app_path}/config/database.yml")
       end
 
-      def expected
-        @expected ||= {}
-      end
-
-      def db_create_and_drop
+      def db_create_and_drop(expected_database)
         Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-          output = `bundle exec rake db:create`
-          assert_equal output, ""
-          assert File.exist?(expected[:database])
-          assert_equal expected[:database],
-                        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config[:database]
-          output = `bundle exec rake db:drop`
-          assert_equal output, ""
-          assert !File.exist?(expected[:database])
+          output = `bin/rake db:create`
+          assert_empty output
+          assert File.exist?(expected_database)
+          assert_equal expected_database, ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config[:database]
+          output = `bin/rake db:drop`
+          assert_empty output
+          assert !File.exist?(expected_database)
         end
       end
 
       test 'db:create and db:drop without database url' do
         require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
-        expected[:database] = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations[Rails.env]['database']
-        db_create_and_drop
-       end
+        db_create_and_drop ActiveRecord::Base.configurations[Rails.env]['database']
+      end
 
       test 'db:create and db:drop with database url' do
         require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
         set_database_url
-        expected[:database] = database_url_db_name
-        db_create_and_drop
+        db_create_and_drop database_url_db_name
+      end
+
+      def with_database_existing
+        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+          set_database_url
+          `bin/rake db:create`
+          yield
+          `bin/rake db:drop`
+        end
+      end
+
+      test 'db:create failure because database exists' do
+        with_database_existing do
+          output = `bin/rake db:create 2>&1`
+          assert_match(/already exists/, output)
+          assert_equal 0, $?.exitstatus
+        end
+      end
+
+      def with_bad_permissions
+        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+          set_database_url
+          FileUtils.chmod("-w", "db")
+          yield
+          FileUtils.chmod("+w", "db")
+        end
       end
 
-      def db_migrate_and_status
+      test 'db:create failure because bad permissions' do
+        with_bad_permissions do
+          output = `bin/rake db:create 2>&1`
+          assert_match(/Couldn't create database/, output)
+          assert_equal 1, $?.exitstatus
+        end
+      end
+
+      test 'db:drop failure because database does not exist' do
+        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+          output = `bin/rake db:drop 2>&1`
+          assert_match(/does not exist/, output)
+          assert_equal 0, $?.exitstatus
+        end
+      end
+
+      test 'db:drop failure because bad permissions' do
+        with_database_existing do
+          with_bad_permissions do
+            output = `bin/rake db:drop 2>&1`
+            assert_match(/Couldn't drop/, output)
+            assert_equal 1, $?.exitstatus
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def db_migrate_and_status(expected_database)
         Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-          `rails generate model book title:string;
-           bundle exec rake db:migrate`
-          output = `bundle exec rake db:migrate:status`
-          assert_match(%r{database:\s+\S*#{Regexp.escape(expected[:database])}}, output)
+          `bin/rails generate model book title:string;
+           bin/rake db:migrate`
+          output = `bin/rake db:migrate:status`
+          assert_match(%r{database:\s+\S*#{Regexp.escape(expected_database)}}, output)
           assert_match(/up\s+\d{14}\s+Create books/, output)
         end
       end
 
       test 'db:migrate and db:migrate:status without database_url' do
         require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
-        expected[:database] = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations[Rails.env]['database']
-        db_migrate_and_status
+        db_migrate_and_status ActiveRecord::Base.configurations[Rails.env]['database']
       end
 
       test 'db:migrate and db:migrate:status with database_url' do
         require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
         set_database_url
-        expected[:database] = database_url_db_name
-        db_migrate_and_status
+        db_migrate_and_status database_url_db_name
       end
 
       def db_schema_dump
         Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-          `rails generate model book title:string;
-           rake db:migrate db:schema:dump`
+          `bin/rails generate model book title:string;
+           bin/rake db:migrate db:schema:dump`
           schema_dump = File.read("db/schema.rb")
           assert_match(/create_table \"books\"/, schema_dump)
         end
@@ -97,12 +140,11 @@ module ApplicationTests
         db_schema_dump
       end
 
-      def db_fixtures_load
+      def db_fixtures_load(expected_database)
         Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-          `rails generate model book title:string;
-           bundle exec rake db:migrate db:fixtures:load`
-          assert_match(/#{expected[:database]}/,
-                    ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config[:database])
+          `bin/rails generate model book title:string;
+           bin/rake db:migrate db:fixtures:load`
+          assert_match expected_database, ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config[:database]
           require "#{app_path}/app/models/book"
           assert_equal 2, Book.count
         end
@@ -110,56 +152,126 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       test 'db:fixtures:load without database_url' do
         require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
-        expected[:database] =  ActiveRecord::Base.configurations[Rails.env]['database']
-        db_fixtures_load
+        db_fixtures_load ActiveRecord::Base.configurations[Rails.env]['database']
       end
 
       test 'db:fixtures:load with database_url' do
         require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
         set_database_url
-        expected[:database] = database_url_db_name
-        db_fixtures_load
+        db_fixtures_load database_url_db_name
+      end
+
+      test 'db:fixtures:load with namespaced fixture' do
+        require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+          `bin/rails generate model admin::book title:string;
+           bin/rake db:migrate db:fixtures:load`
+          require "#{app_path}/app/models/admin/book"
+          assert_equal 2, Admin::Book.count
+        end
       end
 
-      def db_structure_dump_and_load
+      def db_structure_dump_and_load(expected_database)
         Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-          `rails generate model book title:string;
-           bundle exec rake db:migrate db:structure:dump`
+          `bin/rails generate model book title:string;
+           bin/rake db:migrate db:structure:dump`
           structure_dump = File.read("db/structure.sql")
           assert_match(/CREATE TABLE \"books\"/, structure_dump)
-          `bundle exec rake environment db:drop db:structure:load`
-          assert_match(/#{expected[:database]}/,
-                        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config[:database])
+          `bin/rake environment db:drop db:structure:load`
+          assert_match expected_database, ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config[:database]
           require "#{app_path}/app/models/book"
           #if structure is not loaded correctly, exception would be raised
-          assert Book.count, 0
+          assert_equal 0, Book.count
         end
       end
 
       test 'db:structure:dump and db:structure:load without database_url' do
         require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
-        expected[:database] =  ActiveRecord::Base.configurations[Rails.env]['database']
-        db_structure_dump_and_load
+        db_structure_dump_and_load ActiveRecord::Base.configurations[Rails.env]['database']
       end
 
       test 'db:structure:dump and db:structure:load with database_url' do
         require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
         set_database_url
-        expected[:database] = database_url_db_name
-        db_structure_dump_and_load
+        db_structure_dump_and_load database_url_db_name
+      end
+
+      test 'db:structure:dump does not dump schema information when no migrations are used' do
+        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+          # create table without migrations
+          `bin/rails runner 'ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:posts) {|t| t.string :title }'`
+
+          stderr_output = capture(:stderr) { `bin/rake db:structure:dump` }
+          assert_empty stderr_output
+          structure_dump = File.read("db/structure.sql")
+          assert_match(/CREATE TABLE \"posts\"/, structure_dump)
+        end
+      end
+
+      test 'db:schema:load and db:structure:load do not purge the existing database' do
+        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+          `bin/rails runner 'ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:posts) {|t| t.string :title }'`
+
+          app_file 'db/schema.rb', <<-RUBY
+            ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: 20140423102712) do
+              create_table(:comments) {}
+            end
+          RUBY
+
+          list_tables = lambda { `bin/rails runner 'p ActiveRecord::Base.connection.tables'`.strip }
+
+          assert_equal '["posts"]', list_tables[]
+          `bin/rake db:schema:load`
+          assert_equal '["posts", "comments", "schema_migrations"]', list_tables[]
+
+          app_file 'db/structure.sql', <<-SQL
+            CREATE TABLE "users" ("id" INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT NOT NULL, "name" varchar(255));
+          SQL
+
+          `bin/rake db:structure:load`
+          assert_equal '["posts", "comments", "schema_migrations", "users"]', list_tables[]
+        end
+      end
+
+      test "db:schema:load with inflections" do
+        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+          app_file 'config/initializers/inflection.rb', <<-RUBY
+            ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
+              inflect.irregular 'goose', 'geese'
+            end
+          RUBY
+          app_file 'config/initializers/primary_key_table_name.rb', <<-RUBY
+            ActiveRecord::Base.primary_key_prefix_type = :table_name
+          RUBY
+          app_file 'db/schema.rb', <<-RUBY
+            ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: 20140423102712) do
+              create_table("goose".pluralize) do |t|
+                t.string :name
+              end
+            end
+          RUBY
+
+          `bin/rake db:schema:load`
+
+          tables = `bin/rails runner 'p ActiveRecord::Base.connection.tables'`.strip
+          assert_match(/"geese"/, tables)
+
+          columns = `bin/rails runner 'p ActiveRecord::Base.connection.columns("geese").map(&:name)'`.strip
+          assert_equal columns, '["gooseid", "name"]'
+        end
       end
 
       def db_test_load_structure
         Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-          `rails generate model book title:string;
-           bundle exec rake db:migrate db:structure:dump db:test:load_structure`
+          `bin/rails generate model book title:string;
+           bin/rake db:migrate db:structure:dump db:test:load_structure`
           ActiveRecord::Base.configurations = Rails.application.config.database_configuration
           ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection :test
           require "#{app_path}/app/models/book"
           #if structure is not loaded correctly, exception would be raised
-          assert Book.count, 0
-          assert_match(/#{ActiveRecord::Base.configurations['test']['database']}/,
-                        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config[:database])
+          assert_equal 0, Book.count
+          assert_match ActiveRecord::Base.configurations['test']['database'],
+            ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config[:database]
         end
       end
 
@@ -168,12 +280,32 @@ module ApplicationTests
         db_test_load_structure
       end
 
-      test 'db:test deprecation' do
-        require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
-        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-          output = `bundle exec rake db:migrate db:test:prepare 2>&1`
-          assert_equal "WARNING: db:test:prepare is deprecated. The Rails test helper now maintains " \
-                       "your test schema automatically, see the release notes for details.\n", output
+      test 'db:setup loads schema and seeds database' do
+        begin
+          @old_rails_env = ENV["RAILS_ENV"]
+          @old_rack_env = ENV["RACK_ENV"]
+          ENV.delete "RAILS_ENV"
+          ENV.delete "RACK_ENV"
+
+          app_file 'db/schema.rb', <<-RUBY
+            ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: "1") do
+              create_table :users do |t|
+                t.string :name
+              end
+            end
+          RUBY
+
+          app_file 'db/seeds.rb', <<-RUBY
+            puts ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config[:database]
+          RUBY
+
+          Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+            database_path = `bin/rake db:setup`
+            assert_equal "development.sqlite3", File.basename(database_path.strip)
+          end
+        ensure
+          ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = @old_rails_env
+          ENV["RACK_ENV"] = @old_rack_env
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/rake/framework_test.rb b/railties/test/application/rake/framework_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ec57af79f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/application/rake/framework_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+require "isolation/abstract_unit"
+require "active_support/core_ext/string/strip"
+
+module ApplicationTests
+  module RakeTests
+    class FrameworkTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+      include ActiveSupport::Testing::Isolation
+
+      def setup
+        build_app
+        boot_rails
+        FileUtils.rm_rf("#{app_path}/config/environments")
+      end
+
+      def teardown
+        teardown_app
+      end
+
+      def load_tasks
+        require 'rake'
+        require 'rdoc/task'
+        require 'rake/testtask'
+
+        Rails.application.load_tasks
+      end
+
+      test 'requiring the rake task should not define method .app_generator on Object' do
+        require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+        load_tasks
+
+        assert_raise NameError do
+          Object.method(:app_generator)
+        end
+      end
+
+      test 'requiring the rake task should not define method .invoke_from_app_generator on Object' do
+        require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+        load_tasks
+
+        assert_raise NameError do
+          Object.method(:invoke_from_app_generator)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/rake/migrations_test.rb b/railties/test/application/rake/migrations_test.rb
index b7fd5d02c5..580ed269cb 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/rake/migrations_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/rake/migrations_test.rb
@@ -15,21 +15,21 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       test 'running migrations with given scope' do
         Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-          `rails generate model user username:string password:string`
+          `bin/rails generate model user username:string password:string`
 
           app_file "db/migrate/01_a_migration.bukkits.rb", <<-MIGRATION
-            class AMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
+            class AMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
             end
           MIGRATION
 
-          output = `rake db:migrate SCOPE=bukkits`
+          output = `bin/rake db:migrate SCOPE=bukkits`
           assert_no_match(/create_table\(:users\)/, output)
           assert_no_match(/CreateUsers/, output)
           assert_no_match(/add_column\(:users, :email, :string\)/, output)
 
           assert_match(/AMigration: migrated/, output)
 
-          output = `rake db:migrate SCOPE=bukkits VERSION=0`
+          output = `bin/rake db:migrate SCOPE=bukkits VERSION=0`
           assert_no_match(/drop_table\(:users\)/, output)
           assert_no_match(/CreateUsers/, output)
           assert_no_match(/remove_column\(:users, :email\)/, output)
@@ -40,16 +40,16 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       test 'model and migration generator with change syntax' do
         Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-          `rails generate model user username:string password:string;
-           rails generate migration add_email_to_users email:string`
+          `bin/rails generate model user username:string password:string;
+           bin/rails generate migration add_email_to_users email:string`
 
-           output = `rake db:migrate`
+           output = `bin/rake db:migrate`
            assert_match(/create_table\(:users\)/, output)
            assert_match(/CreateUsers: migrated/, output)
            assert_match(/add_column\(:users, :email, :string\)/, output)
            assert_match(/AddEmailToUsers: migrated/, output)
 
-           output = `rake db:rollback STEP=2`
+           output = `bin/rake db:rollback STEP=2`
            assert_match(/drop_table\(:users\)/, output)
            assert_match(/CreateUsers: reverted/, output)
            assert_match(/remove_column\(:users, :email, :string\)/, output)
@@ -58,23 +58,23 @@ module ApplicationTests
       end
 
       test 'migration status when schema migrations table is not present' do
-        output = Dir.chdir(app_path){ `rake db:migrate:status` }
+        output = Dir.chdir(app_path){ `bin/rake db:migrate:status 2>&1` }
         assert_equal "Schema migrations table does not exist yet.\n", output
       end
 
       test 'test migration status' do
         Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-          `rails generate model user username:string password:string;
-           rails generate migration add_email_to_users email:string;
-           rake db:migrate`
+          `bin/rails generate model user username:string password:string;
+           bin/rails generate migration add_email_to_users email:string;
+           bin/rake db:migrate`
 
-          output = `rake db:migrate:status`
+          output = `bin/rake db:migrate:status`
 
           assert_match(/up\s+\d{14}\s+Create users/, output)
           assert_match(/up\s+\d{14}\s+Add email to users/, output)
 
-          `rake db:rollback STEP=1`
-          output = `rake db:migrate:status`
+          `bin/rake db:rollback STEP=1`
+          output = `bin/rake db:migrate:status`
 
           assert_match(/up\s+\d{14}\s+Create users/, output)
           assert_match(/down\s+\d{14}\s+Add email to users/, output)
@@ -85,17 +85,17 @@ module ApplicationTests
         add_to_config('config.active_record.timestamped_migrations = false')
 
         Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-          `rails generate model user username:string password:string;
-           rails generate migration add_email_to_users email:string;
-           rake db:migrate`
+          `bin/rails generate model user username:string password:string;
+           bin/rails generate migration add_email_to_users email:string;
+           bin/rake db:migrate`
 
-          output = `rake db:migrate:status`
+          output = `bin/rake db:migrate:status`
 
           assert_match(/up\s+\d{3,}\s+Create users/, output)
           assert_match(/up\s+\d{3,}\s+Add email to users/, output)
 
-          `rake db:rollback STEP=1`
-          output = `rake db:migrate:status`
+          `bin/rake db:rollback STEP=1`
+          output = `bin/rake db:migrate:status`
 
           assert_match(/up\s+\d{3,}\s+Create users/, output)
           assert_match(/down\s+\d{3,}\s+Add email to users/, output)
@@ -104,23 +104,23 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       test 'test migration status after rollback and redo' do
         Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-          `rails generate model user username:string password:string;
-           rails generate migration add_email_to_users email:string;
-           rake db:migrate`
+          `bin/rails generate model user username:string password:string;
+           bin/rails generate migration add_email_to_users email:string;
+           bin/rake db:migrate`
 
-           output = `rake db:migrate:status`
+           output = `bin/rake db:migrate:status`
 
            assert_match(/up\s+\d{14}\s+Create users/, output)
            assert_match(/up\s+\d{14}\s+Add email to users/, output)
 
-           `rake db:rollback STEP=2`
-           output = `rake db:migrate:status`
+           `bin/rake db:rollback STEP=2`
+           output = `bin/rake db:migrate:status`
 
            assert_match(/down\s+\d{14}\s+Create users/, output)
            assert_match(/down\s+\d{14}\s+Add email to users/, output)
 
-           `rake db:migrate:redo`
-           output = `rake db:migrate:status`
+           `bin/rake db:migrate:redo`
+           output = `bin/rake db:migrate:status`
 
            assert_match(/up\s+\d{14}\s+Create users/, output)
            assert_match(/up\s+\d{14}\s+Add email to users/, output)
@@ -131,59 +131,98 @@ module ApplicationTests
         add_to_config('config.active_record.timestamped_migrations = false')
 
         Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-          `rails generate model user username:string password:string;
-           rails generate migration add_email_to_users email:string;
-           rake db:migrate`
+          `bin/rails generate model user username:string password:string;
+           bin/rails generate migration add_email_to_users email:string;
+           bin/rake db:migrate`
 
-           output = `rake db:migrate:status`
+           output = `bin/rake db:migrate:status`
 
            assert_match(/up\s+\d{3,}\s+Create users/, output)
            assert_match(/up\s+\d{3,}\s+Add email to users/, output)
 
-           `rake db:rollback STEP=2`
-           output = `rake db:migrate:status`
+           `bin/rake db:rollback STEP=2`
+           output = `bin/rake db:migrate:status`
 
            assert_match(/down\s+\d{3,}\s+Create users/, output)
            assert_match(/down\s+\d{3,}\s+Add email to users/, output)
 
-           `rake db:migrate:redo`
-           output = `rake db:migrate:status`
+           `bin/rake db:migrate:redo`
+           output = `bin/rake db:migrate:status`
 
            assert_match(/up\s+\d{3,}\s+Create users/, output)
            assert_match(/up\s+\d{3,}\s+Add email to users/, output)
         end
       end
 
+      test 'running migrations with not timestamp head migration files' do
+        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+
+          app_file "db/migrate/1_one_migration.rb", <<-MIGRATION
+            class OneMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
+            end
+          MIGRATION
+
+          app_file "db/migrate/02_two_migration.rb", <<-MIGRATION
+            class TwoMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
+            end
+          MIGRATION
+
+          `bin/rake db:migrate`
+
+           output = `bin/rake db:migrate:status`
+
+           assert_match(/up\s+001\s+One migration/, output)
+           assert_match(/up\s+002\s+Two migration/, output)
+        end
+      end
+
       test 'schema generation when dump_schema_after_migration is set' do
         add_to_config('config.active_record.dump_schema_after_migration = false')
 
         Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-          `rails generate model book title:string;
-           bundle exec rake db:migrate`
+          `bin/rails generate model book title:string`
+          output = `bin/rails generate model author name:string`
+          version = output =~ %r{[^/]+db/migrate/(\d+)_create_authors\.rb} && $1
 
-          assert !File.exist?("db/schema.rb")
+          `bin/rake db:migrate db:rollback db:forward db:migrate:up db:migrate:down VERSION=#{version}`
+          assert !File.exist?("db/schema.rb"), "should not dump schema when configured not to"
         end
 
         add_to_config('config.active_record.dump_schema_after_migration = true')
 
         Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-          `rails generate model author name:string;
-           bundle exec rake db:migrate`
+          `bin/rails generate model reviews book_id:integer`
+          `bin/rake db:migrate`
 
           structure_dump = File.read("db/schema.rb")
-          assert_match(/create_table "authors"/, structure_dump)
+          assert_match(/create_table "reviews"/, structure_dump)
         end
       end
 
       test 'default schema generation after migration' do
         Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-          `rails generate model book title:string;
-           bundle exec rake db:migrate`
+          `bin/rails generate model book title:string;
+           bin/rake db:migrate`
 
           structure_dump = File.read("db/schema.rb")
           assert_match(/create_table "books"/, structure_dump)
         end
       end
+
+      test 'test migration status migrated file is deleted' do
+        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+          `bin/rails generate model user username:string password:string;
+           bin/rails generate migration add_email_to_users email:string;
+           bin/rake db:migrate
+           rm db/migrate/*email*.rb`
+
+          output = `bin/rake db:migrate:status`
+          File.write('test.txt', output)
+
+          assert_match(/up\s+\d{14}\s+Create users/, output)
+          assert_match(/up\s+\d{14}\s+\** NO FILE \**/, output)
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/rake/notes_test.rb b/railties/test/application/rake/notes_test.rb
index 05f6338b68..c87515f00f 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/rake/notes_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/rake/notes_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require "isolation/abstract_unit"
+require 'rails/source_annotation_extractor'
 
 module ApplicationTests
   module RakeTests
@@ -18,48 +19,27 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       test 'notes finds notes for certain file_types' do
         app_file "app/views/home/index.html.erb", "<% # TODO: note in erb %>"
-        app_file "app/views/home/index.html.haml", "-# TODO: note in haml"
-        app_file "app/views/home/index.html.slim", "/ TODO: note in slim"
-        app_file "app/assets/javascripts/application.js.coffee", "# TODO: note in coffee"
         app_file "app/assets/javascripts/application.js", "// TODO: note in js"
         app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css", "// TODO: note in css"
-        app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css.scss", "// TODO: note in scss"
-        app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css.sass", "// TODO: note in sass"
-        app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css.less", "// TODO: note in less"
         app_file "app/controllers/application_controller.rb", 1000.times.map { "" }.join("\n") << "# TODO: note in ruby"
         app_file "lib/tasks/task.rake", "# TODO: note in rake"
         app_file 'app/views/home/index.html.builder', '# TODO: note in builder'
+        app_file 'config/locales/en.yml', '# TODO: note in yml'
+        app_file 'config/locales/en.yaml', '# TODO: note in yaml'
+        app_file "app/views/home/index.ruby", "# TODO: note in ruby"
 
-        boot_rails
-        require 'rake'
-        require 'rdoc/task'
-        require 'rake/testtask'
-
-        Rails.application.load_tasks
-
-        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-          output = `bundle exec rake notes`
-          lines = output.scan(/\[([0-9\s]+)\](\s)/)
-
+        run_rake_notes do |output, lines|
           assert_match(/note in erb/, output)
-          assert_match(/note in haml/, output)
-          assert_match(/note in slim/, output)
-          assert_match(/note in ruby/, output)
-          assert_match(/note in coffee/, output)
           assert_match(/note in js/, output)
           assert_match(/note in css/, output)
-          assert_match(/note in scss/, output)
-          assert_match(/note in sass/, output)
-          assert_match(/note in less/, output)
           assert_match(/note in rake/, output)
           assert_match(/note in builder/, output)
+          assert_match(/note in yml/, output)
+          assert_match(/note in yaml/, output)
+          assert_match(/note in ruby/, output)
 
-          assert_equal 12, lines.size
-
-          lines.each do |line|
-            assert_equal 4, line[0].size
-            assert_equal ' ', line[1]
-          end
+          assert_equal 9, lines.size
+          assert_equal [4], lines.map(&:size).uniq
         end
       end
 
@@ -72,18 +52,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
         app_file "some_other_dir/blah.rb", "# TODO: note in some_other directory"
 
-        boot_rails
-
-        require 'rake'
-        require 'rdoc/task'
-        require 'rake/testtask'
-
-        Rails.application.load_tasks
-
-        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-          output = `bundle exec rake notes`
-          lines = output.scan(/\[([0-9\s]+)\]/).flatten
-
+        run_rake_notes do |output, lines|
           assert_match(/note in app directory/, output)
           assert_match(/note in config directory/, output)
           assert_match(/note in db directory/, output)
@@ -92,10 +61,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
           assert_no_match(/note in some_other directory/, output)
 
           assert_equal 5, lines.size
-
-          lines.each do |line_number|
-            assert_equal 4, line_number.size
-          end
+          assert_equal [4], lines.map(&:size).uniq
         end
       end
 
@@ -108,18 +74,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
         app_file "some_other_dir/blah.rb", "# TODO: note in some_other directory"
 
-        boot_rails
-
-        require 'rake'
-        require 'rdoc/task'
-        require 'rake/testtask'
-
-        Rails.application.load_tasks
-
-        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-          output = `SOURCE_ANNOTATION_DIRECTORIES='some_other_dir' bundle exec rake notes`
-          lines = output.scan(/\[([0-9\s]+)\]/).flatten
-
+        run_rake_notes "SOURCE_ANNOTATION_DIRECTORIES='some_other_dir' bin/rake notes" do |output, lines|
           assert_match(/note in app directory/, output)
           assert_match(/note in config directory/, output)
           assert_match(/note in db directory/, output)
@@ -129,10 +84,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
           assert_match(/note in some_other directory/, output)
 
           assert_equal 6, lines.size
-
-          lines.each do |line_number|
-            assert_equal 4, line_number.size
-          end
+          assert_equal [4], lines.map(&:size).uniq
         end
       end
 
@@ -150,32 +102,52 @@ module ApplicationTests
           end
         EOS
 
-        boot_rails
-
-        require 'rake'
-        require 'rdoc/task'
-        require 'rake/testtask'
-
-        Rails.application.load_tasks
-
-        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-          output = `bundle exec rake notes_custom`
-          lines = output.scan(/\[([0-9\s]+)\]/).flatten
-
+        run_rake_notes "bin/rake notes_custom" do |output, lines|
           assert_match(/\[FIXME\] note in lib directory/, output)
           assert_match(/\[TODO\] note in test directory/, output)
           assert_no_match(/OPTIMIZE/, output)
           assert_no_match(/note in app directory/, output)
 
           assert_equal 2, lines.size
+          assert_equal [4], lines.map(&:size).uniq
+        end
+      end
 
-          lines.each do |line_number|
-            assert_equal 4, line_number.size
-          end
+      test 'register a new extension' do
+        add_to_config "config.assets.precompile = []"
+        add_to_config %q{ config.annotations.register_extensions("scss", "sass") { |annotation| /\/\/\s*(#{annotation}):?\s*(.*)$/ } }
+        app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css.scss", "// TODO: note in scss"
+        app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css.sass", "// TODO: note in sass"
+
+        run_rake_notes do |output, lines|
+          assert_match(/note in scss/, output)
+          assert_match(/note in sass/, output)
+          assert_equal 2, lines.size
         end
       end
 
       private
+
+      def run_rake_notes(command = 'bin/rake notes')
+        boot_rails
+        load_tasks
+
+        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+          output = `#{command}`
+          lines  = output.scan(/\[([0-9\s]+)\]\s/).flatten
+
+          yield output, lines
+        end
+      end
+
+      def load_tasks
+        require 'rake'
+        require 'rdoc/task'
+        require 'rake/testtask'
+
+        Rails.application.load_tasks
+      end
+
       def boot_rails
         super
         require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
diff --git a/railties/test/application/rake/restart_test.rb b/railties/test/application/rake/restart_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4cae199e6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/application/rake/restart_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+require "isolation/abstract_unit"
+
+module ApplicationTests
+  module RakeTests
+    class RakeRestartTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+      include ActiveSupport::Testing::Isolation
+
+      def setup
+        build_app
+        boot_rails
+      end
+
+      def teardown
+        teardown_app
+      end
+
+      test 'rake restart touches tmp/restart.txt' do
+        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+          `rake restart`
+          assert File.exist?("tmp/restart.txt")
+
+          prev_mtime = File.mtime("tmp/restart.txt")
+          sleep(1)
+          `rake restart`
+          curr_mtime = File.mtime("tmp/restart.txt")
+          assert_not_equal prev_mtime, curr_mtime
+        end
+      end
+
+      test 'rake restart should work even if tmp folder does not exist' do
+        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+          FileUtils.remove_dir('tmp')
+          `rake restart`
+          assert File.exist?('tmp/restart.txt')
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/rake_test.rb b/railties/test/application/rake_test.rb
index 317e73245c..0da0928b48 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/rake_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/rake_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# coding:utf-8
 require "isolation/abstract_unit"
 require "active_support/core_ext/string/strip"
 
@@ -36,7 +35,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
         Rails.application.initialize!
       RUBY
 
-      assert_match("SuperMiddleware", Dir.chdir(app_path){ `rake middleware` })
+      assert_match("SuperMiddleware", Dir.chdir(app_path){ `bin/rake middleware` })
     end
 
     def test_initializers_are_executed_in_rake_tasks
@@ -51,7 +50,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
         end
       RUBY
 
-      output = Dir.chdir(app_path){ `rake do_nothing` }
+      output = Dir.chdir(app_path){ `bin/rake do_nothing` }
       assert_match "Doing something...", output
     end
 
@@ -72,7 +71,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
         end
       RUBY
 
-      output = Dir.chdir(app_path) { `rake do_nothing` }
+      output = Dir.chdir(app_path) { `bin/rake do_nothing` }
       assert_match 'Hello world', output
     end
 
@@ -93,14 +92,14 @@ module ApplicationTests
       RUBY
 
       Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-        assert system('rake do_nothing RAILS_ENV=production'),
+        assert system('bin/rake do_nothing RAILS_ENV=production'),
                'should not be pre-required for rake even eager_load=true'
       end
     end
 
     def test_code_statistics_sanity
-      assert_match "Code LOC: 5     Test LOC: 0     Code to Test Ratio: 1:0.0",
-        Dir.chdir(app_path){ `rake stats` }
+      assert_match "Code LOC: 7     Test LOC: 0     Code to Test Ratio: 1:0.0",
+        Dir.chdir(app_path){ `bin/rake stats` }
     end
 
     def test_rake_routes_calls_the_route_inspector
@@ -110,7 +109,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
         end
       RUBY
 
-      output = Dir.chdir(app_path){ `rake routes` }
+      output = Dir.chdir(app_path){ `bin/rake routes` }
       assert_equal "Prefix Verb URI Pattern     Controller#Action\n  cart GET  /cart(.:format) cart#show\n", output
     end
 
@@ -123,7 +122,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       RUBY
 
       ENV['CONTROLLER'] = 'cart'
-      output = Dir.chdir(app_path){ `rake routes` }
+      output = Dir.chdir(app_path){ `bin/rake routes` }
       assert_equal "Prefix Verb URI Pattern     Controller#Action\n  cart GET  /cart(.:format) cart#show\n", output
     end
 
@@ -133,7 +132,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
         end
       RUBY
 
-      assert_equal <<-MESSAGE.strip_heredoc, Dir.chdir(app_path){ `rake routes` }
+      assert_equal <<-MESSAGE.strip_heredoc, Dir.chdir(app_path){ `bin/rake routes` }
         You don't have any routes defined!
 
         Please add some routes in config/routes.rb.
@@ -151,21 +150,21 @@ module ApplicationTests
         end
       RUBY
 
-      output = Dir.chdir(app_path){ `rake log_something RAILS_ENV=production && cat log/production.log` }
+      output = Dir.chdir(app_path){ `bin/rake log_something RAILS_ENV=production && cat log/production.log` }
       assert_match "Sample log message", output
     end
 
     def test_loading_specific_fixtures
       Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-        `rails generate model user username:string password:string;
-         rails generate model product name:string;
-         rake db:migrate`
+        `bin/rails generate model user username:string password:string;
+         bin/rails generate model product name:string;
+         bin/rake db:migrate`
       end
 
       require "#{rails_root}/config/environment"
 
       # loading a specific fixture
-      errormsg = Dir.chdir(app_path) { `rake db:fixtures:load FIXTURES=products` }
+      errormsg = Dir.chdir(app_path) { `bin/rake db:fixtures:load FIXTURES=products` }
       assert $?.success?, errormsg
 
       assert_equal 2, ::AppTemplate::Application::Product.count
@@ -174,42 +173,64 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     def test_loading_only_yml_fixtures
       Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-        `rake db:migrate`
+        `bin/rake db:migrate`
       end
 
       app_file "test/fixtures/products.csv", ""
 
       require "#{rails_root}/config/environment"
-      errormsg = Dir.chdir(app_path) { `rake db:fixtures:load` }
+      errormsg = Dir.chdir(app_path) { `bin/rake db:fixtures:load` }
       assert $?.success?, errormsg
     end
 
     def test_scaffold_tests_pass_by_default
       output = Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-        `rails generate scaffold user username:string password:string;
-         bundle exec rake db:migrate test`
+        `bin/rails generate scaffold user username:string password:string;
+         bin/rake db:migrate test`
       end
 
-      assert_match(/7 runs, 13 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors/, output)
+      assert_match(/7 runs, 12 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors/, output)
       assert_no_match(/Errors running/, output)
     end
 
-    def test_scaffold_with_references_columns_tests_pass_by_default
+    def test_api_scaffold_tests_pass_by_default
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.api_only = true
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file "app/controllers/application_controller.rb", <<-RUBY
+        class ApplicationController < ActionController::API
+        end
+      RUBY
+
       output = Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-        `rails generate scaffold LineItems product:references cart:belongs_to;
-         bundle exec rake db:migrate test`
+        `bin/rails generate scaffold user username:string password:string;
+         bin/rake db:migrate test`
       end
 
-      assert_match(/7 runs, 13 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors/, output)
+      assert_match(/5 runs, 7 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors/, output)
+      assert_no_match(/Errors running/, output)
+    end
+
+    def test_scaffold_with_references_columns_tests_pass_when_belongs_to_is_optional
+      app_file "config/initializers/active_record_belongs_to_required_by_default.rb",
+        "Rails.application.config.active_record.belongs_to_required_by_default = false"
+
+      output = Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+        `bin/rails generate scaffold LineItems product:references cart:belongs_to;
+         bin/rake db:migrate test`
+      end
+
+      assert_match(/7 runs, 12 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors/, output)
       assert_no_match(/Errors running/, output)
     end
 
     def test_db_test_clone_when_using_sql_format
       add_to_config "config.active_record.schema_format = :sql"
       output = Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-        `rails generate scaffold user username:string;
-         bundle exec rake db:migrate;
-         bundle exec rake db:test:clone 2>&1 --trace`
+        `bin/rails generate scaffold user username:string;
+         bin/rake db:migrate;
+         bin/rake db:test:clone 2>&1 --trace`
       end
       assert_match(/Execute db:test:clone_structure/, output)
     end
@@ -217,9 +238,9 @@ module ApplicationTests
     def test_db_test_prepare_when_using_sql_format
       add_to_config "config.active_record.schema_format = :sql"
       output = Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-        `rails generate scaffold user username:string;
-         bundle exec rake db:migrate;
-         bundle exec rake db:test:prepare 2>&1 --trace`
+        `bin/rails generate scaffold user username:string;
+         bin/rake db:migrate;
+         bin/rake db:test:prepare 2>&1 --trace`
       end
       assert_match(/Execute db:test:load_structure/, output)
     end
@@ -227,7 +248,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
     def test_rake_dump_structure_should_respect_db_structure_env_variable
       Dir.chdir(app_path) do
         # ensure we have a schema_migrations table to dump
-        `bundle exec rake db:migrate db:structure:dump DB_STRUCTURE=db/my_structure.sql`
+        `bin/rake db:migrate db:structure:dump SCHEMA=db/my_structure.sql`
       end
       assert File.exist?(File.join(app_path, 'db', 'my_structure.sql'))
     end
@@ -236,8 +257,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
       add_to_config "config.active_record.schema_format = :sql"
 
       output = Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-        `rails g model post title:string;
-         bundle exec rake db:migrate:redo 2>&1 --trace;`
+        `bin/rails g model post title:string;
+         bin/rake db:migrate:redo 2>&1 --trace;`
       end
 
       # expect only Invoke db:structure:dump (first_time)
@@ -246,23 +267,23 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     def test_rake_dump_schema_cache
       Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-        `rails generate model post title:string;
-         rails generate model product name:string;
-         bundle exec rake db:migrate db:schema:cache:dump`
+        `bin/rails generate model post title:string;
+         bin/rails generate model product name:string;
+         bin/rake db:migrate db:schema:cache:dump`
       end
       assert File.exist?(File.join(app_path, 'db', 'schema_cache.dump'))
     end
 
     def test_rake_clear_schema_cache
       Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-        `bundle exec rake db:schema:cache:dump db:schema:cache:clear`
+        `bin/rake db:schema:cache:dump db:schema:cache:clear`
       end
       assert !File.exist?(File.join(app_path, 'db', 'schema_cache.dump'))
     end
 
     def test_copy_templates
       Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-        `bundle exec rake rails:templates:copy`
+        `bin/rake rails:templates:copy`
         %w(controller mailer scaffold).each do |dir|
           assert File.exist?(File.join(app_path, 'lib', 'templates', 'erb', dir))
         end
@@ -271,5 +292,23 @@ module ApplicationTests
         end
       end
     end
+
+    def test_template_load_initializers
+      app_file "config/initializers/dummy.rb", "puts 'Hello, World!'"
+      app_file "template.rb", ""
+
+      output = Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+        `bin/rake rails:template LOCATION=template.rb`
+      end
+
+      assert_match(/Hello, World!/, output)
+    end
+
+    def test_tmp_clear_should_work_if_folder_missing
+      FileUtils.remove_dir("#{app_path}/tmp")
+      errormsg = Dir.chdir(app_path) { `bin/rake tmp:clear` }
+      assert_predicate $?, :success?
+      assert_empty errormsg
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/routing_test.rb b/railties/test/application/routing_test.rb
index 8576a2b738..0777714d35 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/routing_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/routing_test.rb
@@ -21,6 +21,12 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_equal 200, last_response.status
     end
 
+    test "rails/info in development" do
+      app("development")
+      get "/rails/info"
+      assert_equal 302, last_response.status
+    end
+
     test "rails/info/routes in development" do
       app("development")
       get "/rails/info/routes"
@@ -63,6 +69,12 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_equal 404, last_response.status
     end
 
+    test "rails/info in production" do
+      app("production")
+      get "/rails/info"
+      assert_equal 404, last_response.status
+    end
+
     test "rails/info/routes in production" do
       app("production")
       get "/rails/info/routes"
@@ -123,6 +135,26 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_equal '/archives', last_response.body
     end
 
+    test "mount named rack app" do
+      controller :foo, <<-RUBY
+        class FooController < ApplicationController
+          def index
+            render text: my_blog_path
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
+          mount lambda { |env| [200, {}, [env["PATH_INFO"]]] }, at: "/blog", as: "my_blog"
+          get '/foo' => 'foo#index'
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      get '/foo'
+      assert_equal '/blog', last_response.body
+    end
+
     test "multiple controllers" do
       controller :foo, <<-RUBY
         class FooController < ApplicationController
diff --git a/railties/test/application/runner_test.rb b/railties/test/application/runner_test.rb
index 6595c40f8b..0c180339b4 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/runner_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/runner_test.rb
@@ -25,15 +25,15 @@ module ApplicationTests
     end
 
     def test_should_include_runner_in_shebang_line_in_help_without_option
-      assert_match "/rails runner", Dir.chdir(app_path) { `bundle exec rails runner` }
+      assert_match "/rails runner", Dir.chdir(app_path) { `bin/rails runner` }
     end
 
     def test_should_include_runner_in_shebang_line_in_help
-      assert_match "/rails runner", Dir.chdir(app_path) { `bundle exec rails runner --help` }
+      assert_match "/rails runner", Dir.chdir(app_path) { `bin/rails runner --help` }
     end
 
     def test_should_run_ruby_statement
-      assert_match "42", Dir.chdir(app_path) { `bundle exec rails runner "puts User.count"` }
+      assert_match "42", Dir.chdir(app_path) { `bin/rails runner "puts User.count"` }
     end
 
     def test_should_run_file
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       puts User.count
       SCRIPT
 
-      assert_match "42", Dir.chdir(app_path) { `bundle exec rails runner "bin/count_users.rb"` }
+      assert_match "42", Dir.chdir(app_path) { `bin/rails runner "bin/count_users.rb"` }
     end
 
     def test_should_set_dollar_0_to_file
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       puts $0
       SCRIPT
 
-      assert_match "bin/dollar0.rb", Dir.chdir(app_path) { `bundle exec rails runner "bin/dollar0.rb"` }
+      assert_match "bin/dollar0.rb", Dir.chdir(app_path) { `bin/rails runner "bin/dollar0.rb"` }
     end
 
     def test_should_set_dollar_program_name_to_file
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       puts $PROGRAM_NAME
       SCRIPT
 
-      assert_match "bin/program_name.rb", Dir.chdir(app_path) { `bundle exec rails runner "bin/program_name.rb"` }
+      assert_match "bin/program_name.rb", Dir.chdir(app_path) { `bin/rails runner "bin/program_name.rb"` }
     end
 
     def test_with_hook
@@ -67,22 +67,22 @@ module ApplicationTests
         end
       RUBY
 
-      assert_match "true", Dir.chdir(app_path) { `bundle exec rails runner "puts Rails.application.config.ran"` }
+      assert_match "true", Dir.chdir(app_path) { `bin/rails runner "puts Rails.application.config.ran"` }
     end
 
     def test_default_environment
-      assert_match "development", Dir.chdir(app_path) { `bundle exec rails runner "puts Rails.env"` }
+      assert_match "development", Dir.chdir(app_path) { `bin/rails runner "puts Rails.env"` }
     end
 
     def test_environment_with_rails_env
       with_rails_env "production" do
-        assert_match "production", Dir.chdir(app_path) { `bundle exec rails runner "puts Rails.env"` }
+        assert_match "production", Dir.chdir(app_path) { `bin/rails runner "puts Rails.env"` }
       end
     end
 
     def test_environment_with_rack_env
       with_rack_env "production" do
-        assert_match "production", Dir.chdir(app_path) { `bundle exec rails runner "puts Rails.env"` }
+        assert_match "production", Dir.chdir(app_path) { `bin/rails runner "puts Rails.env"` }
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/test_runner_test.rb b/railties/test/application/test_runner_test.rb
index 118f22995e..4965ab7da0 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/test_runner_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/test_runner_test.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 require 'isolation/abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/strip'
+require 'env_helpers'
 
 module ApplicationTests
   class TestRunnerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-    include ActiveSupport::Testing::Isolation
+    include ActiveSupport::Testing::Isolation, EnvHelpers
 
     def setup
       build_app
-      ENV['RAILS_ENV'] = nil
       create_schema
     end
 
@@ -15,20 +15,6 @@ module ApplicationTests
       teardown_app
     end
 
-    def test_run_in_test_environment
-      app_file 'test/unit/env_test.rb', <<-RUBY
-        require 'test_helper'
-
-        class EnvTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-          def test_env
-            puts "Current Environment: \#{Rails.env}"
-          end
-        end
-      RUBY
-
-      assert_match "Current Environment: test", run_test_command('test/unit/env_test.rb')
-    end
-
     def test_run_single_file
       create_test_file :models, 'foo'
       create_test_file :models, 'bar'
@@ -47,16 +33,15 @@ module ApplicationTests
         def; end
       RUBY
 
-      error_stream = Tempfile.new('error')
-      redirect_stderr(error_stream) { run_test_command('test/models/error_test.rb') }
-      assert_match "syntax error", error_stream.read
+      error = capture(:stderr) { run_test_command('test/models/error_test.rb') }
+      assert_match "syntax error", error
     end
 
     def test_run_models
       create_test_file :models, 'foo'
       create_test_file :models, 'bar'
       create_test_file :controllers, 'foobar_controller'
-      run_test_models_command.tap do |output|
+      run_test_command("test/models").tap do |output|
         assert_match "FooTest", output
         assert_match "BarTest", output
         assert_match "2 runs, 2 assertions, 0 failures", output
@@ -67,7 +52,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       create_test_file :helpers, 'foo_helper'
       create_test_file :helpers, 'bar_helper'
       create_test_file :controllers, 'foobar_controller'
-      run_test_helpers_command.tap do |output|
+      run_test_command("test/helpers").tap do |output|
         assert_match "FooHelperTest", output
         assert_match "BarHelperTest", output
         assert_match "2 runs, 2 assertions, 0 failures", output
@@ -75,6 +60,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
     end
 
     def test_run_units
+      skip "we no longer have the concept of unit tests. Just different directories..."
       create_test_file :models, 'foo'
       create_test_file :helpers, 'bar_helper'
       create_test_file :unit, 'baz_unit'
@@ -91,7 +77,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       create_test_file :controllers, 'foo_controller'
       create_test_file :controllers, 'bar_controller'
       create_test_file :models, 'foo'
-      run_test_controllers_command.tap do |output|
+      run_test_command("test/controllers").tap do |output|
         assert_match "FooControllerTest", output
         assert_match "BarControllerTest", output
         assert_match "2 runs, 2 assertions, 0 failures", output
@@ -102,14 +88,26 @@ module ApplicationTests
       create_test_file :mailers, 'foo_mailer'
       create_test_file :mailers, 'bar_mailer'
       create_test_file :models, 'foo'
-      run_test_mailers_command.tap do |output|
+      run_test_command("test/mailers").tap do |output|
         assert_match "FooMailerTest", output
         assert_match "BarMailerTest", output
         assert_match "2 runs, 2 assertions, 0 failures", output
       end
     end
 
+    def test_run_jobs
+      create_test_file :jobs, 'foo_job'
+      create_test_file :jobs, 'bar_job'
+      create_test_file :models, 'foo'
+      run_test_command("test/jobs").tap do |output|
+        assert_match "FooJobTest", output
+        assert_match "BarJobTest", output
+        assert_match "2 runs, 2 assertions, 0 failures", output
+      end
+    end
+
     def test_run_functionals
+      skip "we no longer have the concept of functional tests. Just different directories..."
       create_test_file :mailers, 'foo_mailer'
       create_test_file :controllers, 'bar_controller'
       create_test_file :functional, 'baz_functional'
@@ -125,18 +123,18 @@ module ApplicationTests
     def test_run_integration
       create_test_file :integration, 'foo_integration'
       create_test_file :models, 'foo'
-      run_test_integration_command.tap do |output|
+      run_test_command("test/integration").tap do |output|
         assert_match "FooIntegration", output
         assert_match "1 runs, 1 assertions, 0 failures", output
       end
     end
 
     def test_run_all_suites
-      suites = [:models, :helpers, :unit, :controllers, :mailers, :functional, :integration]
+      suites = [:models, :helpers, :unit, :controllers, :mailers, :functional, :integration, :jobs]
       suites.each { |suite| create_test_file suite, "foo_#{suite}" }
       run_test_command('') .tap do |output|
         suites.each { |suite| assert_match "Foo#{suite.to_s.camelize}Test", output }
-        assert_match "7 runs, 7 assertions, 0 failures", output
+        assert_match "8 runs, 8 assertions, 0 failures", output
       end
     end
 
@@ -155,7 +153,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
         end
       RUBY
 
-      run_test_command('test/unit/chu_2_koi_test.rb test_rikka').tap do |output|
+      run_test_command('-n test_rikka test/unit/chu_2_koi_test.rb').tap do |output|
         assert_match "Rikka", output
         assert_no_match "Sanae", output
       end
@@ -176,7 +174,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
         end
       RUBY
 
-      run_test_command('test/unit/chu_2_koi_test.rb /rikka/').tap do |output|
+      run_test_command('-n /rikka/ test/unit/chu_2_koi_test.rb').tap do |output|
         assert_match "Rikka", output
         assert_no_match "Sanae", output
       end
@@ -184,18 +182,18 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     def test_load_fixtures_when_running_test_suites
       create_model_with_fixture
-      suites = [:models, :helpers, [:units, :unit], :controllers, :mailers,
-        [:functionals, :functional], :integration]
+      suites = [:models, :helpers, :controllers, :mailers, :integration]
 
       suites.each do |suite, directory|
         directory ||= suite
         create_fixture_test directory
-        assert_match "3 users", run_task(["test:#{suite}"])
+        assert_match "3 users", run_test_command("test/#{suite}")
         Dir.chdir(app_path) { FileUtils.rm_f "test/#{directory}" }
       end
     end
 
     def test_run_with_model
+      skip "These feel a bit odd. Not sure we should keep supporting them."
       create_model_with_fixture
       create_fixture_test 'models', 'user'
       assert_match "3 users", run_task(["test models/user"])
@@ -203,6 +201,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
     end
 
     def test_run_different_environment_using_env_var
+      skip "no longer possible. Running tests in a different environment should be explicit"
       app_file 'test/unit/env_test.rb', <<-RUBY
         require 'test_helper'
 
@@ -217,19 +216,17 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_match "development", run_test_command('test/unit/env_test.rb')
     end
 
-    def test_run_different_environment_using_e_tag
-      env = "development"
-      app_file 'test/unit/env_test.rb', <<-RUBY
-        require 'test_helper'
+    def test_run_in_test_environment_by_default
+      create_env_test
 
-        class EnvTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-          def test_env
-            puts Rails.env
-          end
-        end
-      RUBY
+      assert_match "Current Environment: test", run_test_command('test/unit/env_test.rb')
+    end
+
+    def test_run_different_environment
+      create_env_test
 
-      assert_match env, run_test_command("test/unit/env_test.rb RAILS_ENV=#{env}")
+      assert_match "Current Environment: development",
+        run_test_command("-e development test/unit/env_test.rb")
     end
 
     def test_generated_scaffold_works_with_rails_test
@@ -237,18 +234,141 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_match "0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips", run_test_command('')
     end
 
-    private
-      def run_task(tasks)
-        Dir.chdir(app_path) { `bundle exec rake #{tasks.join ' '}` }
+    def test_run_multiple_folders
+      create_test_file :models, 'account'
+      create_test_file :controllers, 'accounts_controller'
+
+      run_test_command('test/models test/controllers').tap do |output|
+        assert_match 'AccountTest', output
+        assert_match 'AccountsControllerTest', output
+        assert_match '2 runs, 2 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips', output
       end
+    end
 
-      def run_test_command(arguments = 'test/unit/test_test.rb')
-        run_task ['test', arguments]
+    def test_run_with_ruby_command
+      app_file 'test/models/post_test.rb', <<-RUBY
+        require 'test_helper'
+
+        class PostTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+          test 'declarative syntax works' do
+            puts 'PostTest'
+            assert true
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+        `ruby -Itest test/models/post_test.rb`.tap do |output|
+          assert_match 'PostTest', output
+          assert_no_match 'is already defined in', output
+        end
       end
-      %w{ mailers models helpers units controllers functionals integration }.each do |type|
-        define_method("run_test_#{type}_command") do
-          run_task ["test:#{type}"]
+    end
+
+    def test_mix_files_and_line_filters
+      create_test_file :models, 'account'
+      app_file 'test/models/post_test.rb', <<-RUBY
+        require 'test_helper'
+
+        class PostTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+          def test_post
+            puts 'PostTest'
+            assert true
+          end
+
+          def test_line_filter_does_not_run_this
+            assert true
+          end
         end
+      RUBY
+
+      run_test_command('test/models/account_test.rb test/models/post_test.rb:4').tap do |output|
+        assert_match 'AccountTest', output
+        assert_match 'PostTest', output
+        assert_match '2 runs, 2 assertions', output
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_multiple_line_filters
+      create_test_file :models, 'account'
+      create_test_file :models, 'post'
+
+      run_test_command('test/models/account_test.rb:4 test/models/post_test.rb:4').tap do |output|
+        assert_match 'AccountTest', output
+        assert_match 'PostTest', output
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_line_filter_without_line_runs_all_tests
+      create_test_file :models, 'account'
+
+      run_test_command('test/models/account_test.rb:').tap do |output|
+        assert_match 'AccountTest', output
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_shows_filtered_backtrace_by_default
+      create_backtrace_test
+
+      assert_match 'Rails::BacktraceCleaner', run_test_command('test/unit/backtrace_test.rb')
+    end
+
+    def test_backtrace_option
+      create_backtrace_test
+
+      assert_match 'Minitest::BacktraceFilter', run_test_command('test/unit/backtrace_test.rb -b')
+      assert_match 'Minitest::BacktraceFilter',
+        run_test_command('test/unit/backtrace_test.rb --backtrace')
+    end
+
+    def test_show_full_backtrace_using_backtrace_environment_variable
+      create_backtrace_test
+
+      switch_env 'BACKTRACE', 'true' do
+        assert_match 'Minitest::BacktraceFilter', run_test_command('test/unit/backtrace_test.rb')
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_run_app_without_rails_loaded
+      # Simulate a real Rails app boot.
+      app_file 'config/boot.rb', <<-RUBY
+        ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'] ||= File.expand_path('../../Gemfile', __FILE__)
+
+        require 'bundler/setup' # Set up gems listed in the Gemfile.
+      RUBY
+
+      assert_match '0 runs, 0 assertions', run_test_command('')
+    end
+
+    def test_output_inline_by_default
+      create_test_file :models, 'post', pass: false
+
+      output = run_test_command('test/models/post_test.rb')
+      assert_match %r{Running:\n\nPostTest\nF\n\nwups!\n\nbin/rails test test/models/post_test.rb:6}, output
+    end
+
+    def test_only_inline_failure_output
+      create_test_file :models, 'post', pass: false
+
+      output = run_test_command('test/models/post_test.rb')
+      assert_match %r{Finished in.*\n\n1 runs, 1 assertions}, output
+    end
+
+    def test_fail_fast
+      create_test_file :models, 'post', pass: false
+
+      assert_match(/Interrupt/,
+        capture(:stderr) { run_test_command('test/models/post_test.rb --fail-fast') })
+    end
+
+    def test_raise_error_when_specified_file_does_not_exist
+      error = capture(:stderr) { run_test_command('test/not_exists.rb') }
+      assert_match(%r{cannot load such file.+test/not_exists\.rb}, error)
+    end
+
+    private
+      def run_test_command(arguments = 'test/unit/test_test.rb')
+        Dir.chdir(app_path) { `bin/rails t #{arguments}` }
       end
 
       def create_model_with_fixture
@@ -281,27 +401,42 @@ module ApplicationTests
         RUBY
       end
 
-      def create_schema
-        app_file 'db/schema.rb', ''
+      def create_backtrace_test
+        app_file 'test/unit/backtrace_test.rb', <<-RUBY
+          require 'test_helper'
+
+          class BacktraceTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+            def test_backtrace
+              puts Minitest.backtrace_filter
+            end
+          end
+        RUBY
       end
 
-      def redirect_stderr(target_stream)
-        previous_stderr = STDERR.dup
-        $stderr.reopen(target_stream)
-        yield
-        target_stream.rewind
-      ensure
-        $stderr = previous_stderr
+      def create_schema
+        app_file 'db/schema.rb', ''
       end
 
-      def create_test_file(path = :unit, name = 'test')
+      def create_test_file(path = :unit, name = 'test', pass: true)
         app_file "test/#{path}/#{name}_test.rb", <<-RUBY
           require 'test_helper'
 
           class #{name.camelize}Test < ActiveSupport::TestCase
             def test_truth
               puts "#{name.camelize}Test"
-              assert true
+              assert #{pass}, 'wups!'
+            end
+          end
+        RUBY
+      end
+
+      def create_env_test
+        app_file 'test/unit/env_test.rb', <<-RUBY
+          require 'test_helper'
+
+          class EnvTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+            def test_env
+              puts "Current Environment: \#{Rails.env}"
             end
           end
         RUBY
@@ -314,7 +449,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       end
 
       def run_migration
-        Dir.chdir(app_path) { `bundle exec rake db:migrate` }
+        Dir.chdir(app_path) { `bin/rake db:migrate` }
       end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/test_test.rb b/railties/test/application/test_test.rb
index a223180169..0e997f4ba7 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/test_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/test_test.rb
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
           def test_index
             get '/posts'
             assert_response :success
-            assert_template "index"
+            assert_includes @response.body, 'Posts#index'
           end
         end
       RUBY
@@ -64,10 +64,11 @@ module ApplicationTests
       RUBY
 
       output = run_test_file('unit/failing_test.rb', env: { "BACKTRACE" => "1" })
-      assert_match %r{/app/test/unit/failing_test\.rb}, output
+      assert_match %r{test/unit/failing_test\.rb}, output
+      assert_match %r{test/unit/failing_test\.rb:4}, output
     end
 
-    test "migrations" do
+    test "ruby schema migrations" do
       output  = script('generate model user name:string')
       version = output.match(/(\d+)_create_users\.rb/)[1]
 
@@ -104,6 +105,187 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert !result.include?("create_table(:users)")
     end
 
+    test "sql structure migrations" do
+      output  = script('generate model user name:string')
+      version = output.match(/(\d+)_create_users\.rb/)[1]
+
+      app_file 'test/models/user_test.rb', <<-RUBY
+        require 'test_helper'
+
+        class UserTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+          test "user" do
+            User.create! name: "Jon"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file 'db/structure.sql', ''
+      app_file 'config/initializers/enable_sql_schema_format.rb', <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.config.active_record.schema_format = :sql
+      RUBY
+
+      assert_unsuccessful_run "models/user_test.rb", "Migrations are pending"
+
+      app_file 'db/structure.sql', <<-SQL
+        CREATE TABLE "schema_migrations" ("version" varchar(255) NOT NULL);
+        CREATE UNIQUE INDEX "unique_schema_migrations" ON "schema_migrations" ("version");
+        CREATE TABLE "users" ("id" INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT NOT NULL, "name" varchar(255));
+        INSERT INTO schema_migrations (version) VALUES ('#{version}');
+      SQL
+
+      app_file 'config/initializers/disable_maintain_test_schema.rb', <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.config.active_record.maintain_test_schema = false
+      RUBY
+
+      assert_unsuccessful_run "models/user_test.rb", "Could not find table 'users'"
+
+      File.delete "#{app_path}/config/initializers/disable_maintain_test_schema.rb"
+
+      assert_successful_test_run('models/user_test.rb')
+    end
+
+    test "sql structure migrations when adding column to existing table" do
+      output_1  = script('generate model user name:string')
+      version_1 = output_1.match(/(\d+)_create_users\.rb/)[1]
+
+      app_file 'test/models/user_test.rb', <<-RUBY
+        require 'test_helper'
+        class UserTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+          test "user" do
+            User.create! name: "Jon"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file 'config/initializers/enable_sql_schema_format.rb', <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.config.active_record.schema_format = :sql
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file 'db/structure.sql', <<-SQL
+        CREATE TABLE "schema_migrations" ("version" varchar(255) NOT NULL);
+        CREATE UNIQUE INDEX "unique_schema_migrations" ON "schema_migrations" ("version");
+        CREATE TABLE "users" ("id" INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT NOT NULL, "name" varchar(255));
+        INSERT INTO schema_migrations (version) VALUES ('#{version_1}');
+      SQL
+
+      assert_successful_test_run('models/user_test.rb')
+
+      output_2  = script('generate migration add_email_to_users')
+      version_2 = output_2.match(/(\d+)_add_email_to_users\.rb/)[1]
+
+      app_file 'test/models/user_test.rb', <<-RUBY
+        require 'test_helper'
+
+        class UserTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+          test "user" do
+            User.create! name: "Jon", email: "jon@doe.com"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file 'db/structure.sql', <<-SQL
+        CREATE TABLE "schema_migrations" ("version" varchar(255) NOT NULL);
+        CREATE UNIQUE INDEX "unique_schema_migrations" ON "schema_migrations" ("version");
+        CREATE TABLE "users" ("id" INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT NOT NULL, "name" varchar(255), "email" varchar(255));
+        INSERT INTO schema_migrations (version) VALUES ('#{version_1}');
+        INSERT INTO schema_migrations (version) VALUES ('#{version_2}');
+      SQL
+
+      assert_successful_test_run('models/user_test.rb')
+    end
+
+    # TODO: would be nice if we could detect the schema change automatically.
+    # For now, the user has to synchronize the schema manually.
+    # This test-case serves as a reminder for this use-case.
+    test "manually synchronize test schema after rollback" do
+      output  = script('generate model user name:string')
+      version = output.match(/(\d+)_create_users\.rb/)[1]
+
+      app_file 'test/models/user_test.rb', <<-RUBY
+        require 'test_helper'
+
+        class UserTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+          test "user" do
+            assert_equal ["id", "name"], User.columns_hash.keys
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+      app_file 'db/schema.rb', <<-RUBY
+        ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: #{version}) do
+          create_table :users do |t|
+            t.string :name
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      assert_successful_test_run "models/user_test.rb"
+
+      # Simulate `db:rollback` + edit of the migration file + `db:migrate`
+      app_file 'db/schema.rb', <<-RUBY
+        ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: #{version}) do
+          create_table :users do |t|
+            t.string :name
+            t.integer :age
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      assert_successful_test_run "models/user_test.rb"
+
+      Dir.chdir(app_path) { `bin/rake db:test:prepare` }
+
+      assert_unsuccessful_run "models/user_test.rb", <<-ASSERTION
+Expected: ["id", "name"]
+  Actual: ["id", "name", "age"]
+      ASSERTION
+    end
+
+    test "hooks for plugins" do
+      output  = script('generate model user name:string')
+      version = output.match(/(\d+)_create_users\.rb/)[1]
+
+      app_file 'lib/tasks/hooks.rake', <<-RUBY
+        task :before_hook do
+          has_user_table = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.table_exists?('users')
+          puts "before: " + has_user_table.to_s
+        end
+
+        task :after_hook do
+          has_user_table = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.table_exists?('users')
+          puts "after: " + has_user_table.to_s
+        end
+
+        Rake::Task["db:test:prepare"].enhance [:before_hook] do
+          Rake::Task[:after_hook].invoke
+        end
+      RUBY
+      app_file 'test/models/user_test.rb', <<-RUBY
+        require 'test_helper'
+        class UserTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+          test "user" do
+            User.create! name: "Jon"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      # Simulate `db:migrate`
+      app_file 'db/schema.rb', <<-RUBY
+        ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: #{version}) do
+          create_table :users do |t|
+            t.string :name
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      output = assert_successful_test_run "models/user_test.rb"
+      assert_includes output, "before: false\nafter: true"
+
+      # running tests again won't trigger a schema update
+      output = assert_successful_test_run "models/user_test.rb"
+      assert_not_includes output, "before:"
+      assert_not_includes output, "after:"
+    end
+
     private
       def assert_unsuccessful_run(name, message)
         result = run_test_file(name)
@@ -119,23 +301,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       end
 
       def run_test_file(name, options = {})
-        ruby '-Itest', "#{app_path}/test/#{name}", options
-      end
-
-      def ruby(*args)
-        options = args.extract_options!
-        env = options.fetch(:env, {})
-        env["RUBYLIB"] = $:.join(':')
-
-        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-          `#{env_string(env)} #{Gem.ruby} #{args.join(' ')} 2>&1`
-        end
-      end
-
-      def env_string(variables)
-        variables.map do |key, value|
-          "#{key}='#{value}'"
-        end.join " "
+        Dir.chdir(app_path) { `bin/rails test "#{app_path}/test/#{name}" 2>&1` }
       end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/url_generation_test.rb b/railties/test/application/url_generation_test.rb
index efbc853d7b..894e18cb39 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/url_generation_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/url_generation_test.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       require "action_view/railtie"
 
       class MyApp < Rails::Application
-        config.secret_key_base = "3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c4"
+        secrets.secret_key_base = "3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c4"
         config.session_store :cookie_store, key: "_myapp_session"
         config.active_support.deprecation = :log
         config.eager_load = false
@@ -42,5 +42,18 @@ module ApplicationTests
       get "/"
       assert_equal "/", last_response.body
     end
+
+    def test_routes_know_the_relative_root
+      boot_rails
+      require "rails"
+      require "action_controller/railtie"
+      require "action_view/railtie"
+
+      relative_url = '/hello'
+      ENV["RAILS_RELATIVE_URL_ROOT"] = relative_url
+      app = Class.new(Rails::Application)
+      assert_equal relative_url, app.routes.relative_url_root
+      ENV["RAILS_RELATIVE_URL_ROOT"] = nil
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/code_statistics_calculator_test.rb b/railties/test/code_statistics_calculator_test.rb
index b3eabf5024..cecc3908b3 100644
--- a/railties/test/code_statistics_calculator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/code_statistics_calculator_test.rb
@@ -6,6 +6,43 @@ class CodeStatisticsCalculatorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     @code_statistics_calculator = CodeStatisticsCalculator.new
   end
 
+  test 'calculate statistics using #add_by_file_path' do
+    code = <<-RUBY
+      def foo
+        puts 'foo'
+        # bar
+      end
+    RUBY
+
+    temp_file 'stats.rb', code do |path|
+      @code_statistics_calculator.add_by_file_path path
+
+      assert_equal 4, @code_statistics_calculator.lines
+      assert_equal 3, @code_statistics_calculator.code_lines
+      assert_equal 0, @code_statistics_calculator.classes
+      assert_equal 1, @code_statistics_calculator.methods
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'count number of methods in MiniTest file' do
+    code = <<-RUBY
+      class FooTest < ActionController::TestCase
+        test 'expectation' do
+          assert true
+        end
+
+        def test_expectation
+          assert true
+        end
+      end
+    RUBY
+
+    temp_file 'foo_test.rb', code do |path|
+      @code_statistics_calculator.add_by_file_path path
+      assert_equal 2, @code_statistics_calculator.methods
+    end
+  end
+
   test 'add statistics to another using #add' do
     code_statistics_calculator_1 = CodeStatisticsCalculator.new(1, 2, 3, 4)
     @code_statistics_calculator.add(code_statistics_calculator_1)
@@ -45,30 +82,6 @@ class CodeStatisticsCalculatorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 6, @code_statistics_calculator.methods
   end
 
-  test 'calculate statistics using #add_by_file_path' do
-    tmp_path = File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), 'fixtures', 'tmp'))
-    FileUtils.mkdir_p(tmp_path)
-
-    code = <<-'CODE'
-      def foo
-        puts 'foo'
-        # bar
-      end
-    CODE
-
-    file_path = "#{tmp_path}/stats.rb"
-    File.open(file_path, 'w') { |f| f.write(code) }
-
-    @code_statistics_calculator.add_by_file_path(file_path)
-
-    assert_equal 4, @code_statistics_calculator.lines
-    assert_equal 3, @code_statistics_calculator.code_lines
-    assert_equal 0, @code_statistics_calculator.classes
-    assert_equal 1, @code_statistics_calculator.methods
-
-    FileUtils.rm_rf(tmp_path)
-  end
-
   test 'calculate number of Ruby methods' do
     code = <<-'CODE'
       def foo
@@ -285,4 +298,33 @@ class Animal
     assert_equal 0, @code_statistics_calculator.classes
     assert_equal 0, @code_statistics_calculator.methods
   end
+
+  test 'count rake tasks' do
+    code = <<-'CODE'
+      task :test_task do
+        puts 'foo'
+      end
+
+    CODE
+
+    @code_statistics_calculator.add_by_io(StringIO.new(code), :rake)
+
+    assert_equal 4, @code_statistics_calculator.lines
+    assert_equal 3, @code_statistics_calculator.code_lines
+    assert_equal 0, @code_statistics_calculator.classes
+    assert_equal 0, @code_statistics_calculator.methods
+  end
+
+  private
+    def temp_file(name, content)
+      dir = File.expand_path '../fixtures/tmp', __FILE__
+      path = "#{dir}/#{name}"
+
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p dir
+      File.write path, content
+
+      yield path
+    ensure
+      FileUtils.rm_rf path
+    end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/code_statistics_test.rb b/railties/test/code_statistics_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1b1ff80bc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/code_statistics_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'rails/code_statistics'
+
+class CodeStatisticsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @tmp_path = File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), 'fixtures', 'tmp'))
+    @dir_js   = File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), 'fixtures', 'tmp', 'lib.js'))
+    FileUtils.mkdir_p(@dir_js)
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    FileUtils.rm_rf(@tmp_path)
+  end
+
+  test 'ignores directories that happen to have source files extensions' do
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      @code_statistics = CodeStatistics.new(['tmp dir', @tmp_path])
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/commands/console_test.rb b/railties/test/commands/console_test.rb
index a34beaedb3..de0cf0ba9e 100644
--- a/railties/test/commands/console_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/commands/console_test.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,13 @@ class Rails::ConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   include EnvHelpers
 
   class FakeConsole
-    def self.start; end
+    def self.started?
+      @started
+    end
+
+    def self.start
+      @started = true
+    end
   end
 
   def test_sandbox_option
@@ -19,36 +25,24 @@ class Rails::ConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert console.sandbox?
   end
 
-  def test_debugger_option
-    console = Rails::Console.new(app, parse_arguments(["--debugger"]))
-    assert console.debugger?
-  end
-
   def test_no_options
     console = Rails::Console.new(app, parse_arguments([]))
-    assert !console.debugger?
     assert !console.sandbox?
   end
 
   def test_start
-    FakeConsole.expects(:start)
     start
-    assert_match(/Loading \w+ environment \(Rails/, output)
-  end
 
-  def test_start_with_debugger
-    rails_console = Rails::Console.new(app, parse_arguments(["--debugger"]))
-    rails_console.expects(:require_debugger).returns(nil)
-
-    silence_stream(STDOUT) { rails_console.start }
+    assert app.console.started?
+    assert_match(/Loading \w+ environment \(Rails/, output)
   end
 
   def test_start_with_sandbox
-    app.expects(:sandbox=).with(true)
-    FakeConsole.expects(:start)
-
     start ["--sandbox"]
 
+
+    assert app.console.started?
+    assert app.sandbox
     assert_match(/Loading \w+ environment in sandbox \(Rails/, output)
   end
 
@@ -58,7 +52,7 @@ class Rails::ConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_console_defaults_to_IRB
-    app = build_app(console: nil)
+    app = build_app(nil)
     assert_equal IRB, Rails::Console.new(app).console
   end
 
@@ -109,8 +103,12 @@ class Rails::ConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_rails_env_is_dev_when_argument_is_dev_and_dev_env_is_present
-    Rails::Console.stubs(:available_environments).returns(['dev'])
-    options = Rails::Console.parse_arguments(['dev'])
+    stubbed_console = Class.new(Rails::Console) do
+      def available_environments
+        ['dev']
+      end
+    end
+    options = stubbed_console.parse_arguments(['dev'])
     assert_match('dev', options[:environment])
   end
 
@@ -125,15 +123,29 @@ class Rails::ConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def app
-    @app ||= build_app(console: FakeConsole)
+    @app ||= build_app(FakeConsole)
   end
 
-  def build_app(config)
-    config = mock("config", config)
-    app = mock("app", config: config)
-    app.stubs(:sandbox=).returns(nil)
-    app.expects(:load_console)
-    app
+  def build_app(console)
+    mocked_console = Class.new do
+      attr_reader :sandbox, :console
+
+      def initialize(console)
+        @console = console
+      end
+
+      def config
+        self
+      end
+
+      def sandbox=(arg)
+        @sandbox = arg
+      end
+
+      def load_console
+      end
+    end
+    mocked_console.new(console)
   end
 
   def parse_arguments(args)
diff --git a/railties/test/commands/dbconsole_test.rb b/railties/test/commands/dbconsole_test.rb
index 24db395e6e..7950ed6aa7 100644
--- a/railties/test/commands/dbconsole_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/commands/dbconsole_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'minitest/mock'
 require 'rails/commands/dbconsole'
 
 class Rails::DBConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
@@ -26,20 +27,21 @@ class Rails::DBConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
         "timeout"=> "3000"
       }
     }
-    app_db_config(config_sample)
-    assert_equal Rails::DBConsole.new.config, config_sample["test"]
+    app_db_config(config_sample) do
+      assert_equal config_sample["test"], Rails::DBConsole.new.config
+    end
   end
 
   def test_config_with_no_db_config
-    app_db_config(nil)
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AdapterNotSpecified) {
-      Rails::DBConsole.new.config
-    }
+    app_db_config(nil) do
+      assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AdapterNotSpecified) {
+        Rails::DBConsole.new.config
+      }
+    end
   end
 
   def test_config_with_database_url_only
     ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = 'postgresql://foo:bar@localhost:9000/foo_test?pool=5&timeout=3000'
-    app_db_config(nil)
     expected = {
       "adapter"  => "postgresql",
       "host"     => "localhost",
@@ -50,7 +52,10 @@ class Rails::DBConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       "pool"     => "5",
       "timeout"  => "3000"
     }.sort
-    assert_equal expected, Rails::DBConsole.new.config.sort
+
+    app_db_config(nil) do
+      assert_equal expected, Rails::DBConsole.new.config.sort
+    end
   end
 
   def test_config_choose_database_url_if_exists
@@ -68,68 +73,73 @@ class Rails::DBConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
         "timeout"  => "3000"
       }
     }
-    app_db_config(sample_config)
-    assert_equal host, Rails::DBConsole.new.config["host"]
+    app_db_config(sample_config) do
+      assert_equal host, Rails::DBConsole.new.config["host"]
+    end
   end
 
   def test_env
-    assert_equal Rails::DBConsole.new.environment, "test"
+    assert_equal "test", Rails::DBConsole.new.environment
 
     ENV['RAILS_ENV'] = nil
     ENV['RACK_ENV'] = nil
 
-    Rails.stubs(:respond_to?).with(:env).returns(false)
-    assert_equal Rails::DBConsole.new.environment, "development"
+    Rails.stub(:respond_to?, false) do
+      assert_equal "development", Rails::DBConsole.new.environment
 
-    ENV['RACK_ENV'] = "rack_env"
-    assert_equal Rails::DBConsole.new.environment, "rack_env"
+      ENV['RACK_ENV'] = "rack_env"
+      assert_equal "rack_env", Rails::DBConsole.new.environment
 
-    ENV['RAILS_ENV'] = "rails_env"
-    assert_equal Rails::DBConsole.new.environment, "rails_env"
+      ENV['RAILS_ENV'] = "rails_env"
+      assert_equal "rails_env", Rails::DBConsole.new.environment
+    end
   ensure
     ENV['RAILS_ENV'] = "test"
+    ENV['RACK_ENV'] = nil
   end
 
   def test_rails_env_is_development_when_argument_is_dev
-    Rails::DBConsole.stubs(:available_environments).returns(['development', 'test'])
-    options = Rails::DBConsole.new.send(:parse_arguments, ['dev'])
-    assert_match('development', options[:environment])
+    Rails::DBConsole.stub(:available_environments, ['development', 'test']) do
+      options = Rails::DBConsole.send(:parse_arguments, ['dev'])
+      assert_match('development', options[:environment])
+    end
   end
 
   def test_rails_env_is_dev_when_argument_is_dev_and_dev_env_is_present
-    Rails::DBConsole.stubs(:available_environments).returns(['dev'])
-    options = Rails::DBConsole.new.send(:parse_arguments, ['dev'])
-    assert_match('dev', options[:environment])
+    Rails::DBConsole.stub(:available_environments, ['dev']) do
+      options = Rails::DBConsole.send(:parse_arguments, ['dev'])
+      assert_match('dev', options[:environment])
+    end
   end
 
   def test_mysql
-    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with(%w[mysql mysql5], 'db')
     start(adapter: 'mysql', database: 'db')
     assert !aborted
+    assert_equal [%w[mysql mysql5], 'db'], dbconsole.find_cmd_and_exec_args
   end
 
   def test_mysql_full
-    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with(%w[mysql mysql5], '--host=locahost', '--port=1234', '--socket=socket', '--user=user', '--default-character-set=UTF-8', '-p', 'db')
     start(adapter: 'mysql', database: 'db', host: 'locahost', port: 1234, socket: 'socket', username: 'user', password: 'qwerty', encoding: 'UTF-8')
     assert !aborted
+    assert_equal [%w[mysql mysql5], '--host=locahost', '--port=1234', '--socket=socket', '--user=user', '--default-character-set=UTF-8', '-p', 'db'], dbconsole.find_cmd_and_exec_args
   end
 
   def test_mysql_include_password
-    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with(%w[mysql mysql5], '--user=user', '--password=qwerty', 'db')
     start({adapter: 'mysql', database: 'db', username: 'user', password: 'qwerty'}, ['-p'])
     assert !aborted
+    assert_equal [%w[mysql mysql5], '--user=user', '--password=qwerty', 'db'], dbconsole.find_cmd_and_exec_args
   end
 
   def test_postgresql
-    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with('psql', 'db')
     start(adapter: 'postgresql', database: 'db')
     assert !aborted
+    assert_equal ['psql', 'db'], dbconsole.find_cmd_and_exec_args
   end
 
   def test_postgresql_full
-    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with('psql', 'db')
     start(adapter: 'postgresql', database: 'db', username: 'user', password: 'q1w2e3', host: 'host', port: 5432)
     assert !aborted
+    assert_equal ['psql', 'db'], dbconsole.find_cmd_and_exec_args
     assert_equal 'user', ENV['PGUSER']
     assert_equal 'host', ENV['PGHOST']
     assert_equal '5432', ENV['PGPORT']
@@ -137,60 +147,54 @@ class Rails::DBConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_postgresql_include_password
-    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with('psql', 'db')
     start({adapter: 'postgresql', database: 'db', username: 'user', password: 'q1w2e3'}, ['-p'])
     assert !aborted
+    assert_equal ['psql', 'db'], dbconsole.find_cmd_and_exec_args
     assert_equal 'user', ENV['PGUSER']
     assert_equal 'q1w2e3', ENV['PGPASSWORD']
   end
 
-  def test_sqlite
-    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with('sqlite', 'db')
-    start(adapter: 'sqlite', database: 'db')
-    assert !aborted
-  end
-
   def test_sqlite3
-    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with('sqlite3', Rails.root.join('db.sqlite3').to_s)
     start(adapter: 'sqlite3', database: 'db.sqlite3')
     assert !aborted
+    assert_equal ['sqlite3', Rails.root.join('db.sqlite3').to_s], dbconsole.find_cmd_and_exec_args
   end
 
   def test_sqlite3_mode
-    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with('sqlite3', '-html', Rails.root.join('db.sqlite3').to_s)
     start({adapter: 'sqlite3', database: 'db.sqlite3'}, ['--mode', 'html'])
     assert !aborted
+    assert_equal ['sqlite3', '-html', Rails.root.join('db.sqlite3').to_s], dbconsole.find_cmd_and_exec_args
   end
 
   def test_sqlite3_header
-    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with('sqlite3', '-header', Rails.root.join('db.sqlite3').to_s)
     start({adapter: 'sqlite3', database: 'db.sqlite3'}, ['--header'])
+    assert_equal ['sqlite3', '-header', Rails.root.join('db.sqlite3').to_s], dbconsole.find_cmd_and_exec_args
   end
 
   def test_sqlite3_db_absolute_path
-    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with('sqlite3', '/tmp/db.sqlite3')
     start(adapter: 'sqlite3', database: '/tmp/db.sqlite3')
     assert !aborted
+    assert_equal ['sqlite3', '/tmp/db.sqlite3'], dbconsole.find_cmd_and_exec_args
   end
 
   def test_sqlite3_db_without_defined_rails_root
-    Rails.stubs(:respond_to?)
-    Rails.expects(:respond_to?).with(:root).once.returns(false)
-    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with('sqlite3', Rails.root.join('../config/db.sqlite3').to_s)
-    start(adapter: 'sqlite3', database: 'config/db.sqlite3')
-    assert !aborted
+    Rails.stub(:respond_to?, false) do
+      start(adapter: 'sqlite3', database: 'config/db.sqlite3')
+      assert !aborted
+      assert_equal ['sqlite3', Rails.root.join('../config/db.sqlite3').to_s], dbconsole.find_cmd_and_exec_args
+    end
   end
 
   def test_oracle
-    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with('sqlplus', 'user@db')
     start(adapter: 'oracle', database: 'db', username: 'user', password: 'secret')
     assert !aborted
+    assert_equal ['sqlplus', 'user@db'], dbconsole.find_cmd_and_exec_args
   end
 
   def test_oracle_include_password
-    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with('sqlplus', 'user/secret@db')
     start({adapter: 'oracle', database: 'db', username: 'user', password: 'secret'}, ['-p'])
     assert !aborted
+    assert_equal ['sqlplus', 'user/secret@db'], dbconsole.find_cmd_and_exec_args
   end
 
   def test_unknown_command_line_client
@@ -223,16 +227,27 @@ class Rails::DBConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   private
 
   def app_db_config(results)
-    Rails.application.config.stubs(:database_configuration).returns(results || {})
+    Rails.application.config.stub(:database_configuration, results || {}) do
+      yield
+    end
   end
 
   def dbconsole
-    @dbconsole ||= Rails::DBConsole.new(nil)
+    @dbconsole ||= Class.new(Rails::DBConsole) do
+      attr_reader :find_cmd_and_exec_args
+
+      def find_cmd_and_exec(*args)
+        @find_cmd_and_exec_args = args
+      end
+    end.new(nil)
   end
 
   def start(config = {}, argv = [])
-    dbconsole.stubs(config: config.stringify_keys, arguments: argv)
-    capture_abort { dbconsole.start }
+    dbconsole.stub(:config, config.stringify_keys) do
+      dbconsole.stub(:arguments, argv) do
+        capture_abort { dbconsole.start }
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   def capture_abort
diff --git a/railties/test/commands/dev_cache_test.rb b/railties/test/commands/dev_cache_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1b7a72e7fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/commands/dev_cache_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+require_relative '../isolation/abstract_unit'
+
+module CommandsTests
+  class DevCacheTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+    include ActiveSupport::Testing::Isolation
+
+    def setup
+      build_app
+    end
+
+    def teardown
+      teardown_app
+    end
+
+    test 'dev:cache creates file and outputs message' do
+      Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+        output = `rails dev:cache`
+        assert File.exist?('tmp/caching-dev.txt')
+        assert_match(%r{Development mode is now being cached}, output)
+      end
+    end
+
+    test 'dev:cache deletes file and outputs message' do
+      Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+        `rails dev:cache` # Create caching file.
+        output = `rails dev:cache` # Delete caching file.
+        assert_not File.exist?('tmp/caching-dev.txt')
+        assert_match(%r{Development mode is no longer being cached}, output)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/commands/server_test.rb b/railties/test/commands/server_test.rb
index ba688f1e9e..3be4a74f74 100644
--- a/railties/test/commands/server_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/commands/server_test.rb
@@ -44,6 +44,29 @@ class Rails::ServerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_environment_with_port
+    switch_env "PORT", "1234" do
+      server = Rails::Server.new
+      assert_equal 1234, server.options[:Port]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_caching_without_option
+    args = []
+    options = Rails::Server::Options.new.parse!(args)
+    assert_equal nil, options[:caching]
+  end
+
+  def test_caching_with_option
+    args = ["--dev-caching"]
+    options = Rails::Server::Options.new.parse!(args)
+    assert_equal true, options[:caching]
+
+    args = ["--no-dev-caching"]
+    options = Rails::Server::Options.new.parse!(args)
+    assert_equal false, options[:caching]
+  end
+
   def test_log_stdout
     with_rack_env nil do
       with_rails_env nil do
diff --git a/railties/test/configuration/middleware_stack_proxy_test.rb b/railties/test/configuration/middleware_stack_proxy_test.rb
index 6f3e45f320..d5072614cf 100644
--- a/railties/test/configuration/middleware_stack_proxy_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/configuration/middleware_stack_proxy_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+require 'active_support'
 require 'active_support/testing/autorun'
 require 'rails/configuration'
 require 'active_support/test_case'
diff --git a/railties/test/engine_test.rb b/railties/test/engine_test.rb
index 7970913d21..f46fb748f5 100644
--- a/railties/test/engine_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/engine_test.rb
@@ -11,4 +11,15 @@ class EngineTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
     assert !engine.routes?
   end
+
+  def test_application_can_be_subclassed
+    klass = Class.new(Rails::Application) do
+      attr_reader :hello
+      def initialize
+        @hello = "world"
+        super
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal "world", klass.instance.hello
+  end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/actions_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/actions_test.rb
index 0db40c1d32..b4fbea4af4 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/actions_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/actions_test.rb
@@ -41,13 +41,21 @@ class ActionsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   def test_add_source_adds_source_to_gemfile
     run_generator
     action :add_source, 'http://gems.github.com'
-    assert_file 'Gemfile', /source "http:\/\/gems\.github\.com"/
+    assert_file 'Gemfile', /source 'http:\/\/gems\.github\.com'/
+  end
+
+  def test_add_source_with_block_adds_source_to_gemfile_with_gem
+    run_generator
+    action :add_source, 'http://gems.github.com' do
+      gem 'rspec-rails'
+    end
+    assert_file 'Gemfile', /source 'http:\/\/gems\.github\.com' do\n  gem 'rspec-rails'\nend/
   end
 
   def test_gem_should_put_gem_dependency_in_gemfile
     run_generator
     action :gem, 'will-paginate'
-    assert_file 'Gemfile', /gem "will\-paginate"/
+    assert_file 'Gemfile', /gem 'will\-paginate'/
   end
 
   def test_gem_with_version_should_include_version_in_gemfile
@@ -55,7 +63,7 @@ class ActionsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
     action :gem, 'rspec', '>=2.0.0.a5'
 
-    assert_file 'Gemfile', /gem "rspec", ">=2.0.0.a5"/
+    assert_file 'Gemfile', /gem 'rspec', '>=2.0.0.a5'/
   end
 
   def test_gem_should_insert_on_separate_lines
@@ -66,8 +74,8 @@ class ActionsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     action :gem, 'rspec'
     action :gem, 'rspec-rails'
 
-    assert_file 'Gemfile', /^gem "rspec"$/
-    assert_file 'Gemfile', /^gem "rspec-rails"$/
+    assert_file 'Gemfile', /^gem 'rspec'$/
+    assert_file 'Gemfile', /^gem 'rspec-rails'$/
   end
 
   def test_gem_should_include_options
@@ -75,7 +83,25 @@ class ActionsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
     action :gem, 'rspec', github: 'dchelimsky/rspec', tag: '1.2.9.rc1'
 
-    assert_file 'Gemfile', /gem "rspec", github: "dchelimsky\/rspec", tag: "1\.2\.9\.rc1"/
+    assert_file 'Gemfile', /gem 'rspec', github: 'dchelimsky\/rspec', tag: '1\.2\.9\.rc1'/
+  end
+
+  def test_gem_with_non_string_options
+    run_generator
+
+    action :gem, 'rspec', require: false
+    action :gem, 'rspec-rails', group: [:development, :test]
+
+    assert_file 'Gemfile', /^gem 'rspec', require: false$/
+    assert_file 'Gemfile', /^gem 'rspec-rails', group: \[:development, :test\]$/
+  end
+
+  def test_gem_falls_back_to_inspect_if_string_contains_single_quote
+    run_generator
+
+    action :gem, 'rspec', ">=2.0'0"
+
+    assert_file 'Gemfile', /^gem 'rspec', ">=2\.0'0"$/
   end
 
   def test_gem_group_should_wrap_gems_in_a_group
@@ -89,7 +115,7 @@ class ActionsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
       gem 'fakeweb'
     end
 
-    assert_file 'Gemfile', /\ngroup :development, :test do\n  gem "rspec-rails"\nend\n\ngroup :test do\n  gem "fakeweb"\nend/
+    assert_file 'Gemfile', /\ngroup :development, :test do\n  gem 'rspec-rails'\nend\n\ngroup :test do\n  gem 'fakeweb'\nend/
   end
 
   def test_environment_should_include_data_in_environment_initializer_block
@@ -110,7 +136,7 @@ class ActionsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     run_generator
 
     action :environment do
-      '# This wont be added'
+      _ = '# This wont be added'# assignment to silence parse-time warning "unused literal ignored"
       '# This will be added'
     end
 
@@ -121,13 +147,15 @@ class ActionsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_git_with_symbol_should_run_command_using_git_scm
-    generator.expects(:run).once.with('git init')
-    action :git, :init
+    assert_called_with(generator, :run, ['git init']) do
+      action :git, :init
+    end
   end
 
   def test_git_with_hash_should_run_each_command_using_git_scm
-    generator.expects(:run).times(2)
-    action :git, rm: 'README', add: '.'
+    assert_called_with(generator, :run, [ ["git rm README"], ["git add ."] ]) do
+      action :git, rm: 'README', add: '.'
+    end
   end
 
   def test_vendor_should_write_data_to_file_in_vendor
@@ -151,46 +179,53 @@ class ActionsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_generate_should_run_script_generate_with_argument_and_options
-    generator.expects(:run_ruby_script).once.with('bin/rails generate model MyModel', verbose: false)
-    action :generate, 'model', 'MyModel'
+    assert_called_with(generator, :run_ruby_script, ['bin/rails generate model MyModel', verbose: false]) do
+      action :generate, 'model', 'MyModel'
+    end
   end
 
   def test_rake_should_run_rake_command_with_default_env
-    generator.expects(:run).once.with("rake log:clear RAILS_ENV=development", verbose: false)
-    with_rails_env nil do
-      action :rake, 'log:clear'
+    assert_called_with(generator, :run, ["rake log:clear RAILS_ENV=development", verbose: false]) do
+      with_rails_env nil do
+        action :rake, 'log:clear'
+      end
     end
   end
 
   def test_rake_with_env_option_should_run_rake_command_in_env
-    generator.expects(:run).once.with('rake log:clear RAILS_ENV=production', verbose: false)
-    action :rake, 'log:clear', env: 'production'
+    assert_called_with(generator, :run, ['rake log:clear RAILS_ENV=production', verbose: false]) do
+      action :rake, 'log:clear', env: 'production'
+    end
   end
 
   def test_rake_with_rails_env_variable_should_run_rake_command_in_env
-    generator.expects(:run).once.with('rake log:clear RAILS_ENV=production', verbose: false)
-    with_rails_env "production" do
-      action :rake, 'log:clear'
+    assert_called_with(generator, :run, ['rake log:clear RAILS_ENV=production', verbose: false]) do
+      with_rails_env "production" do
+        action :rake, 'log:clear'
+      end
     end
   end
 
   def test_env_option_should_win_over_rails_env_variable_when_running_rake
-    generator.expects(:run).once.with('rake log:clear RAILS_ENV=production', verbose: false)
-    with_rails_env "staging" do
-      action :rake, 'log:clear', env: 'production'
+    assert_called_with(generator, :run, ['rake log:clear RAILS_ENV=production', verbose: false]) do
+      with_rails_env "staging" do
+        action :rake, 'log:clear', env: 'production'
+      end
     end
   end
 
   def test_rake_with_sudo_option_should_run_rake_command_with_sudo
-    generator.expects(:run).once.with("sudo rake log:clear RAILS_ENV=development", verbose: false)
-    with_rails_env nil do
-      action :rake, 'log:clear', sudo: true
+    assert_called_with(generator, :run, ["sudo rake log:clear RAILS_ENV=development", verbose: false]) do
+      with_rails_env nil do
+        action :rake, 'log:clear', sudo: true
+      end
     end
   end
 
   def test_capify_should_run_the_capify_command
-    generator.expects(:run).once.with('capify .', verbose: false)
-    action :capify!
+    assert_called_with(generator, :run, ['capify .', verbose: false]) do
+      action :capify!
+    end
   end
 
   def test_route_should_add_data_to_the_routes_block_in_config_routes
@@ -200,17 +235,58 @@ class ActionsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_file 'config/routes.rb', /#{Regexp.escape(route_command)}/
   end
 
+  def test_route_should_be_idempotent
+    run_generator
+    route_path = File.expand_path('config/routes.rb', destination_root)
+
+    # runs first time, not asserting
+    action :route, "root 'welcome#index'"
+    content_1 = File.read(route_path)
+
+    # runs second time
+    action :route, "root 'welcome#index'"
+    content_2 = File.read(route_path)
+
+    assert_equal content_1, content_2
+  end
+
+  def test_route_should_add_data_with_an_new_line
+    run_generator
+    action :route, "root 'welcome#index'"
+    route_path = File.expand_path("config/routes.rb", destination_root)
+    content = File.read(route_path)
+
+    # Remove all of the comments and blank lines from the routes file
+    content.gsub!(/^  \#.*\n/, '')
+    content.gsub!(/^\n/, '')
+
+    File.open(route_path, "wb") { |file| file.write(content) }
+    assert_file "config/routes.rb", /\.routes\.draw do\n  root 'welcome#index'\nend\n\z/
+
+    action :route, "resources :product_lines"
+
+    routes = <<-F
+Rails.application.routes.draw do
+  resources :product_lines
+  root 'welcome#index'
+end
+F
+    assert_file "config/routes.rb", routes
+  end
+
   def test_readme
     run_generator
-    Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.expects(:source_root).times(2).returns(destination_root)
-    assert_match "application up and running", action(:readme, "README.rdoc")
+    assert_called(Rails::Generators::AppGenerator, :source_root, times: 2, returns: destination_root) do
+      assert_match "application up and running", action(:readme, "README.md")
+    end
   end
 
   def test_readme_with_quiet
     generator(default_arguments, quiet: true)
     run_generator
-    Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.expects(:source_root).times(2).returns(destination_root)
-    assert_no_match "application up and running", action(:readme, "README.rdoc")
+    assert_called(Rails::Generators::AppGenerator, :source_root, times: 2, returns: destination_root) do
+      assert_no_match "application up and running", action(:readme, "README.md")
+    end
   end
 
   def test_log
@@ -234,7 +310,7 @@ class ActionsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   protected
 
     def action(*args, &block)
-      silence(:stdout){ generator.send(*args, &block) }
+      capture(:stdout){ generator.send(*args, &block) }
     end
 
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/api_app_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/api_app_generator_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..be2cd3a853
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/generators/api_app_generator_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
+require 'rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator'
+
+class ApiAppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
+  include GeneratorsTestHelper
+  tests Rails::Generators::AppGenerator
+
+  arguments [destination_root, '--api']
+
+  def setup
+    Rails.application = TestApp::Application
+    super
+
+    Kernel::silence_warnings do
+      Thor::Base.shell.send(:attr_accessor, :always_force)
+      @shell = Thor::Base.shell.new
+      @shell.send(:always_force=, true)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    super
+    Rails.application = TestApp::Application.instance
+  end
+
+  def test_skeleton_is_created
+    run_generator
+
+    default_files.each { |path| assert_file path }
+    skipped_files.each { |path| assert_no_file path }
+  end
+
+  def test_api_modified_files
+    run_generator
+
+    assert_file "Gemfile" do |content|
+      assert_no_match(/gem 'coffee-rails'/, content)
+      assert_no_match(/gem 'jquery-rails'/, content)
+      assert_no_match(/gem 'sass-rails'/, content)
+      assert_no_match(/gem 'jbuilder'/, content)
+      assert_no_match(/gem 'web-console'/, content)
+      assert_match(/gem 'active_model_serializers'/, content)
+    end
+
+    assert_file "config/application.rb" do |content|
+      assert_match(/config.api_only = true/, content)
+    end
+
+    assert_file "config/initializers/cors.rb"
+
+    assert_file "config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb"
+
+    assert_file "app/controllers/application_controller.rb", /ActionController::API/
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def default_files
+    files = %W(
+      .gitignore
+      Gemfile
+      Rakefile
+      config.ru
+      app/controllers
+      app/mailers
+      app/models
+      config/environments
+      config/initializers
+      config/locales
+      db
+      lib
+      lib/tasks
+      log
+      test/fixtures
+      test/controllers
+      test/integration
+      test/models
+      tmp
+      vendor
+    )
+    files.concat %w(bin/bundle bin/rails bin/rake)
+    files
+  end
+
+  def skipped_files
+    %w(app/assets
+       app/helpers
+       app/views
+       config/initializers/assets.rb
+       config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb
+       config/initializers/session_store.rb
+       config/initializers/request_forgery_protection.rb
+       lib/assets
+       vendor/assets
+       test/helpers
+       tmp/cache/assets)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/app_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/app_generator_test.rb
index 5ebdadacbf..dd2e931c5c 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/app_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/app_generator_test.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ require 'generators/shared_generator_tests'
 
 DEFAULT_APP_FILES = %w(
   .gitignore
-  README.rdoc
+  README.md
   Gemfile
   Rakefile
   config.ru
@@ -17,10 +17,12 @@ DEFAULT_APP_FILES = %w(
   app/mailers
   app/models
   app/models/concerns
+  app/jobs
   app/views/layouts
   bin/bundle
   bin/rails
   bin/rake
+  bin/setup
   config/environments
   config/initializers
   config/locales
@@ -31,6 +33,7 @@ DEFAULT_APP_FILES = %w(
   log
   test/test_helper.rb
   test/fixtures
+  test/fixtures/files
   test/controllers
   test/models
   test/helpers
@@ -40,6 +43,7 @@ DEFAULT_APP_FILES = %w(
   vendor/assets
   vendor/assets/stylesheets
   vendor/assets/javascripts
+  tmp
   tmp/cache
   tmp/cache/assets
 )
@@ -64,6 +68,11 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_file("app/assets/javascripts/application.js")
   end
 
+  def test_application_job_file_present
+    run_generator
+    assert_file("app/jobs/application_job.rb")
+  end
+
   def test_invalid_application_name_raises_an_error
     content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator [File.join(destination_root, "43-things")] }
     assert_equal "Invalid application name 43-things. Please give a name which does not start with numbers.\n", content
@@ -107,35 +116,121 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
     run_generator [app_root]
 
-    Rails.application.config.root = app_moved_root
-    Rails.application.class.stubs(:name).returns("Myapp")
-    Rails.application.stubs(:is_a?).returns(Rails::Application)
+    stub_rails_application(app_moved_root) do
+      Rails.application.stub(:is_a?, -> *args { Rails::Application }) do
+        FileUtils.mv(app_root, app_moved_root)
 
-    FileUtils.mv(app_root, app_moved_root)
+        # make sure we are in correct dir
+        FileUtils.cd(app_moved_root)
 
-    # make sure we are in correct dir
-    FileUtils.cd(app_moved_root)
-
-    generator = Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.new ["rails"], { with_dispatchers: true },
-                                                               destination_root: app_moved_root, shell: @shell
-    generator.send(:app_const)
-    quietly { generator.send(:create_config_files) }
-    assert_file "myapp_moved/config/environment.rb", /Rails\.application\.initialize!/
-    assert_file "myapp_moved/config/initializers/session_store.rb", /_myapp_session/
+        generator = Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.new ["rails"], { with_dispatchers: true },
+                                                                   destination_root: app_moved_root, shell: @shell
+        generator.send(:app_const)
+        quietly { generator.send(:update_config_files) }
+        assert_file "myapp_moved/config/environment.rb", /Rails\.application\.initialize!/
+        assert_file "myapp_moved/config/initializers/session_store.rb", /_myapp_session/
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   def test_rails_update_generates_correct_session_key
     app_root = File.join(destination_root, 'myapp')
     run_generator [app_root]
 
-    Rails.application.config.root = app_root
-    Rails.application.class.stubs(:name).returns("Myapp")
-    Rails.application.stubs(:is_a?).returns(Rails::Application)
+    stub_rails_application(app_root) do
+      generator = Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.new ["rails"], { with_dispatchers: true }, destination_root: app_root, shell: @shell
+      generator.send(:app_const)
+      quietly { generator.send(:update_config_files) }
+      assert_file "myapp/config/initializers/session_store.rb", /_myapp_session/
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_new_application_use_json_serialzier
+    run_generator
+
+    assert_file("config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb", /Rails\.application\.config\.action_dispatch\.cookies_serializer = :json/)
+  end
+
+  def test_rails_update_keep_the_cookie_serializer_if_it_is_already_configured
+    app_root = File.join(destination_root, 'myapp')
+    run_generator [app_root]
+
+    stub_rails_application(app_root) do
+      generator = Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.new ["rails"], { with_dispatchers: true }, destination_root: app_root, shell: @shell
+      generator.send(:app_const)
+      quietly { generator.send(:update_config_files) }
+      assert_file("#{app_root}/config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb", /Rails\.application\.config\.action_dispatch\.cookies_serializer = :json/)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_rails_update_does_not_create_callback_terminator_initializer
+    app_root = File.join(destination_root, 'myapp')
+    run_generator [app_root]
+
+    FileUtils.rm("#{app_root}/config/initializers/callback_terminator.rb")
+
+    stub_rails_application(app_root) do
+      generator = Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.new ["rails"], { with_dispatchers: true }, destination_root: app_root, shell: @shell
+      generator.send(:app_const)
+      quietly { generator.send(:update_config_files) }
+      assert_no_file "#{app_root}/config/initializers/callback_terminator.rb"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_rails_update_does_not_remove_callback_terminator_initializer_if_already_present
+    app_root = File.join(destination_root, 'myapp')
+    run_generator [app_root]
+
+    FileUtils.touch("#{app_root}/config/initializers/callback_terminator.rb")
+
+    stub_rails_application(app_root) do
+      generator = Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.new ["rails"], { with_dispatchers: true }, destination_root: app_root, shell: @shell
+      generator.send(:app_const)
+      quietly { generator.send(:update_config_files) }
+      assert_file "#{app_root}/config/initializers/callback_terminator.rb"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_rails_update_set_the_cookie_serializer_to_marchal_if_it_is_not_already_configured
+    app_root = File.join(destination_root, 'myapp')
+    run_generator [app_root]
+
+    FileUtils.rm("#{app_root}/config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb")
+
+    stub_rails_application(app_root) do
+      generator = Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.new ["rails"], { with_dispatchers: true }, destination_root: app_root, shell: @shell
+      generator.send(:app_const)
+      quietly { generator.send(:update_config_files) }
+      assert_file("#{app_root}/config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb", /Rails\.application\.config\.action_dispatch\.cookies_serializer = :marshal/)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_rails_update_does_not_create_active_record_belongs_to_required_by_default
+    app_root = File.join(destination_root, 'myapp')
+    run_generator [app_root]
+
+    FileUtils.rm("#{app_root}/config/initializers/active_record_belongs_to_required_by_default.rb")
+
+    stub_rails_application(app_root) do
+      generator = Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.new ["rails"], { with_dispatchers: true }, destination_root: app_root, shell: @shell
+      generator.send(:app_const)
+      quietly { generator.send(:update_config_files) }
+      assert_no_file "#{app_root}/config/initializers/active_record_belongs_to_required_by_default.rb"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_rails_update_does_not_remove_active_record_belongs_to_required_by_default_if_already_present
+    app_root = File.join(destination_root, 'myapp')
+    run_generator [app_root]
+
+    FileUtils.touch("#{app_root}/config/initializers/active_record_belongs_to_required_by_default.rb")
 
-    generator = Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.new ["rails"], { with_dispatchers: true }, destination_root: app_root, shell: @shell
-    generator.send(:app_const)
-    quietly { generator.send(:create_config_files) }
-    assert_file "myapp/config/initializers/session_store.rb", /_myapp_session/
+    stub_rails_application(app_root) do
+      generator = Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.new ["rails"], { with_dispatchers: true }, destination_root: app_root, shell: @shell
+      generator.send(:app_const)
+      quietly { generator.send(:update_config_files) }
+      assert_file "#{app_root}/config/initializers/active_record_belongs_to_required_by_default.rb"
+    end
   end
 
   def test_application_names_are_not_singularized
@@ -156,20 +251,20 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   def test_config_database_is_added_by_default
     run_generator
     assert_file "config/database.yml", /sqlite3/
-    unless defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
-      assert_gem "sqlite3"
-    else
+    if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
       assert_gem "activerecord-jdbcsqlite3-adapter"
+    else
+      assert_gem "sqlite3"
     end
   end
 
   def test_config_another_database
     run_generator([destination_root, "-d", "mysql"])
     assert_file "config/database.yml", /mysql/
-    unless defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
-      assert_gem "mysql2"
-    else
+    if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
       assert_gem "activerecord-jdbcmysql-adapter"
+    else
+      assert_gem "mysql2", "'>= 0.3.18', '< 0.5'"
     end
   end
 
@@ -181,10 +276,10 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   def test_config_postgresql_database
     run_generator([destination_root, "-d", "postgresql"])
     assert_file "config/database.yml", /postgresql/
-    unless defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
-      assert_gem "pg"
-    else
+    if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
       assert_gem "activerecord-jdbcpostgresql-adapter"
+    else
+      assert_gem "pg", "'~> 0.18'"
     end
   end
 
@@ -213,30 +308,55 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_gem "activerecord-jdbc-adapter"
   end
 
-  def test_config_jdbc_database_when_no_option_given
-    if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
-      run_generator([destination_root])
+  if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
+    def test_config_jdbc_database_when_no_option_given
+      run_generator
       assert_file "config/database.yml", /sqlite3/
       assert_gem "activerecord-jdbcsqlite3-adapter"
     end
   end
 
+  def test_generator_without_skips
+    run_generator
+    assert_file "config/application.rb", /\s+require\s+["']rails\/all["']/
+    assert_file "config/environments/development.rb" do |content|
+      assert_match(/config\.action_mailer\.raise_delivery_errors = false/, content)
+    end
+    assert_file "config/environments/test.rb" do |content|
+      assert_match(/config\.action_mailer\.delivery_method = :test/, content)
+    end
+    assert_file "config/environments/production.rb" do |content|
+      assert_match(/# config\.action_mailer\.raise_delivery_errors = false/, content)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_generator_if_skip_active_record_is_given
     run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-active-record"]
     assert_no_file "config/database.yml"
+    assert_no_file "config/initializers/active_record_belongs_to_required_by_default.rb"
     assert_file "config/application.rb", /#\s+require\s+["']active_record\/railtie["']/
     assert_file "test/test_helper.rb" do |helper_content|
       assert_no_match(/fixtures :all/, helper_content)
     end
   end
 
-  def test_generator_if_skip_action_view_is_given
-    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-action-view"]
-    assert_file "config/application.rb", /#\s+require\s+["']action_view\/railtie["']/
+  def test_generator_if_skip_action_mailer_is_given
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-action-mailer"]
+    assert_file "config/application.rb", /#\s+require\s+["']action_mailer\/railtie["']/
+    assert_file "config/environments/development.rb" do |content|
+      assert_no_match(/config\.action_mailer/, content)
+    end
+    assert_file "config/environments/test.rb" do |content|
+      assert_no_match(/config\.action_mailer/, content)
+    end
+    assert_file "config/environments/production.rb" do |content|
+      assert_no_match(/config\.action_mailer/, content)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_generator_if_skip_sprockets_is_given
     run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-sprockets"]
+    assert_no_file "config/initializers/assets.rb"
     assert_file "config/application.rb" do |content|
       assert_match(/#\s+require\s+["']sprockets\/railtie["']/, content)
     end
@@ -252,16 +372,15 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
       assert_no_match(/config\.assets\.digest = true/, content)
       assert_no_match(/config\.assets\.js_compressor = :uglifier/, content)
       assert_no_match(/config\.assets\.css_compressor = :sass/, content)
-      assert_no_match(/config\.assets\.version = '1\.0'/, content)
     end
   end
 
   def test_inclusion_of_javascript_runtime
-    run_generator([destination_root])
+    run_generator
     if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
       assert_gem "therubyrhino"
     else
-      assert_file "Gemfile", /# gem\s+["']therubyracer["']+, \s+platforms: :ruby$/
+      assert_file "Gemfile", /# gem 'therubyracer', platforms: :ruby/
     end
   end
 
@@ -302,38 +421,35 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
   def test_inclusion_of_jbuilder
     run_generator
-    assert_file "Gemfile", /gem 'jbuilder'/
+    assert_gem 'jbuilder'
   end
 
-  def test_inclusion_of_debugger
+  def test_inclusion_of_a_debugger
     run_generator
-    if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
+    if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION) || RUBY_ENGINE == "rbx"
       assert_file "Gemfile" do |content|
-        assert_no_match(/debugger/, content)
+        assert_no_match(/byebug/, content)
       end
     else
-      assert_file "Gemfile", /# gem 'debugger'/
+      assert_gem 'byebug'
     end
   end
 
-  def test_inclusion_of_doc
-    run_generator
-    assert_file 'Gemfile', /gem 'sdoc',\s+'~> 0.4.0',\s+group: :doc/
-  end
-
   def test_template_from_dir_pwd
     FileUtils.cd(Rails.root)
     assert_match(/It works from file!/, run_generator([destination_root, "-m", "lib/template.rb"]))
   end
 
   def test_usage_read_from_file
-    File.expects(:read).returns("USAGE FROM FILE")
-    assert_equal "USAGE FROM FILE", Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.desc
+    assert_called(File, :read, returns: "USAGE FROM FILE") do
+      assert_equal "USAGE FROM FILE", Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.desc
+    end
   end
 
   def test_default_usage
-    Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.expects(:usage_path).returns(nil)
-    assert_match(/Create rails files for app generator/, Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.desc)
+    assert_called(Rails::Generators::AppGenerator, :usage_path, returns: nil) do
+      assert_match(/Create rails files for app generator/, Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.desc)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_default_namespace
@@ -345,19 +461,20 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_file 'lib/test_file.rb', 'heres test data'
   end
 
-  def test_test_unit_is_removed_from_frameworks_if_skip_test_unit_is_given
-    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-test-unit"]
+  def test_tests_are_removed_from_frameworks_if_skip_test_is_given
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-test"]
     assert_file "config/application.rb", /#\s+require\s+["']rails\/test_unit\/railtie["']/
   end
 
-  def test_no_active_record_or_test_unit_if_skips_given
-    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-test-unit", "--skip-active-record"]
+  def test_no_active_record_or_tests_if_skips_given
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-test", "--skip-active-record"]
     assert_file "config/application.rb", /#\s+require\s+["']rails\/test_unit\/railtie["']/
     assert_file "config/application.rb", /#\s+require\s+["']active_record\/railtie["']/
+    assert_file "config/application.rb", /\s+require\s+["']active_job\/railtie["']/
   end
 
   def test_new_hash_style
-    run_generator [destination_root]
+    run_generator
     assert_file "config/initializers/session_store.rb" do |file|
       assert_match(/config.session_store :cookie_store, key: '_.+_session'/, file)
     end
@@ -369,7 +486,7 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_application_name_with_spaces
-    path = File.join(destination_root, "foo bar".shellescape)
+    path = File.join(destination_root, "foo bar")
 
     # This also applies to MySQL apps but not with SQLite
     run_generator [path, "-d", 'postgresql']
@@ -378,25 +495,61 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_file "foo bar/config/initializers/session_store.rb", /key: '_foo_bar/
   end
 
+  def test_web_console
+    run_generator
+    assert_gem 'web-console'
+  end
+
+  def test_web_console_with_dev_option
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--dev"]
+
+    assert_file "Gemfile" do |content|
+      assert_match(/gem 'web-console',\s+github: 'rails\/web-console'/, content)
+      assert_no_match(/gem 'web-console', '~> 3.0'/, content)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_web_console_with_edge_option
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--edge"]
+
+    assert_file "Gemfile" do |content|
+      assert_match(/gem 'web-console',\s+github: 'rails\/web-console'/, content)
+      assert_no_match(/gem 'web-console', '~> 3.0'/, content)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_spring
     run_generator
-    assert_file "Gemfile", /gem 'spring', \s+group: :development/
+    assert_gem 'spring'
   end
 
   def test_spring_binstubs
     jruby_skip "spring doesn't run on JRuby"
-    generator.stubs(:bundle_command).with('install')
-    generator.expects(:bundle_command).with('exec spring binstub --all').once
-    quietly { generator.invoke_all }
+    command_check = -> command do
+      @binstub_called ||= 0
+
+      case command
+      when 'install'
+        # Called when running bundle, we just want to stub it so nothing to do here.
+      when 'exec spring binstub --all'
+        @binstub_called += 1
+        assert_equal 1, @binstub_called, "exec spring binstub --all expected to be called once, but was called #{@install_called} times."
+      end
+    end
+
+    generator.stub :bundle_command, command_check do
+      quietly { generator.invoke_all }
+    end
   end
 
   def test_spring_no_fork
     jruby_skip "spring doesn't run on JRuby"
-    Process.stubs(:respond_to?).with(:fork).returns(false)
-    run_generator
+    assert_called_with(Process, :respond_to?, [:fork], returns: false) do
+      run_generator
 
-    assert_file "Gemfile" do |content|
-      assert_no_match(/spring/, content)
+      assert_file "Gemfile" do |content|
+        assert_no_match(/spring/, content)
+      end
     end
   end
 
@@ -408,13 +561,136 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-protected
+  def test_spring_with_dev_option
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--dev"]
+
+    assert_file "Gemfile" do |content|
+      assert_no_match(/spring/, content)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_generator_if_skip_turbolinks_is_given
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-turbolinks"]
+
+    assert_file "Gemfile" do |content|
+      assert_no_match(/turbolinks/, content)
+    end
+    assert_file "app/views/layouts/application.html.erb" do |content|
+      assert_no_match(/data-turbolinks-track/, content)
+    end
+    assert_file "app/assets/javascripts/application.js" do |content|
+      assert_no_match(/turbolinks/, content)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_gitignore_when_sqlite3
+    run_generator
+
+    assert_file '.gitignore' do |content|
+      assert_match(/sqlite3/, content)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_gitignore_when_no_active_record
+    run_generator [destination_root, '--skip-active-record']
+
+    assert_file '.gitignore' do |content|
+      assert_no_match(/sqlite/i, content)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_gitignore_when_non_sqlite3_db
+    run_generator([destination_root, "-d", "mysql"])
+
+    assert_file '.gitignore' do |content|
+      assert_no_match(/sqlite/i, content)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_create_keeps
+    run_generator
+    folders_with_keep = %w(
+      app/assets/images
+      app/mailers
+      app/models
+      app/controllers/concerns
+      app/models/concerns
+      lib/tasks
+      lib/assets
+      log
+      test/fixtures
+      test/fixtures/files
+      test/controllers
+      test/mailers
+      test/models
+      test/helpers
+      test/integration
+      tmp
+      vendor/assets/stylesheets
+    )
+    folders_with_keep.each do |folder|
+      assert_file("#{folder}/.keep")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_psych_gem
+    run_generator
+    gem_regex = /gem 'psych',\s+'~> 2.0',\s+platforms: :rbx/
+
+    assert_file "Gemfile" do |content|
+      if defined?(Rubinius)
+        assert_match(gem_regex, content)
+      else
+        assert_no_match(gem_regex, content)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_after_bundle_callback
+    path = 'http://example.org/rails_template'
+    template = %{ after_bundle { run 'echo ran after_bundle' } }
+    template.instance_eval "def read; self; end" # Make the string respond to read
+
+    check_open = -> *args do
+      assert_equal [ path, 'Accept' => 'application/x-thor-template' ], args
+      template
+    end
+
+    sequence = ['install', 'exec spring binstub --all', 'echo ran after_bundle']
+    ensure_bundler_first = -> command do
+      @sequence_step ||= 0
+
+      assert_equal sequence[@sequence_step], command, "commands should be called in sequence #{sequence}"
+      @sequence_step += 1
+    end
+
+    generator([destination_root], template: path).stub(:open, check_open, template) do
+      generator.stub(:bundle_command, ensure_bundler_first) do
+        generator.stub(:run, ensure_bundler_first) do
+          quietly { generator.invoke_all }
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  protected
+
+  def stub_rails_application(root)
+    Rails.application.config.root = root
+    Rails.application.class.stub(:name, "Myapp") do
+      yield
+    end
+  end
 
   def action(*args, &block)
-    silence(:stdout) { generator.send(*args, &block) }
+    capture(:stdout) { generator.send(*args, &block) }
   end
 
-  def assert_gem(gem)
-    assert_file "Gemfile", /^gem\s+["']#{gem}["']$/
+  def assert_gem(gem, constraint = nil)
+    if constraint
+      assert_file "Gemfile", /^\s*gem\s+["']#{gem}["'], #{constraint}$*/
+    else
+      assert_file "Gemfile", /^\s*gem\s+["']#{gem}["']$*/
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/argv_scrubber_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/argv_scrubber_test.rb
index a94350cbd7..31e07bc8da 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/argv_scrubber_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/argv_scrubber_test.rb
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ module Rails
           output    = nil
           exit_code = nil
           scrubber.extend(Module.new {
-            define_method(:puts) { |str| output = str }
+            define_method(:puts) { |string| output = string }
             define_method(:exit) { |code| exit_code = code }
           })
           scrubber.prepare!
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/controller_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/controller_generator_test.rb
index 4b2f8539d0..1351151afb 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/controller_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/controller_generator_test.rb
@@ -28,13 +28,11 @@ class ControllerGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   def test_invokes_helper
     run_generator
     assert_file "app/helpers/account_helper.rb"
-    assert_file "test/helpers/account_helper_test.rb"
   end
 
   def test_does_not_invoke_helper_if_required
     run_generator ["account", "--skip-helper"]
     assert_no_file "app/helpers/account_helper.rb"
-    assert_no_file "test/helpers/account_helper_test.rb"
   end
 
   def test_invokes_assets
@@ -70,6 +68,13 @@ class ControllerGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_file "config/routes.rb", /get 'account\/foo'/, /get 'account\/bar'/
   end
 
+  def test_skip_routes
+    run_generator ["account", "foo", "--skip-routes"]
+    assert_file "config/routes.rb" do |routes|
+      assert_no_match(/get 'account\/foo'/, routes)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_invokes_default_template_engine_even_with_no_action
     run_generator ["account"]
     assert_file "app/views/account"
@@ -91,6 +96,8 @@ class ControllerGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
   def test_namespaced_routes_are_created_in_routes
     run_generator ["admin/dashboard", "index"]
-    assert_file "config/routes.rb", /namespace :admin do\n\s+get 'dashboard\/index'\n/
+    assert_file "config/routes.rb" do |route|
+      assert_match(/^  namespace :admin do\n    get 'dashboard\/index'\n  end$/, route)
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/generated_attribute_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/generated_attribute_test.rb
index c48bc20899..ee7c009305 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/generated_attribute_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/generated_attribute_test.rb
@@ -141,4 +141,12 @@ class GeneratedAttributeTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_equal "post_id", create_generated_attribute('references', 'post').column_name
     assert_equal "post_id", create_generated_attribute('belongs_to', 'post').column_name
   end
+
+  def test_parse_required_attribute_with_index
+    att = Rails::Generators::GeneratedAttribute.parse("supplier:references{required}:index")
+    assert_equal "supplier", att.name
+    assert_equal :references, att.type
+    assert att.has_index?
+    assert att.required?
+  end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/generators_test_helper.rb b/railties/test/generators/generators_test_helper.rb
index 77ec2f1c0c..b19a5a7144 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/generators_test_helper.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/generators_test_helper.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method'
+require 'active_support/testing/stream'
+require 'active_support/testing/method_call_assertions'
 require 'rails/generators'
 require 'rails/generators/test_case'
 
@@ -7,7 +9,7 @@ module Rails
   class << self
     remove_possible_method :root
     def root
-      @root ||= File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '..', 'fixtures'))
+      @root ||= Pathname.new(File.expand_path('../../fixtures', __FILE__))
     end
   end
 end
@@ -23,6 +25,9 @@ require 'action_dispatch'
 require 'action_view'
 
 module GeneratorsTestHelper
+  include ActiveSupport::Testing::Stream
+  include ActiveSupport::Testing::MethodCallAssertions
+
   def self.included(base)
     base.class_eval do
       destination File.join(Rails.root, "tmp")
@@ -41,4 +46,5 @@ module GeneratorsTestHelper
     FileUtils.mkdir_p(destination)
     FileUtils.cp routes, destination
   end
+
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/helper_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/helper_generator_test.rb
index 81d4fcb129..add04f21a4 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/helper_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/helper_generator_test.rb
@@ -13,26 +13,11 @@ class HelperGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_file "app/helpers/admin_helper.rb", /module AdminHelper/
   end
 
-  def test_invokes_default_test_framework
-    run_generator
-    assert_file "test/helpers/admin_helper_test.rb", /class AdminHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase/
-  end
-
-  def test_logs_if_the_test_framework_cannot_be_found
-    content = run_generator ["admin", "--test-framework=rspec"]
-    assert_match(/rspec \[not found\]/, content)
-  end
-
   def test_check_class_collision
     content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator ["object"] }
     assert_match(/The name 'ObjectHelper' is either already used in your application or reserved/, content)
   end
 
-  def test_check_class_collision_on_tests
-    content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator ["another_object"] }
-    assert_match(/The name 'AnotherObjectHelperTest' is either already used in your application or reserved/, content)
-  end
-
   def test_namespaced_and_not_namespaced_helpers
     run_generator ["products"]
 
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/job_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/job_generator_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7fd8f2062f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/generators/job_generator_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
+require 'rails/generators/job/job_generator'
+
+class JobGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
+  include GeneratorsTestHelper
+
+  def test_job_skeleton_is_created
+    run_generator ["refresh_counters"]
+    assert_file "app/jobs/refresh_counters_job.rb" do |job|
+      assert_match(/class RefreshCountersJob < ApplicationJob/, job)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_job_queue_param
+    run_generator ["refresh_counters", "--queue", "important"]
+    assert_file "app/jobs/refresh_counters_job.rb" do |job|
+      assert_match(/class RefreshCountersJob < ApplicationJob/, job)
+      assert_match(/queue_as :important/, job)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_job_namespace
+    run_generator ["admin/refresh_counters", "--queue", "admin"]
+    assert_file "app/jobs/admin/refresh_counters_job.rb" do |job|
+      assert_match(/class Admin::RefreshCountersJob < ApplicationJob/, job)
+      assert_match(/queue_as :admin/, job)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/mailer_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/mailer_generator_test.rb
index 25649881eb..f01e8cd2d9 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/mailer_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/mailer_generator_test.rb
@@ -7,94 +7,114 @@ class MailerGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
   def test_mailer_skeleton_is_created
     run_generator
-    assert_file "app/mailers/notifier.rb" do |mailer|
-      assert_match(/class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base/, mailer)
+    assert_file "app/mailers/notifier_mailer.rb" do |mailer|
+      assert_match(/class NotifierMailer < ApplicationMailer/, mailer)
+      assert_no_match(/default from: "from@example.com"/, mailer)
+      assert_no_match(/layout :mailer_notifier/, mailer)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_application_mailer_skeleton_is_created
+    run_generator
+    assert_file "app/mailers/application_mailer.rb" do |mailer|
+      assert_match(/class ApplicationMailer < ActionMailer::Base/, mailer)
       assert_match(/default from: "from@example.com"/, mailer)
+      assert_match(/layout 'mailer'/, mailer)
     end
   end
 
   def test_mailer_with_i18n_helper
     run_generator
-    assert_file "app/mailers/notifier.rb" do |mailer|
-      assert_match(/en\.notifier\.foo\.subject/, mailer)
-      assert_match(/en\.notifier\.bar\.subject/, mailer)
+    assert_file "app/mailers/notifier_mailer.rb" do |mailer|
+      assert_match(/en\.notifier_mailer\.foo\.subject/, mailer)
+      assert_match(/en\.notifier_mailer\.bar\.subject/, mailer)
     end
   end
 
   def test_check_class_collision
-    Object.send :const_set, :Notifier, Class.new
+    Object.send :const_set, :NotifierMailer, Class.new
     content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator }
-    assert_match(/The name 'Notifier' is either already used in your application or reserved/, content)
+    assert_match(/The name 'NotifierMailer' is either already used in your application or reserved/, content)
   ensure
-    Object.send :remove_const, :Notifier
+    Object.send :remove_const, :NotifierMailer
   end
 
   def test_invokes_default_test_framework
     run_generator
-    assert_file "test/mailers/notifier_test.rb" do |test|
-      assert_match(/class NotifierTest < ActionMailer::TestCase/, test)
+    assert_file "test/mailers/notifier_mailer_test.rb" do |test|
+      assert_match(/class NotifierMailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase/, test)
       assert_match(/test "foo"/, test)
       assert_match(/test "bar"/, test)
     end
-    assert_file "test/mailers/previews/notifier_preview.rb" do |preview|
-      assert_match(/\# Preview all emails at http:\/\/localhost\:3000\/rails\/mailers\/notifier/, preview)
-      assert_match(/class NotifierPreview < ActionMailer::Preview/, preview)
-      assert_match(/\# Preview this email at http:\/\/localhost\:3000\/rails\/mailers\/notifier\/foo/, preview)
+    assert_file "test/mailers/previews/notifier_mailer_preview.rb" do |preview|
+      assert_match(/\# Preview all emails at http:\/\/localhost\:3000\/rails\/mailers\/notifier_mailer/, preview)
+      assert_match(/class NotifierMailerPreview < ActionMailer::Preview/, preview)
+      assert_match(/\# Preview this email at http:\/\/localhost\:3000\/rails\/mailers\/notifier_mailer\/foo/, preview)
       assert_instance_method :foo, preview do |foo|
-        assert_match(/Notifier.foo/, foo)
+        assert_match(/NotifierMailer.foo/, foo)
       end
-      assert_match(/\# Preview this email at http:\/\/localhost\:3000\/rails\/mailers\/notifier\/bar/, preview)
+      assert_match(/\# Preview this email at http:\/\/localhost\:3000\/rails\/mailers\/notifier_mailer\/bar/, preview)
       assert_instance_method :bar, preview do |bar|
-        assert_match(/Notifier.bar/, bar)
+        assert_match(/NotifierMailer.bar/, bar)
       end
     end
   end
 
   def test_check_test_class_collision
-    Object.send :const_set, :NotifierTest, Class.new
+    Object.send :const_set, :NotifierMailerTest, Class.new
     content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator }
-    assert_match(/The name 'NotifierTest' is either already used in your application or reserved/, content)
+    assert_match(/The name 'NotifierMailerTest' is either already used in your application or reserved/, content)
   ensure
-    Object.send :remove_const, :NotifierTest
+    Object.send :remove_const, :NotifierMailerTest
   end
 
   def test_check_preview_class_collision
-    Object.send :const_set, :NotifierPreview, Class.new
+    Object.send :const_set, :NotifierMailerPreview, Class.new
     content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator }
-    assert_match(/The name 'NotifierPreview' is either already used in your application or reserved/, content)
+    assert_match(/The name 'NotifierMailerPreview' is either already used in your application or reserved/, content)
   ensure
-    Object.send :remove_const, :NotifierPreview
+    Object.send :remove_const, :NotifierMailerPreview
   end
 
   def test_invokes_default_text_template_engine
     run_generator
-    assert_file "app/views/notifier/foo.text.erb" do |view|
-      assert_match(%r(\sapp/views/notifier/foo\.text\.erb), view)
+    assert_file "app/views/notifier_mailer/foo.text.erb" do |view|
+      assert_match(%r(\sapp/views/notifier_mailer/foo\.text\.erb), view)
       assert_match(/<%= @greeting %>/, view)
     end
 
-    assert_file "app/views/notifier/bar.text.erb" do |view|
-      assert_match(%r(\sapp/views/notifier/bar\.text\.erb), view)
+    assert_file "app/views/notifier_mailer/bar.text.erb" do |view|
+      assert_match(%r(\sapp/views/notifier_mailer/bar\.text\.erb), view)
       assert_match(/<%= @greeting %>/, view)
     end
+
+    assert_file "app/views/layouts/mailer.text.erb" do |view|
+      assert_match(/<%= yield %>/, view)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_invokes_default_html_template_engine
     run_generator
-    assert_file "app/views/notifier/foo.html.erb" do |view|
-      assert_match(%r(\sapp/views/notifier/foo\.html\.erb), view)
+    assert_file "app/views/notifier_mailer/foo.html.erb" do |view|
+      assert_match(%r(\sapp/views/notifier_mailer/foo\.html\.erb), view)
       assert_match(/<%= @greeting %>/, view)
     end
 
-    assert_file "app/views/notifier/bar.html.erb" do |view|
-      assert_match(%r(\sapp/views/notifier/bar\.html\.erb), view)
+    assert_file "app/views/notifier_mailer/bar.html.erb" do |view|
+      assert_match(%r(\sapp/views/notifier_mailer/bar\.html\.erb), view)
       assert_match(/<%= @greeting %>/, view)
     end
+
+    assert_file "app/views/layouts/mailer.html.erb" do |view|
+      assert_match(%r{<html>\n  <body>\n    <%= yield %>\n  </body>\n</html>}, view)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_invokes_default_template_engine_even_with_no_action
     run_generator ["notifier"]
-    assert_file "app/views/notifier"
+    assert_file "app/views/notifier_mailer"
+    assert_file "app/views/layouts/mailer.text.erb"
+    assert_file "app/views/layouts/mailer.html.erb"
   end
 
   def test_logs_if_the_template_engine_cannot_be_found
@@ -104,23 +124,23 @@ class MailerGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
   def test_mailer_with_namedspaced_mailer
     run_generator ["Farm::Animal", "moos"]
-    assert_file "app/mailers/farm/animal.rb" do |mailer|
-      assert_match(/class Farm::Animal < ActionMailer::Base/, mailer)
-      assert_match(/en\.farm\.animal\.moos\.subject/, mailer)
+    assert_file "app/mailers/farm/animal_mailer.rb" do |mailer|
+      assert_match(/class Farm::AnimalMailer < ApplicationMailer/, mailer)
+      assert_match(/en\.farm\.animal_mailer\.moos\.subject/, mailer)
     end
-    assert_file "test/mailers/previews/farm/animal_preview.rb" do |preview|
-      assert_match(/\# Preview all emails at http:\/\/localhost\:3000\/rails\/mailers\/farm\/animal/, preview)
-      assert_match(/class Farm::AnimalPreview < ActionMailer::Preview/, preview)
-      assert_match(/\# Preview this email at http:\/\/localhost\:3000\/rails\/mailers\/farm\/animal\/moos/, preview)
+    assert_file "test/mailers/previews/farm/animal_mailer_preview.rb" do |preview|
+      assert_match(/\# Preview all emails at http:\/\/localhost\:3000\/rails\/mailers\/farm\/animal_mailer/, preview)
+      assert_match(/class Farm::AnimalMailerPreview < ActionMailer::Preview/, preview)
+      assert_match(/\# Preview this email at http:\/\/localhost\:3000\/rails\/mailers\/farm\/animal_mailer\/moos/, preview)
     end
-    assert_file "app/views/farm/animal/moos.text.erb"
-    assert_file "app/views/farm/animal/moos.html.erb"
+    assert_file "app/views/farm/animal_mailer/moos.text.erb"
+    assert_file "app/views/farm/animal_mailer/moos.html.erb"
   end
 
   def test_actions_are_turned_into_methods
     run_generator
 
-    assert_file "app/mailers/notifier.rb" do |mailer|
+    assert_file "app/mailers/notifier_mailer.rb" do |mailer|
       assert_instance_method :foo, mailer do |foo|
         assert_match(/mail to: "to@example.org"/, foo)
         assert_match(/@greeting = "Hi"/, foo)
@@ -132,4 +152,35 @@ class MailerGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
       end
     end
   end
+
+  def test_mailer_on_revoke
+    run_generator
+    run_generator ["notifier"], behavior: :revoke
+
+    assert_no_file "app/mailers/notifier.rb"
+    assert_no_file "app/views/notifier/foo.text.erb"
+    assert_no_file "app/views/notifier/bar.text.erb"
+    assert_no_file "app/views/notifier/foo.html.erb"
+    assert_no_file "app/views/notifier/bar.html.erb"
+
+    assert_file "app/mailers/application_mailer.rb"
+    assert_file "app/views/layouts/mailer.text.erb"
+    assert_file "app/views/layouts/mailer.html.erb"
+  end
+
+  def test_mailer_suffix_is_not_duplicated
+    run_generator ["notifier_mailer"]
+
+    assert_no_file "app/mailers/notifier_mailer_mailer.rb"
+    assert_file "app/mailers/notifier_mailer.rb"
+
+    assert_no_file "app/views/notifier_mailer_mailer/"
+    assert_file "app/views/notifier_mailer/"
+
+    assert_no_file "test/mailers/notifier_mailer_mailer_test.rb"
+    assert_file "test/mailers/notifier_mailer_test.rb"
+
+    assert_no_file "test/mailers/previews/notifier_mailer_mailer_preview.rb"
+    assert_file "test/mailers/previews/notifier_mailer_preview.rb"
+  end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/migration_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/migration_generator_test.rb
index d876597944..80f284674d 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/migration_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/migration_generator_test.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ class MigrationGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   def test_migration
     migration = "change_title_body_from_posts"
     run_generator [migration]
-    assert_migration "db/migrate/#{migration}.rb", /class ChangeTitleBodyFromPosts < ActiveRecord::Migration/
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/#{migration}.rb", /class ChangeTitleBodyFromPosts < ActiveRecord::Migration\[[0-9.]+\]/
   end
 
   def test_migrations_generated_simultaneously
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class MigrationGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   def test_migration_with_class_name
     migration = "ChangeTitleBodyFromPosts"
     run_generator [migration]
-    assert_migration "db/migrate/change_title_body_from_posts.rb", /class #{migration} < ActiveRecord::Migration/
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/change_title_body_from_posts.rb", /class #{migration} < ActiveRecord::Migration\[[0-9.]+\]/
   end
 
   def test_migration_with_invalid_file_name
@@ -85,6 +85,19 @@ class MigrationGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_remove_migration_with_references_removes_foreign_keys
+    migration = "remove_references_from_books"
+    run_generator [migration, "author:belongs_to", "distributor:references{polymorphic}"]
+
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/#{migration}.rb" do |content|
+      assert_method :change, content do |change|
+        assert_match(/remove_reference :books, :author,.*\sforeign_key: true/, change)
+        assert_match(/remove_reference :books, :distributor/, change) # sanity check
+        assert_no_match(/remove_reference :books, :distributor,.*\sforeign_key: true/, change)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_add_migration_with_attributes_and_indices
     migration = "add_title_with_index_and_body_to_posts"
     run_generator [migration, "title:string:index", "body:text", "user_id:integer:uniq"]
@@ -159,6 +172,31 @@ class MigrationGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_add_migration_with_required_references
+    migration = "add_references_to_books"
+    run_generator [migration, "author:belongs_to{required}", "distributor:references{polymorphic,required}"]
+
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/#{migration}.rb" do |content|
+      assert_method :change, content do |change|
+        assert_match(/add_reference :books, :author, index: true, null: false/, change)
+        assert_match(/add_reference :books, :distributor, polymorphic: true, index: true, null: false/, change)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_add_migration_with_references_adds_foreign_keys
+    migration = "add_references_to_books"
+    run_generator [migration, "author:belongs_to", "distributor:references{polymorphic}"]
+
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/#{migration}.rb" do |content|
+      assert_method :change, content do |change|
+        assert_match(/add_reference :books, :author,.*\sforeign_key: true/, change)
+        assert_match(/add_reference :books, :distributor/, change) # sanity check
+        assert_no_match(/add_reference :books, :distributor,.*\sforeign_key: true/, change)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_create_join_table_migration
     migration = "add_media_join_table"
     run_generator [migration, "artist_id", "musics:uniq"]
@@ -183,6 +221,15 @@ class MigrationGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_add_uuid_to_create_table_migration
+    run_generator ["create_books", "--primary_key_type=uuid"]
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_books.rb" do |content|
+      assert_method :change, content do |change|
+        assert_match(/create_table :books, id: :uuid/, change)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_should_create_empty_migrations_if_name_not_start_with_add_or_remove_or_create
     migration = "delete_books"
     run_generator [migration, "title:string", "content:text"]
@@ -193,8 +240,82 @@ class MigrationGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
       end
     end
   end
-  
+
   def test_properly_identifies_usage_file
     assert generator_class.send(:usage_path)
   end
+
+  def test_migration_with_singular_table_name
+    with_singular_table_name do
+      migration = "add_title_body_to_post"
+      run_generator [migration, 'title:string']
+      assert_migration "db/migrate/#{migration}.rb" do |content|
+        assert_method :change, content do |change|
+          assert_match(/add_column :post, :title, :string/, change)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_create_join_table_migration_with_singular_table_name
+    with_singular_table_name do
+      migration = "add_media_join_table"
+      run_generator [migration, "artist_id", "music:uniq"]
+
+      assert_migration "db/migrate/#{migration}.rb" do |content|
+        assert_method :change, content do |change|
+          assert_match(/create_join_table :artist, :music/, change)
+          assert_match(/# t.index \[:artist_id, :music_id\]/, change)
+          assert_match(/  t.index \[:music_id, :artist_id\], unique: true/, change)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_create_table_migration_with_singular_table_name
+    with_singular_table_name do
+      run_generator ["create_book", "title:string", "content:text"]
+      assert_migration "db/migrate/create_book.rb" do |content|
+        assert_method :change, content do |change|
+          assert_match(/create_table :book/, change)
+          assert_match(/  t\.string :title/, change)
+          assert_match(/  t\.text :content/, change)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_create_table_migration_with_token_option
+    run_generator ["create_users", "token:token", "auth_token:token"]
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_users.rb" do |content|
+      assert_method :change, content do |change|
+        assert_match(/create_table :users/, change)
+        assert_match(/  t\.string :token/, change)
+        assert_match(/  t\.string :auth_token/, change)
+        assert_match(/add_index :users, :token, unique: true/, change)
+        assert_match(/add_index :users, :auth_token, unique: true/, change)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_add_migration_with_token_option
+    migration = "add_token_to_users"
+    run_generator [migration, "auth_token:token"]
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/#{migration}.rb" do |content|
+      assert_method :change, content do |change|
+        assert_match(/add_column :users, :auth_token, :string/, change)
+        assert_match(/add_index :users, :auth_token, unique: true/, change)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+
+    def with_singular_table_name
+      old_state = ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names
+      ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names = false
+      yield
+    ensure
+      ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names = old_state
+    end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/model_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/model_generator_test.rb
index bdf51b457c..e1722b84b3 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/model_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/model_generator_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
 require 'rails/generators/rails/model/model_generator'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/strip'
 
 class ModelGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   include GeneratorsTestHelper
@@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ class ModelGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     content = run_generator ["accounts".freeze]
     assert_file "app/models/account.rb", /class Account < ActiveRecord::Base/
     assert_file "test/models/account_test.rb", /class AccountTest/
-    assert_match(/The model name 'accounts' was recognized as a plural, using the singular 'account'\. Override with --force-plural or setup custom inflection rules for this noun before running the generator\./, content)
+    assert_match(/\[WARNING\] The model name 'accounts' was recognized as a plural, using the singular 'account' instead\. Override with --force-plural or setup custom inflection rules for this noun before running the generator\./, content)
   end
 
   def test_model_with_underscored_parent_option
@@ -56,12 +57,12 @@ class ModelGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
   def test_migration
     run_generator
-    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_accounts.rb", /class CreateAccounts < ActiveRecord::Migration/
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_accounts.rb", /class CreateAccounts < ActiveRecord::Migration\[[0-9.]+\]/
   end
 
   def test_migration_with_namespace
     run_generator ["Gallery::Image"]
-    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_gallery_images", /class CreateGalleryImages < ActiveRecord::Migration/
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_gallery_images", /class CreateGalleryImages < ActiveRecord::Migration\[[0-9.]+\]/
     assert_no_migration "db/migrate/create_images"
   end
 
@@ -69,7 +70,7 @@ class ModelGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     run_generator ["Admin::Gallery::Image"]
     assert_no_migration "db/migrate/create_images"
     assert_no_migration "db/migrate/create_gallery_images"
-    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_admin_gallery_images", /class CreateAdminGalleryImages < ActiveRecord::Migration/
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_admin_gallery_images", /class CreateAdminGalleryImages < ActiveRecord::Migration\[[0-9.]+\]/
     assert_migration "db/migrate/create_admin_gallery_images", /create_table :admin_gallery_images/
   end
 
@@ -79,7 +80,7 @@ class ModelGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_no_migration "db/migrate/create_images"
     assert_no_migration "db/migrate/create_gallery_images"
     assert_no_migration "db/migrate/create_admin_gallery_images"
-    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_admin_gallery_image", /class CreateAdminGalleryImage < ActiveRecord::Migration/
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_admin_gallery_image", /class CreateAdminGalleryImage < ActiveRecord::Migration\[[0-9.]+\]/
     assert_migration "db/migrate/create_admin_gallery_image", /create_table :admin_gallery_image/
   ensure
     ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names = true
@@ -88,7 +89,7 @@ class ModelGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   def test_migration_with_namespaces_in_model_name_without_plurization
     ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names = false
     run_generator ["Gallery::Image"]
-    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_gallery_image", /class CreateGalleryImage < ActiveRecord::Migration/
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_gallery_image", /class CreateGalleryImage < ActiveRecord::Migration\[[0-9.]+\]/
     assert_no_migration "db/migrate/create_gallery_images"
   ensure
     ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names = true
@@ -97,7 +98,7 @@ class ModelGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   def test_migration_without_pluralization
     ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names = false
     run_generator
-    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_account", /class CreateAccount < ActiveRecord::Migration/
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_account", /class CreateAccount < ActiveRecord::Migration\[[0-9.]+\]/
     assert_no_migration "db/migrate/create_accounts"
   ensure
     ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names = true
@@ -192,10 +193,10 @@ class ModelGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   def test_migration_without_timestamps
     ActiveRecord::Base.timestamped_migrations = false
     run_generator ["account"]
-    assert_file  "db/migrate/001_create_accounts.rb", /class CreateAccounts < ActiveRecord::Migration/
+    assert_file  "db/migrate/001_create_accounts.rb", /class CreateAccounts < ActiveRecord::Migration\[[0-9.]+\]/
 
     run_generator ["project"]
-    assert_file  "db/migrate/002_create_projects.rb", /class CreateProjects < ActiveRecord::Migration/
+    assert_file  "db/migrate/002_create_projects.rb", /class CreateProjects < ActiveRecord::Migration\[[0-9.]+\]/
   ensure
     ActiveRecord::Base.timestamped_migrations = true
   end
@@ -286,18 +287,18 @@ class ModelGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   def test_fixtures_use_the_references_ids
     run_generator ["LineItem", "product:references", "cart:belongs_to"]
 
-    assert_file "test/fixtures/line_items.yml", /product_id: \n  cart_id: /
+    assert_file "test/fixtures/line_items.yml", /product: \n  cart: /
     assert_generated_fixture("test/fixtures/line_items.yml",
-                             {"one"=>{"product_id"=>nil, "cart_id"=>nil}, "two"=>{"product_id"=>nil, "cart_id"=>nil}})
+                             {"one"=>{"product"=>nil, "cart"=>nil}, "two"=>{"product"=>nil, "cart"=>nil}})
   end
 
   def test_fixtures_use_the_references_ids_and_type
     run_generator ["LineItem", "product:references{polymorphic}", "cart:belongs_to"]
 
-    assert_file "test/fixtures/line_items.yml", /product_id: \n  product_type: Product\n  cart_id: /
+    assert_file "test/fixtures/line_items.yml", /product: \n  product_type: Product\n  cart: /
     assert_generated_fixture("test/fixtures/line_items.yml",
-                             {"one"=>{"product_id"=>nil, "product_type"=>"Product", "cart_id"=>nil},
-                              "two"=>{"product_id"=>nil, "product_type"=>"Product", "cart_id"=>nil}})
+                             {"one"=>{"product"=>nil, "product_type"=>"Product", "cart"=>nil},
+                              "two"=>{"product"=>nil, "product_type"=>"Product", "cart"=>nil}})
   end
 
   def test_fixtures_respect_reserved_yml_keywords
@@ -318,6 +319,16 @@ class ModelGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_no_file "test/fixtures/accounts.yml"
   end
 
+  def test_fixture_without_pluralization
+    original_pluralize_table_name = ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names
+    ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names = false
+    run_generator
+    assert_generated_fixture("test/fixtures/account.yml",
+                             {"one"=>{"name"=>"MyString", "age"=>1}, "two"=>{"name"=>"MyString", "age"=>1}})
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names = original_pluralize_table_name
+  end
+
   def test_check_class_collision
     content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator ["object"] }
     assert_match(/The name 'Object' is either already used in your application or reserved/, content)
@@ -363,6 +374,100 @@ class ModelGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_add_uuid_to_create_table_migration
+    run_generator ["account", "--primary_key_type=uuid"]
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_accounts.rb" do |content|
+      assert_method :change, content do |change|
+        assert_match(/create_table :accounts, id: :uuid/, change)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_required_belongs_to_adds_required_association
+    run_generator ["account", "supplier:references{required}"]
+
+    expected_file = <<-FILE.strip_heredoc
+    class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
+      belongs_to :supplier, required: true
+    end
+    FILE
+    assert_file "app/models/account.rb", expected_file
+  end
+
+  def test_required_polymorphic_belongs_to_generages_correct_model
+    run_generator ["account", "supplier:references{required,polymorphic}"]
+
+    expected_file = <<-FILE.strip_heredoc
+    class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
+      belongs_to :supplier, polymorphic: true, required: true
+    end
+    FILE
+    assert_file "app/models/account.rb", expected_file
+  end
+
+  def test_required_and_polymorphic_are_order_independent
+    run_generator ["account", "supplier:references{polymorphic.required}"]
+
+    expected_file = <<-FILE.strip_heredoc
+    class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
+      belongs_to :supplier, polymorphic: true, required: true
+    end
+    FILE
+    assert_file "app/models/account.rb", expected_file
+  end
+
+  def test_required_adds_null_false_to_column
+    run_generator ["account", "supplier:references{required}"]
+
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_accounts.rb" do |m|
+      assert_method :change, m do |up|
+        assert_match(/t\.references :supplier,.*\snull: false/, up)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_foreign_key_is_not_added_for_non_references
+    run_generator ["account", "supplier:string"]
+
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_accounts.rb" do |m|
+      assert_method :change, m do |up|
+        assert_no_match(/foreign_key/, up)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_foreign_key_is_added_for_references
+    run_generator ["account", "supplier:belongs_to", "user:references"]
+
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_accounts.rb" do |m|
+      assert_method :change, m do |up|
+        assert_match(/t\.belongs_to :supplier,.*\sforeign_key: true/, up)
+        assert_match(/t\.references :user,.*\sforeign_key: true/, up)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_foreign_key_is_skipped_for_polymorphic_references
+    run_generator ["account", "supplier:belongs_to{polymorphic}"]
+
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_accounts.rb" do |m|
+      assert_method :change, m do |up|
+        assert_no_match(/foreign_key/, up)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_token_option_adds_has_secure_token
+    run_generator ["user", "token:token", "auth_token:token"]
+    expected_file = <<-FILE.strip_heredoc
+    class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+      has_secure_token
+      has_secure_token :auth_token
+    end
+    FILE
+    assert_file "app/models/user.rb", expected_file
+  end
+
   private
     def assert_generated_fixture(path, parsed_contents)
       fixture_file = File.new File.expand_path(path, destination_root)
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/named_base_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/named_base_test.rb
index ac5cfff229..291f5e06c3 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/named_base_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/named_base_test.rb
@@ -1,16 +1,6 @@
 require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
 require 'rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/scaffold_controller_generator'
 
-# Mock out what we need from AR::Base.
-module ActiveRecord
-  class Base
-    class << self
-      attr_accessor :pluralize_table_names
-    end
-    self.pluralize_table_names = true
-  end
-end
-
 class NamedBaseTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   include GeneratorsTestHelper
   tests Rails::Generators::ScaffoldControllerGenerator
@@ -58,11 +48,13 @@ class NamedBaseTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_named_generator_attributes_without_pluralized
+    original_pluralize_table_names = ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names
     ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names = false
+
     g = generator ['admin/foo']
     assert_name g, 'admin_foo', :table_name
   ensure
-    ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names = true
+    ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names = original_pluralize_table_names
   end
 
   def test_scaffold_plural_names
@@ -87,10 +79,13 @@ class NamedBaseTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
   def test_application_name
     g = generator ['Admin::Foo']
-    Rails.stubs(:application).returns(Object.new)
-    assert_name g, "object", :application_name
-    Rails.stubs(:application).returns(nil)
-    assert_name g, "application", :application_name
+    Rails.stub(:application, Object.new) do
+      assert_name g, "object", :application_name
+    end
+
+    Rails.stub(:application, nil) do
+      assert_name g, "application", :application_name
+    end
   end
 
   def test_index_helper
@@ -110,11 +105,11 @@ class NamedBaseTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
   def test_hide_namespace
     g = generator ['Hidden']
-    g.class.stubs(:namespace).returns('hidden')
-
-    assert !Rails::Generators.hidden_namespaces.include?('hidden')
-    g.class.hide!
-    assert Rails::Generators.hidden_namespaces.include?('hidden')
+    g.class.stub(:namespace, 'hidden') do
+      assert !Rails::Generators.hidden_namespaces.include?('hidden')
+      g.class.hide!
+      assert Rails::Generators.hidden_namespaces.include?('hidden')
+    end
   end
 
   def test_scaffold_plural_names_with_model_name_option
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/namespaced_generators_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/namespaced_generators_test.rb
index d677c21f15..918faae74b 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/namespaced_generators_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/namespaced_generators_test.rb
@@ -47,7 +47,6 @@ class NamespacedControllerGeneratorTest < NamespacedGeneratorTestCase
   def test_helper_is_also_namespaced
     run_generator
     assert_file "app/helpers/test_app/account_helper.rb", /module TestApp/, /  module AccountHelper/
-    assert_file "test/helpers/test_app/account_helper_test.rb", /module TestApp/, /  class AccountHelperTest/
   end
 
   def test_invokes_default_test_framework
@@ -105,12 +104,12 @@ class NamespacedModelGeneratorTest < NamespacedGeneratorTestCase
 
   def test_migration
     run_generator
-    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_test_app_accounts.rb", /create_table :test_app_accounts/, /class CreateTestAppAccounts < ActiveRecord::Migration/
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_test_app_accounts.rb", /create_table :test_app_accounts/, /class CreateTestAppAccounts < ActiveRecord::Migration\[[0-9.]+\]/
   end
 
   def test_migration_with_namespace
     run_generator ["Gallery::Image"]
-    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_test_app_gallery_images", /class CreateTestAppGalleryImages < ActiveRecord::Migration/
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_test_app_gallery_images", /class CreateTestAppGalleryImages < ActiveRecord::Migration\[[0-9.]+\]/
     assert_no_migration "db/migrate/create_test_app_images"
   end
 
@@ -118,7 +117,7 @@ class NamespacedModelGeneratorTest < NamespacedGeneratorTestCase
     run_generator ["Admin::Gallery::Image"]
     assert_no_migration "db/migrate/create_images"
     assert_no_migration "db/migrate/create_gallery_images"
-    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_test_app_admin_gallery_images", /class CreateTestAppAdminGalleryImages < ActiveRecord::Migration/
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_test_app_admin_gallery_images", /class CreateTestAppAdminGalleryImages < ActiveRecord::Migration\[[0-9.]+\]/
     assert_migration "db/migrate/create_test_app_admin_gallery_images", /create_table :test_app_admin_gallery_images/
   end
 
@@ -128,7 +127,7 @@ class NamespacedModelGeneratorTest < NamespacedGeneratorTestCase
     assert_no_migration "db/migrate/create_images"
     assert_no_migration "db/migrate/create_gallery_images"
     assert_no_migration "db/migrate/create_test_app_admin_gallery_images"
-    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_test_app_admin_gallery_image", /class CreateTestAppAdminGalleryImage < ActiveRecord::Migration/
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_test_app_admin_gallery_image", /class CreateTestAppAdminGalleryImage < ActiveRecord::Migration\[[0-9.]+\]/
     assert_migration "db/migrate/create_test_app_admin_gallery_image", /create_table :test_app_admin_gallery_image/
   ensure
     ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names = true
@@ -147,26 +146,26 @@ class NamespacedMailerGeneratorTest < NamespacedGeneratorTestCase
 
   def test_mailer_skeleton_is_created
     run_generator
-    assert_file "app/mailers/test_app/notifier.rb" do |mailer|
+    assert_file "app/mailers/test_app/notifier_mailer.rb" do |mailer|
       assert_match(/module TestApp/, mailer)
-      assert_match(/class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base/, mailer)
-      assert_match(/default from: "from@example.com"/, mailer)
+      assert_match(/class NotifierMailer < ApplicationMailer/, mailer)
+      assert_no_match(/default from: "from@example.com"/, mailer)
     end
   end
 
   def test_mailer_with_i18n_helper
     run_generator
-    assert_file "app/mailers/test_app/notifier.rb" do |mailer|
-      assert_match(/en\.notifier\.foo\.subject/, mailer)
-      assert_match(/en\.notifier\.bar\.subject/, mailer)
+    assert_file "app/mailers/test_app/notifier_mailer.rb" do |mailer|
+      assert_match(/en\.notifier_mailer\.foo\.subject/, mailer)
+      assert_match(/en\.notifier_mailer\.bar\.subject/, mailer)
     end
   end
 
   def test_invokes_default_test_framework
     run_generator
-    assert_file "test/mailers/test_app/notifier_test.rb" do |test|
+    assert_file "test/mailers/test_app/notifier_mailer_test.rb" do |test|
       assert_match(/module TestApp/, test)
-      assert_match(/class NotifierTest < ActionMailer::TestCase/, test)
+      assert_match(/class NotifierMailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase/, test)
       assert_match(/test "foo"/, test)
       assert_match(/test "bar"/, test)
     end
@@ -174,20 +173,20 @@ class NamespacedMailerGeneratorTest < NamespacedGeneratorTestCase
 
   def test_invokes_default_template_engine
     run_generator
-    assert_file "app/views/test_app/notifier/foo.text.erb" do |view|
-      assert_match(%r(app/views/test_app/notifier/foo\.text\.erb), view)
+    assert_file "app/views/test_app/notifier_mailer/foo.text.erb" do |view|
+      assert_match(%r(app/views/test_app/notifier_mailer/foo\.text\.erb), view)
       assert_match(/<%= @greeting %>/, view)
     end
 
-    assert_file "app/views/test_app/notifier/bar.text.erb" do |view|
-      assert_match(%r(app/views/test_app/notifier/bar\.text\.erb), view)
+    assert_file "app/views/test_app/notifier_mailer/bar.text.erb" do |view|
+      assert_match(%r(app/views/test_app/notifier_mailer/bar\.text\.erb), view)
       assert_match(/<%= @greeting %>/, view)
     end
   end
 
   def test_invokes_default_template_engine_even_with_no_action
     run_generator ["notifier"]
-    assert_file "app/views/test_app/notifier"
+    assert_file "app/views/test_app/notifier_mailer"
   end
 end
 
@@ -229,7 +228,6 @@ class NamespacedScaffoldGeneratorTest < NamespacedGeneratorTestCase
 
     # Helpers
     assert_file "app/helpers/test_app/product_lines_helper.rb"
-    assert_file "test/helpers/test_app/product_lines_helper_test.rb"
 
     # Stylesheets
     assert_file "app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css"
@@ -260,7 +258,6 @@ class NamespacedScaffoldGeneratorTest < NamespacedGeneratorTestCase
 
     # Helpers
     assert_no_file "app/helpers/test_app/product_lines_helper.rb"
-    assert_no_file "test/helpers/test_app/product_lines_helper_test.rb"
 
     # Stylesheets (should not be removed)
     assert_file "app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css"
@@ -284,6 +281,7 @@ class NamespacedScaffoldGeneratorTest < NamespacedGeneratorTestCase
     # Controller
     assert_file "app/controllers/test_app/admin/roles_controller.rb" do |content|
       assert_match(/module TestApp\n  class Admin::RolesController < ApplicationController/, content)
+      assert_match(%r(require_dependency "test_app/application_controller"), content)
     end
 
     assert_file "test/controllers/test_app/admin/roles_controller_test.rb",
@@ -297,7 +295,6 @@ class NamespacedScaffoldGeneratorTest < NamespacedGeneratorTestCase
 
     # Helpers
     assert_file "app/helpers/test_app/admin/roles_helper.rb"
-    assert_file "test/helpers/test_app/admin/roles_helper_test.rb"
 
     # Stylesheets
     assert_file "app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css"
@@ -329,7 +326,6 @@ class NamespacedScaffoldGeneratorTest < NamespacedGeneratorTestCase
 
     # Helpers
     assert_no_file "app/helpers/test_app/admin/roles_helper.rb"
-    assert_no_file "test/helpers/test_app/admin/roles_helper_test.rb"
 
     # Stylesheets (should not be removed)
     assert_file "app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css"
@@ -366,7 +362,6 @@ class NamespacedScaffoldGeneratorTest < NamespacedGeneratorTestCase
 
     # Helpers
     assert_file "app/helpers/test_app/admin/user/special/roles_helper.rb"
-    assert_file "test/helpers/test_app/admin/user/special/roles_helper_test.rb"
 
     # Stylesheets
     assert_file "app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css"
@@ -397,9 +392,32 @@ class NamespacedScaffoldGeneratorTest < NamespacedGeneratorTestCase
 
     # Helpers
     assert_no_file "app/helpers/test_app/admin/user/special/roles_helper.rb"
-    assert_no_file "test/helpers/test_app/admin/user/special/roles_helper_test.rb"
 
     # Stylesheets (should not be removed)
     assert_file "app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css"
   end
+
+  def test_api_scaffold_with_namespace_on_invoke
+    run_generator [ "admin/role", "name:string", "description:string", "--api" ]
+
+    # Model
+    assert_file "app/models/test_app/admin.rb", /module TestApp\n  module Admin/
+    assert_file "app/models/test_app/admin/role.rb", /module TestApp\n  class Admin::Role < ActiveRecord::Base/
+    assert_file "test/models/test_app/admin/role_test.rb", /module TestApp\n  class Admin::RoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase/
+    assert_file "test/fixtures/test_app/admin/roles.yml"
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_test_app_admin_roles.rb"
+
+    # Route
+    assert_file "config/routes.rb" do |route|
+      assert_match(/^  namespace :admin do\n    resources :roles\n  end$/, route)
+    end
+
+    # Controller
+    assert_file "app/controllers/test_app/admin/roles_controller.rb" do |content|
+      assert_match(/module TestApp\n  class Admin::RolesController < ApplicationController/, content)
+      assert_match(%r(require_dependency "test_app/application_controller"), content)
+    end
+    assert_file "test/controllers/test_app/admin/roles_controller_test.rb",
+                /module TestApp\n  class Admin::RolesControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase/
+  end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/plugin_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/plugin_generator_test.rb
index 932cd75bcb..60390cfa01 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/plugin_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/plugin_generator_test.rb
@@ -27,23 +27,30 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   include SharedGeneratorTests
 
   def test_invalid_plugin_name_raises_an_error
-    content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator [File.join(destination_root, "things-43")] }
-    assert_equal "Invalid plugin name things-43. Please give a name which use only alphabetic or numeric or \"_\" characters.\n", content
+    content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator [File.join(destination_root, "my_plugin-31fr-extension")] }
+    assert_equal "Invalid plugin name my_plugin-31fr-extension. Please give a name which does not contain a namespace starting with numeric characters.\n", content
 
     content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator [File.join(destination_root, "things4.3")] }
-    assert_equal "Invalid plugin name things4.3. Please give a name which use only alphabetic or numeric or \"_\" characters.\n", content
+    assert_equal "Invalid plugin name things4.3. Please give a name which uses only alphabetic, numeric, \"_\" or \"-\" characters.\n", content
 
     content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator [File.join(destination_root, "43things")] }
     assert_equal "Invalid plugin name 43things. Please give a name which does not start with numbers.\n", content
 
     content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator [File.join(destination_root, "plugin")] }
-    assert_equal "Invalid plugin name plugin. Please give a name which does not match one of the reserved rails words.\n", content
+    assert_equal "Invalid plugin name plugin. Please give a name which does not match one of the reserved rails words: application, destroy, plugin, runner, test\n", content
 
     content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator [File.join(destination_root, "Digest")] }
     assert_equal "Invalid plugin name Digest, constant Digest is already in use. Please choose another plugin name.\n", content
   end
 
-  def test_camelcase_plugin_name_underscores_filenames
+  def test_correct_file_in_lib_folder_of_hyphenated_plugin_name
+    run_generator [File.join(destination_root, "hyphenated-name")]
+    assert_no_file "hyphenated-name/lib/hyphenated-name.rb"
+    assert_no_file "hyphenated-name/lib/hyphenated_name.rb"
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/lib/hyphenated/name.rb", /module Hyphenated\n  module Name\n    # Your code goes here...\n  end\nend/
+  end
+
+  def test_correct_file_in_lib_folder_of_camelcase_plugin_name
     run_generator [File.join(destination_root, "CamelCasedName")]
     assert_no_file "CamelCasedName/lib/CamelCasedName.rb"
     assert_file "CamelCasedName/lib/camel_cased_name.rb", /module CamelCasedName/
@@ -53,8 +60,16 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     run_generator
     assert_file "README.rdoc", /Bukkits/
     assert_no_file "config/routes.rb"
-    assert_file "test/test_helper.rb"
+    assert_no_file "app/assets/config/bukkits_manifest.js"
+    assert_file "test/test_helper.rb" do |content|
+      assert_match(/require.+test\/dummy\/config\/environment/, content)
+      assert_match(/ActiveRecord::Migrator\.migrations_paths.+test\/dummy\/db\/migrate/, content)
+      assert_match(/Minitest\.backtrace_filter = Minitest::BacktraceFilter\.new/, content)
+      assert_match(/Rails::TestUnitReporter\.executable = 'bin\/test'/, content)
+    end
     assert_file "test/bukkits_test.rb", /assert_kind_of Module, Bukkits/
+    assert_file 'bin/test'
+    assert_no_file 'bin/rails'
   end
 
   def test_generating_test_files_in_full_mode
@@ -64,14 +79,14 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_file "test/integration/navigation_test.rb", /ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest/
   end
 
-  def test_inclusion_of_debugger
+  def test_inclusion_of_a_debugger
     run_generator [destination_root, '--full']
-    if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
+    if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION) || RUBY_ENGINE == "rbx"
       assert_file "Gemfile" do |content|
-        assert_no_match(/debugger/, content)
+        assert_no_match(/byebug/, content)
       end
     else
-      assert_file "Gemfile", /# gem 'debugger'/
+      assert_file "Gemfile", /# gem 'byebug'/
     end
   end
 
@@ -91,7 +106,7 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_generating_adds_dummy_app_without_javascript_and_assets_deps
-    run_generator [destination_root]
+    run_generator
 
     assert_file "test/dummy/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css"
 
@@ -107,7 +122,7 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
   def test_ensure_that_test_dummy_can_be_generated_from_a_template
     FileUtils.cd(Rails.root)
-    run_generator([destination_root, "-m", "lib/create_test_dummy_template.rb", "--skip-test-unit"])
+    run_generator([destination_root, "-m", "lib/create_test_dummy_template.rb", "--skip-test"])
     assert_file "spec/dummy"
     assert_no_file "test"
   end
@@ -132,6 +147,20 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_app_generator_without_skips
+    run_generator
+    assert_file "test/dummy/config/application.rb", /\s+require\s+["']rails\/all["']/
+    assert_file "test/dummy/config/environments/development.rb" do |content|
+      assert_match(/config\.action_mailer\.raise_delivery_errors = false/, content)
+    end
+    assert_file "test/dummy/config/environments/test.rb" do |content|
+      assert_match(/config\.action_mailer\.delivery_method = :test/, content)
+    end
+    assert_file "test/dummy/config/environments/production.rb" do |content|
+      assert_match(/# config\.action_mailer\.raise_delivery_errors = false/, content)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_active_record_is_removed_from_frameworks_if_skip_active_record_is_given
     run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-active-record"]
     assert_file "test/dummy/config/application.rb", /#\s+require\s+["']active_record\/railtie["']/
@@ -145,6 +174,20 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_action_mailer_is_removed_from_frameworks_if_skip_action_mailer_is_given
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-action-mailer"]
+    assert_file "test/dummy/config/application.rb", /#\s+require\s+["']action_mailer\/railtie["']/
+    assert_file "test/dummy/config/environments/development.rb" do |content|
+      assert_no_match(/config\.action_mailer/, content)
+    end
+    assert_file "test/dummy/config/environments/test.rb" do |content|
+      assert_no_match(/config\.action_mailer/, content)
+    end
+    assert_file "test/dummy/config/environments/production.rb" do |content|
+      assert_no_match(/config\.action_mailer/, content)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_ensure_that_database_option_is_passed_to_app_generator
     run_generator [destination_root, "--database", "postgresql"]
     assert_file "test/dummy/config/database.yml", /postgres/
@@ -152,13 +195,11 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
   def test_generation_runs_bundle_install_with_full_and_mountable
     result = run_generator [destination_root, "--mountable", "--full", "--dev"]
+    assert_match(/run  bundle install/, result)
+    assert $?.success?, "Command failed: #{result}"
     assert_file "#{destination_root}/Gemfile.lock" do |contents|
       assert_match(/bukkits/, contents)
     end
-    assert_match(/run  bundle install/, result)
-    assert_match(/Using bukkits \(0\.0\.1\)/, result)
-    assert_match(/Your bundle is complete/, result)
-    assert_equal 1, result.scan("Your bundle is complete").size
   end
 
   def test_skipping_javascripts_without_mountable_option
@@ -185,22 +226,22 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     run_generator
     FileUtils.cd destination_root
     quietly { system 'bundle install' }
-    assert_match(/1 runs, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors/, `bundle exec rake test`)
+    assert_match(/1 runs, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors/, `bin/test 2>&1`)
   end
 
   def test_ensure_that_tests_works_in_full_mode
     run_generator [destination_root, "--full", "--skip_active_record"]
     FileUtils.cd destination_root
     quietly { system 'bundle install' }
-    assert_match(/1 runs, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors/, `bundle exec rake test`)
+    assert_match(/1 runs, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors/, `bundle exec rake test 2>&1`)
   end
 
   def test_ensure_that_migration_tasks_work_with_mountable_option
     run_generator [destination_root, "--mountable"]
     FileUtils.cd destination_root
     quietly { system 'bundle install' }
-    `bundle exec rake db:migrate`
-    assert_equal 0, $?.exitstatus
+    output = `bundle exec rake db:migrate 2>&1`
+    assert $?.success?, "Command failed: #{output}"
   end
 
   def test_creating_engine_in_full_mode
@@ -219,6 +260,40 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_file "lib/bukkits.rb", /require "bukkits\/engine"/
   end
 
+  def test_creating_engine_with_hyphenated_name_in_full_mode
+    run_generator [File.join(destination_root, "hyphenated-name"), "--full"]
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/app/assets/javascripts/hyphenated/name"
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/app/assets/stylesheets/hyphenated/name"
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/app/assets/images/hyphenated/name"
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/app/models"
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/app/controllers"
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/app/views"
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/app/helpers"
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/app/mailers"
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/bin/rails"
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/config/routes.rb",              /Rails.application.routes.draw do/
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/lib/hyphenated/name/engine.rb", /module Hyphenated\n  module Name\n    class Engine < ::Rails::Engine\n    end\n  end\nend/
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/lib/hyphenated/name.rb",        /require "hyphenated\/name\/engine"/
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/bin/rails",                     /\.\.\/\.\.\/lib\/hyphenated\/name\/engine/
+  end
+
+  def test_creating_engine_with_hyphenated_and_underscored_name_in_full_mode
+    run_generator [File.join(destination_root, "my_hyphenated-name"), "--full"]
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/app/assets/javascripts/my_hyphenated/name"
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/app/assets/stylesheets/my_hyphenated/name"
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/app/assets/images/my_hyphenated/name"
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/app/models"
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/app/controllers"
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/app/views"
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/app/helpers"
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/app/mailers"
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/bin/rails"
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/config/routes.rb",              /Rails.application.routes.draw do/
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/lib/my_hyphenated/name/engine.rb", /module MyHyphenated\n  module Name\n    class Engine < ::Rails::Engine\n    end\n  end\nend/
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/lib/my_hyphenated/name.rb",        /require "my_hyphenated\/name\/engine"/
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/bin/rails",                     /\.\.\/\.\.\/lib\/my_hyphenated\/name\/engine/
+  end
+
   def test_being_quiet_while_creating_dummy_application
     assert_no_match(/create\s+config\/application.rb/, run_generator)
   end
@@ -232,19 +307,86 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_file "lib/bukkits/engine.rb", /isolate_namespace Bukkits/
     assert_file "test/dummy/config/routes.rb", /mount Bukkits::Engine => "\/bukkits"/
     assert_file "app/controllers/bukkits/application_controller.rb", /module Bukkits\n  class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base/
+    assert_file "app/jobs/bukkits/application_job.rb", /module Bukkits\n  class ApplicationJob < ActiveJob::Base/
     assert_file "app/helpers/bukkits/application_helper.rb", /module Bukkits\n  module ApplicationHelper/
     assert_file "app/views/layouts/bukkits/application.html.erb" do |contents|
       assert_match "<title>Bukkits</title>", contents
       assert_match(/stylesheet_link_tag\s+['"]bukkits\/application['"]/, contents)
       assert_match(/javascript_include_tag\s+['"]bukkits\/application['"]/, contents)
     end
+    assert_file "test/test_helper.rb" do |content|
+      assert_match(/ActiveRecord::Migrator\.migrations_paths.+\.\.\/test\/dummy\/db\/migrate/, content)
+      assert_match(/ActiveRecord::Migrator\.migrations_paths.+<<.+\.\.\/db\/migrate/, content)
+      assert_match(/ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest\.fixture_path = ActiveSupport::TestCase\.fixture_pat/, content)
+      assert_no_match(/Rails::TestUnitReporter\.executable = 'bin\/test'/, content)
+    end
+    assert_no_file 'bin/test'
+  end
+
+  def test_create_mountable_application_with_mountable_option_and_hypenated_name
+    run_generator [File.join(destination_root, "hyphenated-name"), "--mountable"]
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/app/assets/javascripts/hyphenated/name"
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/app/assets/stylesheets/hyphenated/name"
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/app/assets/images/hyphenated/name"
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/config/routes.rb",                                          /Hyphenated::Name::Engine.routes.draw do/
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/lib/hyphenated/name/version.rb",                            /module Hyphenated\n  module Name\n    VERSION = '0.1.0'\n  end\nend/
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/lib/hyphenated/name/engine.rb",                             /module Hyphenated\n  module Name\n    class Engine < ::Rails::Engine\n      isolate_namespace Hyphenated::Name\n    end\n  end\nend/
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/lib/hyphenated/name.rb",                                    /require "hyphenated\/name\/engine"/
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/test/dummy/config/routes.rb",                               /mount Hyphenated::Name::Engine => "\/hyphenated-name"/
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/app/controllers/hyphenated/name/application_controller.rb", /module Hyphenated\n  module Name\n    class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base\n    end\n  end\nend/
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/app/jobs/hyphenated/name/application_job.rb", /module Hyphenated\n  module Name\n    class ApplicationJob < ActiveJob::Base/
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/app/helpers/hyphenated/name/application_helper.rb",         /module Hyphenated\n  module Name\n    module ApplicationHelper\n    end\n  end\nend/
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/app/views/layouts/hyphenated/name/application.html.erb" do |contents|
+      assert_match "<title>Hyphenated name</title>", contents
+      assert_match(/stylesheet_link_tag\s+['"]hyphenated\/name\/application['"]/, contents)
+      assert_match(/javascript_include_tag\s+['"]hyphenated\/name\/application['"]/, contents)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_create_mountable_application_with_mountable_option_and_hypenated_and_underscored_name
+    run_generator [File.join(destination_root, "my_hyphenated-name"), "--mountable"]
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/app/assets/javascripts/my_hyphenated/name"
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/app/assets/stylesheets/my_hyphenated/name"
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/app/assets/images/my_hyphenated/name"
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/config/routes.rb",                                             /MyHyphenated::Name::Engine.routes.draw do/
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/lib/my_hyphenated/name/version.rb",                            /module MyHyphenated\n  module Name\n    VERSION = '0.1.0'\n  end\nend/
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/lib/my_hyphenated/name/engine.rb",                             /module MyHyphenated\n  module Name\n    class Engine < ::Rails::Engine\n      isolate_namespace MyHyphenated::Name\n    end\n  end\nend/
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/lib/my_hyphenated/name.rb",                                    /require "my_hyphenated\/name\/engine"/
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/test/dummy/config/routes.rb",                                  /mount MyHyphenated::Name::Engine => "\/my_hyphenated-name"/
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/app/controllers/my_hyphenated/name/application_controller.rb", /module MyHyphenated\n  module Name\n    class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base\n    end\n  end\nend/
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/app/jobs/my_hyphenated/name/application_job.rb", /module MyHyphenated\n  module Name\n    class ApplicationJob < ActiveJob::Base/
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/app/helpers/my_hyphenated/name/application_helper.rb",         /module MyHyphenated\n  module Name\n    module ApplicationHelper\n    end\n  end\nend/
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/app/views/layouts/my_hyphenated/name/application.html.erb" do |contents|
+      assert_match "<title>My hyphenated name</title>", contents
+      assert_match(/stylesheet_link_tag\s+['"]my_hyphenated\/name\/application['"]/, contents)
+      assert_match(/javascript_include_tag\s+['"]my_hyphenated\/name\/application['"]/, contents)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_create_mountable_application_with_mountable_option_and_multiple_hypenates_in_name
+    run_generator [File.join(destination_root, "deep-hyphenated-name"), "--mountable"]
+    assert_file "deep-hyphenated-name/app/assets/javascripts/deep/hyphenated/name"
+    assert_file "deep-hyphenated-name/app/assets/stylesheets/deep/hyphenated/name"
+    assert_file "deep-hyphenated-name/app/assets/images/deep/hyphenated/name"
+    assert_file "deep-hyphenated-name/config/routes.rb",                                               /Deep::Hyphenated::Name::Engine.routes.draw do/
+    assert_file "deep-hyphenated-name/lib/deep/hyphenated/name/version.rb",                            /module Deep\n  module Hyphenated\n    module Name\n      VERSION = '0.1.0'\n    end\n  end\nend/
+    assert_file "deep-hyphenated-name/lib/deep/hyphenated/name/engine.rb",                             /module Deep\n  module Hyphenated\n    module Name\n      class Engine < ::Rails::Engine\n        isolate_namespace Deep::Hyphenated::Name\n      end\n    end\n  end\nend/
+    assert_file "deep-hyphenated-name/lib/deep/hyphenated/name.rb",                                    /require "deep\/hyphenated\/name\/engine"/
+    assert_file "deep-hyphenated-name/test/dummy/config/routes.rb",                                    /mount Deep::Hyphenated::Name::Engine => "\/deep-hyphenated-name"/
+    assert_file "deep-hyphenated-name/app/controllers/deep/hyphenated/name/application_controller.rb", /module Deep\n  module Hyphenated\n    module Name\n      class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base\n      end\n    end\n  end\nend/
+    assert_file "deep-hyphenated-name/app/jobs/deep/hyphenated/name/application_job.rb", /module Deep\n  module Hyphenated\n    module Name\n      class ApplicationJob < ActiveJob::Base/
+    assert_file "deep-hyphenated-name/app/helpers/deep/hyphenated/name/application_helper.rb",         /module Deep\n  module Hyphenated\n    module Name\n      module ApplicationHelper\n      end\n    end\n  end\nend/
+    assert_file "deep-hyphenated-name/app/views/layouts/deep/hyphenated/name/application.html.erb" do |contents|
+      assert_match "<title>Deep hyphenated name</title>", contents
+      assert_match(/stylesheet_link_tag\s+['"]deep\/hyphenated\/name\/application['"]/, contents)
+      assert_match(/javascript_include_tag\s+['"]deep\/hyphenated\/name\/application['"]/, contents)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_creating_gemspec
     run_generator
     assert_file "bukkits.gemspec", /s.name\s+= "bukkits"/
     assert_file "bukkits.gemspec", /s.files = Dir\["\{app,config,db,lib\}\/\*\*\/\*", "MIT-LICENSE", "Rakefile", "README\.rdoc"\]/
-    assert_file "bukkits.gemspec", /s.test_files = Dir\["test\/\*\*\/\*"\]/
     assert_file "bukkits.gemspec", /s.version\s+ = Bukkits::VERSION/
   end
 
@@ -266,6 +408,10 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_file "spec/dummy"
     assert_file "spec/dummy/config/application.rb"
     assert_no_file "test/dummy"
+    assert_file "test/test_helper.rb" do |content|
+      assert_match(/require.+spec\/dummy\/config\/environment/, content)
+      assert_match(/ActiveRecord::Migrator\.migrations_paths.+spec\/dummy\/db\/migrate/, content)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_creating_dummy_application_with_different_name
@@ -273,13 +419,18 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_file "spec/fake"
     assert_file "spec/fake/config/application.rb"
     assert_no_file "test/dummy"
+    assert_file "test/test_helper.rb" do |content|
+      assert_match(/require.+spec\/fake\/config\/environment/, content)
+      assert_match(/ActiveRecord::Migrator\.migrations_paths.+spec\/fake\/db\/migrate/, content)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_creating_dummy_without_tests_but_with_dummy_path
-    run_generator [destination_root, "--dummy_path", "spec/dummy", "--skip-test-unit"]
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--dummy_path", "spec/dummy", "--skip-test"]
     assert_file "spec/dummy"
     assert_file "spec/dummy/config/application.rb"
     assert_no_file "test"
+    assert_no_file "test/test_helper.rb"
     assert_file '.gitignore' do |contents|
       assert_match(/spec\/dummy/, contents)
     end
@@ -287,18 +438,28 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
   def test_ensure_that_gitignore_can_be_generated_from_a_template_for_dummy_path
     FileUtils.cd(Rails.root)
-    run_generator([destination_root, "--dummy_path", "spec/dummy", "--skip-test-unit"])
+    run_generator([destination_root, "--dummy_path", "spec/dummy", "--skip-test"])
     assert_file ".gitignore" do |contents|
       assert_match(/spec\/dummy/, contents)
     end
   end
 
-  def test_skipping_test_unit
-    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-test-unit"]
+  def test_unnecessary_files_are_not_generated_in_dummy_application
+    run_generator
+    assert_no_file 'test/dummy/.gitignore'
+    assert_no_file 'test/dummy/db/seeds.rb'
+    assert_no_file 'test/dummy/Gemfile'
+    assert_no_file 'test/dummy/public/robots.txt'
+    assert_no_file 'test/dummy/README.md'
+    assert_no_directory 'test/dummy/lib/tasks'
+    assert_no_directory 'test/dummy/doc'
+    assert_no_directory 'test/dummy/test'
+    assert_no_directory 'test/dummy/vendor'
+  end
+
+  def test_skipping_test_files
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-test"]
     assert_no_file "test"
-    assert_file "bukkits.gemspec" do |contents|
-      assert_no_match(/s.test_files = Dir\["test\/\*\*\/\*"\]/, contents)
-    end
     assert_file '.gitignore' do |contents|
       assert_no_match(/test\dummy/, contents)
     end
@@ -309,7 +470,7 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_no_file "bukkits.gemspec"
     assert_file "Gemfile" do |contents|
       assert_no_match('gemspec', contents)
-      assert_match(/gem "rails", "~> #{Rails.version}"/, contents)
+      assert_match(/gem 'rails', '~> #{Rails.version}'/, contents)
       assert_match_sqlite3(contents)
       assert_no_match(/# gem "jquery-rails"/, contents)
     end
@@ -320,7 +481,7 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_no_file "bukkits.gemspec"
     assert_file "Gemfile" do |contents|
       assert_no_match('gemspec', contents)
-      assert_match(/gem "rails", "~> #{Rails.version}"/, contents)
+      assert_match(/gem 'rails', '~> #{Rails.version}'/, contents)
       assert_match_sqlite3(contents)
     end
   end
@@ -331,7 +492,7 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     Object.const_set('APP_PATH', Rails.root)
     FileUtils.touch gemfile_path
 
-    run_generator [destination_root]
+    run_generator
 
     assert_file gemfile_path, /gem 'bukkits', path: 'tmp\/bukkits'/
   ensure
@@ -355,6 +516,106 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     FileUtils.rm gemfile_path
   end
 
+  def test_generating_controller_inside_mountable_engine
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--mountable"]
+
+    capture(:stdout) do
+      `#{destination_root}/bin/rails g controller admin/dashboard foo`
+    end
+
+    assert_file "config/routes.rb" do |contents|
+      assert_match(/namespace :admin/, contents)
+      assert_no_match(/namespace :bukkit/, contents)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_git_name_and_email_in_gemspec_file
+    name = `git config user.name`.chomp rescue "TODO: Write your name"
+    email = `git config user.email`.chomp rescue "TODO: Write your email address"
+
+    run_generator
+    assert_file "bukkits.gemspec" do |contents|
+      assert_match name, contents
+      assert_match email, contents
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_git_name_in_license_file
+    name = `git config user.name`.chomp rescue "TODO: Write your name"
+
+    run_generator
+    assert_file "MIT-LICENSE" do |contents|
+      assert_match name, contents
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_no_details_from_git_when_skip_git
+    name = "TODO: Write your name"
+    email = "TODO: Write your email address"
+
+    run_generator [destination_root, '--skip-git']
+    assert_file "MIT-LICENSE" do |contents|
+      assert_match name, contents
+    end
+    assert_file "bukkits.gemspec" do |contents|
+      assert_match name, contents
+      assert_match email, contents
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_skipping_useless_folders_generation_for_api_engines
+    ['--full', '--mountable'].each do |option|
+      run_generator [destination_root, option, '--api']
+
+      assert_no_directory "app/assets"
+      assert_no_directory "app/helpers"
+      assert_no_directory "app/views"
+
+      FileUtils.rm_rf destination_root
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_application_controller_parent_for_mountable_api_plugins
+    run_generator [destination_root, '--mountable', '--api']
+
+    assert_file "app/controllers/bukkits/application_controller.rb" do |content|
+      assert_match "ApplicationController < ActionController::API", content
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_dummy_api_application_for_api_plugins
+    run_generator [destination_root, '--api']
+
+    assert_file "test/dummy/config/application.rb" do |content|
+      assert_match "config.api_only = true", content
+    end
+  end
+
+
+  def test_api_generators_configuration_for_api_engines
+    run_generator [destination_root, '--full', '--api']
+
+    assert_file "lib/bukkits/engine.rb" do |content|
+      assert_match "config.generators.api_only = true", content
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_scaffold_generator_for_mountable_api_plugins
+    run_generator [destination_root, '--mountable', '--api']
+
+    capture(:stdout) do
+      `#{destination_root}/bin/rails g scaffold article`
+    end
+
+    assert_file "app/models/bukkits/article.rb"
+    assert_file "app/controllers/bukkits/articles_controller.rb" do |content|
+      assert_match "only: [:show, :update, :destroy]", content
+    end
+
+    assert_no_directory "app/assets"
+    assert_no_directory "app/helpers"
+    assert_no_directory "app/views"
+  end
 
 protected
   def action(*args, &block)
@@ -366,10 +627,10 @@ protected
   end
 
   def assert_match_sqlite3(contents)
-    unless defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
-      assert_match(/group :development do\n  gem "sqlite3"\nend/, contents)
+    if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
+      assert_match(/group :development do\n  gem 'activerecord-jdbcsqlite3-adapter'\nend/, contents)
     else
-      assert_match(/group :development do\n  gem "activerecord-jdbcsqlite3-adapter"\nend/, contents)
+      assert_match(/group :development do\n  gem 'sqlite3'\nend/, contents)
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/plugin_test_helper.rb b/railties/test/generators/plugin_test_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..96c1b1d31f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/generators/plugin_test_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'tmpdir'
+
+module PluginTestHelper
+  def create_test_file(name, pass: true)
+    plugin_file "test/#{name}_test.rb", <<-RUBY
+      require 'test_helper'
+
+      class #{name.camelize}Test < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+        def test_truth
+          puts "#{name.camelize}Test"
+          assert #{pass}, 'wups!'
+        end
+      end
+    RUBY
+  end
+
+  def plugin_file(path, contents, mode: 'w')
+    FileUtils.mkdir_p File.dirname("#{plugin_path}/#{path}")
+    File.open("#{plugin_path}/#{path}", mode) do |f|
+      f.puts contents
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/plugin_test_runner_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/plugin_test_runner_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..716728819e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/generators/plugin_test_runner_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+require 'generators/plugin_test_helper'
+
+class PluginTestRunnerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include PluginTestHelper
+
+  def setup
+    @destination_root = Dir.mktmpdir('bukkits')
+    Dir.chdir(@destination_root) { `bundle exec rails plugin new bukkits --skip-bundle` }
+    plugin_file 'test/dummy/db/schema.rb', ''
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    FileUtils.rm_rf(@destination_root)
+  end
+
+  def test_run_single_file
+    create_test_file 'foo'
+    create_test_file 'bar'
+    assert_match "1 runs, 1 assertions, 0 failures", run_test_command("test/foo_test.rb")
+  end
+
+  def test_run_multiple_files
+    create_test_file 'foo'
+    create_test_file 'bar'
+    assert_match "2 runs, 2 assertions, 0 failures", run_test_command("test/foo_test.rb test/bar_test.rb")
+  end
+
+  def test_mix_files_and_line_filters
+    create_test_file 'account'
+    plugin_file 'test/post_test.rb', <<-RUBY
+      require 'test_helper'
+
+      class PostTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+        def test_post
+          puts 'PostTest'
+          assert true
+        end
+
+        def test_line_filter_does_not_run_this
+          assert true
+        end
+      end
+    RUBY
+
+    run_test_command('test/account_test.rb test/post_test.rb:4').tap do |output|
+      assert_match 'AccountTest', output
+      assert_match 'PostTest', output
+      assert_match '2 runs, 2 assertions', output
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_multiple_line_filters
+    create_test_file 'account'
+    create_test_file 'post'
+
+    run_test_command('test/account_test.rb:4 test/post_test.rb:4').tap do |output|
+      assert_match 'AccountTest', output
+      assert_match 'PostTest', output
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_line_filter_without_line_runs_all_tests
+    create_test_file 'account'
+
+    run_test_command('test/account_test.rb:').tap do |output|
+      assert_match 'AccountTest', output
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_output_inline_by_default
+    create_test_file 'post', pass: false
+
+    output = run_test_command('test/post_test.rb')
+    assert_match %r{Running:\n\nPostTest\nF\n\nwups!\n\nbin/test (/private)?#{plugin_path}/test/post_test.rb:6}, output
+  end
+
+  def test_only_inline_failure_output
+    create_test_file 'post', pass: false
+
+    output = run_test_command('test/post_test.rb')
+    assert_match %r{Finished in.*\n\n1 runs, 1 assertions}, output
+  end
+
+  def test_fail_fast
+    create_test_file 'post', pass: false
+
+    assert_match(/Interrupt/,
+      capture(:stderr) { run_test_command('test/post_test.rb --fail-fast') })
+  end
+
+  def test_raise_error_when_specified_file_does_not_exist
+    error = capture(:stderr) { run_test_command('test/not_exists.rb') }
+    assert_match(%r{cannot load such file.+test/not_exists\.rb}, error)
+  end
+
+  private
+    def plugin_path
+      "#{@destination_root}/bukkits"
+    end
+
+    def run_test_command(arguments)
+      Dir.chdir(plugin_path) { `bin/test #{arguments}` }
+    end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/resource_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/resource_generator_test.rb
index 55c8d92ee8..581d80d60e 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/resource_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/resource_generator_test.rb
@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@ class ResourceGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_file "test/controllers/accounts_controller_test.rb", /class AccountsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase/
 
     assert_file "app/helpers/accounts_helper.rb", /module AccountsHelper/
-    assert_file "test/helpers/accounts_helper_test.rb", /class AccountsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase/
   end
 
   def test_resource_controller_with_actions
@@ -63,19 +62,19 @@ class ResourceGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     content = run_generator ["accounts".freeze]
     assert_file "app/models/account.rb", /class Account < ActiveRecord::Base/
     assert_file "test/models/account_test.rb", /class AccountTest/
-    assert_match(/The model name 'accounts' was recognized as a plural, using the singular 'account'\. Override with --force-plural or setup custom inflection rules for this noun before running the generator\./, content)
+    assert_match(/\[WARNING\] The model name 'accounts' was recognized as a plural, using the singular 'account' instead\. Override with --force-plural or setup custom inflection rules for this noun before running the generator\./, content)
   end
 
   def test_plural_names_can_be_forced
     content = run_generator ["accounts", "--force-plural"]
     assert_file "app/models/accounts.rb", /class Accounts < ActiveRecord::Base/
     assert_file "test/models/accounts_test.rb", /class AccountsTest/
-    assert_no_match(/Plural version of the model detected/, content)
+    assert_no_match(/\[WARNING\]/, content)
   end
 
   def test_mass_nouns_do_not_throw_warnings
     content = run_generator ["sheep".freeze]
-    assert_no_match(/Plural version of the model detected/, content)
+    assert_no_match(/\[WARNING\]/, content)
   end
 
   def test_route_is_removed_on_revoke
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/scaffold_controller_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/scaffold_controller_generator_test.rb
index 26e56a162c..b4ba101017 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/scaffold_controller_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/scaffold_controller_generator_test.rb
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class ScaffoldControllerGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
     assert_file "app/controllers/users_controller.rb" do |content|
       assert_match(/def user_params/, content)
-      assert_match(/params\[:user\]/, content)
+      assert_match(/params\.fetch\(:user, \{\}\)/, content)
     end
   end
 
@@ -81,7 +81,6 @@ class ScaffoldControllerGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   def test_helper_are_invoked_with_a_pluralized_name
     run_generator
     assert_file "app/helpers/users_helper.rb", /module UsersHelper/
-    assert_file "test/helpers/users_helper_test.rb", /class UsersHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase/
   end
 
   def test_views_are_generated
@@ -93,14 +92,22 @@ class ScaffoldControllerGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_no_file "app/views/layouts/users.html.erb"
   end
 
+  def test_index_page_have_notice
+    run_generator
+
+    %w(index show).each do |view|
+      assert_file "app/views/users/#{view}.html.erb", /notice/
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_functional_tests
     run_generator ["User", "name:string", "age:integer", "organization:references{polymorphic}"]
 
     assert_file "test/controllers/users_controller_test.rb" do |content|
       assert_match(/class UsersControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase/, content)
       assert_match(/test "should get index"/, content)
-      assert_match(/post :create, user: \{ age: @user\.age, name: @user\.name, organization_id: @user\.organization_id, organization_type: @user\.organization_type \}/, content)
-      assert_match(/patch :update, id: @user, user: \{ age: @user\.age, name: @user\.name, organization_id: @user\.organization_id, organization_type: @user\.organization_type \}/, content)
+      assert_match(/post :create, params: \{ user: \{ age: @user\.age, name: @user\.name, organization_id: @user\.organization_id, organization_type: @user\.organization_type \} \}/, content)
+      assert_match(/patch :update, params: \{ id: @user, user: \{ age: @user\.age, name: @user\.name, organization_id: @user\.organization_id, organization_type: @user\.organization_type \} \}/, content)
     end
   end
 
@@ -110,15 +117,14 @@ class ScaffoldControllerGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_file "test/controllers/users_controller_test.rb" do |content|
       assert_match(/class UsersControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase/, content)
       assert_match(/test "should get index"/, content)
-      assert_match(/post :create, user: \{  \}/, content)
-      assert_match(/patch :update, id: @user, user: \{  \}/, content)
+      assert_match(/post :create, params: \{ user: \{  \} \}/, content)
+      assert_match(/patch :update, params: \{ id: @user, user: \{  \} \}/, content)
     end
   end
 
   def test_skip_helper_if_required
     run_generator ["User", "name:string", "age:integer", "--no-helper"]
     assert_no_file "app/helpers/users_helper.rb"
-    assert_no_file "test/helpers/users_helper_test.rb"
   end
 
   def test_skip_layout_if_required
@@ -160,13 +166,6 @@ class ScaffoldControllerGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     Unknown::Generators.send :remove_const, :ActiveModel
   end
 
-  def test_new_hash_style
-    run_generator
-    assert_file "app/controllers/users_controller.rb" do |content|
-      assert_match(/render action: 'new'/, content)
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_model_name_option
     run_generator ["Admin::User", "--model-name=User"]
     assert_file "app/controllers/admin/users_controller.rb" do |content|
@@ -175,4 +174,73 @@ class ScaffoldControllerGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
       end
     end
   end
+
+  def test_controller_tests_pass_by_default_inside_mountable_engine
+    Dir.chdir(destination_root) { `bundle exec rails plugin new bukkits --mountable` }
+
+    engine_path = File.join(destination_root, "bukkits")
+
+    Dir.chdir(engine_path) do
+      quietly { `bin/rails g controller dashboard foo` }
+      assert_match(/2 runs, 2 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors/, `bin/rails test 2>&1`)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_controller_tests_pass_by_default_inside_full_engine
+    Dir.chdir(destination_root) { `bundle exec rails plugin new bukkits --full` }
+
+    engine_path = File.join(destination_root, "bukkits")
+
+    Dir.chdir(engine_path) do
+      quietly { `bin/rails g controller dashboard foo` }
+      assert_match(/2 runs, 2 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors/, `bin/rails test 2>&1`)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_api_only_generates_a_proper_api_controller
+    run_generator ["User", "--api"]
+
+    assert_file "app/controllers/users_controller.rb" do |content|
+      assert_match(/class UsersController < ApplicationController/, content)
+      assert_no_match(/respond_to/, content)
+
+      assert_match(/before_action :set_user, only: \[:show, :update, :destroy\]/, content)
+
+      assert_instance_method :index, content do |m|
+        assert_match(/@users = User\.all/, m)
+        assert_match(/render json: @users/, m)
+      end
+
+      assert_instance_method :show, content do |m|
+        assert_match(/render json: @user/, m)
+      end
+
+      assert_instance_method :create, content do |m|
+        assert_match(/@user = User\.new\(user_params\)/, m)
+        assert_match(/@user\.save/, m)
+        assert_match(/@user\.errors/, m)
+      end
+
+      assert_instance_method :update, content do |m|
+        assert_match(/@user\.update\(user_params\)/, m)
+        assert_match(/@user\.errors/, m)
+      end
+
+      assert_instance_method :destroy, content do |m|
+        assert_match(/@user\.destroy/, m)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_api_controller_tests
+    run_generator ["User", "name:string", "age:integer", "organization:references{polymorphic}", "--api"]
+
+    assert_file "test/controllers/users_controller_test.rb" do |content|
+      assert_match(/class UsersControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase/, content)
+      assert_match(/test "should get index"/, content)
+      assert_match(/post :create, params: \{ user: \{ age: @user\.age, name: @user\.name, organization_id: @user\.organization_id, organization_type: @user\.organization_type \} \}/, content)
+      assert_match(/patch :update, params: \{ id: @user, user: \{ age: @user\.age, name: @user\.name, organization_id: @user\.organization_id, organization_type: @user\.organization_type \} \}/, content)
+      assert_no_match(/assert_redirected_to/, content)
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/scaffold_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/scaffold_generator_test.rb
index 524bbde2b7..0c3808a9a0 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/scaffold_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/scaffold_generator_test.rb
@@ -58,19 +58,28 @@ class ScaffoldGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
     assert_file "test/controllers/product_lines_controller_test.rb" do |test|
       assert_match(/class ProductLinesControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase/, test)
-      assert_match(/post :create, product_line: \{ product_id: @product_line\.product_id, title: @product_line\.title, user_id: @product_line\.user_id \}/, test)
-      assert_match(/patch :update, id: @product_line, product_line: \{ product_id: @product_line\.product_id, title: @product_line\.title, user_id: @product_line\.user_id \}/, test)
+      assert_match(/post :create, params: \{ product_line: \{ product_id: @product_line\.product_id, title: @product_line\.title, user_id: @product_line\.user_id \} \}/, test)
+      assert_match(/patch :update, params: \{ id: @product_line, product_line: \{ product_id: @product_line\.product_id, title: @product_line\.title, user_id: @product_line\.user_id \} \}/, test)
     end
 
     # Views
-    %w(index edit new show _form).each do |view|
+    assert_no_file "app/views/layouts/product_lines.html.erb"
+
+    %w(index show).each do |view|
       assert_file "app/views/product_lines/#{view}.html.erb"
     end
-    assert_no_file "app/views/layouts/product_lines.html.erb"
+
+    %w(edit new).each do |view|
+      assert_file "app/views/product_lines/#{view}.html.erb", /render 'form', product_line: @product_line/
+    end
+
+    assert_file "app/views/product_lines/_form.html.erb" do |test|
+      assert_match 'product_line', test
+      assert_no_match '@product_line', test
+    end
 
     # Helpers
     assert_file "app/helpers/product_lines_helper.rb"
-    assert_file "test/helpers/product_lines_helper_test.rb"
 
     # Assets
     assert_file "app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css"
@@ -78,14 +87,84 @@ class ScaffoldGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_file "app/assets/stylesheets/product_lines.css"
   end
 
+  def test_api_scaffold_on_invoke
+    run_generator %w(product_line title:string product:belongs_to user:references --api --no-template-engine --no-helper --no-assets)
+
+    # Model
+    assert_file "app/models/product_line.rb", /class ProductLine < ActiveRecord::Base/
+    assert_file "test/models/product_line_test.rb", /class ProductLineTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase/
+    assert_file "test/fixtures/product_lines.yml"
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_product_lines.rb", /belongs_to :product, index: true/
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_product_lines.rb", /references :user, index: true/
+
+    # Route
+    assert_file "config/routes.rb" do |route|
+      assert_match(/resources :product_lines$/, route)
+    end
+
+    # Controller
+    assert_file "app/controllers/product_lines_controller.rb" do |content|
+      assert_match(/class ProductLinesController < ApplicationController/, content)
+      assert_no_match(/respond_to/, content)
+
+      assert_match(/before_action :set_product_line, only: \[:show, :update, :destroy\]/, content)
+
+      assert_instance_method :index, content do |m|
+        assert_match(/@product_lines = ProductLine\.all/, m)
+        assert_match(/render json: @product_lines/, m)
+      end
+
+      assert_instance_method :show, content do |m|
+        assert_match(/render json: @product_line/, m)
+      end
+
+      assert_instance_method :create, content do |m|
+        assert_match(/@product_line = ProductLine\.new\(product_line_params\)/, m)
+        assert_match(/@product_line\.save/, m)
+        assert_match(/@product_line\.errors/, m)
+      end
+
+      assert_instance_method :update, content do |m|
+        assert_match(/@product_line\.update\(product_line_params\)/, m)
+        assert_match(/@product_line\.errors/, m)
+      end
+
+      assert_instance_method :destroy, content do |m|
+        assert_match(/@product_line\.destroy/, m)
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_file "test/controllers/product_lines_controller_test.rb" do |test|
+      assert_match(/class ProductLinesControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase/, test)
+      assert_match(/post :create, params: \{ product_line: \{ product_id: @product_line\.product_id, title: @product_line\.title, user_id: @product_line\.user_id \} \}/, test)
+      assert_match(/patch :update, params: \{ id: @product_line, product_line: \{ product_id: @product_line\.product_id, title: @product_line\.title, user_id: @product_line\.user_id \} \}/, test)
+      assert_no_match(/assert_redirected_to/, test)
+    end
+
+    # Views
+    assert_no_file "app/views/layouts/product_lines.html.erb"
+
+    %w(index show new edit _form).each do |view|
+      assert_no_file "app/views/product_lines/#{view}.html.erb"
+    end
+
+    # Helpers
+    assert_no_file "app/helpers/product_lines_helper.rb"
+
+    # Assets
+    assert_no_file "app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css"
+    assert_no_file "app/assets/javascripts/product_lines.js"
+    assert_no_file "app/assets/stylesheets/product_lines.css"
+  end
+
   def test_functional_tests_without_attributes
     run_generator ["product_line"]
 
     assert_file "test/controllers/product_lines_controller_test.rb" do |content|
       assert_match(/class ProductLinesControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase/, content)
       assert_match(/test "should get index"/, content)
-      assert_match(/post :create, product_line: \{  \}/, content)
-      assert_match(/patch :update, id: @product_line, product_line: \{  \}/, content)
+      assert_match(/post :create, params: \{ product_line: \{  \} \}/, content)
+      assert_match(/patch :update, params: \{ id: @product_line, product_line: \{  \} \}/, content)
     end
   end
 
@@ -114,7 +193,6 @@ class ScaffoldGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
     # Helpers
     assert_no_file "app/helpers/product_lines_helper.rb"
-    assert_no_file "test/helpers/product_lines_helper_test.rb"
 
     # Assets
     assert_file "app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css", /:visited/
@@ -182,7 +260,6 @@ class ScaffoldGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
     # Helpers
     assert_file "app/helpers/admin/roles_helper.rb"
-    assert_file "test/helpers/admin/roles_helper_test.rb"
 
     # Assets
     assert_file "app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css", /:visited/
@@ -216,7 +293,6 @@ class ScaffoldGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
     # Helpers
     assert_no_file "app/helpers/admin/roles_helper.rb"
-    assert_no_file "test/helpers/admin/roles_helper_test.rb"
 
     # Assets
     assert_file "app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css"
@@ -239,6 +315,29 @@ class ScaffoldGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_file "config/routes.rb", /\.routes\.draw do\s*\|map\|\s*$/
   end
 
+  def test_scaffold_generator_on_revoke_does_not_mutilate_routes
+    run_generator
+
+    route_path = File.expand_path("config/routes.rb", destination_root)
+    content = File.read(route_path)
+
+    # Remove all of the comments and blank lines from the routes file
+    content.gsub!(/^  \#.*\n/, '')
+    content.gsub!(/^\n/, '')
+
+    File.open(route_path, "wb") { |file| file.write(content) }
+    assert_file "config/routes.rb", /\.routes\.draw do\n  resources :product_lines\nend\n\z/
+
+    run_generator ["product_line"], :behavior => :revoke
+
+    assert_file "config/routes.rb", /\.routes\.draw do\nend\n\z/
+  end
+
+  def test_scaffold_generator_ignores_commented_routes
+    run_generator ["product"]
+    assert_file "config/routes.rb", /\.routes\.draw do\n  resources :products\n/
+  end
+
   def test_scaffold_generator_no_assets_with_switch_no_assets
     run_generator [ "posts", "--no-assets" ]
     assert_no_file "app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css"
@@ -253,13 +352,41 @@ class ScaffoldGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_no_file "app/assets/stylesheets/posts.css"
   end
 
-  def test_scaffold_generator_no_assets_with_switch_resource_route_false
+  def test_scaffold_generator_no_scaffold_stylesheet_with_switch_no_scaffold_stylesheet
+    run_generator [ "posts", "--no-scaffold-stylesheet" ]
+    assert_no_file "app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css"
+    assert_file "app/assets/javascripts/posts.js"
+    assert_file "app/assets/stylesheets/posts.css"
+  end
+
+  def test_scaffold_generator_no_scaffold_stylesheet_with_switch_scaffold_stylesheet_false
+    run_generator [ "posts", "--scaffold-stylesheet=false" ]
+    assert_no_file "app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css"
+    assert_file "app/assets/javascripts/posts.js"
+    assert_file "app/assets/stylesheets/posts.css"
+  end
+
+  def test_scaffold_generator_with_switch_resource_route_false
     run_generator [ "posts", "--resource-route=false" ]
     assert_file "config/routes.rb" do |route|
       assert_no_match(/resources :posts$/, route)
     end
   end
 
+  def test_scaffold_generator_no_helper_with_switch_no_helper
+    output = run_generator [ "posts", "--no-helper" ]
+
+    assert_no_match(/error/, output)
+    assert_no_file "app/helpers/posts_helper.rb"
+  end
+
+  def test_scaffold_generator_no_helper_with_switch_helper_false
+    output = run_generator [ "posts", "--helper=false" ]
+
+    assert_no_match(/error/, output)
+    assert_no_file "app/helpers/posts_helper.rb"
+  end
+
   def test_scaffold_generator_no_stylesheets
     run_generator [ "posts", "--no-stylesheets" ]
     assert_no_file "app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css"
@@ -350,4 +477,60 @@ class ScaffoldGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
       assert_match(/password_digest: <%= BCrypt::Password.create\('secret'\) %>/, content)
     end
   end
+
+  def test_scaffold_tests_pass_by_default_inside_mountable_engine
+    Dir.chdir(destination_root) { `bundle exec rails plugin new bukkits --mountable` }
+
+    engine_path = File.join(destination_root, "bukkits")
+
+    Dir.chdir(engine_path) do
+      quietly do
+        `bin/rails g scaffold User name:string age:integer;
+        bundle exec rake db:migrate`
+      end
+      assert_match(/8 runs, 13 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors/, `bin/rails test 2>&1`)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_scaffold_tests_pass_by_default_inside_full_engine
+    Dir.chdir(destination_root) { `bundle exec rails plugin new bukkits --full` }
+
+    engine_path = File.join(destination_root, "bukkits")
+
+    Dir.chdir(engine_path) do
+      quietly do
+        `bin/rails g scaffold User name:string age:integer;
+        bundle exec rake db:migrate`
+      end
+      assert_match(/8 runs, 13 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors/, `bin/rails test 2>&1`)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_scaffold_tests_pass_by_default_inside_api_mountable_engine
+    Dir.chdir(destination_root) { `bundle exec rails plugin new bukkits --mountable --api` }
+
+    engine_path = File.join(destination_root, "bukkits")
+
+    Dir.chdir(engine_path) do
+      quietly do
+        `bin/rails g scaffold User name:string age:integer;
+        bundle exec rake db:migrate`
+      end
+      assert_match(/6 runs, 8 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors/, `bin/rails test 2>&1`)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_scaffold_tests_pass_by_default_inside_api_full_engine
+    Dir.chdir(destination_root) { `bundle exec rails plugin new bukkits --full --api` }
+
+    engine_path = File.join(destination_root, "bukkits")
+
+    Dir.chdir(engine_path) do
+      quietly do
+        `bin/rails g scaffold User name:string age:integer;
+        bundle exec rake db:migrate`
+      end
+      assert_match(/6 runs, 8 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors/, `bin/rails test 2>&1`)
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/shared_generator_tests.rb b/railties/test/generators/shared_generator_tests.rb
index 8e198d5fe1..acb78ec888 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/shared_generator_tests.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/shared_generator_tests.rb
@@ -28,9 +28,22 @@ module SharedGeneratorTests
 
   def assert_generates_with_bundler(options = {})
     generator([destination_root], options)
-    generator.expects(:bundle_command).with('install').once
-    generator.stubs(:bundle_command).with('exec spring binstub --all')
-    quietly { generator.invoke_all }
+
+    command_check = -> command do
+      @install_called ||= 0
+
+      case command
+      when 'install'
+        @install_called += 1
+        assert_equal 1, @install_called, "install expected to be called once, but was called #{@install_called} times"
+      when 'exec spring binstub --all'
+        # Called when running tests with spring, let through unscathed.
+      end
+    end
+
+    generator.stub :bundle_command, command_check do
+      quietly { generator.invoke_all }
+    end
   end
 
   def test_generation_runs_bundle_install
@@ -47,8 +60,8 @@ module SharedGeneratorTests
     assert_match(/Invalid value for \-\-database option/, content)
   end
 
-  def test_test_unit_is_skipped_if_required
-    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-test-unit"]
+  def test_test_files_are_skipped_if_required
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-test"]
     assert_no_file "test"
   end
 
@@ -56,7 +69,7 @@ module SharedGeneratorTests
     reserved_words = %w[application destroy plugin runner test]
     reserved_words.each do |reserved|
       content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator [File.join(destination_root, reserved)] }
-      assert_match(/Invalid \w+ name #{reserved}. Please give a name which does not match one of the reserved rails words.\n/, content)
+      assert_match(/Invalid \w+ name #{reserved}. Please give a name which does not match one of the reserved rails words: application, destroy, plugin, runner, test\n/, content)
     end
   end
 
@@ -78,18 +91,12 @@ module SharedGeneratorTests
   end
 
   def test_template_raises_an_error_with_invalid_path
-    content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator([destination_root, "-m", "non/existent/path"]) }
-    assert_match(/The template \[.*\] could not be loaded/, content)
-    assert_match(/non\/existent\/path/, content)
-  end
-
-  def test_template_is_executed_when_supplied
-    path = "https://gist.github.com/josevalim/103208/raw/"
-    template = %{ say "It works!" }
-    template.instance_eval "def read; self; end" # Make the string respond to read
+    quietly do
+      content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator([destination_root, "-m", "non/existent/path"]) }
 
-    generator([destination_root], template: path).expects(:open).with(path, 'Accept' => 'application/x-thor-template').returns(template)
-    assert_match(/It works!/, capture(:stdout) { generator.invoke_all })
+      assert_match(/The template \[.*\] could not be loaded/, content)
+      assert_match(/non\/existent\/path/, content)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_template_is_executed_when_supplied_an_https_path
@@ -97,8 +104,14 @@ module SharedGeneratorTests
     template = %{ say "It works!" }
     template.instance_eval "def read; self; end" # Make the string respond to read
 
-    generator([destination_root], template: path).expects(:open).with(path, 'Accept' => 'application/x-thor-template').returns(template)
-    assert_match(/It works!/, capture(:stdout) { generator.invoke_all })
+    check_open = -> *args do
+      assert_equal [ path, 'Accept' => 'application/x-thor-template' ], args
+      template
+    end
+
+    generator([destination_root], template: path).stub(:open, check_open, template) do
+      quietly { assert_match(/It works!/, capture(:stdout) { generator.invoke_all }) }
+    end
   end
 
   def test_dev_option
@@ -113,18 +126,19 @@ module SharedGeneratorTests
   end
 
   def test_skip_gemfile
-    generator([destination_root], skip_gemfile: true).expects(:bundle_command).never
-    quietly { generator.invoke_all }
-    assert_no_file 'Gemfile'
+    assert_not_called(generator([destination_root], skip_gemfile: true), :bundle_command) do
+      quietly { generator.invoke_all }
+      assert_no_file 'Gemfile'
+    end
   end
 
   def test_skip_bundle
-    generator([destination_root], skip_bundle: true).expects(:bundle_command).never
-    quietly { generator.invoke_all }
-
-    # skip_bundle is only about running bundle install, ensure the Gemfile is still
-    # generated.
-    assert_file 'Gemfile'
+    assert_not_called(generator([destination_root], skip_bundle: true), :bundle_command) do
+      quietly { generator.invoke_all }
+      # skip_bundle is only about running bundle install, ensure the Gemfile is still
+      # generated.
+      assert_file 'Gemfile'
+    end
   end
 
   def test_skip_git
@@ -135,7 +149,11 @@ module SharedGeneratorTests
 
   def test_skip_keeps
     run_generator [destination_root, '--skip-keeps', '--full']
-    assert_file('.gitignore')
+
+    assert_file '.gitignore' do |content|
+      assert_no_match(/\.keep/, content)
+    end
+
     assert_no_file('app/mailers/.keep')
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/test_runner_in_engine_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/test_runner_in_engine_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..641c5d0835
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/generators/test_runner_in_engine_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+require 'generators/plugin_test_helper'
+
+class TestRunnerInEngineTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include PluginTestHelper
+
+  def setup
+    @destination_root = Dir.mktmpdir('bukkits')
+    Dir.chdir(@destination_root) { `bundle exec rails plugin new bukkits --full --skip-bundle` }
+    plugin_file 'test/dummy/db/schema.rb', ''
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    FileUtils.rm_rf(@destination_root)
+  end
+
+  def test_rerun_snippet_is_relative_path
+    create_test_file 'post', pass: false
+
+    output = run_test_command('test/post_test.rb')
+    assert_match %r{Running:\n\nPostTest\nF\n\nwups!\n\nbin/rails test test/post_test.rb:6}, output
+  end
+
+  private
+    def plugin_path
+      "#{@destination_root}/bukkits"
+    end
+
+    def run_test_command(arguments)
+      Dir.chdir(plugin_path) { `bin/rails test #{arguments}` }
+    end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators_test.rb b/railties/test/generators_test.rb
index eac28badfe..291415858c 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators_test.rb
@@ -16,13 +16,28 @@ class GeneratorsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
   def test_simple_invoke
     assert File.exist?(File.join(@path, 'generators', 'model_generator.rb'))
-    TestUnit::Generators::ModelGenerator.expects(:start).with(["Account"], {})
-    Rails::Generators.invoke("test_unit:model", ["Account"])
+    assert_called_with(TestUnit::Generators::ModelGenerator, :start, [["Account"], {}]) do
+      Rails::Generators.invoke("test_unit:model", ["Account"])
+    end
   end
 
   def test_invoke_when_generator_is_not_found
-    output = capture(:stdout){ Rails::Generators.invoke :unknown }
-    assert_equal "Could not find generator unknown.\n", output
+    name = :unknown
+    output = capture(:stdout){ Rails::Generators.invoke name }
+    assert_match "Could not find generator '#{name}'", output
+    assert_match "`rails generate --help`", output
+  end
+
+  def test_generator_suggestions
+    name = :migrationz
+    output = capture(:stdout){ Rails::Generators.invoke name }
+    assert_match "Maybe you meant 'migration'", output
+  end
+
+  def test_generator_multiple_suggestions
+    name = :tas
+    output = capture(:stdout){ Rails::Generators.invoke name }
+    assert_match "Maybe you meant 'task', 'job' or", output
   end
 
   def test_help_when_a_generator_with_required_arguments_is_invoked_without_arguments
@@ -32,19 +47,22 @@ class GeneratorsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
   def test_should_give_higher_preference_to_rails_generators
     assert File.exist?(File.join(@path, 'generators', 'model_generator.rb'))
-    Rails::Generators::ModelGenerator.expects(:start).with(["Account"], {})
-    warnings = capture(:stderr){ Rails::Generators.invoke :model, ["Account"] }
-    assert warnings.empty?
+    assert_called_with(Rails::Generators::ModelGenerator, :start, [["Account"], {}]) do
+      warnings = capture(:stderr){ Rails::Generators.invoke :model, ["Account"] }
+      assert warnings.empty?
+    end
   end
 
   def test_invoke_with_default_values
-    Rails::Generators::ModelGenerator.expects(:start).with(["Account"], {})
-    Rails::Generators.invoke :model, ["Account"]
+    assert_called_with(Rails::Generators::ModelGenerator, :start, [["Account"], {}]) do
+      Rails::Generators.invoke :model, ["Account"]
+    end
   end
 
   def test_invoke_with_config_values
-    Rails::Generators::ModelGenerator.expects(:start).with(["Account"], behavior: :skip)
-    Rails::Generators.invoke :model, ["Account"], behavior: :skip
+    assert_called_with(Rails::Generators::ModelGenerator, :start, [["Account"], behavior: :skip]) do
+      Rails::Generators.invoke :model, ["Account"], behavior: :skip
+    end
   end
 
   def test_find_by_namespace
@@ -88,11 +106,12 @@ class GeneratorsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_invoke_with_nested_namespaces
-    model_generator = mock('ModelGenerator') do
-      expects(:start).with(["Account"], {})
+    model_generator = Minitest::Mock.new
+    model_generator.expect(:start, nil, [["Account"], {}])
+    assert_called_with(Rails::Generators, :find_by_namespace, ['namespace', 'my:awesome'], returns: model_generator) do
+      Rails::Generators.invoke 'my:awesome:namespace', ["Account"]
     end
-    Rails::Generators.expects(:find_by_namespace).with('namespace', 'my:awesome').returns(model_generator)
-    Rails::Generators.invoke 'my:awesome:namespace', ["Account"]
+    model_generator.verify
   end
 
   def test_rails_generators_help_with_builtin_information
@@ -143,6 +162,8 @@ class GeneratorsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     klass = Rails::Generators.find_by_namespace(:plugin, :remarkable)
     assert klass
     assert_equal "test_unit:plugin", klass.namespace
+  ensure
+    Rails::Generators.fallbacks.delete(:remarkable)
   end
 
   def test_fallbacks_for_generators_on_find_by_namespace_with_context
@@ -150,18 +171,28 @@ class GeneratorsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     klass = Rails::Generators.find_by_namespace(:remarkable, :rails, :plugin)
     assert klass
     assert_equal "test_unit:plugin", klass.namespace
+  ensure
+    Rails::Generators.fallbacks.delete(:remarkable)
   end
 
   def test_fallbacks_for_generators_on_invoke
     Rails::Generators.fallbacks[:shoulda] = :test_unit
-    TestUnit::Generators::ModelGenerator.expects(:start).with(["Account"], {})
-    Rails::Generators.invoke "shoulda:model", ["Account"]
+    assert_called_with(TestUnit::Generators::ModelGenerator, :start, [["Account"], {}]) do
+      Rails::Generators.invoke "shoulda:model", ["Account"]
+    end
+  ensure
+    Rails::Generators.fallbacks.delete(:shoulda)
   end
 
   def test_nested_fallbacks_for_generators
+    Rails::Generators.fallbacks[:shoulda] = :test_unit
     Rails::Generators.fallbacks[:super_shoulda] = :shoulda
-    TestUnit::Generators::ModelGenerator.expects(:start).with(["Account"], {})
-    Rails::Generators.invoke "super_shoulda:model", ["Account"]
+    assert_called_with(TestUnit::Generators::ModelGenerator, :start, [["Account"], {}]) do
+      Rails::Generators.invoke "super_shoulda:model", ["Account"]
+    end
+  ensure
+    Rails::Generators.fallbacks.delete(:shoulda)
+    Rails::Generators.fallbacks.delete(:super_shoulda)
   end
 
   def test_developer_options_are_overwritten_by_user_options
diff --git a/railties/test/isolation/abstract_unit.rb b/railties/test/isolation/abstract_unit.rb
index 6c50911666..df3c2ca66d 100644
--- a/railties/test/isolation/abstract_unit.rb
+++ b/railties/test/isolation/abstract_unit.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,9 @@
 require 'fileutils'
 
 require 'bundler/setup' unless defined?(Bundler)
+require 'active_support'
 require 'active_support/testing/autorun'
+require 'active_support/testing/stream'
 require 'active_support/test_case'
 
 RAILS_FRAMEWORK_ROOT = File.expand_path("#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/../../..")
@@ -49,7 +51,12 @@ module TestHelpers
       old_env = ENV["RAILS_ENV"]
       @app ||= begin
         ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = env
-        require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+        # FIXME: shush Sass warning spam, not relevant to testing Railties
+        Kernel.silence_warnings do
+          require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+        end
+
         Rails.application
       end
     ensure
@@ -68,7 +75,8 @@ module TestHelpers
 
     def assert_welcome(resp)
       assert_equal 200, resp[0]
-      assert resp[1]["Content-Type"] = "text/html"
+      assert_match 'text/html', resp[1]["Content-Type"]
+      assert_match 'charset=utf-8', resp[1]["Content-Type"]
       assert extract_body(resp).match(/Welcome aboard/)
     end
 
@@ -140,7 +148,9 @@ module TestHelpers
         config.eager_load = false
         config.session_store :cookie_store, key: "_myapp_session"
         config.active_support.deprecation = :log
+        config.active_support.test_order = :random
         config.action_controller.allow_forgery_protection = false
+        config.log_level = :info
       RUBY
     end
 
@@ -154,17 +164,20 @@ module TestHelpers
       require "rails"
       require "action_controller/railtie"
       require "action_view/railtie"
+      require 'action_dispatch/middleware/flash'
 
-      app = Class.new(Rails::Application)
-      app.config.eager_load = false
-      app.secrets.secret_key_base = "3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c4"
-      app.config.session_store :cookie_store, key: "_myapp_session"
-      app.config.active_support.deprecation = :log
+      @app = Class.new(Rails::Application)
+      @app.config.eager_load = false
+      @app.secrets.secret_key_base = "3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c4"
+      @app.config.session_store :cookie_store, key: "_myapp_session"
+      @app.config.active_support.deprecation = :log
+      @app.config.active_support.test_order = :random
+      @app.config.log_level = :info
 
-      yield app if block_given?
-      app.initialize!
+      yield @app if block_given?
+      @app.initialize!
 
-      app.routes.draw do
+      @app.routes.draw do
         get "/" => "omg#index"
       end
 
@@ -229,6 +242,15 @@ module TestHelpers
       end
     end
 
+    def add_to_top_of_config(str)
+      environment = File.read("#{app_path}/config/application.rb")
+      if environment =~ /(Rails::Application\s*)/
+        File.open("#{app_path}/config/application.rb", 'w') do |f|
+          f.puts $` + $1 + "\n#{str}\n" + $'
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
     def add_to_config(str)
       environment = File.read("#{app_path}/config/application.rb")
       if environment =~ /(\n\s*end\s*end\s*)\Z/
@@ -254,19 +276,13 @@ module TestHelpers
       File.open(file, "w+") { |f| f.puts contents }
     end
 
-    def app_file(path, contents)
+    def app_file(path, contents, mode = 'w')
       FileUtils.mkdir_p File.dirname("#{app_path}/#{path}")
-      File.open("#{app_path}/#{path}", 'w') do |f|
+      File.open("#{app_path}/#{path}", mode) do |f|
         f.puts contents
       end
     end
 
-    def gsub_app_file(path, regexp, *args, &block)
-      path = "#{app_path}/#{path}"
-      content = File.read(path).gsub(regexp, *args, &block)
-      File.open(path, 'wb') { |f| f.write(content) }
-    end
-
     def remove_file(path)
       FileUtils.rm_rf "#{app_path}/#{path}"
     end
@@ -276,13 +292,20 @@ module TestHelpers
     end
 
     def use_frameworks(arr)
-      to_remove =  [:actionmailer,
-                    :activerecord] - arr
+      to_remove = [:actionmailer, :activerecord] - arr
+
+      if to_remove.include?(:activerecord)
+        remove_from_config 'config.active_record.*'
+      end
+
       $:.reject! {|path| path =~ %r'/(#{to_remove.join('|')})/' }
     end
 
     def boot_rails
-      require File.expand_path('../../../../load_paths', __FILE__)
+      # FIXME: shush Sass warning spam, not relevant to testing Railties
+      Kernel.silence_warnings do
+        require File.expand_path('../../../../load_paths', __FILE__)
+      end
     end
   end
 end
@@ -291,6 +314,10 @@ class ActiveSupport::TestCase
   include TestHelpers::Paths
   include TestHelpers::Rack
   include TestHelpers::Generation
+  include ActiveSupport::Testing::Stream
+
+  self.test_order = :sorted
+
 end
 
 # Create a scope and build a fixture rails app
@@ -304,7 +331,7 @@ Module.new do
   environment = File.expand_path('../../../../load_paths', __FILE__)
   require_environment = "-r #{environment}"
 
-  `#{Gem.ruby} #{require_environment} #{RAILS_FRAMEWORK_ROOT}/railties/bin/rails new #{app_template_path} --skip-gemfile --no-rc`
+  `#{Gem.ruby} #{require_environment} #{RAILS_FRAMEWORK_ROOT}/railties/exe/rails new #{app_template_path} --skip-gemfile --no-rc`
   File.open("#{app_template_path}/config/boot.rb", 'w') do |f|
     f.puts "require '#{environment}'"
     f.puts "require 'rails/all'"
diff --git a/railties/test/path_generation_test.rb b/railties/test/path_generation_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a16adc72a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/path_generation_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/with_options'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/json'
+
+class PathGenerationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  attr_reader :app
+
+  class TestSet < ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet
+    def initialize(block)
+      @block = block
+      super()
+    end
+
+    class Request < DelegateClass(ActionDispatch::Request)
+      def initialize(target, url_helpers, block)
+        super(target)
+        @url_helpers = url_helpers
+        @block = block
+      end
+
+      def controller_class
+        url_helpers = @url_helpers
+        block = @block
+        Class.new(ActionController::Base) {
+          include url_helpers
+          define_method(:process) { |name| block.call(self) }
+          def to_a; [200, {}, []]; end
+        }
+      end
+    end
+
+    def make_request(env)
+      Request.new super, self.url_helpers, @block
+    end
+  end
+
+  def send_request(uri_or_host, method, path, script_name = nil)
+    host = uri_or_host.host unless path
+    path ||= uri_or_host.path
+
+    params = {'PATH_INFO'      => path,
+              'REQUEST_METHOD' => method,
+              'HTTP_HOST'      => host }
+
+    params['SCRIPT_NAME'] = script_name if script_name
+
+    status, headers, body = app.call(params)
+    new_body = []
+    body.each { |part| new_body << part }
+    body.close if body.respond_to? :close
+    [status, headers, new_body]
+  end
+
+  def test_original_script_name
+    original_logger = Rails.logger
+    Rails.logger    = Logger.new nil
+
+    app = Class.new(Rails::Application) {
+      attr_accessor :controller
+      def initialize
+        super
+        app = self
+        @routes = TestSet.new ->(c) { app.controller = c }
+        secrets.secret_key_base = "foo"
+        secrets.secret_token = "foo"
+      end
+      def app; routes; end
+    }
+
+    @app = app
+    app.routes.draw { resource :blogs }
+
+    url = URI("http://example.org/blogs")
+
+    send_request(url, 'GET', nil, '/FOO')
+    assert_equal '/FOO/blogs', app.instance.controller.blogs_path
+
+    send_request(url, 'GET', nil)
+    assert_equal '/blogs', app.instance.controller.blogs_path
+  ensure
+    Rails.logger = original_logger
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/paths_test.rb b/railties/test/paths_test.rb
index ed4559ec6f..96b54c7264 100644
--- a/railties/test/paths_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/paths_test.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'rails/paths'
+require 'minitest/mock'
 
 class PathsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def setup
-    File.stubs(:exist?).returns(true)
     @root = Rails::Paths::Root.new("/foo/bar")
   end
 
@@ -62,6 +62,13 @@ class PathsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal ["/foo/bar/baz"], @root["app/models"].to_a
   end
 
+  test "absolute current path" do
+    @root.add "config"
+    @root.add "config/locales"
+
+    assert_equal "/foo/bar/config/locales", @root["config/locales"].absolute_current
+  end
+
   test "adding multiple physical paths as an array" do
     @root.add "app", with: ["/app", "/app2"]
     assert_equal ["/app", "/app2"], @root["app"].to_a
@@ -92,10 +99,12 @@ class PathsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "it is possible to add a path that should be autoloaded only once" do
-    @root.add "app", with: "/app"
-    @root["app"].autoload_once!
-    assert @root["app"].autoload_once?
-    assert @root.autoload_once.include?(@root["app"].expanded.first)
+    File.stub(:exist?, true) do
+      @root.add "app", with: "/app"
+      @root["app"].autoload_once!
+      assert @root["app"].autoload_once?
+      assert @root.autoload_once.include?(@root["app"].expanded.first)
+    end
   end
 
   test "it is possible to remove a path that should be autoloaded only once" do
@@ -109,37 +118,47 @@ class PathsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "it is possible to add a path without assignment and specify it should be loaded only once" do
-    @root.add "app", with: "/app", autoload_once: true
-    assert @root["app"].autoload_once?
-    assert @root.autoload_once.include?("/app")
+    File.stub(:exist?, true) do
+      @root.add "app", with: "/app", autoload_once: true
+      assert @root["app"].autoload_once?
+      assert @root.autoload_once.include?("/app")
+    end
   end
 
   test "it is possible to add multiple paths without assignment and specify it should be loaded only once" do
-    @root.add "app", with: ["/app", "/app2"], autoload_once: true
-    assert @root["app"].autoload_once?
-    assert @root.autoload_once.include?("/app")
-    assert @root.autoload_once.include?("/app2")
+    File.stub(:exist?, true) do
+      @root.add "app", with: ["/app", "/app2"], autoload_once: true
+      assert @root["app"].autoload_once?
+      assert @root.autoload_once.include?("/app")
+      assert @root.autoload_once.include?("/app2")
+    end
   end
 
   test "making a path autoload_once more than once only includes it once in @root.load_once" do
-    @root["app"] = "/app"
-    @root["app"].autoload_once!
-    @root["app"].autoload_once!
-    assert_equal 1, @root.autoload_once.select {|p| p == @root["app"].expanded.first }.size
+    File.stub(:exist?, true) do
+      @root["app"] = "/app"
+      @root["app"].autoload_once!
+      @root["app"].autoload_once!
+      assert_equal 1, @root.autoload_once.select {|p| p == @root["app"].expanded.first }.size
+    end
   end
 
   test "paths added to a load_once path should be added to the autoload_once collection" do
-    @root["app"] = "/app"
-    @root["app"].autoload_once!
-    @root["app"] << "/app2"
-    assert_equal 2, @root.autoload_once.size
+    File.stub(:exist?, true) do
+      @root["app"] = "/app"
+      @root["app"].autoload_once!
+      @root["app"] << "/app2"
+      assert_equal 2, @root.autoload_once.size
+    end
   end
 
   test "it is possible to mark a path as eager loaded" do
-    @root["app"] = "/app"
-    @root["app"].eager_load!
-    assert @root["app"].eager_load?
-    assert @root.eager_load.include?(@root["app"].to_a.first)
+    File.stub(:exist?, true) do
+      @root["app"] = "/app"
+      @root["app"].eager_load!
+      assert @root["app"].eager_load?
+      assert @root.eager_load.include?(@root["app"].to_a.first)
+    end
   end
 
   test "it is possible to skip a path from eager loading" do
@@ -153,38 +172,48 @@ class PathsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "it is possible to add a path without assignment and mark it as eager" do
-    @root.add "app", with: "/app", eager_load: true
-    assert @root["app"].eager_load?
-    assert @root.eager_load.include?("/app")
+    File.stub(:exist?, true) do
+      @root.add "app", with: "/app", eager_load: true
+      assert @root["app"].eager_load?
+      assert @root.eager_load.include?("/app")
+    end
   end
 
   test "it is possible to add multiple paths without assignment and mark them as eager" do
-    @root.add "app", with: ["/app", "/app2"], eager_load: true
-    assert @root["app"].eager_load?
-    assert @root.eager_load.include?("/app")
-    assert @root.eager_load.include?("/app2")
+    File.stub(:exist?, true) do
+      @root.add "app", with: ["/app", "/app2"], eager_load: true
+      assert @root["app"].eager_load?
+      assert @root.eager_load.include?("/app")
+      assert @root.eager_load.include?("/app2")
+    end
   end
 
   test "it is possible to create a path without assignment and mark it both as eager and load once" do
-    @root.add "app", with: "/app", eager_load: true, autoload_once: true
-    assert @root["app"].eager_load?
-    assert @root["app"].autoload_once?
-    assert @root.eager_load.include?("/app")
-    assert @root.autoload_once.include?("/app")
+    File.stub(:exist?, true) do
+      @root.add "app", with: "/app", eager_load: true, autoload_once: true
+      assert @root["app"].eager_load?
+      assert @root["app"].autoload_once?
+      assert @root.eager_load.include?("/app")
+      assert @root.autoload_once.include?("/app")
+    end
   end
 
   test "making a path eager more than once only includes it once in @root.eager_paths" do
-    @root["app"] = "/app"
-    @root["app"].eager_load!
-    @root["app"].eager_load!
-    assert_equal 1, @root.eager_load.select {|p| p == @root["app"].expanded.first }.size
+    File.stub(:exist?, true) do
+      @root["app"] = "/app"
+      @root["app"].eager_load!
+      @root["app"].eager_load!
+      assert_equal 1, @root.eager_load.select {|p| p == @root["app"].expanded.first }.size
+    end
   end
 
   test "paths added to an eager_load path should be added to the eager_load collection" do
-    @root["app"] = "/app"
-    @root["app"].eager_load!
-    @root["app"] << "/app2"
-    assert_equal 2, @root.eager_load.size
+    File.stub(:exist?, true) do
+      @root["app"] = "/app"
+      @root["app"].eager_load!
+      @root["app"] << "/app2"
+      assert_equal 2, @root.eager_load.size
+    end
   end
 
   test "it should be possible to add a path's default glob" do
@@ -193,6 +222,12 @@ class PathsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "*.rb", @root["app"].glob
   end
 
+  test "it should be possible to get extensions by glob" do
+    @root["app"] = "/app"
+    @root["app"].glob = "*.{rb,yml}"
+    assert_equal ["rb", "yml"], @root["app"].extensions
+  end
+
   test "it should be possible to override a path's default glob without assignment" do
     @root.add "app", with: "/app", glob: "*.rb"
     assert_equal "*.rb", @root["app"].glob
@@ -206,28 +241,36 @@ class PathsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "a path can be added to the load path" do
-    @root["app"] = "app"
-    @root["app"].load_path!
-    @root["app/models"] = "app/models"
-    assert_equal ["/foo/bar/app"], @root.load_paths
+    File.stub(:exist?, true) do
+      @root["app"] = "app"
+      @root["app"].load_path!
+      @root["app/models"] = "app/models"
+      assert_equal ["/foo/bar/app"], @root.load_paths
+    end
   end
 
   test "a path can be added to the load path on creation" do
-    @root.add "app", with: "/app", load_path: true
-    assert @root["app"].load_path?
-    assert_equal ["/app"], @root.load_paths
+    File.stub(:exist?, true) do
+      @root.add "app", with: "/app", load_path: true
+      assert @root["app"].load_path?
+      assert_equal ["/app"], @root.load_paths
+    end
   end
 
   test "a path can be marked as autoload path" do
-    @root["app"] = "app"
-    @root["app"].autoload!
-    @root["app/models"] = "app/models"
-    assert_equal ["/foo/bar/app"], @root.autoload_paths
+    File.stub(:exist?, true) do
+      @root["app"] = "app"
+      @root["app"].autoload!
+      @root["app/models"] = "app/models"
+      assert_equal ["/foo/bar/app"], @root.autoload_paths
+    end
   end
 
   test "a path can be marked as autoload on creation" do
-    @root.add "app", with: "/app", autoload: true
-    assert @root["app"].autoload?
-    assert_equal ["/app"], @root.autoload_paths
+    File.stub(:exist?, true) do
+      @root.add "app", with: "/app", autoload: true
+      assert @root["app"].autoload?
+      assert_equal ["/app"], @root.autoload_paths
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/rack_logger_test.rb b/railties/test/rack_logger_test.rb
index 6ebd47fff9..fcc79b57fb 100644
--- a/railties/test/rack_logger_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/rack_logger_test.rb
@@ -39,11 +39,11 @@ module Rails
       def setup
         @subscriber = Subscriber.new
         @notifier = ActiveSupport::Notifications.notifier
-        notifier.subscribe 'request.action_dispatch', subscriber
+        @subscription = notifier.subscribe 'request.action_dispatch', subscriber
       end
 
       def teardown
-        notifier.unsubscribe subscriber
+        notifier.unsubscribe @subscription
       end
 
       def test_notification
diff --git a/railties/test/rails_info_controller_test.rb b/railties/test/rails_info_controller_test.rb
index a9b237d0a5..c51503c2b7 100644
--- a/railties/test/rails_info_controller_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/rails_info_controller_test.rb
@@ -14,26 +14,26 @@ class InfoControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
       get '/rails/info/properties' => "rails/info#properties"
       get '/rails/info/routes'     => "rails/info#routes"
     end
-    @controller.stubs(:local_request? => true)
     @routes = Rails.application.routes
 
-    Rails::InfoController.send(:include, @routes.url_helpers)
+    Rails::InfoController.include(@routes.url_helpers)
+
+    @request.env["REMOTE_ADDR"] = "127.0.0.1"
   end
 
   test "info controller does not allow remote requests" do
-    @controller.stubs(local_request?: false)
+    @request.env["REMOTE_ADDR"] = "example.org"
     get :properties
     assert_response :forbidden
   end
 
   test "info controller renders an error message when request was forbidden" do
-    @controller.stubs(local_request?: false)
+    @request.env["REMOTE_ADDR"] = "example.org"
     get :properties
     assert_select 'p'
   end
 
   test "info controller allows requests when all requests are considered local" do
-    @controller.stubs(local_request?: true)
     get :properties
     assert_response :success
   end
@@ -53,4 +53,29 @@ class InfoControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_response :success
   end
 
+  test "info controller returns exact matches" do
+    exact_count = -> { JSON(response.body)['exact'].size }
+
+    get :routes, params: { path: 'rails/info/route' }
+    assert exact_count.call == 0, 'should not match incomplete routes'
+
+    get :routes, params: { path: 'rails/info/routes' }
+    assert exact_count.call == 1, 'should match complete routes'
+
+    get :routes, params: { path: 'rails/info/routes.html' }
+    assert exact_count.call == 1, 'should match complete routes with optional parts'
+  end
+
+  test "info controller returns fuzzy matches" do
+    fuzzy_count = -> { JSON(response.body)['fuzzy'].size }
+
+    get :routes, params: { path: 'rails/info' }
+    assert fuzzy_count.call == 2, 'should match incomplete routes'
+
+    get :routes, params: { path: 'rails/info/routes' }
+    assert fuzzy_count.call == 1, 'should match complete routes'
+
+    get :routes, params: { path: 'rails/info/routes.html' }
+    assert fuzzy_count.call == 0, 'should match optional parts of route literally'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/rails_info_test.rb b/railties/test/rails_info_test.rb
index 44a5fd1904..92e4af25b5 100644
--- a/railties/test/rails_info_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/rails_info_test.rb
@@ -38,21 +38,10 @@ class InfoTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_rails_version
-    assert_property 'Rails version', 
+    assert_property 'Rails version',
       File.read(File.realpath('../../../RAILS_VERSION', __FILE__)).chomp
   end
 
-  def test_framework_version
-    assert_property 'Active Support version', ActiveSupport.version.to_s
-  end
-
-  def test_frameworks_exist
-    Rails::Info.frameworks.each do |framework|
-      dir = File.dirname(__FILE__) + "/../../" + framework.delete('_')
-      assert File.directory?(dir), "#{framework.classify} does not exist"
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_html_includes_middleware
     Rails::Info.module_eval do
       property 'Middleware', ['Rack::Lock', 'Rack::Static']
@@ -66,16 +55,6 @@ class InfoTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   protected
-    def svn_info=(info)
-      Rails::Info.module_eval do
-        class << self
-          def svn_info
-            info
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
     def properties
       Rails::Info.properties
     end
diff --git a/railties/test/railties/engine_test.rb b/railties/test/railties/engine_test.rb
index c4b18e9ea5..4a47ab32b4 100644
--- a/railties/test/railties/engine_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/railties/engine_test.rb
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ module RailtiesTest
 
     test "serving sprocket's assets" do
       @plugin.write "app/assets/javascripts/engine.js.erb", "<%= :alert %>();"
+      add_to_env_config "development", "config.assets.digest = false"
 
       boot_rails
       require 'rack/test'
@@ -62,22 +63,22 @@ module RailtiesTest
 
     test "copying migrations" do
       @plugin.write "db/migrate/1_create_users.rb", <<-RUBY
-        class CreateUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration
+        class CreateUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
         end
       RUBY
 
       @plugin.write "db/migrate/2_add_last_name_to_users.rb", <<-RUBY
-        class AddLastNameToUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration
+        class AddLastNameToUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
         end
       RUBY
 
       @plugin.write "db/migrate/3_create_sessions.rb", <<-RUBY
-        class CreateSessions < ActiveRecord::Migration
+        class CreateSessions < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
         end
       RUBY
 
       app_file "db/migrate/1_create_sessions.rb", <<-RUBY
-        class CreateSessions < ActiveRecord::Migration
+        class CreateSessions < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
           def up
           end
         end
@@ -111,6 +112,74 @@ module RailtiesTest
       end
     end
 
+    test 'respects the order of railties when installing migrations' do
+      @blog = engine "blog" do |plugin|
+        plugin.write "lib/blog.rb", <<-RUBY
+          module Blog
+            class Engine < ::Rails::Engine
+            end
+          end
+        RUBY
+      end
+
+      @plugin.write "db/migrate/1_create_users.rb", <<-RUBY
+        class CreateUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      @blog.write "db/migrate/2_create_blogs.rb", <<-RUBY
+        class CreateBlogs < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      add_to_config("config.railties_order = [Bukkits::Engine, Blog::Engine, :all, :main_app]")
+
+      boot_rails
+
+      Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+        output  = `bundle exec rake railties:install:migrations`.split("\n")
+
+        assert_match(/Copied migration \d+_create_users.bukkits.rb from bukkits/, output.first)
+        assert_match(/Copied migration \d+_create_blogs.blog_engine.rb from blog_engine/, output.last)
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "dont reverse default railties order" do
+      @api = engine "api" do |plugin|
+        plugin.write "lib/api.rb", <<-RUBY
+          module Api
+            class Engine < ::Rails::Engine; end
+          end
+        RUBY
+      end
+
+      # added last but here is loaded before api engine
+      @core = engine "core" do |plugin|
+        plugin.write "lib/core.rb", <<-RUBY
+          module Core
+            class Engine < ::Rails::Engine; end
+          end
+        RUBY
+      end
+
+      @core.write "db/migrate/1_create_users.rb", <<-RUBY
+        class CreateUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current; end
+      RUBY
+
+      @api.write "db/migrate/2_create_keys.rb", <<-RUBY
+        class CreateKeys < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current; end
+      RUBY
+
+      boot_rails
+
+      Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+        output  = `bundle exec rake railties:install:migrations`.split("\n")
+
+        assert_match(/Copied migration \d+_create_users.core_engine.rb from core_engine/, output.first)
+        assert_match(/Copied migration \d+_create_keys.api_engine.rb from api_engine/, output.last)
+      end
+    end
+
     test "mountable engine should copy migrations within engine_path" do
       @plugin.write "lib/bukkits.rb", <<-RUBY
         module Bukkits
@@ -121,7 +190,7 @@ module RailtiesTest
       RUBY
 
       @plugin.write "db/migrate/0_add_first_name_to_users.rb", <<-RUBY
-        class AddFirstNameToUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration
+        class AddFirstNameToUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
         end
       RUBY
 
@@ -429,17 +498,12 @@ YAML
       boot_rails
 
       initializers = Rails.application.initializers.tsort
-      index        = initializers.index { |i| i.name == "dummy_initializer" }
-      selection    = initializers[(index-3)..(index)].map(&:name).map(&:to_s)
-
-      assert_equal %w(
-       load_config_initializers
-       load_config_initializers
-       engines_blank_point
-       dummy_initializer
-      ), selection
+      dummy_index  = initializers.index  { |i| i.name == "dummy_initializer" }
+      config_index = initializers.rindex { |i| i.name == :load_config_initializers }
+      stack_index  = initializers.index  { |i| i.name == :build_middleware_stack }
 
-      assert index < initializers.index { |i| i.name == :build_middleware_stack }
+      assert config_index < dummy_index
+      assert dummy_index < stack_index
     end
 
     class Upcaser
@@ -449,12 +513,12 @@ YAML
 
       def call(env)
         response = @app.call(env)
-        response[2].each { |b| b.upcase! }
+        response[2].each(&:upcase!)
         response
       end
     end
 
-    test "engine is a rack app and can have his own middleware stack" do
+    test "engine is a rack app and can have its own middleware stack" do
       add_to_config("config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions = false")
 
       @plugin.write "lib/bukkits.rb", <<-RUBY
@@ -592,11 +656,15 @@ YAML
       @plugin.write "app/models/bukkits/post.rb", <<-RUBY
         module Bukkits
           class Post
-            extend ActiveModel::Naming
+            include ActiveModel::Model
 
             def to_param
               "1"
             end
+
+            def persisted?
+              true
+            end
           end
         end
       RUBY
@@ -673,8 +741,8 @@ YAML
       assert_equal "bukkits_", Bukkits.table_name_prefix
       assert_equal "bukkits", Bukkits::Engine.engine_name
       assert_equal Bukkits.railtie_namespace, Bukkits::Engine
-      assert ::Bukkits::MyMailer.method_defined?(:foo_path)
-      assert !::Bukkits::MyMailer.method_defined?(:bar_path)
+      assert ::Bukkits::MyMailer.method_defined?(:foo_url)
+      assert !::Bukkits::MyMailer.method_defined?(:bar_url)
 
       get("/bukkits/from_app")
       assert_equal "false", last_response.body
@@ -704,8 +772,7 @@ YAML
       @plugin.write "app/models/bukkits/post.rb", <<-RUBY
         module Bukkits
           class Post
-            extend ActiveModel::Naming
-            include ActiveModel::Conversion
+            include ActiveModel::Model
             attr_accessor :title
 
             def to_param
@@ -1077,6 +1144,7 @@ YAML
       RUBY
 
       add_to_config("config.railties_order = [:all, :main_app, Blog::Engine]")
+      add_to_env_config "development", "config.assets.digest = false"
 
       boot_rails
 
@@ -1087,10 +1155,10 @@ YAML
       assert_equal "App's bar partial", last_response.body.strip
 
       get("/assets/foo.js")
-      assert_equal "// Bukkit's foo js\n;", last_response.body.strip
+      assert_equal "// Bukkit's foo js", last_response.body.strip
 
       get("/assets/bar.js")
-      assert_equal "// App's bar js\n;", last_response.body.strip
+      assert_equal "// App's bar js", last_response.body.strip
 
       # ensure that railties are not added twice
       railties = Rails.application.send(:ordered_railties).map(&:class)
@@ -1137,7 +1205,7 @@ YAML
 
     test "engine can be properly mounted at root" do
       add_to_config("config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions = false")
-      add_to_config("config.serve_static_assets = false")
+      add_to_config("config.public_file_server.enabled = false")
 
       @plugin.write "lib/bukkits.rb", <<-RUBY
         module Bukkits
@@ -1236,6 +1304,55 @@ YAML
       assert_equal '/foo/bukkits/bukkit', last_response.body
     end
 
+    test "paths are properly generated when application is mounted at sub-path and relative_url_root is set" do
+      add_to_config "config.relative_url_root = '/foo'"
+
+      @plugin.write "lib/bukkits.rb", <<-RUBY
+        module Bukkits
+          class Engine < ::Rails::Engine
+            isolate_namespace Bukkits
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file "app/controllers/bar_controller.rb", <<-RUBY
+        class BarController < ApplicationController
+          def index
+            render text: bukkits.bukkit_path
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
+          get '/bar' => 'bar#index', :as => 'bar'
+          mount Bukkits::Engine => "/bukkits", :as => "bukkits"
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      @plugin.write "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Bukkits::Engine.routes.draw do
+          get '/bukkit' => 'bukkit#index'
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      @plugin.write "app/controllers/bukkits/bukkit_controller.rb", <<-RUBY
+        class Bukkits::BukkitController < ActionController::Base
+          def index
+            render text: main_app.bar_path
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      boot_rails
+
+      get("/bukkits/bukkit", {}, {'SCRIPT_NAME' => '/foo'})
+      assert_equal '/foo/bar', last_response.body
+
+      get("/bar", {}, {'SCRIPT_NAME' => '/foo'})
+      assert_equal '/foo/bukkits/bukkit', last_response.body
+    end
+
   private
     def app
       Rails.application
diff --git a/railties/test/railties/generators_test.rb b/railties/test/railties/generators_test.rb
index 7348d70c56..5f4171d44b 100644
--- a/railties/test/railties/generators_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/railties/generators_test.rb
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ module RailtiesTests
       if File.exist?("#{environment}.rb")
         require_environment = "-r #{environment}"
       end
-      `#{Gem.ruby} #{require_environment} #{RAILS_FRAMEWORK_ROOT}/railties/bin/rails #{cmd}`
+      `#{Gem.ruby} #{require_environment} #{RAILS_FRAMEWORK_ROOT}/railties/exe/rails #{cmd}`
     end
 
     def build_engine(is_mountable=false)
@@ -122,5 +122,13 @@ module RailtiesTests
         assert_no_file "app/helpers/foo_bar/topics_helper.rb"
       end
     end
+
+    def test_assert_file_with_special_characters
+      path = "#{app_path}/tmp"
+      file_name = "#{path}/v0.1.4~alpha+nightly"
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p path
+      FileUtils.touch file_name
+      assert_file file_name
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/railties/mounted_engine_test.rb b/railties/test/railties/mounted_engine_test.rb
index 0ef2ff2e2e..fb2071c7c3 100644
--- a/railties/test/railties/mounted_engine_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/railties/mounted_engine_test.rb
@@ -88,18 +88,14 @@ module ApplicationTests
       @plugin.write "app/models/blog/post.rb", <<-RUBY
         module Blog
           class Post
-            extend ActiveModel::Naming
+            include ActiveModel::Model
 
             def id
               44
             end
 
-            def to_param
-              id.to_s
-            end
-
-            def new_record?
-              false
+            def persisted?
+              true
             end
           end
         end
diff --git a/railties/test/railties/railtie_test.rb b/railties/test/railties/railtie_test.rb
index 4cbd4822be..5042d628cf 100644
--- a/railties/test/railties/railtie_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/railties/railtie_test.rb
@@ -72,6 +72,14 @@ module RailtiesTest
       assert $to_prepare
     end
 
+    test "railtie have access to application in before_configuration callbacks" do
+      $before_configuration = false
+      class Foo < Rails::Railtie ; config.before_configuration { $before_configuration = Rails.root.to_path } ; end
+      assert_not $before_configuration
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      assert_equal app_path, $before_configuration
+    end
+
     test "railtie can add after_initialize callbacks" do
       $after_initialize = false
       class Foo < Rails::Railtie ; config.after_initialize { $after_initialize = true } ; end
diff --git a/railties/test/test_info_test.rb b/railties/test/test_info_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b9c3a9c0c7..0000000000
--- a/railties/test/test_info_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'rails/test_unit/sub_test_task'
-
-module Rails
-  class TestInfoTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-    def test_test_files
-      info = new_test_info ['test']
-      assert_predicate info.files, :empty?
-      assert_nil info.opts
-      assert_equal ['test'], info.tasks
-    end
-
-    def test_with_file
-      info = new_test_info ['test', __FILE__]
-      assert_equal [__FILE__], info.files
-      assert_nil info.opts
-      assert_equal ['test'], info.tasks
-    end
-
-    def test_with_opts
-      info = new_test_info ['test', __FILE__, '/foo/']
-      assert_equal [__FILE__], info.files
-      assert_equal '-n /foo/', info.opts
-      assert_equal ['test'], info.tasks
-    end
-
-    def test_with_model_shorthand
-      info = new_test_info ['test', 'models/foo', '/foo/']
-
-      def info.test_file?(file)
-        file == "test/models/foo_test.rb" || super
-      end
-
-      assert_equal ['test/models/foo_test.rb'], info.files
-      assert_equal '-n /foo/', info.opts
-      assert_equal ['test'], info.tasks
-    end
-
-    def test_with_model_path
-      info = new_test_info ['test', 'app/models/foo.rb', '/foo/']
-
-      def info.test_file?(file)
-        file == "test/models/foo_test.rb" || super
-      end
-
-      assert_equal ['test/models/foo_test.rb'], info.files
-      assert_equal '-n /foo/', info.opts
-      assert_equal ['test'], info.tasks
-    end
-
-    private
-    def new_test_info(tasks)
-      Class.new(TestTask::TestInfo) {
-        def task_defined?(task)
-          task == "test"
-        end
-      }.new tasks
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/railties/test/test_unit/reporter_test.rb b/railties/test/test_unit/reporter_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e517d8dd0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/test_unit/reporter_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'rails/test_unit/reporter'
+
+class TestUnitReporterTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  class ExampleTest < Minitest::Test
+    def woot; end
+  end
+
+  setup do
+    @output = StringIO.new
+    @reporter = Rails::TestUnitReporter.new @output, output_inline: true
+  end
+
+  test "prints rerun snippet to run a single failed test" do
+    @reporter.record(failed_test)
+    @reporter.report
+
+    assert_match %r{^bin/rails test .*test/test_unit/reporter_test.rb:\d+$}, @output.string
+    assert_rerun_snippet_count 1
+  end
+
+  test "prints rerun snippet for every failed test" do
+    @reporter.record(failed_test)
+    @reporter.record(failed_test)
+    @reporter.record(failed_test)
+    @reporter.report
+
+    assert_rerun_snippet_count 3
+  end
+
+  test "does not print snippet for successful and skipped tests" do
+    @reporter.record(passing_test)
+    @reporter.record(skipped_test)
+    @reporter.report
+    assert_no_match 'Failed tests:', @output.string
+    assert_rerun_snippet_count 0
+  end
+
+  test "prints rerun snippet for skipped tests if run in verbose mode" do
+    verbose = Rails::TestUnitReporter.new @output, verbose: true
+    verbose.record(skipped_test)
+    verbose.report
+
+    assert_rerun_snippet_count 1
+  end
+
+  test "allows to customize the executable in the rerun snippet" do
+    original_executable = Rails::TestUnitReporter.executable
+    begin
+      Rails::TestUnitReporter.executable = "bin/test"
+      @reporter.record(failed_test)
+      @reporter.report
+
+      assert_match %r{^bin/test .*test/test_unit/reporter_test.rb:\d+$}, @output.string
+    ensure
+      Rails::TestUnitReporter.executable = original_executable
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "outputs failures inline" do
+    @reporter.record(failed_test)
+    @reporter.report
+
+    assert_match %r{\A\n\nboo\n\nbin/rails test .*test/test_unit/reporter_test.rb:\d+\n\n\z}, @output.string
+  end
+
+  test "outputs errors inline" do
+    @reporter.record(errored_test)
+    @reporter.report
+
+    assert_match %r{\A\n\nArgumentError: wups\n    No backtrace\n\nbin/rails test .*test/test_unit/reporter_test.rb:6\n\n\z}, @output.string
+  end
+
+  test "outputs skipped tests inline if verbose" do
+    verbose = Rails::TestUnitReporter.new @output, verbose: true, output_inline: true
+    verbose.record(skipped_test)
+    verbose.report
+
+    assert_match %r{\A\n\nskipchurches, misstemples\n\nbin/rails test .*test/test_unit/reporter_test.rb:\d+\n\n\z}, @output.string
+  end
+
+  test "does not output rerun snippets after run" do
+    @reporter.record(failed_test)
+    @reporter.report
+
+    assert_no_match 'Failed tests:', @output.string
+  end
+
+  test "fail fast interrupts run on failure" do
+    fail_fast = Rails::TestUnitReporter.new @output, fail_fast: true
+    interrupt_raised = false
+
+    # Minitest passes through Interrupt, catch it manually.
+    begin
+      fail_fast.record(failed_test)
+    rescue Interrupt
+      interrupt_raised = true
+    ensure
+      assert interrupt_raised, 'Expected Interrupt to be raised.'
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "fail fast does not interrupt run errors or skips" do
+    fail_fast = Rails::TestUnitReporter.new @output, fail_fast: true
+
+    fail_fast.record(errored_test)
+    assert_no_match 'Failed tests:', @output.string
+
+    fail_fast.record(skipped_test)
+    assert_no_match 'Failed tests:', @output.string
+  end
+
+  private
+  def assert_rerun_snippet_count(snippet_count)
+    assert_equal snippet_count, @output.string.scan(%r{^bin/rails test }).size
+  end
+
+  def failed_test
+    ft = ExampleTest.new(:woot)
+    ft.failures << begin
+                     raise Minitest::Assertion, "boo"
+                   rescue Minitest::Assertion => e
+                     e
+                   end
+    ft
+  end
+
+  def errored_test
+    et = ExampleTest.new(:woot)
+    et.failures << Minitest::UnexpectedError.new(ArgumentError.new("wups"))
+    et
+  end
+
+  def passing_test
+    ExampleTest.new(:woot)
+  end
+
+  def skipped_test
+    st = ExampleTest.new(:woot)
+    st.failures << begin
+                     raise Minitest::Skip, "skipchurches, misstemples"
+                   rescue Minitest::Assertion => e
+                     e
+                   end
+    st
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/version_test.rb b/railties/test/version_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f270d8f0c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/version_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class VersionTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def test_rails_version_returns_a_string
+    assert Rails.version.is_a? String
+  end
+
+  def test_rails_gem_version_returns_a_correct_gem_version_object
+    assert Rails.gem_version.is_a? Gem::Version
+    assert_equal Rails.version, Rails.gem_version.to_s
+  end
+end
diff --git a/tasks/release.rb b/tasks/release.rb
index 439a9e0c05..7c8b884d44 100644
--- a/tasks/release.rb
+++ b/tasks/release.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-FRAMEWORKS = %w( activesupport activemodel activerecord actionview actionpack actionmailer railties )
+FRAMEWORKS = %w( activesupport activemodel activerecord actionview actionpack activejob actionmailer railties )
 
 root    = File.expand_path('../../', __FILE__)
 version = File.read("#{root}/RAILS_VERSION").strip
@@ -15,38 +15,37 @@ directory "pkg"
       rm_f gem
     end
 
-    task :update_version_rb do
+    task :update_versions do
       glob = root.dup
-      glob << "/#{framework}/lib/*" unless framework == "rails"
-      glob << "/version.rb"
+      if framework == "rails"
+        glob << "/version.rb"
+      else
+        glob << "/#{framework}/lib/*"
+        glob << "/gem_version.rb"
+      end
 
       file = Dir[glob].first
       ruby = File.read(file)
 
-      if framework == "rails" || framework == "railties"
-        major, minor, tiny, pre = version.split('.')
-        pre = pre ? pre.inspect : "nil"
+      major, minor, tiny, pre = version.split('.')
+      pre = pre ? pre.inspect : "nil"
 
-        ruby.gsub!(/^(\s*)MAJOR(\s*)= .*?$/, "\\1MAJOR = #{major}")
-        raise "Could not insert MAJOR in #{file}" unless $1
+      ruby.gsub!(/^(\s*)MAJOR(\s*)= .*?$/, "\\1MAJOR = #{major}")
+      raise "Could not insert MAJOR in #{file}" unless $1
 
-        ruby.gsub!(/^(\s*)MINOR(\s*)= .*?$/, "\\1MINOR = #{minor}")
-        raise "Could not insert MINOR in #{file}" unless $1
+      ruby.gsub!(/^(\s*)MINOR(\s*)= .*?$/, "\\1MINOR = #{minor}")
+      raise "Could not insert MINOR in #{file}" unless $1
 
-        ruby.gsub!(/^(\s*)TINY(\s*)= .*?$/, "\\1TINY  = #{tiny}")
-        raise "Could not insert TINY in #{file}" unless $1
+      ruby.gsub!(/^(\s*)TINY(\s*)= .*?$/, "\\1TINY  = #{tiny}")
+      raise "Could not insert TINY in #{file}" unless $1
 
-        ruby.gsub!(/^(\s*)PRE(\s*)= .*?$/, "\\1PRE   = #{pre}")
-        raise "Could not insert PRE in #{file}" unless $1
-      else
-        ruby.gsub!(/^(\s*)Gem::Version\.new .*?$/, "\\1Gem::Version.new \"#{version}\"")
-        raise "Could not insert Gem::Version in #{file}" unless $1
-      end
+      ruby.gsub!(/^(\s*)PRE(\s*)= .*?$/, "\\1PRE   = #{pre}")
+      raise "Could not insert PRE in #{file}" unless $1
 
       File.open(file, 'w') { |f| f.write ruby }
     end
 
-    task gem => %w(update_version_rb pkg) do
+    task gem => %w(update_versions pkg) do
       cmd = ""
       cmd << "cd #{framework} && " unless framework == "rails"
       cmd << "gem build #{gemspec} && mv #{framework}-#{version}.gem #{root}/pkg/"
@@ -67,19 +66,30 @@ directory "pkg"
 end
 
 namespace :changelog do
+  task :header do
+    (FRAMEWORKS + ['guides']).each do |fw|
+      require 'date'
+      fname = File.join fw, 'CHANGELOG.md'
+
+      header = "## Rails #{version} (#{Date.today.strftime('%B %d, %Y')}) ##\n\n*   No changes.\n\n\n"
+      contents = header + File.read(fname)
+      File.open(fname, 'wb') { |f| f.write contents }
+    end
+  end
+
   task :release_date do
-    FRAMEWORKS.each do |fw|
+    (FRAMEWORKS + ['guides']).each do |fw|
       require 'date'
-      replace = '\1(' + Date.today.strftime('%B %d, %Y') + ')'
+      replace = "## Rails #{version} (#{Date.today.strftime('%B %d, %Y')}) ##\n"
       fname = File.join fw, 'CHANGELOG.md'
 
-      contents = File.read(fname).sub(/^([^(]*)\(unreleased\)/, replace)
+      contents = File.read(fname).sub(/^(## Rails .*)\n/, replace)
       File.open(fname, 'wb') { |f| f.write contents }
     end
   end
 
   task :release_summary do
-    FRAMEWORKS.each do |fw|
+    (FRAMEWORKS + ['guides']).each do |fw|
       puts "## #{fw}"
       fname    = File.join fw, 'CHANGELOG.md'
       contents = File.readlines fname
@@ -93,21 +103,26 @@ namespace :changelog do
 end
 
 namespace :all do
-  task :build   => FRAMEWORKS.map { |f| "#{f}:build"   } + ['rails:build']
-  task :install => FRAMEWORKS.map { |f| "#{f}:install" } + ['rails:install']
-  task :push    => FRAMEWORKS.map { |f| "#{f}:push"    } + ['rails:push']
+  task :build           => FRAMEWORKS.map { |f| "#{f}:build"           } + ['rails:build']
+  task :update_versions => FRAMEWORKS.map { |f| "#{f}:update_versions" } + ['rails:update_versions']
+  task :install         => FRAMEWORKS.map { |f| "#{f}:install"         } + ['rails:install']
+  task :push            => FRAMEWORKS.map { |f| "#{f}:push"            } + ['rails:push']
 
   task :ensure_clean_state do
-    unless `git status -s | grep -v RAILS_VERSION`.strip.empty?
+    unless `git status -s | grep -v 'RAILS_VERSION\\|CHANGELOG\\|Gemfile.lock'`.strip.empty?
       abort "[ABORTING] `git status` reports a dirty tree. Make sure all changes are committed"
     end
 
-    unless ENV['SKIP_TAG'] || `git tag | grep #{tag}`.strip.empty?
+    unless ENV['SKIP_TAG'] || `git tag | grep '^#{tag}$'`.strip.empty?
       abort "[ABORTING] `git tag` shows that #{tag} already exists. Has this version already\n"\
             "           been released? Git tagging can be skipped by setting SKIP_TAG=1"
     end
   end
 
+  task :bundle do
+    sh 'bundle check'
+  end
+
   task :commit do
     File.open('pkg/commit_message.txt', 'w') do |f|
       f.puts "# Preparing for #{version} release\n"
@@ -124,5 +139,5 @@ namespace :all do
     sh "git push --tags"
   end
 
-  task :release => %w(ensure_clean_state build commit tag push)
+  task :release => %w(ensure_clean_state build bundle commit tag push)
 end
diff --git a/tools/README.md b/tools/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..25ab798bd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+## Rails dev tools
+
+This is a collection of utilities used for Rails internal development.
+They aren't used by Rails apps directly.
+
+  * `console` drops you in irb and loads local Rails repos
+  * `profile` profiles `Kernel#require` to help reduce startup time
diff --git a/tools/line_statistics b/tools/line_statistics
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d0b3557d7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/line_statistics
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# Class used to calculate LOC for a provided file list.
+#
+# Example:
+#   files = FileList["lib/active_record/**/*.rb"]
+#   CodeTools::LineStatistics.new(files).print_loc
+module CodeTools
+  class LineStatistics
+
+    # @param files [Array, FileList, Enumerable]
+    # e.g. FileList["lib/active_record/**/*.rb"]
+    def initialize(files)
+      @files = Array(files).compact
+    end
+
+    # Calculates LOC for each file
+    # Outputs each file and a total LOC
+    def print_loc
+      lines, codelines, total_lines, total_codelines = 0, 0, 0, 0
+
+      @files.each do |file_name|
+        next if file_name =~ /vendor/
+        File.open(file_name, 'r') do |f|
+          while line = f.gets
+            lines += 1
+            next if line =~ /^\s*$/
+            next if line =~ /^\s*#/
+            codelines += 1
+          end
+        end
+        puts "L: #{sprintf("%4d", lines)}, LOC #{sprintf("%4d", codelines)} | #{file_name}"
+
+        total_lines     += lines
+        total_codelines += codelines
+
+        lines, codelines = 0, 0
+      end
+
+      puts "Total: Lines #{total_lines}, LOC #{total_codelines}"
+    end
+
+  end
+end
diff --git a/tools/profile b/tools/profile
index fbea67492b..191e73b3dd 100755
--- a/tools/profile
+++ b/tools/profile
@@ -1,71 +1,136 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env ruby
+# Profile require calls giving information about the time and the files that are called
+# when loading the provided file.
+#
 # Example:
-#   tools/profile activesupport/lib/active_support.rb
+#   tools/profile activesupport/lib/active_support.rb [ruby-prof mode] [ruby-prof printer]
 ENV['NO_RELOAD'] ||= '1'
 ENV['RAILS_ENV'] ||= 'development'
 
-require 'benchmark'
+module CodeTools
+  class Profiler
+    Error = Class.new(StandardError)
 
-module RequireProfiler
-  private
-  def require(file, *args) RequireProfiler.profile(file) { super } end
-  def load(file, *args) RequireProfiler.profile(file) { super } end
+    attr_reader :path, :mode
+    def initialize(path, mode=nil)
+      assert_ruby_file_exists(path)
+      @path, @mode = path, mode
+      require 'benchmark'
+    end
+
+    def profile_requires
+      GC.start
+      before_rss = `ps -o rss= -p #{Process.pid}`.to_i
+
+      if mode
+        require 'ruby-prof'
+        RubyProf.measure_mode = RubyProf.const_get(mode.upcase)
+        RubyProf.start
+      else
+        Object.instance_eval { include RequireProfiler }
+      end
+
+      elapsed = Benchmark.realtime { require path }
+      results = RubyProf.stop if mode
 
-  @depth, @stats = 0, []
-  class << self
-    attr_accessor :depth
-    attr_accessor :stats
+      GC.start
+      after_rss = `ps -o rss= -p #{Process.pid}`.to_i
 
-    def profile(file)
-      stats << [file, depth]
-      self.depth += 1
-      result = nil
-      elapsed = Benchmark.realtime { result = yield }
-      self.depth -= 1
-      stats.pop if stats.last.first == file
-      stats << [file, depth, elapsed] if result
-      result
+      if mode
+        if printer = ARGV.shift
+          puts "RubyProf outputting to stderr with printer #{printer}"
+          RubyProf.const_get("#{printer.to_s.classify}Printer").new(results).print($stdout)
+        elsif RubyProf.const_defined?(:CallStackPrinter)
+          filename = "#{File.basename(path, '.rb')}.#{mode}.html"
+          puts "RubyProf outputting to #{filename}"
+          File.open(filename, 'w') do |out|
+            RubyProf::CallStackPrinter.new(results).print(out)
+          end
+        else
+          filename = "#{File.basename(path, '.rb')}.#{mode}.callgrind"
+          puts "RubyProf outputting to #{filename}"
+          File.open(filename, 'w') do |out|
+            RubyProf::CallTreePrinter.new(results).print(out)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      RequireProfiler.stats.each do |file, depth, sec|
+        if sec
+          puts "%8.1f ms  %s%s" % [sec * 1000, ' ' * depth, file]
+        else
+          puts "#{' ' * (13 + depth)}#{file}"
+        end
+      end
+      puts "%8.1f ms  %d KB RSS" % [elapsed * 1000, after_rss - before_rss]
     end
-  end
-end
 
-GC.start
-before_rss = `ps -o rss= -p #{Process.pid}`.to_i
+    private
 
-path = ARGV.shift
-if mode = ARGV.shift
-  require 'ruby-prof'
-  RubyProf.measure_mode = RubyProf.const_get(mode.upcase)
-  RubyProf.start
-else
-  Object.instance_eval { include RequireProfiler }
-end
+    def assert_ruby_file_exists(path)
+      fail Error.new("No such file") unless File.exist?(path)
+      fail Error.new("#{path} is a directory") if File.directory?(path)
+      ruby_extension = File.extname(path) == '.rb'
+      ruby_executable = File.open(path, 'rb') {|f| f.readline } =~ [/\A#!.*ruby/]
+      fail Error.new("Not a ruby file") unless ruby_extension or ruby_executable
+    end
 
-elapsed = Benchmark.realtime { require path }
-results = RubyProf.stop if mode
+    module RequireProfiler
+      private
+      def require(file, *args) RequireProfiler.profile(file) { super } end
+      def load(file, *args) RequireProfiler.profile(file) { super } end
 
-GC.start
-after_rss = `ps -o rss= -p #{Process.pid}`.to_i
+      @depth, @stats = 0, []
+      class << self
+        attr_accessor :depth
+        attr_accessor :stats
 
-if mode
-  if printer = ARGV.shift
-    RubyProf.const_get("#{printer.to_s.classify}Printer").new(results).print($stdout)
-  elsif RubyProf.const_defined?(:CallStackPrinter)
-    File.open("#{File.basename(path, '.rb')}.#{mode}.html", 'w') do |out|
-      RubyProf::CallStackPrinter.new(results).print(out)
+        def profile(file)
+          stats << [file, depth]
+          self.depth += 1
+          result = nil
+          elapsed = Benchmark.realtime { result = yield }
+          self.depth -= 1
+          stats.pop if stats.last.first == file
+          stats << [file, depth, elapsed] if result
+          result
+        end
+      end
     end
-  else
-    File.open("#{File.basename(path, '.rb')}.#{mode}.callgrind", 'w') do |out|
-      RubyProf::CallTreePrinter.new(results).print(out)
+  end
+end
+# ruby-prof printer name causes the third arg to be sent :classify
+#   which is probably overkill if you already know the name of the ruby-prof
+#   printer you want to use, e.g. Graph
+begin
+  require 'active_support/inflector'
+  require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
+rescue LoadError
+  STDERR.puts $!.message
+  class String
+    # File activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb, line 150
+    def classify
+      # strip out any leading schema name
+      camelize(self.sub(/.*\./, ''))
+    end
+    # File activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb, line 68
+    def camelize(uppercase_first_letter = true)
+      string = self
+      if uppercase_first_letter
+        string = string.sub(/^[a-z\d]*/) { |match| match.capitalize }
+      else
+        string = string.sub(/^(?:(?=\b|[A-Z_])|\w)/) { |match| match.downcase }
+      end
+      string.gsub(/(?:_|(\/))([a-z\d]*)/) { "#{$1}#{$2.capitalize}" }.gsub('/', '::')
     end
   end
 end
-
-RequireProfiler.stats.each do |file, depth, sec|
-  if sec
-    puts "%8.1f ms  %s%s" % [sec * 1000, ' ' * depth, file]
+if $0 == __FILE__
+  if (filename = ARGV.shift)
+    path = File.expand_path(filename)
+    mode = ARGV.shift
+    CodeTools::Profiler.new(path, mode).profile_requires
   else
-    puts "#{' ' * (13 + depth)}#{file}"
+    STDERR.puts "No file path entered. Usage is tools/profile path/to/file.rb [ruby-prof mode] [ruby-prof printer]"
   end
 end
-puts "%8.1f ms  %d KB RSS" % [elapsed * 1000, after_rss - before_rss]
diff --git a/tools/test.rb b/tools/test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..70f295b554
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+$: << File.expand_path("test", COMPONENT_ROOT)
+require File.expand_path("../../load_paths", __FILE__)
+require "rails/test_unit/minitest_plugin"
+
+module Rails
+  # Necessary to get rerun-snippts working.
+  def self.root
+    @root ||= Pathname.new(COMPONENT_ROOT)
+  end
+end
+
+Rails::TestUnitReporter.executable = "bin/test"
diff --git a/version.rb b/version.rb
index 79313c936a..7d74b1bfe5 100644
--- a/version.rb
+++ b/version.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,12 @@
 module Rails
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded Rails as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
+  def self.gem_version
+    Gem::Version.new VERSION::STRING
+  end
+
   module VERSION
-    MAJOR = 4
-    MINOR = 2
+    MAJOR = 5
+    MINOR = 0
     TINY  = 0
     PRE   = "alpha"